title: Prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence among Estonian postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and to assess its risk factors among postmenopausal Estonian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2004, 1363 women participating in the Estonian Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Trial were asked at the closure visit to the trial physician about symptoms of UI. The type of incontinence was assessed with the help of a questionnaire, based on recommendations from the working group set up by the Finnish Gynaecological Association. Frequency characteristics were analysed by descriptive statistics. Risk factors were examined using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of study women was 53.3 years (min = 48, max = 67; SD 4.0). The prevalence of UI was 18.12% (95% CI: 16.07 - 20.17). Stress incontinence was diagnosed in 78.83% (95% CI: 73.32 - 84.33) and urge or mixed incontinence in 21.17% (95% CI: 15.67 - 26.68) of women who reported incontinence. Prevalence of UI slightly increased with age. Women who used hormone therapy (HT) (OR 1.67; 95% CI: 1.17 - 2.39), had had hysterectomy (1.73, 95% CI: 1.06 - 2.83), and those with secondary education (OR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.23 - 2.82) or basic education (OR 3.29, 95% CI: 1.80 - 6.02) had a higher risk for UI. Parity, having a BMI over 30 kg/m(2), being a smoker or a former smoker, having diabetes and being physically or sexually active, tended to increase the risk of UI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About one in five postmenopausal women in Estonia reported to have UI. Risk factors linked with UI, its prevalence in other age groups and the impact of UI on quality of life deserve more research.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Number: ISRCTN35338757.
authors.affiliation: Tartu University Women's Clinic, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kirss
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Karolin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toompere
authors.forename: Piret
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veerus
keywords: Postmenopause; Prevalence; Risk factors; Urinary incontinence