title: Chromium modulates expressions of neuronal plasticity markers and glial fibrillary acidic proteins in hypoglycemia-induced brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This experiment investigated if chromium (Cr) as Cr-histidinate (CrHis) and Cr29 picolinate (CrPic) have a protective role in rats with hypoglycemia-induced brain injury, assessed by neuronal plasticity and regeneration potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were prospectively divided into 2 groups: control and hypoglycemic (induced by insulin administration, 15U/kg, i.p., n=56). Hypoglycemic rats were then received randomly 1) none, 2) dextrose (on the day of sampling), 3) CrHis, or 4) CrPic. Cr-chelates were delivered via drinking water (providing 8μg elemental Cr per day) for one week prior to the hypoglycemia induction. The expressions of neuroplasticity markers [neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)], glucose transporters (GLUT), and nuclear transcription proteins [nuclear factor-kappa (NF-κB), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and 4-hydroxyl nonenal (HNE)] were determined using Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypoglycemia caused increases in the expressions of GLUT-1, GLUT-3, GFAP, NF-κB and HNE and decreases in the expression of NCAM's, GAP-43 and Nrf2 in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex. Cr-chelates suppressed expressions of GLUTs, GFAP, NF-κB and HNE expressions and enhanced expressions of NCAM, GAP-43 and Nrf2, which were more notable for CrHis than for CrPic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, hypoglycemia leads to cerebral injury and Cr-chelates, particularly CrHis have protective and regeneration potential in cerebral tissues through modulating neuroplasticity markers and nuclear transcription proteins as well as facilitating glucose transporters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey. Electronic address: nsahinkm@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Kazim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuzcu
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orhan
authors.forename: Shakir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Nurhan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gencoglu
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Armagan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayirli
authors.forename: Nevzat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gozel
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Komorowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D019922:GAP-43 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051274:Glucose Transporter Type 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006639:Histidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019922:GAP-43 Protein; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051274:Glucose Transporter Type 3; D007328:Insulin; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules; C495637:Nfe2l2 protein, rat; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010848:Picolinic Acids; D020011:Protective Agents; C499843:chromium histidinate; D006639:Histidine; C030614:picolinic acid
keywords: Chromium; Glucose transporter; Hypoglycemia; Neuronal plasticity; Transcription factors