title: The effects of interval feedback on the self-efficacy of netball umpires.
abstract: The present study used quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the relationship between interval feedback and self-efficacy toward umpiring netball games. Grade "A "level umpires (n = 7) provided feedback to umpires (n = 40) under two conditions; 1) interval feedback given at the end of one tournament game (after 14 minutes) and again at the end of a second consecutive game (after 28 minutes), and 2) feedback at the end of the game (after 28 minutes). Umpires in both conditions completed an Umpiring Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (USEQ) which was a 14-item measure designed to assess factors relevant to netball umpire performance. Participants completed the USEQ immediately before game one, during the interval, and after a second game. Umpires also completed a feedback questionnaire which enabled them to reflect on the feedback received. A repeated measures factorial (time x feedback condition) ANOVA indicated no significant interaction effect (F = 0.05, p > .05), and no main effect for condition (F = 0.06, p > .05) or time (F = 1.61, p > .05) for changes in self-efficacy. Although there were no significant effects, qualitative data alluded to aspects of feedback perceived to enhance umpire self-efficacy, thus identifying ways in which feedback might have a more consistent effect. Practical implications of the study in relation to verbal interval feedback are discussed. Key pointsInterval feedback may detract from umpires processing of information during a game.Interval feedback can enhance self-efficacy.Findings show that personal and situational factors interacted to determine the outcome of feedback.Feedback should be tailored for the needs of the individual and take into account situational factors, to enhance the possibility of accruing positive outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Sport and Exercise Psychology, School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton , UK.
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Devonport
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lane
keywords: Self-efficacy; confidence; feedback; interviews; measurement; mixed methods