title: Hospital charges associated with motorcycle crash factors: a quantile regression analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies of motorcycle crash (MC) related hospital charges use trauma registries and hospital records, and do not adjust for the number of motorcyclists not requiring medical attention. This may lead to conservative estimates of helmet use effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  MC records were probabilistically linked with emergency department and hospital records to obtain total hospital charges. Missing data were imputed. Multivariable quantile regression estimated reductions in hospital charges associated with helmet use and other crash factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Motorcycle helmets were associated with reduced median hospital charges of $256 (42% reduction) and reduced 98th percentile of $32,390 (33% reduction). After adjusting for other factors, helmets were associated with reductions in charges in all upper percentiles studied. Quantile regression models described homogenous and heterogeneous associations between other crash factors and charges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantile regression comprehensively describes associations between crash factors and hospital charges. Helmet use among motorcyclists is associated with decreased hospital charges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Intermountain Injury Control Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Cody S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Intermountain Injury Control Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Intermountain Injury Control Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009049:Motorcycles; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014589:Utah; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult