title: Chronotropic and dromotropic responses to localized glutamate microinjections in the rat nucleus ambiguus.
abstract: The cardioinhibitory effects of cardiac vagal motoneurons (CVMs) are mediated by activation of postganglionic neurons in the epicardial ganglia which have been shown to exert functionally selective effects on heart rate and atrioventricular conduction in the rat. Here we investigate whether CVMs producing these responses may occupy different rostrocaudal positions within the nucleus ambiguus. Excitation of CVMs was attempted by microinjections of glutamate into the nucleus ambiguus of an arterially perfused preparation in a grid extending over 2mm in the rostrocaudal plane using the obex as a reference point. Microinjections were paired, one made during pacing to measure changes in atrioventricular conduction (P-R interval) independent of changes in heart rate and the other looking for changes in heart period (P-P interval) un-paced. Although evidence of a differential distribution was found in 7 cases, in the majority (13/20), sites producing maximal effects on both variables coincided. Maximal changes in atrioventricular conduction resulted from more rostral sites in 6 cases and from a more caudal site in only one. Overall, the ratio of the change in atrioventricular conduction to the change in heart rate for a given site was significantly greater 1mm rostral to the obex than at either end of the test grid. We conclude that while CVMs controlling atrioventricular conduction are distributed with a peak somewhat rostral to those controlling heart rate in a number of animals, there is a significant overlap and much greater variability in this distribution in the rat than in cats and dogs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Karla N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.affiliation: Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Hélder
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mauad
authors.affiliation: Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michael Spyer
authors.affiliation: Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: timothy.ford@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001710:Biotin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004562:Electrocardiography; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D008845:Microinjections; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; C070614:neurobiotin; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D001710:Biotin; C013411:biocytin; D008239:Lysine
keywords: Autonomic nervous system; CVM; Glutamate; Heart rate; Nucleus ambiguus; Vagus nerve; cardiac vagal motoneuron