title: Genomic testing to determine drug response: measuring preferences of the public and patients using Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extent to which a genomic test will be used in practice is affected by factors such as ability of the test to correctly predict response to treatment (i.e. sensitivity and specificity of the test), invasiveness of the testing procedure, test cost, and the probability and severity of side effects associated with treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using discrete choice experimentation (DCE), we elicited preferences of the public (Sample 1, N = 533 and Sample 2, N = 525) and cancer patients (Sample 3, N = 38) for different attributes of a hypothetical genomic test for guiding cancer treatment. Samples 1 and 3 considered the test/treatment in the context of an aggressive curable cancer (scenario A) while the scenario for sample 2 was based on a non-aggressive incurable cancer (scenario B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In aggressive curable cancer (scenario A), everything else being equal, the odds ratio (OR) of choosing a test with 95% sensitivity was 1.41 (versus a test with 50% sensitivity) and willingness to pay (WTP) was $1331, on average, for this amount of improvement in test sensitivity. In this scenario, the OR of choosing a test with 95% specificity was 1.24 times that of a test with 50% specificity (WTP = $827). In non-aggressive incurable cancer (scenario B), the OR of choosing a test with 95% sensitivity was 1.65 (WTP = $1344), and the OR of choosing a test with 95% specificity was 1.50 (WTP = $1080). Reducing severity of treatment side effects from severe to mild was associated with large ORs in both scenarios (OR = 2.10 and 2.24 in scenario A and B, respectively). In contrast, patients had a very large preference for 95% sensitivity of the test (OR = 5.23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The type and prognosis of cancer affected preferences for genomically-guided treatment. In aggressive curable cancer, individuals emphasized more on the sensitivity rather than the specificity of the test. In contrast, for a non-aggressive incurable cancer, individuals put similar emphasis on sensitivity and specificity of the test. While the public expressed strong preference toward lowering severity of side effects, improving sensitivity of the test had by far the largest influence on patients' decision to use genomic testing.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najafzadeh
authors.forename: Karissa M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lynd
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. carlo.marra@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marra
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D057240:Patient Preference / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents