title: Non-publication of large randomized clinical trials: cross sectional analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the frequency with which results of large randomized clinical trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov are not available to the public.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional analysis
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials with at least 500 participants that were prospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov and completed prior to January 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched to identify published manuscripts containing trial results. The final literature search occurred in November 2012. Registry entries for unpublished trials were reviewed to determine whether results for these studies were available in the ClinicalTrials.gov results database.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency of non-publication of trial results and, among unpublished studies, the frequency with which results are unavailable in the ClinicalTrials.gov database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 585 registered trials, 171 (29%) remained unpublished. These 171 unpublished trials had an estimated total enrollment of 299,763 study participants. The median time between study completion and the final literature search was 60 months for unpublished trials. Non-publication was more common among trials that received industry funding (150/468, 32%) than those that did not (21/117, 18%), P=0.003. Of the 171 unpublished trials, 133 (78%) had no results available in ClinicalTrials.gov.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among this group of large clinical trials, non-publication of results was common and the availability of results in the ClinicalTrials.gov database was limited. A substantial number of study participants were exposed to the risks of trial participation without the societal benefits that accompany the dissemination of trial results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, OneCooper Plaza, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Handler
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Crowell
authors.forename: Lukas G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Keil
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Platts-Mills
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011643:Publishing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors