title: Experiencing maternity care: the care received and perceptions of women from different ethnic groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to the Office for National Statistics, approximately a quarter of women giving birth in England and Wales are from minority ethnic groups. Previous work has indicated that these women have poorer pregnancy outcomes than White women and poorer experience of maternity care, sometimes encountering stereotyping and racism. The aims of this study were to examine service use and perceptions of care in ethnic minority women from different groups compared to White women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data from a survey of women in 2010 was undertaken. The questionnaire asked about women's experience of care during pregnancy, labour and birth, and the postnatal period, as well as demographic factors. Ethnicity was grouped into eight categories: White, Mixed, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black Caribbean, Black African, and Other ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24,319 women completed the survey. Compared to White women, women from minority ethnic groups were more likely to be younger, multiparous and without a partner. They tended to access antenatal care later in pregnancy, have fewer antenatal checks, fewer ultrasound scans and less screening. They were less likely to receive pain relief in labour and, Black African women in particular, were more likely to deliver by emergency caesarean section. Postnatally, women from minority ethnic groups had longer lengths of hospital stay and were more likely to breastfeed but they had fewer home visits from midwives. Throughout their maternity care, women from minority ethnic groups were less likely to feel spoken to so they could understand, to be treated with kindness, to be sufficiently involved in decisions and to have confidence and trust in the staff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women in all minority ethnic groups had a poorer experience of maternity services than White women. That this was still the case following publication of a number of national policy documents and local initiatives is a cause for concern.
authors.affiliation: Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK. jane.henderson@npeu.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redshaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004630:Emergencies; D004739:England; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006792:House Calls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017533:Marital Status; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D010358:Patient Participation; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000208:ethnology*; D010465:Perception; D011247:Pregnancy; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D035502:Trust; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014852:Wales; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult