title: Awake versus drug-induced sleep endoscopy: evaluation of airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnoea syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the degree and patterns of upper airway obstruction, as detected by endoscopy with Müller's maneuver versus drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients (60 males and 6 females), with a mean age of 49.59 ± 13.04 years, underwent videonasal-pharyngo-laryngoscopy to asses anatomy and dynamic behavior of upper airways during the Müller's maneuver awake, and during DISE by Propofol with boluses refracted technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the majority of our patients, we detected an obstruction due to nasal septal deviation (91%) and turbinate hypertrophy (100%). The pattern of the obstruction caused by the soft palate and the tongue base was similar in DISE and Müller's maneuver, whereas the registered degree was significantly higher in DISE. Concerning the larynx, 22.7% of patients showed an involvement of the epiglottis during sedation that was not assessable during wakefulness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DISE is a simple additional tool to plan surgical treatment in patients with OSAHS, and in our hands has proven to be more accurate and precise than endoscopy with Müller's maneuver.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavaliere
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iemma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015742:Propofol