title: Effect of extraction solvents and plant parts used on the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of Garcinia atroviridis: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Garcinia atroviridis is a seasonal fruit plant found in many parts of South East Asia. The fruit rind is used in cooking and traditionally consumed for various reasons, including to lower blood cholesterol. A comparative study was undertaken to investigate the influence of extraction solvents and plant parts used on the lipid-lowering and antioxidant activities of Garcinia atroviridis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aqueous extracts showed better antihyperlipidemic activity than the methanol extracts. Aqueous extract of ripe fruit showed the most potent antihyperlipidemic activity, comparable to that of atorvastatin. It significantly reduced the total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglycerides (P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01), very-low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01) and atherogenic index (P < 0.01). In contrast, antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of all parts of G. atroviridis were higher than their respective aqueous extracts, whereby the stem and leaves extracts showed better antioxidant activities than the fruits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aqueous and methanol extracts of G. atroviridis showed higher antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed significant correlations with antioxidant but not with antihyperlipidemic activities, indicating the involvement of other compounds. Contrary to the traditional belief, the present findings suggest that the fruit has higher antihyperlipidemic potential than the fruit rind.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Majed Ahmed
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Al-Mansoub
authors.forename: Mohd Zaini
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Asmawi
authors.forename: Vikneswaran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Murugaiyah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D029760:Garcinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008055:Lipids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011758:Pyrroles; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Garcinia atroviridis; antihyperlipidemic; antioxidant; atherogenic index; total cholesterol; triglycerides