title: Ureteral injuries sustained during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the last decade, the annual volume of robot-assisted prostatectomies performed in the United States has risen steadily. Refinements in surgical technique, understanding of anatomy, and experience have led to more complex patients being offered surgery for management of organ-confined prostate cancer. Complication rates of robot-assisted prostatectomy have been reported in several articles; however, a paucity of data exists when evaluating ureteral injuries sustained during robot-assisted prostatectomy. No standardized universal criteria for reporting and grading of complications exists; therefore, the Martin-Donat criteria with Clavien-Dindo classification system were used to evaluate ureteral injuries in our series.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2001 to June 2013, 6442 consecutive patients were treated with robot-assisted prostatectomy at the same institution by one of five surgeons. All complications were documented through a prospectively maintained prostate cancer database with supplementation from electronic medical records, operative and nursing notes, claims data, discharge summaries, outpatient and emergency visits, institutional morbidity and mortality data, as well as National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data. The Martin-Donat criteria were used to facilitate the accurate and comprehensive reporting of surgical complications while complication severity was assigned following the Clavien-Dindo classification system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients sustained ureteral injuries (ureteral transection) in our series. Both surgeons were beyond their learning curve (greater than 1000 cases) when the injuries occurred; one patient needed readmission, and all patients had risk factors predisposing them to ureteral injury. Each patient was managed with robot-assisted ureteroneocystostomy (1), open transureteroureterostomy (1) and robot-assisted ureteroureterostomy (1) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteral injuries are uncommon; however, thorough preoperative evaluation and surgical planning could identify patients at high risk for sustaining ureteral injury during prostatectomy. Measures can be taken preoperatively or intraoperatively to reduce the probability of ureteral injury, eliminating the necessity for additional procedures postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System , Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Jay K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jhaveri
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Penna
authors.forename: Mireya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diaz-Insua
authors.forename: Wooju
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Mani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Peabody
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*