title: The effects of social isolation on steroid hormone levels are modulated by previous social status and context in a cichlid fish.
abstract: Social isolation is a major stressor which impacts the physiology, behaviour and health of individuals in gregarious species. However, depending on conditional and contextual factors, such as social status and group composition, social isolation may be perceived differently by different individuals or even by the same individuals at different times. Here we tested the effects of social status (territorial vs. non-territorial) and previous group composition (i.e. type of social group: mixed sex group with two territorial males, TT vs. mixed sex group with one territorial and one non-territorial male, TnT) on the hormonal response (androgens and cortisol) to social isolation in a cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). The different steroid hormones measured responded differentially to social isolation, and their response was modulated by social factors. Social isolation elicited a decrease of 11-keto formation only in territorial males, whereas non-territorial males present a non-significant trend for increasing KT levels. Testosterone did not respond to social isolation. Cortisol only increased in isolated individuals from TnT groups irrespective of social status (i.e. both in territorials and non-territorials). These results suggest that it is the perception of social isolation and not the objective structure of the situation that triggers the hormonal response to isolation.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Investigação em Eco-Etologia, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Rua Jardim do Tabaco, 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal; Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galhardo
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Investigação em Eco-Etologia, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Rua Jardim do Tabaco, 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal; Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal. Electronic address: ruiol@ispa.pt.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012930:Social Dominance; D012931:Social Environment; D012934:Social Isolation; D013256:Steroids / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D013731:Territoriality; D013739:Testosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D017210:Tilapia / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids; D013739:Testosterone; C003600:11-ketotestosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: 11-Ketotestosterone; Androgen; Cognitive appraisal; Cortisol; Testosterone; Tilapia