title: Effect of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ +874, IL-18-137 G/C,-607 C/A) genes in relation to risk of vesico-ureteral reflux.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim this work is to estimate whether genetic polymorphisms of +874 of IFN-γ and -137 G/C,-607 C/A of IL-18 genes are implicated in the development of VUR, because a vast literature indicates that genetic variations play a significant role in the pathogenesis of VUR.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PCR single specific primer (SSP) and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) were applied for analyzing the polymorphic sites of -137 G/C,-607 C/A of IL-18 and +874 of IFN-γ genes in 110 healthy controls and 124 VUR children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant relationship was found between AT and combined AT + TT genotypes of IFN-γ and highly increased risk of VUR (OR = 4.2, 95% CI, 2.00-9.24; p < 0.0001: OR = 4.00, 95% CI, 1.90-8.70, p < 0.0001, respectively). On the other hand, the genotype frequency of IL18-137 G/C indicated a significant assessment of the decrease risk of VUR for GC and GC + CC genotypes (OR = 0.53, 95% CI, 0.3-0.9; p = 0.02: OR = 0.53, 95% CI, 0.3-0.92 p = 0.01, respectively). No significant association was found between -607 C/A polymorphism of IL-18 and UVR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the author's best knowledge, this is the first data regarding polymorphism of IFN-γ (+874) cytokine genes that highly increased the risk of VUR. To confirm the presented data, further studies should be done in different populations with a larger sample size.
authors.affiliation: Children and Adolescent Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran .
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadeghi-Bojd
authors.forename: Dor Mohammad
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kordi-Tamandani
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashemi
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000235:genetics*; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C000589760:IL18 protein, human; D020382:Interleukin-18; D007371:Interferon-gamma