title: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and LDL lowering in the contemporary management of dyslipidemia.
abstract: PCSK9 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type (PCSK9) protein plays an important role in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) metabolism, due to its role in the degradation of the LDL receptor. Preliminary clinical data of PCSK9 inhibition are quite promising and indicate that PCSK9 inhibition may be a novel strategy for the treatment of dyslipidemia particularly for those with refractory hypercholesterolemia, statin intolerance, or an elevated lipoprotein (a) level and associated cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, development of PCSK9 inhibitor is an excellent example of "bench to bedside" concept where discovery of a genetic mutation was translated into a novel therapy to address unmet clinical needs. Although several approaches have been attempted to inhibit PCSK9 activity including small molecules, gene silencing and inhibitory antibodies, the most promising approach appears to be the use of monoclonal antibodies with a 50 -70% LDL cholesterol reduction on top of maximal doses of statins. In this article, we review the pharmacology of PCSK9 and summarize findings from key clinical studies using PCSK9 inhibitors.
authors.forename: Maryna Popp
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Switzer
authors.forename: Azikiwe C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nwosu
authors.forename: Zinnia San
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Juan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, 4800 Alberta Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79905, USA. debabrata.mukherjee@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Debabrata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; C472125:PCSK9 protein, human; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases