title: Correlational analysis of neck/shoulder pain and low back pain with the use of digital products, physical activity and psychological status among adolescents in Shanghai.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the neck/shoulder pain (NSP) and low back pain (LBP) among current high school students in Shanghai and explores the relationship between these pains and their possible influences, including digital products, physical activity, and psychological status.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anonymous self-assessment was administered to 3,600 students across 30 high schools in Shanghai. This questionnaire examined the prevalence of NSP and LBP and the level of physical activity as well as the use of mobile phones, personal computers (PC) and tablet computers (Tablet). The CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression) scale was also included in the survey. The survey data were analyzed using the chi-square test, univariate logistic analyses and a multivariate logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three thousand sixteen valid questionnaires were received including 1,460 (48.41%) from male respondents and 1,556 (51.59%) from female respondents. The high school students in this study showed NSP and LBP rates of 40.8% and 33.1%, respectively, and the prevalence of both influenced by the student's grade, use of digital products, and mental status; these factors affected the rates of NSP and LBP to varying degrees. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Gender, grade, soreness after exercise, PC using habits, tablet use, sitting time after school and academic stress entered the final model of NSP, while the final model of LBP consisted of gender, grade, soreness after exercise, PC using habits, mobile phone use, sitting time after school, academic stress and CES-D score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High school students in Shanghai showed high prevalence of NSP and LBP that were closely related to multiple factors. Appropriate interventions should be implemented to reduce the occurrences of NSP and LBP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: Guoying
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Jipeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yangyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yongxing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004581:Electronics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data