title: Open surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement in adolescent athletes: preliminary report on improvement of physical activity level.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical dislocation of the hip (SDH) approach has gained popularity in the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) secondary to pediatric hip disorders. However, it has been suggested that SDH may preclude a return to previous levels of function in athletes. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the level of activity and pain in young athletes before and after open hip surgery through an SDH approach for the treatment of FAI; (2) to investigate how clinical improvement correlates with physical activity; (3) to determine whether articular cartilage injury and the complexity of surgical procedures are associated with improvement in activity level and pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  SDH was utilized in 29 young athletes treated for symptomatic FAI (20 males 9 females, age range 12.7 to 20.7 years (mean age, 17 y)). Evaluation included sport(s) played, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) physical activity level, and clinical outcome in terms of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)-Pain scores. Intraoperative articular cartilage status and anteroposterior pelvic and lateral hip radiographs were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had regularly participated in one or more of 13 distinct sports. The median UCLA score increased with marginal significance (P=0.057) after surgery. Change in the level of pain from preoperatively to postoperatively, as measured by the WOMAC-Pain subscale, was found to be statistically significant (P=0.0024). A statistically significant correlation between changes in UCLA and WOMAC was estimated (ρ=-0.61, P≤0.001). No statistically significant correlation was found between change in UCLA and the addition of a second procedure other than femoral head-neck osteochondroplasty. Finally, no statistically significant correlation was found between severity of cartilage injury and change in UCLA or WOMAC scores. The femoral α-angle improved an average of 22.7 degrees (P<0.001) after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain relief and maintenance or improvement in activity level may be achieved with open FAI surgery through an SDH approach in young athletes. Although this approach is more invasive than hip arthroscopy, it should be considered in the management of adolescents with FAI and complex hip deformities associated with pediatric disorders such as slipped capital femoral epiphysis and Perthes disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV-case series; retrospective.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO †The Adolescent and Young Adult Hip Unit, Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital ‡Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Eduardo N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Novais
authors.forename: Benton E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Heyworth
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stamoulis
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Millis
authors.forename: Young-Jo
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D057925:Femoracetabular Impingement / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006617:Hip Dislocation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011859:Radiography; D058028:Research Report / Q000639:trends*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013177:Sports / Q000639:trends*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult