title: Empirically Determined, Psychopathological Subtypes in Children With ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to empirically determine subgroups of ADHD defined by specific patterns of psychopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical sample of 223 children with ADHD, aged 5 to 14 years, was examined with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). In addition, comorbid psychiatric disorders, psychosocial risk factors, and socioeconomic status were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cluster analysis of CBCL subscales yielded a solution with four distinct subgroups. While "externalizers" showed a high rate of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), "obsessive-compulsives" exhibited thought problems, low rates of comorbid CD, and high symptoms of inattention. "High psychiatric symptom carriers" had high rates of familial risk factors, acute life events, comorbid ODD, and CD. "Low psychiatric symptom carriers" also scored low in all other variables studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with ADHD can be divided into four subgroups according to their CBCL-based psychopathology, and these subgroups differ in their risk factor profiles.
authors.affiliation: Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany yvonne.zenglein@kgu.de.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zenglein
authors.affiliation: Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwenck
authors.affiliation: Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Westerwald
authors.affiliation: University of Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Catharina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beuth
authors.affiliation: University of Trier, Germany.
authors.forename: Jobst
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: University of Trier, Germany.
authors.forename: Haukur
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Palmason
authors.affiliation: Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.affiliation: Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Susann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hänig
authors.affiliation: Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Freitag
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011599:Psychopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: ADHD; comorbidity; risk factors; subtypes