title: Examining intersectoral integration for malaria control programmes in an urban and a rural district in Ghana: a multinomial multilevel analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intersectoral integration is acknowledged to be essential for improving provision of health care and outcomes, yet it remains one of the main primary health care strategic challenges. Although this is well articulated in the literature, the factors that explain differentials in levels of intersectoral integration have not been systematically studied, particularly in low and middle-income countries. In this study, we examine the levels and determinants of intersectoral integration amongst institutions engaged in malaria control programmes in an urban (Kumasi Metropolitan) district and a rural (Ahafo Ano South) district in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with representatives of 32 institutions engaged in promoting malaria prevention and control. The averaging technique proposed by Brown et al. and a two-level multinomial multilevel ordinal logistic regression were used to examine the levels of integration and the factors that explain the differentials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show high disparity in levels of integration amongst institutions in the two districts. Integration was higher in the rural district compared to the urban district. The multivariate analysis revealed that the district effect explained 25% of the variations in integration. The type of institution, level of focus on malaria and source of funding are important predictors of intersectoral integration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not causal, integrated malaria control programmes could be important for improving malaria-related health outcomes in less developed regions as evident from the rapid decline in malaria fatality rates observed in the Ahafo Ano South district. Harmonisation of programmes should be encouraged amongst institutions and the public and private sectors should be motivated to work in partnership.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Central University College, Tema, Ghana.
authors.forename: Nicodemus Osei
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Owusu
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baffour-Awuah
authors.forename: Fiifi Amoako
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Nyovani J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Madise
keywords: intersectoral collaboration; intersectoral integration; malaria control programmes; multilevel multinomial ordinal regression