title: Test-retest paradigm of the forced swimming test in female mice is not valid for predicting antidepressant-like activity: participation of acetylcholine and sigma-1 receptors.
abstract: The forced swimming test (FST) in mice is widely used to predict the antidepressant activity of a drug, but information describing the immobility of female mice is limited. We investigated whether a prior swimming experience affects the immobility duration in a second FST in female mice and whether the test-retest paradigm is a valid screening tool for antidepressants. Female ICR mice were exposed to the FST using two experimental paradigms: a single FST and a double FST in which mice had experienced FST once 24 h prior to the second trail. The initial FST experience reliably prolonged immobility duration in the second FST. The antidepressants imipramine and paroxetine significantly reduced immobility duration in the single FST, but not in the double FST. Scopolamine and the sigma-1 (σ1) antagonist NE-100 administered before the second trial significantly prevented the prolongation of immobility. Neither a 5-HT1A nor a 5-HT2A receptor agonist affected immobility duration. We suggest that the test-retest paradigm in female mice is not adequate for predicting antidepressant-like activity of a drug; the prolongation of immobility in the double FST is modulated through acetylcholine and σ1 receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hato-Yamada
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D007099:Imipramine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011437:Propylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017480:Receptors, sigma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D011437:Propylamines; D017480:Receptors, sigma; C083832:N,N-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride; D017374:Paroxetine; D012601:Scopolamine; D000109:Acetylcholine; D007099:Imipramine