title: Five years after the Hawai'i smoke-free law: tourism and hospitality economic indicators appear unharmed.
abstract: Opponents of Hawai'i's smoke-free law argued that such a law would lead to a decrease in tourism. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is evidence of an adverse impact of Hawai'i's smoke-free law on tourism utilizing data obtained from Hawai'i's Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism website for tourists from the United States. Descriptive statistics were reported before and after the law and linear regression was used to assess the relationship between the implementation of the law and changes in indicators of tourism while adjusting for underlying economic factors. The most pronounced fluctuations observed with all tourism indicators occurred around the time the US entered the recession (December 2007), with steady increases following the end of the US recession. While controlling for economic and seasonal trends, the presence of the smoke-free law was associated with an increase in arrivals (β= 42847.9; 95% CI: 16303.3, 69392.5), accommodation employees (β= 969.0; 95% CI: 351.1, 1586.8) and food services & beverage places employees (β=3390.8; 95% CI: 2326.9, 4454.7). Fluctuations in tourism indicators are likely to be associated with greater economic forces, such as decreasing GDP and consumer confidence in the United States and greater global economic trends, rather than the smoke-free law.
authors.affiliation: Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Health Behavior, Buffalo, NY (K.A.D.A., C.R., A.H.).
authors.forename: Katharine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dobson Amato
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivard
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipsher
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyland
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics*; D057172:Economic Recession; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D059066:Gross Domestic Product; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D012147:Restaurants; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014195:Travel / Q000191:economics*; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: Economics; Policy; Public Health; Smoke-free law; Tourism