title: Implementation of parallel transmit beamforming using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing--achievable resolution and interbeam interference.
abstract: The speed of sound in the human body limits the achievable data acquisition rate of pulsed ultrasound scanners. To overcome this limitation, parallel beamforming techniques are used in ultrasound 2-D and 3-D imaging systems. Different parallel beamforming approaches have been proposed. They may be grouped into two major categories: parallel beamforming in reception and parallel beamforming in transmission. The first category is not optimal for harmonic imaging; the second category may be more easily applied to harmonic imaging. However, inter-beam interference represents an issue. To overcome these shortcomings and exploit the benefit of combining harmonic imaging and high data acquisition rate, a new approach has been recently presented which relies on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to perform parallel beamforming in transmission. In this paper, parallel transmit beamforming using OFDM is implemented for the first time on an ultrasound scanner. An advanced open platform for ultrasound research is used to investigate the axial resolution and interbeam interference achievable with parallel transmit beamforming using OFDM. Both fundamental and second-harmonic imaging modalities have been considered. Results show that, for fundamental imaging, axial resolution in the order of 2 mm can be achieved in combination with interbeam interference in the order of -30 dB. For second-harmonic imaging, axial resolution in the order of 1 mm can be achieved in combination with interbeam interference in the order of -35 dB.
authors.forename: Libertario
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Demi
authors.forename: Jacopo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viti
authors.forename: Lieneke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kusters
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tortoli
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mischi
mesh_terms: D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*