title: Oleic acid inhibits lung Na/K-ATPase in mice and induces injury with lipid body formation in leukocytes and eicosanoid production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can emerge from certain pathologies, such as sepsis, fat embolism and leptospirosis, in which the levels of unesterified fatty acids are increased in the patient's plasma. ARDS is characterized by edema formation, and edema resolution occurs mainly due to the pneumocyte Na/K-ATPase activity. As previously described, increased oleic acid (OA) plasma concentrations induce lung injury by interfering with sodium transport. The first aim of this study was to develop a radioactivity-free assay to detect Na,K-ATPase activity ex vivo using a model of OA-induced lung injury in mice. We also investigated the relationship between Na/K-ATPase inhibition and OA-induced lung injury using ouabain-induced lung injury as a comparison, because of the well-described effect of ouabain as a Na/K-ATPase inhibitor.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a Na/K-ATPase assay based on the capture of non-radioactive Rb+ ions by mice lung tissue in the absence or presence of ouabain, a specific Na/K-ATPase inhibitor. Rb+ incorporation into the lung was measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after lung tissue mineralization. Na/K-ATPase activity was considered as the difference between Rb+ incorporation in the absence and in the presence of ouabain. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected for lung injury assessment. For this assessment, cell counting, lipid body enumeration and lipid mediator concentrations were measured. Histological analyses were used to determinate lung pathology. Whole body plethysmographic analysis was performed to assay lung function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lung Na/K-ATPase activity of mice was completely inhibited by an OA dose of 10 μmol, an effect also obtained with 10-3 μmol of ouabain, as demonstrated by the decreased Rb+ incorporation in the lungs. The same OA dose induced lung edema and inflammation with cell influx, lipid body formation, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Ouabain also induced lung inflammation, as detected by histological examinations. As far as we know, this is the first time that ouabain-induced lung injury was shown. Both OA and ouabain induced functional lung pathology in mice simultaneously with inhibition of the lung Na/K-ATPase activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed a new non-radioactive assay to quantified Na/K-ATPase in vivo. OA and ouabain inhibited in vivo Na/K-ATPase activity in the lungs and induced lung injury. Our data reinforce the idea that Na/K-ATPase inhibitors may worsen lung injury in specific pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. cassianofg@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cassiano Felippe
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burth
authors.forename: Adriana Ribeiro
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Isabel Matos Medeiros
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.forename: Flora Magno
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: de Jesus Oliveira
authors.forename: Ricardo Erthal
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Santelli
authors.forename: Aline Soares
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.forename: Patrícia Torres
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Bozza
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Younes-Ibrahim
authors.forename: Hugo Caire
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: de Castro-Faria-Neto
authors.forename: Mauro Velho
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: de Castro-Faria