title: Immunostimulatory activity of sulfated galactans isolated from the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri and development of resistance against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp.
abstract: Sulfated galactans (SG) were isolated from the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri (G. fisheri). Chemical analysis revealed SG contains sulfate (12.7%) and total carbohydrate (42.2%) with an estimated molecular mass of 100 kDa. Structure analysis by NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that SG is a complex structure with a linear backbone of alternating 3-linked β-D-galactopyranose and 4-linked 3,6-anhydrogalactose units with partial 6-O-methylate-β-D-galactopyranose and with sulfation occurring on C4 of D-galactopyranose and C6 of L-galactopyranose units. SG treatment enhanced immune parameters including total haemocytes, phenoloxidase activity, superoxide anions and superoxide dismutase in shrimp Penaeus monodon. Shrimp fed with Artemia salina enriched with SG (100 and 200 μg ml(-1)) and inoculated with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) showed a significantly lower mortality rate and lower viral VP 28 amplification and expression than control. The results suggest that SG from G. fisheri exhibits immune stimulatory and antiviral activities that could protect P. monodon from WSSV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Rajdhevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: kanokpan.won@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Kanokpan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wongprasert
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Rajdhevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Tawut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rudtanatip
authors.affiliation: Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Paholyotin Rd., Chatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jantana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Praiboon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005685:Galactans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044724:Gracilaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000032:analysis; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis; D013481:Superoxides / Q000032:analysis; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D046848:White spot syndrome virus 1 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D005685:Galactans; C548473:VP28 protein, white spot syndrome virus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D013481:Superoxides; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Gracilaria fisheri; Immune stimulator; Sulfated galactans; White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)