title: Maternal risk factors associated with increased dioxin concentrations in breast milk in a hot spot of dioxin contamination in Vietnam.
abstract: This study looked to identify determinants of exposure to dioxin in breast milk from breast-feeding women in a hot spot of dioxin exposure in Vietnam. Breast milk was collected from 140 mothers 1 month after delivery. The risk factors investigated included length of residency, drinking of well water and the frequency of animal food consumption. Cluster analysis was performed to identify dietary patterns of fish and meat portions, fish variety and egg variety. Residency, age and parity were clearly associated with increased dioxin levels. Drinking well water and the consumption of marine crab and shrimps were related to higher levels of furans in breast milk. The consumption of quail eggs also appeared to be associated with increased levels of some dioxin isomers in this area. Some mothers who ate no or less meat than fish and mothers who consumed more freshwater fish than marine fish had lower levels of dioxins in their breast milk. However, the type of water and the eating habits of mothers contributed only partly to the increased dioxin levels in their breast milk; the length of residency was the most important risk factor associated with increased dioxin body burdens of mothers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Nguyen Thi Nguyet
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Anh
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Muneko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishijo
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Pham The
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maruzeni
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tran Hai
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Anh
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Hoang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Luong
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Pham Minh
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dam
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Vietnam Environment Administration, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Le Ke
authors.initials: le K
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishijo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004032:Diet; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014744:Vietnam; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004147:Dioxins