title: Effect of postmenopausal status and age at menopause on type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in Japanese individuals: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 17 (TOPICS 17).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Findings on the effect of menopause or age at menopause on the presence of hyperglycemia are controversial, and why women after menopause have a higher probability of having hyperglycemia than men in the same age range remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed data on 29,189 men, 6,308 premenopausal women, and 4,570 postmenopausal women in Japan. Odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes or prediabetes indicated by American Diabetes Association criteria were calculated for men and for pre- and postmenopausal women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with premenopausal women, women after natural menopause had an age-adjusted OR of 1.40 (95% CI 1.03-1.89) for diabetes, and women after menopause by surgical or other causes had an age-adjusted OR of 1.59 (1.07-2.37). The age-adjusted OR in men was 4.02 (3.15-5.14). Compared with premenopausal nondiabetic women, postmenopausal nondiabetic women had a significantly elevated OR of 1.33 (1.20-1.48) for prediabetes; nondiabetic men had an OR of 1.93 (1.77-2.10) independently of age and demographic and metabolic factors. Even among women aged <50 years, postmenopausal status was significantly associated with an elevated OR (1.50 [1.18-1.91]) for dysglycemia (either diabetes or prediabetes). Postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years had a particularly elevated OR for dysglycemia, regardless of age at menopause.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The postmenopausal state was significantly associated with the presence of dysglycemia independently of normal aging, although the increased probability in postmenopausal women did not equal that in men. Among women, menopause and older age might additively influence the elevated probability of dysglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding author: Hirohito Sone, sone@med.niigata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoriko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Heianza
authors.forename: Yasuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arase
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Shiun Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimano
authors.forename: Shigeko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017698:Postmenopause; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D017697:Premenopause; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose