title: The usefulness of stereotactic radiosurgery for radioresistant brain metastases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effectiveness of stereotactic gamma knife Radiosurgery (GKR) for radioresistant brain metastases with the impact upon histology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 2004 and May 2011, a total of 23 patients underwent GKR for 67 metastatic brain tumors from 12 renal cell cancers, 5 sarcomas and 6 melanomas. The mean age was 56 years (range, 18 to 79 years). Most of the patients were classified as the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis class II (91.3%). The synchronous metastasis was found in 6 patients (26.1%) and metachronous metastasis in 17 patients (73.9%). We analyzed the local control rate, intracranial progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean tumor volume for GKR was 2.24 cc and the mean prescription dose was 19.4 Gy (range, 10 to 24) to the tumor margin. Out of metachronous metastases, the median duration to intracranial metastasis was 3.3 years in renal cell cancer (RCC), 2.4 years in melanoma and 1.1 years in sarcoma (p=0.012). The total local control rate was 89.6% during the mean 12.4 months follow-up. The six-month and one-year local control rate was 90.2% and 83% respectively. Depending on the pathology, the control rate of RCC was 95.7%, sarcoma 91.3% and melanoma 80.5% during the follow-up. The common cause of local failure was the tumor bleeding in melanoma. The median PFS and OS were 5.2 and 8.4 months in RCC patients, 6.5 and 9.8 months in sarcoma, and 3.8 and 5.1 months in melanoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GKR can be one of the effective management options for the intracranial metastatic tumors from the radioresistant tumors. The melanoma showed a poor local control rate compared to other pathologies because of the hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyool
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Young
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: In-Young
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Kyung-Sub
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Seung-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Intracranial; Melanoma; Metastasis; Radioresistant; Renal cell cancer; Sarcoma