title: Width-modulated square-wave pulses for ultrasound applications.
abstract: A method of output pressure control for ultrasound transducers using switched excitation is described. The method generates width-modulated square-wave pulse sequences that are suitable for driving ultrasound transducers using MOSFETs or similar devices. Sequences are encoded using an optimized level-shifted, carrier-comparison, pulse-width modulation (PWM) strategy derived from existing PWM theory, and modified specifically for ultrasound applications. The modifications are: a reduction in carrier frequency so that the smallest number of pulses are generated and minimal switching is necessary; alteration of a linear carrier form to follow a trigonometric relationship in accordance with the expected fundamental output; and application of frequency modulation to the carrier when generating frequency-modulated, amplitude- tapered signals. The PWM method permits control of output pressure for arbitrary waveform sequences at diagnostic frequencies (approximately 5 MHz) when sampled at 100 MHz, and is applicable to pulse shaping and array apodization. Arbitrary waveform generation capability is demonstrated in simulation using convolution with a transducer's impulse response, and experimentally with hydrophone measurement. Benefits in coded imaging are demonstrated when compared with fixed-width square-wave (pseudo-chirp) excitation in coded imaging, including reduction in image artifacts and peak side-lobe levels for two cases, showing 10 and 8 dB reduction in peak side-lobe level experimentally, compared with 11 and 7 dB reduction in simulation. In all cases, the experimental observations correlate strongly with simulated data.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David M J
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cowell
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freear
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods