title: National stereotypes of older people's competence are related to older adults' participation in paid and volunteer work.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Why are older people perceived as more competent in some countries relative to others? In the current study, we investigate the extent to which national variation in perceptions of older people's competence is systematically related to national variation in the extent to which older people participate in paid and volunteer work.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multilevel regression to analyze data from the European Social Survey and test the relationship between perceptions of older people's competence and older people's participation in paid and volunteer work across 28 countries. We controlled for a number of potentially confounding variables, including life expectancy as well as the gender ratio and average education of the older population in each country. We controlled for the average objective cognitive abilities of the older population in a subsample of 11 countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older people were perceived as more competent in countries in which more older people participated in paid or volunteer work, independent of life expectancy and the average education, gender makeup, and average cognitive abilities of the older population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that older people's participation in paid and volunteer work is related to perceptions of older people's competence independent of older people's actual competence.
authors.affiliation: Correspondence should be addressed to Catherine E. Bowen, Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany. E-mail: c.bowen@jacobs-university.de.
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: Vegard
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Skirbekk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011361:Professional Competence; D012938:Social Perception; D014838:Volunteers / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Images of aging; Old age stereotypes; Older people’s social participation; Social role theory.