title: Adverse effects of orthodontic treatment: A clinical perspective.
abstract: Orthodontic treatment is associated with a number of adverse effects, such as root resorption, pain, pulpal changes, periodontal disease, and temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Orthodontists should be aware of these effects and associated risk factors. Risk factors linked to root resorption include the duration of treatment, length, and shape of the root, trauma history, habits, and genetic predisposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Orthodontic Division, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nabeel F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Talic
keywords: Pain; Periodontal disease; Pulp vitality; Root resorption; TMD