title: Development of universal influenza vaccines based on influenza virus M and NP genes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vaccination is the safest and most effective measure against influenza virus infections. However, traditional influenza vaccines cannot respond effectively to an unforeseen epidemic or pandemic caused by a virus with antigenic drifts or antigenic shifts. Therefore, developing a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) that induces broad-spectrum and long-term immunity has become a major trend in influenza vaccine research and development.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the development of UIVs based on these conserved influenza virus proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The matrix protein (M1, M2) and nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza viruses have highly conserved sequences, and they become the major target antigens of current UIV studies.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, 200052, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014758:Viral Core Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D014758:Viral Core Proteins; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins; C488936:M1 protein, Influenza A virus; C488937:M2 protein, Influenza A virus; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins; C048842:NP protein, Influenza A virus