title: Cystatin C, CRP, log TG/HDLc and metabolic syndrome are associated with microalbuminuria in hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with systemic hypertension, microalbuminuria is a marker of endothelial damage and is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors that may lead to the occurrence of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with serum creatinine lower than 1.5 mg/dL.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 133 Brazilians with essential hypertension followed up at a hypertension outpatient clinic. Those with serum creatinine higher than 1.5 mg/dL, as well as those with diabetes mellitus, were excluded. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and GFR estimated by using the CKD-EPI formula were calculated. The serum levels of the following were assessed: CysC, creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fasting glucose. Microalbuminuria was determined in 24-hour urine. Hypertensive patients were classified according to the presence of one or more criteria for metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multiple regression analysis, the serum levels of CysC and CRP, the atherogenic index log TG/HDLc and the presence of three or more criteria for metabolic syndrome were positively correlated with microalbuminuria (r2: 0.277, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CysC, CRP, log TG/HDLc, and the presence of three or more criteria for metabolic syndrome, regardless of serum creatinine, were associated with microalbuminuria, an early marker of kidney damage and cardiovascular risk in patients with essential hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, BrasíliaDF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rafaela do Socorro Souza e Silva
authors.initials: Rdo S
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, BrasíliaDF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Daniel França
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Estatística, BrasíliaDF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, BrasíliaDF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Flavio José Dutra de
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, BrasíliaDF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Tânia Torres
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, BrasíliaDF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Joel Paulo Russomano
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Veiga
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D055316:Cystatin C; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine