title: Neonatal IGF-1/IGFBP-1 axis and retinopathy of prematurity are associated with increased blood pressure in preterm children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preterm children are at risk of developing increased blood pressure (BP). We evaluated possible associations between BP, early insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) levels and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 32 infants: median gestational age 28.1 weeks (range 24.6-31.3) and birthweight standard deviation scores (SDS) (±SD) 1.0 ± 2.7. IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 at postnatal weeks 32.6-34.6 and ROP stages were established after birth. BP was measured at the age of 4 years. The ratio (IGF-1)(2)/IGFBP-1 was created to investigate the influence of both IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 to later BP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diastolic BP correlated with IGFBP-1, inversely correlated with IGF-1 and IGF-1(2)/IGFBP-1 (r = -0.71, p < 0.0001) and positively correlated with catch-up growth velocity from lowest weight SDS to age 36.5 weeks (r = 0.48, p < 0.01), independent of gestational age. Children with moderate-to-severe ROP as neonates had higher mean arterial BP [78 (±95%CI 74-83) vs 71 (±95%CI 68-75) mm Hg, p < 0.05] adjusted for gestational age and birthweight SDS compared to children diagnosed with no to mild ROP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low neonatal IGF-1(2)/IGFBP-1 and severe ROP were associated with higher BP in 4-year-old children born very preterm and may thus predict future cardiovascular morbidity.
authors.affiliation: The Sahlgrenska Center for Pediatric Ophthalmology Research, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kistner
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.forename: Aimon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niklasson
authors.forename: Chatarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Löfqvist
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellström
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
keywords: Catch-up growth; Diastolic blood pressure; IGF-1; IGFBP-1; Preterm children; Retinopathy of prematurity