title: Female reproduction physiology adversely manipulated by thyroid disorders: a review of literature.
abstract: Proper thyroid function is vital to have a healthy reproduction system. Female sex hormones are altered due to hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Female reproduction system is negatively manipulated by both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and menstrual disorders are the ultimate consequences. Hypomenorrhea, polymenorrhea and oligomenorrhea are the clinical manifestation associated with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively. The female infertility is also adversely affected by thyrotoxicosis and myxedema, the clinical presentation of hyper and hypothyroidism. The simultaneous existence of autoimmunity which is present among some portion of pregnant women may aggravate the clinical manifestation of thyroid disorders in female reproductive physiology. Abortion, premature infants, low birth infant, are among clinical presentation of overt hypothyroidism. Auto antibody against thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and eventual hyperthyroidism considered as risk factors which require extra attention while the thyroid disorder is clinically managed during pregnancy to prevent the fetus from abnormal metabolism. The aim of this review is to elaborate the adverse role of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in female reproduction physiology.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Gorgan Medical School Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Azad Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mansourian
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007455:Iodine / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007455:Iodine; D013974:Thyroxine