title: Variability in diaphragm motion during normal breathing, assessed with B-mode ultrasound.
abstract: METHODS
  Clinical measurement, cross-sectional.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish a set of normal values for diaphragm thickening with tidal breathing in healthy subjects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Normal values for diaphragm contractility, as imaged sonographically, have not been described, despite the known role of the diaphragm in contributing to spinal stability. If the normal range of diaphragm contractility can be defined in a reliable manner, ultrasound has the potential to be used clinically and in research as a biofeedback tool to enhance diaphragm activation/contractility.
  
  
  METHODS
  B-mode ultrasound was performed on 150 healthy subjects to visualize and measure hemi-diaphragm thickness on each side at resting inspiration and expiration. Primary outcome measures were hemi-diaphragm thickness and thickening ratio, stratified for age, gender, and body mass index. Interrater and intrarater reliability were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal thickness of the diaphragm at rest ranged from 0.12 to 1.18 cm, with slightly greater thickness in men but no effect of age. Average ± SD change in thickness from resting expiration to resting inspiration was 20.0% ± 15.5% on the right and 23.5% ± 24.4% on the left; however, almost one third of healthy subjects had no to minimal diaphragm thickening with tidal breathing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is wide variability in the degree of diaphragm contractility during quiet breathing. B-mode ultrasound appears to be a reliable means of determining the contractility of the diaphragm, an important muscle in spinal stability. Further studies are needed to validate this imaging modality as a clinical tool in the neuromuscular re-education of the diaphragm to improve spinal stability in both healthy subjects and in patients with low back pain.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Caitlin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Leili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shahgholi
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cieslak
authors.forename: Nathan J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hellyer
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Strommen
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Boon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012119:Respiration; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult