title: Replicated high-density genetic maps of two great tit populations reveal fine-scale genomic departures from sex-equal recombination rates.
abstract: Linking variation in quantitative traits to variation in the genome is an important, but challenging task in the study of life-history evolution. Linkage maps provide a valuable tool for the unravelling of such trait-gene associations. Moreover, they give insight into recombination landscapes and between-species karyotype evolution. Here we used genotype data, generated from a 10k single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip, of over 2000 individuals to produce high-density linkage maps of the great tit (Parus major), a passerine bird that serves as a model species for ecological and evolutionary questions. We created independent maps from two distinct populations: a captive F2-cross from The Netherlands (NL) and a wild population from the United Kingdom (UK). The two maps contained 6554 SNPs in 32 linkage groups, spanning 2010 cM and 1917 cM for the NL and UK populations, respectively, and were similar in size and marker order. Subtle levels of heterochiasmy within and between chromosomes were remarkably consistent between the populations, suggesting that the local departures from sex-equal recombination rates have evolved. This key and surprising result would have been impossible to detect if only one population was mapped. A comparison with zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata, chicken Gallus gallus and the green anole lizard Anolis carolinensis genomes provided further insight into the evolution of avian karyotypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Oers
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Santure
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK [2] Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Cauwer
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands [2] Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N E M
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: van Bers
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R P M A
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Crooijmans
authors.affiliation: Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Sheldon
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slate
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Groenen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005260:Female; D046369:Finches / Q000235:genetics; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005828:Genetics, Population; D016678:Genome; D008116:Lizards / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D006113:United Kingdom