title: Early changes in the pupal transcriptome of the flesh fly Sarcophagha crassipalpis to parasitization by the ectoparasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis.
abstract: We investigated changes in the pupal transcriptome of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis, 3 and 25 h after parasitization by the ectoparasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. These time points are prior to hatching of the wasp eggs, thus the results document host responses to venom injection, rather than feeding by the wasp larvae. Only a single gene appeared to be differentially expressed 3 h after parasitization. However, by 25 h, 128 genes were differentially expressed and expression patterns of a subsample of these genes were verified using RT-qPCR. Among the responsive genes were clusters of genes that altered the fly's metabolism, development, induced immune responses, elicited detoxification responses, and promoted programmed cell death. Envenomation thus clearly alters the metabolic landscape and developmental fate of the fly host prior to subsequent penetration of the pupal cuticle by the wasp larva. Overall, this study provides new insights into the specific action of ectoparasitoid venoms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Zoophysiology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: Ellen.Danneels@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Ellen L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Danneels
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Formesyn
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Denlinger
authors.forename: Dries
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cardoen
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wenseleers
authors.forename: Liliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schoofs
authors.forename: Dirk C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: de Graaf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007814:Larva; D011679:Pupa / Q000235:genetics; D058493:Sarcophagidae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D014862:Wasp Venoms; D014863:Wasps / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D014862:Wasp Venoms
keywords: Ectoparasitoid; Microarray; Nasonia vitripennis; Sarcophaga crassipalpis; Venom