title: Optical coherence tomography in diabetic macular edema: patterns and related risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is an important cause of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive modality that produces high-resolution images of retinal layers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of DME patterns and their association with risk factors and visual acuity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, type 2 diabetics with macular edema referred to our center during a ten-month period underwent OCT. Patients with macular edema due to causes other than diabetes and with OCT images of improper quality were excluded from the study. Four distinct patterns were found in the OCT images. A questionnaire including age, sex, duration of diabetes, serum TG and cholesterol, HbA1c, BMI and visual acuity, as well as the findings of OCT images were filled for the subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-six eyes from 46 patients were evaluated. The most and the least common patterns were sponge-like retinal swelling (SLRS) and posterior hyaloidal traction (PHT) found in 64.0% and 5.8% of the subjects, respectively. A sub-retinal fluid pattern was more common in males (p=0.011) and in patients with serum TG > 200mg/dl (p=0.037). There were significant associations between central foveal (r=0.45, p less than 0.001), nasal (r=0.35, p=0.001) and temporal (r=0.32, p=0.003) thicknesses with visual acuity. Moreover, the highest thickness (462.4±119.2μm) and also the worst visual acuity (1.0±0.5logMAR) pertained to the cystoid macular edema (CME) pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that the most common OCT pattern of DME is the sponge-like retinal swelling, while posterior hyaloidal traction has the lowest prevalence. A higher foveal thickness and a lower visual acuity are seen in the CME pattern.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmadpour-Baghdadabad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manaviat
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shojaoddiny-Ardekani
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014792:Visual Acuity