title: Antihypertensive treatment and resistant hypertension in patients with type 1 diabetes by stages of diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess blood pressure (BP) control, antihypertensive treatment, and prevalence of resistant hypertension (RH) in patients with type 1 diabetes stratified by stage of diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included a nationally representative cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes (N = 3,678) from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study (FinnDiane). The data were linked to the Drug Prescription Register to obtain purchases of antihypertensive drugs 6 months prior to the baseline visit. The treatment targets were based on the American Diabetes Association guidelines. RH was defined as failure to reach BP target despite the use of three or more antihypertensive drugs of different classes (one of which was a diuretic).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with normal albumin excretion rate, 14.1% were on antihypertensive treatment and 74.6% of them had uncontrolled BP despite treatment. The corresponding figures were 60.5 and 71.2% for the microalbuminuric patients, 90.3 and 80.0% for the macroalbuminuric patients, 88.6 and 88.1% for dialysis, and 91.2 and 90.4% for kidney-transplanted patients. The prevalence of RH was 1.2% in the normoalbuminuric, 4.7% in the microalbuminuric, 28.1% in the macroalbuminuric, 36.6% in the dialysis, and 26.3% in the kidney transplant groups. Age (odds ratio 1.04 [95% CI 1.02-1.05]), estimated glomerular filtration rate (0.97 [0.96-0.97]), waist-to-hip ratio (1.44 [1.15-1.80]), triglycerides (1.19 [1.01-1.40]), microalbuminuria (2.58 [1.43-4.67]), and macroalbuminuria (5.61 [3.20-9.84]) were independently associated with RH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and RH increases with advanced diabetic nephropathy. These data suggest that there is an urgent need for improvement of antihypertensive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding author: Per-Henrik Groop, per-henrik.groop@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lithovius
authors.forename: Valma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Harjutsalo
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsblom
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saraheimo
authors.forename: Per-Henrik
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents