title: The Emergence of Oseltamivir-Resistant Seasonal Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Korea During the 2008-2009 Season.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor antiviral drug resistance among seasonal influenza viruses isolated in Korea during the 2008-2009 influenza season, we examined influenza isolates collected through Korea Influenza Surveillance Scheme for antiviral drug susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  For genetic analysis of antiviral drug resistance, the matrix (M2) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of each isolate were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and followed by nucleotide sequencing. For phylogenetic analyses, the sequences of hemagglutinin (HA) and NA genes of each isolate were aligned using multiple alignment program. For phenotypic analysis of antiviral drug resistance, drug susceptibilities against M2 inhibitor (amantadine) and NA inhibitors (oseltavimir and zanamivir) were determined by virus yield reduction assay and fluorometric NA inhibition assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Korea, the resistant influenza viruses against oseltamivir were first detected in sealsonal influenza A(H1N1) viruses on Week 48 of 2008. Since then, the number of oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) viruses was continuously increased and had reached the highest peak on Week 52 of 2008. 533 (99.8%) of 534 A(H1N1) viruses were resistant to oseltamivir and all of them harbored the H275Y mutation in the NA gene during the 2008-2009 season. The oseltamivir resistance identified by sequencing was confirmed by NA inhibition assay. Genetic analysis based on HA gene of the resistant A(H1N1) viruses revealed that the viruses were identified as A/Brisbane/10/2007-like strain which was vaccine strain for the 2008-2009 season.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) viruses were first emerged in Europe in November 2007 and then circulated globally. One year later, the oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) viruses were first detected in Korea in November 2008 and continued circulating until the Week 7 of 2009 during the 2008-2009 season. Considering the pandemic preparedness, it should be continued to monitor the emergence and the characterization of antiviral drug resistant influenza viruses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Influenza Viruses, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Inseok
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sujin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Namjoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Meehwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Joo-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kang
keywords: Korea; antiviral drug resistance; oseltamivir resistance; seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus