title: [Intermediate endpoints in clinical research].
abstract: An intermediate variable such as blood pressure is part of the causal pathway of mechanisms to a clinical outcome, e.g. myocardial infarction. An intervention affects a clinical outcome through its effect on that intermediate variable. In studies designed to assess the effects of interventions an intermediate variable may be used as surrogate for clinical outcomes. Such an endpoint is also known as an intermediate endpoint. Intervention studies with intermediate endpoints are commonly performed in medical research to evaluate the effects of an intervention on clinical outcomes. Intervention studies with an intermediate endpoint are conducted in a smaller study population and with a shorter duration of follow-up than studies using clinical outcomes. An intermediate variable is not eligible as an intermediate endpoint when the intervention also affects other biological mechanisms that subsequently affect the clinical endpoint. Due to a smaller sample size and shorter study duration, side effects of intervention are more difficult to evaluate in studies with an intermediate endpoint than in studies with clinical endpoints.
authors.affiliation: Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Julius Centrum voor Gezondheidswetenschappen en Eerstelijns Geneeskunde, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Sanne A E
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Rolf H H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Groenwold
authors.forename: Michiel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bots
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome