title: Development of a transportable neutron activation analysis system to quantify manganese in bone in vivo: feasibility and methodology.
abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the methodology and feasibility of developing a transportable neutron activation analysis (NAA) system to quantify manganese (Mn) in bone using a portable deuterium-deuterium (DD) neutron generator as the neutron source. Since a DD neutron generator was not available in our laboratory, a deuterium-tritium (DT) neutron generator was used to obtain experimental data and validate the results from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. After validation, MC simulations using a DD generator as the neutron source were then conducted. Different types of moderators and reflectors were simulated, and the optimal thicknesses for the moderator and reflector were determined. To estimate the detection limit (DL) of the system, and to observe the interference of the magnesium (Mg) γ line at 844 keV to the Mn γ line at 847 keV, three hand phantoms with Mn concentrations of 30 parts per million (ppm), 150 ppm, and 500 ppm were made and irradiated by the DT generator system. The Mn signals in these phantoms were then measured using a 50% high-efficiency high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The DL was calculated to be about 4.4 ppm for the chosen irradiation, decay, and measurement time. This was calculated to be equivalent to a DL of about 3.3 ppm for the DD generator system. To achieve this DL with one 50% high-efficiency HPGe detector, the dose to the hand was simulated to be about 37 mSv, with the total body equivalent dose being about 23µSv. In conclusion, it is feasible to develop a transportable NAA system to quantify Mn in bone in vivo with an acceptable radiation exposure to the subject.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Yingzi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koltick
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Haoyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Linda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Nie
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003903:Deuterium; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008274:Magnesium; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009501:Neutron Activation Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014501:Uranium
chemical_list: D008345:Manganese; D014501:Uranium; D003903:Deuterium; D008274:Magnesium