title: Pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with somatic and pain symptoms in depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than two-thirds of depressed patients complain of somatic and pain symptoms, which are frequently regarded as a psychological reaction. Although there is a growing body of evidence showing that depression is related to immune abnormalities, few studies have investigated the association between inflammatory cytokines and somatic/pain symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with depressive disorder but without any medical disorders, and age/gender/body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. All the subjects completed the self-rating scales of the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale, which was comprised of depressive, somatic, and pain subscales. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble interleukin 6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble TNF-receptors (sTNF-R), soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and adiponectin, were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 109 patients with depressive disorder and 126 normal controls were enrolled. The patients with depressive disorder had significantly more severe depression, somatic and pain symptoms (all p<0.001), and higher levels of sIL-2R (p<0.0001), sTNF-R (p<0.001), and sP-selectin (p=0.005) than the normal control group. Using multivariate regression analysis with controlling of age, gender, BMI, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, sIL-2R was the most significant predictor for depressive symptoms (p<0.0001); with further controlling of severity of depressive symptom, sP-selectin was the only predictor for somatic (p=0.002) and pain (p=0.059) symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elevated sP-selectin associated with somatic symptoms in depression, may indicate early micro-vascular changes occur subtly, and provide neurobiological evidence for somatic and pain symptom in depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: ymbi@mail2000.com.tw.
authors.forename: Ya-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Fei
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tung-Ping
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Ta
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mu-Hong
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000032:analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D019007:P-Selectin; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Depression; Pro-inflammatory cytokines; Somatic and pain symptoms