title: Relationships between physical education students' motivational profiles, enjoyment, state anxiety, and self-reported physical activity.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze motivational profiles based on the self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 2000) and how these profiles are related to physical education students' enjoyment, state anxiety, and physical activity. The participants, 429 sixth grade students (girls = 216; boys = 213) completed SMS, Sport Enjoyment Scale, PESAS, and Physical Activity Scale. Cluster analyses identified two motivational profiles: 1) the "High motivation profile", in which the students had high intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and low levels of amotivation, and 2) the "Low motivation profile", in which the students had low intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and low levels of amotivation. The students in the first cluster enjoyed physical education more and were physically more active. The results revealed that students may be motivated towards physical education lessons both intrinsically and extrinsically, and still experience enjoyment in physical education. Key pointsTWO MOTIVATIONAL PROFILES WERE REVEALED: 1) the "High motivation profile", in which the students had high intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and low levels of amotivation, and 2) the "Low motivation profile", in which the students had low intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and low levels of amotivation.The students in the first profile enjoyed physical education more and were physically more active than the students in the second profile.Moreover, the representatives of the "High motivation profile "experienced greater anxiety toward physical education than the representatives of the "Low motivation profile"These findings raised an interesting question whether students engaging in physical education benefit more from the presence of both self-determined and non-self-determined forms of motivation, or are the benefits higher if students are primarily self-determined?
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Sciences, Motor Behaviour Research Unit.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yli-Piipari
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liukkonen
authors.forename: Jari-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nurmi
keywords: Self-determination; anxiety, behavioural; cluster analysis; motivation