title: Effect of Spirulina maxima and its protein extract on micronuclei induction by hydroxyurea in pregnant mice and their fetuses.
abstract: The purpose of the present report was to determine the inhibitory effect of Spirulina maxima (Sm) and its protein extract (PE), mainly consisting of C-phycocyanin, on the increase in micronuclei and bone marrow cytotoxicity induced by hydroxyurea (HU) in pregnant mice and their fetuses. The two tested antimutagenic agents were administered daily from day 10 to day 18 of pregnancy, and HU (300 mg/kg) was administered once on day 16 of the assay. The experimental design also included mice that were administered only Sm or PE (1000 and 400 mg/kg, respectively), two control groups that were administered with vehicles (water and 0.5% Tween 80), and one additional group that was treated solely with HU. Blood samples from the pregnant mice and their fetuses were examined at day 19 of pregnancy. Significant increases in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and in the total number of micronucleated erythrocytes were observed in all HU-treated animals. In contrast, similarly low numbers of micronuclei were observed in the two control groups and in the groups treated with Sm and PE alone. The administration of Sm (100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) and PE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) to HU-treated animals conferred moderate genotoxic protection (∼30%) and some protection against the cytotoxicity induced by HU in mice. The obtained results provide new information regarding the capacity of the tested agents to confer protection to adult mice and transplacentally, as well as on a specific subclass of micronuclei.
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratorie of Genetics, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City, Mexico .
authors.forename: Isela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Álvarez-González
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Sánchez
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chamorro-Cevallos
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Madrigal-Bujaidar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006918:Hydroxyurea; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000187:drug effects*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D010798:Phycocyanin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; D010798:Phycocyanin; D006918:Hydroxyurea