title: Effect of tai chi on musculoskeletal health-related fitness and self-reported physical health changes in low income, multiple ethnicity mid to older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tai Chi (TC) has proven to be effective at improving musculoskeletal fitness by increasing upper and lower body strength, low back flexibility and overall physical health. The objectives of this study were to examine changes in musculoskeletal health-related fitness and self-reported physical health after a 16 week TC program in a low income multiple ethnicity mid to older adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and nine ethnically diverse mid to older community dwelling Canadian adults residing in low income neighbourhoods were enrolled in a 16 week Yang style TC program. Body Mass Index and select musculoskeletal fitness measures including upper and lower body strength, low back flexibility and self-reported physical health measured by SF 36 were collected pre and post the TC program. Determinants of health such as age, sex, marital status, education, income, ethnicity of origin, multi-morbidity conditions, weekly physical activity, previous TC experience as well as program adherence were examined as possible musculoskeletal health-related fitness change predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using paired sample t-tests significant improvements were found in both upper and lower body strength, low back flexibility, and the SF 36 physical health scores (p < 0.05). Based on multiple linear regression analyses, no common health determinants explained a significant portion of the variation in percent changes of the musculoskeletal fitness and SF 36 measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reveal that TC has the potential of having a beneficial influence on musculoskeletal health-related fitness and self-reported physical health in a mid to older low socioeconomic, ethnically diverse sample.
authors.affiliation: York University, 341 Bethune College, 4700 Keele Street, M3J 1P3 North York, Ontario, Canada. jmanson@yorku.ca.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rotondi
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jamnik
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ardern
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D009864:Ontario / Q000208:ethnology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology*; D057566:Self Report / Q000191:economics; D026302:Tai Ji / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome