title: Contribution of breathing frequency and inhalation flow rate on performance of N95 filtering facepiece respirators.
abstract: The investigation of particle penetration through filtering facepiece respirators under cyclic flows is very necessary because cyclic flows represent actual breathing flow patterns. This article reports the development of a procedure to investigate the individual impact of breathing frequency and flow rate on the performance of N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Experiments were performed for two peak inhalation flows (PIFs; 135 and 360 l min(-1)) and two breathing frequencies [24 and 42 breaths per minute (BPM)] for a total of four cyclic flows (Flow A: 135 l min(-1) and 24 BPM; Flow B: 135 l min(-1) and 42 BPM; Flow C: 360 l min(-1) and 24 BPM; and Flow D: 360 l min(-1) and 42 BPM). Each experiment was performed using two different set-ups: the first set-up included both inhalations and exhalations through the filter media and test chamber, while with the second set-up, only inhalation flows were considered. The results showed that, for the most penetrating particle size range, an increase in both PIF and breathing frequency could potentially enhance the penetration with both set-ups; however, the effect of PIF was observed to be much more pronounced than that of frequency. The results indicated that with both set-ups, when the PIF was increased from 135 to 360 l min(-1) (for the given frequency: 24 or 42 BPM), an increase of up to 139-152% in penetration was observed. On the other hand, only a 10-16% increase in penetration occurred when the frequency was changed from 24 to 42 BPM (for a given PIF: 135 or 360 l min(-1)). This suggests that, from low to high respiratory efforts, a huge portion of penetration enhancement is due to PIF variations and only a small portion is contributed by frequency variations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada;
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahdavi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahloul
authors.forename: Fariborz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haghighat
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ostiguy
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000465:Algorithms; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D008348:Manikins; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D010316:Particle Size; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices / Q000592:standards*; D056152:Respiratory Rate
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational
keywords: breathing frequency; cyclic flow; filtering facepiece respirators; peak inhalation flow; penetration; ultrafine particles