title: Contrasting the microbiomes from healthy volunteers and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the persistent inflammation of the sinus and nasal passages lasting over 3 months. The etiology of CRS is not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To obtain insights into the disease process, we contrasted the microbiome and immune response from patients with CRS and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case vs control design was used. Samples were collected in the operating room in an institutional hospital or clinic. Thirty patients with CRS and 12 healthy controls undergoing surgery were recruited.
  
  
  METHODS
  The microbiome was analyzed by deep sequencing of the bacterial 16S and fungal 18S ribosomal RNA genes. Immune response was measured by quantification of 30 different cytokines by multiplexed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immune cells in the lavage were identified by flow cytometry. The immune response of peripheral blood leukocytes to the lavage microbiota was assessed by interleukin (IL)-5 enzyme-linked immunospot assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While quantitative increase in most bacterial and fungal species was observed in patients with CRS relative to controls, the microbiomes of patients with CRS were qualitatively similar to the controls. Because these results indicated that bacteria and fungi are not triggering CRS, we undertook a more detailed characterization of the immune response. Patients with CRS had increased levels of the following cytokines: IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, and IL-13, along with increased levels of eosinophils and basophils in the lavage. Importantly, peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from patients with CRS responded to control lavage samples (ie, to commensals) to produce IL-5. In contrast, the same lavage sample evoked no IL-5 production in leukocytes from healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the theory that in some cases CRS results from an immune hyperresponsiveness to commensal organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aurora
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Dhrubamitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hentzleman
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sindwani
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D012016:Reference Values; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D007378:Interleukins; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal