title: Uncorrected refractive error and presbyopia among junior high school teachers in Jakarta, Indonesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on the frequency of observed refractive and accommodative errors among junior high school teachers in Jakarta, Indonesia, who participated in a Helen Keller International screening, refraction and spectacle distribution program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 965 teachers from 19 schools were eligible for screening; those with uncorrected distance visual acuity (VA) ≤ 6/12-3 and teachers ≥ 35 years old with uncorrected end-point print size >Jaeger (J) 6 were referred. Autorefraction and subjective refraction were performed for teachers with confirmed decreased VA. Refractive error was considered present if sphere ≤-0.75 diopters (D), sphere ≥+0.25D or cylinder ≤-0.50 D resulted in ≥ 2 lines of improvement in VA. Presbyopia was considered present if an end-point print size >J6 improved by ≥ 1 optotype with the use of a lens ≥+1.00 D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 866 teachers were screened (89.7% of those eligible) with complete screening data available for 858 (99.0%), among whom 762 failed screening. Distance refraction data were available for 666 of 762 (87.4%) and near refraction data for 520 of 686 (75.8%) teachers who failed screening. Of those screened, 76.2 ± 9.0% of teachers had refractive and/or accommodative error and 57.1 ± 7.6% had uncorrected refractive and/or accommodative error. Overall and uncorrected distance refractive error affected 44.2 ± 3.7% and 36.0 ± 3.6%, respectively; overall and uncorrected presbyopia affected 66.4 ± 8.1% and 41.0 ± 6.6%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As defined in this program, refractive and accommodative errors were common among teachers in Jakarta.
authors.affiliation: Helen Keller International and.
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laoh
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kourgialis
authors.forename: Widya
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Prasetyanti
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zakiyah
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faillace
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005178:Faculty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011305:Presbyopia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015351:Vision Screening; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology