title: Long-term risk of mental health problems in women experiencing preterm birth: a longitudinal study of 29 mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have reported significantly higher stress levels, both short and long terms, among mothers giving preterm birth compared with mothers giving birth at term. Stress, however, is a psychological phenomenon that may present as anxiety, depression and/or trauma reactions. In this study, the long-term mental health outcomes and the prevalence of anxiety, depression and trauma reactions in women experiencing preterm birth were explored. Interactional, main effect variables and predictors were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine mothers of 35 premature children born before the 33rd week of pregnancy were assessed within 2 weeks postpartum (T0), 2 weeks after hospitalization (T1), 6 months post-term (T2), and 18 months post-term (T3). The standardized psychometric methods Impact of Event Scale (IES), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-X1) assessed the maternal mental health outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maternal mental health problems except state anxiety decreased from T0 to T1, but remained high and stable at T3. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at T0 and T3 was 52% and 23%, respectively. We identified the time period between T0 and T1 to have a significant main effect on mental health outcomes. The predictors of higher levels of mental health problems were preeclampsia, previous psychological treatment, age, trait anxiety and infant's postnatal intraventricular haemorrhage. Bleeding in pregnancy predicted lower levels of mental health problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of maternal mental health problems remained high, emphasizing the importance of effective interventions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University College of Oslo and Akershus, HIOA, P,O, Box 4, St, Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway. aud.misund@hioa.no.
authors.forename: Aud R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Misund
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nerdrum
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bråten
authors.forename: Are Hugo
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Pripp
authors.forename: Trond H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Diseth