title: Evidence for extraplacental sources of circulating angiogenic growth effectors in human pregnancy.
abstract: Pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are associated with reduced blood flow, contributing to placental and fetal hypoxia. Placental hypoxia is thought to cause altered production of angiogenic growth effectors (AGEs), reflected in the circulation of mother and fetus. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF) and their soluble binding protein (sFlt-1) are, in turn, postulated as being causally involved in PE via induction of systemic endothelial cell dysfunction. To dissect the role of AGEs, accurate measurement is of great importance. However, the values of AGEs are highly variable, contributing to heterogeneity in their association (or lack thereof) with preeclampsia. To test the hypothesis that variability may be due to peripheral cell release of AGEs we obtained blood samples from normal healthy pregnant women (n = 90) and the cord blood of a subset of their neonates using standard serum separation and compared results obtained in parallel samples collected into reagents designed to inhibit peripheral cell activation (sodium citrate, theophylline, adenosine and dipyridamole-CTAD). AGEs were measured by ELISA. CTAD collection reduced maternal and fetal free VEGF by 83%, and 98%, respectively. Free PlGF was decreased by 29%, maternal sFlt-1 by >20% and fetal sFlt-1 by 59% in the CTAD-treated vs. serum sample (p < 0.0001). In summary blood collection techniques can profoundly alter measured concentrations of AGEs in mother and fetus. This process is highly variable, contributes to variation reported in the literature, and renders questionable the true impact of alteration in AGEs on pregnancy pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Surgery and the Center for Abnormal Placentation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA. Electronic address: Stacy.Zamudio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zamudio
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kovalenko
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Echalar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Torricos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Khan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Illsley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods; D002585:Cesarean Section; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D010929:Placentation; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000097:blood; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D044967:Serum; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins; D000925:Anticoagulants; C000608036:PGF protein, human; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; C501162:FLT1 protein, human; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
keywords: Monocytes; PlGF; VEGF platelets; sFlt-1