title: Novel immunohistochemical data indicate that the female foetal urethra is more than an epithelial tube.
abstract: The female urethra has often been neglected in previous studies on the development of the human urogenital system. Our aim has been to reach a consensus on the organogenesis of the female urethra and the vagina with respect to interactions between the epithelia with different evolutionary origins. Therefore we tried to clarify open questions on the spatiotemporal distribution of molecular markers raised against mesenchymal and epithelial structures within the developing human female urethra. Furthermore, we draw comparisons regarding gender-specific aspects in urethral development. To this effect, we used molecular markers such as different cytokeratins (CKs), p63, Ki67, uroplakin III, E-cadherin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), cleaved caspase 3 and paired box gene 2 (PAX 2) to phenotype developmental changes. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay was additionally performed to reveal apoptosis. We examined different gestational stages starting from week (W) 8 until W 15. Immunohistochemistry showed a distinct staining pattern for p63 and CK17, both markers for stem cells, ensuing from the urogenital sinus (UGS) proceeding into the Muellerian duct (MD). This was observed throughout development and might be a stimulus for the formation of the vaginal anlagen that derive from the MD. In the attachment area of the MD we detected a conglomeration of cells with different embryonic origins. The epithelium of the UGS became transitional at W 9 after fertilization, and the differentiation advanced in a cranial to caudal direction. The paraurethral glands showed a slightly different staining profile than the urethral epithelium, which may be able to explain why carcinomas of these structures display various histological appearances. In addition, we could show that during the development of the female urogenital system the primary incidence is the formation of the urethra. This is followed by the establishment of the vagina, which clearly depends on the proper differentiation of the UGS/urethra.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Elisabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pechriggl
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bitsche
authors.forename: Michael J F
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blumer
authors.forename: Marit E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zwierzina
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fritsch
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016923:Cell Death; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004848:Epithelium / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D011247:Pregnancy; D014521:Urethra / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: CK17; Female urethral development; PAX2; Uroplakin III; p63