title: Effects of smoking cessation on β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, body weight, and appetite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To stop smoking is commonly associated with significant weight gain, but the mechanisms for this are poorly understood. We assessed the effects of smoking cessation on body weight, insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and appetite.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven long-term smokers (n=27; nine females/18 males, 28±1 years, 22.9±0.6 kg/m(2)) attending an ambulatory smoking cessation program in a community hospital in Vienna, Austria were examined at baseline (Visit A; still smoking) and after a minimum of 3 months of smoking abstinence (Visit B; n=14); relapsed smokers were not followed up. Participants underwent 3-h oral glucose tolerance tests and body composition measurements at each study visit. Fasting (QUICKI) and dynamic (oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS)) insulin sensitivity and β-cell secretion (insulinogenic index 140 (IGI40)) were calculated. Food intake was quantified with a free choice buffet. Fasting plasma concentrations of neuropeptide-Y (NPY), peptide-YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), leptin, ghrelin, and visfatin were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AFTER 3 MONTHS' SMOKING ABSTINENCE, BODY WEIGHT, AND FAT MASS WERE INCREASED (+4 AND +22% RESPECTIVELY, P0.05) AND FASTING INSULIN SENSITIVITY DETERIORATED (QUICKI: post, 0.37±0.02 vs baseline, 0.41±0.2; P<0.05), while OGIS remained unchanged throughout. IGI40 increased by 31% after >3 months' smoking abstinence (P<0.01). Carbohydrate ingestion increased after stopping smoking (P<0.05). NPY fasting levels were increased after >3 months (P<0.05), PYY, GLP1, leptin, ghrelin, and visfatin were unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking cessation is associated with transient metabolic changes including increased β-cell secretion in response to glucose and fasting insulin resistance. These alterations may be associated with or contribute to the body weight gain after smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Medical Department of Metabolic Diseases and Nephrology, Hietzing Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomann
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Storka
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolzt
authors.forename: Slobodan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peric
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bieglmayer
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacini
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brath
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bech
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Márta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korbonits
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001835:Body Weight; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000097:blood; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1