title: A novel application for bolus remifentanil: blunting the hemodynamic response to Mayfield skull clamp placement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurosurgery often requires skull immobilization with a Mayfield clamp, which often causes brief intense nociceptive stimulation, hypertension and tachycardia. Blunting this response may help prevent increased intracranial pressure, cerebral aneurysm or vascular malformation rupture, and/or myocardial stress. While various interventions have been described to blunt this response, no reports have compared administration of a propofol versus a remifentanil bolus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the hemodynamic response to Mayfield placement in over 800 patients who received a prior propofol or remifentanil bolus from 2004 to 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who received remifentanil experienced a 55% smaller increase in heart rate (p < 0.0001) and a 40% smaller increase in systolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001) after Mayfield placement than patients who received propofol. These data were retrospectively obtained from patients who were not randomized to receive remifentanil versus propofol, and hence these data could be subject to possible confounding. Nonetheless, these differences remained significant after multivariate analysis for possible confounding variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, a remifentanil bolus is more effective than a propofol bolus in blunting hemodynamic responses to Mayfield placement, and possibly for other short, intense nociceptive stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Philips-Bute
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guercio
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Borel
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McDonagh
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000517:prevention & control; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D059226:Nociceptive Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012886:Skull
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol