title: [Invasive and non-invasive ventilation: impact on nursing workload].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non invasive ventilation (NIV) is increasingly used in intensive and non intensive wards.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To detect the impact of ventilation modes on nursing workload.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective observational study of 200 patients admitted to a general Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Nursing Activities Score (NAS) was used to measure the nursing workload. Patients enrolled were treated with the following ventilation modes: oxygen therapy without positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), helmet Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), controlled mechanical ventilation, Invasive pressure support ventilation (I-PSV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mean NAS score of patients was 74.3% (SD ±8.88 - range 39/143) corresponding to an ideal nurse/patient ratio of 0.7 and varied with the different ventilation modes. In the days in oxygen therapy, the average NAS was 64.5% (±11.9), with helmet CPAP 69.7% (±12.7), with controlled mechanical ventilation 86.1% (SD ±15.1) and with invasive assisted ventilation 76.4% (±11.4) [p=0.0001]. In patients with helmet CPAP the NAS increased of 14% when FiO2 >0.6 and PEEP >10 compared to oxygen therapy. The average NAS score of the 15 patients (7.5%) with mask-PSV was 80.2% (±12:5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the nursing workload of patient with helmet CPAP was lower than with invasive ventilation. In Helmet CPAP, with FiO2 >0.6 and PEEP level >10 cmH2O and mask-PSV, the nursing workload is similar to that of patients with invasive ventilation. NAS scores in patients with Invasive ventilation in the controlled mode is higher than with assisted mode.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucchini
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elli
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bambi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000451:nursing; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063087:Noninvasive Ventilation / Q000451:nursing; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000451:nursing*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000451:nursing*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000451:nursing* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload