title: 3:1 compression to ventilation ratio versus continuous chest compression with asynchronous ventilation in a porcine model of neonatal resuscitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In contrast to the resuscitation guidelines of children and adults, guidelines on neonatal resuscitation recommend synchronized 90 chest compressions with 30 manual inflations (3:1) per minute in newborn infants. The study aimed to determine if chest compression with asynchronous ventilation improves the recovery of bradycardic asphyxiated newborn piglets compared to 3:1 Compression:Ventilation cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Term newborn piglets (n=8/group) were anesthetized, intubated, instrumented and exposed to 45-min normocapnic hypoxia followed by asphyxia. Protocolized resuscitation was initiated when heart rate decreased to 25% of baseline. Piglets were randomized to receive resuscitation with either 3:1 compressions to ventilations (3:1C:V CPR group) or chest compressions with asynchronous ventilations (CCaV) or sham. Continuous respiratory parameters (Respironics NM3(®)), cardiac output, mean systemic and pulmonary artery pressures, and regional blood flows were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Piglets in 3:1C:V CPR and CCaV CPR groups had similar time to return of spontaneous circulation, survival rates, hemodynamic and respiratory parameters during CPR. The systemic and regional hemodynamic recovery in the subsequent 4h was similar in both groups and significantly lower compared to sham-operated piglets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Newborn piglets resuscitated by CCaV had similar return of spontaneous circulation, survival, and hemodynamic recovery compared to those piglets resuscitated by 3:1 Compression:Ventilation ratio.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neonatal Research Unit, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. Electronic address: georg.schmoelzer@me.com.
authors.forename: Georg M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Schmölzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neonatal Research Unit, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Labossiere
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neonatal Research Unit, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Tze-Fun
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Research Unit, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Canada; Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neonatal Research Unit, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicoll
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bigam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neonatal Research Unit, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Po-Yin
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000628:therapy*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006336:Heart Massage / Q000379:methods; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D015996:Survival Rate; D013552:Swine
keywords: C:V; CC; CCaV; CPR; CVP; Chest compression; Compression:Ventilation; Delivery room; ECO(2); Infants; MAP; Neonatal resuscitation; Newborn; PA; PAP; ROSC; SMA; V(T); cardiopulmonary resuscitation; central venous pressure; chest compressions; continuous chest compression with asynchronous ventilation; exhaled CO(2); mean arterial pressure; pulmonary artery; pulmonary artery pressure; return of spontaneous circulation; superior mesenteric artery; tidal volume