title: Enterovirus genotypes causing hand foot and mouth disease in Shanghai, China: a molecular epidemiological analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A rapid expansion of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks has occurred and caused deaths in China in recent years, but little is known about the other etiologic agents except enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A 16 (CA16). The objective of this study is to determine the genotype compositions of enterovirus causing HFMD in Shanghai and identify any associations between enterovirus types and clinical manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stool specimens were collected from patients hospitalized for treatment of HFMD, from May 2010 to April 2011. Enterovirus was detected by reverse transcription PCR and directly genotyped by sequencing the PCR products. Phylogenetic analysis was based on the VP1 partial gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 290 specimens, 277 (95.5%) tested positive for enterovirus. The major genotypes were EV71 (63.8%), CA10 (9.0%), CA6 (8.3%), CA16 (6.9%), CA12 (2.4%), and CA4 (1.4%). The EV71 strains belonged to the C4a subtype and CA16 belonged to the B subtype. CA6 was closely related to strains detected in Japan, Taiwan and China, and CA10, CA12 and CA4 were phylogenetically similar to other strains circulating in China. Mean hospital stays and the prevalence of complications in patients with EV71 infection were higher than those in patients in CA6, CA10 or CA16 infection (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Children with CA12 infection were the youngest, and most likely have the highest risk of complications when compared to the other non-EV71 infection groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated a diversified pathogen compositions attributing to HFMD and clinical symptoms differing in enterovirus genotypes. It deserves our attention as early identification of enterovirus genotypes is important for diagnosis and treatment of HFMD patients.
authors.forename: Menghua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Liyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Lingfeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Huaqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Niuniu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Medicine Center, Pediatric Institute, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China. jin030101@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology