title: Three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic device for assays of protein and glucose in urine.
abstract: The first step in curing a disease is being able to detect the disease effectively. Paper-based microfluidic devices are biodegradable and can make diagnosing diseases cost-effective and easy in almost all environments. We created a three-dimesnional (3D) paper device using wax printing fabrication technique and basic principles of origami. This design allows for a versatile fabrication technique over previously reported patterning of SU-8 photoresist on chromatography paper by employing a readily available wax printer. The design also utilizes multiple colorimetric assays that can accommodate one or more analytes including urine, blood, and saliva. In this case to demonstrate the functionality of the 3D paper-based microfluidic system, a urinalysis of protein and glucose assays is conducted. The amounts of glucose and protein introduced to the device are found to be proportional to the color change of each assay. This color change was quantified by use of Adobe Photoshop. Urine samples from participants with no pre-existing health conditions and one person with diabetes were collected and compared against synthetic urine samples with predetermined glucose and protein levels. Utilizing this method, we were able to confirm that both protein and glucose levels were in fact within healthy ranges for healthy participants. For the participant with diabetes, glucose was found to be above the healthy range while the protein level was in the healthy range.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa, United States.
authors.forename: Deidre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sechi
authors.forename: Brady
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Nastaran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashemi
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay; D002854:Chromatography, Paper / Q000379:methods*; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010209:Paper; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D005947:Glucose