title: Erroneous cardiac ECG-gated PET list-mode trigger events can be retrospectively identified and replaced by an offline reprocessing approach: first results in rodents.
abstract: The assessment of left ventricular function, wall motion and myocardial viability using electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated [(18)F]-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) is widely accepted in human and in preclinical small animal studies. The nonterminal and noninvasive approach permits repeated in vivo evaluations of the same animal, facilitating the assessment of temporal changes in disease or therapy response. Although well established, gated small animal PET studies can contain erroneous gating information, which may yield to blurred images and false estimation of functional parameters. In this work, we present quantitative and visual quality control (QC) methods to evaluate the accuracy of trigger events in PET list-mode and physiological data. Left ventricular functional analysis is performed to quantify the effect of gating errors on the end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, and on the ejection fraction (EF). We aim to recover the cardiac functional parameters by the application of the commonly established heart rate filter approach using fixed ranges based on a standardized population. In addition, we propose a fully reprocessing approach which retrospectively replaces the gating information of the PET list-mode file with appropriate list-mode decoding and encoding software. The signal of a simultaneously acquired ECG is processed using standard MATLAB vector functions, which can be individually adapted to reliably detect the R-peaks. Finally, the new trigger events are inserted into the PET list-mode file. A population of 30 mice with various health statuses was analyzed and standard cardiac parameters such as mean heart rate (119 ms ± 11.8 ms) and mean heart rate variability (1.7 ms ± 3.4 ms) derived. These standard parameter ranges were taken into account in the QC methods to select a group of nine optimal gated and a group of eight sub-optimal gated [(18)F]-FDG PET scans of mice from our archive. From the list-mode files of the optimal gated group, we randomly deleted various fractions (5% to 60%) of contained trigger events to generate a corrupted group. The filter approach was capable to correct the corrupted group and yield functional parameters with no significant difference to the optimal gated group. We successfully demonstrated the potential of the fully reprocessing approach by applying it to the sub-optimal group, where the functional parameters were significantly improved after reprocessing (mean EF from 41% ± 16% to 60% ± 13%). When applied to the optimal gated group the fully reprocessing approach did not alter the functional parameters significantly (mean EF from 64% ± 8% to 64 ± 7%). This work presents methods to determine and quantify erroneous gating in small animal gated [(18)F]-FDG PET scans. We demonstrate the importance of a quality check for cardiac triggering contained in PET list-mode data and the benefit of optionally reprocessing the fully recorded physiological information to retrospectively modify or fully replace the cardiac triggering in PET list-mode data. We aim to provide a preliminary guideline of how to proceed in the presence of errors and demonstrate that offline reprocessing by filtering erroneous trigger events and retrospective gating by ECG processing is feasible. Future work will focus on the extension by additional QC methods, which may exploit the amplitude of trigger events and ECG signal by means of pattern recognition. Furthermore, we aim to transfer the proposed QC methods and the fully reprocessing approach to human myocardial PET/CT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Böning
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todica
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vai
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehner
authors.forename: Guoming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mille
authors.forename: Harun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ilhan
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: la Fougère
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bartenstein
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hacker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011786:Quality Control; D012189:Retrospective Studies