title: A comparative study on morphochemical properties and osteogenic cell differentiation within bone graft and coral graft culture systems.
abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the morphological and chemical composition of bone graft (BG) and coral graft (CG) as well as their osteogenic differentiation potential using rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) in vitro. SEM analysis of BG and CG revealed that the pores in these grafts were interconnected, and their micro-CT confirmed pore sizes in the range of 107-315 µm and 103-514 µm with a total porosity of 92% and 94%, respectively. EDS analysis indicated that the level of calcium in CG was relatively higher than that in BG. FTIR of BG and CG confirmed the presence of functional groups corresponding to carbonyl, aromatic, alkyl, and alkane groups. XRD results revealed that the phase content of the inorganic layer comprised highly crystalline form of calcium carbonate and carbon. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed CG had better surface roughness compared to BG. In addition, significantly higher levels of osteogenic differentiation markers, namely, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Osteocalcin (OC) levels, and Osteonectin and Runx2, Integrin gene expression were detected in the CG cultures, when compared with those in the BG cultures. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the osteogenic differentiation of rMSCs is relatively superior in coral graft than in bone graft culture system.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur-50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Subramaniam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puvaneswary
authors.forename: Hanumantha Rao
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Balaji Raghavendran
authors.forename: Nurul Syuhada
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Malliga Raman
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Murali
authors.forename: Azhar Mahmood
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Merican
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamarul
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002118:Calcium / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015675:Osteocalcin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Biomaterial; Coral graft; Microstructure.; Osteogenic; Porous materials; Tissue engineering