title: Volumetric capnography in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of using volumetric capnography in spontaneously breathing small infants and its ability to discriminate between infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung function variables for 231 infants (102 term, 52 healthy preterm, 77 BPD), matched for post-conceptional age of 44 weeks, were collected. BPD was defined as supplemental oxygen requirement at 36 weeks post-menstrual age. Tidal breath-by-breath volume capnograms were obtained by mainstream capnography. The capnographic slope of phase II (SII) and slope of phase III (SIII) were calculated and compared between study groups. The effect of BPD, tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (RR), and prematurity on the magnitude of the slopes was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SII was steeper in infants with BPD (100 ± 28/L) compared with healthy preterm (88 ± 22/L; P = .007) and term infants (79 ± 18/L; P < .001), but this finding was attributed to differences in VT, RR, and gestational age. SIII was steeper in the BPD group (26.8 ± 14.1/L) compared with healthy preterm (16.2 ± 6.2/L; P < .001) and term controls (14.8 ± 5.4/L; P < .001). BPD was a significant predictor of SIII independently of VT, RR, and gestational age. The ability of SIII to discriminate between BPD and controls was significantly higher compared with lung clearance index (area under the curve 0.83 vs 0.56; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volumetric capnography may provide valuable information regarding functional lung alterations related to BPD and might be considered as an alternative to more involved lung function techniques for monitoring chronic lung disease during early infancy.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, University Children's Hospital of Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland; Pediatric Respiratory Unit, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece. Electronic address: sfouzas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fouzas
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, University Children's Hospital of Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Häcki
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, University Children's Hospital of Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland; Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Latzin
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, University Children's Hospital of Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland; Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Proietti
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, University Children's Hospital of Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulzke
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, University Children's Hospital of Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Group, University Children's Hospital of Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delgado-Eckert
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019296:Capnography / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013990:Tidal Volume
keywords: Airway dead space; BPD; Bronchopulmonary dysplasia; Capnographic index; End-expiratory CO(2) fraction; Expired CO(2) volume per breath; Expired volume; F(E,CO2); F(et,CO2); KPIv; LCI; Lung clearance index; MBW; MM; Mixed expired CO(2) fraction; Molar mass; Multiple-breath washout; Normalized S(II); Normalized S(III); RR; Respiratory rate; S(II); S(III); S(nII); S(nIII); Slope of phase II; Slope of phase III; Tidal volume; V'/Q'; V(E); V(E,CO2); V(T); V(ds,aw); Ventilation-perfusion