title: Strategies for optimizing military physical readiness and preventing musculoskeletal injuries in the 21st century.
abstract: With downsizing of the military services and significant budget cuts, it will be more important than ever to optimize the health and performance of individual service members. Musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) represent a major threat to the health and fitness of Soldiers and other service members that degrade our nation's ability to project military power. This affects both financial (such as the economic burden from medical, healthcare, and disability costs) and human manpower resources (Soldiers medically unable to optimally perform their duties and to deploy). For example, in 2012, MSIs represented the leading cause of medical care visits across the military services resulting in almost 2,200,000 medical encounters. They also result in more disability discharges than any other health condition. Nonbattle injuries (NBIs) have caused more medical evacuations (34%) from recent theaters of operation than any other cause including combat injuries. Physical training and sports are the main cause of these NBIs. The majority (56%) of these injuries are the direct result of physical training. Higher levels of physical fitness protect against such injuries; however, more physical training to improve fitness also causes higher injury rates. Thus, military physical training programs must balance the need for fitness with the risks of injuries. The Army has launched several initiatives that may potentially improve military physical readiness and reduce injuries. These include the US Army Training and Doctrine Command's Baseline Soldier Physical Readiness Requirements and Gender Neutral Physical Performance Standards studies, as well as the reimplementation of the Master Fitness Trainer program and the Army Medical Command's Soldier Medical Readiness and Performance Triad Campaigns. It is imperative for military leaders to understand that military physical readiness can be enhanced at the same time that MSIs are prevented. A strategic paradigm shift in the military's approach to physical readiness policies is needed to avoid further degradation of warfighting capability in an era of austerity. We believe this can be best accomplished through leveraging scientific, evidence-based best practices by Army senior leadership which supports, prioritizes, and implements innovative, synchronized, and integrated human performance optimization/injury prevention policy changes.
authors.affiliation: US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Nindl
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Deuster
authors.forename: Nikki L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D057766:Policy; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology