title: Analysis of drafting effects in swimming using computational fluid dynamics.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of drafting distance on the drag coefficient in swimming. A k-epsilon turbulent model was implemented in the commercial code Fluent(®) and applied to the fluid flow around two swimmers in a drafting situation. Numerical simulations were conducted for various distances between swimmers (0.5-8.0 m) and swimming velocities (1.6-2.0 m.s(-1)). Drag coefficient (Cd) was computed for each one of the distances and velocities. We found that the drag coefficient of the leading swimmer decreased as the flow velocity increased. The relative drag coefficient of the back swimmer was lower (about 56% of the leading swimmer) for the smallest inter-swimmer distance (0.5 m). This value increased progressively until the distance between swimmers reached 6.0 m, where the relative drag coefficient of the back swimmer was about 84% of the leading swimmer. The results indicated that the Cd of the back swimmer was equal to that of the leading swimmer at distances ranging from 6.45 to 8. 90 m. We conclude that these distances allow the swimmers to be in the same hydrodynamic conditions during training and competitions. Key pointsThe drag coefficient of the leading swimmer decreased as the flow velocity increased.The relative drag coefficient of the back swimmer was least (about 56% of the leading swimmer) for the smallest inter-swimmer distance (0.5 m).The drag coefficient values of both swimmers in drafting were equal to distances ranging between 6.45 m and 8.90 m, considering the different flow velocities.The numerical simulation techniques could be a good approach to enable the analysis of the fluid forces around objects in water, as it happens in swimming.
authors.forename: António José
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Abel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rouboa
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Victor Machado
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: João Paulo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vilas-Boas
authors.forename: Daniel Almeida
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Marinho
keywords: Training; drag; finite element modeling; human body; tandem