title: Porcine models of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) and infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Staphylococcus aureus: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) and, in particular, infective endocarditis (IE), are serious and potentially life-threatening diseases. An increasingly important agent of human IE is Staphylococcus aureus, which typically causes an acute endocarditis with high mortality. The study aim was to evaluate the pig as a model for non-bacterial as well as S. aureus-associated endocarditis, as these models would have several advantages compared to other laboratory animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen animals underwent surgery with placement of a plastic catheter in the left side of the heart. Six of the pigs did not receive a bacterial inoculation and were used to study the development of NBTE. The remaining eight pigs were inoculated intravenously once or twice with S. aureus, 10(5)-10(7) cfu/kg body weight. Two bacterial strains were used: S54F9 (porcine) and NCTC8325-4 (human). Clinical examination, echocardiography and bacterial blood cultures were used to diagnose and monitor the development of endocarditis. Animals were euthanized at between two and 15 days after catheter placement, and tissue samples were collected for bacteriology and histopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigs inoculated with 10(7) cfu/kg of S. aureus strain S54F9 developed clinical, echocardiographic and pathologic signs of IE. All other pigs, except one, developed NBTE. Serial blood cultures withdrawn after inoculation were positive in animals with IE, and negative in all other animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. aureus endocarditis was successfully induced in pigs with an indwelling cardiac catheter after intravenous inoculation of 10(7) cfu/kg of S. aureus strain S54F9. The model simulates typical pathological, clinical and diagnostic features seen in the human disease. Furthermore, NBTE was induced in all but one of the pigs without IE. Thus, the pig model can be used in future studies of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of NBTE and S. aureus endocarditis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. jogy@life.ku.dk
authors.forename: Johanna G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Henrik E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Louise K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kochl
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Bent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aalbaek
authors.forename: Ole L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Páll S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Leifsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D059905:Endocarditis, Non-Infective / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013552:Swine; D063189:Symptom Assessment