title: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract protects against carrageenan-induced lung inflammation in mice through reduction of pro-inflammatory markers and chemokine expressions.
abstract: Proanthocyanidins are the most abundant phenolic compounds and have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory actions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in a mouse model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. Following the induction of pleurisy using λ-carrageenan (Cg, 1 %), GSPE (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered per-oral (p.o.), and the glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR), IL-17A expressing cells and other markers, such as cytokines (Th1/Th2 and Th17), were studied. We evaluate the effects of GSPE on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. The results illustrated that the cell numbers of IL-17A and GITR expressing cells and the cytokine levels in Th1/Th17 cells were markedly increased in the Cg-group, whereas the cytokines produced by Th2 cells were significantly decreased in the same group. Treatment with GSPE reversed these effects. Histological examinations revealed anti-inflammatory effects of GSPE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, s_fayazahmad@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sheikh Fayaz
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Khairy M A
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Zoheir
authors.forename: Hala E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Abdel-Hamied
authors.forename: Sabry M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Attia
authors.forename: Saleh A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bakheet
authors.forename: Abdelkader E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ashour
authors.forename: Adel R A
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Abd-Allah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053450:Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010998:Pleurisy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D053450:Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C106544:Tnfrsf18 protein, mouse; D002351:Carrageenan