title: Retrospective analysis of opioid medication incidents requiring administration of naloxone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioid analgesics are high-alert medications known to cause adverse drug events.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the cause of opioid incidents requiring administration of naloxone, an opioid reversal agent. The specific objectives were to determine the number of opioid incidents and the proportion of incidents documented through occurrence reporting and to characterize the incidents by phase in the medication-use process, by type of incident, and by drug responsible for toxic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart analysis was conducted using records from 2 acute care centres in the Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region. The study included inpatients who received naloxone for reversal of opioid toxicity resulting from licit, in-hospital opioid use. Cases were classified as preventable or nonpreventable. Preventable cases were analyzed to determine the phase of the medication-use process during which the incident occurred. These cases were also grouped thematically by the type of incident. The drug most likely responsible for opioid toxicity was determined for each case. The proportion of cases documented by occurrence reporting was also noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six cases involving administration of naloxone were identified, of which 29 (81%) were deemed preventable. Of these 29 preventable cases, the primary medication incident occurred most frequently in the prescribing phase (23 [79%]), but multiple phases were often involved. The cases were grouped into 6 themes according to the type of incident. Morphine was the drug that most frequently resulted in toxic effects (18 cases [50%]). Only two of the cases (5.6%) were documented by occurrence reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preventable opioid incidents occurred in the acute care centres under study. A combination of medication safety initiatives involving multiple disciplines may be required to decrease the incidence of these events and to better document their occurrence.
authors.affiliation: , BSP, ACPR (formerly Katherine Lang) was, at the time this study was performed, with the Department of Pharmacy Services, Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region, Regina, Saskatchewan. She is now with the Pharmacy Department, Prairie North Health Region, Lloydminster, Saskatchewan.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcil
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kosar
authors.forename: Zack
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruda
authors.forename: Kaitlyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McMillan
keywords: medication incident; medication safety; naloxone; opioid