title: New priority substances of the European Water Framework Directive: biocides, pesticides and brominated flame retardants in the aquatic environment of Denmark.
abstract: The biocides cybutryn (Irgarol) and terbutryn, the herbicides aclonifen and bifenox, the insecticides cypermethrin and heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide and the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are new priority substances of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union. In order to gain knowledge about their presence in the aquatic environment in an off-season situation with regard to pesticide and biocide applications, these substances were analysed in freshwater, seawater and fish samples from Denmark. Aclonifen, bifenox, cypermethrin and heptachlor were below the limits of detection (LODs) in all samples. However, the LODs for cypermethrin and heptachlor exceeded the annual average environmental quality standards (AA-EQSs). Cybutryn, terbutryn, heptachlor epoxide and HBCD were detected in the majority of samples, with detection frequencies of 100% for heptachlor epoxide and HBCD in water and 90% in fish. No concentration was above maximum allowable concentration (MAC)-EQS values, but AA-EQS values were exceeded for all four compounds by several samples, including 100% of the water samples with regard to heptachlor epoxide. Methodological issues remain for cypermethrin, and to a certain extent for heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide, for which water LODs were above AA-EQSs although a water volume of 12L was combined with very sensitive high resolution mass spectrometry.
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Electronic address: kvo@dmu.dk.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vorkamp
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Electronic address: rbo@dmu.dk.
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bossi
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Electronic address: kb@dmu.dk.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bester
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Electronic address: ueb@dmu.dk.
authors.forename: Ulla E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Bollmann
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. Electronic address: sub@dmu.dk.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boutrup
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003718:Denmark; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biota; Environmental monitoring; Environmental quality standards; Hexabromocyclododecane; Surface water