title: Chemotherapeutic inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer being the second leading cause of death in men in Western countries remains a major challenge in healthcare. Several novel agents targeting signaling pathways in prostate cancer have recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but there is still an unmet need for new treatment strategies for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This review provides a broad overview of prostate cancer therapeutics and highlights key players in the biology of prostate cancer as well as first- and second-line treatments for CRPC. Keywords 'chemotherapeutic agents', 'prostate cancer', 'Phase III clinical trials' and 'US FDA approval' were used for search in PubMed and clinicalTrials.gov databases and the obtained literature was reviewed and summarized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Owing to the advances in screening and diagnostic techniques, the majority of prostate cancer cases are diagnosed at an early stage resulting in an almost 100% 5-year survival rate. Recently FDA-approved novel agents (e.g., abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide) have provided new hope in the fight against prostate cancer. However, CRPC remains an incurable disease. Identification of mechanisms of resistance, new biomarkers, appropriate clinical trial end points and novel treatments holds the key for the future of prostate cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Wayne state University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology , 540.1 HWCRC, 4100 John R Road, Detroit, MI 48201 , USA.
authors.forename: Rahul R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Qing Ping
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Dou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents