title: Comparison of the accuracy of PET/CT and PET/MRI spatial registration of multiple metastatic lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the spatial registration of conventional PET/CT with that of hybrid PET/MRI of patients with FDG-avid metastatic lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients with known metastatic lesions underwent FDG PET/CT followed by PET/MRI with a hybrid whole-body system. The inclusion criterion for tumor analysis was spherical or oval FDG-avid tumor clearly identified with both CT and MRI. The spatial coordinates (x, y, z) of the visually estimated centers of the lesions were determined for PET/CT (PET and CT independently) and PET/MRI (PET, T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence with radial stack-of-stars trajectory, T2-weighted sequence), and the b0 images of an echo-planar imaging (EPI) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) acquisition. All MRI sequences were performed in the axial plane with free breathing. The spatial coordinates of the estimated centers of the lesions were determined for PET and CT and PET and MRI sequences. Distance between the isocenter of the lesion on PET images and on the images obtained with the anatomic modalities was measured, and misregistration (in millimeters) was calculated. The degree of misregistration was compared between PET/CT and PET/MRI with a paired Student t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen lesions were evaluated. On PET/CT images, the average of the total misregistration in all planes of CT compared with PET was 4.13 ± 4.24 mm. On PET/MR images, lesion misregistration between PET and T1-weighted gradient-echo images had a shift of 2.41 ± 1.38 mm and between PET and b0 DW images was 5.97 ± 2.83 mm. Similar results were calculated for 11 lesions on T2-weighted images. The shift on T2-weighted images compared with PET images was 2.24 ± 1.12 mm. Paired Student t test calculations for PET/CT compared with PET/MRI T1-weighted gradient-echo images with a radial stack-of-stars trajectory, b0 DW images, and T2-weighted images showed significant differences (p < 0.05). Similar results were seen in the analysis of six lung lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PET/MRI T1-weighted gradient-echo images with a radial stack-of-stars trajectory and T2-weighted images had more accurate spatial registration than PET/CT images. This may be because that the whole-body PET/MRI system used can perform simultaneous acquisition, whereas the PET/CT system acquires data sequentially. However, the EPI-based b0 DWI datasets were significantly misregistered compared with the PET/CT datasets, especially in the thorax. Radiologists reading PET/MR images should be aware of the potential for misregistration on images obtained with EPI-based DWI sequences because of inherent spatial distortion associated with this type of MRI acquisition.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, 660 First Ave, 3rd Fl, New York, NY 10016.
authors.forename: Rajan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rakheja
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DeMello
authors.forename: Hersh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chandarana
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glielmi
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geppert
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faul
authors.forename: Kent P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D051598:Whole Body Imaging
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18