title: A review of tuberculosis: Focus on bedaquiline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The history and prevalence of tuberculosis and the role of bedaquiline in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tuberculosis continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis are a significant concern and pose serious implications for current and future treatment of the disease. In December 2012, the Food and Drug Administration approved bedaquiline as part of the treatment regimen for pulmonary MDR tuberculosis. Bedaquiline's unique mechanism of action presents an alternative approach to current antimycobacterial killing. By directly inhibiting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, bedaquiline is effective against both replicating and dormant mycobacteria. Pulmonary cavitary lesions can contain heterogeneous populations. This potential mix of semireplicating and hypometabolic mycobacteria is more difficult to eliminate with conventional antitubercular drugs, thus increasing the risk of resistance. No in vitro cross-resistance between bedaquiline and currently available antitubercular agents has been observed thus far. Because bedaquiline targets a completely different enzyme, cross-resistance with other conventional agents remains unlikely. Enhanced sterilizing capacity via synergistic depletion of ATP further exhibits the promising potential of bedaquiline with pyrazinamide. A course of bedaquiline requires 24 weeks of therapy in combination with other antitubercular drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approval of bedaquiline represents a major milestone in MDR tuberculosis therapy. Bedaquiline should be considered in patients who have not responded to a regimen containing four second-line drugs and pyrazinamide and patients with documented evidence of MDR tuberculosis resistant to fluoroquinolones. The exact role of bedaquiline cannot be determined until further efficacy and safety data are obtained through ongoing Phase III trials.
authors.affiliation: Bonnie Chan, Pharm.D., is Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA; at the time of writing she was Postgraduate Year 2 Infectious Diseases Pharmacy Resident, Department of Pharmacy, University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), Rochester, NY. Tina M. Khadem, Pharm.D., is Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, and Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacy, URMC. Jack Brown, Pharm.D., M.S., is Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher College, and Adjunct Research Assistant Professor, Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, URMC.
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Tina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Khadem
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D064687:Diarylquinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017277:Drug Approval; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D064687:Diarylquinolines; C493870:bedaquiline