title: Self-rated quality of life of city-dwelling elderly people benefitting from social help: results of a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The percentage of people aged 65 or older living in Poland is 13.6%, but 17.2% in Łódź. The aim of the study was to identify factors correlating with the self-rated quality of life of elderly inhabitants of cities applying for social help, on the basis of a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in Łódź, a large Polish city, between September 2011 and February 2012 in a group of people applying for help in the Municipal Social Welfare Centre. Four hundred and sixty-six respondents aged 65 or older were included in the study. The tool used in the study was an interview questionnaire. The respondents answered questions on their demographic situation, living conditions, financial, health and social situation. The authors also applied the WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire, the Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADL) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GSOD). For statistical purposes, the authors used single- and multiple-factor regression and the Statistica 9.0 Program. The results were presented as an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI); the adopted significance level was p < 0.05. The authors applied the Pearson's x(2) test in order to evaluate the structure of the studied group and the subpopulation, who were aged 65 or older and using social help, throughout the city.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression confirmed that a high quality of life depends on the following variables: university education (OR = 2.31; p<0.05), an income which is sufficient to live (OR = 1.63; p<0.05), no heart palpitations (OR = 2.32; p<0.05), stable blood pressure (OR = 2.32; p<0.05), no headaches (OR = 1.55; p<0.05), no pain in the chest (OR = 1.51; p<0.01), no shortness of breath (OR = 1.51; p<0.01), no tiredness (OR = 2.08; p<0.05), a score on the Geriatric Depression Scale pointing to a lack of suspected depression (OR = 9.88; p<0.001 if the person does not suffer from depression and OR = 6.33; p<0.001 if there is uncertain depression) as well as not using nursing services, a score on the ADL Scale confirming the person's fitness and participation in family gatherings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A subjective evaluation of the quality of life of the elderly depends on many factors. An identification of these factors might be helpful in implementing steps aimed at improving the quality of life of elderly people who, as a consequence, will need less social help: particularly nursing services.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bryła
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burzyńska
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maniecka-Bryła
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011044:Poland; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population