title: Anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil in ovaries of laying hens target prostaglandin pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An effective way to control cancer is by prevention. Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Progress in the treatment and prevention of ovarian cancer has been hampered due to the lack of an appropriate animal model and absence of effective chemo-prevention strategies. The domestic hens spontaneously develop ovarian adenocarcinomas that share similar histological appearance and symptoms such as ascites and metastasis with humans. There is a link between chronic inflammation and cancer. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. PGE2 exerts its effects on target cells by coupling to four subtypes of receptors which have been classified as EP1-4. Fish oil is a source of omega-3 fatty acids (OM-3FAs) which may be effective in prevention of ovarian cancer. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of fish oil on expression of COX enzymes, PGE2 concentration, apoptosis and proliferation in ovaries of laying hens.
  
  
  METHODS
  48 white Leghorn hens were fed 50, 100, 175, 375 and 700 mg/kg fish oil for 21 days. The OM3-FAs and omega-6 fatty acids contents of egg yolks were determined by Gas Chromatography. Proliferation, apoptosis, COX-1, COX-2 and prostaglandin receptor subtype 4 (EP4) protein and mRNA expression and PGE2 concentration in ovaries were measured by PCNA, TUNEL, Western blot, quantitative real-time qPCR and ELISA, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of fish oil increased the incorporation of OM-3FAs into yolks and decreased both COX-1 and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression. In correlation with COXs down-regulation, fish oil significantly reduced the concentrations of PGE2 in ovaries. EP4 protein and mRNA expression in ovaries of hens was not affected by fish oil treatment. A lower dose of fish oil increased the egg laying frequency. 175 and 700 mg/kg fish oil reduced proliferation and 700 mg/kg increased apoptosis in hen ovaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the lower doses of fish oil reduce inflammatory PG and may be an effective approach in preventing ovarian carcinogenesis. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials utilizing fish oil as a dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
authors.forename: Erfan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eilati
authors.forename: Carolynn C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Stacey R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Nawneet K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Kurrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, School of Medicine, Life Science II, Room 250 (M/C 6512), 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA. dhales@siumed.edu.
authors.forename: Dale Buchanan
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hales
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D000077216:Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002645:Chickens; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004530:Egg Yolk / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015053:Zygote / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone