title: Declines in outpatient antimicrobial use in Canada (1995-2010).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With rising reports of antimicrobial resistance in outpatient communities, surveillance of antimicrobial use is imperative for supporting stewardship programs. The primary objective of this article is to assess the levels of antimicrobial use in Canada over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canadian antimicrobial use data from 1995 to 2010 were acquired and assessed by four metrics: population-adjusted prescriptions, Defined Daily Doses, spending on antimicrobials (inflation-adjusted), and average Defined Daily Doses per prescription. Linear mixed models were built to assess significant differences among years and antimicrobial groups, and to account for repeated measurements over time. Measures were also compared to published reports from European countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temporal trends in antimicrobial use in Canada vary by metric and antimicrobial grouping. Overall reductions were seen for inflation-adjusted spending, population-adjusted prescription rates and Defined Daily Doses, and increases were observed for the average number of Defined Daily Doses per prescription. The population-adjusted prescription and Defined Daily Doses values for 2009 were comparable to those reported by many European countries, while the average Defined Daily Dose per prescription for Canada ranked high. A significant reduction in the use of broad spectrum penicillins occurred between 1995 and 2004, coupled with increases in macrolide and quinolone use, suggesting that replacement of antimicrobial drugs may occur as new products arrive on the market.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There have been modest decreases of antimicrobial use in Canada over the past 15 years. However, continued surveillance of antimicrobial use coupled with data detailing antimicrobial resistance within bacterial pathogens affecting human populations is critical for targeting interventions and maintaining the effectiveness of these products for future generations.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Finley
authors.forename: Shiona K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Glass-Kaastra
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conly
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002170:Canada; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010604:Pharmacy; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents