title: Attachment and parenting in adult patients with anxiety disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The literature suggests that dysfunctional parenting and insecure attachment may increase risk of anxiety-related psychopathology. This study aimed at testing the association between anxiety disorders, attachment insecurity and dysfunctional parenting while controlling for factors usually not controlled for in previous studies, such as gender, age, and being ill.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 32 non-psychotic inpatients with SCID-I diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, either alone or in comorbidity, was compared with two age- and sex-matched control groups consisting of 32 non-clinical participants and 32 in-patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Study measures included the Experience in Close Relationships questionnaire (ECR) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with anxiety disorders scored significantly higher on attachment-related anxiety and avoidance than patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and non-clinical participants. These findings were independent of comorbidity for mood disorders. ECR scores did not differ among diagnostic subgroups (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, other anxiety disorders). Patients with anxiety disorders scored significantly lower on PBI mother's care and borderline significantly lower on PBI father's care than patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although limitations such as the relatively small sample size and the cross-sectional nature suggest caution in interpreting these findings, they are consistent with the few previous adult studies performed on this topic and corroborate Bowlby's seminal hypothesis of a link between negative attachment-related experiences, attachment insecurity, and clinical anxiety. Attachment theory provides a useful theoretical framework for integrating research findings from several fields concerning the development of anxiety disorders and for planning therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Unit, Centre of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picardi
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caroppo
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fabi
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Proietti
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Gennaro
authors.forename: Giulio Nicolò
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Meldolesi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinotti
keywords: Attachment; anxiety; emotion regulation; epilepsy.; parenting; stress