title: Ophthalmic diagnostic tests, orbital anatomy, and adnexal histology of the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for selected diagnostic tests, and to describe the orbital anatomy and adnexal histology of the broad-snouted caiman.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 35 Caiman latirostris that were free of obvious ocular diseases were used to measure the parameters in this investigation. Ages ranged from 5 to 15 years. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests were conducted, including evaluation of tear production with Schirmer Tear test-1 (STT1), culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, applanation tonometry, conjunctival cytology, nictiating membrane incursion frequency test (NMIFT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), palpebral fissure length measurement (PFL) and B-mode ultrasonography. Adnexal histology and skull samples were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (±SD) STT1 was 3.4 ± 3.6 mm/min (95% confidence interval of 2.01-4.78 mm/min), intraocular pressure (IOP) was 12.9 ± 6.2 mmHg, NMIFT was 6.0 ± 3.5, EAPPTT was 17.1 ± 2.5 mm/min, PFL was 28.9 ± 3.0 mm, anterior chamber depth was 3.1 ± 0.3 mm, lens axial length was 8.4 ± 0.6 mm, vitreous chamber depth was 7.9 ± 0.7 mm and axial globe length was 19.9 ± 1.3 mm. For all animals evaluated, Bacillus sp., Diphteroids and Staphylococcus sp. were predominant.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, 500, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, Salvador, 40170-110, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arianne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Oriá
authors.forename: Alberto Vinícius D
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Melissa H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: Emanoel F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Martins Filho
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estrela-Lima
authors.forename: Tiago C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Peixoto
authors.forename: Renata Maria M da
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Fernanda O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Santana
authors.forename: Íris Daniela S
authors.initials: ÍD
authors.lastname: Meneses
authors.forename: Kátia G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Requião
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ofri
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000818:Animals; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000662:veterinary*; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006243:Harderian Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009541:Nictitating Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: B-mode; Schirmer Tear test; bacterial flora; caiman; intraocular pressure; ultrasound