title: [Intravenous regional anesthesia with long-acting local anesthetics. An update].
abstract: Intravenous regional anesthesia is a widely used technique for brief surgical interventions, primarily on the upper limbs and less frequently, on the lower limbs. It began being used at the beginning of the 20th century, when Bier injected procaine as a local anesthetic. The technique to accomplish anesthesia has not changed much since then, although different drugs, particularly long-acting local anesthetics, such as ropivacaine and levobupivacaine in low concentrations, were introduced. Additionally, drugs like opioids, muscle relaxants, paracetamol, neostigmine, magnesium, ketamine, clonidine, and ketorolac, have all been investigated as adjuncts to intravenous regional anesthesia, and were found to be fairly useful in terms of an increased onset of operative anesthesia and longer lasting perioperative analgesia. The present article provides an overview of current knowledge with emphasis on long-acting local anesthetic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Basilea, Basilea, Suiza. Electronic address: pgayale@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Atanassoff
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Basilea, Basilea, Suiza.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lobato
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Tratamiento del Dolor, Hospital Son Llàtzer, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, España.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Aguilar
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000187:drug effects; D011312:Pressure; D014111:Tourniquets
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations
keywords: Additional compounds; Anestesia regional intravenosa; Anestésicos locales; Efectos secundarios; Fármacos adicionales; Intravenous regional anesthesia; Local anesthetics; Side effects