title: Nanodiamond decorated liposomes as highly biocompatible delivery vehicles and a comparison with carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide.
abstract: Studying interactions between nano-carbons and lipid membranes is important for multiplexed drug delivery, device fabrication and for understanding toxicity. Herein, we report that nanodiamond (ND, sp(3) carbon) forms a complex with highly biocompatible zwitterionic liposomes based on hydrogen bonding, which is confirmed by pH-dependent and urea-dependent assays. Despite such weak interaction, the complex is highly stable. Comparisons were made with two sp(2) carbons: nanoscale graphene oxide (NGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), where CNT adsorption is the weakest. Adsorption of the nano-carbons does not induce liposome leakage or affect lipid phase transition temperature. Therefore, the potential toxicity of nano-carbons is unlikely to be related to direct membrane damage. ND facilitates cellular uptake of liposomes and co-delivery of negatively charged calcein and positively charged doxorubicin has been demonstrated. ND has the lowest toxicity, while CNTs and NGO are slightly more toxic. The effect of introducing fusogenic lipids and cholesterol was further studied to understand the effect of lipid formulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1. liujw@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Juewen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008422:Materials Testing; D058612:Nanodiamonds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D058612:Nanodiamonds; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D010087:Oxides; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D006108:Graphite; D004317:Doxorubicin; C017251:1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine