title: Staphylococcus aureus urinary tract infections in children are associated with urinary tract abnormalities and vesico-ureteral reflux.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus is an uncommon cause of pediatric urinary tract infection (UTI). Data regarding urinary tract malformations in children with S. aureus UTI is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of all children aged 0 to 16 years at Shaare Zedek Medical Center between 2001 and 2013 and who were diagnosed with S. aureus UTI were reviewed for demographic, clinical, and laboratory data. Patients with Escherichia coli UTIs during the same period were included as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. aureus was the cause of UTI in 26 children, of whom six were bacteremic. Compared to children with E. coli UTI, children with S. aureus had higher rates of abnormal findings in ultrasound (77 vs. 22%; p < 0.001). Similarly, more patients with S. aureus UTI had abnormal voiding cystourethrogram (53 vs. 23%; p < 0.001) or vesicoureteral reflux (50 vs. 23%; p < 0.001). The median duration of hospitalization for patients with S. aureus UTI was significantly longer than for patients with E. coli UTI (8 vs. 2.3 days; p = 0.0003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. aureus is an uncommon urinary pathogen among children. The finding of S. aureus UTI requires thorough search for urinary abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department and Infectious Diseases Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center Affiliated with Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel, orlimegged@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Orli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Megged
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000382:microbiology*