title: Electromagnetic navigation reduces surgical time and radiation exposure for proximal interlocking in retrograde femoral nailing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the time required for proximal locking screw placement between a standard freehand technique and the navigated technique, and to quantify the reduction in ionizing radiation exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fresh frozen cadaver model was used for 48 proximal interlocking screw procedures. Each procedure consisted of insertion of 2 anteroposterior locking screws. Standard fluoroscopic technique was used for 24 procedures, and an electromagnetic navigation system was used for the remaining 24 procedures. Procedure duration was recorded using an electronic timer and radiation doses were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean total insertion time for both proximal interlocking screws was 405 ± 165.7 seconds with the freehand technique and 311 ± 78.3 seconds in the navigation group (P = 0.002). All procedures resulted in successful locking screw placement. Mean ionizing radiation exposure time for proximal locking was 29.5 ± 12.8 seconds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proximal locking screw insertion using the navigation technique evaluated in this work was significantly faster than the standard fluoroscopic method. The navigated technique is effective and has the potential to prevent ionizing radiation exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.
authors.forename: Jeremy S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Somerson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rowley
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buttacavoli
authors.forename: Animesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors