title: Force-velocity, impulse-momentum relationships: implications for efficacy of purposefully slow resistance training.
abstract: The purpose of this brief review is to explain the mechanical relationship between impulse and momentum when resistance exercise is performed in a purposefully slow manner (PS). PS is recognized by ~10s concentric and ~4-10s eccentric actions. While several papers have reviewed the effects of PS, none has yet explained such resistance training in the context of the impulse-momentum relationship. A case study of normal versus PS back squats was also performed. An 85kg man performed both normal speed (3 sec eccentric action and maximal acceleration concentric action) and PS back squats over a several loads. Normal speed back squats produced both greater peak and mean propulsive forces than PS action when measured across all loads. However, TUT was greatly increased in the PS condition, with values fourfold greater than maximal acceleration repetitions. The data and explanation herein point to superior forces produced by the neuromuscular system via traditional speed training indicating a superior modality for inducing neuromuscular adaptation. Key pointsAs velocity approaches zero, propulsive force approaches zero, therefore slow moving objects only require force approximately equal to the weight of the resistance.As mass is constant during resistance training, a greater impulse will result in a greater velocity.The inferior propulsive forces accompanying purposefully slow training suggest other methods of resistance training have a greater potential for adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Neuromechanics Laboratory, The University of Memphis , Memphis, USA.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Falvo
authors.forename: Loren Z F
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Chiu
keywords: Impulse; momentum; purposefully slow; time-under-tension