title: Assessment of inflammatory resilience in healthy subjects using dietary lipid and glucose challenges.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resilience or the ability of our body to cope with daily-life challenges has been proposed as a new definition of health, with restoration of homeostasis as target resultant of various physiological stress responses. Challenge models may thus be a sensitive measure to study the body's health. The objective of this study was to select a dietary challenge model for the assessment of inflammatory resilience. Meals are a challenge to metabolic homeostasis and are suggested to affect inflammatory pathways, yet data in literature are limited and inconsistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  The kinetic responses of three different dietary challenges and a water control challenge were assessed on various metabolic and inflammatory markers in 14 healthy males and females using a full cross-over study design. The dietary challenges included glucose (75 g glucose in 300 ml water), lipids (200 ml whipping cream) and a mix of glucose and lipids (same amounts as above), respectively. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after consumption of the treatment products. Inflammation (IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α CRP, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, SAA, E-selectin, P-selectin, thrombomodulin, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes) and clinical (e.g. glucose, insulin, triglycerides) markers as well as gene expression in blood cells and plasma oxylipin profiles were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three dietary challenges induced changes related to metabolic control such as increases in glucose and insulin after the glucose challenge and increases in triglycerides after the lipid challenge. In addition, differences between the challenges were observed for precursor oxylipins and some downstream metabolites including DiHETrE's and HODE's. However, none of the dietary challenges induced an acute inflammatory response, except for a modest increase in circulating leukocyte numbers after the glucose and mix challenges. Furthermore, subtle, yet statistically significant increases in vascular inflammatory markers (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) were found after the mix challenge, when compared to the water control challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that dietary glucose and lipid challenges did not induce a strong acute inflammatory response in healthy subjects, as quantified by an accurate and broad panel of parameters.
authors.forename: Suzan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wopereis
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolvers
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Erk
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gribnau
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: Ferdi A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: van Dorsten
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boelsma
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Garczarek
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cnubben
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frenken
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Logt
authors.forename: Henk F J
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Duynhoven
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ommen
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, Vlaardingen 3130 AC, The Netherlands. doris.jacobs@unilever.com.
authors.forename: Doris M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D054883:Oxylipins; D005947:Glucose