title: Prevalence, risk factors, and mortality for ventilator-associated pneumonia in middle-aged, old, and very old critically ill patients*.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the epidemiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia in elderly ICU patients. More precisely, we assessed prevalence, risk factors, signs and symptoms, causative bacterial pathogens, and associated outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort (EU-VAP project).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven European ICUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who were mechanically ventilated for greater than or equal to 48 hours. We compared middle-aged (45-64 yr; n = 670), old (65-74 yr; n = 549), and very old patients (≥ 75 yr; n= 516).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventilator-associated pneumonia occurred in 103 middle-aged (14.6%), 104 old (17.0%), and 73 very old patients (12.8%). The prevalence (n ventilator-associated pneumonia/1,000 ventilation days) was 13.7 in middle-aged patients, 16.6 in old patients, and 13.0 in very old patients. Logistic regression analysis could not demonstrate older age as a risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in elderly patients was more frequently caused by Enterobacteriaceae (24% in middle-aged, 32% in old, and 43% in very old patients; p = 0.042). Regarding clinical signs and symptoms at ventilator-associated pneumonia onset, new temperature rise was less frequent among very old patients (59% vs 76% and 74% for middle-aged and old patients, respectively; p = 0.035). Mortality among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia was higher among elderly patients: 35% in middle-aged patients versus 51% in old and very old patients (p = 0.036). Logistic regression analysis confirmed the importance of older age in the risk of death (adjusted odds ratio for old age, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.9 and adjusted odds ratio for very old age, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.4). Other risk factors for mortality in ventilator-associated pneumonia were diabetes mellitus, septic shock, and a high-risk pathogen as causative agent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this multicenter cohort study, ventilator-associated pneumonia did not occur more frequently among elderly, but the associated mortality in these patients was higher. New temperature rise was less common in elderly patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, whereas more episodes among elderly patients were caused by Enterobacteriaceae.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 2Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece. 3Critical Care Department, The Burns, Trauma, and Critical Care Research Center, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 4Critical Care Department, Nord University Hospital, Marseille, France. 5Critical Care Department, General Hospital of Larisa, Larisa, Greece. 6Critical Care Department, Clinics of Constance, Constance, Germany. 7Department of Intensive Care, Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy. 8Critical Care Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, CIBERES, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blot
authors.forename: Despoina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koulenti
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komnos
authors.forename: Wolfgang A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spina
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Armaganidis
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rello
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis