title: Refraining from pre-hospital advanced airway management: a prospective observational study of critical decision making in an anaesthesiologist-staffed pre-hospital critical care service.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report prospectively recorded observational data from consecutive cases in which the attending pre-hospital critical care anaesthesiologist considered performing pre-hospital advanced airway management but decided to withhold such interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anaesthesiologists from eight pre-hospital critical care teams in the Central Denmark Region (a mixed rural and urban region with 1.27 million inhabitants) registered data from February 1st 2011 to October 31st 2012. Included were patients of all ages for whom pre-hospital advanced airway management were considered but not performed. The main objectives were to investigate (1) the pre-hospital critical care anaesthesiologists' reasons for considering performing pre-hospital advanced airway management in this group of patients (2) the pre-hospital critical care anaesthesiologists' reasons for not performing pre-hospital advanced airway management (3) the methods used to treat these patients (4) the incidence of complications related to pre-hospital advanced airway management not being performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We registered data from 1081 cases in which the pre-hospital critical care anaesthesiologists' considered performing pre-hospital advanced airway management. The anaesthesiologists decided to withhold pre-hospital advanced airway management in 32.1% of these cases (n = 347). In 75.1% of these cases (n = 257) pre-hospital advanced airway management were withheld because of the patient's condition and in 30.8% (n = 107) because of patient co-morbidity. The most frequently used alternative treatment was bag-mask ventilation, used in 82.7% of the cases (n = 287). Immediate complications related to the decision of not performing pre-hospital advanced airway management occurred in 0.6% of the cases (n = 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have illustrated the complexity of the critical decision-making associated with pre-hospital advanced airway management. This study is the first to identify the most common reasons why pre-hospital critical care anaesthesiologists sometimes choose to abstain from pre-hospital advanced airway management as well as the alternative treatment methods used.
authors.affiliation: Department of research and development, Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, P,O, Pox 94, 1441 Drøbak, Norway. leifrogn@rm.dk.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rognås
authors.forename: Troels Martin
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard
authors.forename: Else
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tønnesen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058109:Airway Management / Q000379:methods*; D000776:Anesthesiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D003657:Decision Making; D003718:Denmark; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult