title: Frequency and collective dose of medical procedures in Kenya.
abstract: The first comprehensive national survey on frequency and radiation dose imparted to the population from radiological procedures was carried out in Kenya and reported here. This survey involved assessment of frequency, typical patient radiation exposure, and collective effective dose from general radiography, fluoroscopy, interventional procedures (IPs), mammography, and computed tomography. About 300 x-ray facilities across the country were invited to participate in the survey, and a 31% response was recorded. The individual and collective radiation burdens of more than 62 types of pediatric and adult radiological examinations were quantified using effective and collective dose. The average effective dose for each radiological examination was assessed from the x-ray efficiency performance tests and patient data from over 30 representative radiological facilities. The results found indicated that over 3 million x-ray procedures were performed in 2011, resulting in an annual collective effective dose of 2,157 person-Sv and an annual effective dose per capita of 0.05 mSv. The most frequent examinations were general radiography (94%), computed tomography (3.3%), and fluoroscopy (2.5%). Although the contribution of computed tomography was small in terms of frequency, this procedure accounted for 36% of the effective dose per capita. General radiography was the most frequent type of examination with a contribution of 55% of the effective dose per capita.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; †Radiology Department, Kenyatta National Hospital, Hospital Road, P.O. Box 20723-00202 Nairobi, Kenya; ‡National Nuclear Regulator, Eco Glades 2 Office Park, Block G, Eco Park, Centurion, 0157 South Africa.
authors.forename: Geoffrey K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Korir
authors.forename: Jeska S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wambani
authors.forename: Ian K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Korir
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tries
authors.forename: Mike M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kidali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000401:mortality; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055815:Young Adult