title: Aspergillus fumigatus invasion increases with progressive airway ischemia.
abstract: Despite the prevalence of Aspergillus-related disease in immune suppressed lung transplant patients, little is known of the host-pathogen interaction. Because of the mould's angiotropic nature and because of its capacity to thrive in hypoxic conditions, we hypothesized that the degree of Aspergillus invasion would increase with progressive rejection-mediated ischemia of the allograft. To study this relationship, we utilized a novel orthotopic tracheal transplant model of Aspergillus infection, in which it was possible to assess the effects of tissue hypoxia and ischemia on airway infectivity. Laser Doppler flowmetry and FITC-lectin were used to determine blood perfusion, and a fiber optic microsensor was used to measure airway tissue oxygen tension. Fungal burden and depth of invasion were graded using histopathology. We demonstrated a high efficacy (80%) for producing a localized fungal tracheal infection with the majority of infection occurring at the donor-recipient anastomosis; Aspergillus was more invasive in allogeneic compared to syngeneic groups. During the study period, the overall kinetics of both non-infected and infected allografts was similar, demonstrating a progressive loss of perfusion and oxygenation, which reached a nadir by days 10-12 post-transplantation. The extent of Aspergillus invasion directly correlated with the degree of graft hypoxia and ischemia. Compared to the midtrachea, the donor-recipient anastomotic site exhibited lower perfusion and more invasive disease; a finding consistent with clinical experience. For the first time, we identify ischemia as a putative risk factor for Aspergillus invasion. Therapeutic approaches focused on preserving vascular health may play an important role in limiting Aspergillus infections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America ; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joe L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Raymond A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sobel
authors.forename: Xinguo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Karl V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Clemons
authors.forename: Tom T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Marife
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nicolls
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010477:Perfusion; D014132:Trachea / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen