title: Administration of AS03B-adjuvanted A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in children aged <3 years enhances antibody response to H3 and B viruses following a single dose of trivalent vaccine one year later.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report on a follow-up clinical and serological investigation of 274 children who received seasonal influenza vaccine (trivalent inactivated vaccine [TIV]) 1 year after receipt of either AS03(B)-adjuvanted subunit or whole virus monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine and describe the antibody responses to the H3N2 A/Perth/16/2009 and B/Brisbane/60/2008 components of TIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaccine responses were analyzed using hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays. In children aged <3 years, previous receipt of adjuvanted vaccine resulted in higher HAI antibody responses to H3N2 and B strains compared with nonadjuvanted vaccine (fold change 16.8 vs 4.3 for H3N2 and 7.0 vs 1.6 for B). In children aged >3 years, responses to the H3 and B components of TIV were similar between vaccine groups. Sera taken before and after the pandemic vaccine were also analyzed by HAI using A/Perth/16/2009 virus. This analysis showed that 11.1% of children receiving the AS03(B)-adjuvanted vaccine but only 1.4% in the nonadjuvanted group had a 4-fold rise to A/Perth/16/2009.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AS03B-adjuvanted A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza vaccine generates a cross-reactive antibody response to H3N2 in children and enhances responses to heterologous subtypes in children aged <3 years 1 year later.
authors.affiliation: Public Health England (Colindale), London.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoschler
authors.forename: Nick J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Saul N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Snape
authors.forename: Woolf T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zambon
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003429:Cross Reactions; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013185:Squalene / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D011136:Polysorbates; D013185:Squalene; C550253:AS03 adjuvant; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
keywords: childhood; cross-reactive effects; influenza; oil-in-water adjuvant; vaccine