title: [Effects of maternal exposure to nano-alumina during pregnancy on neurodevelopment in offspring mice].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the effects of maternal exposure to nano-alumina during pregnancy on the neurodevelopment in offspring mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female ICR mice began to be exposed to nano-alumina 10 d before mating, and the nano-alumina exposure lasted till offspring mice were born. All the female mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: solvent control group (saline), nano-carbon group (11.76 mg/ml), micro-alumina group (50 mg/ml), 50 nm alumina group (50 mg/ml), and 13 nm alumina group (50 mg/ml). All the mice were treated by nasal drip (10 µl/time) 3 times daily till offspring mice were born. Physiological indices, reflex and sensory function test, endurance test, Morris water maze test, positioning and navigation test, and open field test were used to evaluate the neurodevelopment of newborn mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On day 28, the body weight of 13 nm alumina group (16.73±4.04 g) was significantly lower than that of solvent control group (20.45±2.50 g) (P<0.01); the 13 nm alumina group had significantly delayed time to ear opening compared with the solvent control group (4.91±0.78 d vs 4.45±0.50 d, P<0.01); compared with the solvent control group, the nano-carbon group, micro-alumina group, 50 nm alumina group, and 13 nm alumina group had significantly delayed time to eruption of teeth (10.05±0.23 d vs 10.32±0.48 d, 10.75±0.45 d, 10.32±0.47 d, and 10.79±0.49 d, P<0.05 or P<0.01). On days 4 and 7 after birth, compared with the solvent control group, other groups had significantly decreased proportions of mice which passed the cliff avoidance test (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). On days 12 and 14 after birth, compared with the solvent control group, the nano-carbon group, 50 nm alumina group, and 13 nm alumina group had significantly reduced pre-suspension time in the endurance test (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The Morris water maze and positioning and navigation tests showed that the 13 nm alumina group had a significantly increased 5 d incubation period compared with the solvent control group (P < 0.05); compared with the solvent control group, other groups had significantly reduced numbers of platform crossings (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The open field test showed that the nano-carbon group and 13 nm alumina group had reduced numbers of rearings compared with the solvent control group (P < 0.05); compared with the solvent control group, other groups had significantly reduced numbers of modifications (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal exposure to nano-alumina (13 nm) during pregnancy has inhibitory effects on the physical development and early behavioral development in newborn mice and can also inhibit the learning and memory abilities and adaptability to new environment in offspring mice. The neurodevelopmental toxicity of nano-alumina to newborn mice increases as the particle sizes of nano-alumina decrease, which has been demonstrated by the endurance test and number of rearings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030001, China. E-mail: zhangql930611@126.com.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Li-na
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hai-yang
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei-wei
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Xiao-fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Cui-cui
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Qin-li
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Niu
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D018782:Maze Learning; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009043:Motor Activity; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000537:Aluminum Oxide