title: NADPH oxidases: a perspective on reactive oxygen species production in tumor biology.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote genomic instability, altered signal transduction, and an environment that can sustain tumor formation and growth. The NOX family of NADPH oxidases, membrane-bound epithelial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide producers, plays a critical role in the maintenance of immune function, cell growth, and apoptosis. The impact of NOX enzymes in carcinogenesis is currently being defined and may directly link chronic inflammation and NOX ROS-mediated tumor formation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Increased interest in the function of NOX enzymes in tumor biology has spurred a surge of investigative effort to understand the variability of NOX expression levels in tumors and the effect of NOX activity on tumor cell proliferation. These initial efforts have demonstrated a wide variance in NOX distribution and expression levels across numerous cancers as well as in common tumor cell lines, suggesting that much remains to be discovered about the unique role of NOX-related ROS production within each system. Progression from in vitro cell line studies toward in vivo tumor tissue screening and xenograft models has begun to provide evidence supporting the importance of NOX expression in carcinogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lack of universally available, isoform-specific antibodies and animal tumor models of inducible knockout or over-expression of NOX isoforms has hindered progress toward the completion of in vivo studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo validation experiments and the use of large, existing gene expression data sets should help define the best model systems for studying the NOX homologues in the context of cancer.
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Meitzler
authors.forename: Smitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antony
authors.forename: Yongzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Juhasz
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guojian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jiamo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Krishnendu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Doroshow
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019255:NADPH Oxidases