title: Evidence that an HMGA1 gene variant associates with type 2 diabetes, body mass index, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a Hispanic-American population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) is an important regulator of the insulin receptor gene. We have previously shown in three populations of white European ancestry that the HMGA1 gene variant rs146052672 (also designated IVS5-13insC) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to measure the frequency of this variant and to determine the degree of the association with T2DM and other features of the metabolic syndrome in a replication cohort of Hispanic Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study of well-characterized Hispanic-American participants analyzed in the Genomic Resource in Atherosclerosis (GRA) (Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco). A total of 1144 individuals were studied, 320 of whom had T2DM. We examined associations of the rs146052672 SNP with T2DM, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this Hispanic-American cohort, the HMGA1 rs146052672 minor allele (C-insertion) frequency (MAF) was 21.4% with a carrier frequency of 37.4%, considerably higher than we previously observed among GRA white Europeans (MAF 3.1%). The prevalence of the IVS5-13insC variant was significantly higher in those with T2DM compared to controls [42.2% vs. 35.5%; odds ratio (OR) 1.44 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.90, P=0.011). The variant was also associated with BMI (positively, P=0.045) and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (negatively, P=0.047).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As we saw previously among white Europeans, a functional HMGA1 variant was associated with T2DM in individuals of Hispanic-American ethnicity and was present at a much higher frequency.
authors.affiliation: 1 Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California , San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Clive R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pullinger
authors.forename: Ira D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Goldfine
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanyolaç
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Movsesyan
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faynboym
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Durlach
authors.forename: Eusebio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiefari
authors.forename: Daniela P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brunetti
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D025741:HMGA1a Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D025741:HMGA1a Protein; D011972:Receptor, Insulin