title: Narrow therapeutic window of ribavirin as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis is broadened by macromolecular prodrugs.
abstract: Ribavirin (RBV), a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, is a standard medication against hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, despite the decades of clinical success, the mechanism of action of this drug against HCV remains a subject of debate. Furthermore, the appeal of this therapeutic agent is considerably lessened by unfavorable pharmacokinetics. This interdisciplinary study contributes to the understanding of intracellular effects exerted by RBV and presents a successful design of macromolecular prodrugs of RBV to achieve a safer treatment. Specifically, we demonstrate that RBV exhibits a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity in cultured macrophages as is evidenced by a 2-fold decrease in the levels of produced nitric oxide achieved using a clinically relevant concentration of this drug. However, this effect was characterized by a rather narrow therapeutic window with experimental values of EC50 and IC50 being 7 and 19 μM, respectively. Macromolecular prodrugs were obtained using an acrylate derivative of RBV, RAFT polymerization technique, and N-vinyl pyrrolidone as a partner monomer. The synthesized polymers were characterized with uniform molecular weights, relatively narrow polydispersities, and gradually increasing content of RBV. The resulting polymer therapeutics were effective in delivering their payload to the cultured macrophages and afforded a significantly wider therapeutic window, as much as >1000 μM (18-fold in relative values). Taken together, this work contributes significantly to the development of safer methods for delivery of RBV, as well as understanding the mechanism of action and origins of the side effects of this broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and ‡iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University , Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wohl
authors.forename: Anton A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Mille B L
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kryger
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Zelikin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015195:Drug Design; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011355:Prodrugs; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012254:Ribavirin