title: Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) accumulation by earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to biosolids-, polyurethane foam microparticle-, and Penta-BDE-amended soils.
abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have been used in consumer polymers at up to percent levels. While long viewed as biologically inaccessible therein, PBDEs may become bioaccessible following volatilization or polymer deterioration. PBDEs may then enter soils via polymer fragmentation or following land application of sewage sludge-derived biosolids. Studies of direct PBDE uptake from these materials by soil organisms are scarce. We thus exposed earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ) to artificial soil amended with a Class B anaerobically digested biosolid (ADB), an exceptional quality composted biosolid (CB), PBDE-containing polyurethane foam (PUF) microparticles, and Penta-BDE-spiked artificial soil (SAS). Worms accumulated mg/kg (lipid) ∑Penta-PBDE burdens from all substrates. Biota-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) for worms exposed to ADB- and CB-amended soils were comparable after 28 d. BSAFs generally decreased with increasing congener KOW and substrate dosage. Biosolids-associated PBDE bioavailability was lower than spiked PBDEs. BSAFs for worms exposed to PUF microparticles ranged from 3.9 to 33.4, with ∑Penta-PBDE tissue burdens reaching 3740 mg/kg lipid. Congener accumulation patterns were similar in worms and polyethylene passive sampling devices immersed in ADB-amended soil coincident with exposed worms. However, passive sampler accumulation factors were lower than BSAFs. Our results demonstrate that PBDEs may accumulate in organisms ingesting soils containing biosolids or waste plastics. Such organisms may then transfer their burdens to predators or translocate them from the site of application/disposal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), College of William and Mary , P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, United States.
authors.forename: Michael O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Gaylor
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058448:Biota; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000378:metabolism; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C086401:pentabromodiphenyl ether; C028279:polyurethane foam