title: Sources of indoor air pollution in New York City residences of asthmatic children.
abstract: Individuals spend ∼90% of their time indoors in proximity to sources of particulate and gaseous air pollutants. The sulfur tracer method was used to separate indoor concentrations of particulate matter (PM) PM2.5 mass, elements and thermally resolved carbon fractions by origin in New York City residences of asthmatic children. Enrichment factors relative to sulfur concentrations were used to rank species according to the importance of their indoor sources. Mixed effects models were used to identify building characteristics and resident activities that contributed to observed concentrations. Significant indoor sources were detected for OC1, Cl, K and most remaining OC fractions. We attributed 46% of indoor PM2.5 mass to indoor sources related to OC generation indoors. These sources include cooking (NO2, Si, Cl, K, OC4 and OP), cleaning (most OC fractions), candle/incense burning (black carbon, BC) and smoking (K, OC1, OC3 and EC1). Outdoor sources accounted for 28% of indoor PM2.5 mass, mainly photochemical reaction products, metals and combustion products (EC, EC2, Br, Mn, Pb, Ni, Ti, V and S). Other indoor sources accounted for 26% and included re-suspension of crustal elements (Al, Zn, Fe, Si and Ca). Indoor sources accounted for ∼72% of PM2.5 mass and likely contributed to differences in the composition of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 exposures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Habre
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coull
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moshier
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godbold
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grunin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schachter
authors.affiliation: Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rohr
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Meyer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spengler
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koutrakis
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003296:Cooking; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter