title: High throughput and miniaturised systems for biodegradability assessments.
abstract: The society demands safer products with a better ecological profile. Regulatory criteria have been developed to prevent risks for human health and the environment, for example, within the framework of the European regulation REACH (Regulation (EC) No 1907, 2006). This has driven industry to consider the development of high throughput screening methodologies for assessing chemical biodegradability. These new screening methodologies must be scalable for miniaturisation, reproducible and as reliable as existing procedures for enhanced biodegradability assessment. Here, we evaluate two alternative systems that can be scaled for high throughput screening and conveniently miniaturised to limit costs in comparison with traditional testing. These systems are based on two dyes as follows: an invasive fluorescent dyes that serves as a cellular activity marker (a resazurin-like dye reagent) and a noninvasive fluorescent oxygen optosensor dye (an optical sensor). The advantages and limitations of these platforms for biodegradability assessment are presented. Our results confirm the feasibility of these systems for evaluating and screening chemicals for ready biodegradability. The optosensor is a miniaturised version of a component already used in traditional ready biodegradability testing, whereas the resazurin dye offers an interesting new screening mechanism for chemical concentrations greater than 10 mg/l that are not amenable to traditional closed bottle tests. The use of these approaches allows generalisation of high throughput screening methodologies to meet the need of developing new compounds with a favourable ecological profile and also assessment for regulatory purpose.
authors.affiliation: UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA CBAC lab, University of Nantes, 18 Blvd Gaston Defferre, 85035, La Roche sur Yon, France.
authors.forename: Mickael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cregut
authors.forename: Sulivan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jouanneau
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brillet
authors.forename: Marie-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sweetlove
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chenèble
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: L'Haridon
authors.forename: Gérald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thouand
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D008904:Miniaturization; D010101:Oxygen Consumption
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005947:Glucose