title: Characterization of powdered fish heads for bone graft biomaterial applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to define the chemical composition, morphology and crystallography of powdered fish heads of the species Argyrosomus regius for bone graft biomaterial applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two sizes of powder were prepared by different grinding methods; Powder A (coarse, d50=68.5 µm) and Powder B (fine, d50=19.1 µm). Samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The powder was mainly composed of aragonite (CaCO3) and calcite (CaCO3). The XRD pattern of Powder A and B matched standard aragonite and calcite patterns. In addition, the calcium oxide (CaO) phase was found after the calcination of Powder A. Thermogravimetry analysis confirmed total mass losses of 43.6% and 47.3% in Powders A and B, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microstructure of Powder A was mainly composed of different sizes and tubular shape, whereas Powder B showed agglomerated particles. The high quantity of CaO and other oxides resemble the chemical composition of bone. In general, the powder can be considered as bone graft after transformation to hydroxyapatite phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa Ozgür
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Oteyaka
authors.forename: Hasan Hüseyin
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.forename: Namık
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bilici
authors.forename: Eda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taşçı
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000032:analysis*; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000032:analysis*; D005399:Fishes; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry*; D012886:Skull / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011208:Powders; D002119:Calcium Carbonate