title: Impact of GDP, spending on R&D, number of universities and scientific journals on research publications in pharmacological sciences in Middle East.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research in pharmacological science is vital to support the health needs of human beings. Measuring the research output provides information that forms the basis of strategic decisions. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), spending on Research and Development (R&D), number of universities and scientific journals on research documents (papers), citable documents, citations per document and H-index in pharmacological science among Middle East countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the 16 Middle East countries were included in the study. The information regarding GDP, spending on R&D, total number of universities and indexed scientific journals were collected. We recorded the total number of research documents, citable documents, citations per document and H-index in pharmacological science during the period 1996-2011. The main sources for information were World Bank, Web of Science, Journal Citation Reports (Thomson Reuters) and SCI-mago/Scopus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean per capita GDP of all the Middle East countries is 18125.49±5386.28 US$, spending on R&D 0.63±0.28% of GDP in US$, number of universities 36.56±11.33 and mean ISI indexed journal are 8.25±3.93. The number of research documents published in pharmacological science among the Middle East countries during the period 1996-2011 is 1344.44±499.34; citable documents 1286.37±476.34; citations per document 7.62± 0.84; and H-index is 30.68±6.32. There was a positive correlation between spending on R&D and citations per documents (r = 0.56, p = 0.02), H-Index (r = 0.56, p = 0.02); number of universities and research documents (r = 0.72, p = 0.002), citable documents (r = 0.72, p = 0.001); ISI indexed journals and research documents (r = 0.88, p = 0.0001), citable documents (r = 0.88, p = 0.0001), H-Index (r = 0.67, p = 0.004). However, there was no correlation between the GDP per capita and research outcome in pharmacological science.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a positive association between spending on R&D, number of universities and indexed scientific journals on research outcome in pharmacological science in Middle East.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University Diabetes Centre, Department of Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology Division, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. smeo@ksu.edu.sa  
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Meo
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Usmani
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bukhari
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D059066:Gross Domestic Product; D008877:Middle East; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D010600:Pharmacology; D012106:Research / Q000191:economics*; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*