title: Evaluation of passive samplers as a monitoring tool for early warning of Dinophysis toxins in shellfish.
abstract: From June 2006 to January 2007 passive samplers (solid phase adsorbing toxin tracking, SPATT) were tested as a monitoring tool with weekly monitoring of phytoplankton and toxin content (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS) in picked cells of Dinophysis and plankton concentrates. Successive blooms of Dinophysis acuminata, D. acuta and D. caudata in 2006 caused a long mussel harvesting closure (4.5 months) in the Galician Rías (NW Spain) and a record (up to 9246 ng·g resin-week-1) accumulation of toxins in SPATT discs. Best fit of a toxin accumulation model was between toxin accumulation in SPATT and the product of cell densities by a constant value, for each species of Dinophysis, of toxin content (average) in picked cells. Detection of Dinophysis populations provided earlier warning of oncoming diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) outbreaks than the SPATT, which at times overestimated the expected toxin levels in shellfish because: (i) SPATT accumulated toxins did not include biotransformation and depuration loss terms and (ii) accumulation of toxins not available to mussels continued for weeks after Dinophysis cells were undetectable and mussels were toxin-free. SPATT may be a valuable environmental monitoring and research tool for toxin dynamics, in particular in areas with no aquaculture, but does not provide a practical gain for early warning of DSP outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain. beatriz.reguera@vi.ieo.es.
authors.forename: Gemita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pizarro
authors.forename: Ángeles
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Moroño
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pazos
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reguera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry*; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000737:chemistry*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis*; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins