title: TMS over V5 disrupts motion prediction.
abstract: Given the vast amount of sensory information the brain has to deal with, predicting some of this information based on the current context is a resource-efficient strategy. The framework of predictive coding states that higher-level brain areas generate a predictive model to be communicated via feedback connections to early sensory areas. Here, we directly tested the necessity of a higher-level visual area, V5, in this predictive processing in the context of an apparent motion paradigm. We flashed targets on the apparent motion trace in-time or out-of-time with the predicted illusory motion token. As in previous studies, we found that predictable in-time targets were better detected than unpredictable out-of-time targets. However, when we applied functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided, double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over left V5 at 13-53 ms before target onset, the detection advantage of in-time targets was eliminated; this was not the case when TMS was applied over the vertex. Our results are causal evidence that V5 is necessary for a prediction effect, which has been shown to modulate V1 activity (Alink et al. 2010). Thus, our findings suggest that information processing between V5 and V1 is crucial for visual motion prediction, providing experimental support for the predictive coding framework.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK Current address: Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Medical School and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK.
authors.forename: Marie-Helene
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Grosbras
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muckli
mesh_terms: D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: V1; apparent motion; double-pulse TMS; hMT+; predictive coding