title: Stem cell therapy in bladder dysfunction: where are we? And where do we have to go?
abstract: To date, stem cell therapy for the bladder has been conducted mainly on an experimental basis in the areas of bladder dysfunction. The therapeutic efficacy of stem cells was originally thought to be derived from their ability to differentiate into various cell types. Studies about stem cell therapy for bladder dysfunction have been limited to an experimental basis and have been less focused than bladder regeneration. Bladder dysfunction was listed in MESH as "urinary bladder neck obstruction", "urinary bladder, overactive", and "urinary bladder, neurogenic". Using those keywords, several articles were searched and studied. The bladder dysfunction model includes bladder outlet obstruction, cryoinjured, diabetes, ischemia, and spinal cord injury. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), and skeletal muscle derived stem cells (SkMSCs) are used for transplantation to treat bladder dysfunction. The main mechanisms of stem cells to reconstitute or restore bladder dysfunction are migration, differentiation, and paracrine effects. The aim of this study is to review the stem cell therapy for bladder dysfunction and to provide the status of stem cell therapy for bladder dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang School of Medicine, Seoul 140-743, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang-Rae
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yun Seob
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hong Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D006801:Humans; D012038:Regeneration; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*