title: Association between earthquake events and cholera outbreaks: a cross-country 15-year longitudinal analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large earthquakes can cause population displacement, critical sanitation infrastructure damage, and increased threats to water resources, potentially predisposing populations to waterborne disease epidemics such as cholera. Problem The risk of cholera outbreaks after earthquake disasters remains uncertain. A cross-country analysis of World Health Organization (WHO) cholera data that would contribute to this discussion has yet to be published.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-country longitudinal analysis was conducted among 63 low- and middle-income countries from 1995-2009. The association between earthquake disasters of various effect sizes and a relative spike in cholera rates for a given country was assessed utilizing fixed-effects logistic regression and adjusting for gross domestic product per capita, water and sanitation level, flooding events, percent urbanization, and under-five child mortality. Also, the association between large earthquakes and cholera rate increases of various degrees was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight of the 63 countries had at least one year with reported cholera infections during the 15-year study period. Thirty-six of these 48 countries had at least one earthquake disaster. In adjusted analyses, country-years with ≥10,000 persons affected by an earthquake had 2.26 times increased odds (95 CI, 0.89-5.72, P = .08) of having a greater than average cholera rate that year compared to country-years having <10,000 individuals affected by an earthquake. The association between large earthquake disasters and cholera infections appeared to weaken as higher levels of cholera rate increases were tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A trend of increased risk of greater than average cholera rates when more people were affected by an earthquake in a country-year was noted. However these findings did not reach statistical significance at traditional levels and may be due to chance. Frequent large-scale cholera outbreaks after earthquake disasters appeared to be relatively uncommon.
authors.affiliation: 1 Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina USA.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sumner
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Nathan M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Thielman
mesh_terms: D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D055866:Earthquakes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio