title: Liver disease in cystic fibrosis: an update.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most widespread autosomal recessive genetic disorder that limits life expectation amongst the Caucasian population. As the median survival has increased related to early multidisciplinary intervention, other manifestations of CF have emerged especially for the broad spectrum of hepatobiliary involvement. The present study reviews the existing literature on liver disease in cystic fibrosis and describes the key issues for an adequate clinical evaluation and management of patients, with a focus on the pathogenetic, clinical and diagnostic-therapeutic aspects of liver disease in CF.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of electronic databases was undertaken for relevant studies published from 1990 about liver disease in cystic fibrosis. The databases searched were: EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane Library.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CF is due to mutations in the gene on chromosome 7 that encodes an amino acidic polypeptide named CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator). The hepatic manifestations include particular changes referring to the basic CFTR defect, iatrogenic lesions or consequences of the multisystem disease. Even though hepatobiliary disease is the most common non-pulmonary cause of mortality in CF (the third after pulmonary disease and transplant complications), only about the 33%of CF patients presents clinically significant hepatobiliary disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver disease will have a growing impact on survival and quality of life of cystic fibrosis patients because a longer life expectancy and for this it is important its early recognition and a correct clinical management aimed at delaying the onset of complications. This review could represent an opportunity to encourage researchers to better investigate genotype-phenotype correlation associated with the development of cystic fibrosis liver disease, especially for non-CFTR genetic polymorphisms, and detect predisposed individuals. Therapeutic trials are needed to find strategies of fibrosis prevention and to avoid its progression prior to development its related complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Pediatric Science, Bronchopneumology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe Fabio
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Dio
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Franzonello
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gennaro
authors.forename: Novella
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rotolo
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lionetti
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leonardi
keywords: Cystic Fibrosis; Liver Disease; Mutation