title: Perspective on rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury and new treatment options.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the role of caspase-dependent apoptosis, caspase 1, calpain 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in the development of rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one rats were divided into 3 groups - control, rhabdomyolysis and rhabdomyolysis + GSPE. Rhabdomyolysis was induced in the rhabdomyolysis and rhabdomyolysis + GSPE groups with the injection into both hind limbs of 10 ml/kg hypertonic (50%) glycerol following 24-hour dehydration on the 6th day. The rhabdomyolysis + GSPE group was given GSPE at 100 mg/kg by gavage for 7 days. The experiment was concluded 48 h after glycerol injection. Blood specimens were collected, and kidney tissues were extracted for histopathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified an increase in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, histopathological score, iNOS, caspase 3, caspase 1 and calpain 1 expression in the rhabdomyolysis group compared to the controls and a decrease in eNOS expression. In the rhabdomyolysis + GSPE group, however, there was a decrease in these mediators, together with an increase in eNOS expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows for the first time in the literature that calpain 1 is involved in the pathogenesis of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, and that GSPE may have a renoprotective effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulusoy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alkanat
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mungan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yuluğ
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orem
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012206:Rhabdomyolysis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D002154:Calpain; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020170:Caspase 1