title: Synthesis and characterization of a noncytotoxic, X-ray opaque polyurethane containing iodinated hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether as chain extender for biomedical applications.
abstract: An iodinated urethane polymer that does not require addition of X-ray attenuating additives to impart X-ray opacity was synthesized and characterized for biomedical applications. A new X-ray opaque diiodo compound, namely, 2,2'-(2,5-diiodobenzene-1,4-diyl)bis(oxy)diethanol (DBD), was synthesized by iodinating hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether and this compound was used as chain extender during polyurethane synthesis so that X-ray opacity could be imparted to the polymer formed. X-ray opaque polyurethane (XPU) was synthesized by reacting 1,6-diisocyanatohexane with poly(hexamethylene carbonate)diol and DBD. X-ray opacity of XPU was measured with a fluoroscopy machine using BaSO4 -filled polyurethane as controls. Radiographic images showed that XPU sample had X-ray opacity equivalent to 15 wt % BaSO4-filled polymer. In vivo imaging in a rabbit model showed that the material could be readily distinguishable from bones. XPU was found to be hemocompatible and noncytotoxic to L929 fibroblast cell lines. Optical transparency measurements using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer showed that XPU transmitted 85% of visible light.
authors.affiliation: Polymer Processing Laboratory, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, 695012, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiran
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D054879:Halogenation; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D017953:Isocyanates / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D011817:Rabbits; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006873:Hydroquinones; D017953:Isocyanates; D011140:Polyurethanes; C015262:1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate; C031927:hydroquinone
keywords: X-ray; X-ray opacity; biocompatibility; poly(hexamethylene carbonate)diol; polyurethane