title: Association of low baseline levels of erythrocyte folate with treatment nonresponse at three months in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving methotrexate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether baseline concentrations of one-carbon metabolism biomarkers are associated with treatment nonresponse and adverse events in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving methotrexate (MTX).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective derivation cohort (n = 285) and validation cohort (n = 102) of RA patients receiving MTX were studied. Concentrations of plasma homocysteine, serum vitamin B12 , serum folate, erythrocyte vitamin B6 , and erythrocyte folate were determined at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Nonresponse after 3 months was assessed using the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. Adverse events at 3 months were assessed using biochemical parameters and health status questionnaires. Analyses were corrected for baseline DAS28, age, sex, MTX dose, comedications, and presence of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the derivation cohort, the mean DAS28 scores at baseline and 3 months were 4.94 and 3.12, respectively, and 78% of patients experienced adverse events. This was similar between the 2 cohorts, despite a lower MTX dose in the validation cohort. Patients with lower levels of erythrocyte folate at baseline had a higher DAS28 at 3 months in both the derivation cohort (β = -0.15, P = 0.037) and the validation cohort (β = -0.20, P = 0.048). In line with these results, lower baseline erythrocyte folate levels were linearly associated with a 3-month DAS28 of >3.2 in both cohorts (derivation cohort, P = 0.049; validation cohort, P = 0.021) and with nonresponse according to the EULAR criteria (derivation cohort, P = 0.066; validation cohort, P = 0.027). None of the other biomarkers (levels at baseline or changes over 3 months) were associated with the DAS28 or treatment nonresponse. Baseline levels of the biomarkers and changes in levels after 3 months were not associated with incidence of adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low baseline concentration of erythrocyte folate is associated with high disease activity and nonresponse at 3 months after the start of MTX treatment and could be used in prediction models for MTX outcome. None of the investigated one-carbon metabolism biomarkers were associated with incidence of adverse events at 3 months.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M C F J
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Rotte
authors.forename: P H P
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: S M F
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pluijm
authors.forename: M Bulatović
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Calasan
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barendregt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Zeben
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van der Lubbe
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: de Sonnaville
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindemans
authors.forename: J M W
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hazes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Jonge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005838:Genotype; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D006710:Homocysteine; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D014805:Vitamin B 12; D008727:Methotrexate