title: Andrographolide downregulates the v-Src and Bcr-Abl oncoproteins and induces Hsp90 cleavage in the ROS-dependent suppression of cancer malignancy.
abstract: Andrographolide is a diterpenoid compound isolated from Andrographis paniculata that exhibits anticancer activity. We previously reported that andrographolide suppressed v-Src-mediated cellular transformation by promoting the degradation of Src. In the present study, we demonstrated the involvement of Hsp90 in the andrographolide-mediated inhibition of Src oncogenic activity. Using a proteomics approach, a cleavage fragment of Hsp90α was identified in andrographolide-treated cells. The concentration- and time-dependent induction of Hsp90 cleavage that accompanied the reduction in Src was validated in RK3E cells transformed with either v-Src or a human truncated c-Src variant and treated with andrographolide. In cancer cells, the induction of Hsp90 cleavage by andrographolide and its structural derivatives correlated well with decreased Src levels, the suppression of transformation, and the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, the andrographolide-induced Hsp90 cleavage, Src degradation, inhibition of transformation, and induction of apoptosis were abolished by a ROS inhibitor, N-acetyl-cysteine. Notably, Hsp90 cleavage, decreased levels of Bcr-Abl (another known Hsp90 client protein), and the induction of apoptosis were also observed in human K562 leukemia cells treated with andrographolide or its active derivatives. Together, we demonstrated a novel mechanism by which andrographolide suppressed cancer malignancy that involved inhibiting Hsp90 function and reducing the levels of Hsp90 client proteins. Our results broaden the molecular basis of andrographolide-mediated anticancer activity.
authors.affiliation: Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Hung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chao-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fong-Ping
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Fen
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Deng
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mohd Mujahid
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Barnali
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maiti
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Kai
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. Electronic address: cmsun@mail.nctu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chung-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan. Electronic address: slfu@ym.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shu-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016313:Genes, abl / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016391:Genes, src / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004224:Diterpenes; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C030419:andrographolide
keywords: Andrographolide; Apoptosis; Bcr-Abl; Hsp90; ROS; Src