title: A pilot study of in vivo identification of pancreatic cystic neoplasms with needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy under endosonographic guidance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL) is flawed by inadequate diagnostic yield. Needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) utilizes a sub-millimeter probe that is compatible with an EUS needle and enables real-time imaging with microscopic detail of PCL. The aims of the In vivo nCLE Study in the Pancreas with Endosonography of Cystic Tumors (INSPECT) pilot study were to assess both the diagnostic potential of nCLE in differentiating cyst types and the safety of the technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight referral centers performed nCLE in patients with PCL. Stage 1 defined descriptive terms for structures visualized by an off-line, unblinded consensus review. Cases were reviewed with a gastrointestinal pathologist to identify correlations between histology and nCLE. Stage 2 assessed whether the specific criteria defined in Stage 1 could identify pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) including intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, mucinous cystic adenoma, or adenocarcinoma in an off-line blinded consensus review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 66 patients underwent nCLE imaging and images were available for 65, 8 of which were subsequently excluded due to insufficient information for consensus reference diagnosis. The presence of epithelial villous structures based on nCLE was associated with PCN (P=0.004) and provided a sensitivity of 59%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100 %, and negative predictive value of 50%. The overall complication rate was 9% and included pancreatitis (1 mild case, 1 moderate case), transient abdominal pain (n=1), and intracystic bleeding not requiring any further measures (n=3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary data suggested that nCLE has a high specificity in the detection of PCN, but may be limited by a low sensitivity. The safety of nCLE requires further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Vani J A
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Konda
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meining
authors.forename: Laith H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannini
authors.forename: Joo Ha
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Uzma D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Simon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Harry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Aslanian
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wroblewski
authors.forename: Irving
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Waxman
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation; D008875:Middle Aged; D018297:Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous / Q000473:pathology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects