title: Whole salivary interleukin-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels in patients with chronic periodontitis with and without prediabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cytokine profile in unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) of patients with prediabetes and chronic periodontitis (CP) remains uninvestigated. The aim of this study is to assess interleukin (IL)-6 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 levels in UWS of patients with CP with and without prediabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight males (aged 39 to 51 years) were divided into three groups: group 1: 28 patients with CP and prediabetes; group 2: 30 patients with CP and without prediabetes; and group 3: 30 controls. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, periodontal parameters (plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, attachment loss, and marginal bone loss), and number of missing teeth were recorded. UWS samples were collected, and UWS flow rate (UWSFR) was measured. IL-6 and MMP-8 were measured in UWS using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean FBG and HbA1c levels were significantly higher in group 1 (119.3 ± 3.1 mg/dL and 6.1% ± 0.2%) than group 2 (80.1 ± 3.5 mg/dL and 4.8% ± 0.5%; P <0.001) and group 3 (75.3 ± 2.2 mg/dL and 4.3% ± 0.2%; P <0.05). UWSFR was significantly higher in groups 2 (0.53 ± 0.1 mL/minute; P <0.05) and 3 (0.51 ± 0.1 mL/minute; P <0.01) than group 1 (0.33 ± 0.05 mL/minute). Periodontal parameters were worse in group 1 (P <0.05) and group 2 (P <0.05) than group 3. There was no difference in periodontal parameters, numbers of missing teeth, or salivary IL-6 and MMP-8 levels between patients in groups 1 and 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salivary IL-6 and MMP-8 levels are elevated in patients with CP with and without prediabetes.
authors.affiliation: Imaging and Biomechanical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fawad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Javed
authors.forename: Hameeda Bashir
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Abid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehmood
authors.forename: Crawford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; C508600:IL6 protein, human; C488762:MMP8 protein, human