title: Systematic review of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor discontinuation studies in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents (anti-TNFs) have changed the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for more than a decade. Use of these medications often results in remission, or at least low disease activity (LDA), but at a substantial cost. It has been postulated that discontinuation of these medications among patients with RA in remission or LDA may be possible without an associated increase in RA disease activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this systematic literature review was to summarize published articles regarding discontinuation of anti-TNFs in patients with RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was conducted to identify English-language articles indexed in PubMed from July 1999 through June 2013 reporting results regarding anti-TNF discontinuation in patients with RA. Study designs included observational longitudinal studies and clinical trials. Outcomes had to include 1 of the following: time to flare after anti-TNF discontinuation, failure to remain in remission, or proportion of patients in LDA or remission at the end of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies examined discontinuation of anti-TNF therapies in RA. Inclusion criteria varied significantly across studies in terms of disease activity status (remission or LDA) and duration of this disease status (1 year or 1 month) before discontinuation being attempted. Results from larger studies (eg, >100 patients) suggest that the proportion of patients who discontinued anti-TNF and did not have an increase in disease activity ranged from 24% to 81%. In 3 studies that evaluated durability of LDA or remission after anti-TNF discontinuation, the mean time to relapse varied from 15 weeks to 17 months. In studies that analyzed radiographic data, once therapies were reinitiated after an increase in disease activity was detected, patients generally did not experience progression in structural damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy is achievable for many RA patients who start in clinical remission or LDA. However, heterogeneous inclusion criteria and highly variable outcome definitions across studies make it difficult to efficiently summarize the literature on this topic or to conduct a meta-analysis. There is a lack of evidence regarding how to best predict which patients have the greatest likelihood of continuing to do well after discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Navarro-Millán
authors.forename: Sebastian E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sattui
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Curtis
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000079424:Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D000079424:Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
keywords: anti–tumor necrosis factor discontinuation; rheumatoid arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis remission