title: Geno- and cytotoxicity of propyl gallate food additive.
abstract: Synthetic phenolic food additives, such as propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (propyl galate; PG), have been used as an antioxidant in the food industry to prevent oils from spoiling. Their toxicity is one of the challengeable issues resulting from the widespread usage of them in food-related industrials. In this study, we investigated the anticell proliferation effects of PG on A549 lung cancer cells. The result showed that PG dose and time dependently decreased the growth of A549 cells with an half-maximal inhibitory concentration of approximately 1 × 10(-3) and 5 × 10(-4)M of PG at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. In addition, DNA strand breaks have been observed through the comet assay technique. Also, morphology of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stained cells showed an obvious fragmentation in the chromatin and DNA rings within the nucleus of PG-treated cells, and, finally, flow cytometry analyses of the cells confirmed DAPI staining assay and determined early and late apoptosis in treated cells.
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran .
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamishehkar
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khani
authors.forename: Soheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kashanian
authors.forename: Jafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eskandani
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005503:Food Additives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D011435:Propyl Gallate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005503:Food Additives; D011435:Propyl Gallate
keywords: A549 lung cancer cells; DAPI staining assay; apoptosis; comet assay; flow cytometry; propyl gallate (PG)