title: Idiopathic macular hole: analysis of visual outcomes and the use of indocyanine green or brilliant blue for internal limiting membrane peel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim was to analyze outcomes of idiopathic macular hole surgeries in relation to staging and the use of indocyanine green (ICG) or brilliant blue (BB) for internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline, surgical, and outcome data for 351 consecutive primary macular hole surgeries was prospectively collected using electronic medical record software between 2001 and 2011. The outcomes for these cases were analysed in relation to staging and the use of ICG (0.5 mg/ml) or BB for ILM peel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 68.9 years (range 39-87) with 66.4 % females and 54.1 % right eyes. Follow-up duration was median 0.55 years. Vision was significantly improved from logMAR 0.97 (SD 0.45) (Snellen equivalent 20/185) preoperatively to 0.65 (SD 0.51) (20/90) at final follow-up. One hundred and eighteen patients had stage 2 macular holes, 185 stage 3, and 48 stage 4. Mean duration of symptoms varied with stage of hole: stage 2 0.53 years (SD 0.43), stage 3 0.79 years (SD 0.68), and stage 4 1.20 years (SD 1.26), p = 0.0002. Closure rates of the holes were significantly different, with stage 2 closing in 95.8 %, stage 3 in 73.0 %, and stage 4 in 56.3 %, p < 0.0001. At final follow-up, mean visual acuity (VA) was 0.42 (SD 0.33) (20/50) for stage 2, 0.75 (SD 0.53) (20/110) for stage 3, and 0.87 (SD 0.60) (20/145) for stage 4 holes, p < 0.0001. Postoperative VA was 0.71 (SD 0.53) (20/100) for patients in whom ICG was used, and 0.52 (SD 0.43) (20/70) for BB, p = 0.003. The proportion of patients who achieved a closed hole was less for ICG (73.2 %) than BB (89.9 %), p = 0.0005. For those patients with stage 2 hole who achieved hole closure, mean improvement in VA was significantly better for BB (0.47, SD 0.36) than for ICG (0.30, SD 0.31), p = 0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macular hole stage is a useful measure to help predict the chance of postoperative hole closure and visual outcome. The relationship between duration of symptoms and increasing stage suggests macula hole patients require prompt referral for consideration of early surgery. Better visual outcomes were achieved with BB for ILM peel than with ICG.
authors.affiliation: St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, UK, SE1 7EH.
authors.forename: Tom H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D007208:Indocyanine Green; C004692:coomassie Brilliant Blue