title: Increased bcl-2 Protein Levels in Rat Primary Astrocyte Culture Following Chronic Lithium Treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 protein, bcl-2, is an important anti-apoptotic factor that has been implicated in lithium's neuroprotective effect. However, most studies have focused on assessing the effects of lithium in neurons, ignoring examination of bcl-2 in astrocytes, which also influence neuronal survival and are affected in bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chronic lithium treatment also elevates bcl-2 expression in astrocytes compared with neuronal and mixed neuron-astrocyte cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat primary astrocyte, neuronal, and mixed neuron-astrocyte cultures were prepared from the cerebral cortices of 18-day embryos. The cell cultures were treated with lithium (1 mM) or vehicle for 24 h or 7 days. Thereafter, bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels were determined by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic, but not acute, lithium treatment significantly increased bcl-2 protein levels in the astrocyte cultures compared with the vehicle-treated cultures. While lithium treatment increased bcl-2 protein levels in both neuronal and mixed neuron-astrocyte cultures, the elevations fell short of statistical significance compared with the respective vehicle-treated cultures. However, neither acute nor chronic lithium treatment affected bcl-2 mRNA levels in any of the three cell types studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased bcl-2 levels in rat primary astrocyte cultures following chronic lithium treatment suggest astrocytes are also a target of lithium's action. In light of the evidence showing decreased numbers of glial cells in the post-mortem brain of patients bipolar disorder with and increased glial numbers following lithium treatment, the findings of this study indicate that lithium's action on astrocytes may account, at least in part, for its therapeutic effects in bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keshavarz
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emamghoreishi
authors.forename: Ali Akbar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nekooeian
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: J Warsh
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Zare
keywords: Astrocytes; Lithium; Neuron; Primary cell culture; bcl-2