title: Multivariate reference technique for quantitative analysis of fiber-optic tissue Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: We report a novel method making use of multivariate reference signals of fused silica and sapphire Raman signals generated from a ball-lens fiber-optic Raman probe for quantitative analysis of in vivo tissue Raman measurements in real time. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression modeling is applied to extract the characteristic internal reference Raman signals (e.g., shoulder of the prominent fused silica boson peak (~130 cm(-1)); distinct sapphire ball-lens peaks (380, 417, 646, and 751 cm(-1))) from the ball-lens fiber-optic Raman probe for quantitative analysis of fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy. To evaluate the analytical value of this novel multivariate reference technique, a rapid Raman spectroscopy system coupled with a ball-lens fiber-optic Raman probe is used for in vivo oral tissue Raman measurements (n = 25 subjects) under 785 nm laser excitation powers ranging from 5 to 65 mW. An accurate linear relationship (R(2) = 0.981) with a root-mean-square error of cross validation (RMSECV) of 2.5 mW can be obtained for predicting the laser excitation power changes based on a leave-one-subject-out cross-validation, which is superior to the normal univariate reference method (RMSE = 6.2 mW). A root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.4 mW (R(2) = 0.985) can also be achieved for laser power prediction in real time when we applied the multivariate method independently on the five new subjects (n = 166 spectra). We further apply the multivariate reference technique for quantitative analysis of gelatin tissue phantoms that gives rise to an RMSEP of ~2.0% (R(2) = 0.998) independent of laser excitation power variations. This work demonstrates that multivariate reference technique can be advantageously used to monitor and correct the variations of laser excitation power and fiber coupling efficiency in situ for standardizing the tissue Raman intensity to realize quantitative analysis of tissue Raman measurements in vivo, which is particularly appealing in challenging Raman endoscopic applications.
authors.affiliation: Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576.
authors.forename: Mads Sylvest
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bergholt
authors.forename: Shiyamala
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duraipandian
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012015:Reference Standards; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards