title: Cost-effectiveness and cost utility analysis of three pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in children of Peru.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical and economic burden associated with invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) diseases is substantial in the Latin America and Caribbean region, where pneumococcal vaccines have only been introduced to a few countries. This study analyzed the cost-effectiveness and cost utility of three different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) for Peru.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model that simulated the disease processes in a birth cohort over a lifetime, within 1,128 month cycles was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 10-valent pneumococcal NTHi protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) and 7- and 13-valent PCVs (PCV-7 and PCV-13). Expected quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), cost-savings and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without vaccination, pneumonia was associated with the greatest health economic burden (90% of QALYs lost and 63% of lifetime direct medical costs); while acute otitis media (AOM) was responsible for 1% of QALYs lost and 25% of direct medical costs. All vaccines were predicted to be cost-effective for Peru, with PHiD-CV being most cost-effective. PHiD-CV was predicted to generate 50 more QALYs gained and required a reduced investment (-US$ 3.4 million) versus PCV-13 (discounted data), and was therefore dominant and cost saving. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that PHiD-CV generated more QALYs gained at a reduced cost than PCV-13 in 84% of the simulations and less QALYs gains at a reduced cost in 16%. Additional scenarios using different assumptions on vaccine efficacies based on previous evidence were explored, but no significant change in the overall cost-effective results were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this modeling study predict that PCVs are likely to be a cost-effective strategy to help relieve the epidemiological and economic burden associated with pediatric pneumococcal and NTHi diseases for Peru. PHiD-CV is likely to be a dominant (better health gains at a reduced net cost) intervention compared to PCV-13 or PCV-7. The most significant drivers for these results are the better health and economic profile of PHiD-CV against AOM and its reduced cost per dose available through the PAHO Revolving Fund in the LAC region.
authors.affiliation: GSK Argentina, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Jorge.A.Gomez@gsk.com.
authors.forename: Jorge Alberto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tirado
authors.forename: Aldo Amador
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Navarro Rojas
authors.forename: Maria Mercedes
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Castrejon Alba
authors.forename: Oleksandr
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Topachevskyi
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017046:Cost Savings; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008390:Markov Chains; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000191:economics*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate