title: Developmental origins of the world's largest flowers, Rafflesiaceae.
abstract: Rafflesiaceae, which produce the world's largest flowers, have captivated the attention of biologists for nearly two centuries. Despite their fame, however, the developmental nature of the floral organs in these giants has remained a mystery. Most members of the family have a large floral chamber defined by a diaphragm. The diaphragm encloses the reproductive organs where pollination by carrion flies occurs. In lieu of a functional genetic system to investigate floral development in these highly specialized holoparasites, we used comparative studies of structure, development, and gene-expression patterns to investigate the homology of their floral organs. Our results surprisingly demonstrate that the otherwise similar floral chambers in two Rafflesiaceae subclades, Rafflesia and Sapria, are constructed very differently. In Rafflesia, the diaphragm is derived from the petal whorl. In contrast, in Sapria it is derived from elaboration of a unique ring structure located between the perianth and the stamen whorl, which, although developed to varying degrees among the genera, appears to be a synapomorphy of the Rafflesiaceae. Thus, the characteristic features that define the floral chamber in these closely related genera are not homologous. These differences refute the prevailing hypothesis that similarities between Sapria and Rafflesia are ancestral in the family. Instead, our data indicate that Rafflesia-like and Sapria-like floral chambers represent two distinct derivations of this morphology. The developmental repatterning we identified in Rafflesia, in particular, may have provided architectural reinforcement, which permitted the explosive growth in floral diameter that has arisen secondarily within this subclade.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA 02138.
authors.forename: Lachezar A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nikolov
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Endress
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugumaran
authors.forename: Sawitree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasirat
authors.forename: Suyanee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vessabutr
authors.forename: Elena M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000096:biosynthesis; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D008296:Malaysia; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary
keywords: ABC model; comparative gene expression; evo-devo; gigantism; parasitic plants