title: Improvement in Memory and Brain Long-term Potentiation Deficits Due to Permanent Hypoperfusion/Ischemia by Grape Seed Extract in Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral hypoperfusion/ischemia (CHI) is a neurological disease where impaired hippocampus electrical activity and cognition caused by a serial pathophysiological events. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic oral administration of grape seed extract (GSE) on passive avoidance memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) after permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2CCAO) in male adult rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into: 1) Sham+Veh, 2) Isch+Veh, 3) Sham+GSE, 4) Isch+GSE. In order to make 2CCAO as an animal model of CHI, carotid arteries were ligatured and then cut bilaterally. To evaluation of passive avoidance memory, step-down latency (STL) was measured and LTP was recorded from hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) after high frequency stimulation (HFS) in all rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that memory was significantly impaired in rats after CHI (P<0.001) concomitant with hippocampal LTP inhibition (P<0.05, P<0.01 for LTP1 and LTP48 respectively). GSE treatment significantly improved memory impairment and increased hippocampal LTP in rats with 2CCAO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results in present study suggest that GSE exhibits therapeutic potential for short-and long-term memories as well as LTP in DG, which is most likely related at least in part to its antioxidative and free radical scavenging actions.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Research Center and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarkaki
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafieirad
authors.forename: Seyed Ebrahim
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hossini
authors.forename: Yaghoub
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Farbood
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Motamedi
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammad Taghi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mansouri
authors.forename: Bahareh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naghizadeh
keywords: Grape seed extract; Hypoperfusion; Ischemia; LTP; Memory; Rat