title: The economic burden of complications occurring in major surgical procedures: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On the basis of a systematic review, we aimed to establish the cost and drivers of cost and/or resource use of intra- and perioperative complications occurring as a result of selected major surgical procedures, as well as to understand the relationship between costs and severity of complication and, consequently, the economic burden they represent. We also assessed the clinical and economic methodologies used to derive costs and resource use across the studies with a view to providing guidance on reporting standards for these studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE and Econlit (from 2002 to 2012) for study publications including resource use/cost data relating to surgical complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 38 relevant studies on pancreatic (n = 14), urologic (n = 4), gynaecological (n = 6), thoracic (n = 13) and hepatic surgery (n = 1). All studies showed that complications lead to higher resource use and hospital costs compared with surgical procedures without complications. Costs depend on type of complication and complication severity, and are driven primarily by prolonged hospitalisation. There was considerable heterogeneity between studies with regard to patient populations, outcomes and procedures, as well as a lack of consistency and transparency of reporting of costs/resource use. Complication severity grading systems were used infrequently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall conclusions of included studies are consistent: complications represent an important economic burden for health care providers. We conclude that more accurate and consistent data collection is required to serve as input for good-quality economic analyses, which in turn can inform hospital decisions on cost-efficient allocation of their limited resources.
authors.affiliation: Abacus International, Bicester, UK, apatel@dresources.com.
authors.forename: Ajay S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Brigitte W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Haglund
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000191:economics*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000191:economics*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000191:economics*