title: Functional outcome analysis of triplane and tillaux fractures after closed reduction and percutaneous fixation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are limited data regarding the outcomes of triplane and tillaux fractures. The purpose of our study was to provide a long-term follow-up analysis of the functional outcomes as they relate to articular displacement using validated outcome tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart and radiographic review was performed to identify the age, the sex, the treatment method, complications, the fracture type, and articular displacement. Most patients underwent closed reduction with percutaneous fixation. We used 2 validated outcome measures, namely the Foot and Ankle Outcomes Score and the Marx Activity Scale, to assess functional results at a minimum of 2 years from the time of injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 78 patients between 2000 and 2009 who underwent computed tomographic scan evaluation of either a triplane (n=58) or a tillaux fracture (n=20). Triplane fractures occurred at a significantly younger age than tillaux fractures for both men and women (P=0.01). Women were found to suffer transitional fractures at a younger age than men (P<0.001). Patients with residual articular displacement of up to 2.4 mm after definitive treatment did not have worse functional outcomes compared with those who had an anatomic reduction on any of the Foot and Ankle Outcomes Score subscales and the Marx Activity Scale. Similarly, there was no correlation between the magnitude of residual gap or step-off with functional outcome when the gap and step-off are <2.5 mm. Patients with longer-term follow-up (>4 y) did not have deterioration of function compared with those with a follow-up of 2 to 4 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tillaux and triplane fractures have good medium-term outcomes after reduction and fixation. Using primarily closed reduction and percutaneous fixation techniques, patients with a residual displacement of <2.5 mm after treatment have a uniformly good result. Functional results do not deteriorate at longer-term follow-up (4 to 10 y) as long as adequate reduction has been achieved. Percutaneous fixation yielded uniformly good results on all scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic level III.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopaedics, University of Cincinnati †Department of Orthopaedics, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Imran K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eismann
authors.forename: Alvin H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome