title: Postmenopausal osteoporosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to provide a thorough updated review of the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There have been several important findings in the field of postmenopausal osteoporosis over the past 1-2 years. Fewer morphometric vertebral fractures were found in women treated for 6 years with zoledronic acid compared with those who stopped treatment after 3 years. Longer duration of bisphosphonate therapy is associated with a higher risk of atypical femur fractures. Combination therapy with teriparatide and denosumab appears to increase bone mineral density to a greater extent than either therapy alone in postmenopausal women at high risk for fracture. There are several novel therapies under investigation for the treatment of osteoporosis, which are in various stages of development. Nonadherence to osteoporosis therapies continues to be a major problem in clinical practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are numerous effective pharmacologic treatment options for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate drug holidays continue to be an area of significant debate.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology/Metabolism bMercy Health Osteoporosis and Bone Health Services, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Dima L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Diab
authors.forename: Nelson B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D019386:Alendronate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069448:Denosumab; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D019379:Teriparatide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D007093:Imidazoles; D019379:Teriparatide; D014807:Vitamin D; D000069448:Denosumab; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid; D002116:Calcitonin; D002118:Calcium; D019386:Alendronate