title: International trade standards for commodities and products derived from animals: the need for a system that integrates food safety and animal disease risk management.
abstract: A case is made for greater emphasis to be placed on value chain management as an alternative to geographically based disease risk mitigation for trade in commodities and products derived from animals. The geographic approach is dependent upon achievement of freedom in countries or zones from infectious agents that cause so-called transboundary animal diseases, while value chain-based risk management depends upon mitigation of animal disease hazards potentially associated with specific commodities or products irrespective of the locality of production. This commodity-specific approach is founded on the same principles upon which international food safety standards are based, viz. hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP). Broader acceptance of a value chain approach enables animal disease risk management to be combined with food safety management by the integration of commodity-based trade and HACCP methodologies and thereby facilitates 'farm to fork' quality assurance. The latter is increasingly recognized as indispensable to food safety assurance and is therefore a pre-condition to safe trade. The biological principles upon which HACCP and commodity-based trade are based are essentially identical, potentially simplifying sanitary control in contrast to current separate international sanitary standards for food safety and animal disease risks that are difficult to reconcile. A value chain approach would not only enable more effective integration of food safety and animal disease risk management of foodstuffs derived from animals but would also ameliorate adverse environmental and associated socio-economic consequences of current sanitary standards based on the geographic distribution of animal infections. This is especially the case where vast veterinary cordon fencing systems are relied upon to separate livestock and wildlife as is the case in much of southern Africa. A value chain approach would thus be particularly beneficial to under-developed regions of the world such as southern Africa specifically and sub-Saharan Africa more generally where it would reduce incompatibility between attempts to expand and commercialize livestock production and the need to conserve the subcontinent's unparalleled wildlife and wilderness resources.
authors.affiliation: TAD Scientific CC, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Penrith
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thalwitzer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Osofsky
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D003132:Commerce / Q000592:standards*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety / Q000592:standards*; D059022:Food Safety / Q000379:methods*; D007391:International Cooperation; D058751:Livestock; D012308:Risk Management / Q000458:organization & administration*
keywords: HACCP; commodity-based trade; foot-and-mouth disease; value chains