title: The association between use of electronic media in bed before going to sleep and insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, morningness, and chronotype.
abstract: This study investigated whether the use of a television, computer, gaming console, tablet, mobile phone, or audio player in bed before going to sleep was associated with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, morningness, or chronotype. 532 students aged 18-39 were recruited from lectures or via e-mail. Respondents reported the frequency and average duration of their in-bed media use, as well as insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, morningness-eveningness preference and bedtime/rise time on days off. Mean time of media use per night was 46.6 minutes. The results showed that computer usage for playing/surfing/reading was positively associated with insomnia, and negatively associated with morningness. Mobile phone usage for playing/surfing/texting was positively associated with insomnia and chronotype, and negatively associated with morningness. None of the other media devices were related to either of these variables, and no type of media use was related to daytime sleepiness.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychosocial Science University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.
authors.forename: Ingrid Nesdal
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Fossum
authors.forename: Linn Tinnesand
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Nordnes
authors.forename: Sunniva Straume
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Storemark
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bjorvatn
authors.forename: Ståle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pallesen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D040421:Cell Phone; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003201:Computers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D012890:Sleep; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013690:Television