title: Chemical analysis of post explosion samples obtained as a result of model field experiments.
abstract: Five different explosives were detonated in a series of field experiments. Each experiment (detonation of the charge of each specific explosive) was repeated three times. The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions, exceeding those of research published so far. Detonated charges were uniform in size and, as far as possible, in shape. The explosives used originated from the same batch. Additionally, the same kind of electric detonators were used. Witness plates (sheets of galvanised steel 100 cm × 90 cm × 0.5 mm) were used to collect post-blast residues in a reproducible way. They were placed relatively close to the charge to minimise the influence of the wind. Samples were collected by systematic swabbing of the surface of the plate by acetone moistened cotton swabs. Samples were packed tight, transferred to the laboratory, and extracted with methanol. Extracts were concentrated by solvent evaporation, cleaned by centrifugation, and analysed using HPLC-DAD. Each extract was analysed three times and the mean value of the amount of the given explosive within the extract was calculated. For each of the explosive materials used the results of the repetition of the experiments proved them to be irreproducible. After each detonation of a specific charge different amounts of given explosives were found in post-blast samples. Also, the intuitively expected relationship between the distance from the charge and amount of post-blast residues were not observed. These results are consistent with previously published results of field experiments. The lack of reproducibility may be explained by differences in efficiency of detonation. The efficiency of a detonation may be influenced even by small differences in the shape of the charge as well as by the position and properties of the detonator. The lack of dependency between the amount of the explosive in the post-blast samples and the distance from the charge may be explained by the fact that during detonation, particles of unreacted explosives are not uniformly dispersed in all directions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: rborusiewicz@ies.krakow.pl.
authors.forename: Rafal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borusiewicz
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zadora
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zieba-Palus
keywords: Explosives; Forensic analysis; HPLC; Post-blast residues