title: Subungual exostosis of the toes: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subungual exostosis is a relatively common benign bone tumor that occurs in the distal phalanges of the toes and can be a source of pain and nail deformity. There is controversy about the treatment of these lesions and there are few studies that have synthesized what is known and provided meaningful information on treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We performed a systematic review to address the following questions: (1) What is the best surgical approach for excising these lesions? (2) What is the age range, sex distribution, and presenting symptoms of subungual exostoses and which toe is most frequently affected? (3) What complications arise from treatment?
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently searched multiple databases (Medline, 1950-May 2013; Cochrane EBM database, and EMBASE, 1980-May 2013 provided by OVID; ACP Journal Club, 2003-May 2013; CINAHL by EBSCO, 1937-May 2013; and PubMed by NLM, 1940-May 2013), and key words were chosen to achieve a broad search strategy. We included studies on the management of toe exostoses with > 10 cases and we excluded studies that reported on upper extremity exostoses or osteochondromas. Demographic and treatment data were collected from each article by two independent authors and collated. A total of 124 abstracts were screened, and 116 articles were reviewed in full, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete marginal excision through a fish mouth incision protecting the nail led to a recurrence rate of 4% and satisfactory clinical results, defined as no requirement for postoperative intervention and a satisfactory clinical appearance in 73%. Most studies provided incomplete descriptions of specific surgical techniques used. Fifty-five percent of the patients were younger than 18 years of age. A history of toe trauma before diagnosis was present in approximately 30% of the cases. Delayed diagnosis occurred in approximately 10% of the cases and onychodystrophy occurred in more than 10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is weak evidence to guide management of subungual exostosis. Adequate wound management postexcision aiming to minimize disruption to the nail bed and matrix may prevent onychodystrophy, which is a common complication of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of British Columbia, 3-11 Royal Avenue East, New Westminster, BC, Canada, madcambra@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: DaCambra
authors.forename: Sumit K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferri-de-Barros
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D005096:Exostoses / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009260:Nail Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D015831:Osteochondroma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D050277:Toe Phalanges / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014034:Toes; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult