title: Effects of orthostasis on endocrine responses to psychosocial stress.
abstract: Standardized psychological procedures have been designed to induce physiological stress responses. However, the impact of standing (orthostasis) on the physiological reaction after psychological stress remains unclear. The purpose of the current analysis was to examine and quantify the relative contribution of orthostasis to the physiological stress response by comparing a "standing with stress" to a "standing without stress" condition. We investigated the effect of standing with and without stress on responses of the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis using a standardized psychosocial stress protocol (Trier Social Stress Test) and a non-stress condition in a repeated measures design. Subjects (N=30) were exposed to both conditions in randomized order and had to maintain a standing, upright position for 10minutes. In the "standing with stress" condition, significant increases in repeatedly assessed plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EP), as well as in saliva cortisol were found, while in the "standing without stress" condition, no significant changes in plasma epinephrine and saliva cortisol were observed. Calculations of the relative contribution of orthostasis to physiological stress responses revealed that 25.61% of the NE increase, 82.94% of the EP increase, and 68.91% of the cortisol increase, could be attributed to psychosocial stress adjusted for the effects of orthostasis and basal endocrine output. Although these results are indicative for a marked endocrine reaction that is caused by psychosocial stress alone, our findings show that the contribution of orthostasis must be taken into account when interpreting endocrine data collected in a psychosocial stress test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Biopsychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zürich, Switzerland. Electronic address: nater@uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Urs M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Nater
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ditzen
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strahler
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ehlert
mesh_terms: D004244:Dizziness / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011187:Posture; D027544:Salvia / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000516:alpha-Amylases; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Catecholamines; Cortisol; HPA axis; Orthostasis; Psychosocial stress; SAM system