title: Embryonic expression of the transforming growth factor beta ligand and receptor genes in chicken.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling regulates a myriad of biological processes during embryogenesis, in the adult, and during the manifestation of disease. TGFβ signaling is propagated through one of three TGFβ ligands interacting with Type I and Type II receptors, and Type III co-receptors. Although TGFβ signaling is regulated partly by the combinatorial expression patterns of TGFβ receptors and ligands, a comprehensive gene expression analysis has not been published.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report the embryonic mRNA expression patterns in chicken embryos of the canonical TGFβ ligands (TGFB1, TGFB2, and TGFB3) and receptors (TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3), plus the Activin A receptor, type 1 (ACVR1) and co receptor Endoglin (ENG) that also transduce TGFβ signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGFB ligands and receptors show dynamic and frequently overlapping expression patterns in numerous embryonic cell layers and structures. Integrating expression information identifies combinations of ligands and receptors that are involved in specific developmental processes including somitogenesis, cardiogenesis and vasculogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cooley
authors.forename: Tatiana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Yatskievych
authors.forename: Parker B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Antin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D030161:Avian Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D002642:Chick Embryo; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D030161:Avian Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
keywords: Gallus gallus; chicken; in situ hybridization; transforming growth factor beta