title: Carbonic anhydrase IX as an imaging and therapeutic target for tumors and metastases.
abstract: Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) which is a zinc containing metalloprotein, efficiently catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. It is constitutively up-regulated in several cancer types and has an important role in tumor progression, acidification and metastasis. High expression of CAIX generally correlates with poor prognosis and is related to a decrease in the disease-free interval following successful therapy. Therefore, it is considered as a prognostic indicator in oncology.In this review, we describe CAIX regulation and its role in tumor hypoxia, acidification and metastasis. In addition, the molecular imaging of CAIX and its potential for use in cancer detection, diagnosis, staging, and for use in following therapy response is discussed. Both antibodies and small molecular weight compounds have been used for targeted imaging of CAIX expression. The use of CAIX expression as an attractive and promising candidate marker for systemic anticancer therapy is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA, Narges.Tafreshi@Moffitt.org.
authors.forename: Narges K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Tafreshi
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Marilyn M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gillies
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; C477378:carbonic anhydrase XII; D015032:Zinc