title: Mismatch negativity is a stronger indicator of functional outcomes than neurocognition or theory of mind in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mismatch negativity (MMN) is known to be associated with neurocognition, social cognition, and functional outcomes. The present study explored the relationships of MMN with neurocognition, theory of mind, and functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia, first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients with schizophrenia, 21 first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, and 29 healthy controls were recruited. We examined symptom severity, neurocognition, theory of mind, functional outcomes, and MMN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMN amplitudes decreased in order of patients with schizophrenia, then first-degree relatives, then healthy controls. MMN amplitude was significantly correlated with measures of neurocognition, theory of mind, and functional outcome measurements in patients with schizophrenia. However, the most powerful correlations were those between MMN in the frontal region and measures of functional outcomes. The power and frequency of the correlations were weaker in first-degree relatives and healthy controls than in patients with schizophrenia. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that functional outcomes (relative to measures of neurocognition and theory of mind) constituted the most powerful predictor of MMN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that MMN reflects functional outcomes more efficiently than do measures of neurocognition and theory of mind in patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, 2240 Daehwa-dong, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, 2240 Daehwa-dong, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: lshpss@paik.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seung-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyongae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Kyong-Sang
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eunok
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Chang-Gyu
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ANOVA; BACS; Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; EEG; EOG; Functional outcome; GAF; Global Assessment of Functioning; K-SAS; Korean version of the Social Adjustment Scale; MMN; Mismatch negativity; Neurocognition; PANSS; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SFQ; Schizophrenia; Social Functioning Questionnaire; TMT-A & B; Theory of mind; ToM; Trail Making Test-A & -B; analysis of variance; electroencephalogram; electrooculograms; mismatch negativity; theory of mind