title: Mice heterozygous for the xanthine oxidoreductase gene facilitate lipid accumulation in adipocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the production of uric acid with concomitant generation of reactive oxygen species. XOR has been shown to regulate adipogenesis through the control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, but its role in adipose tissue remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the role of XOR in adipose tissue using XOR genetically modified mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments were performed using 2-, 4-, and 18-month-old XOR heterozygous mice (XOR(+/-)) and their wild-type littermates to evaluate the physiological role of XOR as the mice aged. Stromal vascular fraction cells were prepared from epididymal white adipose tissue in 2-month-old XOR mice to assess adipogenesis. At 18 months, XOR(+/)- mice had significantly higher body weight, higher systolic blood pressure, and higher incidence of insulin resistance compared with wild-type mice. At 4 months, blood glucose and the expressions of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein β, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA in epididymal white adipose tissue were significantly higher in XOR(+/-) than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, histological analysis of epididymal white adipose tissue in XOR(+/-) mice revealed that adipocyte size and the F4/80-positive macrophage count were increased. Experiments with a high-fat diet exhibited that body weight gain was also significantly higher in XOR(+/-) than in wild-type mice. In stromal vascular fraction cells derived from XOR(+/-) mice, the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, fatty acid-binding protein 4, and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α mRNA were upregulated, and oxidative stress levels were elevated during differentiation into adipocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the reduction in XOR gene expression in mice augments lipid accumulation in adipocytes, accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress, and induces obesity with insulin resistance in older age.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (N.M., T.O., Y.K., K.G., H.N., Y.H., K.M., T.K.), Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation (Y.N.), and Research Center for Nucleotide Pool (Y.N.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohtsubo
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kansui
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Hideko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haga
authors.forename: Yusaku
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakabeppu
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: Takanari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitazono
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D050156:Adipogenesis; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006579:Heterozygote; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009765:Obesity / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; C545013:Cebpb protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase
keywords: adipose tissue; obesity; xanthine dehydrogenase