title: Metabolic and cardiovascular responses to upright cycle exercise with leg blood flow reduction.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the metabolic and cardiovascular response to exercise without (CON) or with (BFR) restricted blood flow to the muscles. Ten young men performed upright cycle exercise at 20, 40, and 60% of maximal oxygen uptake, VO2max in both conditions while metabolic and cardiovascular parameters were determined. Pre-exercise VO2 was not different between CON and BFR. Cardiac output (Q) was similar between the two conditions as a 25% reduction in stroke volume (SV) observed in BFR was associated with a 23% higher heart rate (HR) in BFR compared to CON. As a result rate-pressure product (RPP) was higher in the BFR but there was no difference in mean arterial pressure (MAP) or total peripheral resistance (TPR). During exercise, VO2 tended to increase with BFR (~10%) at each workload. Q increased in proportion to exercise intensity and there were no differences between conditions. The increase in SV with exercise was impaired during BFR; being ~20% lower in BFR at each workload. Both HR and RPP were significantly greater at each workload with BFR. MAP and TPR were greater with BFR at 40 and 60% VO2max. In conclusion, the BFR employed impairs exercise SV but central cardiovascular function is maintained by an increased HR. BFR appears to result in a greater energy demand during continuous exercise between 20 and 60% of control VO2max; probably indicated by a higher energy supply and RPP. When incorporating BFR, HR and RPP may not be valid or reliable indicators of exercise intensity. Key pointsBlood flow reduction (BFR) employed impairs stroke volume (SV) during exercise, but central cardiovascular function is maintained by an increased heart rate (HR).BFR appears to result in a greater energy demand during continuous exercise between 20 and 60% of control VO2max;Probably indicated by a higher energy supply (VO2) and rate-pressure product (HR x systolic blood pressure).
authors.affiliation: Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hayao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Brechue
authors.forename: Mikako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamaki
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Norikazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Futoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ogita
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
keywords: Aerobic exercise; apparent exercise intensity; doppler echocardiography; occlusion