title: Electromagnetic interference from lasers and intense light sources in the treatment of patients with artificial pacemakers and other implantable cardiac devices.
abstract: Measurements of the electric and magnetic field strengths surrounding six laser systems and one intense pulsed light system were carried out. The results were compared to exposure limits published by cardiac device manufacturers to assess the risk of electromagnetic interference to implantable cardiac devices such as pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators. The majority of lasers assessed in this study were found to produce electric and magnetic field strengths below the published exposure limits for cardiac devices. However, the low-frequency electric field and static magnetic field of both the CO2 laser and the ruby laser were found to exceed these limits. Ensuring that a small separation is maintained at all times between the laser unit and any patient with a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator appears to be a sensible expedient in avoiding overexposure of an implantable cardiac device to electromagnetic interference. Due to the single-shot fast discharge nature of the intense pulsed light system, changes in electromagnetic field strength were too fast for some of the measuring equipment used in this study to register accurate readings during operation.
authors.affiliation: Wessex Specialist Laser Centre, Salisbury District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK, tom.lister@salisbury.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Siu-Man
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayo
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D054020:Lasers, Gas; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial