title: The investigation of tramadol dependence with no history of substance abuse: a cross-sectional survey of spontaneously reported cases in Guangzhou City, China.
abstract: The study was to survey and assess the drug dependence and abuse potential of tramadol with no history of substance abuse. Subjects of tramadol dependence with no prior history of substance abuse were surveyed by interview. Physical dependence of tramadol was assessed using 10 items opiate withdrawal scale (OWS), and psychological dependence was assessed by Addiction Research Center Inventory-Chinese Version (ARCI-CV). Twenty-three male subjects (the median age was 23.4 ± 4.1 years) referred to the addiction unit in Medical Hospital of Guangzhou with tramadol abuse problems were included in this cross-sectional study. The control group included 87 heroin addicts, 60 methamphetamine (MA) abusers, and 50 healthy men. The scores of OWS of tramadol were 0.83-2.30; the mean scores of identifying euphoric effects-MBG, sedative effects-PCAG, and psychotomimetic effects-LSD of ARCI were 8.96 ± 3.08, 6.52 ± 3.25, and 6.65 ± 2.50, respectively, F = 4.927, P < 0.001. Scores of MBG scale in tramadol did not differ from those in heroin and MA groups (P > 0.05) but were higher than those in healthy men (P < 0.05). Tramadol with no history of substance abuse has a clear risk of producing high abuse potential under the long-term infrequent abuse and the high doses.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China ; National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Haoran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D008694:Methamphetamine; D003932:Heroin