title: Decision making in stepped care: how do therapists decide whether to prolong treatment or not?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficiency of stepped care systems partly relies on systematic monitoring of patient outcomes and timely decisions to "step up" patients without any clear therapeutic gains to the next level of treatment. Qualitative evidence has suggested that this does not occur consistently, nor always congruently with clinical guidelines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate factors that influence psychological therapists' decisions to prolong or to conclude treatment in cases with little evidence of therapeutic gains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two clinicians in stepped care services completed questionnaires about the likelihood of "holding" non-improving patients in treatment, and factors associated with referrals and holding (FARAH-Q). The factor structure, internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the measures was examined prior to assessing correlations between FARAH-Q items and likelihood of holding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 4-factor solution indicated that clinicians' decision making is influenced by a complex interplay between beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms and self-efficacy. Correlational analysis indicated that holding is more likely to happen if there are perceived barriers to refer the patient for further treatment, if the therapist likes the patient and has a good therapeutic alliance, and if the therapist feels confident that s/he has the ability to achieve a positive outcome by prolonging treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decisions to prolong or conclude treatment are not only influenced by evidence and guidelines, but also subjective beliefs, norms and attitudes. Understanding this decision making process is relevant to clinicians and supervisors interested in enhancing the efficiency of stepped care.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Community Healthcare NHSTrust,UK.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delgadillo
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester,UK.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gellatly
authors.affiliation: Touchstone,Leeds,UK.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stephenson-Bellwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: decision making