title: Imaging glutamate in schizophrenia: review of findings and implications for drug discovery.
abstract: Currently, all treatments for schizophrenia (SCZ) function primarily by blocking D(2)-type dopamine receptors. Given the limitations of these medications, substantial efforts have been made to identify alternative neurochemical targets for treatment development in SCZ. One such target is brain glutamate. The objective of this article is to review and synthesize the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) and positron emission tomography (PET)/single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) investigations that have examined glutamatergic indices in SCZ, including those of modulatory compounds such as glutathione (GSH) and glycine, as well as data from ketamine challenge studies. The reviewed (1)H MRS and PET/SPECT studies support the theory of hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in SCZ, as well as the convergence between the dopamine and glutamate models of SCZ. We also review several advances in MRS and PET technologies that have opened the door for new opportunities to investigate the glutamate system in SCZ and discuss some ways in which these imaging tools can be used to facilitate a greater understanding of the glutamate system in SCZ and the successful and efficient development of new glutamate-based treatments for SCZ.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA [2] New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: E M P
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Poels
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA [2] New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kegeles
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA [2] New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kantrowitz
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA [2] New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slifstein
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA [2] New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Javitt
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA [2] New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA [2] New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA [3] Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abi-Dargham
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA [2] New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Girgis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055808:Drug Discovery; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid