title: Swine flu is back again: a review.
abstract: Flu viruses have mainly affected humans, birds and pigs worldwide. During the past 10 years these viruses are in limelight at a global level due to pandemic threats of Avian/Bird Flu and Swine Flu and their public health impacts, with added pandemic of swine flu virus recently. The current ongoing episodes of bird flu and swine flu are beyond the control, when and where or which country they start with nobody can predict. The continuous evolution and emergence of new strains indicate that the flu viruses are becoming more and more dangerous and this situation has posed a challenge to researchers to discover effective vaccines and therapeutics. Moreover, the role of pig as 'mixing bowl' for the virus to get reassorted has added to the complicated epidemiological scenario. The swine flu H1N1 reassorted subtype caused the first global pandemic in last 40 years, resulting in substantial illness, hospitalizations of millions of peoples and thousands of deaths throughout the world. A pace is there within these novel and emerging flu viruses and the scientific community, where the scientific community has to win the race so as to save the mankind. In this review, a brief overview on swine flu is presented highlighting the characteristics of the causative virus, the disease and its public health consequences, advances made in its diagnosis, vaccine and control, precautionary measures to be adapted in the wake of an outbreak.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly Utter Pradesh--243122, India.
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
authors.forename: Amit Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagunalan
authors.forename: Rajib
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deb
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karthik
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.lastname: Mahima
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Parmod Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Panwar
authors.forename: Sandip
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D009154:Mutation; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D058873:Pandemics / Q000517:prevention & control; D010641:Phenotype; D011634:Public Health; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines