title: Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies in managing nausea and vomiting related to cyclic vomiting syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders.
abstract: Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints which could be triggered by stimuli in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. They may be considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/agents enter the gastrointestinal tract or there is excessive retention of gastrointestinal contents due to obstruction. The pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting is complex and much still remains unknown. Therefore, treatments are restricted or ineffective in many cases. Nausea and vomiting with functional etiologies including cyclic vomiting syndrome are challenging in gastroenterology. In this article, we review potential pathways, neurochemical transmitters, and their receptors which are possibly involved in the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting including the entity cyclic vomiting syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bashashati
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA. Electronic address: richard.mccallum@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McCallum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009325:Nausea / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009448:Neurochemistry; D014839:Vomiting / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics
keywords: Cyclic vomiting syndrome; Nausea; Physiopathology; Treatment; Vomiting