title: The evaluation of plasma viscosity and endothelial dysfunction in smoking individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is considered to be one the of risk factors effecting atherosclerosis which is associated the physical forces, biological and chemical stimuli occuring in vessel wall. The aim of this study is analysis of the biomechanical (plasma viscosity) and biochemical effect (nitric oxide, NOx; asymmetric dimethylarginine, ADMA) of smoking on endothelial function.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred-twenty two individuals were divided into three groups according to their smoking status. Plasma viscosity was measured by Harkness Capillary Viscometer. Plasma NOx level was determined by enzymatic methods using commercial kits. ADMA concentration was determined by Elisa Plasma Assay and and physiologic spirometric and arterial gas parameters and pulmonary blood flow rate (PBFR) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viscosity variables of former smokers were significantly higher than those of non-smokers (p < 0.001). NOx levels were found to be statistically significantly higher when compared with current smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.001), and former smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.05). There was a higher fibrinogen levels in current smokers (p < 0.05) than smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking increases the plasma viscosity that may lead endothelial damage. Plasma viscosity plays an important role as a biophysical mechanical marker on the behalf of hemodynamics. Biochemical markers, NOx and ADMA may show this damage, however, we observed that plasma viscosity can be consistent with biochemical markers. Thus, plasma viscosity may be useful for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma Ates
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Alkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haseki Education & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulfidan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cakmak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Denizhan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karis
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practitioners, Haseki Education & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zuhal Aydan
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Sağlam
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practitioners, Haseki Education & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tayyibe
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saler
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Haseki Education & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent Umit
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Temiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Haseki Education & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yenigün
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Meltem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ercan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Plasma viscosity; asymmetric dimethylarginine; nitric oxide; smoking