title: Ratcheted diffusion transport through crowded nanochannels.
abstract: The problem of transport through nanochannels is one of the major questions in cell biology, with a wide range of applications. In this paper we discuss the process of spontaneous translocation of molecules (Brownian particles) by ratcheted diffusion: a problem relevant for protein translocation along bacterial flagella or injectosome complex, or DNA translocation by bacteriophages. We use molecular dynamics simulations and statistical theory to identify two regimes of transport: at low rate of particle injection into the channel the process is controlled by the individual diffusion towards the open end (the first passage problem), while at a higher rate of injection the crowded regime sets in. In this regime the particle density in the channel reaches a constant saturation level and the resistance force increases substantially, due to the osmotic pressure build-up. To achieve a steady-state transport, the apparatus that injects new particles into a crowded channel has to operate with an increasing power consumption, proportional to the length of the channel and the required rate of transport. The analysis of resistance force, and accordingly--the power required to inject the particles into a crowded channel to overcome its clogging, is also relevant for many microfluidics applications.
authors.affiliation: Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lappala
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaccone
authors.forename: Eugene M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Terentjev