title: Stromal cell-derived factor-1 promoted angiogenesis and inflammatory cell infiltration in aneurysm walls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A small percentage of cerebral aneurysms rupture, but when they do, the effects are devastating. Current management of unruptured aneurysms consists of surgery, endovascular treatment, or watchful waiting. If the biology of how aneurysms grow and rupture were better known, a novel drug could be developed to prevent unruptured aneurysms from rupturing. Ruptured cerebral aneurysms are characterized by inflammation-mediated wall remodeling. The authors studied the role of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in inflammation-mediated wall remodeling in cerebral aneurysms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human aneurysms, murine carotid artery aneurysms, and murine intracranial aneurysms were studied using immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry analysis was performed on blood from mice developing carotid or intracranial aneurysms. The effect of SDF-1 on endothelial cells and macrophages was studied by chemotaxis cell migration assay and capillary tube formation assay. Anti-SDF-1 blocking antibody was given to mice and compared with control (vehicle)-administered mice for its effects on the walls of carotid aneurysms and the development of intracranial aneurysms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human aneurysms, murine carotid aneurysms, and murine intracranial aneurysms all expressed SDF-1, and mice with developing carotid or intracranial aneurysms had increased progenitor cells expressing CXCR4, the receptor for SDF-1 (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Human aneurysms and murine carotid aneurysms had endothelial cells, macrophages, and capillaries in the walls of the aneurysms, and the presence of capillaries in the walls of human aneurysms was associated with the presence of macrophages (p = 0.01). Stromal cell-derived factor-1 promoted endothelial cell and macrophage migration (p < 0.01 for each), and promoted capillary tube formation (p < 0.001). When mice were given anti-SDF-1 blocking antibody, there was a significant reduction in endothelial cells (p < 0.05), capillaries (p < 0.05), and cell proliferation (p < 0.05) in the aneurysm wall. Mice given anti-SDF-1 blocking antibody developed significantly fewer intracranial aneurysms (33% vs 89% in mice given control immunoglobulin G, respectively; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest SDF-1 is associated with angiogenesis and inflammatory cell migration and proliferation in the walls of aneurysms, and may have a role in the development of intracranial aneurysms.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurological Surgery and.
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hoh
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosaka
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Downes
authors.forename: Kamil W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: Erin N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Wilmer
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Velat
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000783:Aneurysm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12