title: Mind the gap: difference between Framingham heart age and real age increases with age in HIV-positive individuals-a clinical cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the excess risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV-positive individuals by comparing 'heart age' with real age and to estimate associations of patients' characteristics with heart age deviation (heart age-real age).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical Cohort Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bristol HIV clinic, Brecon Unit at Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  749 HIV-positive adults who attended for care between 2008 and 2011. Median age was 42 years (IQR 35-49), 67% were male and 82% were treated with antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the Framingham 10-year risk of CVD and traced back to 'heart age', the age of an individual with the same score but ideal risk factor values. We estimated the relationship between heart age deviation and real age using fractional polynomial regression. We estimated crude and mutually adjusted associations of sex, age, CD4 count, viral load/treatment status and period of starting antiretroviral therapy with heart age deviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average heart age for a male aged 45 years was 48 years for a non-smoker and 60 years for a smoker. Heart age deviation increased with real age and at younger ages was smaller for females than males, although this reversed after 48 years. Compared to patients with CD4 count <500 cells/mm(3), heart age deviation was 2.4 (95% CI 0.7 to 4.0) and 4.3 (2.3 to 6.3) years higher for those with CD4 500-749 cells/mm(3) and ≥750 cells/mm(3), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HIV-positive individuals, the difference between heart age and real age increased with age and CD4 count and was very dependent on smoking status. Heart age could be a useful tool to communicate CVD risk to patients and the benefits of stopping smoking.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Teri-Louise
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gompels
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bovill
authors.forename: Margaret T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: May
keywords: Epidemiology