title: Effect of calibration method on distortion-product otoacoustic emission measurements at and around 4 kHz.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) collected after sound pressure level (SPL) calibration are susceptible to standing waves that affect measurements at the plane of the probe microphone due to overlap of incident and reflected waves. These standing-wave effects can be as large as 20 dB, and may affect frequencies both above and below 4 kHz. It has been shown that forward pressure level (FPL) calibration minimizes standing-wave effects by isolating the forward-propagating component of the stimulus. Yet, previous work has failed to demonstrate more than a small difference in test performance and behavioral-threshold prediction with DPOAEs after SPL and FPL calibration. One potential limitation in prior studies is that measurements were restricted to octave and interoctave frequencies; as a consequence, data were not necessarily collected at the standing-wave null frequency. In the present study, DPOAE responses were measured with f2 set to each participant's standing-wave frequency in an effort to increase the possibility that differences in test performance and threshold prediction would be observed for SPL and FPL calibration methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 42 normal-hearing participants and 93 participants with hearing loss. DPOAEs were measured with f2 set to 4 kHz and at each participant's notch frequency after SPL and FPL calibration. DPOAE input/output functions were obtained from -10 to 80 dB in 5 dB steps for each calibration/stimulus condition. Test performance was evaluated using clinical decision theory. Both area under receiver operating characteristic curves for all stimulus levels and cumulative distributions when L2 = 50 dB (a level at which the best performance was observed regardless of calibration method) were used to evaluate the accuracy with which auditory status was determined. A bootstrap procedure was used to evaluate the significance of the differences in test performance between SPL and FPL calibrations. DPOAE predictions of behavioral threshold were evaluated by correlating actual behavioral thresholds and predicted thresholds using a multiple linear regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, larger DPOAE levels were measured after SPL calibration than after FPL calibration, which demonstrated the expected impact of standing waves. Second, for both FPL and SPL calibration, test performance was best for moderate stimulus levels. Third, differences in test performance between calibration methods were evident at low- and high-stimulus levels. Fourth, there were small but statistically significant improvements in test performance after FPL calibration for clinically relevant conditions. Fifth, calibration method had no effect on threshold prediction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standing waves after SPL calibration have an impact on DPOAE levels. Although the effect of calibration method on test performance was small, test performance was better after FPL calibration than after SPL calibration. There was no effect of calibration method on predictions of behavioral threshold.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; 2Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; and 3Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Michal L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Reuven
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Neely
authors.forename: Judy G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kopun
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rasetshwane
authors.forename: Jont B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Hongyang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gorga
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001299:Audiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D002138:Calibration / Q000592:standards; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology*; D010469:Perceptual Distortion / Q000502:physiology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012016:Reference Values