title: The impact of continuous haemofiltration with high-volume fluid exchange during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery on the recovery of patients with impaired renal function: a pilot randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is widespread variability in clinical practice within cardiac surgery units worldwide on the use of haemofiltration. The clinical impact and safety of this modality is, however, unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary pilot trial objectives were as follows: to assess the feasibility of randomising 60 patients with impaired kidney function undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery within 6 months; to assess the suitability and reliability of our chosen outcome measures; to explore issues that may impact on recruitment into a definitive trial; and to undertake an exploratory economic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot, single-centre, open-label randomised trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust between November 2010 and March 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women, aged > 18 years of age, undergoing on-pump CABG surgery, who had pre-operative impaired kidney function indicated by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of < 60 ml/minute adjusted for 1.73 m(2) of body surface area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group 1: patients who received haemofiltration during bypass (experimental group). Group 2: patients who did not receive haemofiltration during bypass (control group).
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Feasibility outcome measures: barriers to recruitment to a larger trial were documented as observations made during the recruitment period of the trial. Reliability of data collection methods was monitored using a 13-point case record form validation check for data entry against the patient clinical notes and the trial database. (2) The main clinical outcomes were frequency of intensive care unit (ICU) stay of duration > 3 days and the length of ICU stay days. (3) Other clinical outcomes were the need for postoperative haemofiltration in the ICU, mechanical ventilation time, hospital stay, composite of outcome of unfavourable perioperative events and eGFR values at 6 weeks' follow-up. (4) Secondary health economic feasibility outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recruitment into the pilot trial was from 21 November 2010 to 30 March 2012. Thirty-seven eligible patients were consented and successfully randomised into the trial arms (30%). The main issues impacting on recruitment were the high volume of off-pump CABG surgery within the centre; recruitment being restricted to research nurses' working hours of the week; issues arising associated with the screening process for identifying prospective eligible patients based on eGFR values; protocol deviations/treatment crossovers; and unexpected outbreaks of pandemic influenza and other infectious conditions. The data collection process was sufficiently robust, with few errors detected. The length of ICU stay days was deemed a suitable primary outcome. There was an overall trend towards reduction in the length of ICU stay for patients who were given intraoperative haemofiltration, more so for those with diabetes. The economic evaluation estimated that the incremental costs per person were £1744 lower for the intraoperative haemofiltration group, while the incremental benefits per person increased by 0.11.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given sufficient resources and broadening of the inclusion criteria, the recruitment into a larger multicentre trial is feasible and may demonstrate potential clinical and cost benefits of using intraoperative haemofiltration in this group of patients. However, owing to the small sample size in this pilot trial, no firm conclusions can be drawn from the findings at this stage. The outcomes of this pilot study are very encouraging and suggest that it is feasible to design a continuous superiority trial with the length of ICU stay days or time to tracheal extubation as the primary outcome measure, provided that guidelines for avoiding bias are implemented. An alternative primary outcome measure that avoids bias is mortality. The inclusion criteria should also be widened to include all cardiac surgery patients with impaired renal function.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN49513454.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 17, No. 49. See the HTA programme website for further project information.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matata
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mediratta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scawn
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stables
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haycox
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houten
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors