title: The influence of sex, stroke and distance on the lactate characteristics in high performance swimming.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to achieve world-class performances, regular performance diagnostics is required as an essential prerequisite for guiding high performance sport. In high performance swimming, the lactate performance diagnostic is an important instrument in testing the sport specific endurance capacity. Although the role of lactate as a signaling molecule, fuel and a gluconeogenic substrate is accepted, lactate parameters are discussed concerning stability, explanatory power and interpretability.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) of Bunc using the swimming-specific lactate threshold test by Pansold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cross-sectional analysis (ANOVA) of n = 398 high performance swimmers showed significant effects for sex, stroke and distance on the IAT, the percentage of personal best time on the IAT (% of PB on IAT) and maximal lactate values (max. bLA). For the freestyle events the IAT decreased, % of PB on IAT and max. bLA increased from 100 to 400 m significantly in men and women. Women showed significantly higher % of PB on IAT with descriptive lower IAT in 7 of 8 analyzed events. Men showed significantly higher max. bLA in 5 of 8 events. In the second step, the analysis of 1902 data sets of these 398 athletes with a multi-level analysis (MLA) showed also significant effects for sex, swimming distance and stroke. For initial status and development over time, the effect sizes for the variables distance and sex were medium to large, whereas for stroke there were no or small effect sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These significant results suggest that lactate tests in swimming specifically have to consider the lactate affecting factors sex and distance under consideration of the time period between measurements. Anthropometrical factors and the physiology of women are possible explanations for the relative better performance for lower lactate concentrations compared to men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holfelder
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bubeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D056352:Athletes; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid