title: Comparative analysis of smoking influence on periodontal tissue in subjects with periodontal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was clinical and cytological examination of gingival changes in smokers and non-smokers. Further, specific goals of this study were health promotion in patient, particularly in smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anamnesis was taken and clinical examination was conducted on the patients who came on Dental Clinic. During the clinical examination, plaque index (Pl)(16), gingival index Löe-Silness (Gi) and the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN)(17) were done. After diagnosis was established, participants divided into group I -smokers, and group II - non-smokers. The gingival smears were taken for cytological analysis, dried on air, and stained by haematoxylin-eosin method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values of gingival index (GI)- Löe-Silness and periodontal index (CPITN) were higher in the group of smokers, but plaque index was also higher with statistically significant difference of their values between examined group, with maximum level of significance (p<0,001). The size of nucleus (area, Ferret's diameter and perimeter) was higher in the group of smokers, but differences were not statistically significant. In the group of non-smokers density of nucleus was higher than in non-smokers group, but difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The values of examined indices showed higher values in smokers group. This finding could show that the level of oral hygiene is higher in the non smokers group. The size of nucleus (area, Ferret's diameter and perimeter) was higher in the group of smokers, but differences were not statistically significant. Teamwork of many different speciality experts is required for better periodontal health of smokers.
authors.affiliation: Dental Clinic, Department of Oral medicine and Periodontology, University of Niš, Medical faculty, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kesic
authors.forename: Radmila
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Obradovic
authors.forename: Zvezdan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Savic
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mihailovic
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Obradovic
authors.forename: Mersiha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avdic-Saracevic
authors.forename: Olivera
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Janjic-Trickovic
authors.forename: Mila
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janjic
keywords: cytological investigation.; gingival; periodontal disease; smoking