title: The polyphenol-rich baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) reduces starch digestion and glycemic response in humans.
abstract: The baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) is found throughout regions of Africa and is becoming increasingly recognized for its high nutrient and polyphenol content. Polyphenols have been beneficial for their effects on reducing the glycemic response (GR) and for improving various other metabolic parameters. Based on previous research, it was hypothesized that the baobab fruit extract would reduce starch digestion in vitro and would show potential for reducing the GR and for increasing satiety and diet-induced thermogenesis in humans. Six extracts of baobab from 6 different locations in Africa were measured for their antioxidant and polyphenol content using the ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power and the Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. Baobab extract was baked into white bread at different doses to determine the optimal dose for reducing starch breakdown and sugar release from white bread after an in vitro digestion procedure. In vivo, baobab extract was consumed in solution at both a low-dose (18.5 g) and a high-dose (37 g) aqueous drink in 250 mL of water along with white bread, and resulting GR, satiety, and postprandial energy expenditure were measured. All extracts in this study were shown to be good sources of polyphenols. Baobab fruit extract added to white bread at 1.88 % significantly (P < .05) reduced rapidly digestible starch from white bread samples. In vivo, the baobab fruit extract at both low and high doses significantly (P < .05) reduced GR, although there was no significant effect on satiety or on energy expenditure.
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
authors.forename: Shelly A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Coe
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Armengol
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D035162:Adansonia / Q000737:chemistry*; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001939:Bread; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004063:Digestion; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D013213:Starch; D005947:Glucose
keywords: ANOVA; BG; Baobab; Bioaccessibility; CHO; DIT; EE; FAO/WHO; FCR; FRAP; Folin-Ciocalteu reagent; Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization; GAE; GR; Glycemic response; HD; IAUC; LD; Polyphenol; RDS; Sugar release; VAS; analysis of variance; blood glucose; carbohydrate; diet-induced thermogenesis; energy expenditure; ferric ion–reducing antioxidant power; gallic acid equivalents; glycemic response; high dose; incremental area under the curve; low dose; rapidly digestible starch; visual analog scales; vit; vitamin