title: Patterns in immunohistochemical usage in extended core prostate biopsies: comparisons among genitourinary pathologists and nongenitourinary pathologists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains have known utility in prostate biopsies and are widely used to augment routine staining in difficult cases. Patterns in IHC utilization and differences based on pathologist training and experience is understudied in the peer-reviewed literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the rates of IHC usage between specialized (genitourinary; [GU]) and nonspecialized (non-GU) pathologists in extended core prostate biopsies (ECPBs) and the effects of diagnosis; and in cancer cases Gleason grade, disease extent, and perineural invasion on the rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive ECPBs from 2009-2011 were identified and billing data were used to determine the number of biopsies and IHC stains per case. Diagnoses were mapped and in cancer cases, Gleason grade, extent of disease, and perineural invasion were recorded. Pathologists were classified as GU or non-GU on the basis of training and experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 618 ECPBs were included in the study. Genitourinary pathologists ordered significantly fewer IHC tests per case and per biopsy than non-GU pathologists. The rate of ordering was most disparate for biopsies of cancerous and benign lesions. For biopsies of cancerous lesions, high-grade cancer, bilateral disease, and perineural invasion decreased the rate of ordering in both groups. In cancer cases, GU pathologists ordered significantly fewer stain tests for highest Gleason grade of 3 + 3 = 6, for patients with focal disease and for patients with multiple positive bilateral cores. The effect of the various predictors on IHC ordering rates was similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genitourinary pathologists ordered significantly fewer IHC stain tests than non-GU pathologists in ECPBs. Guidelines to define when IHC workup is necessary and not necessary may be helpful to guide workups.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Dr Plourde); the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School and the Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Gross); and the Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Dr Jiang and Dr Owens).
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plourde
authors.forename: Alden
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D062005:Biopsy, Large-Core Needle; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D010338:Pathology, Clinical; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods