title: The buffering effect of social support on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies suggest that effective social support during pregnancy may buffer adverse effects of maternal psychological distress on fetal development. The mechanisms whereby social support confers this protective advantage, however, remain to be clarified. The aim of this study was to assess whether individual differences in social support alter the covariation of psychological distress and cortisol during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two pregnant women's psychological distress and cortisol were prospectively assessed in all three trimesters using an ecological momentary assessment strategy. Appraisal of partner social support was assessed in each trimester via the Social Support Effectiveness questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multilevel analysis, ambulatory assessments of psychological distress during pregnancy were associated with elevated cortisol levels (unstandardized β = .023, p < .001). Consistent with the stress-buffering hypothesis, social support moderated the association between psychological distress and cortisol (unstandardized β = -.001, p = .039), such that the covariation of psychological distress and cortisol increased with decreases in effective social support. The effect of social support for women with the most effective social support was a 50.4% reduction in the mean effect of distress on cortisol and a 2.3-fold increase in this effect for women with the least effective social support scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnant women receiving inadequate social support secrete higher levels of cortisol in response to psychological distress as compared with women receiving effective social support. Social support during pregnancy may be beneficial because it decreases biological sensitivity to psychological distress, potentially shielding the fetus from the harmful effects of stress-related increases in cortisol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8. ggiesbre@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Letourneau
authors.forename: Tavis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Bonnie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: HPA axis; biobehavioral coherence; pregnancy; psychological distress; salivary cortisol; social support