title: Smooth-muscle progenitor cells isolated from patients with moyamoya disease: novel experimental cell model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a cerebrovascular occlusive disease affecting bilateral internal carotid termini. Smooth-muscle cells are one of the major cell types involved in this disease process. The characteristics of circulating smooth-muscle progenitor cells (SPCs) in MMD are poorly understood. The authors purified SPCs from the peripheral blood of patients with MMD and sought to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SPCs from these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors cultured and isolated SPCs from the peripheral blood of patients with MMD (n = 25) and healthy control volunteers (n = 22). After confirmation of the cellular phenotype, RNA was extracted from the cells and DEGs were identified using a commercially available gene chip. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm the putative pathogenetic DEGs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SPC-type outgrowth cells in patients with MMD invariably showed a hill-and-valley appearance under microscopic examination, and demonstrated high α-smooth muscle actin, myosin heavy chain, and calponin expression (96.5% ± 2.1%, 42.8% ± 18.6%, and 87.1% ± 8.2%, respectively), and minimal CD31 expression (less than 1%) on fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. The SPCs in the MMD group tended to make more irregularly arranged and thickened tubules on the tube formation assay. In the SPCs from patients with MMD, 286 genes (124 upregulated and 162 downregulated) were differentially expressed; they were related to cell adhesion, cell migration, immune response, and vascular development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With adequate culture conditions, SPCs could be established from the peripheral blood of patients with MMD. These cells showed specific DEGs compared with healthy control volunteers. This study provides a novel experimental cell model for further research of MMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul;
authors.forename: Hyun-Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Youn-Joo
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Young-Yim
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Woong-Yang
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ae Kyung
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyu-Chang
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jeong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ji Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Phi
authors.forename: Ji Yeoun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung-Ki
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008870:Microtubules / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger