title: Development and psychometric testing of a breast cancer survivor self-efficacy scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the development of a self-efficacy instrument that measures perceived ability to manage symptoms and quality-of-life problems resulting from the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Items were developed and content validity assessed. A 14-item scale was psychometrically evaluated using internal consistency reliability and several types of construct validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,127 female breast cancer survivors (BCSs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Written consents were mailed to the research office. Data were collected via mail and telephone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographics, symptom bother, communication with healthcare provider, attention function, fear of recurrence, depression, marital satisfaction, fatigue, sexual functioning, trait and state anxiety, and overall well-being.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data demonstrated that the breast cancer self-efficacy scale (BCSES) was reliable, with an alpha coefficient of 0.89, inter-item correlations ranging from 0.3-0.6, and item-total correlation coefficients ranging from 0.5-0.73. Three of 14 items were deleted because of redundancy as identified through high (> 0.7) inter-item correlations. Factor analysis revealed that the scale was unidimensional. Predictive validity was supported through testing associations between self-efficacy and theoretically supported quality-of-life variables, including physical, psychological, and social dimensions, as well as overall well-being.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BCSES demonstrated high internal consistency reliability, unidimensionality, and excellent content and construct validity. This scale should be integrated into interventions that target self-efficacy for managing symptoms in BCSs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses working with BCSs may use this tool to assess areas in which survivors might need to build confidence to adequately cope with their specific survivorship concerns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the BCSES can inform nurse researchers about the impact of an intervention on self-efficacy in the context of breast cancer survivorship, improving the ability to deliver effective interventions. The scale is brief and easy to administer. Results of this study demonstrate clear psychometric reliability and validity, suggesting that the BCSES should be put to use immediately in interventions targeting the quality of life of BCSs.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Indiana University in Indianapolis.
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Champion
authors.forename: Kim W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Ziner
authors.forename: Patrick O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Monahan
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Stump
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cella
authors.forename: Lisa G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Von Ah
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Sledge
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*