title: Facial soft tissue depth statistics and enhanced point estimators for craniofacial identification: the debut of the shorth and the 75-shormax.
abstract: Several methods that have customarily been used in craniofacial identification to describe facial soft tissue depths (FSTDs) implore improvement. They include the calculation of arithmetic means for skewed data, omission of concern for measurement uncertainty, oversight of effect size, and misuse of statistical significance tests (e.g., p-values for strength of association). This paper redresses these limitations using FSTDs from 10 prior studies (N = 516). Measurement uncertainty was large (>20% of the FSTD), skewness (≥ 0.8) existed at 11 of the 23 FSTD landmarks examined, and sex and age each explained <4% of the total FSTD variance (η(2) calculated as part of MANOVA). These results call for a new and improved conceptualization of FSTDs, which is attained by the replacement of arithmetic means with shorths and 75-shormaxes. The outcomes of this implementation are dramatic reduction in FSTD complexity; improved data accuracy; and new data-driven standards for casework application of methods.
authors.affiliation: Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building 45, Hickam AFB, HI, 96853; Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Carl N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: Ellie K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Byrd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: facial approximation; facial reconstruction; facial soft tissue thickness; forensic science; photographic superimposition; skeletal identification; video superimposition