title: Reconsidering the effects of tannin on seed dispersal by rodents: evidence from enclosure and field experiments with artificial seeds.
abstract: The question of how tannin affects feeding and hoarding preferences of rodents still remains poorly understood, in part, because it is difficult to control for other seed traits when considering the sole effect of tannin. Here, we constructed a series of artificial 'seeds' with different tannin levels, made from wheat flour, peanut powder and hydrolysable tannins, to determine the direct effects of tannin on both feeding and hoarding preferences. We first presented 'seeds' to individual rodents of two species (Tamias sibiricus and Apodemus peninsulae) confined in semi-natural enclosures and then monitored patterns of seed dispersal and consumption by free-ranging animals in a temperate forest in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains, Heilongjiang Province of China. Our results showed that small rodents displayed a significant preference for low-tannin 'seeds' for both consumption and caching in both captive and field experiments. Moreover, our two-year study consistently showed that tannin concentration was significantly and negatively correlated with the number of cached 'seeds' at both the individual and population levels. Seed size, compared with tannin concentrations, appeared to have little effect on dispersal distances and the number of 'seeds' cached. Low-tannin 'seeds' tended to be dispersed greater distances by rodents in the field than those with higher levels of tannin. These results failed to support those of previous reports indicating that acorns containing higher tannins are more likely to be cached by food hoarding animals.
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
authors.forename: Mingming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Xianfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D051189:Murinae / Q000502:physiology*; D012589:Sciuridae / Q000502:physiology*; D058614:Seed Dispersal; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis*; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D013634:Tannins
keywords: Artificial ‘seeds’; Caching; High-tannin hypothesis; Seed dispersal