title: Walking for well-being: are group walks in certain types of natural environments better for well-being than group walks in urban environments?
abstract: The benefits of walking in natural environments for well-being are increasingly understood. However, less well known are the impacts different types of natural environments have on psychological and emotional well-being. This cross-sectional study investigated whether group walks in specific types of natural environments were associated with greater psychological and emotional well-being compared to group walks in urban environments. Individuals who frequently attended a walking group once a week or more (n = 708) were surveyed on mental well-being (Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale), depression (Major Depressive Inventory), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale) and emotional well-being (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule). Compared to group walks in urban environments, group walks in farmland were significantly associated with less perceived stress and negative affect, and greater mental well-being. Group walks in green corridors were significantly associated with less perceived stress and negative affect. There were no significant differences between the effect of any environment types on depression or positive affect. Outdoor walking group programs could be endorsed through "green prescriptions" to improve psychological and emotional well-being, as well as physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, Queens Building, the Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK. melissa.marselle@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Melissa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Marselle
authors.forename: Katherine N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Warber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking