title: Anti-diabetic effect of balanced deep-sea water and its mode of action in high-fat diet induced diabetic mice.
abstract: In this study, we investigated the effects of balanced deep-sea water (BDSW) on hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice. BDSW was prepared by mixing deep-sea water (DSW) mineral extracts and desalinated water to give a final hardness of 500-2000. Mice given an HFD with BDSW showed lowered fasting plasma glucose levels compared to HFD-fed mice. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests showed that BDSW improves impaired glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice. Histopathological evaluation of the pancreas showed that BDSW recovers the size of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and increases the secretion of insulin and glucagon in HFD-fed mice. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results revealed that the expression of hepatic genes involved in glucogenesis, glycogenolysis and glucose oxidation were suppressed, while those in glucose uptake, β-oxidation, and glucose oxidation in muscle were increased in mice fed HFD with BDSW. BDSW increased AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 pre- and mature adipocytes and improved impaired AMPK phosphorylation in the muscles and livers of HFD-induced diabetic mice. BDSW stimulated phosphoinositol-3-kinase and AMPK pathway-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that BDSW has potential as an anti-diabetic agent, given its ability to suppress hyperglycemia and improve glucose intolerance by increasing glucose uptake.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk 2ga Jung-gu, Daegu 700-721, Korea. yhshon@hmail.knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Byung Geun
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Eun Ji
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jung-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yun Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Shon
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D012623:Seawater; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D014867:Water; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose