title: Inactivation of high-risk human papillomaviruses by Holder pasteurization: implications for donor human milk banking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have recently reported the detection of oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) in human milk of a minority of lactating mothers. These findings raised safety concerns in the context of human donor milk banking given the potential risk of HPV transmission to recipient infants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Holder pasteurization, a procedure currently in use in human donor milk banks for milk pasteurization, completely inactivates high-risk and low-risk HPV.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV pseudoviruses (PsV) were generated, spiked into cell culture medium or donor human milk and subjected to thermal inactivation. HPV PsV infectivity and morphological integrity was analyzed by cell-based assay and by electron microscopy, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Holder pasteurization completely inactivated the infectivity of high-risk (types 16 and 18) and low-risk (type 6) HPV both in cell culture medium and in human milk causing PsV particle disassembly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented here indicate that the Holder pasteurization is an efficient procedure to inactivate high-risk and low-risk HPV thus preventing the potential risk of their transmission through human donor milk.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donalisio
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cagno
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vallino
authors.forename: Guido E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: Sertac
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arslanoglu
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tonetto
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bertino
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lembo
mesh_terms: D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D017784:Milk Banks; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000821:virology*; D061352:Pasteurization / Q000379:methods*; D012306:Risk; D038301:Virus Inactivation