title: Exploring high dimensional data with Butterfly: a novel classification algorithm based on discrete dynamical systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We introduce a novel method for visualizing high dimensional data via a discrete dynamical system. This method provides a 2D representation of the relationship between subjects according to a set of variables without geometric projections, transformed axes or principal components. The algorithm exploits a memory-type mechanism inherent in a certain class of discrete dynamical systems collectively referred to as the chaos game that are closely related to iterative function systems. The goal of the algorithm was to create a human readable representation of high dimensional patient data that was capable of detecting unrevealed subclusters of patients from within anticipated classifications. This provides a mechanism to further pursue a more personalized exploration of pathology when used with medical data. For clustering and classification protocols, the dynamical system portion of the algorithm is designed to come after some feature selection filter and before some model evaluation (e.g. clustering accuracy) protocol. In the version given here, a univariate features selection step is performed (in practice more complex feature selection methods are used), a discrete dynamical system is driven by this reduced set of variables (which results in a set of 2D cluster models), these models are evaluated for their accuracy (according to a user-defined binary classification) and finally a visual representation of the top classification models are returned. Thus, in addition to the visualization component, this methodology can be used for both supervised and unsupervised machine learning as the top performing models are returned in the protocol we describe here.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Butterfly, the algorithm we introduce and provide working code for, uses a discrete dynamical system to classify high dimensional data and provide a 2D representation of the relationship between subjects. We report results on three datasets (two in the article; one in the appendix) including a public lung cancer dataset that comes along with the included Butterfly R package. In the included R script, a univariate feature selection method is used for the dimension reduction step, but in the future we wish to use a more powerful multivariate feature reduction method based on neural networks (Kriesel, 2007).
  
  
  METHODS
  A script written in R (designed to run on R studio) accompanies this article that implements this algorithm and is available at http://butterflygeraci.codeplex.com/. For details on the R package or for help installing the software refer to the accompanying document, Supporting Material and Appendix.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geraci
authors.forename: Moyez
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dharsee
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nuin
authors.forename: Alexandria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haslehurst
authors.forename: Madhuri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koti
authors.forename: Harriet E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Feilotter
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002965:Classification / Q000379:methods; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003196:Computer Graphics; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D012984:Software