title: Yoga and psychophysiological determinants of cardiovascular health: comparing yoga practitioners, runners, and sedentary individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evidence of cardiovascular benefits of yoga is promising, but lacks demonstrations of specificity compared to other interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present cross-sectional study examined cardiovascular health markers in long-term practitioners of yoga (yogis), runners, and sedentary individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared physiological, psychological, and lifestyle variables associated with cardiovascular health across groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yogis (n = 47) and runners (n = 46) showed favorable profiles compared to sedentary individuals (n = 52) on heart rate, heart rate variability, depression, perceived stress, and cigarette smoking. Runners and male yogis showed superior aerobic fitness compared to the sedentary group. Runners reported greater social support compared to other groups. Yogis demonstrated a lower respiration rate compared to sedentary individuals and were more likely to refrain from eating meat compared to other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Yogis and runners demonstrated several cardiovascular health advantages over sedentary individuals. Our findings raise the possibility that yoga may improve aerobic fitness in men but not women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, jill.satin@theclinicondupont.com.
authors.forename: Jillian R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Satin
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Roanne D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Millman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology; D015013:Yoga; D055815:Young Adult