title: The recovery of pollen evidence from documents and its forensic implications.
abstract: Three experiments were undertaken to establish the potential for forensic palynological analysis in cases of suspected document fraud. The first study tested 6 different types of paper and 9 different types of ink (n=54) and it was established that the best retainer of particulates (in this case a proxy was used in the form of UV powder) was medium biro ink and Wove and Connoisseur paper. It was found that for the different paper types 42-52% of the particulates collected were found in the ink and thus both the paper and the ink are potentially valuable sources of trace evidence in a forensic investigation. The second study sought to address the differences in the spatial distribution of particulates on documents when writing took place before or after the paper was treated with UV particulates. Ninety-six observations were made for each piece of paper tested and it was found that when the writing took place after the particulates were applied to the paper; more particulates were retained on the paper in contrast to when the writing took place before the particulate treatment. The spatial distribution of particulates was also affected, with particulates being retained in the folds of the paper when the writing took place before particulate treatment in contrast to a more erratic pattern that emerged due to the pressure of the hand of the writer when the writing took place after the particulate treatment. The third study utilised lily (Lilium) pollen grains and the findings broadly concurred with the second study. The main difference identified was when the writing took place before the particulates were applied; when UV powder was used the particulates were retained in the folds of the paper whereas this pattern was not seen to the same degree when pollen grains were used due to their 'stickier' nature. Envelopes and the pen nibs were also found to be rich sources of pollen grains after the experiments were undertaken. These studies have implications for the application of forensic palynology in cases of suspected document fraud. Pollen grains may well be present, and their analysis has the potential to reveal not only the timing of the generation of the document, but the spatial trends revealed indicate that it may well be possible to establish the sequence of significant events for forensic reconstruction. As such forensic palynology is demonstrated to have great potential in aiding forensic investigations, and is as yet an under-utilised form of trace evidence.
authors.affiliation: UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, Jill Dando Institute, 35 Tavistock Square, WC1H 9EZ London, United Kingdom; UCL JDI Centre for the Forensic Sciences, 35 Tavistock Square, WC1H 9EZ London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: ruth.morgan@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Balestri
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bull
keywords: Document fraud; Forensic palynology; Ink; Paper; Trace evidence; Trace evidence protocols