title: Aggregative group behavior in insect parasitic nematode dispersal.
abstract: Movement behavior of foraging animals is critical to the determination of their spatial ecology and success in exploiting resources. Individuals sometimes gain advantages by foraging in groups to increase their efficiency in garnering these resources. Group movement behavior has been studied in various vertebrates. In this study we explored the propensity for innate group movement behavior among insect parasitic nematodes. Given that entomopathogenic nematodes benefit from group attack and infection, we hypothesised that the populations would tend to move in aggregate in the absence of extrinsic cues. Movement patterns of entomopathogenic nematodes in sand were investigated when nematodes were applied to a specific locus or when the nematodes emerged naturally from infected insect hosts; six nematode species in two genera were tested (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis indica, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema glaseri and Steinernema riobrave). Nematodes were applied in aqueous suspension via filter paper discs or in infected insect host cadavers (to mimic emergence in nature). We discovered that nematode dispersal resulted in an aggregated pattern rather than a random or uniform distribution; the only exception was S. glaseri when emerging directly from infected hosts. The group movement may have been continuous from the point of origin, or it may have been triggered by a propensity to aggregate after a short period of random movement. To our knowledge, this is the first report of group movement behavior in parasitic nematodes in the absence of external stimuli (e.g., without an insect or other apparent biotic or abiotic cue). These findings have implications for nematode spatial distribution and suggest that group behavior is involved in nematode foraging.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, SEFTNRL, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA 31008, USA. Electronic address: David.Shapiro@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Shapiro-Ilan
authors.affiliation: University of California Davis, Department of Nematology and Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: pdschlie@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schliekelman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007313:Insecta / Q000469:parasitology*; D008124:Locomotion; D009348:Nematoda / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Behavior; Dispersal; Entomopathogenic nematode; Group foraging; Heterorhabditis; Steinernema