title: Quantitative interpretation of tracks for determination of body mass.
abstract: To better understand the biology of extinct animals, experimentation with extant animals and innovative numerical approaches have grown in recent years. This research project uses principles of soil mechanics and a neoichnological field experiment with an African elephant to derive a novel concept for calculating the mass (i.e., the weight) of an animal from its footprints. We used the elephant's footprint geometry (i.e., vertical displacements, diameter) in combination with soil mechanical analyses (i.e., soil classification, soil parameter determination in the laboratory, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and gait analysis) for the back analysis of the elephant's weight from a single footprint. In doing so we validated the first component of a methodology for calculating the weight of extinct dinosaurs. The field experiment was conducted under known boundary conditions at the Zoological Gardens Wuppertal with a female African elephant. The weight of the elephant was measured and the walking area was prepared with sediment in advance. Then the elephant was walked across the test area, leaving a trackway behind. Footprint geometry was obtained by laser scanning. To estimate the dynamic component involved in footprint formation, the velocity the foot reaches when touching the subsoil was determined by the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. Soil parameters were identified by performing experiments on the soil in the laboratory. FEA was then used for the backcalculation of the elephant's weight. With this study, we demonstrate the adaptability of using footprint geometry in combination with theoretical considerations of loading of the subsoil during a walk and soil mechanical methods for prediction of trackmakers weight.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Grundbau, Boden- und Felsmechanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schanz
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lins
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viefhaus
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barciaga
authors.forename: Sashima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Läbe
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Preuschoft
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Witzel
authors.forename: P Martin
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D004606:Elephants / Q000502:physiology*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D012987:Soil; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil