title: Measuring enamel erosion: a comparative study of contact profilometry, non-contact profilometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare three instruments for their ability to quantify enamel loss after acid erosion.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 randomized parallel groups of bovine enamel samples were subjected to citric acid (higher acidity) or orange juice (lower acidity) erosion and remineralisation in a cycling model. Two protected shoulders were created on each of the samples using tape, to serve as reference for analysis. The time of exposure to each acid was varied, along with presence or absence of agitation. After treatment, samples were measured on 3 instruments capable of measuring step height: a contact profilometer (CP); a non-contact profilometer (NCP); and a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) by three different examiners. Additionally, 3D (volume) step height was also measured using the CLSM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing acid concentration and exposure time resulted in greater erosion, as did agitation of samples while in acid solution. All instruments/methods identified the same statistically significant (p<0.05) pair-wise differences between the treatments groups. Further, all four methods exhibited strong agreement (Intra-class correlation ≥ 0.96) in erosion level and were highly correlated, with correlations of 0.99 or higher in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All instruments/methods used in this study produced very similar conclusions with regard to ranking of enamel loss, with data showing very high agreement between instruments. All instruments were found to be equally suited to the measurement of enamel erosion.
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble, London Innovation Centre, Egham, UK.
authors.forename: Aude-Marine
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Paepegaey
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Miten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mistry
authors.forename: Nicola X
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hellin
authors.forename: Louise J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Bellamy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: CLSM; Confocal laser scanning microscopy; Contact profilometry; Enamel erosion; In vitro erosion; Non-contact profilometry