title: Inguinal approach for the management of unilateral non-palpable testis: is diagnostic laparoscopy necessary?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the last decade laparoscopy has increasingly been advocated as the primary investigative procedure for the management of the non-palpable testis. We reviewed the medical records in a consecutive series of boys with non-palpable testis to examine the contribution of the initial inguinal approach in the management of unilateral non-palpable testis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the 183 consecutive patients with cryptorchidism from 2003 to 2012, there were 21 patients with unilateral and three with bilateral non-palpable testes. All unilateral patients then underwent inguinal and scrotal exploration through an inguinal incision. For those patients with an intra-abdominal peeping testis, the gonad was placed into the scrotum after meticulous cranial mobilization of the spermatic cord.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient age ranged from 11 months to 144 months (mean age: 23 months). Among the 21 unilateral cases, testicular absence or atrophy was confirmed in seven patients with a scrotal nubbin in six, and blind-ending vas and vessels at the external inguinal ring in one patient. Among the remaining 14 patients with sizeable testes, 12 testes were intra-abdominal peeping testes and two testicles were seen within the distal inguinal canal, which may be missed on physical examination owing to patient obesity. The intra-abdominal peeping testicle had the opened processus vaginalis entering the internal ring in which testicle was found. These were fixed into the scrotum successfully by cranial mobilization of spermatic vessel sometimes cutting the internal oblique muscle and by Prentiss and Fowler-Stephen's maneuver. Diagnostic laparoscopy was done on three patients with bilateral cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the result that most of nubbins are within the scrotum and testes with intra-abdominal peeping testes are fixed down safely into the scrotum, the inguinal approach may suffice for the management of unilateral non-palpable testis. Laparoscopy should be reserved for patients with bilateral non-palpable undescended testes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jspark@cu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D056126:Orchiopexy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018579:Patient Selection; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
keywords: Cryptorchidism; Laparoscopy; Orchiopexy