title: Projectile penetration into ballistic gelatin.
abstract: Ballistic gelatin is frequently used as a model for soft biological tissues that experience projectile impact. In this paper we investigate the response of a number of gelatin materials to the penetration of spherical steel projectiles (7 to 11mm diameter) with a range of lower impacting velocities (<120m/s). The results of sphere penetration depth versus projectile velocity are found to be linear for all systems above a certain threshold velocity required for initiating penetration. The data for a specific material impacted with different diameter spheres were able to be condensed to a single curve when the penetration depth was normalised by the projectile diameter. When the results are compared with a number of predictive relationships available in the literature, it is found that over the range of projectiles and compositions used, the results fit a simple relationship that takes into account the projectile diameter, the threshold velocity for penetration into the gelatin and a value of the shear modulus of the gelatin estimated from the threshold velocity for penetration. The normalised depth is found to fit the elastic Froude number when this is modified to allow for a threshold impact velocity. The normalised penetration data are found to best fit this modified elastic Froude number with a slope of 1/2 instead of 1/3 as suggested by Akers and Belmonte (2006). Possible explanations for this difference are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Biomaterials Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. Electronic address: mswain@mail.usyd.edu.au.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kieser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kieser
mesh_terms: D005780:Gelatin; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena
chemical_list: D005780:Gelatin
keywords: Ballistics; Gelatin; Penetration; Soft tissue