title: Phenotypic variants of staphylococci and their underlying population distributions following exposure to stress.
abstract: This study investigated whether alterations in environmental conditions would induce the formation of small colony variant phenotypes (SCV) with associated changes in cell morphology and ultra-structure in S. aureus, s. epidermidis, and S. lugdunensis. Wild-type clinical isolates were exposed to low temperature (4 °C), antibiotic stress (penicillin G and vancomycin; 0-10,000 µg mL(-1)), pH stress (pH 3-9) and osmotic challenge (NaCl concentrations of 0-20%). Changes in cell diameter, cell-wall thickness, and population distribution changes (n ≥ 300) were assessed via scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and compared to control populations. Our analyses found that prolonged exposure to all treatments resulted in the subsequent formation of SCV phenotypes. Observed SCVs manifested as minute colonies with reduced haemolysis and pigmentation (NaCl, pH and 4°C treatments), or complete lack thereof (antibiotic treatments). SEM comparison analyses revealed significantly smaller cell sizes for SCV populations except in S. aureus and S. epidermidis 10% NaCl, and S. epidermidis 4 °C (p<0.05). Shifts in population distribution patterns were also observed with distinct sub-populations of smaller cells appearing for S. epidermidis, and S. lugdunensis. TEM analyses revealed significantly thicker cell-walls in all treatments and species except S. lugdunensis exposed to 4 °C. These findings suggest that staphylococci adapted to environmental stresses by altering their cell size and wall thickness which could represent the formation of altered phenotypes which facilitate survival under harsh conditions. The phenotypic response was governed by the type of prevailing environmental stress regime leading to appropriate alterations in ultra-structure and size, suggesting downstream changes in gene expression, the proteome, and metabolome.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Onyango
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hugh Dunstan
authors.forename: Timothy K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gottfries
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D048429:Cell Size; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004777:Environment; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents