title: The association between vitamin D and vascular stiffness in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a marker of vascular stiffness associated with CVD. We hypothesized that Vitamin D (25 (OH) D) levels would be inversely associated with PWV in youth with and without type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparisons were made between adolescents with T1D (n = 211; age = 17.5 ± 2.3 years; diabetes duration = 10.9 ± 3.2 years; A1c = 9.1 ± 1.7%) and non-DM controls (n = 67; age = 16.9 ± 1.9 years). PWV was measured in the carotid-femoral segment (Sphygmocor Vx, AtCor Medical, Lisle, IL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin D levels were similar in adolescents with T1D and controls (27.7 ± 0.7 v. 26.0 ± 1.3 ng/ml; p = 0.26). Vitamin D was significantly inversely associated with PWV after adjusting for age, sex, quarter of the year, and race-ethnicity in adolescents with T1D (beta = -0.01 ± 0.004, p = 0.02) but not in the non-DM adolescents (beta = -0.008 ± 0.008, p = 0.32). Vitamin D remained significantly associated with PWV after additionally adjusting for hs-CRP in adolescents with T1D (-0.01 ± 0.004, p = 0.01). After adjusting for BMI z-score, lipids, or blood pressure, the relationship of Vitamin D with PWV was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D levels were inversely associated with PWV in adolescents with T1D, but not independently of BMI, lipids, or blood pressure. Our data contrast with other reports and suggest further research is indicated to determine if Vitamin D supplementation would be beneficial to lower CVD risk in adolescents with T1D with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: R Paul
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wadwa
authors.forename: Nhung
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Franziska K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reinick
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Snell-Bergeon
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D014807:Vitamin D; D002784:Cholesterol