title: Reading in subjects with an oral cleft: speech, hearing and neuropsychological skills.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate speech, hearing, and neuropsychological correlates to reading among children, adolescents, and young adults with nonsyndromic cleft of the lip and/or palate (NSCL/P).
  
  
  METHODS
  All testing was completed in a single visit at a Midwestern university hospital. Subjects in both the NSCL/P (n = 80) and the control groups (n = 62) ranged in age from 7-26 years (average age = 17.60 and 17.66, respectively). Subjects completed a battery of standardized tests evaluating intelligence, neuropsychological skills, and word reading. Subjects with NSCL/P also underwent speech assessment, and past audiology records were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age and socioeconomic status, subjects with cleft performed significantly worse on a test of word reading. For subjects with cleft, word reading deficits were not associated with measures of speech or hearing, but were correlated with impairments in auditory memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show poorer reading among subjects with NSCL/P compared with those without. Further work needs to focus on correlates of reading among subjects with cleft to allow early identification and appropriate intervention/accommodation for those at risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.
authors.forename: Thomasin E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: DeVolder
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Lynn C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.
authors.forename: Peg
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nopoulos
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult