title: The role of grape seed extract in the remineralization of demineralized dentine: micromorphological and physical analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Grape seed extract (GSE) is known to have a positive effect on the demineralization and/or remineralization of artificial root caries lesions. The present study aimed to investigate whether biomodification of caries-like acid-etched demineralized dentine, using proanthocyanidins-rich GSE, would promote its remineralization potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dentine specimens were acid-etched for 30s, then biomodified using proanthocyanidin-based preconditioners (at different concentrations and pH values) for 2min, followed by a 15-day artificial remineralization regimen. They were subsequently subjected to microhardness measurements, micromorphological evaluation and X-ray diffraction analyses. Stability of the preconditioners was also analyzed, spectrophotometrically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A concentration-dependent increase was observed in the microhardness of the specimens that were biomodified using GSE preconditioners, without pH adjustment. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed greater mineral deposition on their surfaces, which was further identified mainly as hydroxylapatite. The absorbances of preconditioner dilutions at pH 7.4 and pH 10.0 decreased at the two typical polyphenol bands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transient GSE biomodification promoted remineralization on the surface of demineralized dentine, and this process was influenced by the concentration and pH value of the preconditioner. GSE preconditioner at a concentration of 15%, without pH adjustment, presented with the best results, and this may be attributed to its high polyphenolic content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, #145 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an 710032, PR China; Department of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, #1 Xinwang Road, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
authors.forename: Cheng-fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Rui-rui
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.forename: Zhi-guo
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Yu-hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Ji-hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D017886:Durapatite; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008517:Phytotherapy; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017213:Root Caries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D012639:Seeds; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: DDW; Dentine; FESEM; GSE; HA; JCPDS; Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards; PA; Polyphenol; Proanthocyanidins; Remineralization; SBF; VHN; Vickers hardness numbers; X-ray diffraction; XRD; distilled deionized water; field emission scanning electron microscope; grape seed extract; hydroxylapatite; pH; proanthocyanidins; simulated body fluid