title: Surviving in two worlds: social and structural violence of Thai female injecting drug users.
abstract: Thai females injecting drugs are ensnared in a web of problems arising from forms of prejudice that magnify their vulnerability. They are vulnerable, at risk, and exposed to a high degree of social suffering. This paper aims to elucidate how social production and structural violence combine to shape the lives of these women. Using a qualitative methodology, two focus groups with 5 key informants and in-depth interviews involving a total of 35 women injecting drugs were conducted in Bangkok. The findings reveal that the structural environment that directly impacts upon these women's lives becomes the reason for their suffering. The structural environment puts these women at risk of violence in numerous social settings in which these women engage as well as generating tension at a subjective level (i.e. the habitus) of these women. Thai female injecting drug users are trapped in a difficult tension between the demands for being Thai women seeking to exist in the masculine world of drug use but at the same time meeting Thai society's expectations of womanhood. Unequal gender relations are manifest in the everyday violence that women face in the drug community, culminating in the essential nature of women being questioned, undermined and threatened. Living in the drug community, women are subjected to violence and harassment, and gendered brutality by intimate partners. In conclusion, the social suffering that Thai female injecting drug users find themselves confronting is confined to dilemmas cause by tensions between drug use and the overriding gender habitus.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Thailand. Electronic address: niphattraha@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Niphattra
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haritavorn
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology*; D013785:Thailand; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Female injecting drug user; Gender; Habitus; Social suffering; Structural violence; Thailand