title: Office-based endovascular suite is safe for most procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to identify the safety of endovascular procedures in the office endovascular suite and to assess patient satisfaction in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 22, 2007, and December 31, 2012, 2822 patients underwent 6458 percutaneous procedures in an office-based endovascular suite. Demographics of the patients, complications, hospital transfers, and 30-day mortality were documented in a prospective manner. Follow-up calls were made, and a satisfaction survey was conducted. Almost all dialysis procedures were done under local anesthesia and peripheral arterial procedures under conscious sedation. All patients, except those undergoing catheter removals, received hydrocodone and acetaminophen (5/325 mg), diazepam (5-10 mg), and one dose of an oral antibiotic preprocedure and three doses postprocedure. Patients who required conscious sedation received fentanyl and midazolam. Conscious sedation was used almost exclusively in patients having an arterial procedure. Measurements of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, international normalized ratio, and partial thromboplastin time were performed before peripheral arteriograms. All other patients had no preoperative laboratory tests. Patients considered high risk (American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification 4), those who could not tolerate the procedure with mild to moderate conscious sedation, patients with a previous bad experience, or patients who weighed >400 pounds were not candidates for office based procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 54 total complications (0.8%): venous, 2.2%; aortogram without interventions, 1%; aortogram with interventions, 2.7%; fistulogram, 0.5%; catheters, 0.3%; and venous filter-related, 2%. Twenty-six patients required hospital transfer from the office. Ten patients needed an operative intervention because of a complication. No procedure-related deaths occurred. There were 18 deaths in a 30-day period. Of patients surveyed, 99% indicated that they would come back to the office for needed procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When appropriately screened, almost all peripheral interventions can be performed in the office with minimal complications. For dialysis patients, outpatient intervention has a very low complication rate and is the mainstay of treatment to keep the dialysis access patent. Venous insufficiency, when managed in the office setting, also has a low complication rate. Office-based procedural settings should be seriously considered for percutaneous interventions for arterial, venous, and dialysis-related procedures.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Vascular Surgery, Kalamazoo, Mich. Electronic address: dockrishna@aol.com.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Advanced Vascular Surgery, Kalamazoo, Mich.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munn
authors.affiliation: Advanced Vascular Surgery, Kalamazoo, Mich.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rummel
authors.affiliation: Advanced Vascular Surgery, Kalamazoo, Mich.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Advanced Vascular Surgery, Kalamazoo, Mich.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Longton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D018579:Patient Selection; D010360:Patient Transfer; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine