title: Source contributions of lead in residential floor dust and within-home variability of dust lead loading.
abstract: Evidence of the impact of exposure to low levels of lead on children's health is increasing. Residential floor dust is the assumed origin of lead exposure by young children. In this study, we estimate the contribution of different lead sources to household interior floor dust contamination. We also estimate the within-home variability of interior floor dust lead loadings. A multilevel model was developed based on data collected in a French survey in 2008-2009 (484 housing units, 1834 rooms). Missing data were handled by multiple imputation using chained equations. The intra-home correlation between interior floor Log dust lead loadings was approximately 0.6. Dust lead from the landing of an apartment, mostly originating outside the building, was the major contributor to interior floor dust lead. Secondary contributors included the lead-based paint on exterior railings, track-in of the exterior soil of the children's play area into the dwelling, smoking inside the home, demolition of nearby old buildings and sites of pollution in the vicinity. Interior lead-based paint contaminated interior floor dust only in old and non-renovated dwellings. To reduce interior floor dust lead levels in the general population of dwellings, common areas should be maintained, and track-in from the outside should be limited as much as possible.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Est, CSTB - Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, 84 avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France; Université de Nantes, EA 4275 Biostatistique, Pharmacoépidémiologie et Mesures Subjectives en Santé, 1 rue Gaston Veil BP 53508, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France. Electronic address: jean.paul.lucas@free.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: UMR CNRS 6629 Laboratoire de Mathématiques Jean Leray, 2 rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bellanger
authors.affiliation: InVS, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Strat
authors.affiliation: InVS, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Tertre
authors.affiliation: EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR 1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glorennec
authors.affiliation: EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR 1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Bot
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Etchevers
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Est, CSTB - Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, 84 avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mandin
authors.affiliation: Université de Nantes, EA 4275 Biostatistique, Pharmacoépidémiologie et Mesures Subjectives en Santé, 1 rue Gaston Veil BP 53508, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sébille
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D007854:Lead
keywords: Exposure; House dust; Lead; Multilevel modeling