title: Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem following sublingual administration.
abstract: The effect of dose and gender on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of zolpidem after administration of a buffered zolpidem sublingual tablet (ZST; Intermezzo®, Purdue Pharma L.P., Stamford, CT, USA) was evaluated in healthy non-elderly male and female volunteers. Subjects received a single morning dose of ZST (1.0, 1.75, and 3.5 mg) or placebo in a four-way crossover study. In male and female subjects zolpidem PK were linear, with area under the curve (AUC) proportional to dose, and apparent oral clearance and elimination half-life independent of dose. However, AUC averaged 40% to 50% higher in females than in males receiving the same dose. The gender effect was incompletely explained by body weight. In females, ZST produced PD changes consistent with benzodiazepine agonist effects, particularly at the 3.5-mg dose. For several PD variables, PD effects were significantly related to plasma zolpidem concentrations when data were aggregated across subjects. However, there was variability in response among individuals. In males, PD effects of zolpidem seldom differed from placebo regardless of plasma concentration. The findings confirm that zolpidem clearance is lower in females than in males. PD effects of zolpidem from ZST are greater in female subjects, due to a combination of higher plasma concentrations and greater intrinsic sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
authors.forename: Jerold S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Harmatz
authors.forename: Nikhilesh N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moline
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Ram P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kapil
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D000077334:Zolpidem
keywords: gender; insomnia; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics; zolpidem sublingual tablet