title: Diversity of human papillomaviruses in skin lesions.
abstract: Pools of frozen biopsies from patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n=29) actinic keratosis (AK) (n=31), keratoacanthoma (n=91) and swab samples from 84 SCCs and 91 AKs were analysed with an extended HPV general primer PCR and high-throughput sequencing of amplimers. We found 273 different HPV isolates (87 known HPV types, 139 previously known HPV sequences (putative types) and 47 sequences from novel putative HPV types). Among the new sequences, five clustered in genus Betapapillomavirus and 42 in genus Gammapapillomavirus. Resequencing of the three pools between 21 to 70 times resulted in the detection of 283 different known or putative HPV types, with 156 different sequences found in only one of the pools. Type-specific PCRs for 37 putative types from an additional 296 patients found only two of these putative types. In conclusion, skin lesions contain a large diversity of HPV types, but most appeared to be rare infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE 20502 Malmö, Sweden; Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet and Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ekström
authors.forename: Laila Sara Arroyo
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mühr
authors.forename: Davit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bzhalava
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Söderlund-Strand
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hultin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordin
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stenquist
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paoli
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Forslund
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dillner
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: Human papillomaviruses; Skin lesions