title: Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are associated with word memory source monitoring recollection deficits but not simple recognition familiarity deficits following water, low glycaemic load, and high glycaemic load breakfasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been established that type 2 diabetes, and to some extent, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), are associated with general neuropsychological impairments in episodic memory. However, the effect of abnormalities in glucose metabolism on specific retrieval processes such as source monitoring has not been investigated. The primary aim was to investigate the impact of type 2 diabetes and IGT on simple word recognition (familiarity) and complex source monitoring (recollection). A secondary aim was to examine the effect of acute breakfast glycaemic load manipulations on episodic memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are presented from two separate studies; (i) 24 adults with type 2 diabetes and 12 controls aged 45-75years, (ii) 18 females with IGT and 47 female controls aged 30-50years. Controls were matched for age, IQ, BMI, waist circumference, and depression. Recognition of previously learned words and memory for specifically which list a previously learned word had appeared in (source monitoring) was examined at two test sessions during the morning after consumption of low glycaemic load, high glycaemic load and water breakfasts according to a counterbalanced, crossover design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 2 diabetes (p<0.05) and IGT (p<0.01) were associated with significant source monitoring recollection deficits but not impairments in familiarity. Impairments were only observed in the late postprandial stage at the second test session. These impairments were not attenuated by the breakfast glycaemic load manipulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolated source monitoring recollection deficits indicate that abnormalities in glucose metabolism are not detrimental for global episodic memory processes. This enhances our understanding of how metabolic disorders are associated with memory impairments.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. Electronic address: d.j.lamport@reading.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lamport
authors.forename: Clare L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Chris A J
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moulin
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D062408:Breakfast; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects*; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D014867:Water; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Glycaemic index; Glycaemic load; Impaired glucose tolerance; Memory; Source monitoring; Type 2 diabetes