title: A blood test for cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with potential for disease detection in newborns.
abstract: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare, difficult-to-diagnose genetic disorder of bile acid (BA) synthesis that can cause progressive neurological damage and premature death. Detection of CTX in the newborn period would be beneficial because an effective oral therapy for CTX is available to prevent disease progression. There is no suitable test to screen newborn dried bloodspots (DBS) for CTX. Blood screening for CTX is currently performed by GC-MS measurement of elevated 5α-cholestanol. We present here LC-ESI/MS/MS methodology utilizing keto derivatization with (O-(3-trimethylammonium-propyl) hydroxylamine) reagent to enable sensitive detection of ketosterol BA precursors that accumulate in CTX. The availability of isotopically enriched derivatization reagent allowed ready tagging of ketosterols to generate internal standards for isotope dilution quantification. Ketosterols were quantified and their utility as markers for CTX was compared with 5α-cholestanol. 7α,12α-Dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one provided the best discrimination between CTX and unaffected samples. In two CTX, newborn DBS concentrations of this ketosterol (120-214 ng/ml) were ∼10-fold higher than in unaffected newborn DBS (16.4 ± 6.0 ng/ml), such that quantification of this ketosterol provides a test with potential to screen newborn DBS for CTX. Early detection and intervention through newborn screening would greatly benefit those affected with CTX by preventing morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: DeBarber
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Star-Weinstock
authors.forename: Subhasish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Purkayastha
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Geraghty
authors.forename: John Pei-Wen
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Louise S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Merkens
authors.forename: Anuradha S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pappu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002138:Calibration; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002783:Cholestenones / Q000097:blood*; D059788:Dried Blood Spot Testing; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D012015:Reference Standards; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000592:standards; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000592:standards; D019294:Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D002783:Cholestenones
keywords: CYP27A1; LC-ESI-MS/MS; bile acid; derivatization; ketosterol; leukodystrophy; newborn screening