title: Beyond photography: evaluation of the consumer digital camera to identify strabismus and anisometropia by analyzing the Bruckner's reflex.
abstract: Amblyopia screening is often either costly or laborious. We evaluated the Canon Powershot TX1 (CPTX1) digital camera as an efficient screener for amblyogenic risk factors (ARF). We included 138 subjects: 84-amblyopes and 54-normal. With the red-eye-reduction feature off, we obtained Bruckner reflex photographs of different sized crescents which suggested anisometropia, while asymmetrical brightness indicated strabismus; symmetry implied normalcy. Eight sets of randomly arranged 138 photographs were made. After training, 8 personnel, marked each as normal or abnormal. Of the 84 amblyopes, 42 were strabismus alone (SA), 36 had anisometropia alone (AA) while six were mixed amblyopes (MA). Overall mean sensitivity for amblyopes was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.89) and specificity 0.85 (95% CI: 0.77-0.93). Sub-group analyses on SA, AA and MA returned sensitivities of 0.86, 0.89 and 0.69, while specificities were 0.85 for all three. Overall Cohen's Kappa was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.62-0.71). The CPTX1 appears to be a feasible option to screen for ARF, although results need to be validated on appropriate age groups.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sadat A O
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bani
authors.forename: Abadan K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Amitava
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Alam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danish
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015858:Anisometropia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult