title: Human genetic polymorphisms in the Knops blood group are not associated with a protective advantage against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Southern Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The complex interactions between the human host and the Plasmodium falciparum parasite and the factors influencing severity of disease are still not fully understood. Human single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs associated with Knops blood group system; carried by complement receptor 1 may be associated with the pathology of P. falciparum malaria, and susceptibility to disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The objective of this study was to determine the genotype and haplotype frequencies of the SNPs defining the Knops blood group antigens; Kna/b, McCoya/b, Swain-Langley1/2 and KCAM+/- in Ghanaian patients with malaria and determine possible associations between these polymorphisms and the severity of the disease. Study participants were patients (n = 267) admitted to the emergency room at the Department of Child Health, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana during the malaria season from June to August in 1995, 1996 and 1997, classified as uncomplicated malaria (n = 89), severe anaemia (n = 57) and cerebral malaria (n = 121) and controls who did not have a detectable Plasmodium infection or were symptomless carriers of the parasite (n = 275). The frequencies were determined using a post-PCR ligation detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assay, developed to detect the SNPs defining the antigens. Chi-square/Fisher's exact test and logistic regression models were used to analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, high frequencies of the alleles Kna, McCb, Sl2 and KCAM- were found in the Ghanaian population. Apart from small significant differences between the groups at the Sl locus, no significant allelic or genotypic differences were found between the controls and the disease groups or between the disease groups. The polymorphisms define eight different haplotypes H1(2.4%), H2(9.4%), H3(59.8%), H4(0%), H5(25.2%), H6(0.33%), H7(2.8%) and H8(0%). Investigating these haplotypes, no significant differences between any of the groups were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm earlier findings of high frequencies of certain CR1 alleles in Africa; and shed more light on earlier conflicting findings; the alleles McCb, Sl2, Knb and KCAM- or combined haplotypes do not seem to confer any protective advantage against malaria infection or resulting disease severity. Based on these findings, in a very well-characterized population, malaria does not seem to be the selective force on these alleles.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. hellehan@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Helle H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Jørgen A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kurtzhals
authors.forename: Bamenla Q
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Goka
authors.forename: Onike P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Rodriques
authors.forename: Francis N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Nkrumah
authors.forename: Thor G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Theander
authors.forename: Ib Christian
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Bygbjerg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alifrangis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001789:Blood Group Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060467:Disease Resistance; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D005869:Ghana; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017463:Receptors, Complement 3b / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001789:Blood Group Antigens; D017463:Receptors, Complement 3b