title: Impact of benzo(a)pyrene, Cu and their mixture on the proteomic response of Mytilus galloprovincialis.
abstract: In natural waters, chemical interactions between mixtures of contaminants can result in potential synergistic and/or antagonic effects in aquatic animals. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and copper (Cu) are two widespread environmental contaminants with known toxicity towards mussels Mytilus spp. The effects of the individual and the interaction of BaP and Cu exposures were assessed in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis using proteomic analysis. Mussels were exposed to BaP [10 μg L(-1) (0.396 μM)], and Cu [10 μg L(-1) (0.16 μM)], as well as to their binary mixture (mixture) for a period of 7 days. Proteomic analysis showed different protein expression profiles associated to each selected contaminant condition. A non-additive combined effect was observed in mixture in terms of new and suppressed proteins. Proteins more drastically altered (new, suppressed and 2-fold differentially expressed) were excised and analyzed by mass spectrometry, and eighteen putatively identified. Protein identification demonstrated the different accumulation, metabolism and chemical interactions of BaP, Cu and their mixture, resulting in different modes of action. Proteins associated with adhesion and motility (catchin, twitchin and twitchin-like protein), cytoskeleton and cell structure (α-tubulin and actin), stress response (heat shock cognate 71, heat shock protein 70, putative C1q domain containing protein), transcription regulation (zinc-finger BED domain-containing and nuclear receptor subfamily 1G) and energy metabolism (ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 protein and mannose-6-phosphate isomerase) were assigned to all three conditions. Cu exposure alone altered proteins associated with oxidative stress (glutathione-S-transferase) and digestion, growth and remodelling processes (chitin synthase), while the mixture affected only one protein (major vault protein) possibly related to multi drug resistance. Overall, new candidate biomarkers, namely zinc-finger BED domain-containing protein, chitin synthase and major vault protein, were also identified for BaP, Cu and mixture, respectively.
authors.affiliation: CIMA, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. Electronic address: vmaria@ualg.pt.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Maria
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barreira
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bebianno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000633:toxicity*; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects*; D020543:Proteome / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D003300:Copper
keywords: Benzo(a)pyrene; Binary mixture; Copper; MALDI-TOF-TOF; Mytilus galloprovincialis; Protein expression profiles