title: Effector mechanisms of rejection.
abstract: Organ transplantation appears today to be the best alternative to replace the loss of vital organs induced by various diseases. Transplants can, however, also be rejected by the recipient. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and the cells/molecules involved in acute and chronic rejections. T cells and B cells mainly control the antigen-specific rejection and act either as effector, regulatory, or memory cells. On the other hand, nonspecific cells such as endothelial cells, NK cells, macrophages, or polymorphonuclear cells are also crucial actors of transplant rejection. Last, beyond cells, the high contribution of antibodies, chemokines, and complement molecules in graft rejection is discussed in this article. The understanding of the different components involved in graft rejection is essential as some of them are used in the clinic as biomarkers to detect and quantify the level of rejection.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, CHU de Nantes 44093, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varey
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anegon
authors.forename: Maria-Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cuturi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology; D064591:Allografts / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D016175:B-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000276:immunology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000276:immunology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014181:Transplantation Immunology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens; D018925:Chemokines