title: A prospective study of the trajectories of clinical insight, affective symptoms, and cognitive ability in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical insight in bipolar disorder is associated with treatment adherence and psychosocial outcome. The short-term dynamics of clinical insight in relationship to symptoms and cognitive abilities are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective observational study, a total of 106 outpatients with bipolar disorder I or II were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 26 weeks. Participants were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, clinical ratings of manic and depressive symptom severity, and self-reported clinical insight. Lagged correlations and linear mixed-effects models were used to determine the temporal associations between symptoms and insight, as well as the moderating influence of global cognitive abilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, insight was modestly correlated with severity of manic symptoms, but not with depressive symptoms or cognitive abilities. Insight and depressive symptoms fluctuated to approximately the same extent over time. Both lagged correlations and mixed effects models with lagged effects indicated that the severity of manic symptoms predicted worse insight at later assessments, whereas the converse was not significant. There were no direct or moderating influences of global cognitive abilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our sample size was modest, and included relatively psychiatrically stable outpatients, followed for a six month period. Our results may not generalize to acutely symptomatic patients followed over a longer period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical insight varies substantially over time within patients with bipolar disorder. Impaired insight in bipolar disorder is more likely to follow than to precede manic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA. Electronic address: cdepp@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Colin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Depp
authors.forename: Alexandrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harmell
authors.forename: Gauri N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Savla
authors.forename: Brent T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Mausbach
authors.forename: Dilip V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Jeste
authors.forename: Barton W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014888:Wechsler Scales; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Depression; Insight; Neuropsychology