title: The effect of Salvia divinorum and Mitragyna speciosa extracts, fraction and major constituents on place aversion and place preference in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumer use of botanicals has increased despite, in many instances, the paucity of research demonstrating efficacy or identifying liabilities. This research employed the place preference/aversion paradigm to characterize the psychoactive properties of Salvia divinorum extract (10, 30, 100mg/kg), salvinorin A (0.1, 0.3, 1.0mg/kg), Mitragyna speciosa MeOH extract (50, 100, 300 mg/kg), Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid-enriched fraction (12.5, 25, 75 mg/kg) and mitragynine (5, 10, 30 mg/kg) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following apparatus habituation and baseline preference scores, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given eight counter-balanced drug versus vehicle conditioning trials followed by a preference test conducted under drug-free states. S(+)-amphetamine (1mg/kg) served as the positive control (in Exp. 2) and haloperidol (0.8, 1.0mg/kg) served as the negative control in both studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats displayed place aversion to both Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A that exceeded that of haloperidol. Rats showed place preference to mitragynine that was similar to that of S(+)-amphetamine. This CPP effect was much less pronounced with the Mitragyna speciosa extract and its fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that both botanicals possess liabilities, albeit somewhat different, that warrant caution in their use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA. Electronic address: pysufka@olemiss.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sufka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Loria
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lewellyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Zjawiony
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Zulfiqar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Naohito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Ikhlas A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D032065:Mitragyna / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Mitragyna speciosa; Mitragynine; Place preference/aversion; Salvia divinorum; Salvinorin A