title: Long-term systemic toxicity of shikonin derivatives in Wistar rats.
abstract: Abstract Context: Although the antitumor, immunomodulatory activities, and other effects of shikonin have been studied for decades, its systemic toxicity in vivo remains unclear. Objective: To estimate the long-term systemic toxicity of shikonin derivatives (ShD) in a rat model. Materials and methods: The roots of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. (Boraginaceae) were extracted in ethanol, passed through a molecular sieve, and dried. A microemulsion solution in water was subsequently prepared. Adult Wistar rats were treated with ShD by gavage at concentrations of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg per day for 90 days or 180 days. Hematological and biochemical examinations were performed, and the vital organs were subjected to pathological analyses. Results: We did not observe hematological or non-hematological toxicity of ShD at a dose as high as 800 mg/kg per day for 6 months. Discussion and conclusion: Our findings may offer some beneficial information for the practical application and research of Arnebia euchroma. We demonstrated in an animal model that ShD may be safe for usage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology and.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yingli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guangzhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang