title: Playground injuries in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid urbanization and unplanned population development can be detrimental to the safety of citizens, with children being a particularly vulnerable social group. In this review, we assess childhood playground injuries and suggest safety mechanisms which could be incorporated into playground planning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria were "children" as the focus group, "playground" as the main field of study, and "unintentional injury" and "safety" as the concepts of study. The keywords used for the PubMed search were "playground", "children", and "injury". Initially we 182 articles. After screening according to inclusion criteria, 86 articles were found, and after reading the abstracts and then the full text, 14 articles were finally included for analysis. The papers reviewed included four case-control studies, three case studies, three descriptive studies, two interventional studies, one retrospective study, one cross-sectional study, and one systematic review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Playground-related fractures were the most common accidents among children, underscoring the importance of safety promotion and injury prevention in playgrounds, lowrisk equipment and playing hours (week days associated with higher risk), implementation of standards, preventing falls and fall-related fractures, and addressing concerns of parents about unsafe neighborhoods. With the exception of one study, all of the reviewed papers had not implemented any practical safety plan. Safe engineering approaches were also ignored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend a systematic safety approach based on the "safety circle" which includes three main areas, ie, equipment, environment, and children.
authors.affiliation: Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan Sadeghi
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Naeini
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mirlohi
authors.forename: Koustuv
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dalal
keywords: children; injury; playground; safety