title: Feeding on prey increases photosynthetic efficiency in the carnivorous sundew Drosera capensis.
abstract: BACKROUND AND AIMS: It has been suggested that the rate of net photosynthesis (AN) of carnivorous plants increases in response to prey capture and nutrient uptake; however, data confirming the benefit from carnivory in terms of increased AN are scarce and unclear. The principal aim of our study was to investigate the photosynthetic benefit from prey capture in the carnivorous sundew Drosera capensis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prey attraction experiments were performed, with measurements and visualization of enzyme activities, elemental analysis and pigment quantification together with simultaneous measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in D. capensis in response to feeding with fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Red coloration of tentacles did not act as a signal to attract fruit flies onto the traps. Phosphatase, phophodiesterase and protease activities were induced 24 h after prey capture. These activities are consistent with the depletion of phosphorus and nitrogen from digested prey and a significant increase in their content in leaf tissue after 10 weeks. Mechanical stimulation of tentacle glands alone was not sufficient to induce proteolytic activity. Activities of β-D-glucosidases and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidases in the tentacle mucilage were not detected. The uptake of phosphorus from prey was more efficient than that of nitrogen and caused the foliar N:P ratio to decrease; the contents of other elements (K, Ca, Mg) decreased slightly in fed plants. Increased foliar N and P contents resulted in a significant increase in the aboveground plant biomass, the number of leaves and chlorophyll content as well as AN, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the stoichiometric relationships among different nutrients, the growth of unfed D. capensis plants was P-limited. This P-limitation was markedly alleviated by feeding on fruit flies and resulted in improved plant nutrient status and photosynthetic performance. This study supports the original cost/benefit model proposed by T. Givnish almost 30 years ago and underlines the importance of plant carnivory for increasing phosphorus, and thereby photosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pavlovič
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krausko
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Libiaková
authors.forename: Lubomír
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adamec
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060435:Carnivory; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D029787:Drosera / Q000502:physiology*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D002734:Chlorophyll; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen; D000077194:Chlorophyll A
keywords: Carnivorous plant; Drosera capensis; cape sundew; cost/benefit; digestive enzymes; fruit flies; nitrogen; phosphorus; photosynthesis; sundew