title: Modern Antarctic acorn worms form tubes.
abstract: Acorn worms, or enteropneusts, are vermiform hemichordates that occupy an important position in deuterostome phylogeny. Allied to pterobranch hemichordates, small colonial tube dwellers, modern enteropneusts were thought to be tubeless. However, understanding of hemichordate diversity is poor, as evidenced by absence of reports from some oceanic regions and recent descriptions of large epibenthic deep-water enteropneusts, Torquaratoridae. Here we show, based on expeditions to Antarctica, that some acorn worms produce conspicuous tubes that persist for days. Interestingly, recent fossil descriptions show a Middle Cambrian acorn worm lived in tubes, leading to speculation that these fossils may have been pterobranch forbearers. Our discovery provides the alternative interpretation that these fossils are similar to modern-day torquaratorids and that some behaviours have been conserved for over 500 million years. Moreover, the frequency of Antarctic enteropneusts observed attests to our limited knowledge of Antarctic marine ecosystems, and strengthens hypotheses relating more northern deep-sea fauna to Antarctic shelf fauna.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Halanych
authors.forename: Johanna T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mahon
authors.forename: Billie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Swalla
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002816:Chordata, Nonvertebrate / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005580:Fossils; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010802:Phylogeny