title: Topical (intra-articular) tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and transfusion rates following total hip replacement: a randomized controlled trial (TRANX-H).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately one-third of patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery require one to three units of blood postoperatively. Tranexamic acid is a synthetic antifibrinolytic agent that has been successfully used intravenously to control bleeding after total hip replacement. A topical application is easy to administer, provides a maximum concentration of tranexamic acid at the bleeding site, and is associated with little or no systemic absorption of the tranexamic acid.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of 161 patients undergoing unilateral primary total hip replacement investigated the effect of topical (intra-articular) application of tranexamic acid on blood loss. The primary outcome was the blood transfusion rate. Secondary outcomes included the drain blood loss, hemoglobin concentration drop, generic quality of life (EuroQol), Oxford Hip Score, length of stay, a cost analysis, and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tranexamic acid reduced the absolute risk of blood transfusion by 19.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.9% to 32.1%; p = 0.004), from 32.1% to 12.5%, and reduced blood loss by 129 mL (95% CI, 47 to 211 mL; p = 0.002), the hemoglobin concentration drop by 0.84 g/dL (95% CI, 0.41 to 1.27; p &lt; 0.0001), the length of stay by 1.0 days (95% CI, -0.2 to 2.3 days; p = 0.109), and the cost per episode by £305 (95% CI, £0 to £610; p = 0.05). (In 2010, £1 = 1.5 U.S. dollars.) Oxford Hip Scores and EuroQol scores were similar at three months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topically applied tranexamic acid was effective in reducing blood loss and the need for blood transfusion following total hip replacement, avoiding the potential complications of intravenous tranexamic acid administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: The James Cook University Hospital, Marton Road, Middlesbrough, TS4 3BW, United Kingdom. E-mail address: Sattar26@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: Sattar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alshryda
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarda
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nargol
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Hafeez
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Logishetty
authors.forename: Manesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaghela
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McPartlin
authors.forename: A Pali S
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hungin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D014148:Tranexamic Acid