title: Effect of smoking status on healthcare costs and resource utilization in patients with type 2 diabetes in routine clinical practice: a retrospective nested case-control economic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare healthcare resource utilization and costs according to smoking status in patients with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort nested case-control study was designed. Cases were current smokers, while 2 types of controls (former smokers and never smokers) were matched (2 controls per case) for age, sex, duration of diabetes and burden of comorbidity using data from medical records. Noninstitutionalized diabetics of both genders, aged>18 years and seen consecutively over a 5-year period before the index date, were enrolled. Analysis compared healthcare resource utilization, loss of productivity due to sick leave and corresponding costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 2,490 medical records were analyzed, i.e. 498 cases, 996 former smokers and 996 never smokers. Mean age was 63.4 years (64.9% male). Smokers had higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels (7.4 vs. 7.2 and 7.2%, respectively; p=0.013) and a lower degree of metabolic control (49.2 vs. 54.7 and 55.8%; p=0.036). Smokers had higher average annual costs (EUR 3,583) than former smokers (EUR 2,885; p<0.001) and never smokers (EUR 2,183; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic smoker patients had lower metabolic control, higher health resource utilization and more sick leave, resulting in higher healthcare costs and lost productivity compared with both former and never smoker diabetics.
authors.affiliation: Dirección de Planificación, Badalona Serveis Assistencials SA, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sicras-Mainar
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rejas-Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Navarro-Artieda
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ibánez-Nolla
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology