title: The synthetic triterpenoid RTA dh404 (CDDO-dhTFEA) restores Nrf2 activity and attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in rats with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: 1. Chronic oxidative stress and inflammation are major mediators of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and result in impaired activation of the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2. Given the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in CKD pathogenesis, strategies aimed at restoring Nrf2 activity may attenuate CKD progression. 2. The present study investigated whether the synthetic triterpenoid RTA dh404 (2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid-9,11-dihydro-trifluoroethyl amide or CDDO-dhTFEA) would afford renal protection in a 5/6 nephrectomized rat model of CKD. RTA dh404 (2 mg/kg/day) was orally administered once daily for 12 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy surgery. 3. The remnant kidneys from the vehicle-treated CKD rats showed activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), upregulation of NAD(P)H oxidase, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation, as well as marked reductions in Nrf2 and its target gene products (i.e. catalase, heme oxygenase-1, thioredoxin 1, thioredoxin reductase 1 and peroxiredoxin 1). The functional and structural deficits in the kidney were associated with increased (∼30%) mean arterial pressure (MAP). Treatment with RTA dh404 restored MAP, increased Nrf2 and expression of its target genes, attenuated activation of NF-κB and transforming growth factor-β pathways, and reduced glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation in the CKD rats. 4. Thus, chronic treatment with RTA dh404 was effective in restoring Nrf2 activity and slowing CKD progression in rats following 5/6 nephrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Schools of Medicine and Biological Science, University of California-Irvine , Orange, CA , USA , and.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aminzadeh
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reisman
authors.forename: Nosratola D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Vaziri
authors.forename: Mahyar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khazaeli
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000072019:Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051906:Smad7 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C486610:KEAP1 protein, rat; D000072019:Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051906:Smad7 Protein; C497808:Smad7 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C547749:dh404 compound; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases