title: Clinical and subclinical effects of power brushing following experimental induction of biofilm overgrowth in subjects representing a spectrum of periodontal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigate short-term effects of power brushing following experimental induction of biofilm overgrowth in periodontal disease states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, 175 subjects representing each of five biofilm-gingival interface (BGI) periodontal groups were enrolled in a single-blind, randomized study. After stent-induced biofilm overgrowth for 21 days subjects received either a manual or a power toothbrush to use during a 4 weeks resolution phase. At baseline and during induction and resolution, standard clinical parameters were measured. Subclinical parameters included multikine analysis of 13 salivary biomarkers and 16s Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) probe analysis of subgingival plaque samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All groups exhibited significantly greater reductions in bleeding on probing (BOP) (p = 0.002), gingival index (GI) (p = 0.0007), pocket depth (PD) (p = 0.04) and plaque index (p = 0.001) with power brushing compared to manual. When BGI groups were combined to form a shallow PD (PD ≤ 3 mm) and a deep PD group (PD > 4 mm) power brushing reduced BOP and GI in subjects with both pocket depths. Power brushing significantly reduced IL-1β levels at resolution while changes in bacterial levels showed non-significant trends between both brushing modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term changes in select clinical parameters and subclinical salivary biomarkers may be useful in assessing efficacy of power brushing interventions in a spectrum of periodontal disease states.
authors.affiliation: Philips Oral Healthcare - Dental & Scientific Affairs, Bothell, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Aspiras
authors.forename: Silvana P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Barrow
authors.forename: Sherrill T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Jager
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000032:analysis; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000032:analysis; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
keywords: Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray; biofilm-gingival interface; periodontal disease; power brushing; saliva biomarkers