title: A comparison of the systems for the identification of postoperative acute kidney injury in pediatric cardiac patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pediatric-modified Risk, Injury, Failure and Loss, and End-Stage (pRIFLE) criteria and a different but conceptually similar system termed Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) were created to standardize the definition of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) currently recommends a combination of AKIN and pRIFLE in AKI. This study aimed to compare the three classifications for predicting AKI in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the prospectively collected data of 1,489 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing cardiac operations between January 2004 and December 2008. AKI presence and severity was assessed for each classification using the change in serum creatinine and estimated creatinine clearance levels calculated by the Schwartz equation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AKI was present in 285 (20%), 481 (34%), and 409 (29%) patients according to the AKIN, pRIFLE, and KDIGO systems, respectively. The KDIGO classification categorized 121 patients (8%) who were placed in the AKIN 0 category, whereas the pRIFLE system categorized 74 (5%) in KDIGO 0 and 200 (14%) in AKIN 0 stages as having an AKI. The overall mortality rate was 3.9%. The KDIGO stage III (odds ratio [OR], 18.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.6 to 36.6, p < 0.001), the AKIN stage III (OR, 38.3; 95% CI, 20.6 to 70.9, p < 0.001), and pRIFLE failure group (OR, 13.6, 95% CI, 7 to 26.3; p < 0.001) were associated with increased mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pRIFLE system was the most sensitive test in detecting AKI, and this was especially so in the infant age group and also in the early identification of AKI in low-risk patients. The AKIN system was more specific and detected mostly high-risk patients across all age groups. The KDIGO classification system fell between pRIFLE and AKIN in performance. All three had increasing severity of AKI associated with mortality.
authors.affiliation: School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lex
authors.affiliation: School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.affiliation: School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Gottsegen György Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zsuzsanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cserép
authors.affiliation: Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Gottsegen György Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Tamás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Gottsegen György Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Erzsébet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sápi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Gottsegen György Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szatmári
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Gottsegen György Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Edgár
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Székely
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: János
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gál
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Gottsegen György Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: szekelya@kardio.hu.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Székely
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: 18; AKI; AKIN; Acute Kidney Injury Network; CI; CPB; CrCl; DHCA; ICU; IQR; KDIGO; Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; LOS; OR; Pediatric-modified Risk Injury Failure Loss and End-stage renal disease; RACHS; RBC; RRT; Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery; SCr; SD; acute kidney injury; cardiopulmonary bypass; confidence interval; creatinine clearance; deep hypothermic cardiac arrest; eCrCl; estimated creatinine clearance; intensive care unit; interquartile range; low-output syndrome; odds ratio; pRIFLE; red blood cells; renal replacement therapy; serum creatinine; standard deviation; w/o; without