title: Essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and main components: activity against Leishmania, their mitochondria and other microorganisms.
abstract: Chenopodium ambrosioides is an aromatic herb used by native people to treat parasitic diseases. The aim of this work is to compare the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of the essential oil (EO) from C. ambrosioides and its major components (ascaridole, carvacrol and caryophyllene oxide) and study their mechanism of action and activity against a panel of microorganism. Antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of the EO and major components was study. In addition, experiments to elucidate the mechanism of action were perform and activities against other microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and protozoa) were evaluate. All products were active against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania. Ascaridole exhibited the better antileishmanial activity and the EO the highest selectivity index. The exploration of the mechanism suggests that the products cause a breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential and a modification of redox indexes. Only EO showed antiprotozoal effect against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei; while no activity against bacteria and fungi was observed. Our results demonstrate the potentialities of EO in cellular and molecular system, which could be consider in future studies to develop new antileishmanial drugs with a wide anti-parasitic spectrum.
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Havana City, Cuba. Electronic address: monzote@ipk.sld.cu.
authors.forename: Lianet
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monzote
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Marley
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Jacinta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.affiliation: Clinic Pharmacology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Lizette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, Havana University, Cuba.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scull
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cos
authors.affiliation: Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gille
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D027464:Chenopodium ambrosioides / Q000737:chemistry*; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007894:Leishmania mexicana / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000187:drug effects; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000187:drug effects; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D045304:Cytochromes c
keywords: 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide; Antimicrobial activity; Asc; Ascaridole; Carv; Caryo; Chenopodium ambrosioides; DMSO; EDTA; EO; FCSi; FIC; HFBS; IC(50); JC-1; Leishmania amazonensis; MCF; MTT; Mitochondria; O–O; PP; SHT; TDR; Tropical Diseases Research; WHO; World Health Organization; ascaridole; bound oxygen–oxygen; carvacrol; caryophyllene oxide; concentration at which inhibition of the activity was 50%; dimethyl sulfoxide; essential oil; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; fractional inhibitory concentration; heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum; inactivated fetal calf serum; mitochondrial crude fraction; mitochondrial membrane potential; peroxidation potential; sulfhydryl groups; Δψm