title: The value of an implicit self-associative measure specific to core beliefs of depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined differences in explicit and implicit measures of self-esteem between depressed patients and healthy controls using an indirect measurement procedure especially adapted to measure self-esteem aspects of core beliefs of depression. Furthermore, we examined whether our implicit and explicit self-associative measures were associated with each other and with depressive symptoms, and investigated the effect of a discrepancy between the implicit and explicit measure on depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 87 depressed patients and 30 healthy controls. The Self-Liking and Self-Competence Scale was administered as a measure of explicit self-esteem. A depression-specific variant of the Single Category Implicit Association Test served as a measure of implicit self-esteem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients showed significantly lower levels of explicit self-esteem as compared to healthy controls. In spite of our adaptations, no differences were found on the implicit measure. The implicit measure of self-esteem was neither related to the explicit measure nor to depressive symptoms. Furthermore, although both the explicit measure of self-esteem and the difference score of the explicit and implicit measure were related to symptoms of depression, the relation between the explicit measure and depression was found to be significantly stronger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results should be interpreted with caution because it is not clear yet to what extent these implicit measures really reflect self-esteem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that only the explicit measure of self-esteem - and not the implicit - is related to depression. Future research using well-designed measurement procedures for obtaining implicit and explicit measures could contribute to a better insight in the nature of these constructs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Lotte.Lemmens@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Lotte H J M
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roefs
authors.forename: Arnoud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arntz
authors.forename: Heleen C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van Teeseling
authors.forename: Frenk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Marcus J H
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Huibers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; Explicit measure of self-esteem; Implicit measure of self-esteem; Psychotherapy; Sc-IAT