title: Assessment of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screen tool for symptoms of depression in community caregivers for adults with intellectual disabilities.
abstract: The study aim was to determine the extent and determinants of reporting depressive symptoms in caregivers for persons with intellectual disabilities based on assessment of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). A cross-sectional study was conducted, recruiting 455 caregivers for adults with ID who were providing care in community residences, with complete PHQ-9 data being analyzed. The results indicated that the mean of each item scored on the PHQ-9 varied from 0.3 (Q9) to 1.1 (Q4). For two items (Q3 - "sleeping difficulties" and Q4 - "fatigue"), the respondents reported occurrence during several days in the previous two weeks. However, after scrutinizing the distribution of each item in the PHQ-9, 3.3-14.5% respondents reported that each item happened nearly every day, and 4.0-17.8% expressed that each happened more than half of the days in the previous two weeks. With respect to difficulties examined on the PHQ, 47% of cases expressed that it was somewhat difficult, 8.2% expressed that it was very difficult, and 4.5% felt that it was extremely difficult to work, care for things at home, or get along with others. Finally, a logistic regression model revealed that only one factor of self-perceived health status (fair/poor vs. excellent/very good, OR=7.519, 95% CI=3.03-18.68, p<0.001) exhibited a statistically significant correlation with depressive symptom occurrence (PHQ-9 score ≥ 10) among the caregivers. The study highlights the need to strengthen appropriate health initiatives for monitoring mental health status and to provide necessary services for community caregivers for adults with ID.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Chung-Hua Foundation for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Electronic address: a530706@ndmctsgh.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Jin-Ding
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Lan-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Meng-Ting
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Shang-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Tzong-Nan
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chia-Im
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jia-Lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Caregiver; Depression; Intellectual disability; Mental health; PHQ-9; Patient Health Questionnaire