title: Lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis: clinical profile and surgical management by modified dacryocystorhinostomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical profile and surgical management of patients with lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective interventional case series. Eighteen patients, who were clinically diagnosed as isolated lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis between October 2009 to January 2012, were included in the study. Detailed history, including whether there was exposure to stagnant bathing water, was noted. All patients underwent modified dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) under general anaesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 18 patients, 14 were male and 4 were female. Rhinosporidiosis was more prevalent in the 25 to 34 years age group. The most common clinical presentation was a doughy swelling over the lacrimal sac area, present in all cases. Twelve patients (66.67%) had a history of bathing in stagnant water. After modified DCR operation, all patients were followed for one year and only two patients had recurrence of their disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis usually present with a soft, doughy swelling in the lacrimal sac area. Bathing in stagnant water is a common risk factor. A modified DCR yields excellent outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Consultant, Orbit and Oculoplastic Clinic, Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex , Chittagong , Bangladesh .
authors.forename: Murtuza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nuruddin
authors.forename: Hardeep Singh
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Mudhar
authors.forename: Munirujzaman
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osmani
authors.forename: Soma Rani
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000379:methods*; D015822:Eye Infections, Parasitic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000469:parasitology*; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012227:Rhinosporidiosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000601:surgery; D012228:Rhinosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult