title: Giant spermatozoa and a huge spermatheca: a case of coevolution of male and female reproductive organs in the ground louse Zorotypus impolitus (Insecta, Zoraptera).
abstract: The male and female genital apparatus of the recently discovered ground louse Zorotypus impolitus were examined using light and electron microscopy. The rounded testes and a large seminal vesicle are connected with a complex of four accessory glands by a long tapering ejaculatory duct. Two accessory glands have the same whitish coloration, whereas the third one is pale blue, and the elongated and cylindrical fourth one translucent. The sperm are the largest known in Hexapoda, 3mm long and 3μm wide, with a volume of ca. 21,000μm(3); the ratio between the diameter of the axoneme and the width of the main body of the sperm ranges between 1:10 and 1:13. The exceptional width of the spermatozoa is due to an extreme enlargement of the mitochondrial derivatives and accessory bodies. A single sperm is contained in a small globular spermatophore (100μm). The highly unusual external transfer correlates with an atypical mating behavior. The male produces several to many spermatophores during the mating process. As in other zorapterans the ovaries are panoistic and the eggs bear two micropyles. An exceptionally large apical spermathecal receptacle is present; it is connected with the vagina by a long spermathecal duct, which varies structurally along its course. A correlation between the sperm size and the size of the spermatheca is likely. Ultrastructural features of different species support two strikingly different models of male and female reproductive apparatus in the small order Zoraptera. This is in stark contrast to the extreme uniformity of their external morphology. It is likely that sexual selection played a decisive role in the evolution of the reproductive system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy. Electronic address: romano.dallai@unisi.it.
authors.forename: Romano
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dallai
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy. Electronic address: gottardo@unisi.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gottardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy. Electronic address: david.mercati@unisi.it.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mercati
authors.affiliation: Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan. Electronic address: machida@sugadaira.tsukuba.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryuichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.affiliation: Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan. Electronic address: mashimo@sugadaira.tsukuba.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yuta
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mashimo
authors.affiliation: Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Ebertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: yoko.matumura.hamupeni@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Ebertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: rolf.beutel@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Rolf G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Beutel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D048429:Cell Size; D005260:Female; D007313:Insecta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D012098:Reproduction; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
keywords: Insect genital systems; Male accessory glands; Sperm and egg structure; Spermatophore; Spermiogenesis