title: Reevaluation of the critical-care pain observation tool in intubated adults after cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain assessment in critically ill patients who are intubated, sedated, and unable to verbalize their needs remains a challenge. No universally accepted pain assessment tool is used in all intensive care units.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine concurrent validation of scores on the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool for a painful and a non-painful procedure and to examine interrater reliability of the scores between 2 nurse raters.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, repeated-measures within-subject design was used. A convenience sample of 35 patients was recruited to achieve enrollment of 30 patients during a 5-month period. Observational data were collected on patients intubated after cardiac surgery during routine turning and during dressing changes for central catheters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raters' mean scores did not increase significantly during dressing changes (increase, +0.25; 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.57; P = .12) but did increase significantly during turning (increase, +3.04; 95% CI 2.11-3.98; P < .001). The degree to which mean scores increased was significantly greater during turning than during dressing changes (increase, +2.80; 95% CI, 1.84-3.75; P < .001). The Fleiss-Cohen weighted κ for the inter-rater reliability of the ratings of research nurses was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79-0.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support previous research investigations on validity and reliability of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool for evaluating pain in intubated, critically ill adults.
authors.affiliation: Sandra M. Linde is the Magnet program coordinator, Department of Nursing Administration, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island. James M. Badger is a psychiatric nurse practitioner in the Department of Medical Psychiatry at Rhode Island Hospital and an assistant clinical professor in psychiatry and human behavior at the Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Jason T. Machan is director of the biostatistics core for the Lifespan Hospital system and an assistant professor of orthopedics and surgery at the Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University. Jennifer Beaudry, Amy Brucker, Kristen Martin, Nancy B. Opaluch-Bushy, and Ruth D. Navedo Roy were all staff nurses in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit at Rhode Island Hospital when this study was done. Brucker is now a staff nurse at the University of California at San Diego Medical Center. Navedo Roy is now a nurse practitioner in neurosurgery at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Badger
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Machan
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beaudry
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brucker
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Nancy B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Opaluch-Bushy
authors.forename: Ruth D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Navedo Roy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007440:Intubation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D019370:Observation; D015588:Observer Variation; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012237:Rhode Island; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures