title: Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and in vivo analgesic potential of Terminalia paniculata aqueous bark extract.
abstract: The Terminalia genus includes plants that are used in a variety of food, nutritional products, and traditional medicines. Aqueous bark extract of Terminalia paniculata (TPW) was screened for its antioxidant and analgesic potential. The major polyphenols were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro antioxidant potential of TPW was investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(2-)) radical assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, superoxide scavenging (O(2-)), Fe(2+) chelating (O-phenanthroline), and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. We evaluated the effects of TPW on cell viability, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrite, and cytokines (interleukin [IL] 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Evaluation of analgesic activity of TPW was performed using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate test in mice. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of four polyphenols, namely, gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, and quercetin. TPW showed maximum superoxide, ABTS(2-), NO, DPPH inhibition, and Fe(2+-)chelating property at 400 μg/mL, respectively. FRAP value was 4.5±0.25 μg Fe(II)/g. TPW, per se, did not affect RAW 264.7 cell viability. In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, TPW attenuated the elevation in ROS, nitrite, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. TPW (100-400 mg/kg, orally) significantly reduced the number of writhes in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control. Similarly, TPW (400 mg/kg, orally) evoked a significant increase in the maximum percentage effect in the hot plate test. The study suggests the efficacy of aqueous bark extract of T. paniculata as a potential antioxidant and analgesic agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Sahil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talwar
authors.forename: Pawan G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Jayesh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mudgal
authors.forename: Piya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Punit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Krishnadas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nandakumar
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D029766:Terminalia / Q000737:chemistry*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009573:Nitrites; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid