title: Testosterone and progesterone, but not estradiol, stimulate muscle protein synthesis in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of the female sex steroids, estradiol and progesterone, on muscle protein turnover is unclear. Therefore, it is unknown whether the changes in the hormonal milieu throughout the life span in women contribute to the changes in muscle protein turnover and muscle mass (eg, age associated muscle loss).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of sex hormones on muscle protein synthesis and gene expression of growth-regulatory factors [ie, myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), myostatin (MSTN), follistatin (FST), and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3)].
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis and the expression of muscle growth-regulatory genes in 12 premenopausal women and four groups of postmenopausal women (n=24 total) who were studied before and after treatment with T, estradiol, or progesterone or no intervention (control group). All women were healthy, and pre- and postmenopausal women were carefully matched on body mass, body composition, and insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The muscle protein fractional synthesis rate was approximately 20% faster, and MYOD1, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expressions were approximately 40%-90% greater (all P<.05) in postmenopausal than premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, both T and progesterone treatment increased the muscle protein fractional synthesis rate by approximately 50% (both P<.01), whereas it was not affected by estradiol treatment and was unchanged in the control group. Progesterone treatment increased MYOD1 mRNA expression (P<.05) but had no effect on MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression. T and estradiol treatment had no effect on skeletal muscle MYOD1, MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle protein turnover is faster in older, postmenopausal women compared with younger, premenopausal women, but these age-related differences do not appear to be explained by the age- and menopause-related changes in the plasma sex hormone milieu.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Gordon I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Dominic N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Reeds
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Burrows
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Heisey
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mittendorfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017697:Premenopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol