title: Ethno-botanical remedies used by pastoralists for the treatment of livestock diseases in Cholistan desert, Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Account of the traditional plant based viz. ethno-botanical remedies used by the pastoralists of Cholistan desert, Pakistan, for the control and treatment of livestock diseases and ailments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted across five locations in Cholistan desert, Pakistan, using a structured questionnaire to collect data from 100 livestock farmers (LF) and 20 livestock healers (LH). From correlation analyses 3 least correlated variables were identified among 5, which were representative of LFs. Cluster analysis was performed on the basis of these 3 variables and LFs were grouped into 3 logically different clusters. Kruskal-Wallis test and crosstab analyses were used to detect significant differences between clusters and effects of various variables on their use of ethno-botanical remedies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the male only interviewees (LF 78%; LH 70%) were married and illiterate (LF 66%; LH 70%). LH had larger herds (average 109 animals) than LF (average 85 animals) and were more experienced in livestock husbandry and management. LF spent about 162.5 Euros annually on the treatment of their livestock, but there was great variability in expenditures. Average animal treatment experience of LH was 29 years; all were experts in treatment of all types of diseases (100%) and animal species (70%). Eighty-six traditional remedies based on 64 plants belonging to 43 families were used. Capparaceae was the botanical family with the largest number of used species (4), followed by Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaceae (3). Aerial parts (43%), leaves (26%), fruits (9%), seeds and seed oils (9%) were frequently used parts, while flowers, roots, bulbs and pods were less frequently used (<5%). Common preparations were decoction, jaggery and ball drench; oral drug administration was very common and doses were estimated using lids, spoons, cups and handfuls. Doses used for different animal species varied depending on animal age, size and physical condition and severity of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pastoralists are practicing traditional plant-based livestock medication without scientific validation as they cannot afford allopathic drugs due to their livelihood conditions. Therefore, efficacy of documented medicinal plants against the most prevalent livestock diseases should be evaluated, in order to recommend effective preparations and treatments to this poor population group.
authors.affiliation: Animal Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Kassel and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Asif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Younas
authors.affiliation: Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buerkert
authors.affiliation: Animal Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Kassel and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany. Electronic address: tropanimals@uni-kassel.de.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schlecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D003625:Data Collection; D019448:Ethnobotany; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000145:classification*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Ethno-veterinary medicine; Livestock farmers; Livestock healers; Traditional remedies