title: The relationship between surface dust lead loadings on carpets and the blood lead of young children.
abstract: The final clean-up of residential lead abatement projects in federally-supported housing, as well as in other housing in a number of states, must meet surface dust lead clearance levels expressed as μg of lead per square foot. These clearance levels were established because hand-to-mouth ingestion of lead-contaminated dust is recognised as a major pathway through which many children are exposed. A dilemma exists because many floors in housing undergoing abatement are carpeted and the established clearance levels are generally not recommended for use on carpets. These clearance levels are also used as 'action levels' to determine whether exposure reduction activities are needed. The US Environmental Protection Agency is currently in the process of issuing standards for hazardous levels of lead in interior dust and bare soil under Title X of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, 'The Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992'. An effort to develop a potential surface dust lead clearance level for carpets was made using an existing vacuum dust collection method that has previously been shown to be a reliable indicator of childhood lead exposure. This method was designed for use on carpeted and non-carpeted surfaces. Using data from the Cincinnati Soil Lead Abatement Demonstration Project, the suggested floor-dust lead level where an estimated 95% of the population of children would be expected to have blood lead values below the national goal of 10 μg dL(-1), was more than an order of magnitude lower than the current floor-dust lead clearance level of 1080 μg m(-2) (100 μg ft(-2)). Further comparisons of blood lead and carpet lead levels in other parts of the country should be performed before a risk-based lead loading clearance level is established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 670056, 45267-0056, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bornschein
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Menrath
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grote