title: Chromosome inversions in lymphocytes of prostate cancer patients treated with X-rays and carbon ions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cytogenetic damage of the intrachange type in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients treated for prostate cancer with different radiation qualities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prostate cancer patients were enrolled in a clinical trial based at the Heidelberg University Hospital and at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in 2006. Patients were treated either with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) alone or with a carbon-ion boost followed by IMRT. Blood samples were collected at the end of the therapy and the mBAND technique was used to investigate the cytogenetic damage of the inter and intrachange types. Moreover, the mBAND analysis was performed on healthy donor cells irradiated in vitro with X-rays or C-ions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show no statistically significant differences in the yield and the spectrum of chromosome aberrations among patients treated only with IMRT and patients receiving the combined treatment when similar target volumes and doses to the target are compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that the risks of normal tissue late effects and second malignancies in prostate cancer patients are comparable when heavy ions or IMRT radiotherapy are applied.
authors.affiliation: GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pignalosa
authors.forename: Ryonfa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartel
authors.forename: Sylvester
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikoghosyan
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Debus
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durante
mesh_terms: D007446:Chromosome Inversion; D063193:Heavy Ion Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014964:X-Ray Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Chromosome aberrations; Heavy ions; Radiotherapy; Second cancer; mBAND