title: Surgical management of anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the superior vena cava--early results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The anatomical variability in patients with anomalous pulmonary venous connection to superior vena cava presents a surgical challenge. The problem is further compounded by the common occurrence of postoperative complications like arrhythmias and obstruction of the superior vena cava or pulmonary veins. We present our experience of managing this subset using the two patch and Warden's techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 2011 and September 2012, 7 patients with APVC to the SVC were operated in our institute. After delineating the anatomy, five of them had a two patch repair and two were managed with Warden's technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no in-hospital mortality or early mortality over a mean follow-up of 9.66 ± 3.88 months (range 6-15 months). All the patients on follow-up had unobstructed pulmonary venous and SVC drainage on echocardiography and all of them were in normal sinus rhythm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anomalous pulmonary venous connection to superior vena cava is a challenging subset of patients in whom the surgical management needs to be individualized. The detailed anatomy must be delineated using echocardiography with or without CT angiography before deciding the surgical plan. This entity can be repaired with excellent immediate and early results. However, these patients must be closely followed up for complications like systemic and pulmonary venous obstruction and sinus node dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, PGIMER & Dr RML Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Anubhav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Ranjit K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: Aamir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazmi
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D056346:Sternotomy / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anomalous pulmonary venous connection; Superior vena cava; Two patch technique; Warden's technique