title: Selective pressurized liquid extraction of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a whale earplug (earwax): a novel method for analyzing organic contaminants in lipid-rich matrices.
abstract: Lipid-rich matrices are often sinks for lipophilic contaminants, such as pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Typically methods for contaminant extraction and cleanup for lipid-rich matrices require multiple cleanup steps; however, a selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) technique requiring no additional cleanup has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and cleanup of whale earwax (cerumen; a lipid-rich matrix). Whale earwax accumulates in select whale species over their lifetime to form wax earplugs. Typically used as an aging technique in cetaceans, layers or laminae that comprise the earplug are thought to be associated with annual or semiannual migration and feeding patterns. Whale earplugs (earwax) represent a unique matrix capable of recording and archiving whales' lifetime contaminant profiles. This study reports the first analytical method developed for identifying and quantifying lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a whale earplug including organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The analytical method was developed using SPLE to extract contaminants from ∼0.25 to 0.5g aliquots of each lamina of sectioned earplug. The SPLE was optimized for cleanup adsorbents (basic alumina, silica gel, and Florisil(®)), adsorbent to sample ratio, and adsorbent order. In the optimized SPLE method, the earwax homogenate was placed within the extraction cell on top of basic alumina (5g), silica gel (15g), and Florisil(®) (10g) and the target analytes were extracted from the homogenate using 1:1 (v/v) dichloromethane:hexane. POPs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron capture negative ionization and electron impact ionization. The average percent recoveries for the POPs were 91% (±6% relative standard deviation), while limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.00057 to 0.96ngg(-1) and 0.0017 to 2.9ngg(-1), respectively. Pesticides, PCBs, and PBDEs, were measured in a single blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) cerumen lamina at concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 150ng g(-1).
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7388, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7388, USA.
authors.forename: Eleanor M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Trumble
authors.forename: Bikram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Subedi
authors.forename: Rebel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Usenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002571:Cerumen / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011312:Pressure; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014907:Whales
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Fatty matrices; PBDEs; PCBs; Pesticides; Selective pressurized liquid extraction; Whale earplugs