title: Frontal and superior temporal auditory processing abnormalities in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies show superior temporal gyrus (STG) auditory processing abnormalities in schizophrenia at 50 and 100 ms, EEG and corticography studies suggest involvement of additional brain areas (e.g., frontal areas) during this interval. Study goals were to identify 30 to 130 ms auditory encoding processes in schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls (HC) and group differences throughout the cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  The standard paired-click task was administered to 19 SZ and 21 HC subjects during MEG recording. Vector-based Spatial-temporal Analysis using L1-minimum-norm (VESTAL) provided 4D maps of activity from 30 to 130 ms. Within-group t-tests compared post-stimulus 50 ms and 100 ms activity to baseline. Between-group t-tests examined 50 and 100 ms group differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bilateral 50 and 100 ms STG activity was observed in both groups. HC had stronger bilateral 50 and 100 ms STG activity than SZ. In addition to the STG group difference, non-STG activity was also observed in both groups. For example, whereas HC had stronger left and right inferior frontal gyrus activity than SZ, SZ had stronger right superior frontal gyrus and left supramarginal gyrus activity than HC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less STG activity was observed in SZ than HC, indicating encoding problems in SZ. Yet auditory encoding abnormalities are not specific to STG, as group differences were observed in frontal and SMG areas. Thus, present findings indicate that individuals with SZ show abnormalities in multiple nodes of a concurrently activated auditory network.
authors.affiliation: University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Albuquerque, NM, USA ; New Mexico Raymond G. Murphy VA Healthcare System, Psychiatry Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Edgar
authors.forename: Mingxiong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Emerson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Breannan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Brett Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bustillo
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cañive
keywords: Auditory; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; ECG, electrocardiogram; EEG, electroencephalography; EOG, electro-oculogram; ERF, event-related field; ERP, event-related potential; FDR, false discovery rates; Frontal cortex; HC, healthy controls; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; ITG, inferior temporal gyrus; MEG; MEG, magnetoencephalography; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PFC, prefrontal cortex; S1, first click; S2, second click; SES, socioeconomic status; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; SMA, supplementary motor area; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; SSS, Signal Space Separation; STG, superior temporal gyrus; Schizophrenia; Superior temporal gyrus; VESTAL, Vector-based Spatio-temporal Analysis using L1-minimum norm; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; sMRI, structural magnetic resonance imaging