title: Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in Japanese children with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) pulse therapy has been used for lupus nephritis since the latter half of the 1980s; it has been shown to be effective for lupus nephritis and vasculitis and has become a standard therapy for the diffuse proliferative type of lupus nephritis in adults. IVCY therapy has also come to be used in children. This paper reports the long-term outcomes of IVCY therapy in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six female patients (age range, 13 to 18 years) with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were enrolled in this retrospective study. Three patients had lupus nephritis (World Health Organization class IIb, IVa, IVc), 2 had central nervous system (CNS) lupus, and 1 had neither lupus nephritis nor CNS lupus. The mean pretreatment SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score was 18.8 ± 4.6. Cyclophosphamide (initial dose, 500 mg/m(2)) was administered intravenously each month for 6 months and then given every 3 months for maintenance. Prednisolone was given in dosages ranging from 5 to 60 mg/day, adjusted according to laboratory data and clinical symptoms. Levels of C3, C4, CH50, and creatinine; the SLEDAI score; and the SLE responder index were monitored and evaluated. The SLE responder index was considered to have improved if the SLEDAI score had decreased by 4 points or more after 52 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prednisolone doses were reduced in all patients. Because methylprednisolone pulse therapy was administered before IVCY therapy, some patients had low titers of immunoglobin G antibodies against double-stranded DNA at the start of IVCY therapy. All patients had low serum creatinine levels. Proteinuria resolved in 1 of the 3 patients with lupus nephritis. The SLEDAI scores improved after 52 weeks in 5 of 6 patients (mean, 5.2 ± 2.6). No patients had severe bone marrow suppression or hemorrhagic cystitis during IVCY pulse therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IVCY pulse therapy for SLE in children achieved good long-term outcomes with no serious adverse effects, such as digestive symptoms, bone marrow suppression, infection, and hemorrhagic cystitis. IVCY pulse therapy for children with SLE has recently been approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Accordingly, this paper might become a guideline for this treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007564:Japan; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020551:Pulse Therapy, Drug; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011239:Prednisolone