title: Effect of anionic macromolecules on intestinal permeability of furosemide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Furosemide is an anionic molecule and has very low absorption in gastro intestinal tract.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of anionic macromolecules on the intestinal permeability of Furosemide.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intestinal permeability of Furosemide was determined using single-pass intestinal perfusion technique in rats. Briefly a jejunal segment of ∼10 cm was isolated and cannulated in both ends for inlet and outlet solution. The perfusate was collected every 10 min and samples were analyzed using the RP-HPLC method. Test samples containing furosemide and two anionic macromolecules, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose and sodium alginate, at different concentrations were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained data showed that existence of Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose significantly increased the Peff values in all three investigated concentrations (p < 0.05) but sodium alginate only in concentrations <0.1% increased drug permeability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that the anionic macromolecules at specific concentrations could alter the permeability of anionic drugs across the biological membranes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Donnan phenomenon and chelating property of macromolecules could be attributed to the observed effect.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran .
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valizadeh
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fahimfar
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghanbarzadeh
authors.forename: Ziba
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Islambulchilar
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zakeri-Milani
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D004232:Diuretics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010477:Perfusion; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000838:Anions; D004232:Diuretics; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D005665:Furosemide; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
keywords: Donnan effect; furosemide; single-pass intestinal perfusion