title: Facilitation of resident scholarly activity: strategy and outcome analyses using historical resident cohorts and a rank-to-match population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facilitation of residents' scholarly activities is indispensable to the future of medical specialties. Research education initiatives and their outcomes, however, have rarely been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since academic year 2006, research education initiatives, including research lectures, research problem-based learning discussions, and an elective research rotation under a new research director's supervision, have been used. The effectiveness of the initiatives was evaluated by comparing the number of residents and faculty mentors involved in residents' research activity (Preinitiative [2003-2006] vs. Postinitiative [2007-2011]). The residents' current postgraduation practices were also compared. To minimize potential historical confounding factors, peer-reviewed publications based on work performed during residency, which were written by residents who graduated from the program in academic year 2009 to academic year 2011, were further compared with those of rank-to-match residents, who were on the residency ranking list during the same academic years, and could have been matched with the program of the authors had the residents ranked it high enough on their list.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Postinitiative group showed greater resident research involvement compared with the Preinitiative group (89.2% [58 in 65 residents] vs. 64.8% [35 in 54]; P = 0.0013) and greater faculty involvement (23.9% [161 in 673 faculty per year] vs. 9.2% [55 in 595]; P < 0.0001). Choice of academic practice did not increase (50.8% [Post] vs. 40.7% [Pre]; P = 0.36). Graduated residents (n = 38) published more often than the rank-to-match residents (n = 220) (55.3% [21 residents] vs. 13.2% [29]; P < 0.0001, odds ratio 8.1 with 95% CI of 3.9 to 17.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research education initiatives increased residents' research involvement.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (T.S., T.D.E., D.G.M., R.M.P., S.C.H., Y.X.); and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Office of Clinical Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.G.W.).
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Trent D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Emerick
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Metro
authors.forename: Rita M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Winger
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001319:Authorship; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005178:Faculty; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007858:Learning; D008611:Mentors; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011643:Publishing; D012106:Research / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data