title: Cement embolism into the venous system after pedicle screw fixation: case report, literature review, and prevention tips.
abstract: The strength of pedicle screws attachment to the vertebrae is an important factor affecting their motion resistance and long term performance. Low bone quality, e.g. in osteopenic patients, keeps the screw bone interface at risk for subsidence and dislocation. In such cases, bone cement could be used to augment pedicle screw fixation. But its use is not free of risk. Therefore, clinicians, especially spine surgeons, radiologists, and internists should become increasingly aware of cement migration and embolism as possible complications. Here, we present an instructive case of cement embolism into the venous system after augmented screw fixation with fortunately asymptomatic clinical course. In addition we discuss pathophysiology and prevention methods as well as therapeutic management of this potentially life-threatening complication in a comprehensive review of the literature. However, only a few case reports of cement embolism into the venous system were published after augmented screw fixation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Nuernberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Ghassan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kerry
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruedinger
authors.forename: Hans-Herbert
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Steiner
keywords: cement embolism; osteoporosis; pedicle screw augmentation; polymethylmethacrylate; spinal fracture