title: Effects of sleeve gastrectomy in high fat diet-induced obese mice: respective role of reduced caloric intake, white adipose tissue inflammation and changes in adipose tissue and ectopic fat depots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has become a popular bariatric procedure. The mechanisms responsible for weight loss and improvement of metabolic disturbances have still not been completely elucidated. We investigated the effect of SG on body weight, adipose tissue depots, glucose tolerance, and liver steatosis independent of reduced caloric intake in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BI/6 J mice fed a high fat diet (45 %) for 33 weeks were divided into three groups: sleeve gastrectomy (SG, 13 mice), sham-operated ad libitum fed (SALF, 13 mice) and sham-operated pair fed (PFS, 13 mice). The animals were humanely killed 23 days after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In SG mice, food intake was reduced transiently, but weight loss was significant and persistent compared to controls (SG vs. PFS, P < 0.05; PFS vs. SALF, P < 0.05). SG mice showed improved glucose tolerance and lower levels of liver steatosis compared with controls (area under the curve, SG vs. PFS, P < 0.01; PFS vs. SALF, P < 0.05) (liver steatosis, SG vs. PFS, P < 0.05; PFS vs. SALF, P < 0.01). This was associated with a decrease in the ratios of the weight of pancreas, epididymal and inguinal adipose tissues to body weight, and an increase in the ratio of brown adipose tissue weight to body weight. Epididymal adipose tissue was also infiltrated by fewer activated T cells and by more anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells. Serum levels of fasting acyl ghrelin were still significantly decreased 3 weeks after surgery in SG mice compared to PFS mice (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced white adipose tissue inflammation, modification of adipose tissue development (brown vs. white adipose tissue), and ectopic fat are potential mechanisms that may account for the reduced caloric intake independent effects of SG.
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital de l'Archet, Pôle Digestif, Nice, France, escargot2@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Schneck
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iannelli
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patouraux
authors.forename: Déborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonnafous
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bailly-Maitre
authors.forename: Ophélia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Le Thuc
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rovere
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panaia-Ferrari
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anty
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gual
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gugenheim
mesh_terms: D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D015391:Gastroplasty / Q000379:methods*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*