title: The influence of regular walking at different times of day on blood lipids and inflammatory markers in sedentary patients with coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of walking at different times of day on lipids and inflammatory markers in sedentary patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 330 patients recruited from Nanjing between September 2011 and November 2012 were randomly assigned to a control group (n=110), morning (n=110) or evening walking group (n=110). Both the walking groups were asked to walk 30 min/day or more on at least 5 days/week either in the morning or evening for 12 weeks. Lipids and inflammatory markers were measured before and after exercise intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with baseline, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were improved in all groups. Significances were shown in the changes of fibrinogen, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, TC, triglycerides, LDL-C, lipoprotein(a) between groups. The evening walking group had a larger decrease in fibrinogen (0.16 ± 0.19 g/L, P<0.001), hsCRP (1.16 ± 1.07 mg/L, P<0.001), WBC count (0.76 ± 1.53·10(9)/L, P=0.004) and LDL-C (0.34 ± 0.31 mmol/L, P<0.001) than the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our walking program successfully resulted in a favorable change in lipids and inflammatory markers. Patients in the evening walking group gained more benefits than those walking in the morning walking group. NCT01887093.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Ze-Mu
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Ding-Guo
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Jian
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China. Electronic address: drlswang@njmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lian-Sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006126:Group Processes; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D055686:Metabolic Equivalent; D008875:Middle Aged; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: CAD; Coronary artery disease; HDL-C; Inflammatory markers; LDL-C; Lipids; Lp(a); TC; TG; Time of day; WBC; Walking; coronary artery disease; high sensitivity C-reactive protein; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP; lipoprotein(a); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; total cholesterol; triglycerides; white blood cell