title: Effects of a formal exercise program on Parkinson's disease: a pilot study using a delayed start design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Increasing evidence shows that physical exercise is beneficial for motor and non-motor symptoms of PD, and animal models suggest that it may help slow progression of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a randomized delayed-start design, 31 patients were randomized to an early start group (ESG) or a delayed start group (DSG) exercise program. The ESG underwent a rigorous formal group exercise program for 1 h, three days/week, for 48 weeks (November 2011-October 2012). The DSG participated in this identical exercise program from weeks 24-48. Outcome measures included the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Walking Test (get-up-and-go), Tinetti Mobility Test, PDQ-39 Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was minimal attrition in this study, with only one patient dropping out. Results did not show improvement in total UPDRS scores with early exercise. At week 48, the mean change from baseline total UPDRS score was 6.33 in the ESG versus 5.13 in the DSG (p = 0.58). However, patients randomized to the ESG scored significantly better on the Beck Depression Inventory, with a mean improvement of 1.07 points relative to those in the DSG (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrate that long-term, group exercise programs are feasible in the Parkinson's disease population, with excellent adherence and minimal drop out. While the outcome measures used in our study did not provide strong evidence that exercise has a neuroprotective effect on motor function, earlier participation in a group exercise program had a significant effect on symptoms of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Electronic address: ariane.park@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Columbus Health Works, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zid
authors.affiliation: Columbus Health Works, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rendon
authors.affiliation: Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wehr
authors.affiliation: Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Depression; Exercise; Neuroprotection; Parkinson's disease; Tinetti