title: Monocular and binocular development in children with albinism, infantile nystagmus syndrome, and normal vision.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare interocular acuity differences, crowding ratios, and binocular summation ratios in 4- to 8-year-old children with albinism (n = 16), children with infantile nystagmus syndrome (n = 10), and children with normal vision (n = 72).
  
  
  METHODS
  Interocular acuity differences and binocular summation ratios were compared between groups. Crowding ratios were calculated by dividing the single Landolt C decimal acuity with the crowded Landolt C decimal acuity mono- and binocularly. A linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the contribution of 5 predictors to the monocular and binocular crowding ratio: nystagmus amplitude, nystagmus frequency, strabismus, astigmatism, and anisometropia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Crowding ratios were higher under mono- and binocular viewing conditions for children with infantile nystagmus syndrome than for children with normal vision. Children with albinism showed higher crowding ratios in their poorer eye and under binocular viewing conditions than children with normal vision. Children with albinism and children with infantile nystagmus syndrome showed larger interocular acuity differences than children with normal vision (0.1 logMAR in our clinical groups and 0.0 logMAR in children with normal vision). Binocular summation ratios did not differ between groups. Strabismus and nystagmus amplitude predicted the crowding ratio in the poorer eye (p = 0.015 and p = 0.005, respectively). The crowding ratio in the better eye showed a marginally significant relation with nystagmus frequency and depth of anisometropia (p = 0.082 and p = 0.070, respectively). The binocular crowding ratio was not predicted by any of the variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with albinism and children with infantile nystagmus syndrome show larger interocular acuity differences than children with normal vision. Strabismus and nystagmus amplitude are significant predictors of the crowding ratio in the poorer eye.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huurneman
authors.forename: F Nienke
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Boonstra
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D000417:Albinism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020417:Nystagmus, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000254:growth & development*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D015349:Vision, Monocular / Q000502:physiology*