title: Multicenter core laboratory comparison of the instantaneous wave-free ratio and resting Pd/Pa with fractional flow reserve: the RESOLVE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to examine the diagnostic accuracy of the instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) and resting distal coronary artery pressure/aortic pressure (Pd/Pa) with respect to hyperemic fractional flow reserve (FFR) in a core laboratory-based multicenter collaborative study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  FFR is an index of the severity of coronary stenosis that has been clinically validated in 3 prospective randomized trials. iFR and Pd/Pa are nonhyperemic pressure-derived indices of the severity of stenosis with discordant reports regarding their accuracy with respect to FFR.
  
  
  METHODS
  iFR, resting Pd/Pa, and FFR were measured in 1,768 patients from 15 clinical sites. An independent physiology core laboratory performed blinded off-line analysis of all raw data. The primary objectives were to determine specific iFR and Pd/Pa thresholds with ≥90% accuracy in predicting ischemic versus nonischemic FFR (on the basis of an FFR cut point of 0.80) and the proportion of patients falling beyond those thresholds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,974 submitted lesions, 381 (19.3%) were excluded because of suboptimal acquisition, leaving 1,593 for final analysis. On receiver-operating characteristic analysis, the optimal iFR cut point for FFR ≤0.80 was 0.90 (C statistic: 0.81 [95% confidence interval: 0.79 to 0.83]; overall accuracy: 80.4%) and for Pd/Pa was 0.92 (C statistic: 0.82 [95% confidence interval: 0.80 to 0.84]; overall accuracy: 81.5%), with no significant difference between these resting measures. iFR and Pd/Pa had ≥90% accuracy to predict a positive or negative FFR in 64.9% (62.6% to 67.3%) and 48.3% (45.6% to 50.5%) of lesions, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This comprehensive core laboratory analysis comparing iFR and Pd/Pa with FFR demonstrated an overall accuracy of ~80% for both nonhyperemic indices, which can be improved to ≥90% in a subset of lesions. Clinical outcome studies are required to determine whether the use of iFR or Pd/Pa might obviate the need for hyperemia in selected patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York; Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York. Electronic address: allen.jeremias@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeremias
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maehara
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Généreux
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kaleab N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Asrress
authors.affiliation: West of Scotland Regional Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center Aalst, OLV Clinic, Aalst, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Bruyne
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Justin E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escaned
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Fearon
authors.affiliation: Weatherhead PET Center for Preventing and Reversing Atherosclerosis, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School and Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: K Lance
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.affiliation: Weatherhead PET Center for Preventing and Reversing Atherosclerosis, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School and Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Nils P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Ajay J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kirtane
authors.affiliation: Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bon-Kwon
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sukhjinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nijjer
authors.affiliation: West of Scotland Regional Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Keith G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Oldroyd
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petraco
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology and Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Piek
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nico H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Pijls
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redwood
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology and Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siebes
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology and Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos A E
authors.initials: JAE
authors.lastname: Spaan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van 't Veer
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Gregg W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: coronary physiology; fractional flow reserve; myocardial ischemia