title: Giardia/giardiasis - a perspective on diagnostic and analytical tools.
abstract: Giardiasis is a gastrointestinal disease of humans and other animals caused by species of parasitic protists of the genus Giardia. This disease is transmitted mainly via the faecal-oral route (e.g., in water or food) and is of socioeconomic importance worldwide. The accurate detection and genetic characterisation of the different species and population variants (usually referred to as assemblages and/or sub-assemblages) of Giardia are central to understanding their transmission patterns and host spectra. The present article provides a background on Giardia and giardiasis, and reviews some key techniques employed for the identification and genetic characterisation of Giardia in biological samples, the diagnosis of infection and the analysis of genetic variation within and among species of Giardia. Advances in molecular techniques provide a solid basis for investigating the systematics, population genetics, ecology and epidemiology of Giardia species and genotypes as well as the prevention and control of giardiasis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Anson V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jex
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Water Corporation, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Shane R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Haydon
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Water Corporation, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Melita A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 14163 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: robinbg@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Robin B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gasser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005872:Giardia / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Detection; Diagnosis; Genetic characterisation; Giardia; Giardia duodenalis; Giardiasis; Metamonada; Protista