title: Gastric emptying of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution in healthy volunteers depends on osmotically active particles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative ingestion of only clear fluids until 2 hours before induction of anesthesia is a common preoperative fasting regimen. Gastric emptying times, however, vary among clear fluids. We therefore investigated the gastric emptying of 2 clear glucose-electrolyte drinks.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-way crossover study was performed in 10 healthy volunteers. After fasting, the volunteers drank 500 mL of either OS-1(®), an oral rehydration solution, or Pocari Sweat(®), a popular sports drink, over 3 minutes in a standing position. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after the drinking of each test fluid. The difference in gastric emptying between OS-1(®) and Pocari Sweat(®) was evaluated by comparing gastric fluid volume, flow rate, and residual ratio. We also compared the flow rates of sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, and osmotically active particles in the 2 test fluids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastric fluid volume 30 minutes after drinking was significantly smaller for OS-1(®) (76.0 ± 57.0 mL) than for Pocari Sweat(®) (158.1 ± 73.5 mL, p<0.01), although the volumes did not differ before or immediately after drinking. The flow rate was significantly faster for OS-1(®) (10.66 ± 3.34 mL) than for Pocari Sweat(®) (8.68 ± 3.02 mL/min, p<0.05), and the residual ratio was significantly smaller for OS-1(®) (21 ± 14% than for Pocari Sweat(®) (41 ± 19%, p<0.01). The flow rates of sodium, potassium, and glucose differed significantly between OS-1(®) and Pocari Sweat(®), whereas the flow rate of osmotically active particles did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastric emptying is significantly faster for OS-1(®) than for Pocari Sweat(®).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital.
authors.forename: Chol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanaya
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Shin-ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumita
authors.forename: Atsuhiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001628:Beverages; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009995:Osmosis; D015532:Rehydration Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012212:Rheology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004573:Electrolytes; D015532:Rehydration Solutions