title: Hypernatremia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypernatremia is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and occurs from a variety of mechanisms, including hyperosmotic fluids, limitation of free water, or diabetes insipidus. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the relationship between hypernatremia and mortality in patients with TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following databases up to November 2012: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL. Using a combination of MeSH and text terms, we developed search filters for the concepts of hypernatremia and TBI and included studies that met the following criteria: (1) compared hypernatremia to normonatremia, (2) adult patients with TBI, (3) presented adjusted outcomes for mortality or complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bibliographic and conference search yielded 1,152 citations and 11 abstracts, respectively. Sixty-five articles were selected for full-text review with 5 being included in our study. All were retrospective cohort studies totaling 5,594 (range 100-4,296) patients. There was marked between-study heterogeneity. The incidence of hypernatremia ranged between 16% and 40%. Use of hyperosmolar therapy was presented in three studies (range 14-85% of patients). Hypernatremia was associated with increased mortality across all four studies that presented this outcome. Only one study considered diabetes insipidus (DI) in their analysis where hypernatremia was associated with increased mortality in patients who did not receive DDAVP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although hypernatremia was associated with increased mortality in the included studies, there was marked between-study heterogeneity. DI was a potential confounder in several studies. Considering these limitations, the clinical significance of hypernatremia in TBI is difficult to establish at this stage.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kolmodin
authors.forename: Mypinder S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sekhon
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Alexis F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Turgeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. donald.griesdale@vch.ca.
authors.forename: Donald Eg
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Griesdale