title: Association between plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene mutation and different subgroups of recurrent miscarriage and implantation failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare plasminogen activator inhibitor type1 (PAI-1) mutation rates in different groups of patients with the record of recurrent miscarriage (RM) or implantation failure (IF) with special emphasis on the number of missed pregnancies and/or implantation failures (RM ≥ 2, IF ≥ 2, RM + IF ≥ 2, RM ≥ 3, IF ≥ 3 and RM + IF ≥ 3).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study from PCR products and RFLP data of DNA from blood of patients who referred to the infertility clinic including 595 patients (421 RM ≥ 2, 119 IF ≥ 2 and 55 RM + IF ≥ 2) as the case groups and 100 healthy women as the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All six different subgroups of patients showed increased frequencies of the mutant allele (4G) in comparison to the control group (p < 0.001) suggesting a role for PAI-1 mutation in RM and IF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different patient subgroups suffer similar rates of risk in developing RM and IF when compared to controls.
authors.affiliation: Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, P.O. Box.19615-1177, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khosravi
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zarei
authors.forename: Negah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmadvand
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Akbarzadeh-Pasha
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Savadi
authors.forename: Amir-Hassan
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zarnani
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeddi-Tehrani
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000235:genetics*; D020964:Embryo Loss / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human