title: New insights into intracellular locations and functions of heme oxygenase-1.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) plays a critical role in the protection of cells, and the inducible enzyme is implicated in a spectrum of human diseases. The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities, for which current treatment approaches are not optimal, emphasizes the necessity to better understand key players such as HMOX1 that may be therapeutic targets.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  HMOX1 is a dynamic protein that can undergo post-translational and structural modifications which modulate HMOX1 function. Moreover, trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to other cellular compartments, including the nucleus, highlights that HMOX1 may play roles other than the catabolism of heme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ability of HMOX1 to be induced by a variety of stressors, in an equally wide variety of tissues and cell types, represents an obstacle for the therapeutic exploitation of the enzyme. Any capacity to modulate HMOX1 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases should be tempered with an appreciation that HMOX1 may have an impact on cancer. Moreover, the potential for heme catabolism end products, such as carbon monoxide, to amplify the HMOX1 stress response should be considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A more complete understanding of HMOX1 modifications and the properties that they impart is necessary. Delineating these parameters will provide a clearer picture of the opportunities to modulate HMOX1 in human disease.
authors.affiliation: 1 Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, Australia .
authors.forename: Louise L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Robyn G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Midwinter
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Hafizah A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stocker
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000201:enzymology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000201:enzymology; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D021381:Protein Transport
chemical_list: C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1