title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is down regulated in trophoblast cells of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and in trophoblast tumour cells BeWo in vitro after stimulation with PPARγ agonists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) plays an important role in insulin metabolism, trophoblast differentiation and anti-inflammatory circuits. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PPARγ in the placenta of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the regulation of PPARγ by its agonists in trophoblast tumour cells BeWo in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  PPARγ expression in a total of 80 placentas (40 GDM/40 controls) was analysed by immunohistochemistry using the semi-quantitative immunoreactive score. Furthermore, a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the PPARγ mRNA-expression in both groups. We used a fused and a non-fused BeWo cell culture model for the stimulation with arachidonic acid and 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Afterwards PPARγ mRNA-expression was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) (TaqMan).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using immunohistochemistry we identified a decreased expression of PPARγ in the syncytiotrophoblast and the extravillous trophoblast of GDM placentas compared to normal controls. Furthermore, PPARγ mRNA-expression was reduced in GDM placentas. Stimulation of BeWo cells with arachidonic acid and 15d-PGJ2 caused a downregulation of PPARγ expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As PPARγ is down regulated by arachidonic acid and 15d-PGJ2, the reduced PPARγ expression in GDM placentas may be due to an altered concentration of fatty acid derivates.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knabl
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hüttenbrenner
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Günthner-Biller
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vrekoussis
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friese
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kainer
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jeschke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014328:Trophoblastic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma