title: Use of the FLUKA Monte Carlo code for 3D  patient-specific dosimetry on PET-CT and SPECT-CT  images.
abstract: Patient-specific absorbed dose calculation for nuclear medicine therapy is a topic of increasing interest. 3D dosimetry at the voxel level is one of the major improvements for the development of more accurate calculation techniques, as compared to the standard dosimetry at the organ level. This study aims to use the FLUKA Monte Carlo code to perform patient-specific 3D dosimetry through direct Monte Carlo simulation on PET-CT and SPECT-CT images. To this aim, dedicated routines were developed in the FLUKA environment. Two sets of simulations were performed on model and phantom images. Firstly, the correct handling of PET and SPECT images was tested under the assumption of homogeneous water medium by comparing FLUKA results with those obtained with the voxel kernel convolution method and with other Monte Carlo-based tools developed to the same purpose (the EGS-based 3D-RD software and the MCNP5-based MCID). Afterwards, the correct integration of the PET/SPECT and CT information was tested, performing direct simulations on PET/CT images for both homogeneous (water) and non-homogeneous (water with air, lung and bone inserts) phantoms. Comparison was performed with the other Monte Carlo tools performing direct simulation as well. The absorbed dose maps were compared at the voxel level. In the case of homogeneous water, by simulating 10(8) primary particles a 2% average difference with respect to the kernel convolution method was achieved; such difference was lower than the statistical uncertainty affecting the FLUKA results. The agreement with the other tools was within 3–4%, partially ascribable to the differences among the simulation algorithms. Including the CT-based density map, the average difference was always within 4% irrespective of the medium (water, air, bone), except for a maximum 6% value when comparing FLUKA and 3D-RD in air. The results confirmed that the routines were properly developed, opening the way for the use of FLUKA for patient-specific, image-based dosimetry in nuclear medicine.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Botta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mairani
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vergara Gil
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacilio
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parodi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cremonesi
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Coca Pérez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Dia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guerriero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Battistoni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pedroli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paganelli
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Torres Aroche
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgouros
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water