title: Cytomegalovirus survival and transferability and the effectiveness of common hand-washing agents against cytomegalovirus on live human hands.
abstract: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission can occur when women acquire CMV while pregnant. Infection control guidelines may reduce risk for transmission. We studied the duration of CMV survival after application of bacteria to the hands and after transfer from the hands to surfaces and the effectiveness of cleansing with water, regular and antibacterial soaps, sanitizer, and diaper wipes. Experiments used CMV AD169 in saliva at initial titers of 1 × 10(5) infectious particles/ml. Samples from hands or surfaces (points between 0 and 15 min) were placed in culture and observed for at least 2 weeks. Samples were also tested using CMV real-time PCR. After application of bacteria to the hands, viable CMV was recovered from 17/20 swabs at 0 min, 18/20 swabs at 1 min, 5/20 swabs at 5 min, and 4/20 swabs at 15 min. After transfer, duration of survival was at least 15 min on plastic (1/2 swabs), 5 min on crackers and glass (3/4 swabs), and 1 min or less on metal and cloth (3/4 swabs); no viable virus was collected from wood, rubber, or hands. After cleansing, no viable virus was recovered using water (0/22), plain soap (0/20), antibacterial soap (0/20), or sanitizer (0/22). Viable CMV was recovered from 4/20 hands 10 min after diaper wipe cleansing. CMV remains viable on hands for sufficient times to allow transmission. CMV may be transferred to surfaces with reduced viability. Hand-cleansing methods were effective at eliminating viable CMV from hands.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stowell
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forlin-Passoni
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radford
authors.forename: Sheri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bate
authors.forename: Sheila C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Dollard
authors.forename: Stephanie R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bialek
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: D Scott
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Schmid
mesh_terms: D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000382:microbiology; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006795:Household Products; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D012915:Soaps / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012915:Soaps