title: Wnt signaling blockage inhibits cell proliferation and migration, and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive clinical subtype of breast cancer that is characterized by the lack of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression as well as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression. The TNBC subtype constitutes approximately 10%-20% of all breast cancers, but has no effective molecular targeted therapies. Previous meta-analysis of gene expression profiles of 587 TNBC cases from 21 studies demonstrated high expression of Wnt signaling pathway-associated genes in basal-like 2 and mesenchymal subtypes of TNBC. In this study, we investigated the potential of Wnt pathway inhibitors in effective treatment of TNBC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Activation of Wnt pathway was assessed in four TNBC cell lines (BT-549, MDA-MB-231, HCC-1143 and HCC-1937), and the ER+ cell line MCF-7 using confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis of pathway components. Effectiveness of five different Wnt pathway inhibitors (iCRT-3, iCRT-5, iCRT-14, IWP-4 and XAV-939) on cell proliferation and apoptosis were tested in vitro. The inhibitory effects of iCRT-3 on canonical Wnt signaling in TNBC was evaluated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of Axin2 and dual-luciferase reporter assays. The effects of shRNA knockdown of SOX4 in combination with iCRT-3 and/or genistein treatments on cell proliferation, migration and invasion on BT-549 cells were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunofluorescence staining of β-catenin in TNBC cell lines showed both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization, indicating activation of Wnt pathway in TNBC cells. iCRT-3 was the most effective compound for inhibiting proliferation and antagonizing Wnt signaling in TNBC cells. In addition, treatment with iCRT-3 resulted in increased apoptosis in vitro. Knockdown of the Wnt pathway transcription factor, SOX4 in triple negative BT-549 cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation and migration, and combination treatment of iCRT-3 with SOX4 knockdown had a synergistic effect on inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that targeting SOX4 and/or the Wnt pathway could have therapeutic benefit for TNBC patients.
authors.forename: Birdal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilir
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kucuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. cmoreno@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055751:SOXC Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C083431:SOX4 protein, human; D055751:SOXC Transcription Factors; D051153:Wnt Proteins