title: Trends in exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements over the Internet, in newspapers/magazines, and at retail stores among U.S. middle and high school students, 2000-2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most tobacco use begins during youth. Thus, this study assessed the prevalence, trends, and correlates of pro-tobacco advertising among United States students in grades 6-12 during 2000-2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the 2000-2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed to assess self-reported exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements through three media: over the Internet, in newspapers/magazines, and at retail stores. Trends during 2000-2012 were assessed in a binary logistic regression model (P<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all middle and high school students, the overall prevalence of exposure to Internet pro-tobacco advertisements increased from 22.3% to 43.0% during 2000-2012 (P<0.001 for linear trend). During the same period, declines were observed in the overall prevalence of exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements in newspapers/magazines (65.0% to 36.9%) and at retail stores (87.8% to 76.2%) (P<0.001 for all linear trends).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements over the Internet increased significantly during 2000-2012 among United States middle and high school students, while a decline in exposure to advertisements in newspapers or magazines, and at retail stores occurred during the same period. However, over two-thirds of students still reported retail store exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements in 2012. Enhanced and sustained efforts would be beneficial to reduce even more exposure to all forms of pro-tobacco advertisements among youths.
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Heath, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Sciences, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: iagaku@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Israel T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Agaku
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Heath, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: baking@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Heath, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: skd7@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Shanta R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Dube
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000329:Advertising / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003146:Communications Media / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009524:Newspapers as Topic; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019460:Tobacco Industry; D014481:United States
keywords: Advertising; Health promotion; NYTS; National Youth Tobacco Survey; Prevalence; School; Smoking; Tobacco; Youths