title: Toxicity of the micropollutants Bisphenol A, Ciprofloxacin, Metoprolol and Sulfamethoxazole in water samples before and after the oxidative treatment.
abstract: The amount of organic micropollutants detected in surface waters increases steadily. Common waste water treatment plants are not built to remove these substances. Thus there is a need for new technologies. A promising technology is the use of advanced oxidation processes through which organic micropollutants can be removed from waste water. However, the formation of oxidation by-products is likely and needs to be investigated since the by-products not only differ from their parent compounds in regard to their chemical and physical properties but they can also differ in toxicity. Therefore this study was designed to combine chemical and toxicological analyses of the advanced oxidation (O3 [5mg/L] or UV/H2O2 [Hg-LP lamp; 15W; 1g/L H2O2]) of waste water treatment plant effluents and pure water. Effluent samples from conventional activated sludge waste water treatment (mechanical treatment, activated sludge basin, and primary as well as secondary treatment steps) and high-purity deionized water (pure water) were spiked with Bisphenol A, Ciprofloxacin, Metoprolol or Sulfamethoxazole and treated with O3 or UV/H2O2. For the toxicological analyses mammalian cells (CHO-9, T47D) were exposed to the water samples for 24h and were tested for cytotoxicity (MTT Test), genotoxicity (Alkaline Comet Assay) and estrogenicity (ER Calux(®)). The results indicate that the oxidative treatment (O3 or UV/H2O2) of Bisphenol A, Metoprolol, Sulfamethoxazole or Ciprofloxacin in waste water did not result in toxic oxidation by-products, whereas the UV/H2O2 treatment of Bisphenol A and Ciprofloxacin in pure water resulted in by-products with cytotoxic but no estrogenic effects after 60min.
authors.affiliation: IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasserforschung gGmbH, Mülheim, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. Electronic address: j.richard@iww-online.de.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.affiliation: Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boergers
authors.affiliation: Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vom Eyser
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bester
authors.affiliation: Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuerk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D003412:Cricetulus; D006801:Humans; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D008790:Metoprolol; D010636:Phenols; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Advanced oxidation processes; Antibiotics; Bisphenol A; In vitro toxicity; Micropollutants; Ozone; UV/H(2)O(2); Waste water treatment; β-Blocker