title: Effects of inhalable microparticle of flower of Lonicera japonica in a mouse model of COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flower of Lonicera japonica (FLJ) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used in East Asia as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent. The purpose of this study is to develop an inhalable powder formulation of FLJ and to evaluate its biological effects in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Inhalable dry powder containing FLJ was produced by spray-drying with leucine as an excipient. Its aerodynamic properties and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using the Anderson cascade impactor (ACI) and a mouse model of COPD, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FLJ microparticle (FLJmp) had a hollow spherical shape in electron microscopy and showed aerodynamic properties suitable for inhalation (fine particle fraction of 54.0 ± 4.68% and mass median aerodynamic diameter of 4.6 ± 0.34μm). FLJmp decreased TNF-α and IL-6 expression in RAW264.7 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In mice challenged with LPS and cigarette smoke solution (CSS) to develop COPD, FLJmp decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar fluidas well as the number of inflammatory cells including neutrophils in peripheral blood. In addition, FLJmp induced recovery of elastin and collagen distribution, reduction of caspase-3 expression in lung tissues of COPD mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhalational delivery of FLJ using a microparticle system is a promising strategy for the treatment of COPD.
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yang-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mirim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Hyung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea.
authors.forename: Uk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Namgung
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Electronic address: yyeo@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yeo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D031239:Lonicera / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012138:Respiratory Therapy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D011208:Powders; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: ACI; Anderson cascade impactor; BALF; COPD; CSS; FBS; FLJ; FLJ microparticle; FLJmp; FPF; H&E; HPLC; Inhalable microparticle; LPS; Lonicera japonica; M-T; MMAD; MMPs; Masson-trichrome; PAS; SD; Spray dryer; bronchoalveolar fluid; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; cigarette smoke solution; fetal bovine serum; fine particle fraction; flower of Lonicera japonica; hematoxylin–eosin; high pressure liquid chromatography; lipopolysaccharide; mass median aerodynamic diameter; matrix metalloproteinases; periodic acid-Schiff; standard deviation