title: [Intraosseous infusion in the German Air Rescue Service : Guideline recommendations versus mission reality].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In emergency medicine intraosseous access (IOA) has been established as an alternative to conventional intravenous access. Originally the use of IOA was strictly limited to children up to 6 years of age and to adults for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. These limitations have been relaxed and the indications for IOA have been expanded.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective nationwide analysis of rescue missions by all helicopter emergency medical services of the German Automobile Club (ADAC) Air Rescue Service as well as the German Air Rescue (DRF) over a 7-year period was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 466,813 patients were treated during the study period and an IOA was established in 1,498 (0.32 %) patients. There was a significant increase in using an IOA from 0.1-0.5 % (p < 0.05) from 2005 to 2011. Furthermore, there was an increase in using an IOA in elderly patients and in patients with lower degrees of severity according to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) scales (2005-2011): decreased use of IOA in patients up to 6 years of age from 92.4 % to 19.7 % (p < 0.05) and in patients with NACA grades VII/VI from 74.4 % to 46.6 % (p < 0.05) and temporarily limited increase of non-indicated IOA use in patients with NACA grade III between 2008 and 2010. Furthermore, there was an increase in the number of the different drug groups used for intraosseous infusion over the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current guidelines and recommendations for the use of IOA in the prehospital setting are reflected more and more in mission reality for helicopter emergency medical services.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin - Sektion Notfallmedizin, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland, matthias.helm@extern.uni-ulm.de.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schlechtriemen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haunstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gäßler
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lampl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult