title: From goat colostrum to milk: physical, chemical, and immune evolution from partum to 90 days postpartum.
abstract: This study focused on the study of the changes originated in the milk from partum until d 90 of lactation. Ten multiparous Majorera goats, bred carefully under animal health standards, with a litter size of 2 kids (the average in this breed is 1.83 prolificacy) and similar gestation length (149 ± 1 d) were used. Goat kids were removed from their dams to avoid interferences with the study. Compositional content (fat, protein, and lactose) were measured, as well as some other properties, including pH, density, titratable acidity, ethanol stability, rennet clotting time, and somatic cell count. Moreover, immunity molecules (IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations and chitotriosidase activity) received great attention. Fat and protein content were higher in the first days postpartum, whereas lactose content was lower. Density, titratable acidity, rennet clotting time, and somatic cell count decreased throughout the lactation period, whereas pH and ethanol stability increased. Relative to the immunological parameters, each measured parameter obtained its maximum level at d 0, showing the first milking as the choice to provide immunity to the newborn kids. On the other hand, this study might be used to establish what the best use is: processing or kid feeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba EC060150, Ecuador.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Macías
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga 29010, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moreno-Indias
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas 35413, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencia Pecuarias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba EC060150, Ecuador.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morales-Delanuez
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas 35413, Spain. Electronic address: aarguello@dpat.ulpgc.es.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Argüello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D012085:Chymosin / Q000737:chemistry; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006596:Hexosaminidases / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000737:chemistry; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000737:chemistry; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000737:chemistry; D007774:Lactation; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology*; D010298:Parity; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D019344:Lactic Acid; C025350:rennet; D006596:Hexosaminidases; C086400:chitotriosidase; D012085:Chymosin; D007785:Lactose
keywords: goat colostrum; immunological parameter; milk composition; technological property