title: Effect of terpenes on the skin permeation of lomerizine dihydrochloride.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lomerizine dihydrochloride (LOM) is a Ca2+ channel blocker used as an antimigraine drug, which is currently administered orally in Japan. We therefore investigated the effect of terpenes in propylene glycol (PG) solvent on the percutaneous absorption of LOM by hairless mouse skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were carried out to analyze the effects of terpene enhancers on the biophysical properties of the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the terpenes tested, the highest permeation rate of LOM (28.8 mg/cm2/h) was observed with 1,8-cineole, while nerolidol conferred the lowest enhancement of LOM flux (14.2 mg/cm2/h). ATR-FTIR studies revealed that terpenes/PG induced higher CH2 stretching frequencies of SC lipids than PG alone. The extent of penetration of the lipophilic fluorescence probes Nile Red and DiI was measured by CLSM in in vitro skin permeation studies, using either PG or terpenes/PG as skin permeation enhancers. With PG alone, both fluorescence dyes were undetectable in the skin. In contrast, when co-administered with terpenes/PG, both probes were distributed into the intercellular space between corneocytes and detected in the deeper layers of the skin. SAXS measurements showed that in SC treated with a combination of 1,8-cineole and PG, the scattering peak of the SC was broad and very weak in intensity compared to untreated SC, whereas pretreatment with PG alone did not alter the peak profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of terpenes and PG enhance the skin permeation of LOM. Our findings suggest that the mechanism for this effect involves the ability of terpenes to increase the fluidity of SC lipids, thus enhancing the distribution of LOM into the intercellular region of the SC. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furuishi
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukami
authors.forename: Toyofumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagase
authors.forename: Haruhisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomono
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D010879:Piperazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D010879:Piperazines; D013729:Terpenes; D019946:Propylene Glycol; C052424:lomerizine