title: Orthosis versus no orthosis for the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic injury: a multicenter prospective randomized equivalence trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracolumbar burst fractures have good outcomes when treated with early ambulation and orthosis (TLSO). If equally good outcomes could be achieved with early ambulation and no brace, resource utilization would be decreased, especially in developing countries where prolonged bed rest is the default option because bracing is not available or affordable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether TLSO is equivalent to no orthosis (NO) in the treatment of acute AO Type A3 thoracolumbar burst fractures with respect to their functional outcome at 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentre, randomized, nonblinded equivalence trial involving three Canadian tertiary spine centers. Enrollment began in 2002 and 2-year follow-up was completed in 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria included AO-A3 burst fractures between T11 and L3, skeletally mature and older than 60 years, 72 hours from their injury, kyphotic deformity lower than 35°, no neurologic deficit. One hundred ten patients were assessed for eligibility for the study; 14 patients were not recruited because they resided outside the country (3), refused participation (8), or were not consented before independent ambulation (3).
  
  
  METHODS
  Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire score (RMDQ) assessed at 3 months postinjury. The equivalence margin was set at δ=5 points.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NO group was encouraged to ambulate immediately with bending restrictions for 8 weeks. The TLSO group ambulated when the brace was available and weaned from the brace after 8 to 10 weeks. The following competitive grants supported this work: VHHSC Interdisciplinary Research Grant, Zimmer/University of British Columbia Research Fund, and Hip Hip Hooray Research Grant. Aspen Medical provided the TLSOs used in this study. The authors have no financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence this work.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven patients were enrolled into the TLSO group and 49 patients into the NO group. Forty-six participants per group were available for the primary outcome. The RMDQ score at 3 months postinjury was 6.8 ± 5.4 (standard deviation [SD]) for the TLSO group and 7.7 ± 6.0 (SD) in the NO group. The 95% confidence interval (-1.5 to 3.2) was within the predetermined margin of equivalence. Six patients required surgical stabilization, five of them before initial discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treating these fractures using early ambulation without a brace avoids the cost and patient deconditioning associated with a brace and complications and costs associated with long-term bed rest if a TLSO or body cast is not available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, London Health Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, E4-120, 800 Commissioners Rd. E, London, Ontario N6A 4G5, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, London Health Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, E4-120, 800 Commissioners Rd. E, London, Ontario N6A 4G5, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Urquhart
authors.affiliation: Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, and the Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program at Vancouver Coastal Health, 6th Floor Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Marcel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, London Health Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, E4-120, 800 Commissioners Rd. E, London, Ontario N6A 4G5, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.affiliation: Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, and the Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program at Vancouver Coastal Health, 6th Floor Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Orthopedics) and Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403-29 St. N.W, Calgary, Alberta T2N-2T9, Canada.
authors.forename: Ken C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, and the Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program at Vancouver Coastal Health, 6th Floor Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, and the Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program at Vancouver Coastal Health, 6th Floor Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Gurr
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, London Health Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, E4-120, 800 Commissioners Rd. E, London, Ontario N6A 4G5, Canada.
authors.forename: Stewart I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, and the Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program at Vancouver Coastal Health, 6th Floor Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada. Electronic address: charles.fisher@vch.ca.
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000628:therapy*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brace; Equivalence trial; Functional outcome; Orthosis; Thoracolumbar burst fracture