title: Behavior of Salmonella during fermentation, drying and storage of cocoa beans.
abstract: Due to cocoa being considered a possible source of Salmonella contamination in chocolate, the behavior of Salmonella during some cocoa pre-processing stages (fermentation, drying and storage) was investigated. The fermentation process was carried out on a pilot scale (2 kg beans/box) for 7 days. Every day a fermentation box was inoculated with a Salmonella pool (ca. 4 log MPN/g). The results showed that Salmonella did not affect (P>0.05) the growth of the main microorganism groups involved in cocoa fermentation. On the other hand, the pathogen was influenced (P<0.05) by yeast, acetic acid bacteria and pH. In spite of Salmonella showing counts ≤ 1 log MPN/g in the first days, at the end of fermentation it grew in all samples, reaching counts as high as 7.49 log MPN/g. For drying and storage, cocoa beans were inoculated during the fermentation (experiment A) or during the drying (experiment B). In these stages the decline of the water activity affected the pathogen behavior. In experiment A during the drying, Salmonella count increased in most of the samples. In experiment B either a slight growth or no growth in the samples inoculated up to 48 h was observed, whereas the other samples showed reductions from the initial count. After 30 days of storage at room temperature, the water activity decreased to 0.68, and reductions of Salmonella ranged from 0.93 to 2.52 log MPN/g. Despite the reductions observed during the storage, the pathogen was detected even after 120 days. Therefore, the results showed that Salmonella growth or survival depends on when the contamination occurs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Technology, Avenida Brasil, 2880, Campinas, São Paulo 13070-178, Brazil. Electronic address: mnascimento@ital.sp.gov.br.
authors.forename: Maristela da Silva
authors.initials: Mda S
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
authors.forename: Pamela Oliveira
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Pena
authors.forename: Daniela Merlo
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Brum
authors.forename: Fabiana Taminato
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Imazaki
authors.forename: Maria Luiza SantAnna
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tucci
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Efraim
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D002099:Cacao / Q000382:microbiology*; D003890:Desiccation; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D050296:Microbial Viability; D012475:Salmonella / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015003:Yeasts / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Chocolate; Cocoa; Drying; Fermentation; Salmonella