title: Milk and molasses enemas: clearing things up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to describe current nursing practice and clarify the safest and most effective dose of milk and molasses enemas used to relieve constipation in pediatric patients presenting to a suburban pediatric emergency department.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed emergency nurses about current practice in administration of milk and molasses enemas. In addition, we identified consecutive patients aged 2 to 17 years with a discharge diagnosis of constipation or abdominal pain between 2009 and 2012. Stable patients were included from the emergency department, in the absence of chronic medical conditions. For each patient, we recorded demographic characteristics, chief complaint, nursing administration technique, stool output, patient tolerance, side effects, amount of enema given, and patient disposition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 500 patients with abdominal pain or constipation, 87 of whom were later excluded. Milk and molasses enemas were found to be effective at relieving constipation in our population, with a success rate averaging 88% in patients given 5 to 6 mL/kg with an institutional guideline maximum of 135 mL. The success rate was found to vary with age, along with the amount of enema given.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our nursing survey showed that varying practice exists regarding technique and dosing of milk and molasses enemas. Historical chart review showed that milk and molasses enemas in our emergency department were safe and effective with minimal side effects.
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor, MI. Electronic address: kparkhur@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Kimberley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wallaker
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fortuna
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bradin
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macy
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000451:nursing*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004733:Enema / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D008965:Molasses; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Constipation; Encopresis; Enema; Milk; Molasses; Pediatric