title: Life cycle contributions of copper from vessel painting and maintenance activities.
abstract: Copper-based epoxy and ablative antifouling painted panels were exposed in natural seawater to evaluate environmental loading parameters. In situ loading factors including initial exposure, passive leaching, and surface refreshment were measured utilizing two protocols developed by the US Navy: the dome method and the in-water hull cleaning sampling method. Cleaning techniques investigated included a soft-pile carpet and a medium duty 3M(™) pad for fouling removal. Results show that the passive leach rates of copper peaked three days after both initial deployment and cleaning events (CEs), followed by a rapid decrease over about 15 days and a slow approach to asymptotic levels on approximately day 30. Additionally, copper was more bioavailable during a CE in comparison to the passive leaching that immediately followed. A paint life cycle model quantifying annual copper loading estimates for each paint and cleaning method based on a three-year cycle of painting, episodic cleaning, and passive leaching is presented.
authors.affiliation: a SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific , San Diego , CA , USA ;
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Earley
authors.forename: Brandon L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Swope
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barbeau
authors.forename: Randelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bundy
authors.forename: Janessa A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rivera-Duarte
mesh_terms: D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001682:Biological Availability; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D010150:Paint / Q000633:toxicity*; D012767:Ships; D013499:Surface Properties; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D003300:Copper