title: High-resolution CISS MR imaging with and without contrast for evaluation of the upper cranial nerves: segmental anatomy and selected pathologic conditions of the cisternal through extraforaminal segments.
abstract: The authors review the course and appearance of the major segments of the upper cranial nerves from their apparent origin at the brainstem through the proximal extraforaminal region, focusing on the imaging and anatomic features of particular relevance to high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. Selected pathologic entities are included in the discussion of the corresponding cranial nerve segments for illustrative purposes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Phipps B-100, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Electronic address: Ablitz1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Ari M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Blitz
authors.forename: Leonardo L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Zachary D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Chonka
authors.forename: Ahmet T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ilica
authors.forename: Asim F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gallia
authors.forename: Nafi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aygun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000473:pathology*; D002946:Cisterna Magna / Q000473:pathology*; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: CISS; Cranial nerves; High-resolution MR imaging; Segmental classification; Upper cranial nerves