title: Ifosfamide related encephalopathy: the need for a timely EEG evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ifosfamide is an alkylating agent useful in the treatment of a wide range of cancers including sarcomas, lymphoma, gynecologic and testicular cancers. Encephalopathy has been reported in 10-40% of patients receiving high-dose IV ifosfamide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the role of electroencephalogram (EEG) in the early detection and management of ifosfamide related encephalopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review including clinical data and EEG recordings was done on five patients, admitted to MD Anderson Cancer Center between years 2009 and 2012, who developed ifosfamide related acute encephalopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All five patients experienced symptoms of encephalopathy soon after (within 12 h-2 days) receiving ifosfamide. Two patients developed generalized convulsions while one patient developed continuous non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) that required ICU admission and intubation. Initial EEG showed epileptiform discharges in three patients; run of triphasic waves in one patient and moderate degree diffuse generalized slowing. Mixed pattern with the presence of both sharps and triphasic waves were also noted. Repeat EEGs within 24_h of symptom onset showed marked improvement that was correlated with clinical improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severity of ifosfamide related encephalopathy correlates with EEG changes. We suggest a timely EEG evaluation for patients receiving ifosfamide who develop features of encephalopathy.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit #431, Room#FC7.3000, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA. Electronic address: amfeyiss@utmb.edu.
authors.forename: Anteneh M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Feyissa
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit #431, Room#FC7.3000, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
authors.forename: Sudhakar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tummala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D007069:Ifosfamide
keywords: EEG; Encephalopathy; Ifosfamide; NCSE; Neuro-oncology; Neuropharmacology; Non-convulsive status epilepticus