title: Horizontal and vertical optokinetic eye movements in macaque monkeys with infantile strabismus: directional bias and crosstalk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optokinetic eye movements stabilize gaze by tracking motion of the visual scene during sustained movement of a creature's body. The purpose of this study was to describe vertical and horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in nonhuman primates (NHPs) with normal binocular vision, and to compare their responses to NHPs with binocular maldevelopment induced by prism-rearing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Optical strabismus was created in infant macaques (n = 6) by fitting them with prism goggles. The goggles were removed after 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks to determine the effects of increasing durations of binocular noncorrespondence. Infant NHPs (n = 2) reared wearing plano goggles served as controls. OKN was evoked by horizontal or vertical stripe motion. Eye movements were recorded by using binocular search coils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NHPs reared in early infancy under conditions of binocular noncorrespondence for durations of 6 weeks or longer had horizontal OKN responses biased directionally in favor of nasalward motion. NHPs reared with prisms for any duration had vertical OKN responses more biased than normal NHPs in favor of upward motion. Diagonal "crosstalk" during horizontal or vertical OKN (vertical slow phases during horizontal stimulus motion, and vice versa) was present to some degree in all NHPs. However, crosstalk-upward during horizontal OKN and nasalward during vertical OKN-was most pronounced in NHPs reared with prism for durations long enough to induce a permanent esotropic strabismus (longer than 3 weeks).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With fusion maldevelopment, the OKN pathways retain a nasalward and upward bias. During forward locomotion, optic flow excites temporalward and downward visual motion in each eye. The OKN biases would act in counterbalance. The biases attenuate with emergence of fusion, but may persist and crosstalk when fusion is impeded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Fatema
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghasia
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tychsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic / Q000502:physiology*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: optokinetic nystagmus; primate; strabismus