title: 3D joystick for robotic arm control by individuals with high level spinal cord injuries.
abstract: An innovative 3D joystick was developed to enable quadriplegics due to spinal cord injuries (SCIs) to more independently and efficiently operate a robotic arm as an assistive device. The 3D joystick was compared to two different manual input modalities, a keyboard control and a traditional joystick, in performing experimental robotic arm tasks by both subjects without disabilities and those with upper extremity mobility impairments. Fitts's Law targeting and practical pouring tests were conducted to compare the performance and accuracy of the proposed 3D joystick. The Fitts's law measurements showed that the 3D joystick had the best index of performance (IP), though it required an equivalent number of operations and errors as the standard robotic arm joystick. The pouring task demonstrated that the 3D joystick took significantly less task completion time and was more accurate than keyboard control. The 3D joystick also showed a decreased learning curve to the other modalities.
authors.forename: Hairong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wachs
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pendergast
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Duerstock
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012371:Robotics; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*