title: Condom Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Male-to-Female Transgenders in Jakarta, Indonesia.
abstract: This article examined differences in condom use during anal intercourse among men who have sex with men (MSM) and male-to-female transgender women in Jakarta, Indonesia. A cross-sectional design, structured interviews, and hierarchical linear modeling were used to examine condom use among MSM recruited from entertainment places (EPs; e.g., discotheques/dance clubs/karaoke bars), massage parlors (MPs), and among transgender women who congregated and/or sought sexual partners on streets/parks (S/P). The sample consisted of 91, 97, and 114 of MSM-EP, MSM-MP, and transgender-S/P, respectively. Respondents reported on 641 unique sexual partner encounters, which were "nested" within 302 respondents. Reported condom use was high, 66%, 84%, and 83% for MSM-EP, MSM-MP, and transgender-S/P, respectively, and varied across type of respondent. At the individual level, depressive symptoms and history of physical abuse during childhood and adulthood were associated with lower condom use (p < .05). By contrast, having a higher level of education was associated with more condom use (p < .05). At the partner level, condom use was associated with type of partners and the use of club drugs before sex. HIV-prevention efforts should take into account the multilevel determinants of condom use within these populations.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ikofika@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Iko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Safika
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Young Ik
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Ignatius
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Praptoraharjo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011477:Sex Work; D012747:Sexual Partners; D063106:Transgender Persons
keywords: HIV; Indonesia; MSM; condom; transgender