title: A synergy-driven approach to a myoelectric hand.
abstract: In this paper, we present the Pisa/IIT SoftHand with myoelectric control as a synergy-driven approach for a prosthetic hand. Commercially available myoelectric hands are more expensive, heavier, and less robust than their body-powered counterparts; however, they can offer greater freedom of motion and a more aesthetically pleasing appearance. The Pisa/IIT SoftHand is built on the motor control principle of synergies through which the immense complexity of the hand is simplified into distinct motor patterns. As the SoftHand grasps, it follows a synergistic path with built-in flexibility to allow grasping of a wide variety of objects with a single motor. Here we test, as a proof-of-concept, 4 myoelectric controllers: a standard controller in which the EMG signal is used only as a position reference, an impedance controller that determines both position and stiffness references from the EMG input, a standard controller with vibrotactile force feedback, and finally a combined vibrotactile-impedance (VI) controller. Four healthy subjects tested the control algorithms by grasping various objects. All controllers were sufficient for basic grasping, however the impedance and vibrotactile controllers reduced the physical and cognitive load on the user, while the combined VI mode was the easiest to use of the four. While these results need to be validated with amputees, they suggest a low-cost, robust hand employing hardware-based synergies is a viable alternative to traditional myoelectric prostheses.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ajoudani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grioli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bicchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000674:Amputees / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001186:Artificial Limbs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004576:Electromyography; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012984:Software; D014584:User-Computer Interface