title: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of indomethacin nanoemulsion as a transdermal delivery system.
abstract: Nanoemulsions were investigated as transdermal delivery systems for indomethacin. Six formulae were prepared using Triacetin, capryol 90 and labrafil as oils; Tween 80 and pluronic F127 as surfactants and transcutol and propylene glycol as co-surfactants. The continuous phase was that one with the larger volume fraction regardless of the hydrophile-lipophile balance of the surfactant/co-surfactant mixture. Surfactant type had significant effects on particle size and rheological properties of the nanoemulsions. Pluronic-based formulae recorded the lowest particle sizes and the highest viscosities. The prepared nanoemulsions increased drug solubility up to 610-fold compared with water. Refractive index measurements proved the compatibility between indomethacin and the used nanoemulsion components. Indomethacin was almost completely ionized at the pH values of the prepared nanoemulsions, suggesting drug absorption via the hydrophilic pathway of the skin upon topical application. Nanoemulsions controlled indomethacin release through semipermeable membrane and enhanced its permeation through excised newly born albino rat skin. The formulae were stable for six months at ambient conditions. Transdermal single application of selected formulae resulted in effective plasma levels up to 32 h in rats. Nanoemulsions were significantly superior to other investigated transdermal approaches at solubilizing indomethacin and achieving higher plasma levels.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt .
authors.forename: Eman S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: El-Leithy
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt , and.
authors.forename: Howida Kamal
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: c New Kasr Al-Aini Teaching Hospital , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt.
authors.forename: Rania M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sorour
keywords: Indomethacin; nanoemulsion; permeation; pharmacokinetics; phase behavior; solubilization; thermodynamic stability; transdermal