title: Towards a better understanding of medicinal uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. in traditional Chinese medicine: a phytochemical and pharmacological review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, was known as Hong hua (Chinese: ), safflower. Safflower with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects has been used to treat dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain and mass, trauma and pain of joints, etc. The present paper reviews the advancements in investigation of botany and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of safflower. Finally, the possible tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are discussed, too.
  
  
  METHODS
  The information on safflower was collected via piles of resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACS, Web of science, CNKI and others.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 104 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified, and quinochalcones and flavonoids are considered as the characteristic and active constituents of safflower. Safflower with its active compounds possesses wide-reaching biological activities, including dilating coronary artery, improving myocardial ischemia, modulating immune system, anticoagulation and antithrombosis, antioxidation, antiaging, antihypoxia, antifatigue, antiinflammation, anti-hepatic fibrosis, antitumor, analgesia, etc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As an important traditional Chinese medicine, it is important to investigate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of this plant based on modern realization of diseases' pathophysiology. More bioactive components should be identified using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies, and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of multi-component mixtures derived from safflower need to be evaluated integrating pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, bioavailability-centered and physiological approaches. Further studies on safflower can lead to the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various diseases, and how to utilize it better should be paid more attention to.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, China.
authors.forename: Xidan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, China.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, China.
authors.forename: Yilong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, China.
authors.forename: Guohong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, China. Electronic address: wangzhuju@sina.com.
authors.forename: Zhuju
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D031187:Carthamus tinctorius / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Botany and ethnopharmacology; Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower); Pharmacology; Phytochemistry; Toxicology