title: High-resolution Manometry and Globus: Comparison of Globus, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Normal Controls Using High-resolution Manometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Globus is a foreign body sense in the throat without dysphagia, odynophagia, esophageal motility disorders, or gastroesophageal reflux. The etiology is unclear. Previous studies suggested that increased upper esophageal sphincter pressure, gastroesophageal reflux and hypertonicity of esophageal body were possible etiologies. This study was to quantify the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) pressure, contractile front velocity (CFV), proximal contractile integral (PCI), distal contractile integral (DCI) and transition zone (TZ) in patient with globus gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) without globus, and normal controls to suggest the correlation of specific high-resolution manometry (HRM) findings and globus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven globus patients, 24 GERD patients and 7 normal controls were studied with HRM since 2009. We reviewed the reports, and selected 5 swallowing plots suitable for analysis in each report, analyzed each individual plot with ManoView. The 5 parameters from each plot in 57 globus patients were compared with that of 24 GERD patients and 7 normal controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the UES pressure, CFV, PCI and DCI. TZ (using 30 mmHg isobaric contour) in globus showed significant difference compared with normal controls and GERD patients. The median values of TZ were 4.26 cm (interquartile range [IQR], 2.30-5.85) in globus patients, 5.91 cm (IQR, 3.97-7.62) in GERD patients and 2.26 cm (IQR, 1.22-2.92) in normal controls (P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRM analysis suggested that UES pressure, CFV, PCI and DCI were not associated with globus. Instead increased length of TZ may be correlated with globus. Further study comparing HRM results in globus patients within larger population needs to confirm their correlation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Won Seok
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Tae Wan
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ja Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Hyuk
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Woon Je
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.forename: Young Gil
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Sang Hyuk
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Chong Il
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Sohn
keywords: Gastroesophageal reflux; Globus; High-resolution manometry