title: Generalized seizure activity in an adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) during ketamine anesthesia and urodynamic studies.
abstract: We report a case of a generalized seizure in an adult female rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta) undergoing a urodynamic evaluation while she was anesthetized with continuous-infusion ketamine. The seizure presented with generalized tonic-clonic activity during bladder infusion with saline. The tonic-clonic phase was self-limited and was followed by focal facial twitching, which was interrupted by bolus administration of intravenous diazepam. The ictal event was documented as pressure oscillations during cystometrogram recordings and a period of external urethral sphincter muscle activation, which was detectable by electromyography. An acute decrease in urethral pressure was demonstrated at the end of the generalized seizures. Ketamine anesthesia combined with relatively rapid infusion of saline into the bladder may have contributed to the onset of seizures. In addition, this case highlights the value of having a fast-acting benzodiazepine agent available to stop continuous or residual seizure activity during diagnostic or experimental procedures in anesthetized nonhuman primates.
authors.affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kari L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Christe
authors.forename: Una J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Marie-Josee
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lemoy
authors.forename: Leif A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Havton
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D014563:Urodynamics
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D007649:Ketamine