title: Radiotherapy electron beams collimated by small  tubular applicators: characterization by silicon and  diamond diodes.
abstract: High-energy electron beams generated by linear accelerators, typically in the range 6 to 20 MeV, are used in small field sizes for radiotherapy of localized superficial tumors. Unshielded silicon diodes (Si-D) are commonly considered suitable detectors for relative dose measurements in small electron fields due to their high spatial resolution. Recently, a novel synthetic single crystal diamond diode (SCDD) showed suitable properties for standard electron beams and small photon beams dosimetry. The aim of the present study is twofold: to characterize 6 to 15 MeV small electron beams shaped by using commercial tubular applicators with 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm diameter and to assess the dosimetric performance under such irradiation conditions of the novel SCDD dosimeter by comparison with commercially available dosimeters, namely a Si-D and a plane–parallel ionization chamber. Percentage depth dose curves, beam profiles and output factors (OFs) were measured. A good agreement among the dosimeters was observed in all of the performed measurements. As for the tubular applicators, two main effects were evidenced: (i) OFs larger than unity were measured for a number of field sizes and energies, with values up to about 1.3, that is an output 30% greater than that obtained at the 10 × 10 cm2 reference field; (ii) for each diameter of the tubular applicator a noticeable increase of the OF values was observed with increasing beam energy, up to about 100% in the case of the smaller applicator. This OF behavior is remarkably different from what typically observed for small blocked fields having the same size and energy as those used in this study. OFs for tubular applicators depend considerably on the field size, so interpolation is unadvisable to predict the linear accelerator output for such applicators whereas reliable high-resolution detectors, as the silicon and diamond diodes used in this work allow OF measurements with uncertainties of about 1%.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bagalà
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Venanzio
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Falco
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marinelli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pimpinella
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prestopino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tonnetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verona
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verona-Rinati
mesh_terms: D018130:Diamond; D004583:Electrons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012825:Silicon
chemical_list: D018130:Diamond; D012825:Silicon