title: Biomechanical responses of aquatic plants to aerial conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wetlands are impacted by changes in hydrological regimes that can lead to periods of low water levels. During these periods, aquatic plants experience a drastic change in the mechanical conditions that they encounter, from low gravitational and tensile hydrodynamic forces when exposed to flow under aquatic conditions, to high gravitational and bending forces under terrestrial conditions. The objective of this study was to test the capacity of aquatic plants to produce self-supporting growth forms when growing under aerial conditions by assessing their resistance to terrestrial mechanical conditions and the associated morpho-anatomical changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plastic responses to aerial conditions were assessed by sampling Berula erecta, Hippuris vulgaris, Juncus articulatus, Lythrum salicaria, Mentha aquatica, Myosotis scorpioides, Nuphar lutea and Sparganium emersum under submerged and emergent conditions. The cross-sectional area and dry matter content (DMC) were measured in the plant organs that bear the mechanical forces, and their biomechanical properties in tension and bending were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the species except for two had significantly higher stiffness in bending and thus an increased resistance to terrestrial mechanical conditions when growing under emergent conditions. This response was determined either by an increased allocation to strengthening tissues and thus a higher DMC, or by an increased cross-sectional area. These morpho-anatomical changes also resulted in increased strength and stiffness in tension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The capacity of the studied species to colonize this fluctuating environment can be accounted for by a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in response to emersion. Further investigation is however needed to disentangle the finer mechanisms behind these responses (e.g. allometric relations, tissue make-up), their costs and adaptive value.
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, UMR 5023 'Ecologie des hydrosystèmes naturels et anthropisés', Université Lyon 1; CNRS; ENTPE; 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamann
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puijalon
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D063245:Plant Development; D013718:Tensile Strength
keywords: Phenotypic plasticity; aquatic herbaceous plants; biomechanics; mechanical stress; stiffness; strength