title: Emergency psychiatric care for children and adolescents: a literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the years, increasing numbers of children and adolescents have sought help for acute psychiatric problems. The responses to this treatment-seeking behavior are heterogeneous in different settings and nations. This review aimed to provide an answer to the questions "which care should be offered to children and adolescents presenting with a psychiatric emergency or crisis and how should it be organized."
  
  
  METHODS
  We committed a literature review to find out if any recommendations can be made regarding the organization of emergency care for children and adolescents with acute mental health problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lack of a clear definition of emergencies or urgencies hampered this review; we note the differences between adult and child or adolescent psychiatry. The theoretical models of care found in the literature are built up from several process and structural components, which we describe in greater detail. Furthermore, we review the main service delivery models that exist for children and adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, emergency psychiatric care for children and adolescents is practiced within a wide range of care models. There is no consensus on recommended care or recommended setting for this population. More research is needed to make exact recommendations on the standardization of psychiatric care for young people in emergency settings.
authors.affiliation: From the *Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp; and †Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayen
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Walraven
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leys
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deboutte
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D003419:Crisis Intervention / Q000458:organization & administration; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D004190:Disasters; D004630:Emergencies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010348:Patient Care Team; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013406:Suicide, Attempted; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014218:Triage