title: Environmental concentrations of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine impact specific behaviors involved in reproduction, feeding and predator avoidance in the fish Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow).
abstract: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been found in surface waters worldwide, but little is understood of their effects on the wildlife that inhabit these waters. Fluoxetine (Prozac; Eli Lilly), a highly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is a commonly found PPCP in surface water. The purpose of this project was to determine if environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine impact behavior that is important for population survival in native fish species, including reproduction, feeding and predator avoidance. Chronic 4-week exposures were conducted with doses ranging from 100 ng/L to 100 μg/L to cover a range of environmentally relevant concentrations up to higher concentrations comparable to other published studies with the same drug that have documented various physiological impacts. Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), a species native to North America, was used as it conducts a range of specific mating behaviors and therefore serves as an excellent model of specific impacts on brain function. Fluoxetine concentrations as low as 1 μg/L, a concentration that has been found in many freshwater environments, were found to significantly impact mating behavior, specifically nest building and defending in male fish. Males were also found to display aggression, isolation, and repetitive behaviors at higher concentrations. Female mating behavior was largely unaffected. In addition, predator avoidance behaviors in males and females were also impacted at 1 μg/L. Feeding was impacted at 10 μg/L and in the highest exposure (100 μg/L), egg production was limited by deaths of females due to significant male aggressive behaviors in the first two weeks of exposure. Specific behavioral changes occurred at each concentration (most noticeably 1 μg/L and 100 μg/L) indicating a dose dependent effect that triggered different responses at lower exposures versus higher exposures or differential impacts of dose depending on brain region. Length of exposure also had an impact on aggressive behavior. Changes in hormone levels, indicating significant neuroendocrine changes, suggested as a mechanism of response in higher dose and acute studies, were not linked to changes in behaviors at the doses used in this study. This research provides detailed data on how exposures to fluoxetine impact specific fish behaviors and reproduction and that the effects are dose dependent.
authors.affiliation: School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.affiliation: School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA. Electronic address: rklaper@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klaper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000187:drug effects; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005473:Fluoxetine
keywords: Fecundity; Mating; Neuroendocrine; Pharmaceuticals; Prozac; SSRI