title: Carboplatin and oxaliplatin in sequenced combination with bortezomib in ovarian tumour models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ovarian cancer remains an on-going challenge mainly due to the development of drug resistance and also because the cancer is likely to have metastasized at the time of diagnosis. Currently, chemotherapy based on platinum drugs such as cisplatin is the primary treatment for the disease. Copper transporter 1 is involved in the transport of cisplatin into the cell, but is also down-regulated by the drug. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, has been reported to block this platinum-induced down-regulation of CTR1, so that in the presence of bortezomib, the cellular uptake of platinum drugs may be increased. Increased platinum accumulation may result in increased platinum - DNA binding so that the platinum drug in combination with bortezomib may produce enhanced cell kill.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study the efficacy of the sequential combinations of carboplatin, oxaliplatin and a trans-platinum compound coded as CH1 with BORT on the human ovarian A2780, A2780cisR, A2780ZD0473R and SKOV-3 cancer cell lines was evaluated. The levels of cellular platinum accumulation and platinum-DNA binding were determined following the treatment with these combinations. In order to investigate the effect of the combinations of the formation of ROS, the total and oxidized glutathione levels were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevention of copper transporter 1 degradation by bortezomib is found to enhance the cellular accumulation of platinum, the level of Platinum - DNA binding and increases oxidative stress especially in the resistant cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the prevention of CTR1 degradation by bortezomib may be playing a major role in increasing the cellular uptake of platinum drugs and platinum-DNA binding level. Furthermore, the generation of oxidative stress appears to be a major contributor to the enhanced cell kill.
authors.forename: Zaynab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Al-Eisawi
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beale
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jun Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Cumberland Campus, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia. fazlul.huq@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Fazlul
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huq