title: Craniofacial anatomical risk factors in men with obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is complicated with heart failure (HF); however, the reason for this is not well understood. Craniofacial anatomic risk factors may contribute to OSA pathogenesis in HF patients. However, there are no data about cephalometric findings among OSA patients with HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with HF and OSA (defined as total apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15/h) were enrolled. As controls, OSA patients without HF but matching the test group in age, BMI, and obstructive AHI were also enrolled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 17 OSA patients with HF and 34 OSA patients without HF were compared. There are no significant differences in the characteristics or polysomnographic parameters between 2 groups. In the cephalometric findings, compared with patients without HF, patients with HF showed a significantly greater angle between the line SN to point "A" (SNA) and a longer inferior airway space and greater airway area. However, the tongue area of patients with HF was more than those without HF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The craniofacial structures of OSA patients with HF were different from those without HF. OSA patients with HF had an upper airway anatomy that is more likely to collapse when sleeping while recumbent, despite having a larger airway space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoshita
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoshita
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasagi
authors.forename: Fusae
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kawana
authors.forename: Sugao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishiwata
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narui
authors.forename: Katsuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002508:Cephalometry; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology*; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017286:Polysomnography; D012307:Risk Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*