title: Evidence-based health care policy in reimbursement decisions: lessons from a series of six equivocal case-studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care technological evolution through new drugs, implants and other interventions is a key driver of healthcare spending. Policy makers are currently challenged to strengthen the evidence for and cost-effectiveness of reimbursement decisions, while not reducing the capacity for real innovations. This article examines six cases of reimbursement decision making at the national health insurance authority in Belgium, with outcomes that were contested from an evidence-based perspective in scientific or public media.
  
  
  METHODS
  In depth interviews with key stakeholders based on the adapted framework of Davies allowed us to identify the relative impact of clinical and health economic evidence; experience, expertise & judgment; financial impact & resources; values, ideology & political beliefs; habit & tradition; lobbyists & pressure groups; pragmatics & contingencies; media attention; and adoption from other payers & countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence was not the sole criterion on which reimbursement decisions were based. Across six equivocal cases numerous other criteria were perceived to influence reimbursement policy. These included other considerations that stakeholders deemed crucial in this area, such as taking into account the cost to the patient, and managing crisis scenarios. However, negative impacts were also reported, in the form of bypassing regular procedures unnecessarily, dominance of an opinion leader, using information selectively, and influential conflicts of interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  'Evidence' and 'negotiation' are both essential inputs of reimbursement policy. Yet, purposely selected equivocal cases in Belgium provide a rich source to learn from and to improve the interaction between both. We formulated policy recommendations to reconcile the impact of all factors identified. A more systematic approach to reimburse new care may be one of many instruments to resolve the budgetary crisis in health care in other countries as well, by separating what is truly innovative and value for money from additional 'waste'.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Services and Nursing Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Herck
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Annemans
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sermeus
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramaekers
mesh_terms: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D003657:Decision Making; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000191:economics; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000191:economics*; D006184:Habits; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000191:economics*; D008119:Lobbying; D008402:Mass Media; D009502:Neutrons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053139:Oseltamivir / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061766:Proton Therapy / Q000191:economics; D000068878:Trastuzumab
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D053139:Oseltamivir; D000068878:Trastuzumab