title: Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: systematic review and pooled analysis of observational studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of treatments for non-metastatic invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin using evidence from observational studies, given the paucity of evidence from randomised controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of observational studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, to December 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational studies of interventions for primary, non-metastatic, invasive, SCC of the skin that reported recurrence during follow-up, quality of life, initial response to treatment, adverse events, cosmetic appearance, or death from disease. Studies were excluded if data for primary cutaneous SCC was not separable from other data. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Meta-analysis was performed where appropriate using a random effects model to estimate the pooled proportion of an event with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  118 publications were included, covering seven treatment modalities. Pooled estimates of recurrence of SCCs were lowest after cryotherapy (0.8% (95% confidence interval 0.1% to 2%)) and curettage and electrodesiccation (1.7% (0.5% to 3.4%)), but most treated SCCs were small, low risk lesions. After Mohs micrographic surgery, the pooled estimate of local recurrence during variable follow-up periods from 10 studies was 3.0% (2.2% to 3.9%), which was non-significantly lower than the pooled average local recurrence of 5.4% (2.5% to 9.1%) after standard surgical excision (12 studies), and 6.4% (3.0% to 11.0%) after external radiotherapy (7 studies). After an apparently successful initial response of SCCs to photodynamic therapy, pooled average recurrence of 26.4% (12.3% to 43.7%; 8 studies) was significantly higher than other treatments. Evidence was limited for laser treatment (1 study) and for topical and systemic treatments (mostly single case reports or small non-comparative series with limited follow-up).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many observational studies have looked at different treatment modalities for SCC, but the evidence base for the effectiveness of these interventions is poor. Comparison of outcomes after different treatments should be interpreted cautiously owing to biases inherent in the types of study included, and lack of direct comparisons to enable the estimation of relative treatment effect. Further evidence is needed to develop a prognostic model and stratify individuals at high risk of developing SCC, to improve the evidence base for this common cancer and to optimise clinical management.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registration number CRD42011001450.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2NR, UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lansbury
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bath-Hextall
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leonardi-Bee
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome