title: Risk-adjusted comparison of blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) noncontrol in primary care offices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Population-level control of modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is suboptimal. The objectives of this study were (1) to demonstrate the use of electronically downloaded electronic health record (EHR) data to assess guideline concordance in a large cohort of primary care patients, (2) to provide a contemporary assessment of blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) noncontrol in primary care, and (3) to demonstrate the effect of risk adjustment of rates of noncontrol of BP and LDL for differences in patient mix on these clinic-level performance measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational comparative effectiveness study that included 232,172 adult patients ≥18 years old with ≥1 visit within 2 years in 33 primary care clinics with EHRs. The main measures were rates of BP and LDL noncontrol based on current guidelines and were calculated from electronically downloaded EHR data. Rates of noncontrol were risk-adjusted using multivariable models of patient-level variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 16.0% of the 227,122 patients with known BP and 14.9% of the 136,771 patients with known LDL were uncontrolled. Clinic-level, risk-adjusted BP noncontrol ranged from 7.7% to 26.5%, whereas that for LDL ranged from 5.8% to 23.6%. Rates of noncontrol exceeded an achievable benchmark for 85% (n = 28) and 79% (n = 26) of the 33 clinics for BP and LDL, respectively. Risk adjustment significantly influences clinic rank order for rate of noncontrol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that the use of electronic collection of data from a large cohort of patients from fee-for-service primary care clinics is feasible for the audit of and feedback on BP and LDL noncontrol. Rates of noncontrol for most clinics are substantially higher than those achievable. Risk adjustment of noncontrol rates results in a rank-order of clinics very different from that achieved with nonadjusted data.
authors.affiliation: the Colorado Health Outcomes Program, the Division of Cardiology, and the Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora; the National Research Network, American Academy of Family Physicians, Leawood, KS; DI Consulting, Dallas, TX; the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora; Fairfax Family Medicine Residency Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Fairfax; and the Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hammermeister
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bronsert
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Letoynia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valuck
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Winston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liaw
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pace
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL
keywords: Blood Pressure; Cholesterol; Clinical Practice Guideline; Electronic Health Records; Feedback; Health Information Management