title: Lymph node metastasis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer macroscopically confined to the ovary: review of a single-institution experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the patterns of lymphatic spread in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) macroscopically confined to the ovary and to determine risk factors for lymph node metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with clinically apparent stage IA/B/C EOCs who underwent staging surgery between January 2003 and February 2013 were retrospectively identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and thirty-six (n = 236) consecutive patients were operated for primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Sixty-two of these patients (26.2 %) who underwent a comprehensive staging procedure including pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy were diagnosed with tumors confined to one or two ovaries (stage IA/B/C). Of these 62 patients, 17 (27.4 %) had upstaged disease and 8 (12.9 %) had lymph node metastasis. Tumor histology was serous in 25 patients (40.3 %), mucinous in 23 patients (37 %), endometrioid in 9 patients (14.5 %), and clear cell in 5 patients (8 %). Positive lymph node status was found in 20 % (5/25) of those with serous histology while this rate was only 8.1 % (3/37) in those with non-serous disease. Although the presence of ascites was not associated with an increased risk of lymph node involvement (p = 0.24), positive peritoneal cytology (p = 0.001) and grade 3 disease (p = 0.001) were significant predictors of lymph node involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients diagnosed with EOC macroscopically confined to the ovary should be considered for comprehensive staging surgery including pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ulker
authors.forename: Oguzhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kuru
authors.forename: Ceyhun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Numanoglu
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akbayır
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhri
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000077216:Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors