title: Plaque morphology detected with Duplex ultrasound before carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) is not a predictor of carotid artery in-stent restenosis, a case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In-stent restenosis (ISR) is an important factor endangering the long-term safety and efficacy of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS). It is plausible that soft vulnerable plaques are more likely to be injured during CAS procedure and are therefore more likely to initiate the cascade finally leading to ISR. The aim of this study was to investigate if plaque morphology detected by a simple applicable Duplex ultrasound score before CAS can be used as a predictor for ISR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a prospectively collected single-centre CAS database of 281 patients (comprising 300 arteries) with high-grade carotid artery stenosis, who underwent CAS between May 2003 and January 2013, we conducted a nested case-control study. Plaque morphology before CAS was analysed by a blinded investigator and each parameter of the Total Plaque Risk Score (TPRS) as well as the whole score was evaluated with regard to its diagnostic validity for ISR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analysed the data of 10 patients with ISR and 50 patients without ISR. There were no significant differences with respect to baseline characteristics, vascular risk factors, and degree of stenosis between patients with and without ISR. The duration of follow-up was longer in patients with ISR (p = 0.024) and these patients were more likely to show increased PSV (p = 0.012) immediately after CAS than patients without ISR. Neither individual parameters of the TPRS score nor the score as a whole were suitable as a diagnostic test for ISR development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study we could demonstrate that the non-contrast enhanced DUS of the pre-interventional plaque formation cannot be used as a predictor for the development of ISR. Evaluating a more sophisticated, but not routinely available approach e.g. by ultrasound based plaque perfusion imaging or CT based plaque analysis could be helpful in the future in order to assess the role of plaque morphology in the context of ISR development.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wasser
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karch
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gröschel
authors.forename: Janin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Witzenhausen
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gröschel
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bähr
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str, 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. jliman@gwdg.de.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000379:methods; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000379:methods