title: Microfiltration of different surface waters with/without coagulation: clear correlations between membrane fouling and hydrophilic biopolymers.
abstract: Although low-pressure membranes (microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF)) have become viable options for drinking water treatment, problems caused by membrane fouling must still be addressed. The objective of this study was to compare five different surface waters and to identify a relevant index of water quality that can be used for prediction of the fouling potential of the water. Bench-scale filtration tests were carried out with commercially available hollow-fiber MF membranes. Fairly long-term (a few days) filtrations in the constant-flow mode were carried out with automatic backwash. Membrane fouling in this study was shown to be irreversible as a result of the periodic backwash carried out throughout of the operation. Easily accessible indexes of water quality including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance, Ca concentration and turbidity could not explain the degree of fouling encountered in the filtration tests. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) could provide information on the presence of protein-like substances in water, and peaks for protein showed some correlation with the membrane fouling. Biopolymer (characterized by high molecular weights and insensitivity to UV light absorption) concentrations in the five waters determined by liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) exhibited an excellent correlation with the fouling rates. Coagulation with polyaluminum chloride could mitigate membrane fouling in all cases. The extent of fouling seen with coagulated waters was also correlated with biopolymer concentrations. The relationship between biopolymer concentrations and the fouling rates established for the raw waters could also be applied to the coagulated waters. These results suggested that the contribution of biopolymers to membrane fouling in the present study was significant, an observation that was supported by the analysis of foulants extracted at the termination of each test. Biopolymer concentrations determined by LC-OCD might be used as a key indicator of fouling potential of water for low-pressure membranes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan. Electronic address: kkatsu@eng.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Katsuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D057219:Biofouling; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005427:Flocculation; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007564:Japan; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide
keywords: Biopolymers; Coagulation; Irreversible membrane fouling; Microfiltration