title: Exchange of cytosolic content between T cells and tumor cells activates CD4 T cells and impedes cancer growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T cells are known to participate in the response to tumor cells and react with cytotoxicity and cytokine release. At the same time tumors established versatile mechanisms for silencing the immune responses. The interplay is far from being completely understood. In this study we show contacts between tumor cells and lymphocytes revealing novel characteristics in the interaction of T cells and cancer cells in a way not previously described.
  Experiments are based on the usage of a hydrophilic fluorescent dye that occurs free in the cytosol and thus transfer of fluorescent cytosol from one cell to the other can be observed using flow cytometry. Tumor cells from cell lines of different origin or primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells were incubated with lymphocytes from human and mice. This exposure provoked a contact dependent uptake of tumor derived cytosol by lymphocytes--even in CD4⁺ T cells and murine B cells--which could not be detected after incubation of lymphocytes with healthy cells. The interaction was a direct one, not requiring the presence of accessory cells, but independent of cytotoxicity and TCR engagement. Electron microscopy disclosed 100-200 nm large gaps in the cell membranes of connected cells which separated viable and revealed astonishing outcome. While the lymphocytes were induced to proliferate in a long term fashion, the tumor cells underwent a temporary break in cell division. The in vitro results were confirmed in vivo using a murine acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) model. The arrest of tumor proliferation resulted in a significant prolonged survival of challenged mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported cell-cell contacts reveal new characteristics i.e. the enabling of cytosol flow between the cells including biological active proteins that influence the cell cycle and biological behaviour of the recipient cells. This adds a completely new aspect in tumor induced immunology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hardtke-Wolenski
authors.forename: Lilli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmetz
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trautewig
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Noyan
authors.forename: Florian W R
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Vondran
authors.forename: Hueseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bektas
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klempnauer
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jaeckel
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lieke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003600:Cytosol / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D018448:Models, Immunological; D008970:Molecular Weight; D016019:Survival Analysis