title: Trends in alcohol-specific parenting practices and adolescent alcohol use between 2007 and 2011 in the Netherlands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following increased research and policy attention on the harmful effects of alcohol use among adolescents and the implementation of prevention programs aimed at reducing adolescent alcohol use, this study examined whether alcohol-specific parenting practices have become stricter and whether adolescent alcohol use has declined between 2007 and 2011 in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from three nationally representative cross-sectional studies of 12 to 16-year old adolescents - the Dutch National School Survey on Substance Use (2007 and 2011) and the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (2009). These data were obtained using self-report questionnaires in the classroom (adolescents, Mage=13.8 years, SD=.04) and at home (parents).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2007 and 2011, Dutch parents increasingly adopted strict alcohol-specific practices, except for parents of 16-year old adolescents. Furthermore, adolescent reports of lifetime and last month alcohol use decreased, except for 16-year olds. The quantity of alcohol consumed by adolescents did not change between 2007 and 2011. Alcohol-specific parenting practices were associated with lower adolescent alcohol use. These associations were generally stable over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings are consistent with the recent increased awareness in research, policy and the media about the harmful effects of alcohol on young people. Specifically, they are consistent with the focus of recent prevention efforts aimed at parents to postpone the alcohol use of their child at least until the age of 16. Future prevention programs should also target older age groups (i.e., age 16 years and older) and address the quantity of alcohol consumed by adolescents when they drink.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Electronic address: M.E.deLooze@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Looze
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vermeulen-Smit
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tom F M
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: ter Bogt
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia A F M
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: van Dorsselaer
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verdurmen
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schulten
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wilma A M
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology* / Q000639:trends*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology* / Q000639:trends*
keywords: Adolescent alcohol use; Alcohol-specific parenting; Prevention; The Netherlands; Trends over time