title: Prevention of perioperative and anesthesia-related complications in facial cosmetic surgery.
abstract: Although office-based anesthesia for facial cosmetic surgery remains remarkably safe, no anesthesia or sedation performed outside the operating room should be considered minor. Proper organization, preparation, and patient selection, close collaboration with the surgeon, and expert and effective anesthesia care will increase patient safety and improve perioperative outcomes and patient satisfaction. This article presents a comprehensive overview of anesthesia in terms of facial plastic surgery procedures, beginning with a broad review of essentials and pitfalls of anesthesia, followed by details of specific anesthetic agents, their administration, mechanism of action, and complications.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Head and Neck Anesthesia, Advanced Airway Management Program, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: nek@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nekhendzy
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Ramaiah
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D057189:Checklist; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D061214:Patient Safety; D018579:Patient Selection; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Ambulatory surgery; Anesthesia complications; Cosmetic surgery complications