title: Surface electromyograph activity of submental muscles during swallowing and expiratory muscle training tasks in Huntington's disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Huntington's disease (HD) patients have difficulty in swallowing, leading to aspiration pneumonia, which is a major cause of death. It seems possible that submental muscles that are crucial for preventing an escape of a bolus into the airway, are affected by HD, but no previous studies have investigated this.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess surface electromyograph (sEMG) activity of submental muscles during swallowing and expiratory muscle training (EMT) tasks in HD patients in comparison to healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  sEMG activities of submental muscles during saliva, water swallowing, EMT tasks performed at 25% and 75% of maximum expiratory pressure were recorded and normalised by the sEMG activity during an effortful swallow in 17 early to mid stage HD patients and 17 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  sEMG activity was greater (p<0.05) during EMT tasks than saliva and water swallowing, but was not significantly different between groups for saliva, water swallowing and EMT at 25%. HD patients had lower sEMG activity for EMT at 75% (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreases in submental muscle activity were not evident in HD patients except during EMT at 75%. This suggests that relative submental muscle weakness is observed only during a high intensity task in early to mid stage HD patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia. Electronic address: a.reyes@ecu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Travis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cruickshank
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Mel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziman
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nosaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001945:Breathing Exercises / Q000379:methods*; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Huntington’s disease; Submental muscles; Surface EMG