title: Systemic rhabdomyolysis induced by venom of freshwater stingrays Plesiotrygon iwamae and Potamotrygon motoro (Chondrichthyes-Potamotrygonidae) from the Amazon Basin.
abstract: Injuries caused by freshwater stingrays are characterized by intense pain and pathological changes at the lesion site, including oedema, erythema and, in most cases, necrosis. In this study, the systemic myotoxic activity induced by mucus extracts from the dorsal region and stinger of the stingrays Plesiotrygon iwamae and Potamotrygon motoro was described, analysed and quantified. Twenty-four hours after injection of 400 μg of the extracts into the gastrocnemius muscle of mice, the following effects were observed: coagulative necrosis of the muscle tissue, muscle fibre regeneration and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates, including neutrophils, macrophages, and a reduced number of eosinophils and lymphocytes. These changes were also observed, although to a lesser extent, in the gastrocnemius muscles of the contralateral limbs, demonstrating that the extracts from the two species could induce systemic rhabdomyolysis. Based on morphometric analysis, it was observed that the stinger extract of P. motoro was more potent in inducing local and systemic myotoxic activity, followed by the dorsal extract from P. motoro and stinger and dorsal extracts from P. iwamae, which induced similar effects.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6.200, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Electronic address: julameiras@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliana Luiza Varjão
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lameiras
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6.200, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Oscar Tadeu Ferreira
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Biotério Central, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6.200, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio Tonissi
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.affiliation: Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Avenida Pedro Teixeira, 25, CEP 69040-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: José de Ribamar
authors.initials: Jde R
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Avenida Pedro Teixeira, 25, CEP 69040-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra Maria Evangelista
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Caranhas
authors.affiliation: Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Avenida Pedro Teixeira, 25, CEP 69040-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Melquiades Almeida
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6.200, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Dos-Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6.200, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wallice Luiz Paxiúba
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D001938:Brazil; D005397:Fish Venoms / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D005618:Fresh Water; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009093:Mucus / Q000737:chemistry*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D012206:Rhabdomyolysis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D012860:Skates, Fish / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D005397:Fish Venoms
keywords: Amazon; Inflammatory infiltrates; Mucus extract; Myotoxic activity; Necrosis; Venom