title: Quality control and producing areas differentiation of Gardeniae Fructus for eight bioactive constituents by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS.
abstract: Gardeniae Fructus (G.Fructus), the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae), is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used for the treatment of hepatitis, jaundice, hypersonic, diabetes and hematuria. Numerous researches have demonstrated that the major active constituents in G.Fructus were responsible for the majority of medical effects of this fruit and their quantification were important for the quality control of G.Fructus. However, in the current quality control standard, only geniposide was used as characteristic marker of G.Fructus, which could not reflect the overall quality of this fruit. In order to identify more chemical makers for improving the quality control standard and evaluate producing areas differentiation of G.Fructus, in the present study, a novel and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector coupled to an electrospray tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 8 major constituents, including geniposidic acid (1), chlorogenic acid (2), genipin-1-β-gentiobioside (3), geniposide (4), genipin (5), rutin (6), crocin-1 (7), crocin-2 (8) in G.Fructus. Moreover, chemometric analysis techniques with principal component constituent analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) involved were introduced in statistical analysis of 8 investigated constituents in the 34 batches samples to discriminate the samples from different producing areas. The results indicated that the contents of the 8 major bioactive constituents in G.Fructus varied significantly among different producing areas. From results of the loading plot from PCA analysis, genipin-1-β-gentiobioside may have more influence in discriminating the sample from different producing areas, and which was found to be the most abundant bioactive component besides geniposide in all the 34 batches samples, suggesting that it should be added as chemical marker for further investigation on the pharmacological actions and the quality control of G.Fructus.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China. Electronic address: yfz2003@163.com.
authors.forename: Fangzhou
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Chunqin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Baochang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China. Electronic address: lutulin2005@163.com.
authors.forename: Tulin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D032062:Gardenia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000592:standards; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Bioactive constituents; Gardeniae Fructus; HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS; Producing areas differentiation; Quality control