title: The neuroprotective effect of carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) on retinal ganglion cell following ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether carnosine can increase retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in ischemic mouse retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal ischemia was induced by constant elevation of intraocular pressure (100-110 mmHg) for 60 min in C57BL/6 J mice pretreated with carnosine (1000 mg/kg) or saline. Hypoxia inducing factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1) expressions were assessed at 6, 12, and 24 h after retinal ischemia. Bax and Bcl-2 expressions were also analyzed at 12 h after retinal ischemia. RGC survival was assessed by retrograde FluoroGold labeling at 2 weeks after retinal ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of HIF-1α, GFAP, and Drp-1 was increased within 24 h after ischemic injury. Carnosine treatment effectively decreased the elevated expression of HIF-1α, GFAP, and Drp-1 in ischemic mouse retina. In ischemic retina treated with carnosine, Bax expression was decreased, whereas Bcl-2 expression was increased compared with ischemic retina treated with saline. Carnosine treatment also protected against RGC loss in ischemia mouse retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings showed that carnosine treatment significantly decreased RGC loss through decreased expression of HIF-1α, GFAP, Drp-1, and Bax, and increased expression of Bcl-2 in ischemic mouse retina. We suggest that carnosine can be an effective endogenous neuroprotective molecule in the prevention of RGC loss in ischemic retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea and.
authors.forename: Yong-Sok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Jung-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hwan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Jong-Seong
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sang-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002336:Carnosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D034281:Dynamins / Q000378:metabolism; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D015415:Biomarkers; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C528900:glial fibrillary astrocytic protein, mouse; D002336:Carnosine; C486391:Dnm1l protein, mouse; D034281:Dynamins