title: Circulating soluble cytokine receptors and colorectal cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soluble cytokine receptors and receptor antagonist of proinflammatory cytokines can modify cytokine signaling and may affect cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-cohort study nested within the Women's Health Initiative cohort of postmenopausal women, we assessed the associations of plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and the soluble receptors of IL-1 (sIL-1R2), IL-6 (sIL-6R and sgp130), and TNF (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) with risk of colorectal cancer in 433 cases and 821 subcohort subjects. Baseline levels of estradiol, insulin, leptin, IL-6, and TNF-α measured previously were also available for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for significant covariates, including age, race, smoking, colonoscopy history, waist circumference, and levels of estrogen, insulin, and leptin, relatively high levels of sIL-6R and sIL-1R2 were associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk [HRs comparing extreme quartiles (HRQ4-Q1) for sIL-6R, 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38-0.83; HRQ4-Q1 for sIL-1R2, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.29-0.67]. The associations with IL-1Ra, sgp130, sTNFR1, and sTNFR2 were null. The inverse association of sIL-1R2 with colorectal cancer risk persisted in cases diagnosed ≤5 and >5 years from baseline blood draw; the association with sIL-6R, however, was not evident in the latter group, possibly indicating that relatively low levels of sIL-6R in cases might be due to undiagnosed cancer at the time of blood draw.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High circulating levels of sIL-1R2 may be protective against colorectal carcinogenesis and/or be a marker of reduced risk for the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sIL-1R2 has potential to be a chemopreventive and/or immunotherapeutic agent in inflammation-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Population Health and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Gloria Y F
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Siqun L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tinker
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wassertheil-Smoller
authors.forename: Xiaonan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Leonard H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Augenlicht
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Amanda I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: Howard D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Strickler
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gunter
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cushman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine