title: Activation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells-a new mechanism of defocused low-energy shock wave in regenerative medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Defocused low-energy shock wave (DLSW) therapy has shown effectiveness in regenerative medicine. The mechanism of action was mainly focused on the pathophysiological improvement at the wound tissues. In this study, the activation of stem cells treated by DLSW was first examined as an important pathway during the healing process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC) were treated by DLSW before each passage. The untreated BMSC served as a control. The secretions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CXC ligand 5 (CXCL5) were tested by means of enzyme-linked immunoassay. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the BMSC (passage 4) surface antigen expressions (CD166, CD44 and CD34). The expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67 were analyzed by means of Western blot. The healing abilities of conditioned media of shocked and unshocked BMSC were examined by Matrigel-based capillary-like tube formation assay and rat major pelvic ganglia culture test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shocked BMSC secreted more VEGF and CXCL5 than did those of unshocked BMSC. The expressions of CD166, CD44 and CD34 showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the shocked and unshocked BMSC. The shocked BMSC demonstrated higher expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (P < 0.01) and Ki67 (P < 0.01) than did those of unshocked BMSC. The shocked BMSC conditioned medium showed higher ability to enhance the growth of major pelvic ganglia neurites (P < 0.05) and Matrigel-based endothelial tube-like formation (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DLSW did not interfere with the expressions of cell surface markers. DLSW enhanced the secretion and proliferation of BMSC and promoted angiogenesis and nerve regeneration in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jinbang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Muwen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xunbo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Haiyang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000528:radiation effects; D054365:Chemokine CXCL5 / Q000378:metabolism; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005724:Ganglia / Q000254:growth & development; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000528:radiation effects; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000254:growth & development; D051381:Rats; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000528:radiation effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D054365:Chemokine CXCL5; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat
keywords: angiogenesis; bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells; defocused low-energy shock wave; vascular endothelial growth factor