title: Repair of Ebstein's anomaly in neonates and small infants: impact of right ventricular exclusion and its indications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In cases of severe Ebstein's anomaly, it is essential to determine whether biventricular repair (BVR) or single-ventricle palliation is feasible. Since 1999, in our institution, we have used the novel technique comprising tricuspid valve (TV) closure and right ventricular and right atrial (RV/RA) exclusion to reduce the deleterious effects of an enlarged RV in patients with severe Ebstein's anomaly. However, in cases with good RV function, primary BVR is performed. In the present study, we describe our surgical strategy in the treatment of severely symptomatic neonates with Ebstein's anomaly.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 1999 to October 2011, 12 neonates with a severely symptomatic Ebstein's anomaly underwent surgical repair. The mean age at the first operation was 29 ± 25 (range, 5-92) days; and the mean body weight was 2.8 ± 0.5 (range, 2.0-4.1) kg. The associated anomalies included pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum in 7, critical pulmonary stenosis in 1, ventricular septal defect in 3 and coarctation of the aorta in 1 patient. The mean cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR) was 80 ± 14% (range, 57-98%). Preoperatively, 9 patients had grade IV tricuspid regurgitation (TR), as detected by echocardiography, and 6 required ventilator support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients underwent primary BVR. Seven patients underwent staged palliation using a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (BT shunt) with/without RV/RA exclusion. There was 1 case each of hospital death and late death. The median follow-up duration in the present study was 6.5 years. Among the 8 patients who underwent TV repair, postoperative TR was trivial or mild in 6 patients, moderate in 1 and absent in 1. After surgery, the mean CTR and serum B-type natriuretic peptide levels decreased to 59 ± 14% (range, 45-70%) and 46 ± 28 (range, 12-83) pg/dl, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critically ill neonates with Ebstein's anomaly can be successfully treated using RV/RA exclusion combined with a modified BT shunt in cases where RV function is poor. However, in cases of good RV function, we recommend the use of primary BVR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroko
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tateishi
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshizumi
authors.forename: Sadahiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arai
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D004437:Ebstein Anomaly / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Cardiac surgery; Ebstein's anomaly; Neonate; Right ventricular exclusion