title: Adiponectin and leptin trajectories in Mexican-American children from birth to 9 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To address molecular mechanisms underlying obesity development, we examined patterns of critical metabolism-related hormones, adiponectin and leptin (adipokines), over childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma adiponectin and leptin were measured in 80 Mexican-American children at birth and again at 2, 5, and 9 years from the ongoing prospective cohort followed by the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS). We used a mixture modeling approach to identify patterns in adipokine trajectories from birth to 9 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leptin was positively related to child body size within all ages, however adiponectin had inverse and weaker associations with BMI at 2, 5, and 9 years. Correlations between adipokine levels over the 0-2, 2-5, and 5-9-year periods increased for both leptin (r = 0.06, 0.31 and 0.62) and adiponectin (r = 0.25, 0.41 and 0.46). Our mixture modeling approach identified three trajectory clusters for both leptin (1L [slowly-rising], 2L [rapidly-rising], and 3L [stable]) and adiponectin (1A [steep-dropping and rebounding], 2A [moderately-dropping], and 3A [stable]). While leptin groups were most separated over the 2-9-year period, adiponectin trajectories displayed greatest heterogeneity from birth to 2 years. Children in the rapidly-rising 2L group had highest BMI and waist circumference at 9 years. Further, children with greater birth weight had increased odds of belonging to this high risk group (OR = 1.21 95% CI 1.03, 1.43, compared to stable group 3L). Children whose mothers consumed more sugar-sweetened beverages during pregnancy were at risk of being in the steep-dropping 1A group (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01, 1.17, compared to stable group 3A).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results highlight developmental differences in leptin and adiponectin over the childhood period. Leptin closely reflects child body size however factors affecting adiponectin and long-term consequences of its changes over infancy need to be further explored.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Vitaly
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Volberg
authors.forename: Brianna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heggeseth
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yousefi
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Davé
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vedar
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eskenazi
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D020738:Leptin