title: [Anesthesia in spontaneous ventilation for difficult intubation].
abstract: Difficult intubation in children is rare and often predictable during anesthesia consultation. This allows to establish a strategy to provide fiberoptic guided tracheal intubation with spontaneous ventilation in function of age and children pathology. A good knowledge of physiologic and anatomic children particularities, of fiberoptic technique and the respect for some principles lead to ensure the security of this procedure. First principle is to use only one anesthetic inhaled or intravenous agent in order to limit an important decrease of ventilation. The anesthetic technique recommended for pediatric fiberoptic guided intubation is inhaled anesthesia with sevoflurane. But it is possible to use an intravenous agent, like propofol, with a continuous infusion (bolus of 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg then 0.1-0.3mg/kg per hour for maintenance) or with target controlled infusion (Schnider model, initial concentration 2.5 μg/mL, then increase by 0.5 μg/mL steps) particularly in children older than 5 years with an anesthetic depth control. Whatever the agent, the dose must to be titrated to maintain spontaneous ventilation. Second principle is to combine an airway local anesthesia with general anesthesia to limit airway reactivity. First, a nose topical anesthesia is administered with lidocaine plus naphazoline in children older than 2 years. Then, a laryngeal topical anesthesia is realized with lidocaine 1% (1-2 mL, 2mg/kg) through operating channel of fiberoptic bronchoscope. Finally, third principle is to ensure patient oxygenation with several techniques like use of endoscopic facial mask or nasopharyngeal tube. The use of laryngeal mask is a rescue technique in case of spontaneous ventilation lost. In conclusion, each institution has to establish an algorithm with his own knowledge, constantly feasible and regularly taught.
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie réanimation et samu de Paris, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France. Electronic address: nadege.salvi@nck.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orliaguet
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D002648:Child; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D020704:Laryngoscopes; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D012119:Respiration
keywords: Anesthesia; Anesthésie; Children; Difficult intubation; Enfants; Intubation difficile; Oxygenation; Oxygénation; Spontaneous ventilation; Ventilation spontanée