title: A generic screening methodology for horse doping control by LC-TOF-MS, GC-HRMS and GC-MS.
abstract: In the present study a general screening protocol was developed to detect prohibited substances and metabolites for doping control purposes in equine sports. It was based on the establishment of a unified sample preparation and on the combined implementation of liquid and gas chromatographic MS analysis. The sample pretreatment began with two parallel procedures: enzymatic hydrolysis of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, and methanolysis of the 17β-sulfate steroid conjugates. The extracts were treated for LC-TOF-MS, GC-HRMS and GC-MS assays. The majority of the prohibited substances were identified through a high mass accuracy technique, such as LC-TOF-MS, without prior derivatization. The sample preparation procedure included the formation of methylated and trimethylsilylated derivatives common in toxicological GC-MS libraries. The screening method was enhanced by post-run library searching using automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system (AMDIS) combined with deconvolution reporting software (DRS). The current methodology is able to detect the presence of more than 350 target analytes in horse urine and may easily incorporate a lot of new substances without changes in chromatography. The full scan acquisition allows retrospective identification of prohibited substances in stored urine samples after reprocessing of the acquired data. Validation was performed for sixty representative compounds and included limit of detection, matrix interference - specificity, extraction recovery, precision, mass accuracy, matrix effect and carry over contamination. The suitability of the method was demonstrated with previously declared positive horse urine samples.
authors.affiliation: Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Centre of Athens "Spyros Louis" (OAKA), Kifissias 37, 15123 Maroussi, Greece; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: maroulakiousi@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Maroula K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kioussi
authors.forename: Emmanouil M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lyris
authors.forename: Yiannis S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Angelis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsivou
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Koupparis
authors.forename: Costas G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Georgakopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006736:Horses; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016482:Urinalysis
keywords: Doping control; Equine; Mass spectrometry; Screening; Spectra deconvolution; Urine