title: Intracellular neutralization of a virus using a cell-penetrating molecular transporter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antibodies are the principal mediator of immunity against reinfection with viruses. Antibodies typically neutralize viruses by binding to virion particles in solution prior to attachment to susceptible cells. Once viruses enter cells, conventional antibodies cannot inhibit virus infection or replication. It is desirable to develop an efficient and nontoxic method for the introduction of virus-inhibiting antibodies into cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this article, we report a new method for the delivery of small recombinant antibody fragments into virus-infected cells using a dendrimer-based molecular transporter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The construct penetrated virus-infected cells efficiently and inhibited virus replication. This method provides a novel approach for the immediate delivery of inhibitory antibodies directed to virus proteins that are exposed only in the intracellular environment. This approach circumvents the current and rather complicated expression of inhibitory antibodies in cells following gene transfer.
authors.affiliation: The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. james.crowe@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Gopal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sapparapu
authors.forename: Artez L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Aiyegbo
authors.forename: Fyza Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Harth
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Crowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry; D001692:Biological Transport; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007128:Immunoglobulin Fragments / Q000737:chemistry; D007668:Kidney; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000378:metabolism; D014771:Virion / Q000737:chemistry*; D014780:Viruses / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D050091:Dendrimers; D007128:Immunoglobulin Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering
keywords: antiviral agents; dendrimers; intracellular neutralization; molecular transporter; rotavirus