title: Comparison of cervical kinematics between patients with cervical artificial disc replacement and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical disc herniation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is an effective treatment option for patients with cervical disc herniation, it limits cervical range of motion, which sometimes causes discomfort and leads to biomechanical stress at neighboring segments. In contrast, cervical artificial disc replacement (ADR) is supposed to preserve normal cervical range of motion than ACDF. A biomechanical measurement is necessary to identify the advantages and clinical implications of ADR. However, literature is scarce about this topic and in those available studies, authors used the static radiological method, which cannot identify three-dimensional motion and coupled movement during motion of one axis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical parameters and cervical motion by three-dimensional motion analysis between ACDF and ADR and to investigate the ability of ADR to maintain cervical kinematics.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective case control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent ADR or ACDF for the treatment of single-level cervical disc herniation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual analog scale (VAS), Korean version of Neck Disability Index (NDI, %), and three-dimensional motion analysis were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were evaluated by VAS and the Korean version of the NDI (%) to assess pain degree and functional status. Cervical motions were assessed by three-dimensional motion analysis in terms of sagittal, coronal, and horizontal planes. Markers of 2.5 cm in diameter were attached at frontal polar (Fpz), center (Cz), and occipital (Oz) of 10-20 system of electroencephalography, C7 spinous process, and both acromions. These evaluations were performed preoperatively and 1 month and 6 months after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ACDF and ADR groups revealed no significant difference in VAS, NDI (%), and cervical range of motion preoperatively. After surgery, both groups showed no significant difference in VAS and NDI (%). In motion analysis, significantly more range of motion was retained in flexion and extension in the ADR group than the ACDF group at 1 month and 6 months. There was no significant difference in lateral tilt and rotation angle. In terms of coupled motion, ADR group exhibited significantly more preserved sagittal plane motion during right and left rotation and also showed significantly more preserved right lateral bending angle during right rotation than ACDF group at 1 month and 6 months. There was no significant difference in other coupled motions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional motion analysis could provide useful information in an objective and quantitative way about cervical motion after surgery. In addition, it allowed us to measure not only main motion but also coupled motion in three planes. ADR demonstrated better retained cervical motion mainly in sagittal plane (flexion and extension) and better preserved coupled sagittal and coronal motion during transverse plane motion than ACDF. ADR had the advantage in that it had the ability to preserve more cervical motions after surgery than ACDF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 135-100, Wooridul Spine Hospital, 46-17 Chungdam-Dong Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: j986802@naver.com.
authors.forename: Jung Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, 137-701, Seoul Catholic University Hospital, 222 Banpo daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, 135-100, Wooridul Spine Hospital, 46-17 Chungdam-Dong Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: June Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 135-100, Wooridul Spine Hospital, 46-17 Chungdam-Dong Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ewy Ryong
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Wooridul Spine Center, Al Safa 2, Sheikh Zayed Road South, Dubai, UAE.
authors.forename: Chan Shik
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, 135-100, Wooridul Spine Hospital, 46-17 Chungdam-Dong Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D059145:Total Disc Replacement; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; Artificial disc replacement; Cervical kinematics; Neck disability index; Visual analogue scale