title: Properties of permutation-based gene tests and controlling type 1 error using a summary statistic based gene test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advent of genome-wide association studies has led to many novel disease-SNP associations, opening the door to focused study on their biological underpinnings. Because of the importance of analyzing these associations, numerous statistical methods have been devoted to them. However, fewer methods have attempted to associate entire genes or genomic regions with outcomes, which is potentially more useful knowledge from a biological perspective and those methods currently implemented are often permutation-based.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One property of some permutation-based tests is that their power varies as a function of whether significant markers are in regions of linkage disequilibrium (LD) or not, which we show from a theoretical perspective. We therefore develop two methods for quantifying the degree of association between a genomic region and outcome, both of whose power does not vary as a function of LD structure. One method uses dimension reduction to "filter" redundant information when significant LD exists in the region, while the other, called the summary-statistic test, controls for LD by scaling marker Z-statistics using knowledge of the correlation matrix of markers. An advantage of this latter test is that it does not require the original data, but only their Z-statistics from univariate regressions and an estimate of the correlation structure of markers, and we show how to modify the test to protect the type 1 error rate when the correlation structure of markers is misspecified. We apply these methods to sequence data of oral cleft and compare our results to previously proposed gene tests, in particular permutation-based ones. We evaluate the versatility of the modification of the summary-statistic test since the specification of correlation structure between markers can be inaccurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find a significant association in the sequence data between the 8q24 region and oral cleft using our dimension reduction approach and a borderline significant association using the summary-statistic based approach. We also implement the summary-statistic test using Z-statistics from an already-published GWAS of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) and correlation structure obtained from HapMap. We experiment with the modification of this test because the correlation structure is assumed imperfectly known.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. dms866@mail.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blacker
authors.forename: Taofik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alchawa
authors.forename: Kerstin U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mangold
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D060148:HapMap Project; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D015233:Models, Statistical; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology