title: The role of ultrasonography in in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although ultrasonography was introduced into Obstetrics and Gynaecology by a British Gynaecologist over five decades ago, the requirements for formal training in its use by gynecologists in Nigeria is just beginning to catch on, despite its indispensible role in various aspects of our clinical practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the role of ultrasonography in in-vitro fertilization and the indispensability of the instrument to reproductive medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of literature written in English language on the use and application ofultrasonography. in in-vitro fertilization was done. The review covered articles published between 1980-2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound is the most versatile method for pre-treatment assessment in IVF being the dominant instrument for assessing ovarian reserve, pelvic pathologies and for assessing the uterine cavity. The ability of ultrasonography to measure endometrial thickness in addition to detecting uterine masses gives it an edge over laparoscopy/hysteroscopy as a diagnostic procedure in uterine cavity assessment, although hysteroscopy has the advantage of therapeutic potential. Similarly, ultrasonography is superior to biochemical methods for follicular monitoring because of its ability to demonstrate the number and sizes of follicles, and guide preparations for oocyte retrieval. The relative ease of ultrasound guided oocyte retrieval; its less technical demands and the possibility of conducting the procedure under local anaesthesia have made ultrasound guided oocyte retrieval more popular across the world. Randomized controlled trials show that ultrasound-guided transfer techniques have better outcomes than the clinical touch technique in terms of on-going pregnancies and Clinical pregnancies. Ultrasonography is now the key instrument for diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy following embryo transfer, biochemical methods being complimentary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography is now the single most important instrument in in-vitro fertilization .programmes and gynaecologists with interest in reproductive medicine need necessarily to obtain a formal training in its use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu. caiyoke@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Iyoke
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Ugwu
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Ezugwu
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Ajah
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Mba
mesh_terms: D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D014463:Ultrasonography