title: Lens artifacts in human fetal eyes - the challenge of interpreting the histomorphology of human fetal lenses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evaluation of the lens, including cataractous changes, is often of paramount importance in the classification of fetal syndromes or forensic questions. On histology, the crystalline lens is - especially in fetal and infant eyes - an organ susceptible to numerous artifacts. Thus, the aim of our study was to study various factors (including fixatives) that might have an impact on lens histomorphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty eyes from ten fetuses (formalin fixation: n = 10, glutaraldehyde fixation: n = 10), matched for gestational age and abortion (spontaneous vs. induced), were investigated macroscopically and by light microscopy. Sections were stained with routine hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), and periodic acid schiff (PAS). The age of the fetal eyes ranged from 15 to 36 weeks of gestation. Lens artifacts were analyzed and compared to fetal and adult lenses with definitive cataractous changes. In addition, 34 eyes from 27 fetuses with trisomy 21 were investigated for lens changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All lenses showed artifacts of varying extent, in particular globules, vacuoles, clefts, anterior/posterior capsular separation, subcapsular proteinaceous material, fragmentation of the lens capsule/epithelium, and a posterior umbilication. Glutaraldehyde-fixed lenses displayed less artifacts compared to those fixed in formalin. Slight differences in the appearance of artifacts were found dependent on the fixative (formaldehyde vs glutaraldehyde) and the kind of abortion (iatrogenous vs spontaneous). The gestational age did not have a significant influence on the type and extent of lens artifacts. The lenses from fetuses with trisomy 21 displayed similar lens artifacts with no specific findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in fetal lens morphology are extremely frequent and variable. These artifacts have to be carefully taken into account when interpreting post-mortem findings. Thus, the postmortem diagnosis of a fetal cataract should be made with great caution, and should include, in adherence to our proposed diagnostic flow diagram, the macroscopic lens assessment. Reference slides with a proven cataract are recommended for comparison in equivocal cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127, Bonn, Germany, martina.herwig@ukb.uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Martina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Herwig
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Klarmann-Schulz
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Holz
authors.forename: Karin U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Loeffler
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000473:pathology; D005333:Fetus; D005404:Fixatives; D005865:Gestational Age; D016591:Histocytological Preparation Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives