title: Preoperative localization of undescended testes in children: comparison of clinical examination and ultrasonography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative localization of the testis aids effective management of undescended testes. Various diagnostic techniques have been applied in the localization of undescended testes with varying results. The aim of this study was to compare clinical assessment and ultrasound evaluation in the preoperative localization of undescended testes in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective evaluation of all boys undergoing operation for undescended testes at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, from July 2010 to June 2011 was carried out. The findings on preoperative clinical and ultrasound examinations were compared with intraoperative findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty boys with 52 undescended testes were studied. The median age of the boys at the time of surgery was 4 years (range 1-11 years). Forty-five testes (86.5%) were accurately localized preoperatively by ultrasound while 25 testes (48.1%) were accurately localized on clinical examination. Ultrasound evaluation had an accuracy of 86.5% in preoperative localization of undescended testes. Clinical examination had an accuracy of 48.1% in preoperative localization of undescended testes. Ultrasound was more accurate than physical examination (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography is more accurate than clinical examination in the preoperative localization of undescended testes in children and could play a role in preoperative evaluation of patients with undescended testes.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria. Electronic address: opeadesanya2002@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Adesanya
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ademuyiwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Evbuomwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A A O
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adeyomoye
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Bode
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria; D056126:Orchiopexy / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Children; Clinical examination; Preoperative localization; Ultrasound; Undescended testes