title: Antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A.
abstract: The current measures to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include vaccination, movement control and slaughter of infected or susceptible animals. One of the difficulties in controlling FMD by vaccination arises due to the substantial diversity found among the seven serotypes of FMD virus (FMDV) and the strains within these serotypes. Therefore, vaccination using a single vaccine strain may not fully cross-protect against all strains within that serotype, and therefore selection of appropriate vaccines requires serological comparison of the field virus and potential vaccine viruses using relationship coefficients (r1 values). Limitations of this approach are that antigenic relationships among field viruses are not addressed, as comparisons are only with potential vaccine virus. Furthermore, inherent variation among vaccine sera may impair reproducibility of one-way relationship scores. Here, we used antigenic cartography to quantify and visualize the antigenic relationships among FMD serotype A viruses, aiming to improve the understanding of FMDV antigenic evolution and the scope and reliability of vaccine matching. Our results suggest that predicting antigenic difference using genetic sequence alone or by geographical location is not currently reliable. We found co-circulating lineages in one region that were genetically similar but antigenically distinct. Nevertheless, by comparing antigenic distances measured from the antigenic maps with the full capsid (P1) sequence, we identified a specific amino acid substitution associated with an antigenic mismatch among field viruses and a commonly used prototype vaccine strain, A22/IRQ/24/64.
authors.affiliation: Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.|The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.|Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ludi
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.|Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.|Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Modelling, Evolution and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.|Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.|Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Paton
authors.affiliation: Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: J L N
authors.initials: JLN
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Modelling, Evolution and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.|Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000940:Antigenic Variation; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D012367:RNA, Viral