title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impairment in executive functions: a barrier to weight loss in individuals with obesity?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increasing body of research points to a significant association of obesity to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and deficits in executive functions. There is also preliminary evidence suggesting that children with ADHD may be at risk of obesity in adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this article, we discuss the evidence showing that ADHD and/or deficits in executive functions are a barrier to a successful weight control in individuals enrolled in weight loss programs. Impairing symptoms of ADHD or deficits in executive functions may foster dysregulated eating behaviors, such as binge eating, emotionally-induced eating or eating in the absence of hunger, which, in turn, may contribute to unsuccessful weight loss. ADHD-related behaviors or neurocognitive impairment may also hamper a regular and structured physical activity. There is initial research showing that treatment of comorbid ADHD and executive functions training significantly improve the outcome of obesity in individuals with comorbid ADHD or impairment in executive functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary evidence suggests that comorbid ADHD and deficits in executive functions are a barrier to a successful weight loss in individuals involved in obesity treatment programs. If further methodologically sound evidence confirms this relationship, screening and effectively managing comorbid ADHD and/or executive functions deficits in individuals with obesity might have the potential to reduce not only the burden of ADHD but also the obesity epidemics.
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, G, B, Rossi Hospital, Department of Life Science and Reproduction, Verona University, Verona, Italy. samuele.cortese@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Samuele
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Comencini
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vincenzi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Speranza
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Angriman
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs