title: Post-surgical pain syndromes: a review for the non-pain specialist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is a selective narrative review of the latest information about the epidemiology, impact, and prevention of chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP), intended primarily for those without a special interest in pain medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic post-surgical pain is an important problem in terms of personal impact. It has staggering economic implications, exerts powerful negative effects on the quality of life of many of those it afflicts, and places a significant burden on chronic pain treatment services in general. It is well known that surgery at certain body sites is apt to cause CPSP, but emerging evidence shows a strong correlation between CPSP and demographic (young age, obesity, and female sex) and psychological characteristics (anxiety, depression, stress, and catastrophizing). Severe acute pain is a strong risk factor for CPSP, and this adds yet more weight to the argument that acute pain should be controlled effectively. In specific circumstances, CPSP can be reduced by regional anesthetic techniques, infiltration of local anesthetic, or preoperative use of gabapentin. The ability of other known interrupters of afferent nociceptive transmission-commonly used to reduce CPSP when administered at the time of surgery-is currently unproven, as is the hypothesis that the use of remifentanil during surgery worsens CPSP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduction of CPSP is a worthy long-term outcome for anesthesia providers to consider as they plan the perioperative care of their patients. More evidence is needed about the effect of currently used analgesics and other perioperative techniques on CPSP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, 8-120J Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada, srashiq@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Saifee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rashiq
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Dick
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000588:Amines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000818:Animals; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D000077206:Gabapentin; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013577:Syndrome; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D000777:Anesthetics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin