title: Patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide. Roughly 1 in 10 adult Americans has CKD. These patients are at significant risk for excessive morbidity and mortality during the perioperative period. Given the health and cost burden of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), preventing or avoiding progression of CKD to ESRD is critical. Therefore, identifying risk factors and implementing risk mitigation strategies to prevent further deterioration of renal function during the perioperative period is of paramount importance. This article reviews patient risk stratification, preoperative evaluation and management, and perioperative interventions for renal protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, PO Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143-0648, USA. Electronic address: grubera@anesthesia.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Alicia Gruber
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kalamas
authors.forename: Claus U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Niemann
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D059035:Perioperative Period; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011300:Preoperative Care; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: Acute kidney injury (AKI); Chronic kidney disease (CKD); Preoperative assessment; Preoperative evaluation; Preoperative management