title: Magnesium-deficient high-fat diet: effects on adiposity, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in growing rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if magnesium deficiency aggravates the effects of a high-fat diet in growing rats in terms of obesity, lipid profile and insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 48 newly weaned male Wistar Hannover rats distributed into four groups according to diet, namely, control group (CT; n = 8), control diet provided ad libitum; pair-feeding control group (PF; n = 16), control diet but in the same controlled amount as animals that received high-fat diets; high-fat diet group (HF; n = 12), and magnesium-deficient high-fat diet group (HFMg(-); n = 12). The parameters investigated were adiposity index, lipid profile, magnesium status, insulin sensitivity and the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the insulin-signaling pathway, i.e. insulin receptor β-subunit, insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HF and HFMg(-) groups were similar regarding gain in body mass, adiposity index and lipid profile, but were significantly different from the PF group. The HFMg(-) group exhibited alterations in magnesium homeostasis as revealed by the reduction in urinary and bone concentrations of the mineral. No inter-group differences were observed regarding glucose homeostasis. Protein phosphorylation in the insulin-signaling pathway was significantly reduced in the high-fat groups compared with the control groups, demonstrating that the intake of fat-rich diets increased insulin resistance, a syndrome that was aggravated by magnesium deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the experimental conditions tested, the intake of a magnesium-deficient high-fat diet led to alterations in the insulin-signaling pathway and, consequently, increased insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 14, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil. Electronic address: cristianehermes@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Cristiane Hermes
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 14, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil. Electronic address: adriana.rodrigues.santos@usp.br.
authors.forename: Adriana Rodrigues dos
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, R. Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, Jd. São Paulo, Limeira, SP CEP 13083-887, Brazil. Electronic address: dennys.cintra@fca.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Dennys Esper Corrêa
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 14, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil. Electronic address: cecolli@usp.br.
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colli
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005215:Fasting; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; C526296:Irs1 protein, rat; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Glucose; Insulin; Lipid enriched diet; Magnesium; Obesity