title: Identification of cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi using computer vision.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The explosively radiating evolution of cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi has yielded an amazing number of haplochromine species estimated as many as 500 to 800 with a surprising degree of diversity not only in color and stripe pattern but also in the shape of jaw and body among them. As these morphological diversities have been a central subject of adaptive speciation and taxonomic classification, such high diversity could serve as a foundation for automation of species identification of cichlids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we demonstrate a method for automatic classification of the Lake Malawi cichlids based on computer vision and geometric morphometrics. For this end we developed a pipeline that integrates multiple image processing tools to automatically extract informative features of color and stripe patterns from a large set of photographic images of wild cichlids. The extracted information was evaluated by statistical classifiers Support Vector Machine and Random Forests. Both classifiers performed better when body shape information was added to the feature of color and stripe. Besides the coloration and stripe pattern, body shape variables boosted the accuracy of classification by about 10%. The programs were able to classify 594 live cichlid individuals belonging to 12 different classes (species and sexes) with an average accuracy of 78%, contrasting to a mere 42% success rate by human eyes. The variables that contributed most to the accuracy were body height and the hue of the most frequent color.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer vision showed a notable performance in extracting information from the color and stripe patterns of Lake Malawi cichlids although the information was not enough for errorless species identification. Our results indicate that there appears an unavoidable difficulty in automatic species identification of cichlid fishes, which may arise from short divergence times and gene flow between closely related species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Deokjin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Ye-seul
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Jongwoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hey
authors.forename: Yong-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Won
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D023681:Cichlids / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification*; D003116:Color; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005399:Fishes / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification*; D005618:Fresh Water; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D060106:Lakes; D008295:Malawi