title: Identification of epilepsy stages from ECoG using genetic programming classifiers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, for which a great deal of research has been devoted to analyze and characterize brain activity during seizures. While this can be done by a human expert, automatic methods still lag behind. This paper analyzes neural activity captured with Electrocorticogram (ECoG), recorded through intracranial implants from Kindling model test subjects. The goal is to automatically identify the main seizure stages: Pre-Ictal, Ictal and Post-Ictal. While visually differentiating each stage can be done by an expert if the complete time-series is available, the goal here is to automatically identify the corresponding stage of short signal segments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposal is to pose the above task as a supervised classification problem and derive a mapping function that classifies each signal segment. Given the complexity of the signal patterns, it is difficult to a priori choose any particular classifier. Therefore, Genetic Programming (GP), a population based meta-heuristic for automatic program induction, is used to automatically search for the mapping functions. Two GP-based classifiers are used and extensively evaluated. The signals from epileptic seizures are obtained using the Kindling model of elicited epilepsy in rodent test subjects, for which a seizure was elicited and recorded on four separate days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that signal segments from a single seizure can be used to derive accurate classifiers that generalize when tested on different signals from the same subject; i.e., GP can automatically produce accurate mapping functions for intra-subject classification. A large number of experiments are performed with the GP classifiers achieving good performance based on standard performance metrics. Moreover, a proof-of-concept real-world prototype is presented, where a GP classifier is transferred and hard-coded on an embedded system using a digital-to-analogue converter and a field programmable gate array, achieving a low average classification error of 14.55%, sensitivity values between 0.65 and 0.97, and specificity values between 0.86 and 0.94.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed approach achieves good results for stage identification, particularly when compared with previous works that focus on this task. The results show that the problem of intra-class classification can be solved with a low error, and high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the limitations of the approach are identified and good operating configurations can be proposed based on the results.
authors.affiliation: Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Blvd. Industrial y Av. ITR Tijuana S/N, Mesa Otay C.P. 22500, Tijuana BC, Mexico. Electronic address: soteloo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sotelo
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guijarro
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trujillo
authors.forename: Luis N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Coria
authors.forename: Yuliana
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000145:classification* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: Classification; Epilepsy diagnosis; Genetic programming