title: Term induction of labor and risk of cesarean delivery by parity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the risk of cesarean delivery among both nulliparous and multiparous women undergoing a term induction of labor compared to women that present in spontaneous labor at term.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study of term (≥37 weeks) singleton pregnancies between 2005 and 2010 comparing women that had an induction to those that presented in spontaneous labor. Multiparity was defined as a prior delivery after 20 weeks' gestation. Chi-square was used to compare categorical variables. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for confounders. Analyses were stratified by parity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  863 women were included in the analysis. There were 605 inductions (cesarean rate 23%) and 257 spontaneous labor (cesarean rate 7%), OR 3.4, 95% CI [2.1-5.4]. Stratified by parity, nulliparas undergoing induction had an increased cesarean rate compared to spontaneous labor (27% versus 11%, OR 3.13, 95% CI [1.76-5.57]) as did multiparas (13% versus 3%, OR 4.04, 95% CI [1.36-11.94]). This increased risk for cesarean after induction remained in both nulliparous and multiparous women even after controlling for confounders (aOR 2.90, 95% CI [1.60-5.25] and aOR 3.47, 95% CI [1.12-10.67], respectively). Neither starting cervical exam nor indication for induction altered this increased risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased risk of cesarean in women undergoing an induction is present regardless of parity and indication for induction. This should be taken into account when counseling women regarding risks of induction, regardless of parity. Future studies should focus on other clinical characteristics of induction that may mitigate this risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirshberg
authors.forename: Sindhu K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Srinivas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D047929:Term Birth; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cesarean delivery; induction; multiparity