title: The thorax musculature of Anisoptera (Insecta: Odonata) nymphs and its evolutionary relevance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among the winged insects (Pterygota) the Odonata (dragon- and damselflies) are special for several reasons. They are strictly aerial predators showing remarkable flight abilities and their thorax morphology differs significantly from that of other Pterygota in terms of the arrangement and number of muscles. Even within one individual the musculature is significantly different between the nymphal and adult stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we present a comparative morphological investigation of the thoracic musculature of dragonfly (Anisoptera) nymphs. We investigated representatives of the Libellulidae, Aeshnidae and Cordulegasteridae and found 71 muscles: 19 muscles in the prothorax, 26 in the mesothorax and 27 in the metathorax. Nine of these muscles were previously unknown in Odonata, and for seven muscles no homologous muscles could be identified in the neopteran thorax.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support and extend the homology hypotheses for the thoracic musculatures of Odonata and Neoptera, thus supplementing our understanding of the evolution of Pterygota and providing additional characters for phylogenetic analyses comprising all subgroups of Pterygota.
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Systematic & Evolutionary Biology, J-F-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology & Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. sebastian.buesse@biologie.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Büsse
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hörnschemeyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005426:Flight, Animal; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D063191:Odonata / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology