title: Factors associated with survival after opioid rotation in cancer patients presenting to an outpatient supportive care center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data on cancer outpatients undergoing opioid rotation (OR) are limited. Understanding the characteristics of patients who do not follow up after OR could facilitate optimization of OR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the characteristics and overall survival of patients with and without follow-up after OR.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this preliminary ad hoc analysis, we reviewed consecutive patients who presented to our supportive care center in 2008 for OR. Data about demographics, scores on the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System and Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS), opioid use, and indications for OR were collected. Univariate logistic regression models were used to determine the factors associated with follow-up. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to evaluate survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 190 patients who underwent OR, 120 (63%) had a follow-up visit. Follow-up visits occurred more frequently in patients with localized disease (89%; 24/27; P = 0.0023), history of substance abuse (100%; 12/12; P = 0.0085), performance status ≤ 2 (66%; 97/146; P = 0.0002), no delirium (67%; 118/177; P = 0.002), and uncontrolled pain as reason for OR (66%; 97/146; P = 0.036). Patients who underwent OR for opioid-induced neurotoxicity (44%; 15/34; P = 0.01) and had higher MDAS scores (P = 0.0009) were less likely to follow up. Both follow-up after OR (P < 0.001) and successful OR (P = 0.012) were associated with longer overall survival, with a difference in median survival of 4.3 and 3 months, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary study suggests that patients with advanced cancer, poorer performance status, opioid-induced neurotoxicity, and higher MDAS scores are less likely to follow up after OR and may have shorter overall survival and, therefore, require closer follow-up. Patients with unsuccessful OR also may have a shorter overall survival. Further studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Electronic address: asreddy@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Akhila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Sriram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yennurajalingam
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de la Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Shana L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Palla
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frisbee-Hume
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruera
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes; D010045:Outpatients; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010166:Palliative Care
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: Opioid rotation; cancer; follow-up visit; outpatient; palliative care; survival