title: A reference laboratory experience of clinically achievable voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole concentrations within the bloodstream and cerebral spinal fluid.
abstract: Interest in antifungal therapeutic-drug monitoring has increased due to studies demonstrating associations between concentrations and outcomes. We reviewed the antifungal drug concentration database at our institution to gain a better understanding of achievable triazole drug levels. Antifungal concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultraperformance liquid chromatography and single-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS), or a bioassay. For this study, only confirmed human bloodstream (serum or plasma) and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole were analyzed. The largest numbers of bloodstream and CSF samples were found for voriconazole (14,370 and 173, respectively). Voriconazole bloodstream concentrations within the range of 1 to 5.5 μg/ml represented 50.6% of samples. Levels below the lower limit of quantification (0.2 μg/ml) were observed in 14.6% of samples, and 10.4% of samples had levels of ≥5.5 μg/ml. CSF voriconazole levels ranged from undetectable to 15.3 μg/ml and were <0.2 μg/ml in 11% of samples. Posaconazole bloodstream concentrations were ≥0.7 and ≥1.25 μg/ml in 41.6% and 18.9% of samples, respectively. Posaconazole was detected in only 4 of 22 CSF samples (undetectable to 0.56 μg/ml). Itraconazole levels, as measured by UPLC/MS, were ≥0.5 μg/ml in 43.3% and were undetectable in 33.9% of bloodstream samples. In contrast, when measured by a bioassay, itraconazole/hydroxyitraconazole bloodstream concentrations were ≥1.0 μg/ml in 72.9% of samples and were undetectable in 18% of samples. These results indicate that there is marked variability in bloodstream concentrations achieved with these three azoles. In addition, many levels within the bloodstream for each azole and for voriconazole and posaconazole in the CSF were undetectable or below thresholds associated with efficacy.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Wiederhold
authors.forename: Gennethel J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pennick
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dorsey
authors.forename: Wieslaw
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Furmaga
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Deanna A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Annette W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Fothergill
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D065819:Voriconazole
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014230:Triazoles; D017964:Itraconazole; C101425:posaconazole; D065819:Voriconazole