title: Absolute pitch among students at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music: a large-scale direct-test study.
abstract: This paper reports a large-scale direct-test study of absolute pitch (AP) in students at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music. Overall note-naming scores were very high, with high scores correlating positively with early onset of musical training. Students who had begun training at age ≤5 yr scored 83% correct not allowing for semitone errors and 90% correct allowing for semitone errors. Performance levels were higher for white key pitches than for black key pitches. This effect was greater for orchestral performers than for pianists, indicating that it cannot be attributed to early training on the piano. Rather, accuracy in identifying notes of different names (C, C#, D, etc.) correlated with their frequency of occurrence in a large sample of music taken from the Western tonal repertoire. There was also an effect of pitch range, so that performance on tones in the two-octave range beginning on Middle C was higher than on tones in the octave below Middle C. In addition, semitone errors tended to be on the sharp side. The evidence also ran counter to the hypothesis, previously advanced by others, that the note A plays a special role in pitch identification judgments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: Xiaonuo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001299:Audiometry; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D010897:Pitch Discrimination; D010898:Pitch Perception; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult