title: Family history of alcohol use disorders and neuromaturation: a functional connectivity study with adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A positive family history (FHP) of alcohol use disorders (AUD) is linked to increased risk for personal AUD, but the mechanisms behind this risk are unclear. Previous research suggests that a subtle neurodevelopmental lag in FHP adolescents may contribute to risk for future AUD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response to a spatial working memory (SWM) task was examined for markers of neuromaturational delay in 85 youth with and without FHP. It was hypothesized that FHP adolescents (n = 24, ages 12-14 years), as compared to matched FHN youth (n = 26, ages 12-14 years), would show less similarity to brain connectivity observed in older adolescents (n = 35, ages 16-20 years) and that statistical comparison of SWM functional connectivity models would differentiate FHN and FHP youth. Structural equation modeling tested the fit of brain response connectivity between FH groups and against the older-adolescent model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patterns of connectivity were more similar between older adolescent and FHN than FHP adolescents; FHP youth demonstrated higher association between right posterior and left frontal brain regions than FHN and older adolescent youth. Comparison of FH groups indicated a significant difference on the pathway from the right superior parietal lobule to the left middle frontal gyrus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide additional support for the notion of a neuromaturational lag in FHP youth. Protracted neuromaturation may be a mechanism by which FH increases risk for alcohol dependence, and this less mature neural connectivity pattern may provide a novel endophenotype for identifying youth at risk for drinking problems.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego, CA .
authors.forename: Andrea D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Spadoni
authors.forename: Alan N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Tony T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tapert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult