title: Direct detection of unamplified hepatoma upregulated protein RNA in urine using gold nanoparticles for bladder cancer diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) assay for direct detection of unamplified HURP RNA in urine.
  
  
  METHODS
  HURP RNA was extracted from urine samples (50 bladder carcinoma patients, 25 benign bladder lesions, and 25 controls) and further purified using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), functionalized with HURP RNA-specific oligonucleotides, and then detected by RT-PCR or gold nanoparticles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The developed HURP RNA AuNP assay has a sensitivity and a specificity of 88.5% and 94%, respectively, and a detection limit of 2.4 nmol/L. The concordance between the HURP AuNP assay with RT-PCR after RNA purification using functionalized MNPs was 97%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed colorimetric HURP RNA AuNP assay is sensitive, simple, and can aid noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11381, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sanaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.affiliation: Youssef Jameel Science & Technology Research Center, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sherif M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shawky
authors.affiliation: Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11381, Egypt.
authors.forename: Marwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matboli
authors.affiliation: Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11381, Egypt.
authors.forename: Shaymaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Youssef Jameel Science & Technology Research Center, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt. Electronic address: hazzazy@aucegypt.edu.
authors.forename: Hassan M E
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Azzazy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012313:RNA / Q000652:urine*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: C465041:DLGAP5 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012313:RNA; D006046:Gold
keywords: Bladder carcinoma; Gold nanoparticles; Hepatoma upregulated protein; Magnetic nanoparticles; Squamous cell carcinoma; Transitional cell carcinoma; Urinary biomarkers