title: Inhalation exposure to chloramine T induces DNA damage and inflammation in lung of Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: Chloramine T has been widely used as a disinfectant in many areas such as kitchens, laboratories and hospitals. It has been also used as a biocide in air fresheners and deodorants which are consumer products; however, little is known about its toxic effects by inhalation route. This study was performed to identify the subacute inhalation toxicity of chloramine T under whole-body inhalation exposure conditions. Male and female groups of rats were exposed to chloramine T at concentrations of 0.2, 0.9 and 4.0 mg/m³ for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week during 4 weeks. After 28-day repeated inhalation of chloramine T, there were dose-dependently significant DNA damage in the rat tissues evaluated and inflammation was histopathologically noted around the terminal airways of the lung in both genders. As a result of the expression of three types of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-2, GPx-1, PRX-1) in rat's lung after exposure, there was no significant change of all antioxidant enzymes in the male and female rats. The results showed that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 0.2 mg/m³ in male rats and 0.9 mg/m³ in female rats under the present experimental condition.
authors.affiliation: Risk Assessment Division, NIER, Environmental Research Complex, Korea.
authors.forename: Ilseob
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Gyun-Baek
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Eunha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung-Taek
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Donggeun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sul
authors.forename: Byung-Woo
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Byung-Il
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Pilje
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyunghee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hyun-Mi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D002700:Chloramines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008168:Lung / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000201:enzymology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014105:Tosyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2; C489936:Prrx1 protein, mouse; C016300:chloramine-T; C000722069:Gpx1 protein, rat