title: Inflammatory Biomarkers and Atrial Fibrillation: Potential Role of Inflammatory Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Atrial Fibrillation-induced Thromboembolism.
abstract: Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet activation contribute to the prothrombotic pro-inflammatory state associated with AF. Inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin 6, promote the production of tissue factor (TF) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and aggravate endothelial dysfunction leading to increased coagulation and depressed fibrinolytic activity. The interaction of vWF and glycoprotein Ib (vWF-GPIb) receptor activates 'thrombo-inflammatory' pathways promoting thromboembolism. Moreover, platelet activation driven by plateletleukocyte/ monocyte interaction attribute to AF-related thrombosis. Biochemical pathways such as CD40-CD40 ligand and P-selectin-P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 are considered important mediators of platelet-leukocyte interactions in the setting of AF. Further studies are required to address the clinical implications of inflammatory biomarkers in the prediction of AF-related thromboembolism. Indeed, inflammatory pathways could be also considered as therapeutic targets in an effort to reduce the clinical consequences of thromboembolism and improve outcomes in AF.
authors.forename: Yutao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
authors.affiliation: Haemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Science, City Hospital, Birmingham, B18 7QH, United Kingdom. stavrosapos@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Apostolakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015539:Platelet Activation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents