title: A comparison of cytokine responses during prolonged cycling in normal and hot environmental conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Components of immune function are affected by physical activity in an adverse environment. The purpose of this study was to compare plasma differences in inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), in addition to the stress hormone cortisol, during prolonged cycling under normal and hot environmental conditions in elite cyclists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six trained elite male cyclists (27 ± 8 years; 75.5 ± 4 kg; maximum oxygen uptake [VO2max] = 66 ± 6 mL/kg/min, mean ± SD). The cyclists biked for 2.5 h at their prescribed 60% maximum exercise workload (Wmax) or 75% VO2max either in an environmental chamber set at 15°C and 40% relative humidity (NEUTRAL) or at 35°C and 40% relative humidity (HOT). The cyclists were given 4 mL of water/kg body weight every 15 min under both conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total cortisol concentrations were elevated (P < 0.05) immediately postexercise and 12 h postexercise in both the NEUTRAL and HOT conditions. TNF-α concentrations were only significantly (P = 0.045) elevated postexercise in HOT conditions. During the HOT conditions, a significant (P = 0.006 and 0.007, respectively) difference in IL-6 was seen immediately after and 12 h postexercise. During the NEUTRAL condition, IL-6 was only significantly elevated postexercise (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heat exposure during a long bout of exercise is sufficient to elicit stress response in elite cyclists. However, the degree of release of anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines might be related to several factors that include the athlete's fitness level, hydration status, exercise intensity, and length of exposure to hot environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Ludmila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cosio-Lima
authors.forename: Bhargav V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Petra B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Logan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scheeler
keywords: cytokines; exercise; heat; inflammation; performance