title: Systematic assessment of condom use measurement in evaluation of HIV prevention interventions: need for standardization of measures.
abstract: When evaluating HIV prevention interventions, condom use is a common outcome measure used to assess changes in HIV-related behaviors; however, no widely accepted standards exist for its measurement. Using systematic review data on HIV prevention interventions conducted in low- and middle-income countries, we examined trends in condom use measurement since 1990. We abstracted data from standardized forms on six dimensions of condom use: partner type, temporal period, measurement scale, consistency, controlling for abstinence, and type of sex. Of 215 studies reviewed, 109 studies (51 %) measured condom use as a primary outcome. Outcomes were stratified by partner type in 47 studies (43 %). Assessing condom use at last sex was the most common measurement. Consistency of condom use was assessed in 47 studies (43 %). Developing and utilizing standards for condom use measurement would increase comparability of findings across studies and benefit HIV prevention research. Recommendations include measuring condom use at last sex, frequency of condom use, and number of protected sex acts in studies evaluating the efficacy of behavioral interventions on sexual risk behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., E5037, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA, vtedrow@jhsph.edu.
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Fonner
authors.forename: Caitlin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sweat
mesh_terms: D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D012015:Reference Standards; D012309:Risk-Taking; D021841:Safe Sex; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012747:Sexual Partners