title: Comparison of five integrative samplers in laboratory for the monitoring of indicator and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in water.
abstract: This study aimed at evaluating and comparing five integrative samplers for the monitoring of indicator and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water: semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD), silicone rubber, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) strip, Chemcatcher and a continuous-flow integrative sampler (CFIS). These samplers were spiked with performance reference compounds (PRCs) and then simultaneously exposed under constant agitation and temperature in a 200 L stainless steel tank for periods ranging from one day to three months. A constant PCB concentration of about 1 ng·L(-1) was achieved by immersing a large amount of silicone rubber sheets ("dosing sheets") spiked with the target PCBs. The uptake of PCBs in the five samplers showed overall good repeatability and their accumulation was linear with time. The samplers SPMD, silicone rubber and LDPE strip were the most promising in terms of achieving low limits of quantification. Time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of PCBs in water were estimated from uptake of PCBs using the sampling rates calculated from the release of PRCs. Except for Chemcatcher, a good agreement was found between the different samplers and TWA concentrations ranged between 0.4 and 2.8 times the nominal water concentration. Finally, the influence of calculation methods (sampler-water partition coefficients, selected PRCs, models) on final TWA concentrations was studied.
authors.affiliation: Irstea, U.R. MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacquet
authors.affiliation: Irstea, U.R. MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. Electronic address: cecile.miege@irstea.fr.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miège
authors.affiliation: Deltares, PO Box 85467, 3508 AL, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Foppe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smedes
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, RBE-BE-LBCO, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tixier
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, RBE-BE-LBCO, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tronczynski
authors.affiliation: BRGM, Monitoring and Analysis Division, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Togola
authors.affiliation: BRGM, Monitoring and Analysis Division, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berho
authors.affiliation: LABAQUA, c/Dracma 16-18, Poligono Industrial Las Atalayas, 03114 Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valor
authors.affiliation: LABAQUA, c/Dracma 16-18, Poligono Industrial Las Atalayas, 03114 Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Llorca
authors.affiliation: Suez Environnement CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président Wilson, 78230 Le Peck, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barillon
authors.affiliation: LUNAM University, ONIRIS, LABERCA, Atlanpôle -La Chantrerie, BP 50707, Nantes 44307, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.affiliation: Irstea, U.R. MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coquery
mesh_terms: D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004147:Dioxins; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Integrative samplers; Modeling; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Time weighted average concentration; Water monitoring