title: Conformal breast irradiation with the arm of the affected side parallel to the body.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To propose a simple, forward-planned three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) technique for breast cancer patients with frozen shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A technique is described that avoids lateral beams transmitting through the arm of the affected side. One medial, tangentially applied beam deposits most of the dose. Further beams with little weight are used to attain dose homogeneity. In order to quantify dose distribution and homogeneity in the planning target volume (PTV), as well as the scattered dose in organs at risk (OAR), the parameters D95, D5, D1, mean and median dose were determined for the individual volumes. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were created in order to compare these with the proposed technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The described technique achieved homogenous dose deposition within the PTV. A regimen comprising 25 fractions of 2 Gy prescribed to the PTV resulted in the following dose parameters: PTV(D95): 44.3 Gy, PTV(D5): 52.7 Gy, PTV(D1): 54.8 Gy, PTV(mean): 49.3 Gy and PTV(median): 49.9 Gy. Mean lung dose was 7.0 Gy. The ipsilateral lung received a mean dose of 9.9 Gy. This plan was accepted for treatment. The IMRT and VMAT plans achieved a similar dose distribution in the PTV. These techniques also reduced dose deposition in the OAR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed 3D-CRT technique allows treatment of breast cancer patients who are not able to raise their arms above their head. Homogenous dose distribution in the PTV was achieved while avoiding lateral beams that transmit through the arm of the affected side. Mean lung dose was comparable to that of the conventional technique using opposed tangential beams. IMRT and VMAT also provide good target dose homogeneity with good sparing of OAR. However, these techniques are more demanding in terms of planning and quality assurance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany, Vaegler_S@UKW.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaegler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bratengeier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flentje
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002062:Bursitis / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture; D011859:Radiography; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome