title: Sulforaphane-induced transcription of thioredoxin reductase in lens: possible significance against cataract formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sulforaphane is a phytochemically derived organic isothiocyanate 1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinyl-butane present naturally in crucifers, including broccoli and cauliflower. Biochemically, it has been reported to induce the transcription of several antioxidant enzymes. Since such enzymes have been implicated in preventing cataract formation triggered by the intraocular generation of oxy-radical species, the purpose of this investigation was to examine whether it could induce the formation of antioxidant enzymes in the eye lens. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) was used as the target of such induction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice lenses were cultured for an overnight period of 17 hours in medium 199 fortified with 10% fetal calf serum. Incubation was conducted in the absence and presence of sulforaphane (5 μM). Subsequently, the lenses were homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), followed by centrifugation. TrxR activity was determined in the supernatant by measuring the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH)-dependent reduction of 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB). Non-specific reduction of DTNB was corrected for by conducting parallel determinations in the presence of aurothiomalate. The reduction of DTNB was followed spectrophotometrically at 410 nm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The activity of TrxR in the lenses incubated with sulforaphane was found to be elevated to 18 times of that observed in lenses incubated without sulforaphane. It was also noticeably higher in the lenses incubated without sulforaphane than in the un-incubated fresh lenses. However, this increase was much lower than that observed for lenses incubated with sulforaphane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sulforaphane has been found to enhance TrxR activity in the mouse lens in culture. In view of the protective effect of the antioxidant enzymes and certain nutrients against cataract formation, the findings suggest that it would, by virtue of its ability to enhance the activity of such enzymes, prevent the tissue against oxidative stress that leads to cataract formation. Additional studies with the activities of other antioxidant enzymes such as quinone oxidoreductase and the levels of Nrf2 are in progress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Shambhu D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Krish
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chandrasekaran
authors.forename: Svitlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kovtun
keywords: NADPH; cataract; oxidative stress; thioredoxin reductase