title: Influence of short-term cardiac rehabilitation on oxidative stress in men after myocardial infarction depends upon smoking status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress is an important nonclassical risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI), and thus, it seems extremely important to recognize factors that effectively reduce it. The aim of our study was to explore possible influences of short-term cardiac rehabilitation (CR) of only 2 weeks in duration on oxidative stress in men after MI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male patients (N = 21; aged 41-88 years, median 56 years), 6 to 8 weeks after acute MI, were included in our observational study using a pretest/posttest design. We investigated markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes before and after CR of only 2 weeks in duration and influence of smoking status on these differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant decrease in isoprostanes in urine in nonsmokers (n = 9) (P = .036) but not in smokers (n = 12) (not significant) during CR. After CR, nonsmokers had lower isoprostanes in urine (P = .039), lower non-transferrin-bound iron (P = .020), and higher erythrocyte catalase (P = .023) than smokers. Of classical risk factors, only low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in nonsmokers before (P = .041) and after CR (P = .015) than in smokers. No other significant differences were seen at the beginning or at the end of CR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, the results of our study indicate for the first time that short-term CR of only 2 weeks in duration already has a positive effect on reduction of oxidative stress in the body. However, this positive effect is seen only in nonsmokers and not in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy (Drs Mlakar, Salobir, and Terčelj), Clinic of Preventive Cardiology and Vascular Diseases (Drs Mlakar and Šabovič), and Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry (Dr Prezelj), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and Health Resort Radenci, Radenci, Slovenia (Dr Čobo).
authors.forename: Polona
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mlakar
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salobir
authors.forename: Nusret
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cobo
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prezelj
authors.forename: Marjeta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terčelj
authors.forename: Mišo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabovič
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers