title: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and heme biomineralization inhibitory properties of Entada africana ethanol leaf extract with antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Entada africana (EA) is a medicinal plant used in West Africa for the treatment of malaria fever, but its efficacy against malaria is yet to be scientifically validated. Our study explores the antimalarial potential of the ethanol leaf extract of EA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antiplasmodial activity of EA against chloroquine-sensitive (HB3) and chloroquine-resistant (FcM29) Plasmodium falciparum was determined as well as its peripheral antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. The effect of the extract on human monocytic (THP-1) cells was recorded as a measure of cytotoxicity, whereas the inhibitory effect on heme detoxification was evaluated as a possible mechanism of antiplasmodial activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a concentration of 100 μg/mL, EA was noncytotoxic and displayed moderate antiplasmodial activity against HB3 and FcM29 (IC50=26.36 and 28.86 μg/mL, respectively). It also exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of synthetic heme (IC50=16 mg/mL). The extract (200 mg/kg body weight) showed significant (p<0.05) inhibition of paw inflammation, and significantly (p<0.01, 0.05) reduced the number of abdominal writhes induced by acetic acid (58.62%-65.51%), which was higher compared to that of diclofenac (50%, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that peripheral antinociceptive effects and parasiticidal activity of EA contribute to its antimalarial properties and it can be further explored as effective therapy against malaria infection.
authors.forename: Ifeoma C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Ezenyi
authors.forename: Lalasoanirina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ranarivelo
authors.forename: Salawu A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Oluwakanyinsola
authors.forename: Martins
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emeje
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006418:Heme / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000962:Antimalarials; D000431:Ethanol; D006418:Heme