title: The associations between traffic-related air pollution and noise with blood pressure in children: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies.
abstract: Although traffic emits both air pollution and noise, studies jointly examining the effects of both of these exposures on blood pressure (BP) in children are scarce. We investigated associations between land-use regression modeled long-term traffic-related air pollution and BP in 2368 children aged 10 years from Germany (1454 from Munich and 914 from Wesel). We also studied this association with adjustment of long-term noise exposure (defined as day-evening-night noise indicator "Lden" and night noise indicator "Lnight") in a subgroup of 605 children from Munich inner city. In the overall analysis including 2368 children, NO2, PM2.5 mass (particles with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5μm), PM10 mass (particles with aerodynamic diameters below 10μm) and PM2.5 absorbance were not associated with BP. When restricting the analysis to the subgroup of children with noise information (N=605), a significant association between NO2 and diastolic BP was observed (-0.88 (95% confidence interval: -1.67, -0.08)). However, upon adjusting the models for noise exposure, only noise remained independently and significantly positively associated with diastolic BP. Diastolic BP increased by 0.50 (-0.03, 1.02), 0.59 (0.05, 1.13), 0.55 (0.03, 1.07), and 0.58 (0.05, 1.11)mmHg for every five decibel increase in Lden and by 0.59 (-0.05, 1.22), 0.69 (0.04, 1.33), 0.64 (0.02, 1.27), and 0.68 (0.05, 1.32)mmHg for every five decibel increase in Lnight, in different models of NO2, PM2.5 mass, PM10 mass and PM2.5 absorbance as the main exposure, respectively. In conclusion, air pollution was not consistently associated with BP with adjustment for noise, noise was independently and positively associated with BP in children.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Chuang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany; School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuertes
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Carla M T
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tiesler
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birk
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Hygiene, Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Babisch
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Munich, Department of Paediatrics, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Carl-Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Berg
authors.affiliation: IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: heinrich@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D010316:Particle Size; D014186:Transportation; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Air pollution; Blood pressure; Children; Noise; Road traffic