title: An intrinsic connectivity network approach to insula-derived dysfunctions among cocaine users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Addiction is a complex phenotype, though it consistently includes characteristics of impulsivity. A number of brain regions are suggested to be involved in cocaine addiction, including the insula, which serves diverse functions including interoceptive awareness and integration of neural signals from sensory, subcortical and frontal regions. Malfunction of this integration links impulsive behavior to the insula.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines intrinsic connectivity of the insula in chronic cocaine users to investigate abnormal insular circuitry, its role in cocaine addiction, and relationships to measure of impulsivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cocaine-dependent individuals (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 32) completed a resting-state fMRI scan. An intrinsic connectivity network (ICN) approach generated metrics of mean network connectivity and inter-network connectivity from fMRI data. Metrics pertaining to ICNs involving insula and other structures repeatedly involved in addiction (e.g. striatum) were selected for analysis, which included the capacity to discriminate groups. Relationships between group discriminating connectivity metrics and behavioral impulsivity were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Models demonstrated group prediction accuracy up to 75%. Accuracy of 69% was obtained by a parsimonious model of six inter-network connectivity metrics. The inter-network connectivity between an ICN involving the anterior insula and ACC, and an ICN involving the striatum, was significantly weaker in cocaine users relative to controls. The degree of reduced inter-network connectivity was significantly related to greater non-planning impulsivity in cocaine users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aberrant insula-derived intrinsic connectivity patterns are observed in cocaine users and include dysfunctions in insula to striatal connectivity, which is furthermore linked to increased impulsivity pertaining to forethought.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota , Elliott Hall, Minneapolis, MN , USA and.
authors.forename: Krista M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wisner
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Patzelt
authors.forename: Kelvin O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Angus W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results