title: Exposure to secondhand smoke and depression and anxiety: a report from two studies in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous population-based studies suggest that exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is related to increased depressive symptoms and poor mental health among non-smokers. We examined whether these associations could be replicated in two independent Dutch samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-smoking adults were selected from two studies: 1) the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), comprising individuals with current and remitted depressive and/or anxiety disorders, and healthy controls and 2) the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR), comprising twin-family studies on health-related behaviors. In both studies, SHS exposure was assessed with plasma cotinine levels (1-14ng/ml vs. <1ng/ml). In NESDA, outcomes were current depressive and/or anxiety disorders, and depression and anxiety symptom severity scores. In NTR, the Adult Self Report derived DSM-subscales for depressive and anxiety problems, and anxious depressive scores were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In NESDA non-smokers (n=1757), increased plasma cotinine level (≥1ng/ml) was not related to current depressive and/or anxiety disorders [odds ratio (OR) 0.96, P=.77], nor to depression or anxiety severity indicators. Similarly, in NTR non-smokers (n=1088) cotinine levels ≥1ng/ml were not associated with the DSM-subscale for depressive problems [unstandardized regression coefficient (B) 0.04, P=.88], nor to other depression and anxiety measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In non-smoking adults from patient and population samples, we found no evidence that plasma cotinine levels were related to either depressive and/or anxiety disorders, or to depressive and anxiety symptoms. This suggests that SHS exposure is not related to depression and anxiety in non-smoking adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.bot@ggzingeest.nl.
authors.forename: Mariska
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bot
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vink
authors.forename: Gonneke
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Jacoline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neuteboom
authors.forename: Cornelis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kluft
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries; D057566:Self Report; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018433:Twin Studies as Topic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Anxiety; Cotinine; Depression; Passive smoking; Secondhand smoke