title: Factors associated with uptake, adherence, and efficacy of hepatitis C treatment in people who inject drugs: a literature review.
abstract: METHODS
  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are highly prevalent amongst people who inject drugs (PWID). Despite well documented evidence of its effectiveness, suggested cost-effectiveness, and potential to reduce HCV prevalence rates, the uptake of antiviral HCV treatment by PWID is low. This nonsystematic literature review describes factors associated with the uptake, adherence, and efficacy of HCV treatment among PWID and discusses strategies to increase their uptake of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low HCV treatment uptake among PWID is associated with a number of patient-related and provider-related barriers. Beliefs and fears about low efficacy and adverse effects on the patient's part are common. A substantial number of factors are associated with the chaotic lifestyle and altered social functioning of PWID, which are often associated with decompensation or relapsing into drug addiction. This may lead to perceived low adherence with treatment and low efficacy on the provider's part too, where lack of support, inadequate management of addiction, and other drug-related problems and poor treatment of side effects have been described. Practical issues such as the accessibility of treatment and finances also play a role. Strategies to improve the HCV treatment rate among PWID involve pretreatment management and assessment, a multidisciplinary approach, management of side effects, and enhanced education and counseling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific factors are associated with poorer treatment outcomes in PWID on the side of both the patient and the treatment system. However, given that PWID can achieve treatment adherence and sustained virologic response rates comparable with those in nondrug users, drug use per se should not be considered a criterion for exclusion from treatment. Further development of measures leading to higher uptake of treatment and adherence in PWID and appropriate adaptation of HCV treatment guidelines represent important tools in this regard.
authors.affiliation: National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mravčík
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strada
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stolfa
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bencko
authors.forename: Teodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Groshkova
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schulte
keywords: adherence; efficacy; hepatitis C virus; people who inject drugs; treatment uptake