title: Human adipose tissue contains erythroid progenitors expressing fetal hemoglobin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the origin of hematopoietic progenitors contained in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue samples obtained from lipectomies were subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase to obtain a single-cell suspension. The centrifuged cell pellet, termed SVF, was separated immunomagnetically into CD45(+) and CD45(-) cells and cultured in serum-free medium containing hematopoietic cytokines. The freshly isolated and cultured cells were evaluated to determine their ability to form hematopoietic colony-forming units in clonogenic assays and for the expression of certain hematopoietic transcription factors by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; the gene expression level was compared to that in CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells from cord blood (CB) and adult peripheral blood (PB). To characterize erythroid progenitors, burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) were developed in a semisolid medium under different culture conditions, and the hemoglobin composition and globin gene expression in the erythroid colonies were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transcription factors SCL/TAL1, RUNX1, RUNX2 and GATA2 were expressed in both the CD45(+) and CD45(-) SVF populations; however, in contrast to our observations in the CD34(+) cells from CB and adult PB, GATA1 was not detected. Nevertheless, GATA1 could be detected in the SVF cells after seven days in culture, whereas its expression was upregulated in the CB CD34(+) cells. The analysis of BFU-E-derived colonies revealed that virtually all erythroid cells produced by SVF cells expressed fetal hemoglobin, and the γ-globin mRNA levels ranged between those obtained in the adult- and neonatal-derived erythroid cells. Moreover, the SVF-derived erythroid cells synthesized similar levels of α- and β-globin mRNA, whereas the α-globin transcript levels were consistently higher those of β-globin in the cells derived from CB or PB CD34(+) cells. Furthermore, although the cellular distribution of hemoglobin in the erythroid cells derived from the CD34(+) cells obtained from hematopoietic tissues was dependent on the presence or absence of serum in the culture medium, this did not affect the SVF-derived erythroid cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that hematopoietic progenitors in SVF have molecular and functional features that differ from those exhibited by circulating progenitors, suggesting the possibility of a different origin.
authors.affiliation: Amparo Navarro, María Dolores Miñana, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Fundación Hospital General Universitario, 46014 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carbonell-Uberos
authors.forename: Severiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miñana
keywords: Adipose tissue; Erythroid cells; Hematopoietic progenitors; Hemoglobin; Stromal vascular fraction