title: Bactericidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals: a systematic literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to review the bactericidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in infected root canals.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address the focused question "Does PDT exhibit bactericidal effects against E. faecalis in infected root canals?" PubMed/Medline and Google-Scholar databases were searched from 1985 up to August 2013 using various combinations of the following key words: "antibacterial; "bactericidal; "endodontic; "root canal" and "photodynamic therapy". Original studies, experimental studies and articles published only in English language were included. Letters to the editor, historic reviews and unpublished data were excluded. The pattern of the present review was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen studies (16 ex vivo and one in vivo) were included. In these studies, numbers of teeth used ranged between 30 and 220 teeth. In these studies, wavelengths of diode laser used, diameter of fiber and power output ranged between 625 and 805 nm, 200 μm and 0.4 cm, and 40 mW and 5 W respectively. Twelve studies reported PDT to be effective in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals. Four studies reported conventional irrigation and instrumentation to be more efficient in killing E. faecalis than PDT. One study reported PDT and conventional endodontic regimes to be equally effective in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals. In most studies, toluidine blue and/or methylene blue were used as photosensitizers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efficacy of PDT in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals remains questionable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Shoaib Haider
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Kamran Habib
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Awan
authors.forename: Fawad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Javed
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D003788:Dental Pulp Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014496:Urachal Cyst
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents
keywords: Antibacterial; Endodontic; Enterococcus faecalis; Photodynamic therapy; Root canal