title: Gene expression profiles in prostate cancer: identification of candidate non-invasive diagnostic markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze gene expression profiles of prostate cancer (PCa) with the aim of determining the relevant differentially expressed genes and subsequently ascertain whether this differential expression is maintained in post-prostatic massage (PPM) urine samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six tissue specimens (36 from PCa patients and 10 controls) and 158 urine PPM-urines (113 from PCa patients and 45 controls) were collected between December 2003 and May 2007. DNA microarrays were used to identify genes differentially expressed between tumour and control samples. Ten genes were technically validated in the same tissue samples by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Forty two selected differentially expressed genes were validated in an independent set of PPM-urines by qRT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multidimensional scaling plot according to the expression of all the microarray genes showed a clear distinction between control and tumour samples. A total of 1047 differentially expressed genes (FDR≤.1) were indentified between both groups of samples. We found a high correlation in the comparison of microarray and RT-qPCR gene expression levels (r=.928, P<.001). Thirteen genes maintained the same fold change direction when analyzed in PPM-urine samples and in four of them (HOXC6, PCA3, PDK4 and TMPRSS2-ERG), these differences were statistically significant (P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis of PCa by DNA microarrays provides new putative mRNA markers for PCa diagnosis that, with caution, can be extrapolated to PPM-urines.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio y Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España. Electronic address: lmengual@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mengual
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Servicio de Urología, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ars
authors.affiliation: CIBERehd, Plataforma de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio y Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burset
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio y Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio y Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingelmo-Torres
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Servicio de Urología, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaya
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Servicio de Urología, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Algaba
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Servicio de Urología, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Villavicencio
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio y Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ribal
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio y Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alcaraz
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D000368:Aged; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009929:Organ Size; D011467:Prostate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000081382:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013382:Subtraction Technique
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C094289:HOXC6 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; C000631432:PDK4 protein, human; D000081382:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; C515553:TMPRSS2-ERG fusion protein, human; C479341:prostate cancer antigen 3, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: Cáncer de próstata; DNA microarrays; Expresión génica; Gene expression; Marcadores moleculares; Microarrays de ADN; Molecular markers; Prostate cancer; RT-PCR cuantitativa; RT-PCR quantitative