title: Effects of Cachaça, a typical Brazilian alcoholic beverage, on alveolar bone loss and density: a study in peripubertal rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of chronic consumption of Cachaça on alveolar bone loss (BL) induced by ligature and on alveolar bone density (BD) in peripubertal rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were assigned into one of the following groups:
  
  
  METHODS
  non-ingestion of Cachaça (n=15); Cachaça: ingestion of ascending concentrations of Cachaça during 100 days (n=15). 70th day after the beginning of Cachaça ingestion, one first mandibular molar received a ligature while the contralateral tooth was left unligated. After 30 days, the rats were killed. BL, BD, the positive cells for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were analyzed in the furcation area of the ligated and unligated mandibular molars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Cachaça group presented greater BL (0.75±0.1mm(2) for Cachaça and 0.66±0.1mm(2) for control group, respectively) and number of RANKL and OPG+ cells and lower BD (60.3±4.2% for Cachaça and 76.8±3.8% for control group, respectively) and number of TRAP+ cells around ligated teeth (p<0.05), when compared to the control group. The Cachaça group (0.42±0.02mm(2)) also presented a higher BL around unligated teeth when compared to control group (0.31±0.05mm(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cachaça consumption per se and in the presence of ligature negatively affects alveolar bone by increasing the alveolar BL and reducing BD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mfbastos@prof.ung.br.
authors.forename: Marta Ferreira
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.forename: Giovanna Lima Dore
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gaag
authors.forename: José Renato
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Joel José Megale
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gabrili
authors.forename: Marcelo Rocha
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Poliana Mendes
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; D000431:Ethanol; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
keywords: Alveolar bone loss; Ethanol; Ligature; Osteoprotegerin; RANK ligand; Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase