title: Effect of education and language on baseline concussion screening tests in professional baseball players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of sociocultural influences, specifically pertaining to language and education, on baseline neuropsychological concussion testing as obtained via immediate postconcussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) of players from a professional baseball team.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline testing of a professional baseball organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred five professional baseball players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, languages spoken, hometown country location (United States/Canada vs overseas), and years of education.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 5 ImPACT composite scores (verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time, impulse control) and ImPACT total symptom score from the initial baseline testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result of t tests revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing native English to native Spanish speakers in many scores. Even when corrected for education, the significant differences (P < 0.05) remained in some scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sociocultural differences may result in differences in computer-based neuropsychological testing scores.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Family Medicine; and †Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; §Milwaukee Brewers Baseball Club, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and ¶Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Nathaniel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caplinger
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Raasch
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D066252:Sociological Factors