title: Clinicopathologic implications of EpCAM and Sox2 expression in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic significance of EpCAM and Sox2 expression in breast cancer and to study their correlation during breast cancer progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  EpCAm and Sox2 expression were assessed using immunohistochemistry in ductal carcinoma insitu (DCIS), invasive breast cancer (IBC) and matched lymph node metastasis (LNM), if present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EpCAM overexpression was found in 63.2% of DCIS, 72.2% of IBC and 74.4% of LNM. In IBC cases, EpCAM overexpression was associated with high grade (P < .001), large tumor size (P = .051), poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) (P = .006), histological tumor types (P = .044) and the triple negative phenotype (P = .008). LNM frequently reflected the expression phenotype of the matched primary tumors with no significant differences between LNM and their primary tumors (P = .564). Sox2 expression was detected in 47.4%, 33.3% and 54.7% of DCIS, IBC and LNM respectively. In DCIS group, Sox2 expression was significantly associated with comedo type (P = .037), negative ER (P = .012) and PR (P = .037) and the triple negative phenotype (P = .006). In IBC cases, Sox2 expression showed significant associations with high grade (P = .045), nodal spread (P = .037), poor NPI (P = .018) and the triple negative phenotype (P < .001). LNM showed significantly higher Sox2 expression rates than primary tumors (P < .001). Significant positive associations between EpCAM overexpression and Sox2 positivity in DCIS (P = .027), IBC (P = .001) and LNM (P < .001) were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study emphasized the potential role of EpCAM and Sox2 in breast carcinogenesis and revealed their involvement during breast cancer progression and LN metastases.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nehad M R
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Maqsoud
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt. Electronic address: dalia_abdelrehim@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Dalia M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Rehim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000032:analysis*; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis*; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; C499379:EPCAM protein, human; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule; C527782:SOX2 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors
keywords: Breast cancer; EpCAM; Immunohistochemistry; Sox2