title: Chromatin insulators and long-distance interactions in Drosophila.
abstract: Data on long-distance enhancer-mediated activation of gene promoters and complex regulation of gene expression by multiple enhancers have prompted the hypothesis that the action of enhancers is restricted by insulators. Studies with transgenic lines have shown that insulators are responsible for establishing proper local interactions between regulatory elements, but not for defining independent transcriptional domains that restrict the activity of enhancers. It has also become apparent that enhancer blocking is only one of several functional activities of known insulator proteins, which also contribute to the organization of chromosome architecture and the integrity of regulatory elements.
authors.affiliation: Group of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kyrchanova
authors.affiliation: Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia. Electronic address: georgiev_p@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgiev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D038101:Insulator Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D029721:Drosophila Proteins
keywords: ANT-C; Antennapedia complex, a group of five Drosophila homeotic genes controlling the development of the head and the anterior part of the thorax; Architectural protein; BX-C; Bithorax complex, a group of three Drosophila homeotic genes controlling the development of the abdomen and the posterior part of the thorax; Chromatin insulator; Drosophila; Enhancer blocking; Long-range interaction