title: Knockdown of SCF(Skp2) function causes double-parked accumulation in the nucleus and DNA re-replication in Drosophila plasmatocytes.
abstract: In Drosophila, circulating hemocytes are derived from the cephalic mesoderm during the embryonic wave of hematopoiesis. These cells are contributed to the larva and persist through metamorphosis into the adult. To analyze this population of hemocytes, we considered data from a previously published RNAi screen in the hematopoietic niche, which suggested several members of the SCF complex play a role in lymph gland development. eater-Gal4;UAS-GFP flies were crossed to UAS-RNAi lines to knockdown the function of all known SCF complex members in a plasmatocyte-specific fashion, in order to identify which members are novel regulators of plasmatocytes. This specific SCF complex contains five core members: Lin-19-like, SkpA, Skp2, Roc1a and complex activator Nedd8. The complex was identified by its very distinctive large cell phenotype. Furthermore, these large cells stained for anti-P1, a plasmatocyte-specific antibody. It was also noted that the DNA in these cells appeared to be over-replicated. Gamma-tubulin and DAPI staining suggest the cells are undergoing re-replication as they had multiple centrioles and excessive DNA content. Further experimentation determined enlarged cells were BrdU-positive indicating they have progressed through S-phase. To determine how these cells become enlarged and undergo re-replication, cell cycle proteins were analyzed by immunofluorescence. This analysis identified three proteins that had altered subcellular localization in these enlarged cells: Cyclin E, Geminin and Double-parked. Previous research has shown that Double-parked must be degraded to exit S-phase, otherwise the DNA will undergo re-replication. When Double-parked was titrated from the nucleus by an excess of its inhibitor, geminin, the enlarged cells and aberrant protein localization phenotypes were partially rescued. The data in this report suggests that the SCF(Skp2) complex is necessary to ubiquitinate Double-parked during plasmatocyte cell division, ensuring proper cell cycle progression and the generation of a normal population of this essential blood cell type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Kroeger
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Shoue
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Mezzacappa
authors.forename: Gary F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wingert
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D048429:Cell Size; D044842:Cullin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D064248:Geminin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008954:Models, Biological; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D034622:RNA Interference
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C100318:Cullin 1; D044842:Cullin Proteins; D019927:Cyclin E; C115373:DNA supercoiling factor, Drosophila; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C411983:DUP protein, Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D064248:Geminin; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C577990:geminin protein, Drosophila; D004247:DNA