title: Dissociation of preparatory attention and response monitoring maturation during adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Substantial brain development occurs during adolescence providing the foundation for functional advancement from stimulus-bound "bottom-up" to more mature executive-driven "top-down" processing strategies. The objective was to assess development of EEG markers of these strategies and their role in both preparatory attention (contingent negative variation, CNV) and response monitoring (Error Related Negativity, ERN, and Correct Related Negativity, CRN).
  
  
  METHODS
  CNV, ERN and CRN were assessed in 38 adolescents (18 girls), age 11-18 years, using a variation of a letter discrimination task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracy increased with age and developmental stage. Younger adolescents used a posterior attention network involved in inhibiting irrelevant information. Activity in this juvenile network, as indexed by a posteriorly-biased CNV and CRN decreased with age and advancing pubertal development. Although enhanced frontal CNV, known to be predictive of accuracy in adults, was not detected even in the older adolescents, top-down medial frontal response monitoring processes (ERN) showed evidence of development within the age-range studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data revealed a dissociation of developmental progress, marked by relatively delayed onset of frontal preparatory attention relative to error monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This dissociation may render adolescents vulnerable to excessive risk-taking and disinhibited behavior imposed by asynchronous development of component cognitive control processes.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Program, Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Program, Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfefferbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: edie@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Human Sleep Research Program, Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Human Sleep Research Program, Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Colrain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012309:Risk-Taking
keywords: Adolescence; Brain; Cognitive control; Development; ERP; Error monitoring; Maturation