title: Impaired inhibition after total sleep deprivation using an antisaccade task when controlling for circadian modulation of performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep deprivation affects several cognitive functions subserved by the prefrontal cortex. Conflicting results have, nonetheless, been reported for inhibitory function, which could be explained by methodological bias. The present study aimed to assess the effects of sleep deprivation on response inhibition using a particularly suitable inhibition test, the antisaccade, while controlling for circadian influences on performance. For this purpose, testing was conducted at: (1) the same time of day in both the control and sleep deprivation conditions; and (2) at a time of day when inhibitory performance has been found not to be at its lowest level. Two other neuropsychological tasks (go no-go and incompatibility) were used for comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy young participants performed the three tasks in the early afternoon after a normal night and after a total sleep deprivation (TSD) night in a study with a balanced, crossover design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TSD significantly impaired the error rate, the latency, and the intra-individual coefficient of variation of latency in the antisaccade task. None of these parameters were affected in the two neuropsychological tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When circadian modulation of performance is controlled, TSD impairs inhibition assessed by an antisaccade test. This result emphasizes that it is crucial to control for circadian effects when assessing cognitive performance in TSD studies since the time of testing may reveal or mask cognitive and behavioral impairments. The discrepant findings obtained with the go no-go and incompatibility tests are probably explained by the specific task demands and differences in recruitment of prefrontal regions.
authors.affiliation: Normandy Univ, France; UNICAEN, COMETE, Caen, 14032, France; INSERM, U1075 COMETE, Caen, 14032, France. Electronic address: marie-laure.bocca@unicaen.fr.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bocca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chavoix
mesh_terms: D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Antisaccades; Circadian effects; Frontal cortex; Go no-go; Incompatibility; Sleep deprivation