title: C-C chemokine receptor 5 on pulmonary mesenchymal cells promotes experimental metastasis via the induction of erythroid differentiation regulator 1.
abstract: C-C Chemokine receptor 5 knockout (Ccr5(-/-)) mice develop fewer experimental pulmonary metastases than wild-type (WT) mice. This phenomenon was explored by applying gene expression profiling to the lungs of mice with these metastases. Consequently, erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) was identified as upregulated in the WT mice. Though commonly associated with bone marrow stroma, Erdr1 was differentially expressed in WT pulmonary mesenchymal cells (PMC) and murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Moreover, the Ccr5 ligand Ccl4 increased its expression by 3.36 ± 0.14-fold. Ccr5 signaling was dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Map2k) but not the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3k) pathway because treatment with U0126 inhibited upregulation of Erdr1, but treatment with LY294002 increased the expression by 3.44 ± 0.92-fold (P < 0.05). The effect Erdr1 on B16-F10 melanoma metastasis was verified by the adoptive transfer of WT MEFs into Ccr5(-/-) mice. In this model, MEFs that had been transduced with Erdr1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lowered metastasis by 33% compared with control transduced MEFs. The relevance of ERDR1 on human disease was assessed by coculturing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with M2-10B4 stromal cells that had been transfected with shRNA or control plasmids. After 96 hours of coculture, the cell counts were higher with control cell lines than with Erdr1 knockdown lines [odds ratio (OR), 1.88 ± 0.27, 2.52 ± 0.66, respectively]. This increase was associated with a decrease in apoptotic cells (OR, 0.69 ± 0.18, 0.58 ± 0.12, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, ERDR1 is a stromal-derived factor that promotes cancer cell survival in vitro and in an experimental metastasis model.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, CB 7305, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7305. hvand@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mango
authors.forename: Qing Ping
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Everett C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: McCook
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Serody
authors.forename: Hendrik W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: van Deventer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D065100:CCR5 Receptor Antagonists; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D065100:CCR5 Receptor Antagonists; D002867:Chromones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009025:Morpholines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one