title: Exocytosis of nanoparticles from cells: role in cellular retention and toxicity.
abstract: Over the past decade, nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly developed in various biomedical applications such as cell tracking, biosensing, contrast imaging, targeted drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Their versatility in design and function has made them an attractive, alternative choice in many biological and biomedical applications. Cellular responses to NPs, their uptake, and adverse biological effects caused by NPs are rapidly-growing research niches. However, NP excretion and its underlying mechanisms and cell signaling pathways are yet elusive. In this review, we present an overview of how NPs are handled intracellularly and how they are excreted from cells following the uptake. We also discuss how exocytosis of nanomaterials impacts both the therapeutic delivery of nanoscale objects and their nanotoxicology.
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakhtianchi
authors.forename: Rodney F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Minchin
authors.forename: Ki-Bum
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Alaaldin M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alkilany
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Serpooshan
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahmoudi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005089:Exocytosis; D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000639:trends*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D015398:Signal Transduction; D023822:Tissue Engineering
keywords: Exocytosis; Nanoparticles; Nanotoxicology; Therapeutic delivery