title: Effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during pregnancy on fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether treatment of low serum vitamin D in pregnant women improves fetal growth indices.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this open-label randomized clinical trial, 130 Iranian pregnant women (24-26 weeks of gestation) with vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency [25(OH)D <30ng/ml] were divided at random into an intervention group and a control group. The control group received 200mg calcium plus a multivitamin (containing vitamin D3 400U) each day, and the intervention group received 200mg calcium plus a multivitamin (containing vitamin D3 400U) each day, plus vitamin D3 (50,000U) each week for 8 weeks. At delivery, maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D levels, maternal weight gain, neonatal length, neonatal weight and neonatal head circumference were compared between two groups. Serum vitamin D was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to examine the independent effect of maternal vitamin D level on fetal growth indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (±standard deviation) length (intervention group: 49±1.6cm; control group: 48.2±1.7cm; p=0.001), head circumference (intervention group: 35.9±0.7cm; control group: 35.3±1.0cm; p=0.001) and weight (intervention group: 3429±351.9g; control group: 3258.8±328.2g; p=0.01) were higher in the intervention group compared with the control group. Mean maternal weight gain was higher in the intervention group compared with the control group (13.3±2.4kg vs 11.7±2.7kg; p=0.006). Multivariate regression analysis for maternal weight gain, neonatal length, neonatal weight and neonatal head circumference showed an independent correlation with maternal vitamin D level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of low serum vitamin D during pregnancy improves fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashemipour
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziaee
authors.affiliation: Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javadi
authors.affiliation: Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Movahed
authors.affiliation: Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Khadijeh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Elmizadeh
authors.affiliation: Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Ezzatalsadat Hajiseid
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Javadi
authors.affiliation: Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Electronic address: lalooha44@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lalooha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007492:Iran; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Fetal growth; Pregnancy; Vitamin D deficiency