title: [Pharmacological therapy of urogenital cancer: rational routine diagnostic imaging].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Imaging studies are an integral and important diagnostic modality to stage, monitor, and follow-up patients with metastatic urogenital cancer. The currently available guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of urogenital cancer do not provide the clinician with evidence-based recommendations for daily routine. It is the aim of the current manuscript to develop scientifically valid recommendations with regard to the most appropriate imaging technique and the most useful time interval in metastatic urogenital cancer patients undergoing systemic therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Therapeutic response of soft tissue metastases is evaluated with the use of the RECIST criteria. In skeletal metastases, bone scans with validated algorithms must be performed to assess response. In patients with testicular germ cell tumors, computed tomography (CT) of the chest, the retroperitoneum, and the abdomen represents the standard imaging technique of choice usually performed prior to and at the end of systemic chemotherapy. Only in seminomas with residual tumors > 3 cm in diameter should FDG-PET/CT be performed about 6 weeks after chemotherapy. Metastatic renal cell carcinomas treated with molecular targeted therapies are routinely evaluated by CT scans at 3 month intervals. In specific cases, FDG-PET/CT is able to predict responses as early as 8 weeks after initiation of treatment. In patients with metastatic urothelial carcinomas, imaging studies should be performed after every second cycle of cytotoxic therapy. In patients with metastatic prostate cancer, the modality and the frequency of imaging studies depends on the type of the treatment. In men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy, no routine imaging studies are recommended except for patients with new onset symptoms or significant PSA progression prior to change of treatment. In men with metastatic castration-resistant PCA who are treated with cytotoxic regimes, routine imaging studies in the presence of decreasing or stable PSA serum concentrations are not indicated. In men treated with lyase inhibitor or inhibitors of the androgen receptor signaling cascade, imaging studies should be performed at 3 month intervals due to the low correlation of PSA serum concentrations with clinical response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imaging studies to assess therapeutic response to systemic treatment in metastatic cancers of the urogenital tract must be chosen depending on the treatment regime, primary organ, and potential consequences of the findings. Routine imaging studies without specific clinical or therapeutic relevance are not justified.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 5074, Aachen, Deutschland, aheidenreich@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krege
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014565:Urogenital Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents