title: Translating the brain-machine interface.
abstract: Brain-machine and brain-computer interface technologies hold great promise for use in the recovery of sensory and motor functions lost as a result of nervous-system injuries or limb amputations. This Perspective describes the current state of noninvasive and invasive technologies with a view to potential applications. The scientific and technological challenges and barriers to translation are critically analyzed for a variety of approaches.
authors.affiliation: SINAPSE Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Nitish V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Thakor
mesh_terms: D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces / Q000191:economics; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D058117:Neural Prostheses; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000191:economics