title: Triggering of suicidal erythrocyte death by uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anemia in end stage renal disease is attributed to impaired erythrocyte formation due to erythropoietin and iron deficiency. On the other hand, end stage renal disease enhances eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and phosphatidylserine-exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis may be triggered by increase of cytosolic Ca(2+)-activity ([Ca(2+)]i) and by ceramide, which sensitizes erythrocytes to [Ca2+]i. Mechanisms triggering eryptosis in endstage renal disease remained enigmatic. The present study explored the effect of indoxyl sulfate, an uremic toxin accumulated in blood of patients with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine-exposure from annexin V binding, ceramide abundance by specific antibodies, hemolysis from hemoglobin release, and [Ca(2+)]i from Fluo3-fluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 48 hours exposure to indoxyl sulfate significantly increased [Ca(2+)]i (≥ 300 μM), significantly decreased forward scatter (≥ 300 μM) and significantly increased annexin-V-binding (≥ 50 μM). Indoxyl sulfate (150 μM) induced annexin-V-binding was virtually abolished in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Indoxyl sulfate (150 μM) further enhanced ceramide abundance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indoxyl sulfate stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect in large part due to stimulation of extracellular Ca(2+)entry with subsequent stimulation of cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling.
authors.forename: Mohamed Siyabeldin E
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Majed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abed
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voelkl
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstraße 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. florian.lang@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D041722:Genes, Transgenic, Suicide; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D053878:Hemolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007200:Indican / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053878:Hemolytic Agents; D014118:Toxins, Biological; C026865:uremia middle molecule toxins; D007200:Indican; D002118:Calcium