title: Dissociative part-dependent biopsychosocial reactions to backward masked angry and neutral faces: An fMRI study of dissociative identity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Theory of Structural Dissociation of the Personality (TSDP) proposes that dissociative identity disorder (DID) patients are fixed in traumatic memories as "Emotional Parts" (EP), but mentally avoid these as "Apparently Normal Parts" of the personality (ANP). We tested the hypotheses that ANP and EP have different biopsychosocial reactions to subliminally presented angry and neutral faces, and that actors instructed and motivated to simulate ANP and EP react differently.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with DID and matched healthy female actors (CON) were as ANP and EP (DIDanp, DIDep, CONanp, CONep) consecutively exposed to masked neutral and angry faces. Their brain activation was monitored using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The black-and-white dotted masks preceding and following the faces each had a centered colored dot, but in a different color. Participants were instructed to immediately press a button after a perceived color change. State anxiety was assessed after each run using the STAI-S. Final statistical analyses were conducted on 11 DID patients and 15 controls for differences in neural activity, and 13 DID patients and 15 controls for differences in behavior and psychometric measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences between ANP and EP in DID patients and between DID and CON in the two dissociative parts of the personality were generally larger for neutral than for angry faces. The longest reaction times (RTs) existed for DIDep when exposed to neutral faces. Compared to DIDanp, DIDep was associated with more activation of the parahippocampal gyrus. Following neutral faces and compared to CONep, DIDep had more activation in the brainstem, face-sensitive regions, and motor-related areas. DIDanp showed a decreased activity all over the brain in the neutral and angry face condition. There were neither significant within differences nor significant between group differences in state anxiety. CON was not able to simulate genuine ANP and EP biopsychosocially.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DID patients have dissociative part-dependent biopsychosocial reactions to masked neutral and angry faces. As EP, they are overactivated, and as ANP underactivated. The findings support TSDP. Major clinical implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yolanda R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Schlumpf
authors.forename: Ellert R S
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Nijenhuis
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chalavi
authors.forename: Ekaterina V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Weder
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luechinger
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: La Marca
authors.forename: A A T Simone
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Reinders
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jäncke
keywords: Backward masking; Dissociative identity disorder; Emotional ambiguity; Face perception; Hypervigilance; Neuroimaging