title: Experimental model of intracranial hypertension with continuous multiparametric monitoring in swine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracranial hypertension (IH) develops in approximately 50% of all patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, it is very important to identify a suitable animal model to study and understand the pathophysiology of refractory IH to develop effective treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe a new experimental porcine model designed to simulate expansive brain hematoma causing IH. Under anesthesia, IH was simulated with a balloon insufflation. The IH variables were measured with intracranial pressure (ICP) parenchymal monitoring, epidural, cerebral oximetry, and transcranial Doppler (TCD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the animals died during the experiment. The ICP epidural showed a slower rise compared with parenchymal ICP. We found a correlation between ICP and cerebral oximetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model described here seems useful to understand some of the pathophysiological characteristics of acute IH.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of São Paulo Medical School, São PauloSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Almir Ferreira de
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Matheus Schmidt
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Gustavo Cartaxo
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Patriota
authors.forename: Alessandro Rodrigo
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Belon
authors.forename: Wellingson Silva
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bor-Seng-Shu
authors.forename: Marcelo de Lima
authors.initials: Mde L
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Clarissa Nóbrega
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: Gustavo Sousa
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Noleto
authors.forename: Aderaldo Costa
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Alves Junior
authors.forename: Eberval Gadelha
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: José Pinhata
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Otoch
authors.forename: Manoel Jacobsen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D064926:Neurophysiological Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D010092:Oximetry; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial