title: Ligand-targeted liposome design: challenges and fundamental considerations.
abstract: Nanomedicine, particularly liposomal drug delivery, has expanded considerably over the past few decades, and several liposomal drugs are already providing improved clinical outcomes. Liposomes have now progressed beyond simple, inert drug carriers and can be designed to be highly responsive in vivo, with active targeting, increased stealth, and controlled drug-release properties. Ligand-targeted liposomes (LTLs) have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of cancer. However, these highly engineered liposomes generate new problems, such as accelerated clearance from circulation, compromised targeting owing to non-specific serum protein binding, and hindered tumor penetration. This article highlights recent challenges facing LTL strategies and describes the advanced design elements used to circumvent them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Gavin T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Jared F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stefanick
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Tanyel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiziltepe
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Electronic address: bbilgicer@nd.edu.
authors.forename: Basar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilgicer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001709:Biotechnology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008081:Liposomes; D051379:Mice; D050997:Nanomedicine
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008024:Ligands; D008081:Liposomes
keywords: EPR effect; PEGylation; active targeting; ligand-targeted liposomes; liposomal drug delivery; liposome stealth