title: HIV-1 Nef and T-cell activation: a history of contradictions.
abstract: HIV-1 Nef is a multifunctional viral protein that contributes to higher plasma viremia and more rapid disease progression. Nef appears to accomplish this, in part, through modulation of T-cell activation; however, the results of these studies over the past 25 years have been inconsistent. Here, the history of contradictory observations related to HIV-1 Nef and its ability to modulate T-cell activation is reviewed, and recent reports that may help to explain Net's apparent ability to both inhibit and activate T cells are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
authors.forename: Tristan J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Markle
authors.forename: Mwimanzi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brockman
keywords: HIV-1; Nef; T-cell activation; T-cell receptor; pathogenesis; replication; signal transduction