title: Galactosylated manganese ferrite  nanoparticles for targeted MR imaging  of asialoglycoprotein receptor.
abstract: Cancer cells can express specific biomarkers, such as cell membrane proteins and signaling factors. Thus, finding biomarkers and delivering diagnostic agents are important in the diagnosis of cancer. In this study, we investigated a biomarker imaging agent for the diagnosis of hepatic cancers. The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr) was selected as a biomarker for hepatoma cells and the ASGPr-targetable imaging agent bearing a galactosyl group was prepared using manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MFNP) and galactosylgluconic acid. The utility of the ASGPr-targetable imaging agent, galactosylated MFNP (G-MFNP) was assessed by several methods in ASGPr-expressing HepG2 cells as target cells and ASGPr-deficient MCF7 cells. Physical and chemical properties of G-MFNP were examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. No significant cytotoxicity was observed in either cell line. Targeting ability was assessed using flow cytometry, magnetic resonance imaging, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, absorbance analysis, dark-field microscopy, Prussian blue staining, and transmission electron microscopy. We demonstrated that G-MFNP target successfully and bind to ASGPr-expressing HepG2 cells specifically. We suggest that these results will be useful in strategies for cancer diagnoses based on magnetic resonance imaging.
authors.forename: Seung-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eunjung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eun-Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Young Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seungjoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haam
authors.forename: Jin-Suck
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Yong-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Jaemoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sahng Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D037263:Asialoglycoprotein Receptor / Q000378:metabolism*; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D005453:Fluorescence; D005690:Galactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006031:Glycosylation; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D017895:Manganese Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D037263:Asialoglycoprotein Receptor; D003102:Colloids; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D017895:Manganese Compounds; C551151:manganese ferrite; D005690:Galactose