title: Blood-aggregating hydrogel particles for use as a hemostatic agent.
abstract: The body is unable to control massive blood loss without treatment. Available hemostatic agents are often expensive, ineffective or raise safety concerns. Synthetic hydrogel particles are an inexpensive and promising alternative. In this study we synthesized and characterized N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (APM) hydrogel particles and investigated their use as a hemostatic material. The APM hydrogel particles were synthesized via inverse suspension polymerization with a narrow size distribution and rapid swelling behavior. In vitro coagulation studies showed hydrogel particle blood aggregate formation as well as bulk blood coagulation inhibition. In vivo studies using multiple rat injury and ovine liver laceration models demonstrated the particles' ability to aid in rapid hemostasis. Subsequent hematoxylin and eosin and Carstairs' method staining of the ovine liver incision sites showed significant hemostatic plug formation. This study suggests that these cationic hydrogel particles form a physical barrier to blood loss by forming aggregates, while causing a general decrease in coagulation activity in the bulk. The formation of a rapid sealant through aggregation and the promotion of local hemostasis through electrostatic interactions are coupled with a decrease in overall coagulation activity. These interactions require the interplay of a variety of mechanisms stemming from a simple synthetic platform.
authors.affiliation: Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.affiliation: Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sikorski
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Medical School Teaching Facility Building Room 434F, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Tieluo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Medical School Teaching Facility Building Room 434F, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Zhongjun J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Medical School Teaching Facility Building Room 434F, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Bartley P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.affiliation: Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. Electronic address: kofinas@umd.edu.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kofinas
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022125:Lacerations / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D010316:Particle Size; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011677:Punctures; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012756:Sheep; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013623:Tail; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D006490:Hemostatics; C437167:poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C045985:methacrylamide
keywords: Hemostasis; Hemostatic; Hydrogel; Polymer