title: Effectiveness of Primary Care Triple P on child psychosocial problems in preventive child healthcare: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychosocial problems in children have adverse effects on the children, their families, and society, thus early intervention is important. Community pediatric services offer an ideal setting to detect problem behaviour in children and provide support to parents. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a Primary Care Triple P (PCTP) program compared with care as usual (UC) for parents of children with mild psychosocial problems after an initial, evidence-based screening in routine community pediatric care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial in community pediatric services in the Netherlands, enrolling parents of children with mild psychosocial problems. The population was identified by screening using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) with a cut-off point of 11 or higher (that is, a subclinical score). We compared PCTP with UC, and measured the effects immediately after treatment and after 6 and 12 months. PCTP comprised four individual counseling sessions with the parent of 20 to 30 minutes each. The primary outcome measures were the child psychosocial problems as measured by the SDQ and the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory (ECBI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 81 families were recruited and randomized, and 67 provided post-intervention data. Both treatment groups improved after treatment, with the PCTP group improving only slightly more than the UC group on most measures. The maximum difference on the SDQ was 1.94 (95% CI = -0.30 to 4.19, P = 0.09) and 5.81 (95% CI = -3.37 to 14.99, P = 0.21) on the ECBI (n = 67). None of the differences between PCTP and UC was significant. In the subsidiary analyses, only one of the twenty outcomes (that is, SDQ conduct problems) was significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCTP did produce a reduction in psychosocial problems in children but had no statistically significant advantage over UC. In general, a few outcomes improved in both groups. Based on this admittedly underpowered study, we cannot conclude that PCTP is more effective than UC in preventive child healthcare.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A, Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. w.spijkers@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Spijkers
authors.forename: Daniëlle Emc
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Sijmen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reijneveld
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome