title: Contrasting pattern of somatic and zygotic embryo development in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.
abstract: Scanning electron microscopy has been used to investigate the morphological changes occurring during the development of alfalfa somatic embryos. Embryos were initiated from callus, transferred to suspension culture and matured on solid agar medium. This developmental pattern was compared to that of zygotic embryos developing in ovulo. Somatic embryos begin as distinct pro-embryos within the callus tissue pieces placed in suspension culture. They become globular and heart-shaped while on solid agar medium and then undergo cotyledon elongation and maturation. Somatic embryos develop comparatively slower at early stages of development and faster at the later stages than zygotic embryos. They lack a well-defined suspensor and have a very rough, poorly-differentiated epidermis, the first layer of which is lost after pro-embryo formation. The cotyledons of somatic embryos are multiple and poorlydeveloped; there appears to be a correlation between the amount of surface roughness of the developing embryo and the extent to which polycotyledony occurs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Guelph, Canada.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bewley