title: Sodium-hydrogen exchanger inhibitory potential of Malus domestica, Musa × paradisiaca, Daucus carota, and Symphytum officinale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The involvement of sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHE) has been described in the pathophysiology of diseases including ischemic heart and brain diseases, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, epilepsy, dementia, and neuropathic pain. Synthetic NHE inhibitors have not achieved much clinical success; therefore, plant-derived phytoconstituents may be explored as NHE inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, the NHE inhibitory potential of hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal fractions of Malus domestica, Musa × paradisiaca, Daucus carota, and Symphytum officinale was evaluated. The different concentrations of hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of the selected plants were evaluated for their NHE inhibitory activity in the platelets using the optical swelling assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the hydroalcoholic extracts, the highest NHE inhibitory activity was shown by M. domestica (IC50=2.350 ± 0.132 μg/mL) followed by Musa × paradisiaca (IC50=7.967 ± 0.451 μg/mL), D. carota (IC50=37.667 ± 2.517 μg/mL), and S. officinale (IC50=249.330 ± 1.155 μg/mL). Among the alkaloidal fractions, the highest NHE inhibitory activity was shown by the alkaloidal fraction of Musa × paradisiacal (IC50=0.010 ± 0.001 μg/mL) followed by D. carota (IC50=0.024 ± 0.002 μg/mL), M. domestica (IC50=0.031 ± 0.005 μg/mL), and S. officinale (IC50=4.233 ± 0.379 μg/mL). The IC50 of alkaloidal fractions was comparable to the IC50 of synthetic NHE inhibitor, EIPA [5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride] (IC50=0.033 ± 0.004 μg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be concluded that the alkaloidal fractions of these plants possess potent NHE inhibitory activity and may be exploited for their therapeutic potential in NHE activation-related pathological complications.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Nirmal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Amteshwar Singh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jaggi
mesh_terms: D000584:Amiloride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects; D020844:Comfrey / Q000737:chemistry*; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D028521:Musa / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D000584:Amiloride; C039614:ethylisopropylamiloride