title: Bioconcentration, metabolism, and biomarker responses in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to roxithromycin.
abstract: To investigate the distribution, bioconcentration, metabolism, and biomarker responses of macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin (ROX) in fish, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were exposed to various concentrations of ROX (4, 20, and 100μgL(-1)) for 20d. The ROX content in different tissues was quantified using UPLC/MS/MS. The liver exhibited the highest ROX concentration followed by the bile, gills, and muscle tissues. After 15d of exposure to different concentrations of ROX, the bioconcentration factors were 2.15-38.0 in the liver, 0.950-20.7 in the bile, 0.0506-19.7 in the gill, and 0.0439-13.8 in the muscle; these results were comparable to the estimated BCF values. The metabolites formed in the bile were identified based on metabolic identification in human bile. Additionally, the biomarkers, including acetylcholinesterase in the brain, as well as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and superoxide dismutase in the liver changed significantly after 5, 10, 15, and 20d of exposure (P<0.05). Our results suggest that ROX can accumulate and be metabolized in fish; therefore, interactions between ROX or its metabolites and the biological systems may induce biochemical disturbances in fish.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jianchao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China. Electronic address: ghlu@hhu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaofan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jiannan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Ze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D015575:Roxithromycin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015575:Roxithromycin; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Bioconcentration; Biomarker; Carassius auratus; Metabolism; Roxithromycin