title: A year long study of the presence of free living amoeba in Spain.
abstract: Free-living amoeba such as Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia mandrillaris can act as opportunistic parasites on a wide range of vertebrates and they are becoming a serious threat to human health due to the resistance of their cysts to harsh environmental conditions, disinfectants, some water treatment practices and their ubiquitous distribution. This work was carried out in order to study the presence of these free-living amoebae (FLA) and their possible seasonality in a continental-Mediterranean climate in different types of water. For this purpose, a total of 223 water samples were collected during one year from four drinking water treatment plants (DWTP), seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and six locations of influence (LI) on four river basins from Spain. Water samples were concentrated using the IDEXX Filta-Max(®) system and analyzed by a triplex real time PCR that detects Acanthamoeba, B. mandrillaris and Naegleria fowleri. Agar plates were also seeded for Acanthamoeba culture. From the three FLA studied, N. fowleri was not detected in any sample while B. mandrillaris was found at the entrance of a DWTP; this being, to our knowledge, the first report of these protozoa in water worldwide. On the other hand, the presence of Acanthamoeba observed was higher, 94.6% of the studied points were positive by real time PCR and 85.2% by culture, resulting in 99.1% positive for Acanthamoeba with both methods. All genetically analyzed Acanthamoeba were genotype T4 but nine different T4/DF3 sequences were observed, three of them being described for the first time, assigning new codes. No seasonal distribution of Acanthamoeba was found. These facts should serve as a warning to contact lens wearers of the risk of a poor hygiene when handling their contact lenses. It should also serve as a signal to physicians to consider FLA as a possible causative agent of nervous system infections as well as Acanthamoeba keratitis due to their high environmental presence shown in this study.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magnet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fenoy
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Galván
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernandez Vadillo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Aguila
mesh_terms: D000048:Acanthamoeba / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000656:Amoeba / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D059611:Balamuthia mandrillaris; D001483:Base Sequence; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000469:parasitology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016848:Naegleria fowleri / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013030:Spain; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014867:Water
keywords: Acanthamoeba; Balamuthia mandrillaris; Drinking water; Free-living amoeba; Spain; Wastewater