title: Energy, saturated fat and fibre intakes among Dutch children and adolescents at breakfast and implications for educational messages.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess energy, saturated fat and fibre intakes at breakfast among Dutch youngsters aged 10-19 years and the extent to which they meet nutritional value recommendations and the educational messages on food group intake by the Netherlands Nutrition Centre (NNC). A cross-sectional design was used and data were collected through an online questionnaire among 2380 students attending 71 Dutch schools for primary and secondary education. Energy intake at breakfast was, on average, 15.8% of daily recommended energy intake; mean saturated fat intake was 7.5 en% and mean fibre intake 1.0 g per 100 kcal. Of the participants, 67.2% met the saturated fat intake recommendation and 35.3% the fibre intake recommendation. In addition, 25.5% were assessed to have an adequate energy intake based on daily recommended, but not individually measured, age- and gender-specific energy intake. Most participants consumed products from the grains food group, in combination with products from one or two other food groups. Consumption from two or more food groups resulted in less favourable intake. Our study found generally inadequate fibre intake at breakfast as well as an indication of inadequate energy intake at breakfast among Dutch youngsters. The educational message of the NNC to consume at least (wholemeal) bread or another fibre-rich product (cereals) at breakfast seems realistic in terms of compliance and favourable in terms of the resulting nutritional value. The educational message to preferably eat from each of the five main food groups should be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L G M
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.forename: K M H H
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bessems
authors.forename: S P J
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Assema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D062408:Breakfast / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber
keywords: Breakfast; adolescents; children; energy; saturated fat and fibre intake