title: Core-shell lanthanide upconversion nanophosphors as four-modal probes for tumor angiogenesis imaging.
abstract: Multimodality imaging overcomes the shortage and incorporates the advantages of different imaging tools. Lanthanide-based nanoprobes are unique and have rich optical, magnetic, radioactive, and X-ray attenuation properties; however, simple doping of different lanthanide cations into one host can result in a material with multifunction but not the optimized properties. In this study, using NaLuF4:Yb,Tm as the core and 4 nm of (153)Sm(3+)-doped NaGdF4 (half-life of (153)Sm = 46.3 h) as the shell, we developed a lanthanide-based core-shell nanocomposite as an optimized multimodal imaging probe with enhanced imaging ability. The lifetime of upconversion luminescence (UCL) at 800 nm and relaxation rate (1/T1) were at 1044 μs and 18.15 s(-1)·mM(-1), respectively; however, no significant decrease in the attenuation coefficient was observed, which preserved the excellent X-ray imaging ability. The nanomaterial NaLuF4:Yb,Tm@NaGdF4((153)Sm) was confirmed to be effective and applicable for UCL imaging, X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in vivo. Furthermore, the NaLuF4:Yb,Tm@NaGdF4((153)Sm) nanoparticles were applied in tumor angiogenesis analysis by combining multimodality imaging of CT, SPECT, and confocal UCL imaging, which shows its value of multifunctional nanoparticles NaLuF4:Yb,Tm@NaGdF4((153)Sm) in tumor angiogenesis imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xingjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Juanjuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Fuyou
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry*; D049449:Luminescence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D053761:Nanocomposites; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; D010758:Phosphorus; D019301:Oleic Acid