title: Evaluation of adverse reactions to contrast media in the hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine and analyse the characteristics of contrast media adverse reactions (CM-ARs) reported in a hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of CM-ARs from the electronic spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) report system between January 2011 and August 2012 was conducted. CM-ARs were evaluated in terms of causality, severity, preventability and affected organs. Also, agreement and correlation among the tools used to evaluate CM-ARs were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall reaction rate was 1.5% (n = 286). In total, 269 CM-ARs were identified. For ADR causality, 96.7% (n = 260) and 98.5% (n = 265) were evaluated as "probable" ADR using the Naranjo probability scale and the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality categories, whereas 98.1% (n = 264) were evaluated as "certain" with Korean algorithm v. II. Of these, 91.4% (n = 246) were mild in severity and 96.7% (n = 260) were unpreventable. Most patients (n = 233, 86.7%) could be managed with observation and/or simple treatment. The most frequent reaction (n = 383, 79.5%) was dermatological. Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.667 (p < 0.01), and the agreement was 98.1% between the Naranjo scale and the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre categories. No relationship was seen between CM-AR severity and gender or between in- and outpatients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, most CM-ARs were mild and managed with simple treatment. However, as the number of patients undergoing CT procedures continues to increase, it is essential to identify and observe patients at risk for CM-ARs to prevent severe ADRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous careful review of reporting and treatment protocols of CM-ARs is needed to prevent morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: E-J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kyung
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: E-Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media