title: Effects of two water disinfectants (chloramine T and peracetic acid) on the epidermis and gills of Garra rufa used in human ichthyotherapy.
abstract: Doctor fish (Garra rufa) have recently been used for aesthetic purposes and as a medical treatment in patients with psoriasis (ichthyotherapy). For this particular kind of human therapy it is essential to guarantee adequate hygienic conditions for both people and fish. The aim of this study was to test two concentrations of water disinfectants, chloramine T and peracetic acid, on Garra rufa to ascertain possible exposure damage to the epidermis and gills. Fish were exposed to 2 mg/l and 10 mg/l of chloramine T and to 15 microl/l and 45 microl/l of peracetic acid in a 40-minute static bath up to six times a day for one week. The epidermis and gills were checked for histological changes and the number of epidermal mucous cells, club cells and taste buds were quantified; mucous cells were also characterized histochemically to detect alterations in mucin production. No mortality or severe histological changes were found in treated or control fish. Cell count showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in mucous cells (mean 49.1 +/- 6.7 vs 37.0 +/- 13.1 of controls) in animals treated with peracetic acid independently of the dose. Club cell number showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in fish treated with 2 mg/l of chloramine T (mean 74.3 +/- 15.6) and with 45 microl/1 of peracetic acid (mean 78.17 +/- 10.5) compared to controls (mean 107.0 +/- 19.2). Histochemical evaluation of mucous cells did not reveal changes in mucin type in fish exposed to the two disinfectants. The results suggest a good tolerability of Garra rufa to the two disinfectants at the concentrations tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sirri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaccaroni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Biase
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mordenti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stancampiano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mandrioli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002700:Chloramines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003530:Cyprinidae; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects; D009055:Mouth / Q000187:drug effects; D010463:Peracetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014105:Tosyl Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; C016300:chloramine-T; D010463:Peracetic Acid