title: Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy--Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 40 sites, 2000-2010.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk for complications such as fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, and infant death. In 2002, 5%-8% of preterm deliveries, 13%-19% of term infants with growth restriction, 5%-7% of preterm-related deaths, and 23%-34% of deaths from sudden infant death syndrome were attributable to prenatal smoking in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  2000-2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) was initiated in 1987 and is an ongoing state- and population-based surveillance system designed to monitor selected maternal behaviors and experiences that occur before, during, and after pregnancy among females who deliver live-born infants in the United States. Self-reported questionnaire data are linked to selected birth certificate data and are weighted to represent all women delivering live infants in the state. Self-reported smoking data were obtained from the PRAMS questionnaire and birth certificates. This report provides data on trends (aggregated and site-specific estimates) in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy from 40 PRAMS sites during 2000-2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the majority of sites, smoking prevalence before, during, or after pregnancy did not change over time. During 2000-2010, smoking prevalence decreased in three sites (Minnesota, New York state, and Utah) for all three measures and in eight sites (Colorado, Illinois, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York City, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming) for one or two of the measures. Smoking prevalence increased for all three measures in three sites (Louisiana, Mississippi, and West Virginia); an increase in prevalence before pregnancy (only) occurred in Oklahoma, and an increase during and after pregnancy occurred in Maine. For a subgroup of 10 sites for which data were available for the entire 11-year study period (Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Utah, Washington, and West Virginia), the prevalence of smoking before pregnancy remained unchanged, with approximately one in five women reporting smoking before pregnancy (23.6% in 2000 to 24.7% in 2010). The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy decreased (p = 0.04; linear trend assessed with logistic regression) from 13.3% in 2000 to 12.3% in 2010, and the prevalence of smoking after delivery decreased (p<0.01) from 18.6% in 2000 to 17.2% in 2010.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that efforts to reduce smoking prevalence among female smokers before pregnancy have not been effective; however, tobacco-control efforts have been minimally effective in reducing smoking prevalence during and after pregnancy. Current tobacco-control efforts in most sites might be insufficient to reach national objectives related to reducing prevalence of smoking during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  States with no change in or increasing smoking prevalence before, during, and after pregnancy can help reduce prevalence through sustained and comprehensive tobacco-control efforts (e.g., mass media campaigns, coverage of tobacco cessation, 100% smoke-free policies, and tobacco excise taxes).
authors.forename: Van T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Denise V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Farr
authors.forename: Karilynn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rockhill
authors.forename: Lucinda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: England
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult