title: In vitro predictability of drug-drug interaction likelihood of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of dabigatran etexilate based on [I]2/IC50 threshold.
abstract: Dabigatran etexilate, an oral, reversible, competitive, and direct thrombin inhibitor, is an in vitro and in vivo substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dabigatran etexilate was proposed as an in vivo probe substrate for intestinal P-gp inhibition in a recent guidance on drug-drug interactions (DDI) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We conducted transcellular transport studies across Caco-2 cell monolayers with dabigatran etexilate in the presence of various P-gp inhibitors to examine how well in vitro IC50 data, in combination with mathematical equations provided by regulatory guidances, predict DDI likelihood. From a set of potential P-gp inhibitors, clarithromycin, cyclosporin A, itraconazole, ketoconazole, quinidine, and ritonavir inhibited P-gp-mediated transport of dabigatran etexilate over a concentration range that may hypothetically occur in the intestine. IC50 values of P-gp inhibitors for dabigatran etexilate transport were comparable to those of digoxin, a well established in vitro and in vivo P-gp substrate. However, IC50 values varied depending whether they were calculated from efflux ratios or permeability coefficients. Prediction of DDI likelihood of P-gp inhibitors using IC50 values, the hypothetical concentration of P-gp inhibitors, and the cut-off value recommended by both the FDA and EMA were in line with the DDI occurrence in clinical studies with dabigatran etexilate. However, it has to be kept in mind that validity of the cut-off criteria proposed by the FDA and EMA depends on in vitro experimental systems and the IC50-calculation methods that are employed, as IC50 values are substantially influenced by these factors.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (W.K., N.I., and O.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (E.L. and T.E.).
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ludwig-Schwellinger
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebner
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D000069604:Dabigatran; D004077:Digoxin / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D011725:Pyridines / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000991:Antithrombins; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D004077:Digoxin; D000069604:Dabigatran