title: Improving parenting skills for families of young children in pediatric settings: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disruptive behavior disorders, such as attention-deficient/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, are common and stable throughout childhood. These disorders cause long-term morbidity but benefit from early intervention. While symptoms are often evident before preschool, few children receive appropriate treatment during this period. Group parent training, such as the Incredible Years program, has been shown to be effective in improving parenting strategies and reducing children's disruptive behaviors. Because they already monitor young children's behavior and development, primary care pediatricians are in a good position to intervene early when indicated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of parent-training groups delivered to parents of toddlers in pediatric primary care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized clinical trial was conducted at 11 diverse pediatric practices in the Greater Boston area. A total of 273 parents of children between 2 and 4 years old who acknowledged disruptive behaviors on a 20-item checklist were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-week Incredible Years parent-training group co-led by a research clinician and a pediatric staff member.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reports and structured videotaped observations of parent and child behaviors conducted prior to, immediately after, and 12 months after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 150 parents were randomly assigned to the intervention or the waiting-list group. An additional 123 parents were assigned to receive intervention without a randomly selected comparison group. Compared with the waiting-list group, greater improvement was observed in both intervention groups (P < .05). No differences were observed between the randomized and the nonrandomized intervention groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reports and structured observations provided evidence of improvements in parenting practices and child disruptive behaviors that were attributable to participation in the Incredible Years groups. This study demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of parent-training groups conducted in pediatric office settings to reduce disruptive behavior in toddlers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00402857.
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ellen C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: R Christopher
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sheldrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences, Fitchburg State University, Fitchburg, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jannette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McMenamy
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Brandi S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston.
authors.forename: Alice S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004493:Education / Q000379:methods*; D004505:Education, Nonprofessional; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014741:Video Recording