title: EGFR and KRAS mutations, and ALK fusions: current developments and personalized therapies for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: Personalized therapy has significantly developed in lung cancer treatment over recent years. VEGF and EGF play a major role in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor angiogenesis and aggressiveness. EGFR mutation as well as KRAS and ALK rearrangements are important biomarkers in the field owing to potential targeted therapies involved in clinical practice: erlotinib, geftinib, cetuximab and crizotinib. More recently, regulation of tumor immunity through CTLA4 and PD1/L1 has emerged as a promising field in NSCLC management. This review will focus on the current and future biomarkers in the advanced NSCLC field and also address potential related targeted therapies for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ramon Andrade
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madureira
authors.forename: Liliana S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popat
mesh_terms: D000077548:Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000235:genetics; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C000626173:ALK protein, human; D000077548:Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins