title: Learning three sets of alarms for the same medical functions: a perspective on the difficulty of learning alarms specified in an international standard.
abstract: Three sets of eight alarms supporting eight functions specified in an international medical equipment standard (IEC 60601-1-8) were tested for learnability using non-anaesthetist participants. One set consisted of the tonal alarms specified in the standard. A second set consisted of a set of abstract alarms randomly selected from a database of abstract alarm sounds held by the authors. A third set of alarms was designed as indirect metaphors of the functions. Participants were presented with the alarms and then asked to identify them across ten blocks of eight trials. The results indicated a significant difference in learnability across the three sets of alarms. The indirect metaphors were learned significantly better than both other sets of alarms, and the randomly selected abstract alarms were learned significantly better than the alarms specified in the standard. The results suggest therefore that there are more readily learnable possible designs than those proposed in the standard. The use of auditory icons in particular should be given serious consideration as potential alarms for this application.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Drake Circus, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK. Electronic address: jedworthy@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edworthy
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Drake Circus, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Drake Circus, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hibbard
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Drake Circus, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Drake Circus, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ratnage
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Drake Circus, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Claydon
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056902:Clinical Alarms / Q000592:standards; D004867:Equipment Design; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alarms; Auditory icons; Auditory warnings