[Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome].
OBJECTIVE
Vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome are 2 very common health problems in the Spanish population. It has been suggested that patients with metabolic syndrome may be vitamin D deficient more often than subjects without it and that low vitamin D levels may predispose to metabolic syndrome development. However, the results of prospective and intervention studies have been different and such relationship remains unclear. We assessed the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome.


METHODS
We undertook a population-based cohort study in Spain. At baseline (1996-1998), 1,226 subjects were evaluated. Follow-up visits were performed in 2002-2004 and 2005-2007.At baseline and follow-up, participants underwent an interview and a standardized clinical examination with an oral glucose tolerance test in those subjects without known diabetes. At the second visit, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and intact parathyroid hormone levels were measured.


RESULTS
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome at the second and third visit was 29.4 and 42.5%, respectively. Mean levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were lower in subjects with metabolic syndrome: 21.7 (6.21) vs 23.35 (6.29) ng/ml, P<.001.The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D<20 ng/ml) at the second evaluation was 34.7%, with significant differences between subjects with and without metabolic syndrome(34.6 vs 26.5%, P<.01). Men with vitamin D deficiency had more frequently hypertension and metabolic syndrome than men with normal levels. Women with vitamin D deficiency had more frequently hyperglycemia, hypertension, increased waist circumference and hypertriglyceridemia. In a prospective study, 25-hydroxyvitamin D values<20 ng/ml were not significantly associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome in the next 5 years (odds ratio 0,99, 95% confidence interval 0.57-1.7, P=.97) after adjusting by sex and age.


CONCLUSIONS
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased prevalence but not with an increased incidence of metabolic syndrome.
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Carlos Haya, Málaga, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, España. Electronic address: inmagonzalezmolero@hotmail.com.
Inmaculada
I
González-Molero
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Carlos Haya, Málaga, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, España.
Gemma
G
Rojo
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Carlos Haya, Málaga, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, España.
Sonsoles
S
Morcillo
Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Regional Carlos Haya, Málaga, España.
Vidal
V
Pérez-Valero
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Carlos Haya, Málaga, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, España.
Eleazara
E
Rubio-Martín
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Carlos Haya, Málaga, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, España.
Carolina
C
Gutierrez-Repiso
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Carlos Haya, Málaga, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, España.
Federico
F
Soriguer
D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D052243:Resistin / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055105:Waist Circumference
C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids; C499624:RETN protein, human; D052243:Resistin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
Diabetes; Metabolic syndrome; Síndrome metabólico; Vitamin D; Vitamina D