Tubular scaffolds of gelatin and poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(γ-glutamic acid) blending hydrogel for the proliferation of the primary intestinal smooth muscle cells of rats.
The proper regeneration of intestinal muscle for functional peristalsis is the most challenging aspect of current small intestine tissue engineering. This study aimed to fabricate a hydrogel scaffold for the proliferation of intestinal smooth muscle cells (ISMCs). Tubular porous scaffolds of 10-20 wt% gelatin and 0.05-0.1 wt% poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(γ-glutamic acid) blending hydrogel were cross-linked by carbodiimide and succinimide in an annular space of a glass mold. The scaffolds with higher gelatin contents degraded slower in the phosphate buffer solution. In rheological measurements, the hydrated scaffolds were elastic (all tangent delta <0.45); they responded differentially to frequency, indicating a complete viscoelastic property that is beneficial for soft tissue regeneration. Isolated rat ISMCs, with the characteristic biomarkers α-SMA, calponin and myh11, were loaded into the scaffolds by using either static or centrifugal methods. The average cell density inside the scaffolds increased in a time-dependent manner in most scaffolds of both seeding groups, although at early time points (seven days) the centrifugal seeding method trapped cells more efficiently and yielded a higher cell density than the static seeding method. The static seeding method increased the cell density from 7.5-fold to 16.3-fold after 28 days, whereas the centrifugal procedure produced a maximum increase of only 2.4-fold in the same period. In vitro degradation data showed that 50-80% of the scaffold was degraded by the 14th day. However, the self-secreted extracellular matrix maintained the integrity of the scaffolds for cell proliferation and spreading for up to 28 days. Confocal microscopic images revealed cell-cell contacts with the formation of a 3D network, demonstrating that the fabricated scaffolds were highly biocompatible. Therefore, these polymeric biomaterials hold great promise for in vivo applications of intestinal tissue engineering.
Division of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Shyh-Chuan
SC
Jwo
Chu-Hua
CH
Chiu
Shye-Jye
SJ
Tang
Ming-Fa
MF
Hsieh
D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004548:Elasticity; D005780:Gelatin; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008422:Materials Testing; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D023421:Models, Animal; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity; D000096985:Calponins
D000199:Actins; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D005780:Gelatin; D020100:Hydrogels; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains; D011091:Polyesters; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid; D000096985:Calponins; C511775:poly(gamma-glutamic acid); C498862:Acta2 protein, rat; C016240:polycaprolactone