Evaluation of drug delivery to intact and porated skin by coherent Raman scattering and fluorescence microscopies.
Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy was used to assess the permeation of topically applied drugs and formulation excipients into porcine skin. This chemically selective technique generates high-resolution 3D images, from which semi-quantitative information may be elucidated. Ibuprofen, applied as a close-to-saturated solution in propylene glycol, was directly observed to crystallise in/on the skin, as the co-solvent permeated more rapidly, resulting in precipitation of the drug. Coherent Raman scattering microscopy is also an excellent tool, in conjunction with more conventional confocal fluorescence microscopy, with which to image micro/nanoparticle-based formulations. Specifically, the uptake of particles into thermal ablation transport pathways in the skin has been examined.
Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, UK.
Natalie A
NA
Belsey
Department of Physics, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QL, UK.
Natalie L
NL
Garrett
Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, UK.
L Rodrigo
LR
Contreras-Rojas
Department of Physics, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QL, UK.
Adam J
AJ
Pickup-Gerlaugh
Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, UK.
Gareth J
GJ
Price
Department of Physics, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QL, UK.
Julian
J
Moger
Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, UK. Electronic address: r.h.guy@bath.ac.uk.
Richard H
RH
Guy
D055011:Ablation Techniques; D000818:Animals; D003460:Crystallization; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016062:Porosity; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013552:Swine
D019946:Propylene Glycol; D007660:Ketoprofen; D007052:Ibuprofen
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS); Confocal microscopy; Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS); Thermal poration of skin; Topical drug delivery