Face mask removal is safer than helmet removal for emergent airway access in American football.
BACKGROUND
In cases of possible cervical spine injury, medical professionals must be prepared to achieve rapid airway access while concurrently restricting cervical spine motion. Face mask removal (FMR), rather than helmet removal (HR), is recommended to achieve this. However, no studies have been reported that compare FMR directly with HR.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to compare motion, time, and perceived difficulty in two commonly used American football helmets between FMR and HR techniques, and when helmet air bladders were deflated before HR compared with inflated scenarios.


METHODS
The study incorporated a repeated measures design and was performed in a controlled laboratory setting.


METHODS
Participants included 22 certified athletic trainers (15 men and seven women; mean age, 33.9±10.5 years; mean experience, 11.4±10.0 years; mean height, 172±9.4 cm; mean mass, 76.7±14.9 kg). All participants were free from upper extremity or central nervous system pathology for 6 months and provided informed consent.


METHODS
Dependent variables included head excursion in degrees (computed by subtracting the minimum position from the maximum position) in each of the three planes (sagittal, frontal, transverse), time to complete the required task, and ratings of perceived exertion. To address our study purposes, we used two-by-two repeated-measures analysis of variance (removal technique×helmet type, helmet type×deflation status) for each dependent variable.


METHODS
Independent variables consisted of removal technique (FMR and HR), helmet type (Riddell Revolution IQ [RIQ] and VSR4), and helmet deflation status (deflated [D], inflated, [I]). After familiarization, participants conducted two successful trials for each of six conditions in random order (RIQ-FMR, VSR4-FMR, RIQ-HR-D, VSR4-HR-D, RIQ-HR-I, and VSR4-HR-I). Face masks, helmets, and shoulder pads were removed from a live model wearing a properly fitted helmet and shoulder pads. The participant and an investigator stabilized the model's head. A six-camera three-dimensional motion system and a three-point one-segment marker set were used to record motion of the head.


RESULTS
Face mask removal resulted in less motion in all three planes, required less completion time, and was easier to perform than HR. The RIQ helmet resulted in less frontal plane motion and less time to task completion, and was easier to remove than VSR4 helmets. Inflated helmets-regardless of helmet type-required less removal time but did not result in greater cervical spine motion or difficulty.


CONCLUSIONS
It is safer to remove the face mask in the prehospital setting for the potential spine-injured American football player than to remove the helmet, based on results from both a traditional and newer football helmet designs. Deflating the air bladder inside the helmet does not provide an advantage.
Department of Kinesiology, Athletic Training Education Program, University of New Hampshire, 124 Main St, Durham, NH 03824, USA. Electronic address: eswartz@unh.edu.
Erik E
EE
Swartz
Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 313 Woollen Gymnasium, 300 South Rd, Campus Box 8605, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Jason P
JP
Mihalik
Department of Athletics, St. Anselm College, 100 St Anselm Dr, Manchester, NH 03102, USA.
Nora M
NM
Beltz
New Hampshire Musculoskeletal Institute, 35 Kosciuszko St, Manchester, NH 03101, USA.
Molly A
MA
Day
New Hampshire Musculoskeletal Institute, 35 Kosciuszko St, Manchester, NH 03101, USA.
Laura C
LC
Decoster
D000328:Adult; D058109:Airway Management / Q000379:methods*; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005538:Football; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D009038:Motion; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States
Acute injury management; Athletic injury; Emergency; Equipment removal; Prehospital; Spine injury