Food allergy and food-based therapies in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental disorders which occur in childhood and may persist into adulthood. Although the etiology of these disorders is largely unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in the development of ASD and ADHD. Allergic immune reactions, in prenatal and postnatal phases, are examples of these environmental factors, and adverse reactions to foods are reported in these children. In this review, we address the clinical and preclinical findings of (food) allergy in ASD and ADHD and suggest possible underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, opportunities for nutritional interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders are provided.
Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Caroline G M
CG
de Theije
Bas M
BM
Bavelaar
Sofia
S
Lopes da Silva
Sijmen Mechiel
SM
Korte
Berend
B
Olivier
Johan
J
Garssen
Aletta D
AD
Kraneveld
D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000502:physiology; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D064307:Microbiota; D011247:Pregnancy; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology
D016207:Cytokines; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism spectrum disorder; food allergy; food-based therapy; gut-brain axis; neurodevelopment