Major predictors for difficult common bile duct stone.
OBJECTIVE
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has become the standard treatment for common bile duct stones worldwide. However, there are only a few reports with small number of patients concerning the factors that contribute to the technical difficulty of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in these patients. In this study we aimed to investigate these factors in a large group of patients.


METHODS
All patients with a naıïve papilla (n=1850) who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography during a study period of 2 years were prospectively evaluated. Of these, 757 patients with common bile duct stones were included in the study. Following successful cannulation, patients who needed either more than one episode for stone extraction or mechanical lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, or patients in whom stone extraction could not be achieved endoscopically and underwent surgery were regarded as having "difficult stones". Age, sex, laboratory parameters, endoscopic and cholangiographic findings were recorded in all patients. Predictive factors for difficult stones were investigated using univariate and multivariate analysis.


RESULTS
The study group consisted of 432 women and 325 men with a mean age of 60±16 years (range, 4-96). Of the total 757 patients, 654 (86.4%) had easy and 103 (13.6%) had difficult stones. Endoscopic stone extraction was successful in 98.1% of patients. A stricture distal to the stone (OR: 8.248), smaller common bile duct/stone diameter ratio (OR: 0,348), stone diameter (OR: 1,187) stone impaction (OR: 1,117) and higher bilirubin levels (OR: 1,1) were found to be independent predictors of difficult stone extraction on multivariate analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a very effective method for the treatment of common bile duct stones. Presence of a stricture distal to the stone, smaller common bile duct/stone diameter ratio, stone diameter, impacted stone, and higher bilirubin levels are significant predictors of difficult stone.
Department of Gastroenterology, üukurova University Balcalı Hospital, Adana, Turkey.
Oğuz
O
Usküdar
Erkan
E
Parlak
Selçuk
S
Dişibeyaz
Aydın Seref
AS
Köksal
Bahattin
B
Çiçek
Zeki Mesut Yalın
ZM
Kılıç
Bülent
B
Odemiş
Nurgül
N
Saşmaz
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000473:pathology; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
D001663:Bilirubin