Oral toxicity of silver ions, silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver--a review.
Orally administered silver has been described to be absorbed in a range of 0.4-18% in mammals with a human value of 18%. Based on findings in animals, silver seems to be distributed to all of the organs investigated, with the highest levels being observed in the intestine and stomach. In the skin, silver induces a blue-grey discoloration termed argyria. Excretion occurs via the bile and urine. The following dose-dependent animal toxicity findings have been reported: death, weight loss, hypoactivity, altered neurotransmitter levels, altered liver enzymes, altered blood values, enlarged hearts and immunological effects. Substantial evidence exists suggesting that the effects induced by particulate silver are mediated via silver ions that are released from the particle surface. With the current data regarding toxicity and average human dietary exposure, a Margin of Safety calculation indicates at least a factor of five before a level of concern to the general population is reached.
Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK 2860 Søborg, Denmark. Electronic address: nilha@food.dtu.dk.
Niels
N
Hadrup
Environment and Toxicology, DHI, Agern Allé 5, DK 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. Electronic address: hrl@dhigroup.com.
Henrik R
HR
Lam
D000042:Absorption; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012834:Silver / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
D012834:Silver
Ag; Argyria; Cardiac hypertrophy; Colloidal; Nanoparticle; Neurotoxicity; Neurotransmitter; Silver; Toxicity; Toxicology