Coding warnings without interfering with dismounted soldiers' missions.
OBJECTIVE
Warnings are an effective way to communicate hazard, yet they can also increase task demand when presented to operators involved in real-world tasks. Furthermore, in military-related tasks warnings are often given in codes to avoid counter-intelligence, which may foster additional working memory load.


BACKGROUND
Adherence to warnings in the military domain is crucial to promote safety and reduce accidents and injuries. The empirical question arises as to how aspects of coding the warning may interfere with the primary task the individual is currently performing and vice versa.


METHODS
Six experimental conditions were designed to assess how warning-code storage format, response format, and increasing working memory demand (retention) affected both performance on the primary task and the rate of compliance to warnings, considered here as the secondary task.


RESULTS
Results revealed that the combination of warning-code storage and response format affected compliance rate and the highest compliance occurred when warnings were presented as pictorials and responses were coded verbally. Contrary to the proposed hypotheses, warning storage format did not affect performance on the primary task, which was only affected by the level of working memory demand. Thus, the intra-modal warning storages did not interfere with the visual/spatial nature of the primary operational task. However, increase in working memory demand, by increasing the number of memorized warning codes, had an effect on both compliance rate and primary task performance.


CONCLUSIONS
Rather than warning code storage alone, it is the coupling of warning storage and response format that has the most significant effect on compliance.
Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. Electronic address: orontal@bgu.ac.il.
Tal
T
Oron-Gilad
Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, USA.
P A
PA
Hancock
Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, USA.
Jessica
J
Helmick-Rich
D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D017010:Reminder Systems; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D012306:Risk; D012449:Safety; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
Military; Retention; Task demand; Warning