Customer responses to mandatory menu labeling at full-service restaurants.
BACKGROUND
In 2010, Philadelphia enacted a menu-labeling law requiring full-service restaurant chains to list values for calories, sodium, fat, and carbohydrates for each item on all printed menus.


OBJECTIVE
The goal of the study was to determine whether purchase decisions at full-service restaurants varied depending on the presence of labeling.


METHODS
In August 2011, this cross-sectional study collected 648 customer surveys and transaction receipts at seven restaurant outlets of one large full-service restaurant chain. Two outlets had menu labeling (case sites); five outlets did not (control sites). Outcomes included differences in calories and nutrients purchased and customers' reported use of nutrition information when ordering. Data were analyzed in 2012.


RESULTS
Mean age was 37 years; 60% were female; 50% were black/African-American and reported incomes ≥$60,000. Customers purchased food with approximately 1600 kcal (food plus beverage, 1800 kcal); 3200 mg sodium; and 35 g saturated fat. After adjustment for confounders, customers at labeled restaurants purchased food with 151 fewer kilocalories (95% CI=-270, -33); 224 mg less sodium (95% CI=-457, +8); and 3.7 g less saturated fat (95% CI=-7.4, -0.1) compared to customers at unlabeled restaurants (or 155 less kilocalories from food plus beverage, 95% CI=-284, -27). Those reporting that nutrition information affected their order purchased 400 fewer food calories, 370 mg less sodium, and 10 g less saturated fat.


CONCLUSIONS
Mandatory menu labeling was associated with better food choices among a segment of the public dining at full-service restaurants. Consumer education on the availability and use of nutrition information may extend the impact of menu labeling.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: aha27@drexel.edu.
Amy H
AH
Auchincloss
Giridhar G
GG
Mallya
Beth L
BL
Leonberg
Andrew
A
Ricchezza
Karen
K
Glanz
Donald F
DF
Schwarz
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009753:Nutritive Value; D015143:Philadelphia; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D055815:Young Adult