Bladder cancer stem cells: biological and therapeutic perspectives.
Bladder cancer stem cell research is rapidly expanding based on the knowledge of cancer stem cells from various cancer types and normal stem cells as models. In various cancer types, cancer stem cells have been implicated in therapeutic resistance and relapse after initial therapy. Understanding how cancer stem cells differ from bulk cancer cells and how cancer stem cells contribute to relapse and resistance are essential to develop novel therapeutics to target cancer stem cells effectively. Here we review the latest information on bladder cancer stem cells, their biological characteristics, including their response to treatment, recurrence, immune context and technical problems encountered in bladder cancer stem cell research.
G
G
Goodwin Jinesh
Daniel Levi
DL
Willis
Department of Urology, Unit 1373, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. akamat@mdanderson.org.
Ashish M
AM
Kamat
D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000378:metabolism
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C497483:CD44 protein, human; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; C000588866:KDR protein, human; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D002945:Cisplatin