Prospective evaluation of renal function, serum vitamin D level, and risk of fall and fracture in community-dwelling elderly subjects.
CONCLUSIONS
This prospective study in elderly showed that kidney function plays a minor role in explaining the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency seen in noninstitutionalized elderly subjects. However, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were clearly inversely associated with risk for first fall, which was especially seen in subjects with calcium levels above median.


BACKGROUND
Few prospective studies in elderly exist that have investigated the association of renal dysfunction and vitamin D status on risk of falls. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of renal function with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) levels and, secondly, to assess the role of both factors on the risk of falls and subsequent bone fractures.


METHODS
This is a prospective population-based cohort study among noninstitutionalized elderly subjects during a 1-year follow-up. 25-OH-D levels and renal function were estimated, the latter by cystatin C-based equations. Information on falls was assessed prospectively.


RESULTS
Overall, 1,385 subjects aged 65 and older were included in the study (mean age 75.6 years), of whom 9.2 % had a 25-OH-D serum level above 75 nmol/L (US units 30 ng/mL); 41.4 %, between 50 and 75 nmol/L (US units 20 to 29 ng/mL, insufficiency); and 49.4 %, <50 nmol/L (US units <20 ng/mL, deficiency). We found no association of chronic kidney disease with risk of first fall. In contrast, 25-OH-D serum categories were clearly associated with risk of first fall and we found evidence of effect modification with calcium levels. In the group with a calcium level above the median (≥ 9.6 mg/dL), subjects with 25-OH-D serum level between 50 and 75 nmol/L and with concentrations <50 nmol/L had a hazard rate ratio (HRR) of 1.75 (1.03-2.87) and 1.93 (1.10-3.37) for risk of first fall. 25-OH-D serum levels were also associated with several markers of inflammation and hemodynamic stress.


CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrated an association of 25-OH-D serum levels and risk of first fall, which was especially evident in subjects with serum calcium in upper normal, independent of renal function.
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 22, 89081, Ulm, Germany, dietrich.rothenbacher@uni-ulm.de.
D
D
Rothenbacher
J
J
Klenk
M D
MD
Denkinger
F
F
Herbolsheimer
T
T
Nikolaus
R
R
Peter
B O
BO
Boehm
K
K
Rapp
D
D
Dallmeier
W
W
Koenig
D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology
D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D002118:Calcium