Prevalence and clinical correlates of right ventricular dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is a disease that mainly affects the left ventricle (LV), however recent studies have suggested that it can also be associated with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of RV dysfunction in patients with HC and its relation with LV function and outcome. A total of 324 consecutive patients with HC who received care at Stanford Hospital from 1999 to 2012 were included in the study. A group of 99 prospectively recruited age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were used as controls. RV function was quantified using the RV fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and RV myocardial performance index (RVMPI). Compared with the controls, the patients with HC had a higher RVMPI (0.51 ± 0.18 vs 0.25 ± 0.06, p <0.001) and lower TAPSE (20 ± 3 vs 24 ± 4, p <0.001). RV dysfunction based on an RVMPI >0.4 and TAPSE <16 mm was found in 71% and 11% of the HC and control groups, respectively. Worst LV function and greater pulmonary pressures were independent correlates of RV dysfunction. At an average follow-up of 3.7 ± 2.3 years, 17 patients had died and 4 had undergone heart transplantation. LV ejection fraction <50% and TAPSE <16 mm were independent correlates of outcome (hazard ratio 3.98, 95% confidence interval 1.22 to 13.04, p = 0.02; and hazard ratio 3.66, 95% confidence interval 1.38 to 9.69, p = 0.009, respectively). In conclusion, RV dysfunction based on the RVMPI is common in patients with HC and more frequently observed in patients with LV dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. RV dysfunction based on the TAPSE was independently associated with an increased likelihood of death or transplantation.
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Electronic address: gherardobis@yahoo.it.
Gherardo
G
Finocchiaro
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Joshua W
JW
Knowles
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Aleksandra
A
Pavlovic
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Marco
M
Perez
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Emma
E
Magavern
Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
Gianfranco
G
Sinagra
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Francois
F
Haddad
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Euan A
EA
Ashley
D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology