Preparation and characterization of methylene blue nanoparticles for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
Methylene blue (MB) has been shown to slow down the progression of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies; however distribution of MB into the brain is limited due its high hydrophilicity. In this study, we aimed to prepare novel hydrophobic glutathione coated PLGA nanoparticles to improve bioavailability of MB in the brain. Glutathione coated poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-b-PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and tested in two different cell culture models of AD expressing microtubule associated protein tau (tau). The NPs showed a particle size averaging 136.5±4.4nm, which is suitable for the blood brain barrier (BBB) permeation. The in vitro release profile of the NPs exhibited no initial burst release and showed sustained drug release for up to 144 hours. Interestingly, treatment of newly formulated MB-NPs showed a potent reduction in both endogenous and over expressed tau protein levels in human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells expressing endogenous tau and transfected HeLa cells over-expressing tau protein, respectively. Furthermore, in vitro BBB Transwell™ study showed significantly higher permeation of MB-NP compared to the MB solution through the co culture of rat brain endothelial 4 (RBE4) and C6 astrocytoma cells (p<0.05). The proposed MB loaded nanoparticles could provide a more effective treatment option for AD and many other related disorders.
Umesh K
UK
Jinwal
Anastasia
A
Groshev
Juan
J
Zhang
Aditya
A
Grover
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. vsutariy@health.usf.edu.
Vijaykumar B
VB
Sutariya
D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D005079:Excipients; C054369:MAPT protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016875:tau Proteins; D005978:Glutathione; D008751:Methylene Blue