Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
BACKGROUND
Vitamin and mineral supplements are commonly used to prevent chronic diseases.


OBJECTIVE
To systematically review evidence for the benefit and harms of vitamin and mineral supplements in community-dwelling, nutrient-sufficient adults for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer.


METHODS
MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects were searched from January 2005 to 29 January 2013, with manual searches of reference lists and gray literature.


METHODS
Two investigators independently selected and reviewed fair- and good-quality trials for benefit and fair- and good-quality trials and observational studies for harms.


METHODS
Dual quality assessments and data abstraction.


RESULTS
Two large trials (n = 27 658) reported lower cancer incidence in men taking a multivitamin for more than 10 years (pooled unadjusted relative risk, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.87 to 0.99]). The study that included women showed no effect in that group. High-quality studies (k = 24; n = 324 653) of single and paired nutrients (such as vitamins A, C, or D; folic acid; selenium; or calcium) were scant and heterogeneous and showed no clear evidence of benefit or harm. Neither vitamin E nor β-carotene prevented CVD or cancer, and β-carotene increased lung cancer risk in smokers.


CONCLUSIONS
The analysis included only primary prevention studies in adults without known nutritional deficiencies. Studies were conducted in older individuals and included various supplements and doses under the set upper tolerable limits. Duration of most studies was less than 10 years.


CONCLUSIONS
Limited evidence supports any benefit from vitamin and mineral supplementation for the prevention of cancer or CVD. Two trials found a small, borderline-significant benefit from multivitamin supplements on cancer in men only and no effect on CVD.


BACKGROUND
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Stephen P
SP
Fortmann
Brittany U
BU
Burda
Caitlyn A
CA
Senger
Jennifer S
JS
Lin
Evelyn P
EP
Whitlock
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008903:Minerals / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011322:Primary Prevention; D014815:Vitamins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins