Species versus guild level differentiation revealed across the annual cycle by isotopic niche examination.
Interspecific competitive interactions typically result in niche differentiation to alleviate competition through mechanisms including character displacement. However, competition is not the sole constraint on resource partitioning, and its effects are mediated by factors including the environmental context in which species coexist. Colonial seabirds provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the importance of competition in shaping realized niche widths because their life histories lead to variation in intra- and interspecific competition across the annual cycle. Dense breeding aggregations result in intense competition for prey in surrounding waters, whereas non-breeding dispersal to larger geographical areas produces lower densities of competitors. Bayesian hierarchical models of the isotopic niche, closely aligned to the trophic niche, reveal the degree of segregation between species and functional groups during both time periods. Surprisingly, species explained far more of the variance in the isotopic niche during the non-breeding than the breeding period. Our results underline the key role of non-breeding dynamics in alleviating competition and promoting distinctions between species through the facilitation of resource partitioning. Such situations may be common in a diverse range of communities sustained by ephemeral but abundant food items. This highlights how consideration of the hierarchical grouping of competitive interactions alongside consideration of abiotic constraints across the complete annual cycle allows a full understanding of the role of competition in driving patterns of character displacement.
Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, UK.
Thomas W
TW
Bodey
Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
Eric J
EJ
Ward
British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
Richard A
RA
Phillips
SUERC, Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK.
Rona A R
RA
McGill
Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, UK.
Stuart
S
Bearhop
D000818:Animals; D001266:Atlantic Islands; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008954:Models, Biological; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction; D013045:Species Specificity
D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes
character displacement; competition; diet; procellariiform; resource partitioning; seabird; speciation; stable isotope