Long-term average spectra of adult Iranian speakers' voice.
BACKGROUND
Long-term average spectrum (LTAS) allows quantifying the voice quality and provides an overview of the mean spectral characteristics of a voice. The aims of this study were to survey normal spectral characteristics of Persian and investigate sex-related changes in the source characteristics of dynamic speech using LTAS.


METHODS
Speech samples obtained from 30 male and 30 female Persian-speaking participants reading a text in habitual pitch and loudness level. At the LTAS window and using Praat software, the amplitude values were obtained at equal intervals of 160 Hz, ranging from 0 to 8 kHz.


RESULTS
The main features of the average spectrum were as follows: peak in the region of 480 Hz with a reduction at higher frequencies, a 20 dB decline from 480 to 960 Hz, a flat region from 960 to 1920 Hz, a further decline from 1920 to 3040 Hz, and a further flat region from 3040 to 8000 Hz. In comparison to men, women revealed significant lower levels of amplitude at frequencies of 160 and 320 Hz and higher levels of amplitude at frequencies of 960, 3360, 3520, 3680, 3840, and 5920 Hz.


CONCLUSIONS
The overall shape and gender-related energy distribution pattern of the LTAS of Persian were more similar to those of English than to those of Korean. The more phonetic differences between Persian and Korean compared with Persian and English might contribute to different spectral characteristics. The present study tried to clarify the spectral characteristics of Iranian male and female voices and focused on more breathy voice quality for women than men.
Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Negin
N
Moradi
Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: naderpt46@yahoo.com.
Nader
N
Maroufi
Department of Linguistics, Faculty of the literature and humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Mahmood
M
Bijankhan
Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Tahereh Hosseinzadeh
TH
Nik
Physiotherapy Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mahyar
M
Salavati
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department, School of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
Toktam
T
Jalayer
Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Seyed Mahmoud
SM
Latifi
Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Majid
M
Soltani
D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013997:Time Factors; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult
Breathiness; Persian; Spectral characteristics; Voice quality