Prevalence and outcomes of breast milk expressing in women with healthy term infants: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Expressing breast milk has become increasingly prevalent, particularly in some developed countries. Concurrently, breast pumps have evolved to be more sophisticated and aesthetically appealing, adapted for domestic use, and have become more readily available. In the past, expressed breast milk feeding was predominantly for those infants who were premature, small or unwell; however it has become increasingly common for healthy term infants. The aim of this paper is to systematically explore the literature related to breast milk expressing by women who have healthy term infants, including the prevalence of breast milk expressing, reported reasons for, methods of, and outcomes related to, expressing.


METHODS
Databases (Medline, CINAHL, JSTOR, ProQuest Central, PsycINFO, PubMed and the Cochrane library) were searched using the keywords milk expression, breast milk expression, breast milk pumping, prevalence, outcomes, statistics and data, with no limit on year of publication. Reference lists of identified papers were also examined. A hand-search was conducted at the Australian Breastfeeding Association Lactation Resource Centre. Only English language papers were included. All papers about expressing breast milk for healthy term infants were considered for inclusion, with a focus on the prevalence, methods, reasons for and outcomes of breast milk expression.


RESULTS
A total of twenty two papers were relevant to breast milk expression, but only seven papers reported the prevalence and/or outcomes of expressing amongst mothers of well term infants; all of the identified papers were published between 1999 and 2012. Many were descriptive rather than analytical and some were commentaries which included calls for more research, more dialogue and clearer definitions of breastfeeding. While some studies found an association between expressing and the success and duration of breastfeeding, others found the opposite. In some cases these inconsistencies were compounded by imprecise definitions of breastfeeding and breast milk feeding.


CONCLUSIONS
There is limited evidence about the prevalence and outcomes of expressing breast milk amongst mothers of healthy term infants. The practice of expressing breast milk has increased along with the commercial availability of a range of infant feeding equipment. The reasons for expressing have become more complex while the outcomes, when they have been examined, are contradictory.
Mother & Child Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. h.johns@students.latrobe.edu.au.
Helene M
HM
Johns
Della A
DA
Forster
Lisa H
LH
Amir
Helen L
HL
McLachlan
D015992:Body Mass Index; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D061186:Breast Milk Expression / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009558:Nipples / Q000293:injuries; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D018907:Privacy; D047929:Term Birth; D013997:Time Factors