Imaging of laryngeal trauma.
External laryngeal trauma is a rare but potentially life-threatening situation in the acutely injured patient. Trauma mechanism and magnitude, maximum focus of the applied force, and patient related factors, such as age and ossification of the laryngeal cartilages influence the spectrum of observed injuries. Their correct diagnosis and prompt management are paramount in order to avoid patient death or long-term impairment of breathing, swallowing and speaking. The current review provides a comprehensive approach to the radiologic interpretation of imaging studies performed in patients with suspected laryngeal injury. It describes the key anatomic structures that are relevant in laryngeal trauma and discusses the clinical role of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the acute emergency situation. The added value of two-dimensional multiplanar reconstructions (2D MPR), three-dimensional volume rendering (3D VR) and virtual endoscopy (VE) for the non-invasive evaluation of laryngeal injuries and for treatment planning is discussed. The clinical presentation, biomechanics of injury, diagnostic pitfalls and pearls, common and uncommon findings are reviewed with emphasis of fracture patterns, involvement of laryngeal joints, intra- and extralaryngeal soft tissue injuries, and complications seen in the acute emergency situation. The radiologic appearance of common and less common long-term sequelae, as well as treatment options are equally addressed.
Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. Electronic address: Minerva.Becker@hcuge.ch.
Minerva
M
Becker
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervico-facial Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. Electronic address: Igor.Leuchter@hcuge.ch.
Igor
I
Leuchter
Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. Electronic address: Alexandra.Platon@hcuge.ch.
Alexandra
A
Platon
Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. Electronic address: Christoph.Becker@hcuge.ch.
Christoph D
CD
Becker
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervico-facial Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. Electronic address: Pavel.Dulguerov@hcuge.ch.
Pavel
P
Dulguerov
Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. Electronic address: Arthur.Varoquaux@hcuge.ch.
Arthur
A
Varoquaux
D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis*
Cartilage; Fractures; Larynx; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT); Wounds and injuries