Gonococcal antimicrobial resistance in the Western Pacific Region.
OBJECTIVE
To outline the current situation of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the Western Pacific region and factors that impact on this.


BACKGROUND
The Western Pacific region is densely populated with many living in poverty. There are high rates of infectious diseases, and a disproportionate burden of gonococcal disease. In many countries there is uncontrolled antimicrobial use: these are ideal conditions for the emergence of AMR.


METHODS
Gonococcal AMR in this region has been monitored for more than 20 years. Clinical isolates, predominantly from unselected patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics, are tested against a panel of antibiotics. Quality assurance and control strategies are in place.


RESULTS
There is widespread, high level resistance to penicillin and ciprofloxacin. Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC ≥ 0.06 mg/L) is reported in high levels from some countries in the region. Low numbers of isolates tested in some countries reflect capacity for testing, and are suboptimal for surveillance.


CONCLUSIONS
The raised MIC values to ceftriaxone, and the emergence and spread of ceftriaxone resistant strains regionally is alarming. Sustaining and enhancing surveillance is critical; however obtaining an adequate sample size is a long-standing issue. The implementation of molecular surveillance strategies could provide broader information on the spread and threat of AMR.
Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, WHO Collaborating Centre for STD, The Prince of Wales Hospital, , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Monica M
MM
Lahra
Ying-Ru
YR
Lo
David M
DM
Whiley
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044362:Australasia / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
Antibiotic Resistance; Gonococci; Gonorrhoea; Surveillance