Non-mydriatic ocular fundus photography and telemedicine: past, present, and future.
Non-mydriatic ocular fundus photography is a promising alternative to direct ophthalmoscopy, particularly when combined with telemedicine. This review discusses these technologies from a longitudinal perspective: past, present, and future. The focus is directed to the role that non-mydriatic fundus photography and telemedicine have played in medical research and patient care, with emphasis on the major advances to date. Also discussed are the challenges to their widespread application and their substantial promise for revitalizing the importance of the ocular fundus examination in patient care, providing improved access to ophthalmic consultative services, and facilitating clinical and epidemiologic research.
Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health and Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Beau B
BB
Bruce
Nancy J
NJ
Newman
Mario A
MA
Pérez
Valérie
V
Biousse
Fundus photography; neurology; ophthalmology; review; telemedicine