The evolution of ambulatory ECG monitoring.
Ambulatory Holter electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring has undergone continuous technological evolution since its invention and development in the 1950s era. With commercial introduction in 1963, there has been an evolution of Holter recorders from 1 channel to 12 channel recorders with increasingly smaller storage media, and there has evolved Holter analysis systems employing increasingly technologically advanced electronics providing a myriad of data displays. This evolution of smaller physical instruments with increasing technological capacity has characterized the development of electronics over the past 50 years. Currently the technology has been focused upon the conventional continuous 24 to 48 hour ambulatory ECG examination, and conventional extended ambulatory monitoring strategies for infrequent to rare arrhythmic events. However, the emergence of the Internet, Wi-Fi, cellular networks, and broad-band transmission has positioned these modalities at the doorway of the digital world. This has led to an adoption of more cost-effective strategies to these conventional methods of performing the examination. As a result, the emergence of the mobile smartphone coupled with this digital capacity is leading to the recent development of Holter smartphone applications. The potential of point-of-care applications utilizing the Holter smartphone and a vast array of new non-invasive sensors is evident in the not too distant future. The Holter smartphone is anticipated to contribute significantly in the future to the field of global health.
Department of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, The Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Saint Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: hkennedy_usa@yahoo.com.
Harold L
HL
Kennedy
D040421:Cell Phone / Q000639:trends*; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000639:trends
3G; 4G; AVSEP; Ambulatory ECG; Audiovisual superimposition presentation; ECG; FDA; Food and Drug Administration; GPS; Holter ECG; ILR; Point-of-care; RAM; SGR; Smartphone; electrocardiogram; fourth generation; global positioning system; implantable loop recorder; random access memory; sustainable growth rate; third generation