[Value of galactography for the diagnostic work-up of pathological nipple discharge in multimodal breast diagnostics. Part 2: a systematic review of the literature].
BACKGROUND
The survey results of a previous study showed that galactography is now rarely used in Germany and newer methods are applied. The evidential value of galactography should be established and opposed to the evidential value of ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance mammography (MRM).


METHODS
A search was carried out in PubMed and Cochrane involving studies written in English or German. The level of evidence was measured according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine.


RESULTS
A total of 19 studies were included, 14 with results on galactography, 10 on US and 5 on MRM. Almost all studies were retrospective with an evidence assigned to level 3b or lower. The results on the diagnostic values showed a very wide range. Because of very variable numbers of cases and consideration of various pathologies, the studies are only comparable to a limited extent.


CONCLUSIONS
Galactography, US and MRM all show a weak level of evidence and no superiority of a particular method can be derived. Therefore, galactography can no longer be considered as a mandatory standard in modern multimodal imaging of the breast. Recommendations for the diagnostic work-up of pathological nipple discharge have to be included in current guidelines and must consider these facts.
Institut für Klinische Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland.
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Scheurlen
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Schnitzer
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Krammer
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Kaiser
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Schönberg
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Wasser
D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000473:pathology*; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity