Apelin-13 induces proliferation, migration, and collagen I mRNA expression in human RPE cells via PI3K/Akt and MEK/Erk signaling pathways.
OBJECTIVE
Our previous study showed that apelin was increased in the vitreous and fibrotic membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in vivo, which suggested that apelin may be involved in the development of PDR. In this study, we investigated whether the expression of apelin was upregulated in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro under high glucose conditions. Furthermore, to explore the role of apelin in RPE cells, we investigated the effect of exogenous recombinant apelin on proliferation, migration, and collagen I (a major component of extracellular matrix molecules, associated with PDR) expression and investigated the signaling pathways involved in these processes.


METHODS
Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to determine the apelin expression in ARPE-19 cells under high glucose conditions. Exogenous recombinant apelin was used to study the effect of apelin on ARPE-19 cells in vitro. Cell proliferation, migration, and collagen I expression were assessed using an MTT assay, a transwell assay, and real-time PCR analysis. LY294002 (an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) and PD98059 (an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase) were used to help to determine the apelin signaling mechanism.


RESULTS
High glucose upregulated apelin expression in RPE cells. Exogenous recombinant apelin activated protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylation and promoted proliferation, migration, and collagen I expression in RPE cells. Pretreatment with LY294002 and PD98059 abolished apelin-induced activation of Akt and Erk, proliferation, and collagen I expression. Apelin-induced migration was partially blocked by pretreatment with LY294002 and PD98059.


CONCLUSIONS
The expression of apelin was upregulated under high glucose conditions in RPE cells in vitro. Exogenous recombinant apelin increased the biologic activity of RPE cells, as well as the expression of collagen I. Apelin promoted proliferation, migration, and collagen I expression through the PI3K/Akt and MEK/Erk signaling pathways in RPE cells. From these results, we revealed the role of apelin in regulating proliferation, migration, and collagen I expression in RPE cells and the signaling mechanism under these processes, which suggested that apelin may play a profibrotic role in the development of PDR.
Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China ; Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
Dong
D
Qin
Xiao-xue
XX
Zheng
Yan-rong
YR
Jiang
D000073861:Apelin; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
C115436:APLN protein, human; D000073861:Apelin; D024042:Collagen Type I; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495199:apelin-13 peptide; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D005947:Glucose