interRAI home care quality indicators.
BACKGROUND
This paper describe the development of interRAI's second-generation home care quality indicators (HC-QIs). They are derived from two of interRAI's widely used community assessments: the Community Health Assessment and the Home Care Assessment. In this work the form in which the quality problem is specified has been refined, the covariate structure updated, and two summary scales introduced.


METHODS
Two data sets were used: at the client and home-care site levels. Client-level data were employed to identify HC-QI covariates. This sample consisted of 335,544 clients from Europe, Canada, and the United States. Program level analyses, where client level data were aggregated at the site level, were also based on the clients from the samples from Europe, Canada, and the United States. There were 1,654 program-based observations - 22% from Europe, 23% from the US, and 55% from Canada.The first task was to identify potential HC-QIs, including both change and prevalence measures. Next, they were reviewed by industry representatives and members of the interRAI network. A two-step process adjustment was followed to identify the most appropriate covariance structure for each HC-QI. Finally, a factor analytic strategy was used to identify HC-QIs that cluster together and thus are candidates for summary scales.


RESULTS
The set of risk adjusted HC-QIs are multi-dimensional in scope, including measures of function, clinical complexity, social life, distress, and service use. Two factors were identified. The first includes a set of eleven measures that revolve around the absence of decline. This scale talks about functional independence and engagement. The second factor, anchored on nine functional improvement HC-QIs, referenced positively, this scale indicates a return to clinical balance.


CONCLUSIONS
Twenty-three risk-adjusted, HC-QIs are described. Two new summary HC-QI scales, the "Independence Quality Scale" and the "Clinical Balance Quality Scale" are derived. In use at a site, these two scales can provide a macro view of local performance, offering a way for a home care agency to understand its performance. When scales perform less positively, the site then is able to review the HC-QI items that make up the scale, providing a roadmap for areas of greatest concern and in need of targeted interventions.
Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Alfred and Gilda Slifka Chair in Soc Ger Research, Boston MA, USA. jnm@hsl.harvard.edu.
John N
JN
Morris
Brant E
BE
Fries
Dinnus
D
Frijters
John P
JP
Hirdes
R Knight
RK
Steel
D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D002170:Canada; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000592:standards*; D005060:Europe; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States