Intraoperative optical imaging and tissue interrogation during urologic surgery.
OBJECTIVE
To review optical imaging technologies in urologic surgery aimed to facilitate intraoperative imaging and tissue interrogation.


RESULTS
Emerging new optical imaging technologies can be integrated in the operating room environment during minimally invasive and open surgery. These technologies include macroscopic fluorescence imaging that provides contrast enhancement between normal and diseased tissue and microscopic imaging that provides tissue characterization.


CONCLUSIONS
Optical imaging technologies that have reached the clinical arena in urologic surgery were reviewed, including photodynamic diagnosis, near infrared fluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, and confocal laser endomicroscopy.
aDepartment of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA bDepartment of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainsville, Florida, USA cVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Mark
M
Hsu
Mohit
M
Gupta
Li-Ming
LM
Su
Joseph C
JC
Liao
D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*