Hospitalizations of nursing home residents in the last year of life: nursing home characteristics and variation in potentially avoidable hospitalizations.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the incidence of, variations in, and costs of potentially avoidable hospitalizations (PAHs) of nursing home (NH) residents at the end of life and to identify the association between NH characteristics and a facility-level quality measure (QM) for PAH.


METHODS
Retrospective.


METHODS
Hospitalizations originating from NHs.


METHODS
Long-term care NH residents who died in 2007.


METHODS
A risk-adjusted QM was constructed for PAH. A Poisson regression model was used to predict the count of PAH given residents' risk factors. For each facility, the QM was defined as the difference between the observed facility-specific rate (per 1,000 person-years) of PAH (O) and the expected risk-adjusted rate (E). A logistic regression model with state fixed-effects was then fit to examine the association between facility characteristics and the likelihood of having higher-than-expected rates of PAH (O-E > 0). QM values greater than 0 indicate worse-than-average quality.


RESULTS
Almost 50% of hospital admissions for NH residents in their last year of life were for potentially avoidable conditions, costing Medicare $1 billion. Five conditions were responsible for more than 80% of PAHs. PAH QM across facilities showed significant variation (mean 12.0 ± 142.3 per 1,000 person-years, range -399.48 to 398.09 per 1,000 person-years). Chain and hospital-based facilities were more likely to exhibit better performance (O-E < 0). Facilities with higher nursing staffing were more likely to have better performance, as were facilities with higher skilled staff ratio, those with nurse practitioners or physician assistants, and those with on-site X-ray services.


CONCLUSIONS
Variations in facility-level PAHs suggest that a potential for reducing hospital admissions for these conditions may exist. Presence of modifiable facility characteristics associated with PAH performance could help us formulate interventions and policies for reducing PAHs at the end of life.
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
Jingping
J
Xing
Dana B
DB
Mukamel
Helena
H
Temkin-Greener
D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009735:Nursing Homes; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
end of life; nursing homes; potentially avoidable hospitalizations