Periodic mechanical stress stimulates the FAK mitogenic signal in rat chondrocytes through ERK1/2 activity.
OBJECTIVE
The biological effects of periodic mechanical stress on chondrocytes have been studied extensively over the past few years. However, the mechanisms underlying chondrocyte mechanosensing and signaling in response to periodic mechanical stress remain to be determined. In the current study, we examined the effects of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling on periodic mechanical stress-induced chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis.


RESULTS
Periodic mechanical stress significantly induced sustained phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr(397) and Tyr(576/577). Reduction of FAK with targeted shRNA via transfection of NH2-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation-deficient FAK mutant Y397F or Y576F-Y577F abolished periodic mechanical stress-induced chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis, accompanied by attenuated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. However, activation of Src, PLCγ1 and Rac1 was not prevented upon FAK suppression. Furthermore, pretreatment with the Src-selective inhibitor, PP2, and shRNA targeted to Src or suppression of Rac1 with its selective inhibitor, NSC23766, blocked FAK phosphorylation at Tyr,(576/577) but not Tyr,(397) under periodic mechanical stress. Interestingly, FAK phosphorylation neither at Tyr(397) nor at Tyr(576/577) was affected by PLCγ1 depletion when periodic mechanical stress was applied. In addition, Tyr(397) and Tyr(576/577) phosphorylation levels were reduced upon pretreatment with a blocking antibody against integrin β1 under conditions of periodic mechanical stress.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings collectively suggest that periodic mechanical stress promotes chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis through at least two pathways, integrin β1-Src-Rac1-FAK(Tyr(576/577))-ERK1/2 and integrin β1-FAK (Tyr(397))-ERK1/2.
Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China Co-first author.
Wenwei
W
Liang
Kewei
K
Ren
Feng
F
Liu
Weiding
W
Cui
Qing
Q
Wang
Zhefeng
Z
Chen
Weimin
W
Fan
D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3