Brief review: Neuraxial analgesia in refractory malignant pain.
OBJECTIVE
This narrative review aims to inform health care practitioners of the current literature surrounding the use of intrathecal (IT) and epidural analgesia in cancer patients with refractory pain at end of life. Topics discussed and reviewed include: patient selection, treatment planning, procedure, equipment, medications, complications, policies and procedures, as well as directions for future research.


RESULTS
Cancer pain is inadequately treated in an estimated 10% of patients with malignant pain despite the implementation of the World Health Organization three-step analgesic ladder. This has prompted some to advocate for the addition of a fourth step that would include neuraxial interventions. There is moderate evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of IT drug therapy in cancer patients with refractory pain. A detailed assessment and interdisciplinary team approach is necessary to develop and implement care plans for patients requiring neuraxial analgesia. Neuraxial analgesia can significantly improve pain and reduce side effects, but this must be balanced against the increased complexity of care and the risk of uncommon but serious complications.


CONCLUSIONS
Neuraxial drug delivery gives clinicians more options to manage refractory pain at end of life and should be offered to patients with intractable cancer pain. Teams should be interprofessional with clear delineation of roles and responsibilities. They should discuss advanced discharge planning with the patient prior to implantation as well as provide on-call support.
Catherine E
CE
Smyth
Virginia
V
Jarvis
Patricia
P
Poulin
D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D018579:Patient Selection; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods
D000700:Analgesics