The role of sample surveys for monitoring the condition of the nation's lakes.
In order to meet a growing need to determine the condition of the nation's ecosystems and how their condition is changing, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed EMAP, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. A common survey design serves as the foundation on which to base monitoring of status and trends among diverse ecosystem types. In this paper, we describe the need for a statistically based survey design, briefly summarize the basic EMAP design, describe how that design is tailored for the selection of a probability sample of lakes on which to make measurements of lake condition, and illustrate the process for selecting a sample of lakes in the northeastern United States. Finally, we illustrate how measurements taken on the sample of lakes can be summarized, with known uncertainty, to describe the condition of a population of lakes.
U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, 200 SW 35th Street, 97333, Corvallis, OR, USA.
D P
DP
Larsen
K W
KW
Thornton
N S
NS
Urquhart
S G
SG
Paulsen