Intimate associations between the endogenous opiate systems and the growth hormone-releasing hormone system in the human hypothalamus.
Although it is a general consensus that opioids modulate growth, the mechanism of this phenomenon is largely unknown. Since endogenous opiates use the same receptor family as morphine, these peptides may be one of the key regulators of growth in humans by impacting growth hormone (GH) secretion, either directly, or indirectly, via growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) release. However, the exact mechanism of this regulation has not been elucidated yet. In the present study we identified close juxtapositions between the enkephalinergic/endorphinergic/dynorphinergic axonal varicosities and GHRH-immunoreactive (IR) perikarya in the human hypothalamus. Due to the long post mortem period electron microscopy could not be utilized to detect the presence of synapses between the enkephalinergic/endorphinergic/dynorphinergic and GHRH neurons. Therefore, we used light microscopic double-label immunocytochemistry to identify putative juxtapositions between these systems. Our findings revealed that the majority of the GHRH-IR perikarya formed intimate associations with enkephalinergic axonal varicosities in the infundibular nucleus/median eminence, while endorphinergic-GHRH juxtapositions were much less frequent. In contrast, no significant dynorphinergic-GHRH associations were detected. The density of the abutting enkephalinergic fibers on the surface of the GHRH perikarya suggests that these juxtapositions may be functional synapses and may represent the morphological substrate of the impact of enkephalin on growth. The small number of GHRH neurons innervated by the endorphin and dynorphin systems indicates significant differences between the regulatory roles of endogenous opiates on growth in humans.
Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Organization, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 West Grandview Boulevard, Erie, PA, USA.
J
J
Olsen
Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Organization, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 West Grandview Boulevard, Erie, PA, USA.
M
M
Peroski
Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Organization, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 West Grandview Boulevard, Erie, PA, USA.
M
M
Kiczek
Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Organization, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 West Grandview Boulevard, Erie, PA, USA.
G
G
Grignol
Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 936, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 936, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
I
I
Merchenthaler
Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Organization, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 West Grandview Boulevard, Erie, PA, USA. Electronic address: bdudas@lecom.edu.
B
B
Dudas
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism; D004399:Dynorphins / Q000378:metabolism; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008473:Median Eminence / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010904:Pituitary Gland, Posterior / Q000378:metabolism; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000378:metabolism
D018847:Opioid Peptides; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D004399:Dynorphins; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
D-ala2,MePhe4-Met-enkephalin-(o)-ol; DAB; G-DAMME; GH; GHRH; IR; diaminobenzidine; dynorphin; endorphin; enkephalin; growth; growth hormone; growth hormone-releasing hormone; hpGRF; human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor; hypothalamus; immunoreactive