Antiepileptic drug utilization in Bangladesh: experience from Dhaka Medical College Hospital.
BACKGROUND
Epilepsy is a common health problem which carries a huge medical social psychological and economic impact for a developing country. The aim of this hospital-based study was to get an insight into the effectiveness and tolerability of low cost antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in Bangladeshi people with epilepsy.


METHODS
This retrospective chart review was done from hospital records in weekly Epilepsy outdoor clinic of Department of Neurology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) from October 1998 to February 2013. A total of 854 epilepsy patients met the eligibility criteria (had a complete record of two years of follow up data) from hospital database. A checklist was used to take demographics (age and gender), epilepsy treatment and adverse event related data. At least two years of follow up data were considered for analysis.


RESULTS
Out of 854 patients selected, majority of the patients attending outdoor clinic were >11-30 years age group (55.2%) with a mean age of 20.3 ± 9 years and with a male (53%) predominance. Focal epilepsy were more common (53%), among whom secondary generalized epilepsy was the most frequent diagnosis (67%) followed by complex partial seizure (21%). Among those with Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (46%), generalized tonic clonic seizure was encountered in 74% and absence seizure was observed in 13%. The number of patients on monotherapy and dual AED therapy were 67% and 24% respectively and polytherapy (i.e. >3 AEDs) was used only in 9%. CBZ (67%) was the most frequently prescribed AED, followed by VPA (43%), PHB (17%), and PHT (8%). CBZ was prescribed in 37% patients as monotherapy followed by VPA in 21% and PHB in 8% patients. Newer generation drugs eg lemotrigine and topiramate were used only as add on therapy in combination with CBZ and VPA in only 2% patients. The treatment retention rates over the follow up period for the AEDs in monotherapy varied between 86 and 91% and were highest for CBZ, followed by VPA. Most of the combination regimens had a treatment retention rate of 100%. The effectiveness of AED in terms of reduction of seizure frequency was highest for PHT (100%) and PHB (98%) followed by CBZ (96%) and VPA (95%). PHB and PHT were the cheapest of all AEDs (42 I$ and 56 I$/ year respectively). The costs of VPA and CBZ were two times and LTG and TOP were six to eight times higher. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) were observed among 140 (24.5%) of those with monotherapy. PHT (64%) was the most common drug to cause ADR, CBZ was at the bottom of the list to cause adverse effect (11.6%). VPA and PHB caused weight gain commonly. Adjustment of drug dose or withdrawal due to ADRs was necessary in 39% with PHT and 26% with PHB.


CONCLUSIONS
Though PHT and PHB are cheapest and efficacious among all, CBZ and VPA are less costly, effective and well tolerated drug for seizure control in context of Bangladesh.
Mansur
M
Habib
Sharif Uddin
SU
Khan
Azhahul
A
Hoque
Badrul Alam
BA
Mondal
A T M Hasibul
AT
Hasan
Rajib Nayan
RN
Chowdhury
Badrul
B
Haque
Kazi Mohibur
KM
Rahman
Ahmed Hossain
AH
Chowdhury
Swapon Kumar
SK
Ghose
Quazi Deen
QD
Mohammad
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001459:Bangladesh; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005632:Fructose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000091402:Prohibitins; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077236:Topiramate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004338:Drug Combinations; C000717328:PHB protein, human; D000091402:Prohibitins; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D010672:Phenytoin; D010634:Phenobarbital