Association between funding source, methodological quality and research outcomes in randomized controlled trials of synbiotics, probiotics and prebiotics added to infant formula: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
There is little or no information available on the impact of funding by the food industry on trial outcomes and methodological quality of synbiotics, probiotics and prebiotics research in infants. The objective of this study was to compare the methodological quality, outcomes of food industry sponsored trials versus non industry sponsored trials, with regards to supplementation of synbiotics, probiotics and prebiotics in infant formula.


METHODS
A comprehensive search was conducted to identify published and unpublished randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Cochrane methodology was used to assess the risk of bias of included RCTs in the following domains: 1) sequence generation; 2) allocation concealment; 3) blinding; 4) incomplete outcome data; 5) selective outcome reporting; and 6) other bias. Clinical outcomes and authors' conclusions were reported in frequencies and percentages. The association between source of funding, risk of bias, clinical outcomes and conclusions were assessed using Pearson's Chi-square test and the Fisher's exact test. A p-value < 0.05 was statistically significant.


RESULTS
Sixty seven completed and 3 on-going RCTs were included. Forty (59.7%) were funded by food industry, 11 (16.4%) by non-industry entities and 16 (23.9%) did not specify source of funding. Several risk of bias domains, especially sequence generation, allocation concealment and blinding, were not adequately reported. There was no significant association between the source of funding and sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding and selective reporting, majority of reported clinical outcomes or authors' conclusions. On the other hand, source of funding was significantly associated with the domains of incomplete outcome data, free of other bias domains as well as reported antibiotic use and conclusions on weight gain.


CONCLUSIONS
In RCTs on infants fed infant formula containing probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics, the source of funding did not influence the majority of outcomes in favour of the sponsors' products. More non-industry funded research is needed to further assess the impact of funding on methodological quality, reported clinical outcomes and authors' conclusions.
Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P,O Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. nkmugambi@hotmail.com.
Mary N
MN
Mugambi
Alfred
A
Musekiwa
Martani
M
Lombard
Taryn
T
Young
Reneé
R
Blaauw
D005381:Financing, Organized; D019649:Food Industry / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000009:adverse effects; D019936:Probiotics / Q000009:adverse effects; D017594:Publication Bias; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D012107:Research Design; D058616:Synbiotics / Q000009:adverse effects
D056692:Prebiotics