German translation of the Alberta Context Tool and two measures of research use: methods, challenges and lessons learned.
BACKGROUND
Understanding the relationship between organizational context and research utilization is key to reducing the research-practice gap in health care. This is particularly true in the residential long term care (LTC) setting where relatively little work has examined the influence of context on research implementation. Reliable, valid measures and tools are a prerequisite for studying organizational context and research utilization. Few such tools exist in German. We thus translated three such tools (the Alberta Context Tool and two measures of research use) into German for use in German residential LTC. We point out challenges and strategies for their solution unique to German residential LTC, and demonstrate how resolving specific challenges in the translation of the health care aide instrument version streamlined the translation process of versions for registered nurses, allied health providers, practice specialists, and managers.


METHODS
Our translation methods were based on best practices and included two independent forward translations, reconciliation of the forward translations, expert panel discussions, two independent back translations, reconciliation of the back translations, back translation review, and cognitive debriefing.


RESULTS
We categorized the challenges in this translation process into seven categories: (1) differing professional education of Canadian and German care providers, (2) risk that German translations would become grammatically complex, (3) wordings at risk of being misunderstood, (4) phrases/idioms non-existent in German, (5) lack of corresponding German words, (6) limited comprehensibility of corresponding German words, and (7) target persons' unfamiliarity with activities detailed in survey items. Examples of each challenge are described with strategies that we used to manage the challenge.


CONCLUSIONS
Translating an existing instrument is complex and time-consuming, but a rigorous approach is necessary to obtain instrument equivalence. Essential components were (1) involvement of and co-operation with the instrument developers and (2) expert panel discussions, including both target group and content experts. Equivalent translated instruments help researchers from different cultures to find a common language and undertake comparative research. As acceptable psychometric properties are a prerequisite for that, we are currently carrying out a study with that focus.
Network Aging Research (NAR), Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str, 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany. hoben@nar.uni-heidelberg.de.
Matthias
M
Hoben
Cornelia
C
Mahler
Marion
M
Bär
Sarah
S
Berger
Janet E
JE
Squires
Carole A
CA
Estabrooks
Johann
J
Behrens
D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014175:Translating; D014177:Translations