Indications and outcomes for 100 patients managed with a pectoralis major flap within a UK maxillofacial unit.
There are few studies reporting the role of the pedicled pectoralis major (PPM) flap in modern maxillofacial practice. The outcomes of 100 patients (102 flaps) managed between 1996 and 2012 in a UK maxillofacial unit that preferentially practices free tissue reconstruction are reported. The majority (88.2%) of PPM flaps were for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), stage IV (75.6%) disease, and there was substantial co-morbidity (47.0% American Society of Anesthesiologists 3 or 4). The PPM flap was the preferred reconstruction on 80.4% of occasions; 19.6% followed free flap failure. Over half of the patients (57%) had previously undergone major surgery and/or chemoradiotherapy. Ischaemic heart disease (P=0.028), diabetes mellitus (P=0.040), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection (P=0.013) were independently associated with flap loss (any degree). Free flap failure was independently associated with total (2.0%) and major (6.9%) partial flap loss (P=0.044). Cancer-specific 5-year survival for stage IV primary SCC and salvage surgery improved in the second half (2005-2012) of the study period (22.2% vs. 79.8%, P=0.002, and 0% vs. 55.7%, P=0.064, respectively). There were also declines in recurrent disease (P=0.008), MRSA (P<0.001), and duration of admission (P=0.014). The PPM flap retains a valuable role in the management of advanced disease combined with substantial co-morbidity, and following free flap failure.
Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK. Electronic address: chrisavery@doctors.org.uk.
C M E
CM
Avery
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
N
N
Gandhi
Department of Clinical Oncology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
D
D
Peel
Department of Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
C P
CP
Neal
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D064827:Myocutaneous Flap; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000637:transplantation*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
co-morbidity; complications; flap; mortality; oral cancer; pectoralis major; survival