Neuroendocrine tumours of the head and neck: anatomical, functional and molecular imaging and contemporary management.
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the head and neck are rare neoplasms and can be of epithelial or non-epithelial differentiation. Although the natural history of NETs is variable, it is crucial to establish an early diagnosis of these tumours as they can be potentially curable. Conventional anatomical imaging and functional imaging using radionuclide scintigraphy and positron emission tomography/computed tomography can be complementary for the diagnosis, staging and monitoring of treatment response. This article describes and illustrates the imaging features of head and neck NETs, discusses the potential future role of novel positron-emitting tracers that are emerging into clinical practice and reviews contemporary management of these tumours. Familiarity with the choice of imaging techniques and the variety of imaging patterns and treatment options should help guide radiologists in the management of this rare but important subgroup of head and neck neoplasms.
Department of Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
Navaraj
N
Subedi
Robin
R
Prestwich
Fahmid
F
Chowdhury
Chirag
C
Patel
Andrew
A
Scarsbrook
D015266:Carcinoma, Merkel Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D010235:Paraganglioma / Q000175:diagnosis; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed