Recent developments in assessment of long-term radionuclide behavior in the geosphere-biosphere subsystem.
Decisions on permitting, controlling and monitoring releases of radioactivity into the environment rely on a great variety of factors. Important among these is the prospective assessment of radionuclide behavior in the environment, including migration and accumulation among and within specific environmental media, and the resulting environmental and human health impacts. Models and techniques to undertake such assessments have been developed over several decades based on knowledge of the ecosystems involved, as well as monitoring of previous radionuclide releases to the environment, laboratory experiments and other related research. This paper presents developments in the assessment of radiation doses and related research for some of the key radionuclides identified as of potential significance in the context of releases to the biosphere from disposal facilities for solid radioactive waste. Since releases to the biosphere from disposal facilities involve transfers from the geosphere to the biosphere, an important aspect is the combined effects of surface hydrology, near-surface hydrogeology and chemical gradients on speciation and radionuclide mobility in the zone in which the geosphere and biosphere overlap (herein described as the geosphere-biosphere subsystem). In turn, these aspects of the environment can be modified as a result of environmental change over the thousands of years that have to be considered in radioactive waste disposal safety assessments. Building on the experience from improved understanding of the behavior of the key radionuclides, this paper proceeds to describe development of a generic methodology for representing the processes and environmental changes that are characteristic of the interface between the geosphere and the biosphere. The information that is provided and the methodology that is described are based on international collaborative work implemented through the BIOPROTA forum, www.bioprota.org.
GMS Abingdon Ltd., Abingdon, UK. Electronic address: gmsabingdon@btinternet.com.
G M
GM
Smith
RadEcol Consulting Ltd., Middletown, UK.
K L
KL
Smith
Radioactive Waste Management Directorate, Nuclear Decommissioning Authority, Harwell, UK.
R
R
Kowe
Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas, Spain.
D
D
Pérez-Sánchez
Mike Thorne and Associates Ltd., Bishop Auckland, UK.
M
M
Thorne
Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs, Paris, France.
Y
Y
Thiry
Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics., UK.
D
D
Read
Amphos21, Barcelona, Spain.
J
J
Molinero
D004777:Environment; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D011850:Radioactive Waste; D011868:Radioisotopes; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities
D011850:Radioactive Waste; D011868:Radioisotopes
Environmental change; Near-surface processes; Radioactive waste; Radionuclides