Role of FAAH-like anandamide transporter in anandamide inactivation.
The endocannabinoid system modulates numerous physiological processes including nociception and reproduction. Anandamide (AEA) is an endocannabinoid that is inactivated by cellular uptake followed by intracellular hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Recently, FAAH-like anandamide transporter (FLAT), a truncated and catalytically-inactive variant of FAAH, was proposed to function as an intracellular AEA carrier and mediate its delivery to FAAH for hydrolysis. Pharmacological inhibition of FLAT potentiated AEA signaling and produced antinociceptive effects. Given that endocannabinoids produce analgesia through central and peripheral mechanisms, the goal of the current work was to examine the expression of FLAT in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In contrast to the original report characterizing FLAT, expression of FLAT was not observed in any of the tissues examined. To investigate the role of FLAT as a putative AEA binding protein, FLAT was generated from FAAH using polymerase chain reaction and further analyzed. Despite its low cellular expression, FLAT displayed residual catalytic activity that was sensitive to FAAH inhibitors and abolished following mutation of its catalytic serine. Overexpression of FLAT potentiated AEA cellular uptake and this appeared to be dependent upon its catalytic activity. Immunofluorescence revealed that FLAT localizes primarily to intracellular membranes and does not contact the plasma membrane, suggesting that its capability to potentiate AEA uptake may stem from its enzymatic rather than transport activity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that FLAT does not serve as a global intracellular AEA carrier, although a role in mediating localized AEA inactivation in mammalian tissues cannot be ruled out.
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America.
Kwannok
K
Leung
Matthew W
MW
Elmes
Sherrye T
ST
Glaser
Dale G
DG
Deutsch
Martin
M
Kaczocha
D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000201:enzymology; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
D000581:Amidohydrolases; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases; C078814:anandamide