Birth by vacuum extraction delivery and school performance at 16 years of age.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to investigate cognitive competence, as indicated by school performance, at 16 years of age, in children delivered by vacuum extraction.


METHODS
This was a register study of a national cohort of 126,032 16 year olds born as singletons, with a vertex presentation, at a gestational age of 34 weeks or older, with Swedish-born parents, delivered between 1990 and 1993 without major congenital malformations. Linear regression was used to analyze mode of delivery in relation to mean scores from national tests in mathematics (40.2; scale, 10-75; SD, 14.9) and mean average grades (223.8; scale, 10-320; SD, 52.3), with adjustment for perinatal and sociodemographic confounders.


RESULTS
Children delivered by vacuum extraction (-0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.76 to 0.26) as well as by nonplanned cesarean section (-0.51; 95% CI, -0.82 to -0.20) had slightly lower mean mathematics test scores than children born vaginally without instruments, after adjustment for major confounders. Mean average grades in children delivered by vacuum extraction were -1.05 (95% CI, -1.87 to -0.23) and -1.20 (95% CI,-2.24 to -0.16) in children delivered by nonplanned cesarean section compared with children born vaginally.


CONCLUSIONS
Children delivered by vacuum extraction had slightly lower grades at age 16 years compared with those born by noninstrumental vaginal delivery but very similar to those delivered by nonplanned cesarean. This suggests that vacuum extraction and nonplanned cesarean are equivalent alternatives for terminating deliveries with respect to cognitive outcomes.
Division of Reproductive Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: mia.ahlberg@ki.se.
Mia
M
Ahlberg
Division of Reproductive Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Cecilia
C
Ekéus
Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, and the Center for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm, Sweden.
Anders
A
Hjern
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D012042:Registries; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
cesarean section; cognitive development; mode of delivery; school grades; vacuum extraction