Endogenous gas formation of carbon dioxide used for wound flooding--an experimental study with implications regarding gas microembolism during cardiopulmonary bypass.
BACKGROUND
Gas microembolisation is an identified risk in cardiac surgery. Flooding the wound with carbon dioxide is a method proposed to reduce this problem. The high solubility of carbon dioxide is beneficial, but may also cause problems. The gas solubility diminishes at warming and endogenous bubbles are formed when cold blood saturated with carbon dioxide is returned by cardiotomy suction.


METHODS
The release of endogenous gas was measured at high resolution in an experimental digital model. A medium (water or blood) was incubated and equilibrated with gas (100% carbon dioxide or air) at a low temperature (10 °C or 23 °C). The temperature was increased to 37 °C and the gas release was measured, at rest and at fluid motion.


RESULTS
The amount of carbon dioxide released at warming was substantial for both water and blood (both p=0.005). The effect was more pronounced when the temperature differential increased (p=0.005). However, blood and water differed in these terms: with water, the release of carbon-dioxide started instantly at warming; with blood, carbon dioxide remained dissolved and was released at fluid motion. When blood was warmed from 10 °C to 37 °C, the gas release corresponded to 44.4% (40.6/46.5) of the medium volume (median with quartile range).


CONCLUSIONS
Gas dissolved in a medium becomes released at warming, as confirmed here. Blood exposed to carbon dioxide became heavily oversaturated at warming, with the gas instantly released at fluid motion. The amount of contained gas increased with a higher temperature differential. Our study has relevance to wound flushing, using carbon dioxide, in cardiac surgery. The clinical consequences of these findings remain to be answered.
Heart Centre, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Sweden.
L
L
Lindholm
K G
KG
Engström
D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
D002245:Carbon Dioxide
carbon dioxide; cardiopulmonary bypass; gas embolization; gas solubility; temperature; wound flooding