Effect of gender on outcomes following radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a critical analysis of 1,994 patients.
OBJECTIVE
The oncological basis behind the observation that females experience worse outcomes following radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is unclear. This study was aimed at examining the sole effect of gender on postcystectomy UCB outcomes and identifying potential factors that may explain the poor prognosis in females using a balanced case-control approach.


METHODS
A review of 2,567 patients with UCB who underwent radical cystectomy identified 414 females ("cases") who were matched 1:1 for demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics with 414 male counterparts ("controls"). Cases were also compared with an independent male UCB cohort (n = 1,166). Differences between females vs. matched control and independent male patients with UCB were analyzed. Recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival were compared by univariable and multivariable Cox regression models.


RESULTS
Median follow-up for cases, controls, and independent control cohort was 12.2, 8.6, and 13.5 years, respectively. Females were matched to male controls for tumor and nodal stages (P = 1.00), lymphovascular invasion and surgical margin status, age, prior intravesical treatment, and neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy administration (P = 0.61-1.00). Cases were also balanced with controls for grade, p53 status, nodal yield, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, presence of hydronephrosis, and times to diagnosis and cystectomy (P ≥ 0.14). When thus matched, outcomes between females and males were not different (P ≥ 0.34). However, when compared with an independent unmatched male control cohort, females had significantly poorer outcomes (P ≤ 0.006). In this comparison, females presented with higher tumor (P<0.001) and nodal (P = 0.049) stages and a lesser proportion received precystectomy intravesical therapy (P = 0.032).


CONCLUSIONS
Females have similar UCB outcomes to males when matched for demographic, clinicopathologic, and management characteristics. However, they present with more advanced tumors, thus explaining the observation of poor outcomes.
Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
Anirban P
AP
Mitra
Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Eila C
EC
Skinner
Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA.
Anne K
AK
Schuckman
Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA.
David I
DI
Quinn
Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA.
Tanya B
TB
Dorff
Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address: daneshma@usc.edu.
Siamak
S
Daneshmand
D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*
Bladder cancer; Case-control studies; Female; Prognosis