Publicly funded remuneration for the administration of injections by pharmacists: An international review.
BACKGROUND
The administration of injections has become an increasingly common addition to pharmacists' scope of practice. Four Canadian provinces, all US states and a number of other countries have regulations allowing pharmacists to administer injections. However, the extent to which such services are remunerated is unknown.


METHODS
We contacted regulatory and advocacy organizations within those jurisdictions where pharmacists are authorized to administer injections to identify publicly funded programs that pay pharmacists for these services, as well as details of the eligible drugs/vaccines. Patient or private insurer payment programs were excluded.


RESULTS
Of the 281 organizations we contact-ed, 104 provided information on a total of 34 pharmacist vaccination programs throughout Canada, the United States, England, Wales and Ireland. Converted to 2013 Canadian dollars, remuneration averages $13.12 (SD $4.63) per injection (range, $4.14-$21.21). All regions allow pharmacists to bill for administration of the influenza vaccine, while some states allow for a number of other vaccines. Alberta has the broadest range of injections eligible for remuneration.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite evidence of increased vaccination rates in areas allowing pharmacist administration of injections, the availability of publicly funded remuneration programs and the fee offered vary by more than 5-fold across North America and the United Kingdom.


CONCLUSIONS
Pharmacist-administered injections have great public health potential. The range of injections eligible for remuneration should be expanded to include a wide range of vaccines and other injectable drugs, and remuneration should be sufficient to encourage more pharmacists to provide this service.
EPICORE Centre/COMPRIS (Houle, Tsuyuki), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
Sherilyn K D
SK
Houle
Kelly A
KA
Grindrod
Trish
T
Chatterley
Ross T
RT
Tsuyuki