title: Immunosuppression and monitoring of rejection in hand transplantation.
abstract: Advances in vascularized composite allotransplantation over the last decade have achieved significant milestones in basic science and translational research, as well as clinically with highly encouraging functional and immunologic outcomes. However, certain immunologic challenges remain. In particular, although tolerance has been induced to nearly all components of a hand allograft in experimental models, the skin component may still be subject to acute rejection episodes. Currently, conventional immunosuppressive protocols have been successful at preventing allograft loss; however, they have not prevented episodes of acute skin rejection. Furthermore, the profound side effect profile of the life-long, high-dose, multidrug immunosuppression regimen that is necessary to maintain a viable graft alters the risk to benefit ratio of this non-life-saving procedure. Therefore, there must be a concerted effort in the scientific community to develop novel protocols to either minimize immunosuppression or to induce tolerance to the allograft to promote the widespread application of this life-changing procedure.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD †Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneeberger
authors.forename: Saami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khalifian
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brandacher
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D063987:Hand Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance