title: Effects of Selective iNOS Inhibitor on Spatial Memory in Recovered and Non-Recovered Ketamine Induced Anesthesia.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to be involved in spatial learning and memory in several brain areas such as hippocampus. This study examined the effects of post-training intrahippocampal microinjections of 1400W as a selective iNOS inhibitor on spatial memory, in anesthetized and non-anesthetized situations in rats. In the present work, 4-day training trials of animals were conducted. Spatial memory was tested 48 hours after the drug infusions. For microinjection of 1400W into CA1 region of the hippocampus in conscious animals, guide cannula was implanted into the CA1 area and 1400W was infused after recovery from surgical anesthesia. In anesthetized animals, 1400W was microinjected directly into CA1 region by Hamilton syringe during anesthesia. After completion of training, 1400W (10, 50 and 100 μM/side) were microinjected bilaterally (1 μL/side) and testing trials were performed 48 h after drug infusions in both groups of cannulated and non-cannulated rats. Significant reduction was observed in escape latency and traveled distance in animals that received 1400W (100 μM/side, *p < 0.05) via cannula after recovery in comparison with control group. Also, microinjection of 1400W (100 μM/side) in post recovery phase caused a significant (***p < 0.001) reduction in time and distance of finding the hidden platform in comparison with anesthetized situation. These findings suggest that 1400W has a significant improvement on spatial memory and memory enhancement induced by iNOS inhibitor can be affected by anesthesia in a period of time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.
authors.forename: Kaveh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabrizian
authors.forename: Sheyda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belaran
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hosseini-Sharifabad
authors.forename: Kian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Azami
authors.forename: Maliheh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soodi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazemi
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kebriaeezadeh
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifzadeh
keywords: Anesthesia; CA1 region; Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Morris water maze; Protein kinase; Spatial memory