title: Sun exposure causes somatic second-hit mutations and angiofibroma development in tuberous sclerosis complex.
abstract: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is characterized by the formation of tumors in multiple organs and is caused by germline mutation in one of two tumor suppressor genes, TSC1 and TSC2. As for other tumor suppressor gene syndromes, the mechanism of somatic second-hit events in TSC tumors is unknown. We grew fibroblast-like cells from 29 TSC skin tumors from 22 TSC subjects and identified germline and second-hit mutations in TSC1/TSC2 using next-generation sequencing. Eighteen of 22 (82%) subjects had a mutation identified, and 8 of the 18 (44%) subjects were mosaic with mutant allele frequencies of 0 to 19% in normal tissue DNA. Multiple tumors were available from four patients, and in each case, second-hit mutations in TSC2 were distinct indicating they arose independently. Most remarkably, 7 (50%) of the 14 somatic point mutations were CC>TT ultraviolet 'signature' mutations, never seen as a TSC germline mutation. These occurred exclusively in facial angiofibroma tumors from sun-exposed sites. These results implicate UV-induced DNA damage as a cause of second-hit mutations and development of TSC facial angiofibromas and suggest that measures to limit UV exposure in TSC children and adults should reduce the frequency and severity of these lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Magdalena E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tyburczy
authors.forename: Ji-An
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shaowei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thangapazham
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chekaluk
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowski
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Darling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018322:Angiofibroma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005153:Facial Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; C000624650:TSC1 protein, human; C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins