title: Recent insights into non-nuclear actions of estrogen receptor alpha.
abstract: Estrogen receptors (ER) classically function as transcription factors regulating gene expression. More recently, evidence has continued to accumulate that ER additionally serve numerous important functions remote from the nucleus in a variety of cell types, particularly in non-reproductive tissues. The identification of post-translational modifications of ERα and protein-protein interactions with the receptor that are critical to its non-nuclear functions has afforded opportunities to gain greater insights into these novel non-genomic roles of the receptor. The development of a stable ligand that selectively activates non-nuclear ER has also been invaluable. In this review focused on ERα, recent new understanding of the processes underlying non-nuclear ER action and their in vivo consequences will be discussed. Further research into the non-nuclear capacities by which ER modulate cellular behavior is essential to ultimately harnessing these processes for therapeutic gain in numerous disease contexts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA.
authors.forename: Subhashis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA.
authors.forename: Ken L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chambliss
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA.
authors.forename: Chieko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mineo
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA. Electronic address: Philip.shaul@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Shaul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C506487:ESR1 protein, human; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen
keywords: Bone mineralization; Caveolae; Endothelium; Estrogen receptor; Nitric oxide synthase; Vascular smooth muscle