title: Intranasal clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare anxiolysis produced by intranasal clonidine with intranasal midazolam as premedication in children undergoing surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind randomized controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary-care hospital, July 2009 to June 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II surgical patients aged 1-10 yr.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants randomly allocated to receive either intranasal clonidine 4 mcg/kg (Group I) with atropine or intranasal midazolam 0.3 mg/kg (Group II).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary: satisfactory anxiolysis at 30 min after drug administration. Secondary: satisfactory mask acceptance, times of onset of sedation and anxiolysis, drug acceptance, level of sedation, wake-up score and side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All children achieved satisfactory anxiolysis at 30 min. Group I fared significantly better than GroupII on mask acceptance (100% in Group I vs. 80% in Group II; P=0.024), drug acceptance (93% vs. 13%; P<0.001) and proportion of patients with satisfactory wake up scores (100% vs. 53%; P<0.001). Group II patients had significantly faster onset of sedation (median 10 min vs. 15 min; P<0.05) but not that of anxiolysis compared to Group-I (median 10 min for both groups; P>0.05). Side effects were significantly more frequent in Group II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though intranasal midazolam produced faster sedation, both the drugs produced satisfactory anxiolysis at 30 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India. Correspondence: Dr Sukanya Mitra, 203-B, New Type-V Flats, Sector 24-A, Chandigarh 160023, India. drsmitra12@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sukanya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kazal
authors.forename: Lakesh K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Anand
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011292:Premedication / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D003000:Clonidine; D008874:Midazolam