title: Pharmacological and dietary prevention for colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. People at higher risk are those individuals with a family history of CRC and familial adenomatous polyposis. Prevention and screening are two milestones for this disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the chemopreventive role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, some micronutrients (folic acid, calcium, selenium, antioxidants) and probiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies on aspiring reported promising results, but it is debatable whether aspirin should be used as chemoprevention, because of its side effects and because of poor efficacy evident in subjects at high risk. Similar results were reported for other non-aspirin NSAIDs, such as sulindac and celecoxib, which the potential adverse effects limit their use. Selenium role in prevention of various types of cancer as well as in colon adenomas are often inconclusive or controversial. Several studies suggested that calcium may have a possible chemopreventive effect on colon adenomas and CRC, although contrasting results are reported for the latter. A recent meta-analysis including 13 randomized trial suggested that folic acid supplementation had not a chemiopreventive action on CRC. Several studies investigated the association between antioxidants, administered alone or in combination, and CRC risk, both among general and at risk population, but only few of them supported statistically significant results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this literature review showed an unclear role in CRC prevention of both pharmacological and dietary intervention. Despite several options are available to prevent colon cancer, it is challenging to identify a correct strategy to prevent CRC through pharmacological and dietary intervention due to the long latency of cancer promotion and development. Since some of the drugs investigated may have uncertain individual effects, it can be suggested to potentiate such effects by adding them together.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nolfo
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rametta
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marventano
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mistretta
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drago
authors.forename: Santi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gangi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biondi
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D018977:Micronutrients; D005492:Folic Acid; D001241:Aspirin; D002118:Calcium