title: Comparison thoracic epidural and intercostal block to improve ventilation parameters and reduce pain in patients with multiple rib fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chest wall blunt trauma causes multiple rib fractures and will often be associated with significant pain and may compromise ventilator mechanics. Analgesia has great roll in rib fracture therapies, opioid are useful, but when used as sole agent may require such high dose that they produce respiratory depression, especially in elderly .the best analgesia for a severe chest wall injury is a continuous epidural infusion of local anesthetic. This provides complete analgesia allowing inspiration and coughing without of the risk of respiratory depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  sixty adult patients who with multiple rib fractures were enrolled in this study. They were divided into Group A or thoracic epidural with bupivacaine 0.125 % +1mg/5ml morphine and group B or intercostal block with 0.25% bupivacaine. The patients were assessed through ICU and hospital stay length, ventilation function tests. Pain score among the patients was measured with verbal rating scale, before and after administration of the analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant improvement in ventilatory function tests during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days after epidural analgesia compared with the intercostal block (P < 0.004). Changes in the visual Analogue Scale were associated with marked improvement regarding pain at rest and pain caused by coughing and deep breathing in group A compared group B... ICU and hospital stay markedly reduced in Group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  thoracic epidural analgesia is superior to intercostals block regarding pain relief of rib fractures. Patients who received epidural analgesia had significantly lower pain scores at all studied times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahryar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashemzadeh
authors.forename: Khosrov
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashemzadeh
authors.forename: Hamzeh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hosseinzadeh
authors.forename: Raheleh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aligholipour Maleki
authors.forename: Samad E J
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Golzari
authors.forename: Samad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golzari
keywords: Intercostals Block; Rib fractures; Thoracic epidural