title: Epicardial ablation for cardiac arrhythmias: techniques, indications and results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the most relevant published data on epicardial ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in the last few years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several studies performing epicardial and endocardial ablation have demonstrated that epicardial ablation may improve the results of ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation in almost all cardiomyopathies. New imaging techniques have been recently applied, refining the identification of patients who actually benefit from epicardial ablation and increasing its safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epicardial VT ablation is an important tool for electrophysiologists to deal with the challenge of scar-related ventricular arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia Clinical Unit, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiano F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.forename: Sissy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scanavacca
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D056149:Epicardial Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010496:Pericardium; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome