title: Gliquidone decreases urinary protein by promoting tubular reabsorption in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats.
abstract: The efficacy of gliquidone for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy was investigated by implanting micro-osmotic pumps containing gliquidone into the abdominal cavities of Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with diabetic nephropathy. Blood glucose, 24 h urinary protein, and 24 h urinary albumin levels were measured weekly. After 4 weeks of gliquidone therapy, pathological changes in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were examined using an electron microscope. Real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect glomerular expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) (AGER), protein kinase C β (PKCβ), and protein kinase A (PKA) as well as tubular expression of the albumin reabsorption-associated proteins: megalin and cubilin. Human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) were used to analyze the effects of gliquidone and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the expression of megalin and cubilin and on the absorption of albumin. Gliquidone lowered blood glucose, 24 h urinary protein, and 24 h urinary albumin levels in GK rats with diabetic nephropathy. The level of plasma C-peptide increased markedly and GBM and podocyte lesions improved dramatically after gliquidone treatment. Glomerular expression of RAGE and PKCβ decreased after gliquidone treatment, while PKA expression increased. AGEs markedly suppressed the expression of megalin and cubulin and the absorption of albumin in HK-2 cells in vitro, whereas the expression of megalin and cubilin and the absorption of albumin were all increased in these cells after gliquidone treatment. In conclusion, gliquidone treatment effectively reduced urinary protein in GK rats with diabetic nephropathy by improving glomerular lesions and promoting tubular reabsorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, People's Republic of China Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ting
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Mi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shi-Qing
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wen-Jian
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Lan-yun
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jin-Ning
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C010969:gliquidone
keywords: diabetic nephropathy; gliquidone; mechanism; proteinuria