title: Cynicism in hospital staff nurses: the effect of intention to leave and job change over time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether cynicism changes over time as a function of job change for nurses with high and low intentions to leave.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cynicism develops in reaction to organisational events including leaders' actions and can result in costly passive withdrawal behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital staff nurses (n = 436) completed a survey assessing their intentions to leave the job and cynicism and then completed follow-up surveys assessing cynicism and job change 1 or 2 years later. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to examine the effect of the interaction between intention to leave, job change and time on cynicism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses who left their hospital and nurses with high initial intention to leave who changed jobs within their hospital reported declining levels of cynicism over 2 years. Cynicism increased for nurses with low intention to leave who remained at the same job and for those who experienced an internal job change despite low intention to leave.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For those who desire it, an internal job change may allow for a recalibration of cynicism and increase employee engagement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To attenuate cynicism, hospital leaders need to act and communicate with integrity and be cautious not to arbitrarily change the jobs of nurses with low intention to leave.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mantler
authors.affiliation: Nursing Health Services Research Unit, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Nova Scotia Centre on Aging, Mount St Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Sheila J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.affiliation: Office of the Vice-President, Research, University of Saskatchewan and Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Martha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Horsburgh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D009864:Ontario; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010563:Personnel Turnover; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012525:Saskatchewan; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: employee cynicism; hierarchical linear modelling; job change; longitudinal study; nurse turnover