title: The evaluation of adenoid hypertrophy and obstruction grading based on rhinomanometry after nasal decongestant test in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a very common problem in children. Nasal Fiberoptic Endoscopy (NFE) represents the gold standard method to diagnose AH. Rhinomanometry represents a valid diagnostic support. The aim of our study was to analyze the grade of nasal obstruction caused by AH, in a group of children, with rhinomanometry standard and after ND test versus NFE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and eighty-four of 300 collaborative children, diagnosed as chronic oral breathers, were enrolled. All children underwent a complete physical examination, anterior active rhinomanometry and a second rhinomanometry after the administration of the nasal decongestant (ND) xylometazoline. All children were evaluated using Nasal Fiberoptic Endoscopy (NFE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At rhinomanometry nasal obstrucion was found of grade 1 in 102 (35.9%) children, of grade 2 in 41 (14.4%), of grade 3 in 52 (18.3%), of grade 4 in 37 (13%) and of grade 5 in 52 (18.3%). Those patients were tested also with rhinomanometry after ND: grade 1 in 108 (38%) children, grade 2 in 52 (18.3%), grade 3 in 56 (19.7%), grade 4 in 23 (8.1%) and grade 5 in 45 (15.8%). At NFE: 83 (29.2%) patients presented a grade 0, 73 (28.7%) a grade 1, 51 (17.9%), 34 (11.9%) a grade 3 and 43 (15.1%) a grade 4. Comparing the grade of nasal obstruction in NFE and in RM after ND we found a great correlation for grade 1 and grade 5 (respectively 84.3% and 79,1%, p < 0.001) and low correlation for the others grades of obstruction. When compared to NFE, rhinomanometry test after ND had 81.1% sensitivity and 84.3% specificity. Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were derived using data related to rhinomanometry vs NFE, and to Rhinomanometry after ND vs NFE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhinomanometry after ND, compared to rmhinomanometry, is more specific and useful to evaluate nasal obstruction due to AH in children. RM after ND is a great tool to assess the severity of nasal obstruction. In fact, the minimum and maximum degrees of obstruction to the RM after ND correlate significantly (p < 0.01) with those of NFE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Immunology Division, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. annamaria.zicari@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zicari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rugiano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ragusa
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Savastano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vittori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duse
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007093:Imidazoles; D008297:Male; D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D025363:Rhinomanometry / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D014663:Nasal Decongestants; C009695:xylometazoline