title: Dietary vitamin D intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition: the EPIC-InterAct study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prospective cohort studies have indicated that serum vitamin D levels are inversely related to risk of type 2 diabetes. However, such studies cannot determine the source of vitamin D. Therefore, we examined the association of dietary vitamin D intake with incident type 2 diabetes within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct study in a heterogeneous European population including eight countries with large geographical variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a case-cohort design, 11,245 incident cases of type 2 diabetes and a representative subcohort (N=15,798) were included in the analyses. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for type 2 diabetes were calculated using a Prentice-weighted Cox regression adjusted for potential confounders. Twenty-four-hour diet-recall data from a subsample (N=2347) were used to calibrate habitual intake data derived from dietary questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up time was 10.8 years. Dietary vitamin D intake was not significantly associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. HR and 95% CIs for the highest compared to the lowest quintile of uncalibrated vitamin D intake was 1.09 (0.97-1.22) (Ptrend=0.17). No associations were observed in a sex-specific analysis. The overall pooled effect (HR (95% CI)) using the continuous calibrated variable was 1.00 (0.97-1.03) per increase of 1 μg/day dietary vitamin D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This observational study does not support an association between higher dietary vitamin D intake and type 2 diabetes incidence. This result has to be interpreted in light of the limited contribution of dietary vitamin D on the overall vitamin D status of a person.
authors.affiliation: 1] German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany [2] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: 1] Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France [2] Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
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authors.affiliation: German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: R
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authors.affiliation: University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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authors.lastname: Slimani
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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authors.forename: A M W
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authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
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authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
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authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
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mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D