title: Behaviorally inhibited individuals demonstrate significantly enhanced conditioned response acquisition under non-optimal learning conditions.
abstract: Behavioral inhibition (BI) is an anxiety vulnerability factor associated with hypervigilance to novel stimuli, threat, and ambiguous cues. The progression from anxiety risk to a clinical disorder is unknown, although the acquisition of defensive learning and avoidance may be a critical feature. As the expression of avoidance is also central to anxiety development, the present study examined avoidance acquisition as a function of inhibited temperament using classical eyeblink conditioning. Individuals were classified as behaviorally inhibited (BI) or non-inhibited (NI) based on combined scores from the Adult and Retrospective Measures of Behavioural Inhibition (AMBI and RMBI, respectively). Acquisition was assessed using delay, omission, or yoked conditioning schedules of reinforcement. Omission training was identical to delay, except that the emission of an eyeblink conditioned response (CR) resulted in omission of the unconditioned airpuff stimulus (US) on that trial. Each subject in the yoked group was matched on total BI score to a subject in the omission group, and received the same schedule of CS and US delivery, resulting in a partial reinforcement training schedule. Delay conditioning elicited significantly more CRs compared to the omission and yoked contingencies, the latter two of which did not differ from each other. Thus, acquisition of an avoidance response was not apparent. BI individuals demonstrated enhanced acquisition overall, while partial reinforcement training significantly distinguished between BI and NI groups. Enhanced learning in BI may be a function of an increased defensive learning capacity, or sensitivity to uncertainty. Further work examining the influence of BI on learning acquisition is important for understanding individual differences in disorder etiology in anxiety vulnerable cohorts.
authors.affiliation: UMDNJ-GSBS, Newark, NJ, USA; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, NJMS-UMDNJ, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.affiliation: Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, NJMS-UMDNJ, Newark, NJ, USA; University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, NJMS-UMDNJ, Newark, NJ, USA; Neurobehavioral Res. Lab. (129), DVA Med. Center, NJHCS, East Orange, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: UMDNJ-GSBS, Newark, NJ, USA; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, NJMS-UMDNJ, Newark, NJ, USA; Neurobehavioral Res. Lab. (129), DVA Med. Center, NJHCS, East Orange, NJ, USA. Electronic address: Richard.servatius@va.gov.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Servatius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D003215:Conditioning, Eyelid / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011594:Psychometrics; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D058067:Wavelet Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Classical conditioning; Predictability; Temperament