title: Barriers in participant recruitment of diverse ethnicities in the state of Kuwait.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High rejection rates of subject recruitments for research studies have been reported in immigrants in many countries. However, the barriers in recruiting members of the expatriate population in Kuwait have not yet been investigated. This study was therefore designed to identify barriers in recruiting expatriates for research studies in the state of Kuwait.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on expatriate subject's aged 18 years and older living in Kuwait. Difference between groups of continuous independent variables was analyzed using the t-test. Different categories such as ethnicity and gender were compared using the chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3460 (85.1%) participants were recruited and 617 (14.2%) refused to participate in the study while 2530 (38%) calls were unreachable from the total of 6607 calls placed. Younger subjects (mean age 41.1 years) were more hesitant to be part of the study compared to older participants. The rejections among South Asians was (41.8%), Arabs (32.6%), Southeast Asians (18.9%) while the others (6.6%) category was least to refuse among all the nationalities. Gender was not significantly associated with refusal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an acute lack of appropriate recording of the problems faced while recruiting the participants. The findings suggest important messages for the decision makers in the area of expatriate recruitments, to understand the challenge and design new strategies to overcome the problem of recruitment in the state of Kuwait for research studies.
authors.affiliation: Dasman Diabetes Institute, P,O, Box 1180, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait. nelkum@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sufia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tariq
authors.forename: Catharine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elkum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection; D035842:Research Subjects; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult