title: Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations.
abstract: This article aims to provide a more complete description of the violence between parents experienced by children than is usual in research and to suggest the practicality and importance of doing so. It presents results on the percent of parents in each of three Dyadic Types: Father-Only (the father assaulted the mother and the mother did not assault), Mother-Only (mother assaulted and the father did not assault), and Both-Assault; and on differences between these three types in the chronicity and severity of assaults. Questionnaires were completed by convenience samples of university students in 15 nations (N=11,408). Violence between parents was measured by the short form of the Conflict Tactics Scales. Fourteen percent of the students reported one or more instances of physical violence between their parents, including 6% who reported a severe assault. Cross classification of assaults by the father and the mother to identify Dyadic Types found 25% Father-Only, 22% Mother-Only, and 52% Both-Assaulted. The percentage in each Dyadic Type based on reports by male or female students were similar. They were also consistent with percentages found by previous studies identifying the Dyadic Types of violent couples. In respect to chronicity, when violence between parents occurred, in 82% of the cases, it occurred more than once. Research on children experiencing violence between parents, and prevention and treatment of inter-parental violence, are likely to be enhanced if it takes into account that Both-Violent is the most frequent pattern to which children are exposed and that Mother-Only is about as frequent as Father-Only. Consideration of the severity, and chronicity, of the inter-parental violence needs to replace simply classifying parents as violent. Achieving this is possible using instruments which take only three to five minutes and which can be completed by only one of the parents or by the child.
authors.affiliation: Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Straus
authors.affiliation: Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Yahayra
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Michel-Smith
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D009035:Mothers; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D014754:Violence
keywords: Aggression; Children; Domestic violence; Dyadic types; Fathers; Mothers; Violence; Witnessing violence