title: Women pioneers in basal ganglia surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stereotactic functional neurosurgery on basal ganglia has a long history and the pioneers are mostly men. We aimed at finding out if there were women who have contributed pioneering work in this field.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched to identify women who have been first to publish innovative papers related to human basal ganglia surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six women fulfilling our criteria were found: Marion Smith, a British neuropathologist, made unique observations on stereotactic lesions of basal ganglia and thalamus on autopsied brains, and the lesions' relation to the reported clinical outcome. Natalia Bechtereva, a Russian neurophysiologist, pioneered the technique of therapeutic chronic deep brain stimulation to treat various brain disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Denise Albe-Fessard, a French neurophysiologist, pioneered the technique of microelectrode recording (MER) in stereotactic functional neurosurgery. Gunvor Kullberg, a Swedish neurosurgeon, contributed in early CT imaging as well as early functional imaging of stereotactic lesions in PD and psychiatric patients. Hilda Molina, a Cuban neurosurgeon, established the Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica (CIREN) and pioneered there MER-guided transplant surgery in PD patients. Veerle Vandewalle, a Belgian neurosurgeon, pioneered in 1999 deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Tourette Syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although men constitute the great majority of neurosurgeons, neurologists and other neuro-specialists who have made groundbreaking contributions in basal ganglia surgery, there are women who have made equally important and unique contributions to the field. The principal two techniques used today in functional stereotactic neurosurgery, MER and DBS, have once upon a time been pioneered by women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Occupational Therapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gun-Marie
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hariz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehncrona
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patric
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blomstedt
authors.affiliation: UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Limousin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK. Electronic address: m.hariz@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Marwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hariz
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history*
keywords: Basal ganglia; Deep brain stimulation; Functional stereotactic neurosurgery; History; Microelectrode recording; Thalamotomy