title: Dual intraventricular plus systemic antibiotic therapy for the treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ventriculitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K pneumoniae ventriculitis successfully treated with dual intraventricular plus systemic antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 43-year-old woman with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was transferred from a nursing home with fever, altered mental status, and leukocytosis. She was found to have KPC-producing K pneumoniae ventriculitis. Combination intraventricular antibiotic therapy with colistin and gentamicin plus systemic colistin and amikacin led to the resolution of infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Utilization of intraventricular or intrathecal antibiotics has been described in the literature for multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative central nervous system (CNS) infections; however, none of the cases were caused by a KPC-producing organism. Given the pathogenicity and limited treatment options for this resistant organism, we utilized intraventricular colistin 10 mg and intraventricular gentamicin 10 mg in combination with systemic colistin and amikacin. An extensive literature search revealed several case reports and case series of documented MDR Acinetobacter baumanii CNS infections successfully treated with intraventricular colistin or aminoglycoside therapy with good tolerability. Additionally, recent pharmacokinetic analyses suggest improved cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations with direct CNS antimicrobial administration in combination with systemic therapy. Although our patient's cerebral spinal fluid cultures were cleared with dual intraventricular plus systemic therapy, she continued to deteriorate clinically because of her comorbid conditions and required hospice admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This describes the first reported case of KPC-producing K pneumoniae ventriculitis microbiologically cured based on negative blood and CSF cultures with a combination of intraventricular and systemic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Alexian Brothers Medical Center, Elk Grove Village, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nevrekar
authors.forename: Kathleen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Kasey M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Greathouse
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Panos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000583:Amikacin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D058565:Cerebral Ventriculitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003091:Colistin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D057967:Infusions, Intraventricular; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae; D001618:beta-Lactamases
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005839:Gentamicins; D000583:Amikacin; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase; D003091:Colistin
keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC); intraventricular antimicrobials; ventriculitis