title: Cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder: follow-up findings and predictors of outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding posits deficits in information processing, maladaptive beliefs about and attachments to possessions that provoke distress and avoidance, and positive emotional responses to saving and acquiring that reinforce these behaviors. A 26-session individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) based on this model showed significant reductions in hoarding symptoms and large effect sizes (Steketee et al.([1])).
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study presents findings at follow-up (up to 12 months), as well as predictors of outcome at posttreatment (n = 37) and follow-up (n = 31).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements at post-treatment were sustained at follow-up with large effects, and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) ratings by clinicians and patients at follow-up indicated that 62 and 79% of patients were rated "much improved" or "very much improved," respectively. The most prevalent patterns of outcome were improvement followed by stable gains or little improvement across all time points. Pretreatment severity of hoarding, overall clinical status, gender, perfectionism, and social anxiety were all associated with worse outcome. Only perfectionism and gender emerged as significant predictors after controlling for initial hoarding severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest general stability of individual CBT outcomes for hoarding and indicated that gender, perfectionism, and social anxiety may affect outcomes. More research on larger samples is needed to direct efforts to improve treatment for hoarding.
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Social Work, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jordana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muroff
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steketee
authors.forename: Randy O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Tolin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D000067836:Hoarding Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: compulsive hoarding; follow-up outcome; hoarding disorder; perfectionism; predictors of outcome