title: Transient increase of interferon-stimulated genes and no clinical benefit by chloroquine treatment during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaques.
abstract: Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection leads to AIDS in experimentally infected Rhesus macaques similarly to HIV-infected humans. In contrast, SIV infection of natural hosts is characterized by a down-regulation of innate acute responses to the virus within a few weeks of infection and results in limited pathology. Chloroquine (CQ) has been used in the treatment or prevention of malaria and has recently been shown to cause a decrease of immune activation and CD4 cell loss in HIV-infected individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy. Here, we treated Rhesus macaques with CQ during the acute phase of SIVmac251 infection with the intent to decrease viral-induced immune activation and possibly limit disease progression. Contrary to what was expected, CQ treatment resulted in a temporary increased expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulating genes and it worsened the recovery of CD4(+) T cells in the blood. Our findings confirm recent results observed in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients and suggest that CQ does not provide an obvious benefit in the absence of antiretroviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: 1 Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, NCI , NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaccari
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fenizia
authors.forename: Zhong-Min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hryniewicz
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boasso
authors.forename: Melvin N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Doster
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lindegardh
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tarning
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Landay
authors.forename: Gene M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: Genoveffa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franchini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D002738:Chloroquine