title: Transesophageal echocardiography simulation is an effective tool in teaching psychomotor skills to novice echocardiographers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Performance of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) requires the psychomotor ability to obtain interpretable echocardiographic images. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a simulation-based curriculum in which a TEE simulator is used to teach the psychomotor skills to novice echocardiographers and to compare instructor-guided with self-directed online delivery of the curriculum.
  
  
  METHODS
  After institutional review board approval, subjects inexperienced in TEE completed an online review of TEE material prior to a baseline pre-test of TEE psychomotor skills using the simulator. Subjects were randomized to two groups. The first group received an instructor-guided lesson of TEE psychomotor skills with the simulator. The second group received a self-directed slide presentation of TEE psychomotor skills with the simulator. Both lessons delivered identical information. Following their respective training sessions, all subjects performed a post-test of their TEE psychomotor skills using the simulator. Two assessors rated the TEE performances using a validated scoring system for acquisition of images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-test TEE simulator scores were similar between the two instruction groups (9.0 vs 5.0; P = 0.28). The scores in both groups improved significantly following training, regardless of the method of instruction (P < 0.0001). The improvement in scores (post-test scores minus pre-test scores) did not differ significantly between instruction groups (12.5 vs 14.5; P = 0.55). There was strong inter-rater reliability between assessors (α = 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97 to 0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-fidelity TEE simulators are an effective training adjunct for the acquisition of basic TEE psychomotor skills. There was no difference in improvement between the different modalities of instruction. Further research will examine the need for a faculty resource for a curriculum in which a simulator is used as an adjunct.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Suite H2410, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada, bsohmer@ottawaheart.ca.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sohmer
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Glenn D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Posner
authors.forename: Viren
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naik
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D003479:Curriculum; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results