title: Bioactivity of xerogels as modulators of osteoclastogenesis mediated by connexin 43.
abstract: In order to investigate the effects of different degrees of bioactivity of xerogels on connexin 43 (cx43) signaling of osteoclasts a cell culture approach was developed. Cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in combination with the xerogels and were harvested for further investigations on day 1, day 5, and day 10. By means of quantitative PCR increased cx43 mRNA levels and coincident decreasing mRNA levels of the calcium sensing receptor, TRAP, and Cathepsin K were detected with increasing bioactivity of the xerogel samples. Additionally, osteoclasts cultured on tissue culture plates were used to perform principle investigations on cell differentiation by means of transmission electron microscopy, life cell imaging, and immunofluorescence, and the results demonstrated that cx43-signaling could be attributed to migration and fusion of osteoclast precursors. Therefore, the positive correlation of cx43 expression with high xerogel bioactivity was caused by proceeding differentiation of the osteoclasts. Finally, the presently observed pattern of cx43 signaling refers to strong effects regarding bioactivity on cx43-associated cell differentiation of osteoclasts influenced by extracellular calcium ions.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35392 Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: Kristina.Glenske@vetmed.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glenske
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35392 Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: Alena-Svenja.Wagner@vetmed.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Alena-Svenja
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: Thomas.Hanke@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanke
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: Ada.Cavalcanti-Adam@urz.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Elisabetta A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti-Adam
authors.affiliation: Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: Sascha.Heinemann@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.affiliation: Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: Christine.Heinemann@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.affiliation: Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: Benjamin.Kruppke@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kruppke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35392 Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: Stefan.Arnhold@vetmed.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnhold
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: Andreas.Moritz@vetmed.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: schwab@is.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Elisabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: Hartmut.Worch@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Worch
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35392 Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: Sabine.Wenisch@vetmed.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wenisch
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D056657:Cathepsin K / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005782:Gels; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing / Q000378:metabolism; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D005782:Gels; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D056657:Cathepsin K
keywords: Bioactivity; Calcium; Osteoclast; Xerogel