title: Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on long-term growth in pediatric patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of orally and nasally inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on final adult height in pediatric patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma and allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1975-April 2013), Cochrane Library (through 2012), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1975-April 2013) were searched for prospective clinical trials assessing the effects of orally or intranasally ICS use on growth in pediatric patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis using the terms inhaled/intranasal corticosteroid, linear growth, height, and asthma or allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible articles included double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of at least 1 year with growth velocity or height as the primary outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven trials and 1 follow-up study analyzing the effects of orally ICSs were examined. Of these studies, 4 found a delay in growth in at least 1 subset of its participants of approximately 1 cm, 1 study found a decrease in final adult height of 1.2 cm, and 3 studies found no effect. Of the 4 studies examining nasally ICS, 1 found evidence of growth delay in a subgroup using supratherapeutic dosing. There are conflicting data on whether ICS use causes long-term growth reduction in pediatric patients. The concern surrounding their long-term use including a potential delay or decrease in growth may result in underuse and potential mismanagement of persistent asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. Patients should be treated with the lowest effective corticosteroid dose to achieve symptomatic control while minimizing excessive systemic effects. Orally ICS use may cause a delay in growth, but a decrease in final adult height (1.2 cm) has been documented in only one study. This single report should not preclude daily use of inhaled corticosteroids if needed to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with pediatric reactive airway disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continued studies on the systemic effects of ICS are required before truly understanding the class's effect on growth in pediatric patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. What is understood, however, is the detriment and potential danger of mismanaged asthma care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erramouspe
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Cleveland
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones
keywords: inhaled corticosteroids; linear growth; long-term height