title: Biological activities of commercial bee pollens: antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.
abstract: Bee pollen is considered, since memorable times, a good source of nourishing substances and energy. The present study aimed to evaluate the biological activities of eight commercial bee pollens purchased from the market. The origin of sample A was not specified in the labeling; samples B, C, D and G were from Portugal and the remaining were from Spain. The sample E presented the highest value of phenolics (32.15±2.12 mg/g) and the H the lowest (18.55±095 mg/g). Sample C had the highest value of flavonoids (10.14±1.57 mg/g) and sample H the lowest (3.92±0.68 mg/g). All the samples exhibited antimicrobial activity, being Staphylococcus aureus the most sensitive and Candida glabrata the most resistant of the microorganisms studied. All the samples exhibited antimutagenic activity, even though some samples were more effective in decreasing the number of gene conversion colonies and mutant colonies. Regarding the antioxidant activity, assessed using two methods, the more effective was sample B. The anti-inflammatory activity, assessed using the hyaluronidase enzyme, was highest in samples B and D. Pearson's correlation coefficients between polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity were computed. It was also performed a discriminant analysis.
authors.affiliation: CIMO-Mountain Research Center, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, E 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ananias
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascoal
authors.affiliation: CIMO-Mountain Research Center, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, E 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: CEAV Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-27002 Lugo, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Xesus
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feás
authors.affiliation: CIMO-Mountain Research Center, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, E 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. Electronic address: leticia@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: Leticia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Estevinho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001516:Bees; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011058:Pollen
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Antimutagenicity; Antioxidant activity; Bee pollen; Bioactive compounds; Inflammation