title: Carbon nanotube-based bioceramic grafts for electrotherapy of bone.
abstract: Bone complexity demands the engineering of new scaffolding solutions for its reconstructive surgery. Emerging bone grafts should offer not only mechanical support but also functional properties to explore innovative bone therapies. Following this, ceramic bone grafts of Glass/hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforced with conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) - CNT/Glass/HA - were prepared for bone electrotherapy purposes. Computer-aided 3D microstructural reconstructions and TEM analysis of CNT/Glass/HA composites provided details on the CNT 3D network and further correlation to their functional properties. CNTs are arranged as sub-micrometric sized ropes bridging homogenously distributed ellipsoid-shaped agglomerates. This arrangement yielded composites with a percolation threshold of pc=1.5vol.%. At 4.4vol.% of CNTs, thermal and electrical conductivities of 1.5W·m(-1)·K(-1) and 55S·m(-1), respectively, were obtained, matching relevant requisites in electrical stimulation protocols. While the former avoids bone damaging from Joule's heat generation, the latter might allow the confinement of external electrical fields through the conductive material if used for in vivo electrical stimulation. Moreover, the electrically conductive bone grafts have better mechanical properties than those of the natural cortical bone. Overall, these highly conductive materials with controlled size CNT agglomerates might accelerate bone bonding and maximize the delivery of electrical stimulation during electrotherapy practices.
authors.affiliation: CICECO, Materials and Ceramic Eng. Dept., Univ. of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: diogomata@ua.pt.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mata
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Horovistiz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belmonte
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Bone grafts; Carbon nanotubes; Electrotherapy of bone; Stimuli-responsive materials