title: The effects of isometric and isotonic training on hamstring stiffness and anterior cruciate ligament loading mechanisms.
abstract: Greater hamstring musculotendinous stiffness is associated with lesser ACL loading mechanisms. Stiffness is enhanced via training, but previous investigations evaluated tendon rather than musculotendinous stiffness, and none involved the hamstrings. We evaluated the effects of isometric and isotonic training on hamstring stiffness and ACL loading mechanisms. Thirty-six healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to isometric, isotonic, and control groups. Isometric and isotonic groups completed 6 weeks of training designed to enhance hamstring stiffness. Stiffness, anterior tibial translation, and landing biomechanics were measured prior to and following the interventions. Hamstring stiffness increased significantly with isometric training (15.7%; p=0.006), but not in the isotonic (13.5%; p=0.089) or control (0.4%; p=0.942) groups. ACL loading mechanisms changed in manners consistent with lesser loading, but these changes were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that isometric training may be an important addition to ACL injury prevention programs. The lack of significant changes in ACL loading mechanisms and effects of isotonic training were likely due to the small sample sizes per group and limited intervention duration. Future research using larger sample sizes and longer interventions is necessary to determine the effects of enhancing hamstring stiffness on ACL loading and injury risk.
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Electronic address: troyb@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: J Troy
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Marc F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Norcross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D055070:Resistance Training; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology; D013848:Thigh; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
keywords: ACL; Muscle; Neuromechanics; Neuromuscular; Viscoelastic