title: Plate fixation versus intramedullary nailing for displaced extra-articular distal tibia fractures: a system review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The optimal surgical procedure for displaced extra-articular distal tibia fractures remains debated at present. The objective of this systematic review is to compare the complications and functional outcomes of this type of fracture after plate fixation and intramedullary nailing .
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-aided search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane was carried out on July, 2012. Two independent reviewers screened and assessed abstracts. Every study published in English about the comparison between plate fixation and intramedullary nailing for displaced extra-articular distal tibia fractures was included. The outcomes were pooled or summarized separately per study according to heterogeneity between studies. Pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were calculated by Mantel-Haenszel method using either the fixed effects model or random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies, with 270 patients in the intramedullary nailing and 217 patients in the plates fixation group, met the inclusion criteria. Functional outcome, days of hospital stay and time for bone union were comparable between intramedullary fixation and plate fixation. Total complication rate was significant higher for intramedullary nailing compared with plate fixation (44.5 vs. 25.8 %, P < 0.001). Similarly, the rate of minor complications was higher for intramedullary nailing than that for plate fixation (35.9 vs. 21.2 % P < 0.001). Major complication rate was 8.52 % for intramedullary nailing and 4.6 % for plate fixation, but the difference had no statistical significance (P = 0.06). Our pooled estimates showed a decreased risk of total complication in plate fixation (RR, 2.38; 95 % CI, 1.13-5.03; P = 0.02). Among these complications, malunion and anterior knee pain were more common in intramedullary nailing than in plate fixation (20.1 vs. 4.5 %, P < 0.001; 4.2 vs. 0.45 %, P = 0.02, respectively). Meanwhile, significantly less wound problems happened in intramedullary nailing than in plate fixation (2.9 vs. 7.5 %, P = 0.03). In addition, locking plate fixation with mini-invasive technique tended to have a lower complication rate than conventional plate fixation, although the difference was not significant (21 vs. 28.4 %, P = 0.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this systematic review suggested that plate fixation, especially minimally invasive percutaneous plating osteosynthesis technique would be preferred for extra-articular distal tibia fractures because of its low complication rate. Nevertheless, intramedullary fixation should be taken priority for distal tibia fractures with serious soft tissue injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China, 15026637702@126.com.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuehua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lei-Sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology; D001860:Bone Plates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017759:Fractures, Malunited / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint; D007902:Length of Stay; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing