title: Rare mutations in renal sodium and potassium transporter genes exhibit impaired transport function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent efforts to explore the genetic underpinnings of hypertension revealed rare mutations in kidney salt transport genes contribute to blood pressure (BP) variation and hypertension susceptibility in the general population. The current review focuses on these latest findings, highlighting a discussion about the rare mutations and how they affect the transport function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rare mutations that confer a low BP trait and resistance to hypertension have recently been extensively studied. Physiological and biochemical analyses of the affected renal salt transport molecules [NKCC2 (SLC12A1), ROMK (KCNJ1), and NCC (SLC12A3)] revealed that most of the mutations do, in fact, cause a loss of transport function. The mutations disrupt the transport by many different mechanisms, including altering biosynthetic processing, trafficking, ion transport, and regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New insights into the genetic basis of hypertension have recently emerged, supporting a major role of rare, rather than common, gene variants. Many different rare mutations have been found to affect the functions of different salt transporter genes by different mechanisms, yet all confer the same BP phenotype. These studies reinforce the critical roles of the kidney, and renal salt transport in BP regulation and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Welling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D017136:Ion Transport; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D064466:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D064486:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C086989:KCNJ1 protein, human; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; C578714:SLC12A1 protein, human; C578874:SLC12A3 protein, human; D064466:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1; D064486:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium