title: The efficacy of a low dose combination of topiramate and naltrexone on ethanol reinforcement and consumption in rat models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combined medication approaches, by targeting multiple neurotransmitter systems involved in alcohol use disorders (AUDs), may be more efficacious than single-medication approaches.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined, in animal models of consumption and reinforcement, the combined effects of naltrexone (an opioid antagonist) and topiramate (a GABA/glutamate modulator), two medications that have shown promise for treating AUDs, hypothesizing that their combination would be more efficacious than either alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of naltrexone and topiramate on ethanol consumption were examined in alcohol preferring (P) rats (N=10) and in rats from their background strain (Wistar, N=9) using conditions that induce high levels of consumption (24-h, 3-bottle, free-choice procedure). Low doses of each medication (1mg/kg, naltrexone; 10mg/kg, topiramate) were selected in an attempt to maximize their combined efficacy while minimizing potential side-effects. Their effects on ethanol reinforcement were assessed under a progressive-ratio schedule in additional groups of (N=22) P rats. A moderate dose of topiramate (20mg/kg) was also included to verify topiramate's efficacy on its own.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In P rats, but not in Wistar rats, the combination effectively and persistently reduced consumption; whereas, neither dose alone was effective. The combination and naltrexone alone were equally effective at reducing ethanol reinforcement; however, with the combination, but not naltrexone alone, this effect was selective for ethanol. All treatments produced a similar decrease in home-cage food consumption. The 20mg/kg dose of topiramate also effectively reduced ethanol consumption and reinforcement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With greater efficacy and fewer side-effects, the combination shows promise as a treatment for AUDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Catherine F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Omar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Protzuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Bankole A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States. Electronic address: wlynch@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D023421:Models, Animal; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000077236:Topiramate
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose; D000431:Ethanol; D009271:Naltrexone
keywords: Alcohol preferring (P) rats; Combination treatment; Ethanol; Naltrexone; Reinforcement; Topiramate