title: Marine envenomations.
abstract: This article describes the epidemiology and presentation of human envenomation from marine organisms. Venom pathophysiology, envenomation presentation, and treatment options are discussed for sea snake, stingray, spiny fish, jellyfish, octopus, cone snail, sea urchin, and sponge envenomation. The authors describe the management of common exposures that cause morbidity as well as the keys to recognition and treatment of life-threatening exposures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Electronic address: kbalhar1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Kamna S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Balhara
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stolbach
mesh_terms: D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006801:Humans; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000506:poisoning*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D008387:Marine Toxins
keywords: C fleckeri; Irukandji syndrome; Jellyfish; Marine antivenom; Marine envenomation; Physalia physalis; Spiny fish; Stingray