title: Framing maternal morbidity: WHO scoping exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal morbidity estimations are not based on well-documented methodologies and thus have limited validity for informing efforts to address the issue and improve maternal health. To fill this gap, maternal morbidity needs to be clearly defined, driving the development of tools and indicators to measure and monitor maternal health. This article describes the scoping exercise conducted by the World Health Organization's Department of Reproductive of Health and Research (WHO/RHR), as an essential first step in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted to identify the range of definitions and conditions included in various studies of maternal morbidity with a special focus on the similarities and discrepancies of the definitions used across the studies. Furthermore a questionnaire was developed which included sections on key areas identified during the review and was sent out electronically to 130 international experts in the field of maternal health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal morbidities have been categorized in a variety of ways based on the causes, types of complications, and/or timeline. Issues regarding the time frame, severity, identification and classification and demographics were identified as key areas in the literature that require further investigation to achieve consensus on a maternal morbidity definition. Fifty-five (N = 55) individuals responded with completed questionnaires. Respondents' views on the time frame for the postpartum period varied from 6 weeks to beyond one year postpartum, it was noted that time frame depended on the type of complication. The majority of respondents said maternal morbidity should comprise a continuum of severity, whereas the identification of the cases should use a mixed criteria employing multiple methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant discrepancy in literature and expert opinion exists concerning elements of a maternal morbidity definition. There is a clear need for a concrete definition that would allow for consistent measurement and monitoring of maternal morbidity across settings and time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Research and Evaluation, National Initiative for Children's Healthcare Quality (NICHQ), Boston, MA, USA. rachel.vanderkruik@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rachel C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vanderkruik
authors.forename: Özge
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Tunçalp
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Lale
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Say
mesh_terms: D002965:Classification; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014944:World Health Organization