title: Deriving semantic structure from category fluency: clustering techniques and their pitfalls.
abstract: Assessing verbal output in category fluency tasks provides a sensitive indicator of cortical dysfunction. The most common metrics are the overall number of words produced and the number of errors. Two main observations have been made about the structure of the output, first that there is a temporal component to it with words being generated in spurts, and second that the clustering pattern may reflect a search for meanings such that the 'clustering' is attributable to the activation of a specific semantic field in memory. A number of sophisticated approaches to examining the structure of this clustering have been developed, and a core theme is that the similarity relations between category members will reveal the mental semantic structure of the category underlying an individual's responses, which can then be visualized by a number of algorithms, such as MDS, hierarchical clustering, ADDTREE, ADCLUS or SVD. Such approaches have been applied to a variety of neurological and psychiatric populations, and the general conclusion has been that the clinical condition systematically distorts the semantic structure in the patients, as compared to the healthy controls. In the present paper we explore this approach to understanding semantic structure using category fluency data. On the basis of a large pool of patients with schizophrenia (n = 204) and healthy control participants (n = 204), we find that the methods are problematic and unreliable to the extent that it is not possible to conclude that any putative difference reflects a systematic difference between the semantic representations in patients and controls. Moreover, taking into account the unreliability of the methods, we find that the most probable conclusion to be made is that no difference in underlying semantic representation exists. The consequences of these findings to understanding semantic structure, and the use of category fluency data, in cortical dysfunction are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Voorspoels
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: Gert.Storms@ppw.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Storms
authors.affiliation: Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Longenecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verheyen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine (NST), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Brita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elvevåg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012564:Schizophrenic Language; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012660:Semantics; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Category fluency; Sampling; Schizophrenia; Semantic deficits; Similarity