title: Application of ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction for simultaneous determination of aminophenol isomers in human urine, hair dye, and water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: Aminophenol isomers (2-, 3-, and 4-aminophenols) are typically classified as industrial pollutants with genotoxic and mutagenic effects due to their easy penetration through the skin and membranes of human, animals, and plants. In the present study, a simple and efficient ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction procedure coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector was developed for preconcentration and determination of these compounds in human fluid and environmental water samples. Effective parameters (such as type and volume of extraction solvent, pH and ionic strength of sample, and ultrasonication and centrifuging time) were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions (including sample volume: 5 mL; extraction solvent: chloroform, 80 µL; pH: 6.5; without salt addition; ultrasonication: 3.5 min; and centrifuging time: 3 min, 5000 rpm min(-1)), the enrichment factors and limits of detection were ranged from 42 to 51 and 0.028 to 0.112 µg mL(-1), respectively. Once optimized, analytical performance of the method was studied in terms of linearity (0.085-157 µg mL(-1), r (2) > 0.998), accuracy (recovery = 88.6- 101.7%), and precision (repeatability: intraday precision < 3.98%, and interday precision < 5.12%). Finally, applicability of the method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of these compounds in human urine, hair dye, and real water samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Islamic Republic of Iran aasghari@semnan.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asghari
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fazl-Karimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Behruz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barfi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daneshfar
mesh_terms: D000627:Aminophenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D002498:Centrifugation; D002725:Chloroform / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000592:standards; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007536:Isomerism; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013010:Sonication; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000627:Aminophenols; D006202:Hair Dyes; D012997:Solvents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C027667:2-aminophenol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D002725:Chloroform; C055528:3-aminophenol; C026729:4-aminophenol
keywords: HPLC; Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction; aminophenol isomers; human urine; water analysis