title: Detection of enteric pathogens by the nodosome.
abstract: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD)1 and NOD2 participate in signaling pathways that detect pathogen-induced processes, such as the presence of peptidoglycan fragments in the host cell cytosol, as danger signals. Recent work suggests that peptidoglycan fragments activate NOD1 indirectly, through activation of the small Rho GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1). Excessive activation of small Rho GTPases by virulence factors of enteric pathogens also triggers the NOD1 signaling pathway. Many enteric pathogens use virulence factors that alter the activation state of small Rho GTPases, thereby manipulating the host cell cytoskeleton of intestinal epithelial cells to promote bacterial attachment or entry. These data suggest that the NOD1 signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells provides an important sentinel function for detecting 'breaking and entering' by enteric pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: A Marijke
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Keestra
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616, USA. Electronic address: ajbaumler@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bäumler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000276:immunology*; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein
keywords: Nod-like receptors; pathogen detection; patterns of pathogenesis; type III secretions system