title: Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of fermented orange juice (poly)phenols in rats.
abstract: Two milliliters of a fermented, pasteurized orange juice containing ~1% alcohol and 2.3 μmol of (poly)phenolic compounds was fed to rats by gavage after which plasma and urine collected over a 36 h period were analyzed by UHPLC-mass spectrometry. The main constituents in the juice were hesperetin and naringenin-O-glycosides, apigenin-6,8-C-diglucoside, and ferulic acid-4'-O-glucoside. Plasma contained seven flavanone glucuronides, with the principal metabolites, naringenin-7-O-glucuronide, naringenin-4'-O-glucuronide, and an isosakuranetin-O-glucuronide, peaking 6 h after intake at concentrations of ~10 nmol/L. Urinary excretion of four hesperetin glucuronides was equivalent to 0.28% of intake while that of the two naringenin glucuronides was 2.8% of intake. The plasma and urine data suggest that while some absorption occurred in the small intestine, the main site of uptake was the colon. Urine also contained dihydroferulic acid-4'-O-glucuronide and dihydroferulic acid-4'-O-sulfate which were excreted in quantities corresponding to 48.2% of the ingested ferulic acid-4'-glucoside. This indicates that the hydroxycinnamate is much more bioavailable than the flavanones in the rat model. Conversion of the ferulic acid glucoside to the dihydroferulic acid metabolites involves the action of colonic microbial glycosidases and reductases/hydrogenases followed by postabsorption phase II metabolism before renal excretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Engineering, Area of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla, Spain; Department of Food Science, The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Escudero-López
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calani
authors.forename: María-Soledad
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fernández-Pachón
authors.forename: Angeles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Furio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brighenti
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crozier
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Del Rio
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005285:Fermentation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D065569:Gastrointestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: bioavailability; colon microbiota; flavanones; hydroxycinnamates; orange juice; rats; urinary excretion