title: SIU/ICUD Consultation on Urethral Strictures: Anterior urethra-lichen sclerosus.
abstract: We reviewed the current literature on lichen sclerosus as it related to urethral stricture disease using MEDLINE and PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) up to the current time. We identified 65 reports, 40 of which were considered relevant and form the basis of this review. Lichen sclerosus is now the accepted term, and balanitis xerotica obliterans is no longer acceptable. This common chronic inflammatory skin condition, mainly affecting the genitalia, remains an enigma, with uncertain etiology, varied presentation, and multiple treatments. In the early stages of the condition, a short course of steroids may be beneficial for some patients. If persistent, patients need long-term surveillance because of the potential development of squamous cell carcinoma. If diagnosed early, lichen sclerosus can be controlled, preventing progression. But once the disease has progressed, it is very difficult to treat. Surgical treatment by circumcision can be curative if the disease is treated early when still localized. Once progression to urethral involvement has occurred, treatment is much more difficult. Meatal stenosis alone is likely to require meatotomy or meatoplasty. Treatment of the involved urethra requires urethroplasty. Single-stage and multiple-stage procedures using oral mucosa have both been reported to give acceptable results, but the use of skin, genital or nongenital, is not recommended, because being skin, it remains prone to lichen sclerosus. With extensive disease, affecting the full length of the urethra, consideration should be given to perineal urethrostomy. A significant number of patients may prefer this simpler option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland. Electronic address: landlstewart@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA. Electronic address: kamccamm@sentara.com.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCammon
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metro
authors.affiliation: East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Virasoro
mesh_terms: D002944:Circumcision, Male; D032921:Consensus; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D018459:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids