title: The reliability and validity study of the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire in individuals with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motor imagery (MI) has been recently considered as an adjunct to physical rehabilitation in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is necessary to assess MI abilities and benefits in patients with MS by using a reliable tool. The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ) was recently developed to assess MI ability in patients with stroke and other disabilities. Considering the different underlying pathologies, the present study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the KVIQ in MS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen MS patients were assessed using the KVIQ in 2 sessions (5-14 days apart) by the same examiner. In the second session, the participants also completed a revised MI questionnaire (MIQ-R) as the gold standard. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were measured to determine test-retest reliability. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to assess concurrent validity with the MIQ-R. Furthermore, the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and factorial structure of the KVIQ were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The test-retest reliability for the KVIQ was good (ICCs: total KVIQ=0.89, visual KVIQ=0.85, and kinesthetic KVIQ=0.93), and the concurrent validity between the KVIQ and MIQ-R was good (r=0.79). The KVIQ had good internal consistency, with high Cronbach's alpha (alpha=0.84). Factorial analysis showed the bi-factorial structure of the KVIQ, which was explained by visual=57.6% and kinesthetic=32.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study revealed that the KVIQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing MI in MS patients.
authors.affiliation: Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Yousef Moghadas
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tabrizi
authors.affiliation: Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Nasser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zangiabadi
authors.affiliation: Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahrzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazhari
authors.affiliation: Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zolala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D007699:Kinesthesis; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires