title: Menarche, menopause, years of menstruation, and the incidence of osteoporosis: the influence of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estrogen is critical for bone formation and growth in women. Estrogen exposures occur throughout life, including prenatally, and change with reproductive events, such as menarche and menopause.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the association between age at menarche, age at menopause, and years of menstruation with incidence of osteoporosis and assess the impact of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, on such associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 5573 women in the National Cancer Institute Combined Cohort Study of DES (1994-2006). Data on reproductive history and medical conditions were collected through questionnaires at baseline in 1994 and subsequently in 1997, 2001, and 2006. Age-stratified Cox regression models were used to calculate multivariable incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Effect measure modification by prenatal DES exposure was assessed using cubic restricted spline regression models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteoporosis was the main outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IRRs for osteoporosis incidence with age at menarche less than 11 years and age at menopause of 50 years or younger were 0.82 (CI 0.59, 1.14) and 0.61 (CI 0.40, 0.92), respectively. Fewer than 25 years of menstruation was associated with an increased incidence of osteoporosis (IRR 1.80; CI 1.14, 2.86) compared with 35 years or more of menstruation. Associations were stronger among women who had not been prenatally exposed to DES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support the hypothesis that lifetime cumulative exposure to estrogens is protective against osteoporosis. Furthermore, prenatal exposure to estrogen appears to modify these associations, although the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center (S.E.P., L.A.W., J.R.P.), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (R.T.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Pediatrics (L.T.-E.), Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.C.S.), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Department of Epidemiology (L.A.W., J.R.P., E.E.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118.
authors.forename: Samantha E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troisi
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Titus-Ernstoff
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Strohsnitter
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Hatch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008572:Menarche / Q000187:drug effects*; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol