title: Effect of β blockers on mortality after myocardial infarction in adults with COPD: population based cohort study of UK electronic healthcare records.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the use and timing of prescription of β blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) having a first myocardial infarction was associated with survival and to identify factors related to their use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based cohort study in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  UK national registry of myocardial infarction (Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP)) linked to the General Practice Research Database (GPRD), 2003-11.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with COPD with a first myocardial infarction in 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2008 as recorded in MINAP, who had no previous evidence of myocardial infarction in their GPRD or MINAP record. Data were provided by the Cardiovascular Disease Research using Linked Bespoke studies and Electronic Health Records (CALIBER) group at University College London.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cox proportional hazards ratio for mortality after myocardial infarction in patients with COPD in those prescribed β blockers or not, corrected for covariates including age, sex, smoking status, drugs, comorbidities, type of myocardial infarction, and severity of infarct.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1063 patients with COPD, treatment with β blockers started during the hospital admission for myocardial infarction was associated with substantial survival benefits (fully adjusted hazard ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.36 to 0.69; P<0.001; median follow-up time 2.9 years). Patients already taking a β blocker before their myocardial infarction also had a survival benefit (0.59, 0.44 to 0.79; P<0.001). Similar results were obtained with propensity scores as an alternative method to adjust for differences between those prescribed and not prescribed β blockers. With follow-up started from date of discharge from hospital, the effect size was slightly attenuated but there was a similar protective effect of treatment with β blockers started during hospital admission for myocardial infarction (0.64, 0.44 to 0.94; P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of β blockers started either at the time of hospital admission for myocardial infarction or before a myocardial infarction is associated with improved survival after myocardial infarction in patients with COPD.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01335672.
authors.affiliation: Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herrett
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhaskaran
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timmis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hemingway
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wedzicha
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smeeth
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D057216:Propensity Score; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D012042:Registries; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists