title: Clinical parameters associated with pressure ulcer healing in patients with advanced illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pressure ulcers are the most prevalent wounds affecting patients with advanced illness. Although complete wound healing is the most desired outcome, it remains unlikely in the setting of patients with limited life expectancy. Realistic goal setting may be enabled using objective clinical parameters.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify clinical parameters associated with complete healing of Stage II pressure ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Univariable and multivariable competing risk analyses were used to assess the association of complete healing with the following six clinical parameters, namely gender, age, total number of pressure ulcers, total number of other wounds, number of failing organ systems, and Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 147 patients with 245 Stage II pressure ulcers were followed until death; 9.4% of Stage II pressure ulcers achieved complete healing. Univariable analyses showed hazard ratios (HRs) for complete healing in favor of higher levels of PPS scores (HR 1.82-5.99, P<0.001) and age younger than 80 years (HR 3.28, P=0.031). Multivariable analyses showed HRs for complete healing in favor of higher levels of PPS scores (HR 1.49-3.34, P=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of PPS scores are associated with complete healing of Stage II pressure ulcers in patients with advanced illness.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Palliative Medicine, William Osler Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: vincent.maida@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maida
authors.affiliation: Applied Statistics, Markham, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kesthely
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010166:Palliative Care; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019452:Terminally Ill; D014945:Wound Healing
keywords: Palliative Performance Scale; Pressure ulcer; advanced illness; palliative care; wound healing; wound management