title: Cytokines and tumor metastasis gene variants in oral cancer and precancer in Puerto Rico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A cross-sectional epidemiological study explored genetic susceptibility to oral precancer and cancer in Puerto Rico (PR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred three individuals with a benign oral condition, oral precancer (oral epithelial hyperplasia/hyperkeratosis, oral epithelial dysplasia), or oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) were identified via PR pathology laboratories. A standardized, structured questionnaire obtained information on epidemiological variables; buccal cells were collected for genetic analysis. Genotyping was performed using Taqman® assays. Allelic frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were evaluated in cytokine genes and genes influencing tumor metastasis. Risk estimates for a diagnosis of oral precancer or SCCA while having a variant allele were generated using logistic regression. Adjusted models controlled for age, gender, ancestry, education, smoking and alcohol consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to persons with a benign oral lesion, individuals with homozygous recessive allelic variants of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) -238 A/G SNP had a reduced odds of having an oral precancer (ORadjusted = 0.15; 95% CI 0.03-0.70). The transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1 -509 C/T) polymorphism was inversely associated with having an oral SCCA among persons homozygous for the recessive variant (ORcrude = 0.27; 95% CI 0.09-0.79). The matrix metalloproteinase gene (MMP-1) variant, rs5854, was associated with oral SCCA; participants with even one variant allele were more likely to have oral SCCA (ORadjusted = 2.62, 95% CI 1.05-6.53) compared to people with ancestral alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our exploratory analyses suggest that genetic alterations in immune system genes and genes with metastatic potential are associated with oral precancer and SCCA risk in PR.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America ; University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention Program, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdei
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Huiping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maestas
authors.forename: Kirsten A M
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berwick
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011647:Puerto Rico
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016753:Interleukin-10