title: Impacted anterior urethral calculus complicated by a stone-containing diverticulum in an elderly man: outcome of transurethral lithotripsy without resection of the diverticulum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is about 20% in men aged 40 or above. Other than benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral diverticulum or calculus is not uncommon for LUTS in men. Surgical treatment is often recommended for urethral diverticulum or calculus, but treatment for an impacted urethral calculus complicated by a stone-containing diverticulum is challenging.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 82-year-old man had the persistence of LUTS despite having undergone transurethral resection of prostate for BPH. Regardless of treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics and an α-blocker, LUTS and post-void residual urine volume (100 mL) did not improve although repeated urinalysis showed reduction of WBCs from 100 to 10 per high power field. Further radiology revealed multiple urethral calculi and the stone configuration suggested the existence of a diverticulum. He was successfully treated without resecting the urethral diverticulum; and a new generation of ultrasound lithotripsy (EMS, Nyon, Switzerland) through a 22F offset rigid Storz nephroscope (Karl Storz, Tuttingen, Germany) was used to fragment the stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The operative time was 30 minutes and the stones were cleanly removed. The patient was discharged after 48 hours with no immediate complications and free of LUTS during a 2 years follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the diverticulum is the result of a dilatation behind a calculus, removal of the calculus is all that is necessary. Compared with open surgery, ultrasound lithotripsy is less invasive with little harm to urethral mucosa; and more efficient as it absorbs stone fragments while crushing stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Tie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yonghan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Chuangliang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yinghao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D061646:Operative Time; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*