title: Exploring drug-target interaction networks of illicit drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug addiction is a complex and chronic mental disease, which places a large burden on the American healthcare system due to its negative effects on patients and their families. Recently, network pharmacology is emerging as a promising approach to drug discovery by integrating network biology and polypharmacology, allowing for a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms of drug actions at the systems level. This study seeks to apply this approach for investigation of illicit drugs and their targets in order to elucidate their interaction patterns and potential secondary drugs that can aid future research and clinical care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we extracted 188 illicit substances and their related information from the DrugBank database. The data process revealed 86 illicit drugs targeting a total of 73 unique human genes, which forms an illicit drug-target network. Compared to the full drug-target network from DrugBank, illicit drugs and their target genes tend to cluster together and form four subnetworks, corresponding to four major medication categories: depressants, stimulants, analgesics, and steroids. External analysis of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) second sublevel classifications confirmed that the illicit drugs have neurological functions or act via mechanisms of stimulants, opioids, and steroids. To further explore other drugs potentially having associations with illicit drugs, we constructed an illicit-extended drug-target network by adding the drugs that have the same target(s) as illicit drugs to the illicit drug-target network. After analyzing the degree and betweenness of the network, we identified hubs and bridge nodes, which might play important roles in the development and treatment of drug addiction. Among them, 49 non-illicit drugs might have potential to be used to treat addiction or have addictive effects, including some results that are supported by previous studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents the first systematic review of the network characteristics of illicit drugs, their targets, and other drugs that share the targets of these illicit drugs. The results, though preliminary, provide some novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. The observation of illicit-related drugs, with partial verification from previous studies, demonstrated that the network-assisted approach is promising for the identification of drug repositioning.
authors.forename: Ravi V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Atreya
authors.forename: Jingchun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zhongming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D062313:Databases, Pharmaceutical; D063990:Gene Ontology; D005796:Genes; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011506:Proteins; D013256:Steroids