title: Acetazolamide attenuates Hunter-Cheyne-Stokes breathing but augments the hypercapnic ventilatory response in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acetazolamide has been used to attenuate Hunter-Cheyne-Stokes breathing with central sleep apnea (CSA) associated with heart failure. However, the mechanisms underlying this improvement remain to be fully elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that acetazolamide stabilizes CSA by attenuating the ventilatory sensitivity to CO2, which is increased in patients with heart failure and is thought to be the major mechanism mediating CSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six consecutive male patients with stable systolic heart failure and CSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 15 episodes/h) were randomized to a double-blind crossover protocol with acetazolamide or placebo received 1 hour before bedtime for six nights with 2 weeks of wash-out. Under both conditions, we measured the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR), arterial blood Pco2, steady-state metabolic CO2 production, overnight attended polysomnography, and also assessed cardiac and pulmonary function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with placebo, acetazolamide significantly decreased the AHI (65 ± 32 vs. 31 ± 19 events/h, mean ± SD). Acetazolamide increased the HCVR slope by 55% (3.3 ± 1.7 vs. 5.1 ± 2.4 L/min/mm Hg; P = 0.03), an increase that far exceeded the 12% fall in arterial Pco2 (P = 0.02). The acetazolamide-induced change in the balance of these effects (ΔHCVR × Pco2) was inversely associated with the reduction in AHI (r = 0.8; P = 0.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This placebo-controlled study indicates that acetazolamide improves CSA in patients with heart failure despite an increase in the slope of the HCVR. However, because the degree of HCVR elevation inhibits the improvement in unstable breathing, an increased CO2 chemosensitivity may be a key mechanism underlying an incomplete resolution of CSA with acetazolamide.
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and.
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Javaheri
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sands
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology; D002639:Cheyne-Stokes Respiration / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000086:Acetazolamide