title: Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: can biomarkers improve current management?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening for invasive cancer has led to a marked increase in the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). DCIS is, if appropriately managed, a low-risk disease which has a small chance of impacting on patient life expectancy. However, despite significant advances in prognostic marker development in invasive breast cancer, there are no validated diagnostic assays to inform treatment choice for women with DCIS. Therefore we are unable to target effective treatment strategies to women at high risk and avoid over-treatment of women at low risk of progression to invasive breast cancer. Paradoxically, one effect of this uncertainty is undertreatment of some women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We review current practice and research in the field to identify key challenges in the management of DCIS. The impact of clinical research, particularly on the over and undertreatment of women with DCIS is assessed. We note slow progress toward development of diagnostic biomarkers and highlight key opportunities to accelerate advances in this area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCIS is a low-risk disease, its incidence is increasing, and current treatment is effective. However, many women are either over- or undertreated. Despite repeated calls for development of diagnostic biomarkers, progress in this area has been slow, reflecting a relative lack of investment of research effort and funding. Given the low event rate in treated patients and the lateness of recurrences, many previous studies have only limited power to identify independent prognostic and predictive biomarkers. However, the potential for such biomarkers to personalize treatment for DCIS is extremely high.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada;
authors.forename: John M S
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nofech-Moses
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rakovitch
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor