title: External-beam methods in biomedical work.
abstract: The useability of external-beam proton-induced X-ray (PIXE) and gamma-ray (PIGE) emission, backscattering spectrometry (BS), and the particle-particle method in biomedical work is demonstrated. Detection limit values obtainable by the methods for typical biomedical samples under practical conditions are given and compared. Advantages, drawbacks, and restrictions of the methods are discussed. Examples of the applications of the methods in biomedical work are given.
authors.affiliation: Accelerator Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Hämeentie 100, SF-00550, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Räisänen