title: Thoracic outlet syndrome in 3T MR neurography-fibrous bands causing discernible lesions of the lower brachial plexus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether targeted magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) of the brachial plexus can visualise fibrous bands compressing the brachial plexus and directly detect injury in plexus nerve fascicles.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution MRN was employed in 30 patients with clinical suspicion of either true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) or non-specific TOS. The protocol for the brachial plexus included a SPACE (3D turbo spin echo with variable flip angle) STIR (short tau inversion recovery), a sagittal-oblique T2-weighted (T2W) SPAIR (spectral adiabatic inversion recovery) and a 3D PDW (proton density weighted) SPACE. Images were evaluated for anatomical anomalies compressing the brachial plexus and for abnormal T2W signal within plexus elements. Patients with abnormal MR imaging findings underwent surgical exploration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven out of 30 patients were identified with unambiguous morphological correlates of TOS. These were verified by surgical exploration. Correlates included fibrous bands (n = 5) and pseudarthrosis or synostosis of ribs (n = 2). Increased T2W signal was detected within compressed plexus portion (C8 spinal nerve, inferior trunk, or medial cord) and confirmed the diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical suspicion of TOS can be diagnostically confirmed by MRN. Entrapment of plexus structures by subtle anatomical anomalies such as fibrous bands can be visualised and relevant compression can be confirmed by increased T2W signal of compromised plexus elements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • MR neurography (MRN) can aid the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). • Identifiable causes of TOS in MRN include fibrous bands and bony anomalies. • Increased T2W signal within brachial plexus elements indicate relevant nerve compression. • High positive predictive value allows confident and targeted indication for surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany, philipp.baeumer@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baumer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kele
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bendszus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla / Q000294:innervation; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013901:Thoracic Outlet Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult