title: Ventricular assist devices in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have revolutionized heart failure management in adults. Recently, VADs have similarly taken a prominent role in the management of end-stage heart failure in children. The purpose of this review is to describe the indications for VADs in children, types of devices available, current outcomes, and future directions of VAD therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There has been a dramatic increase in VAD utilization in children over the last decade. For small children, paracorporeal pneumatic pulsatile pumps (e.g., Berlin Heart EXCOR VAD, Berlin Heart GmbH, Berlin, Germany) are most commonly utilized for long-term support. In older children, intracorporeal continuous flow devices (e.g., HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist System, Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, California, USA and HeartWare Ventricular Assist System, HeartWare Incorporated, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA) have been used and allow the possibility of destination therapy. Other devices, such as the total artificial heart, can be utilized for selected patients. Although overall outcomes of pediatric VADs are favorable, complication rates remain high. The utilization of VADs in complex circulations, such as single ventricle patients, remains infrequent and is associated with a high rate of adverse outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VADs are well-established treatment for end-stage heart failure in children. Further investigation is needed to refine patient selection criteria, minimize complications, and develop additional pediatric-specific devices.
authors.affiliation: The Cardiac Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rossano
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006354:Heart, Artificial; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome