title: Mathematical relationships for metal build-up on urban road surfaces based on traffic and land use characteristics.
abstract: The study investigated the influence of traffic and land use parameters on metal build-up on urban road surfaces. Mathematical relationships were developed to predict metals originating from fuel combustion and vehicle wear. The analysis undertaken found that nickel and chromium originate from exhaust emissions, lead, copper and zinc from vehicle wear, cadmium from both exhaust and wear and manganese from geogenic sources. Land use does not demonstrate a clear pattern in relation to the metal build-up process, though its inherent characteristics such as traffic activities exert influence. The equation derived for fuel related metal load has high cross-validated coefficient of determination (Q(2)) and low Standard Error of Cross-Validation (SECV) values which indicates that the model is reliable, while the equation derived for wear-related metal load has low Q(2) and high SECV values suggesting its use only in preliminary investigations. Relative Prediction Error values for both equations are considered to be well within the error limits for a complex system such as an urban road surface. These equations will be beneficial for developing reliable stormwater treatment strategies in urban areas which specifically focus on mitigation of metal pollution.
authors.affiliation: Toowoomba Regional Council, PO Box 3021, Toowoomba Village Fair, QLD 4350, Australia; Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. Electronic address: mjajanaka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Janaka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunawardena
authors.affiliation: Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: mohamed.ziyath@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Abdul M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ziyath
authors.affiliation: Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. Electronic address: p.egodawatta@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Egodawatta
authors.affiliation: Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. Electronic address: g.ayoko@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Godwin A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ayoko
authors.affiliation: Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. Electronic address: a.goonetilleke@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ashantha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goonetilleke
mesh_terms: D001336:Automobiles; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Metal build-up; Stormwater pollutant processes; Stormwater quality; Traffic emissions; Traffic pollutants; Urban road surfaces