title: Risk stratification of patients with early breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the standard procedure performed to stage the axillae, and axillary node clearance (ANC) or radiotherapy is the treatment for nodal involvement. The aims of this study were to assess (1) the role of preoperative axillary ultrasonography (US), (2) the number of positive lymph nodes on ANC after either positive SLNB results or preoperative ultrasonographically guided nodal biopsy, and (3) the role of ANC in patients with node-positive breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with invasive breast cancer and axillary node involvement (but clinically negative nodes on presentation) who underwent ANC between January 2008 and December 2009 were identified, and information regarding clinicopathologic parameters and the nodal yield was collected. ANC was performed for 3 groups: patients with micrometastasis seen in SLNB specimens, macrometastasis seen in SLNB specimens, and positive axillary nodes detected on US biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANC was performed 141 times over the 2-year period. Forty-two percent of axillary node involvement was diagnosed by biopsy or preoperative US, and 40% of these patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The remainder of cases were diagnosed by SLNB: 30% had micrometastases and 70% had macrometastases. Fifty percent of cancers with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of lymph node involvement were high grade and 56% had 4 or more positive nodes on ANC; this was significantly higher than in patients with positive SLNB results (P = .0001). Only 20% of patients with macrometastases on SLNB had 4 or more positive nodes in comparison with 56% with positive axillary lymph nodes by US (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The routine use of preoperative axillary US and biopsy of abnormal nodes helps in identifying high-risk patients and thus aids in planning treatment.
authors.affiliation: Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom. Electronic address: pankaj.roy@ouh.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Pankaj Gupta
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Suet M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vivien
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Brendan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Umeh
authors.affiliation: Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Courtney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D061206:Neoplasm Micrometastasis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
keywords: Axillary node clearance; Axillary ultrasonography; Breast cancer; Macrometastasis; Micrometastasis; Sentinel lymph node biopsy