title: [Ocular findings in 304 children with Down syndrome].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the characteristics and frequency of ocular findings in Japanese children with Down syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 304 Japanese children with Down syndrome at an average age of 7 years and 4 months were examined for ocular findings from June 2009 to January 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most had hyperopia (69.1%) and astigmatism (58.5%). Both normal and oblique astigmatism were common. Spectacles were necessary in 91.3%. The average visual acuity at 8 years was 0.305 logMAR. Under 6 years, stripe and picture visual acuity charts were useful. Strabismus (36.5%, esotorpia 23.3%), nystagmus (25.7%), stereopsis (46.0%), entropion of eyelids (18.8%), cataract (10.5%), and corneal disease (3 cases) were found. Medullated nerve fibers (3 cases), pseudo disc edema (2 cases), and other retinal changes including Leber congenital amaurosis like chorioretinal degeneration (3 cases) were also found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high incidence of refractive errors and strabisums in Down syndrome were confirmed. These must be treated during the sensitive period of visual development. For other ocular findings intensive ophthalmic care is important for children with Down syndrome from the time of infancy.
authors.affiliation: Heiwa Eye Clinic, Tokyo, Japan. kaorut@t.toshima.ne.jp
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsurui
authors.forename: Seiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shinbo
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nomi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000150:complications*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications*