title: How schooling and lifestyle factors effect neck and shoulder pain? A cross-sectional survey of adolescents in China.
abstract: METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey by anonymous self-assessment questionnaire was given to 3600 high school students from 30 high schools.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of neck and shoulder pain (NSP) and its effects among high school students in Shanghai, China.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NSP has become a problem in many countries in recent years among adolescents. No recent studies have estimated the prevalence of NSP in Chinese school populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3600 high school students from all 3 grades chosen from 30 random schools participated in this study. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire on NSP and to provide information on demographic items, family factors, schooling, and lifestyles. χ tests were used to compare the incidence of NSP, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to obtain influencing factors of NSP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 3600 questionnaires were distributed, and 2842 were valid. The cross-sectional prevalence of NSP was 41.1%, with more girls (653 of 1478, i.e., 44.2%) reporting having NSP than boys (514 of 1364, i.e., 37.7%) (odds ratio = 0.764; 95% confidence interval = 0.657-0.888; P < 0.05). The frequency, duration, and degree of NSP in girls were also higher than in boys. For high school years 1, 2, and 3, the incidence of NSP was 40.1%, 40.7%, and 45.4%, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression indicated that sex, family history of NSP, school furniture, long sitting time, computer use, insufficient rest time, sleep time, commuting method, perceived schoolbag weight, and smoking had a significant effect on NSP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of NSP in high school students in Shanghai is quite high. The occurrence of NSP is related to several factors including sex and school year, as well as some factors related to family, schooling, and lifestyles.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; and †Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: Guoying
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Jipeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yangyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yongxing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires