title: Focal cortical dysplasias in autism spectrum disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous reports indicate the presence of histological abnormalities in the brains of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) suggestive of a dysplastic process. In this study we identified areas of abnormal cortical thinning within the cerebral cortex of ASD individuals and examined the same for neuronal morphometric abnormalities by using computerized image analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study analyzed celloidin-embedded and Nissl-stained serial full coronal brain sections of 7 autistic (ADI-R diagnosed) and 7 age/sex-matched neurotypicals. Sections were scanned and manually segmented before implementing an algorithm using Laplace's equation to measure cortical width. Identified areas were then subjected to analysis for neuronal morphometry. Results of our study indicate the presence within our ASD population of circumscribed foci of diminished cortical width that varied among affected individuals both in terms of location and overall size with the frontal lobes being particularly involved. Spatial statistic indicated a reduction in size of neurons within affected areas. Granulometry confirmed the presence of smaller pyramidal cells and suggested a concomitant reduction in the total number of interneurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neuropathology is consistent with a diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Results from the medical literature (e.g., heterotopias) and our own study suggest that the genesis of this cortical malformation seemingly resides in the heterochronic divisions of periventricular germinal cells. The end result is that during corticogenesis radially migrating neuroblasts (future pyramidal cells) are desynchronized in their development from those that follow a tangential route (interneurons). The possible presence of a pathological mechanism in common among different conditions expressing an autism-like phenotype argue in favor of considering ASD a "sequence" rather than a syndrome. Focal cortical dysplasias in ASD may serve to explain the high prevalence of seizures and sensory abnormalities in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. m0casa02@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Manuel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.forename: Ayman S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: El-Baz
authors.forename: Shweta S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.forename: Brynn A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dombroski
authors.forename: Fahmi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khalifa
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elnakib
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allison-McNutt
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Switala
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D048429:Cell Size; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D055815:Young Adult