title: Effect of temperature on bacterial emissions in composting of swine manure.
abstract: Swine manure was subjected to laboratory scale composting in order to quantify bioaerosols, i.e., airborne culturable bacteria and endotoxin, in the exhaust gas, which provided details on the effect of temperature on bacterial emissions. The concentration of airborne bacteria reached 31,250 colony-forming units (CFU)/m(3) during the thermophilic stage of composting, and positively correlated with the temperature profile of the compost pile. Initially, the endotoxin concentration was 1820 endotoxin units (EU)/m(3), but it decreased exponentially as the composting process proceeded. The temperature can be an excellent indicator of bacterial emissions during the composting process, indicating that the composting process requires a consistently high temperature to ensure sanitization of both compost and bacterial emissions. The cumulative emission data showed that emission factors was 11.2-13.5 CFU/g dry swine manure and that of endotoxin was 0.5-0.9 EU/g dry swine manure. The bacterial diversity in the bioaerosol was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, revealing the presence of various gram-negative bacterial consortia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wonkyeong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ik-hyeon
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Health, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-yeon
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kimd@seoultech.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Daekeun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000818:Animals; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D044822:Biodiversity; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013696:Temperature; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D008372:Manure
keywords: Bioaerosol; Composting; Endotoxin; Swine manure; Temperature