title: Minke whale genome and aquatic adaptation in cetaceans.
abstract: The shift from terrestrial to aquatic life by whales was a substantial evolutionary event. Here we report the whole-genome sequencing and de novo assembly of the minke whale genome, as well as the whole-genome sequences of three minke whales, a fin whale, a bottlenose dolphin and a finless porpoise. Our comparative genomic analysis identified an expansion in the whale lineage of gene families associated with stress-responsive proteins and anaerobic metabolism, whereas gene families related to body hair and sensory receptors were contracted. Our analysis also identified whale-specific mutations in genes encoding antioxidants and enzymes controlling blood pressure and salt concentration. Overall the whale-genome sequences exhibited distinct features that are associated with the physiological and morphological changes needed for life in an aquatic environment, marked by resistance to physiological stresses caused by a lack of oxygen, increased amounts of reactive oxygen species and high salt levels.
authors.affiliation: 1] Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea. [2].
authors.forename: Hyung-Soon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: 1] Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon, Republic of Korea. [2].
authors.forename: Yun Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: 1] Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. [2].
authors.forename: Xuanmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guang
authors.affiliation: 1] Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea. [2] Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Gyun
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: 1] Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea. [2] Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: 1] Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea. [2] Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. [3] Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Shin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Myung
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Hak
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Chan
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1] Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea. [2] Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kae Kyoung
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Jae
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Wan
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wonduck
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: 1] Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea. [2] Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Han
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sungwoong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jho
authors.affiliation: Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hak-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Junsu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunmin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Awei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Erli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Yulin Energy Group Co. Ltd., Yulin, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Haolong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Hyung
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sin-Gi
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Pyo
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wook
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heui-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genome Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chankyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genome Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyooyeol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.affiliation: Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.affiliation: Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jumpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Yeon
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manica
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Chul
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sangsoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1] Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. [2] Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. [3] King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1] Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon, Republic of Korea. [2] Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea. [3] Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea. [4] Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong
authors.identifier: 0000000242281299
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bhak
authors.affiliation: 1] Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea. [2] Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Sook
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1] Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea. [2] Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics; D016678:Genome; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D050636:Minke Whale / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010802:Phylogeny; D011156:Population Density; D055049:Salt Tolerance; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D006242:Haptoglobins; D005978:Glutathione