title: Medication reconciliation at admission and discharge: a time and motion study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication reconciliation at admission, transfer and discharge has been designated as a required hospital practice to reduce adverse drug events. However, implementation challenges have resulted in poor hospital adherence. The aim of this study was to assess the processes required to carry out medication reconciliation: the health professionals involved, the tasks and time devoted to medication reconciliation in general hospital settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A time-and-motion study design was used. Using a systematic sample of patients admitted and discharged from geriatric, medical and surgical units in two academic centers, health professionals involved in medication reconciliation were observed and timed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the number of professionals involved, tasks performed, and mean time devoted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up to 3 professionals from 2 disciplines (medicine and pharmacy) were involved in the medication reconciliation process. Geriatric reconciliations took the most time to complete at admission (mean: 92.2 minutes (SD = 44.3)) and discharge (mean: 29.0 minutes (SD = 23.8)), followed by internal medicine at admission (mean: 46.2 minutes (SD = 21.1)) and 19.4 (SD = 11.7) minutes at discharge) and general surgery minutes at discharge (mean: 9.9 minutes (SD = 18.2)). Considerable differences in order, type and number of tasks performed were noted between and within units. Tasks independent of direct patient interaction took more than twice the time required to complete than tasks requiring patient interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of coordination, specialized training and agreement on the roles and responsibilities of professionals are among the most probable reasons for work-flow inefficiencies, possibly variability in quality, and time required for the current medication reconciliation process. A better understanding of the admission processes in general surgery is required. Standardization and use of electronic tools could improve efficiency and hospital adherence.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Health Informatics Research Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada. ari.meguerditchian@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Ari N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Meguerditchian
authors.forename: Stanimira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krotneva
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reidel
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tamblyn
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D059065:Medication Reconciliation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D013996:Time and Motion Studies