title: Quantification of age-related facial wrinkles in men and women using a three-dimensional fringe projection method and validated assessment scales.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whereas the molecular mechanisms of skin aging are well understood, little information is available concerning the clinical onset and lifetime development of facial wrinkles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform the first systematic evaluation of the lifetime development of facial wrinkles and sex-specific differences using three-dimensional (3D) imaging and clinical rating.
  
  
  METHODS
  200 men and women aged 20 to 70 were selected. Wrinkle severity of periorbital, glabellar, and forehead lines was evaluated using 3D imaging and validated assessment scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wrinkle severity was greater at all assessed locations with older age. In men, wrinkles manifested earlier and were more severe than in women. In women, periorbital lines were the first visible wrinkles, in contrast to the forehead lines in men. In both sexes, glabellar lines did not clinically manifest before the age of 40.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study confirm a progressive increase of crow's feet and forehead and glabellar lines in men and women. Although the development of facial wrinkles happens earlier and is more severe in men, perimenopause seems to particularly affect development in women. Clinical ratings and 3D measurements are suitable methods to assess facial wrinkle severity in men and women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cosmetic Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luebberding
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kerscher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult