title: Making surrogate β-cells from mesenchymal stromal cells: perspectives and future endeavors.
abstract: Generation of surrogate β-cells is the need of the day to compensate the short supply of islets for transplantation to diabetic patients requiring daily shots of insulin. Over the years several sources of stem cells have been claimed to cater to the need of insulin producing cells. These include human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, human perinatal tissues such as amnion, placenta, umbilical cord and postnatal tissues involving adipose tissue, bone marrow, blood monocytes, cord blood, dental pulp, endometrium, liver, labia minora dermis-derived fibroblasts and pancreas. Despite the availability of such heterogonous sources, there is no substantial breakthrough in selecting and implementing an ideal source for generating large number of stable insulin producing cells. Although the progress in derivation of β-cell like cells from embryonic stem cells has taken a greater leap, their application is limited due to controversy surrounding the destruction of human embryo and immune rejection. Since multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells are free of ethical and immunological complications, they could provide unprecedented opportunity as starting material to derive insulin secreting cells. The main focus of this review is to discuss the merits and demerits of MSCs obtained from human peri- and post-natal tissue sources to yield abundant glucose responsive insulin producing cells as ideal candidates for prospective stem cell therapy to treat diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Alalsandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India.
authors.forename: Ramesh R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bhonde
authors.affiliation: Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Alalsandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India.
authors.forename: Preethi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sheshadri
authors.affiliation: Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Alalsandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India.
authors.forename: Shikha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Alalsandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India. Electronic address: Anujith.kumar@manipal.edu.
authors.forename: Anujith
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: ADMSCs; AFSCs; AMMSCs; BMMSCs; BMP; Bone marrow stem cells; CD; CXC receptor 4; CXCR4; DE; DPSCs; Diabetes; EGF; EMT; ESCs; FGF; GCG; GDF 11; GFP; GLP1; ICAs; INS; IPCs; IRS1; Immunomodulation; Insulin; MAFA; MSCs; Mesenchymal stromal cells; Musculo aponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A; Neurogenin 3; Ngn3; PLMSCs; PMSCs; Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1; Pdx1; SRY-related HMG-box 17; SST; STZ; SVF; Sox17; T1DM; TF; TGFβ; TSG6; Tregs; Type 1 diabetes mellitus; UCB; UCMSCs; VEGF; WJMSCs; Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells; adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells; amniotic fluid-derived stem cells; amniotic membrane mesenchymal stromal cells; bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells; bone morphogenic protein; cluster of differentiaition; definitive endoderm; dental pulp stem cells; embryonic stem cells; epidermal growth factor; epithelial to mesenchymal transition; fibroblast growth factor; glucagon; glucagon like protein-1; green fluorescent protein; growth and differentiation factor 11; hAECs; hLMDFs; human Labia Minora dermis-Derived Fibroblasts; human amnion epithelial cells; iPSCs; induced pluripotent stem cells; insulin; insulin producing cells; insulin receptor substrate 1; islet-like cell aggregates; mesenchymal stromal cells; pancreatic mesenchymal stromal cells; placental mesenchymal stromal cells; regulatory T cells; somatostatin; streptozotocin; stromal vascular fraction; transcription factor; transformation growth factor β; tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene-6; umbilical cord blood; umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells; vascular endothelial growth factor