title: The impact of achievement goals on cardiorespiratory fitness: does self-efficacy make a difference?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationships among students' self-efficacy, 2 x 2 achievement goals (mastery-approach [MAp], mastery-avoidance [MAv], performance-approach [PAp], and performance-avoidance goals), and achievement performance remain largely unanswered. We tested a model of the mediating role of self-efficacy on the relationship between 2 x 2 achievement goals and cardiorespiratory fitness
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 276 middle school students (115 boys and 161 girls; 91 sixth graders, 87 seventh graders, and 98 eighth graders), aged 12 to 15 years (Mage = 13.34, SD = 0.96), responded to the Achievement Goals Questionnaire (Conroy, Elliot, & Hofer, 2003) and Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Gao, Newton, & Carson, 2008) referenced to the fitness test. Their cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed via the Progressive Aerobic Cardiorespiratory Endurance Run (PACER) 3 days later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural equation modeling demonstrated an acceptable model fit to the data, Chi2 (2, N = 105) = 1.66. Self-efficacy had a statistically significant direct effect on the PACER after controlling for the effects of the achievement goals (gamma(self-efficacy))-PACER = .21). MAv and PAp also had direct effects on PACER performance (gammaMAv-PACER = -.24, and gammaPAp-PACER = .24, respectively). MAp failed to exert direct effect on the PACER. However, the indirect effect of MAp on the PACER via self-efficacy was small although it was statistically significant. Additionally, the indirect effects of MAv and PAp on PACER through self-efficacy were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students' self-efficacy fully mediated the effect of MAp on fitness performance, as well as partially mediated the effects of MAv and PAp on cardiorespiratory fitness performance. Study implications are provided for educators and practitioners.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. gaoz@umn.edu
authors.forename: Zan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lochbaum
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guan
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires