title: The International Normalized Ratio overestimates coagulopathy in stable trauma and surgical patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The international normalized ratio (INR) was developed to assess adequacy of Coumadin dosing. Its use has been generalized to guide fresh frozen plasma (FFP) therapy in stable patients. Thrombelastography (TEG) is a whole-blood assay measuring the viscoelastic properties of the clot in near real time. This study hypothesized that INR does not reflect coagulopathy and should not be used to guide FFP therapy in stable trauma and surgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational data were collected from stable trauma and surgical patients (n = 106) who received FFP transfusions. Pretransfusion and posttransfusion blood samples were obtained to assess complete blood count, standard coagulation parameters (INR, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen and D-dimer), soluble clotting factors (II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, proteins C and S) and TEG. Data were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney U-test. Significance was defined as p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 262 U of FFP were transfused, with 78% of 106 patients receiving two or more units. Despite a reduction in INR, median TEG values remained within normal limits, while clotting factor levels retained adequate function to produce normal clotting before and following FFP transfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of FFP in this population did not affect coagulation status in a clinically relevant manner based on TEG values and coagulation factor function. INR is not a predictor of coagulopathy and should not be used to guide coagulation factor replacement in stable trauma and surgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic study, level III.
authors.affiliation: From the Trauma Research Institute of Oregon (TRIO) (S.P.M., L.J.F., N.R.K., T.L.G., K.M.W., J.A.D., M.A.S.), Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology (T.G.D.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McCully
authors.forename: Loic J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fabricant
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Kunio
authors.forename: Tahnee L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Groat
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Jerome A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Differding
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Deloughery
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schreiber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013916:Thrombelastography; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult