title: Cognitive factors mediate placebo responses in patients with house dust mite allergy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placebo effects have been reported in type I allergic reactions. However the neuropsychological mechanisms steering placebo responses in allergies are largely unknown. The study analyzed whether and to what extend a conditioned placebo response is affecting type I allergic reactions and whether this response can be reproduced at multiple occasions.
  
  
  METHODS
  62 patients with house dust mite allergy were randomly allocated to either a conditioned (n = 25), sham-conditioned (n = 25) or natural history (n = 12) group. During the learning phase (acquisition), patients in the conditioned group received the H1-receptor antagonist desloratadine (5mg) (unconditioned stimulus/US) together with a novel tasting gustatory stimulus (conditioned stimulus/CS). Patients in the sham-conditioned control group received the CS together with a placebo pill. After a wash out time of 9 days patients in the conditioned and sham-conditioned group received placebo pills together with the CS during evocation. Allergic responses documented by wheal size after skin prick test and symptom scores after nasal provocation were analyzed at baseline, after last desloratadine treatment and after the 1(st) and 5(th) CS re-exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both conditioned and sham-conditioned patients showed significantly decreased wheal sizes after the 1(st) CS-evocation and significantly decreased symptom scores after the 1(st) as well as after the 5(th) evocation compared to the natural history control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that placebo responses in type I allergy are not primarily mediated by learning processes, but seemed to be induced by cognitive factors such as patients' expectation, with these effects not restricted to a single evocation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vits
authors.forename: Elvir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cesko
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rueckert
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hillen
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schadendorf
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schedlowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D039981:Pyroglyphidae / Q000276:immunology*