title: Diversion of prescribed opioids by people living with chronic pain: results from an Australian community sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been an increase in prescription of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain, and concern exists over possible diversion of prescription opioids to the illicit marketplace. Recent media coverage suggests that elderly patients sell their prescribed opioids for additional income. This study investigated the extent to which an Australian community sample of chronic pain patients prescribed opioids reported supplying their prescribed opioids to others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants living with chronic non-cancer pain and prescribed opioids for their pain (n=952) were recruited across Australia via advertisements at pharmacies. A telephone interview included questions about their pain condition and opioid medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants had been living with pain for a mean of 14.2 years; most common conditions included chronic back/neck problems and arthritis/rheumatism. Around half (43%) were currently prescribed one opioid, and 55% had been prescribed 2-5 opioids; the most common was oxycodone. Forty-two participants (4%) reported ever supplying prescribed opioids to another person; one participant reported receiving payment. Participants who supplied opioids to others were younger (odds ratio 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.95-0.99) and engaged in a greater number of aberrant behaviours relating to their opioid medication (odds ratio 1.77, 95% confidence interval 1.45-2.17), including tampering with doses, taking opioids by alternative routes, seeing doctors to obtain extra opioids and refilling prescriptions early.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few people with chronic non-cancer pain divert their opioids to others. Media reports of elderly patients selling their opioids to supplement their income may be reflective of exceptional cases. Future studies may investigate the extent to which other patient groups divert prescription opioids to the illicit marketplace.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belcher
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Raimondo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoban
authors.forename: Briony
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larance
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lintzeris
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000191:economics; D001315:Australia; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003625:Data Collection; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064226:Prescription Drug Diversion / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: chronic pain; diversion; non-adherence; pharmaceutical opioids