title: Phase II trial design with Bayesian adaptive randomization and predictive probability.
abstract: We propose a randomized phase II clinical trial design based on Bayesian adaptive randomization and predictive probability monitoring. Adaptive randomization assigns more patients to a more efficacious treatment arm by comparing the posterior probabilities of efficacy between different arms. We continuously monitor the trial by using the predictive probability. The trial is terminated early when it is shown that one treatment is overwhelmingly superior to others or that all the treatments are equivalent. We develop two methods to compute the predictive probability by considering the uncertainty of the sample size of the future data. We illustrate the proposed Bayesian adaptive randomization and predictive probability design by using a phase II lung cancer clinical trial, and we conduct extensive simulation studies to examine the operating characteristics of the design. By coupling adaptive randomization and predictive probability approaches, the trial can treat more patients with a more efficacious treatment and allow for early stopping whenever sufficient information is obtained to conclude treatment superiority or equivalence. The design proposed also controls both the type I and the type II errors and offers an alternative Bayesian approach to the frequentist group sequential design.
authors.affiliation: University of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guosheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J Jack
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Adaptive randomization; Bayesian inference; Clinical trial ethics; Group sequential method; Posterior predictive distribution; Randomized trial; Type I error; Type II error