title: A longitudinal analysis of associations between traffic-related air pollution with asthma, allergies and sensitization in the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts.
abstract: Background. There is a need to study whether the adverse effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on childhood asthma and allergic diseases documented during early-life persist into later childhood. This longitudinal study examined whether TRAP is associated with the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and aeroallergen sensitization in two German cohorts followed from birth to 10 years. Materials. Questionnaire-derived annual reports of doctor diagnosed asthma and allergic rhinitis, as well as eye and nose symptoms, were collected from 6,604 children. Aeroallergen sensitization was assessed for 3,655 children who provided blood samples. Associations between these health outcomes and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 µg/m(3) (PM2.5) mass, PM2.5 absorbance and ozone, individually estimated for each child at the birth, six and 10 year home addresses, were assessed using generalized estimation equations including adjustments for relevant covariates. Odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] per increase in interquartile range of pollutant are presented for the total population and per geographical area (GINI/LISA South, GINI/LISA North and LISA East, Germany). Results. The risk estimates for the total population were generally null across outcomes and pollutants. The area-specific results were heterogeneous. In GINI/LISA North, all associations were null. In LISA East, associations with ozone were elevated for all outcomes, and those for allergic rhinitis and eyes and nose symptom prevalence reached statistical significance (1.30 [1.02, 1.64] and 1.35 [1.16, 1.59], respectively). For GINI/LISA South, two associations with aeroallergen sensitization were significant (0.84 [0.73, 0.97] for NO2 and 0.87 [0.78, 0.97] for PM2.5 absorbance), as well as the association between allergic rhinitis and PM2.5 absorbance (0.83 [0.72, 0.96]). Conclusions. This study did not find consistent evidence that TRAP increases the prevalence of childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis or aeroallergen sensitization in later childhood using data from birth cohort participants followed for 10 years in three locations in Germany. Results were heterogeneous across the three areas investigated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , Germany ; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuertes
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Standl
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cyrys
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berdel
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Berg
authors.forename: Carl-Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sugiri
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlsten
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brauer
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
keywords: Air pollution; Allergies; Asthma; Birth cohort; Children; Long-term exposure; Traffic