title: Folate-chitosan-gemcitabine core-shell nanoparticles targeted to pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human pancreatic cancer is one of the most common clinical malignancies. The effect of comprehensive treatment based on surgery is general. The effects of chemotherapy were not obvious mainly because of lack of targeting and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to investigate the effects of folate receptor (FR)-mediated gemcitabine FA-Chi-Gem nanoparticles with a core-shell structure by electrostatic spray on pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the levels of expression of FR in six human pancreatic cancer cell lines were studied by immunohistochemical analysis. The uptake rate of isothiocyanate-labeled FA-Chi nanoparticles in FR high expression cell line COLO357 was assessed by fluorescence microscope and the inhibition rate of FA-Chi-Gem nanoparticles on COLO357 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Moreover, the biodistribution of PEG-FA-ICGDER02-Chi in the orthotopic pancreatic tumor model was observed using near-infrared imaging and the human pancreatic cancer orthotopic xenografts were treated with different nanoparticles and normal saline control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of FR in COLO357 was the highest among the six pancreatic cancer cell lines. The FR mainly distributed on cell membrane and fewer in the cytoplasm in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, the absorption rate of the FA-Chi-Gem nanoparticles was more than the Chi nanoparticles without FA modified. The proliferation of COLO357 was significantly inhibited by FA-Chi-Gem nanoparticles. The PEG-FA-ICGDER02-Chi nanoparticles were enriched in tumor tissue in human pancreatic cancer xenografts, while non-targeted nanoparticles were mainly in normal liver tissue. PEG-FA-Gem-Chi significantly inhibited the growth of human pancreatic cancer xenografts (PEG-FA-Gem-Chi vs. Gem, t=22.950, P=0.000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PEG-FA-FITC-Chi nanoparticles might be an effective targeted drug for treating human FR-positive pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210029, China;
authors.forename: Jiahua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Junying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Zeqian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Detong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Pancreatic cancer; folate receptor; gemcitabine; targeted nanoparticle