title: HIV, inflammation, and calcium in atherosclerosis.
abstract: Atherosclerosis is consistently higher among the HIV-positive patients, with or without treatment, than among the HIV-negative population. Risk factors linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in HIV infection are both traditional and HIV specific although the underlying mechanisms are not fully delineated. Three key sequential biological processes are postulated to accelerate progression of atherosclerosis in the context of HIV: (1) inflammation, (2) transformation of monocytes to macrophages and then foam cells, and (3) apoptosis of foam cells leading to plaque development through Ca(2+)-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress. These proatherogenic mechanisms are further affected when HIV interacts with the genes involved in various phases within this network.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (S.S., M.R.I., D.K.A.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Francisco (C.G.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (C.G.).
authors.forename: Sadeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Marguerite R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Irvin
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grunfeld
authors.forename: Donna K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Arnett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D018450:Disease Progression; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium
keywords: HIV; atherosclerosis; calcium; endoplasmic reticulum stress; inflammation