title: Prevalence and correlation of human papilloma virus and its types with prognostic markers in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast in kuwait.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to document the association of human papilloma virus (HPV) and its types in breast carcinoma tissues in Kuwaiti women, and correlate this with known prognostic markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinicopathological data of archived tissue from 144 cases of invasive ductal breast carcinoma were studied (age, histological grade, size of tumour, lymph node metastases, oestrogen/progesterone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status). HPV frequency was documented using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in-situ hybridisation (CISH). HPV types were documented by CISH using HPV probes. CISH and IHC techniques were compared and HPV correlated with prognostic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HPV prevalence as determined by CISH and IHC was 51 (35.4%) and 24 (16.7%) cases, respectively. The sensitivity of HPV by IHC was 37.3% and specificity was 94.6%. The sensitivity and specificity of HPV-CISH compared to HPVIHC was statistically significant (P <0.001). HPV-CISH was seen in 51 cases. A combination of HPV 6 and 11, and 16 and 18 was seen in 2 (3.9%) cases, and a combination of HPV 6, 11, 31 and 33 was seen in 7 (13.7%) cases. All three HPV probes: 6 and 11, 16 and 18, as well as 31 and 33 were present in 2 (3.9%) cases. The prevalence of HPVCISH in the Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti populations was 27 (52.9%) and 19 (37.2%), respectively. No correlation was observed with the prognostic parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of HPV in breast carcinoma cases in Kuwait was 35.4% (CISH). Of those, 52.9% were Kuwaitis in whom both low- and high-risk HPV types were detected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Issam M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Al-Ayadhy
authors.forename: Shafiqa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Awadhi
authors.forename: Kusum
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kapila
authors.forename: Fahd
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Mulla
keywords: Breast Neoplasm; Human Papillomavirus; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Kuwait