title: Use of sedation and neuromuscular blockers in critically ill adults receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nearly all patients receive sedation and neuromuscular blockers (NMBs) during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe analgo-sedation and NMB use prior to and during HFOV in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective single-center study of 131 consecutive adults whose care was managed with HFOV from 2002 to 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 4 days of HFOV, 89% and 95% of patients received sedation and opioids, respectively. Upon HFOV initiation, 119 (90.8%) patients received fentanyl doses higher than 200 µg/h; of these, 48 also received more than 20 mg/h of midazolam. Analgo-sedation doses increased significantly over time such that doses were double by day 3. Factors independently associated with fentanyl doses higher than 200 µg/h were NMB ever used (OR 4.43; 95% CI 1.26-15.65, p = 0.02), pH less than 7.15 (OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.22-3.5, p = 0.007), worsening partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.00-1.10, p = 0.04), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.79-0.97, p = 0.009). Deep sedation was commonly administered when NMBs were not being used, with 99.2% of sedation-agitation scores of 1 or 2. Eighty-six patients (65.6%) received NMBs and use was greatest on day 1 (59.5%). Train-of-Four was measured every hour for 53.4% of patients; 29.2% of the measurements were 0 of 4. NMB use declined over the 10-year study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High analgo-sedation doses were associated with APACHE II scores, worsening gas exchange, and NMB use. Two thirds of patients received NMBs; use was highest on day 1 and subsequently declined. The percentage of patients who received NMB during HFOV in our study was lower than that previously reported. Future research should evaluate patient outcomes with and without use of NMBs, as well as the potential to manage patients with less sedation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Burry
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Stephanie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lapinsky
authors.forename: Sangeeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
keywords: high frequency oscillatory ventilation; intensive care unit; neuromuscular blockers; sedation