title: Comparison of techniques for extracting volatile compounds from conifer needles.
abstract: Five extraction techniques were used to obtain quantitative measurements of monoterpenes from blue spruce and grand fir needles. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference in the amount of each monoterpene extracted by using different techniques. For both species, an 8-hr steam distillation of 10 g of material yielded the greatest amount of each monoterpene. This technique was also the most reproducible in that the coefficients of variation were lowest. A rapid steam distillation was relatively effective for grand fir, but not for blue spruce. A CO2 extraction was unreliable for both species.
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Range Sciences Lab., 1401 Gekeler Lane, 97850, La Grande, Oregon.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Muzika
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hanover
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Smith