title: Non-invasive imaging of tumors by monitoring autotaxin activity using an enzyme-activated near-infrared fluorogenic substrate.
abstract: Autotaxin (ATX), an autocrine motility factor that is highly upregulated in metastatic cancer, is a lysophospholipase D enzyme that produces the lipid second messenger lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Dysregulation of the lysolipid signaling pathway is central to the pathophysiology of numerous cancers, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. Consequently, the ATX/LPA pathway has emerged as an important source of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Herein we describe development and validation of a fluorogenic analog of LPC (AR-2) that enables visualization of ATX activity in vivo. AR-2 exhibits minimal fluorescence until it is activated by ATX, which substantially increases fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR) region, the optimal spectral window for in vivo imaging. In mice with orthotopic ATX-expressing breast cancer tumors, ATX activated AR-2 fluorescence. Administration of AR-2 to tumor-bearing mice showed high fluorescence in the tumor and low fluorescence in most healthy tissues with tumor fluorescence correlated with ATX levels. Pretreatment of mice with an ATX inhibitor selectively decreased fluorescence in the tumor. Together these data suggest that fluorescence directly correlates with ATX activity and its tissue expression. The data show that AR-2 is a non-invasive and selective tool that enables visualization and quantitation of ATX-expressing tumors and monitoring ATX activity in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Echelon Biosciences Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: Colin G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Won Yong
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Glenn D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Prestwich
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Testa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000099189:Lysophospholipase D
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D000099189:Lysophospholipase D; C032881:lysophosphatidic acid