title: Study on the effects of sulfur fumigation on chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hang-ju.
abstract: The traditional after-harvesting drying method of C. morifolium cv. Hang-ju (HJ) is sun drying, but recently sulfur fumigation is increasingly used as a cheap and convenient method. However, the effects of sulfur fumigation on chemical constituents and potential activities of HJ were unknown. A comprehensively comparison of the chemical profiles between non-fumigated HJ (NHJ) and sulfur-fumigated HJ (SHJ) was conducted by HPLC fingerprints analysis and the discrepant peaks were identified or tentatively assigned by HPLC-ESI/MS(n). Dramatic chemical changes were found that the contents of 4 flavonoid aglycones remarkably increased while those of 7 glycosides significantly reduced which suggested that sulfur-fumigation induced flavonoid glycosides transformed into aglycons by hydrolysis reaction. A significant loss of hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids showed the sulfur fumigation was a destructive effect on HJ. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to rapidly discriminate NHJ and SHJ samples. By ICP-OES analysis, it was found that the residue of sulfur of SHJ were three times higher than NHJ (p<0.05). The antioxidant activity of NHJ and SHJ were evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay, and the results showed that NHJ had much stronger antioxidant activities than SCF (p<0.05). Combining the results of chemical analysis, residue of sulfur and pharmacological evaluation, it showed that the sulfur fumigation was a destructive effect on HJ.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, PR China; Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Road, Xixian District, Xi'an 712046, PR China.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, PR China.
authors.forename: Li-Juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control Technology of Chinese Herbal Medicines, 16 Nanxiao Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, PR China. Electronic address: zhujj15@163.com.
authors.forename: Jing-Jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control Technology of Chinese Herbal Medicines, 16 Nanxiao Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, PR China.
authors.forename: Qi-Wei
authors.initials: QW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control Technology of Chinese Herbal Medicines, 16 Nanxiao Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, PR China. Electronic address: zhmw123@263.net.
authors.forename: Zhi-Min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: China Green food Development Center, 59 College Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Road, Xixian District, Xi'an 712046, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiao-mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D031202:Chrysanthemum / Q000737:chemistry*; D005651:Fumigation; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D013455:Sulfur
keywords: Antioxidant activity; Chemical profile; Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hang-ju; HPLC–ESI/MS(n); The residual of sulfur