title: Clinical and economic impact of substituting dexmedetomidine for propofol due to a US drug shortage: examination of coronary artery bypass graft patients at an urban medical centre.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propofol has reduced healthcare costs in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients by decreasing post-operative duration of mechanical ventilation. However, the US shortage of propofol necessitated the use of alternative agents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to evaluate clinical and economic implications of substituting dexmedetomidine for propofol in patients undergoing CABG surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients undergoing isolated, elective CABG surgery and sedated with either propofol or dexmedetomidine during the study period were included. The cohorts were matched 1:1 based on important characteristics. The primary outcome was the number of patients achieving a post-operative duration of mechanical ventilation ≤6 h. Secondary outcomes were post-operative intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) ≤48 h, total post-operative LOS ≤5 days, the need for adjunctive opioid therapy and associated cost savings. Variables recorded included patient demographics, co-morbid medical conditions, health risks, sedation drug doses, post-operative medical complications and sedation-related adverse events. Univariate and multivariate analyses were completed to examine the relationship between these covariates and post-operative LOS. The cost analysis consisted of examination of the net financial benefit (or cost) of choosing dexmedetomidine versus propofol in the study population, with utilisation observed in the study converted to costs using institutional data from the Premier database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-four patients were included, with 42 patients per cohort. Mechanical ventilation duration ≤6 h was achieved in 24 (57.1 %) versus 7 (16.7 %) in the dexmedetomidine and propofol cohorts, respectively (p < 0.001). More patients treated with dexmedetomidine achieved ICU LOS ≤48 h (p < 0.05) and total hospital LOS ≤5 days (p < 0.05), as compared with the propofol group. Multivariate analysis revealed that having one or more post-operative medical complication was the most significant predictor of increased post-operative LOS, whereas choosing dexmedetomidine was also significant in terms of reduced post-operative LOS. The estimated net financial benefit of choosing dexmedetomidine versus propofol was US$2,613 per patient (year 2012 value).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that use of dexmedetomidine as an alternative to propofol for sedation of CABG patients post-operatively contributes to reduced mechanical ventilation time, ICU LOS and post-operative LOS. Higher drug costs resulting from the propofol shortage were offset by savings in post-operative room and board costs. Additional savings may be possible by preventing medical complications to the extent possible.
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 South 11th Street, Suite 2260, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA, brandi.thoma@jeffersonhospital.org.
authors.forename: Brandi N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Thoma
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Cara M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McDaniel
authors.forename: Cindy J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wordell
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cavarocchi
authors.forename: Laura T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Pizzi
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015742:Propofol / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D015742:Propofol