title: School children's personal exposure to ultrafine particles in the urban environment.
abstract: There has been considerable scientific interest in personal exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP). In this study, the inhaled particle surface area doses and dose relative intensities in the tracheobronchial and alveolar regions of lungs were calculated using measured 24-h UFP time series of school children personal exposures. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was used to determine mean doses and dose intensities for the various microenvironments. Analysis of measured personal exposures for 137 participating children from 25 schools in the Brisbane Metropolitan Area showed similar trends for all participating children. Bayesian regression modeling was performed to calculate the daily proportion of children's total doses in different microenvironments. The proportion of total daily alveolar doses for home, school, commuting, and other were 55.3%, 35.3%, 4.5%, and 5.0%, respectively, with the home microenvironment contributing a majority of children's total daily dose. Children's mean indoor dose was never higher than the outdoor's at any of the schools, indicating there were no persistent indoor particle sources in the classrooms during the measurements. Outdoor activities, eating/cooking at home, and commuting were the three activities with the highest dose intensities. Children's exposure during school hours was more strongly influenced by urban background particles than traffic near the school.
authors.affiliation: International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Sreet, Brisbane 4001, Australia.
authors.forename: Mandana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazaheri
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jayaratne
authors.forename: Megat Azman
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Megat Mokhtar
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fuoco
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buonanno
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morawska
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D002947:Cities; D003296:Cooking; D003625:Data Collection; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D011793:Queensland; D012574:Schools
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter