title: Relationships between socioeconomic status, locus of control, self-concept, and academic achievement of batswana adolescents.
abstract: Relationships between socioeconomic status, locus of control, self-concept, and academic achievement were explored in secondary school pupils in the Mmabatho area of Bophuthalswana (Southern Africa). The analyses of data revealed the following: (a) both male and female Batswana adolescents were found significantly more externally oriented when compared against the normative data provided by Nowicki-Strickland (1973); (b) socioeconomic status was significantly positively associated with internality, self-concept, and academic achievement in English; (c) externality was significantly negatively related to self-concept and achievement in English; (d) self-concept was significantly positively correlated to measures of achievement in English and mathematics; and (e) mathematics achievement of male students was significantly higher than female ones.
authors.affiliation: School of Education, University of Bophuthatswana, Mmabatho, 8681, Bophuthatswana, Southern Africa.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maqsud
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rouhani