title: Regulation of the expression level of transcription factor XylS reveals new functional insight into its induction mechanism at the Pm promoter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  XylS is the positive regulator of the inducible Pm promoter, originating from Pseudomonas putida, where the system controls a biochemical pathway involved in degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons, which also act as inducers. The XylS/Pm positive regulator/promoter system is used for recombinant gene expression and the output from Pm is known to be sensitive to the intracellular XylS concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By constructing a synthetic operon consisting of xylS and luc, the gene encoding luciferase, relative XylS expression levels could be monitored indirectly at physiological concentrations. Expression of XylS from inducible promoters allowed control over a more than 800-fold range, however, the corresponding output from Pm covered only an about five-fold range. The maximum output from Pm could not be increased by introducing more copies of the promoter in the cells. Interestingly, a previously reported XylS variant (StEP-13), known to strongly stimulate expression from Pm, caused the same maximum activity from Pm as wild-type XylS at high XylS expression levels. Under uninduced conditions expression from Pm also increased as a function of XylS expression levels, and at very high concentrations the maximum activity from Pm was the same as in the presence of inducer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our proposed model, which is in agreement with current knowledge, the regulator, XylS, can exist in three states: monomers, dimers, and aggregates. Only the dimers are active and able to induce expression from Pm. Their maximum intracellular concentration and the corresponding output from Pm are limited by the concentration-dependent conversion into inactive aggregates. Maximization of the induction ratio at Pm can be obtained by expression of XylS at the level where aggregation occurs, which might be exploited for recombinant gene expression. The results described here also indicate that there might exist variants of XylS which can exist at higher active dimer concentrations and thus lead to increased expression levels from Pm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, Trondheim N-7491, Norway. rahmi.lale@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zwick
authors.forename: Rahmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lale
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valla
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000378:metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000235:genetics*; D012926:Social Control, Formal; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D015534:Trans-Activators; C078720:XylS protein, Pseudomonas putida