title: Role of endoscopy in primary sclerosing cholangitis.
abstract: Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by progressive inflammation affecting the entire biliary tree and leading to biliary symptoms and complications. It is of unclear etiology and is usually associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Despite advances in modern medicine, treatment options remain very limited, and without liver transplantation, survival rates are reduced. We aim in this review to highlight available endoscopic methods to evaluate, diagnose, and manage symptoms and complications associated with this disease, including diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma and endoscopic palliative treatment for advanced cholangiocarcinoma not amenable to surgical resection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University, 3635 Vista Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA, Nkoro@slu.edu.
authors.forename: Nabeel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Koro
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alkaade
mesh_terms: D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D015209:Cholangitis, Sclerosing / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods