title: The pathogen- and incidence-based DALY approach: an appropriate [corrected] methodology for estimating the burden of infectious diseases.
abstract: In 2009, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control initiated the 'Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe (BCoDE)' project to generate evidence-based and comparable burden-of-disease estimates of infectious diseases in Europe. The burden-of-disease metric used was the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY), composed of years of life lost due to premature death (YLL) and due to disability (YLD). To better represent infectious diseases, a pathogen-based approach was used linking incident cases to sequelae through outcome trees. Health outcomes were included if an evidence-based causal relationship between infection and outcome was established. Life expectancy and disability weights were taken from the Global Burden of Disease Study and alternative studies. Disease progression parameters were based on literature. Country-specific incidence was based on surveillance data corrected for underestimation. Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. were used for illustration. Using the incidence- and pathogen-based DALY approach the total burden for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. was estimated at 730 DALYs and at 1,780 DALYs per year in the Netherlands (average of 2005-2007). Sequelae accounted for 56% and 82% of the total burden of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp., respectively. The incidence- and pathogen-based DALY methodology allows in the case of infectious diseases a more comprehensive calculation of the disease burden as subsequent sequelae are fully taken into account. Not considering subsequent sequelae would strongly underestimate the burden of infectious diseases. Estimates can be used to support prioritisation and comparison of infectious diseases and other health conditions, both within a country and between countries.
authors.affiliation: Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marie-Josée J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mangen
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plass
authors.forename: Arie H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Havelaar
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassini
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mühlberger
authors.forename: Alies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Lier
authors.forename: Juanita A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Haagsma
authors.forename: R John
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brooke
authors.forename: Taavi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Waure
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kramarz
authors.forename: Mirjam E E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kretzschmar
mesh_terms: D002167:Campylobacter / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009426:Netherlands; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012475:Salmonella / Q000472:pathogenicity