title: Effect of parecoxib sodium on postoperative shivering: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative shivering is one of the most common complications in patients recovering from general anaesthesia. Although a variety of pharmacological therapies have been used to control postoperative shivering, no ideal drug has been found to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and accompanying side-effects of prophylactic parecoxib sodium with that of tramadol or placebo for the prevention of postoperative shivering.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised, double-blind clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mianyang Central Hospital, Sichuan, China, from December 2011 to November 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty adult patients, ASA 1 or 2, aged 20 to 60 years and scheduled for elective abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia. Reasons for noninclusion included allergy to any of the medications used; severe cardiovascular disease; kidney or liver dysfunction; peptic ulcer; muscle disease; intraoperative blood or blood products transfusion; or a history of convulsions or fever.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were allocated randomly to receive parecoxib sodium 40 mg (Group P, n = 40), tramadol 2 mg kg (Group T, n = 40) or isotonic saline (Group S, n = 40) 30 min before the end of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was the incidence of postoperative shivering. Secondary outcomes were scores for postoperative pain and sedation, and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence and severity of postoperative shivering were significantly lower in Groups P and T than in Group S (P < 0.001). The sedation scores were higher in Group T than in Groups P and S (P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was also significantly higher in Group T than in Groups P and S (P = 0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous injection of parecoxib sodium 40 mg before the end of surgery effectively reduces the occurrence and severity of postoperative shivering after general anaesthesia without significant side effects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ChiCTR-TRC-12002870.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anaesthesiology (XZL, QX, WL, YHZ) and Department of Health Statistics (MJZ), Mianyang Central Hospital, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Xiuze
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mengjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yonghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012768:Shivering / Q000187:drug effects*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007555:Isoxazoles; D014147:Tramadol; C409945:parecoxib