title: The timing of significant arch dimensional changes with fixed orthodontic appliances: data from a multicenter randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the timing of significant arch dimensional increases during orthodontic alignment involving round and rectangular nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires and rectangular stainless steel (SS). A secondary aim was to compare the timing of changes occurring with conventional and self-ligating fixed appliance systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this non-primary publication, additional data from a multicenter randomised trial initially involving 96 patients, aged 16 years and above, were analysed. The main pre-specified outcome measures were the magnitude and timing of maxillary intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar dimensions. Each participant underwent alignment with a standard Damon (Ormco, Orange, CA) wire sequence for a minimum of 34 weeks. Blinding of clinicians and patients was not possible; however, outcome assessors and data analysts were kept blind to the appliance type during data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete data were obtained from 71 subjects. Significant arch dimensional changes were observed relatively early in treatment. In particular, changes in maxillary inter-first and second premolar dimensions occurred after alignment with an 0.014in. NiTi wire (P<0.05). No statistical differences in transverse dimensions were found between rectangular NiTi and working SS wires for each transverse dimension (P>0.05). Bracket type had no significant effect on the timing of the transverse dimensional changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arch dimensional changes were found to occur relatively early in treatment, irrespective of the appliance type. Nickel-titanium wires may have a more profound effect on transverse dimensions than previously believed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of this research orthodontic expansion may occur relatively early in treatment. Nickel-titanium wires may have a more profound effect on transverse dimensions than previously believed.
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: padhraig.fleming@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Padhraig S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts Health Trust, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts Health Trust, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mcdonald
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Corfu, Greece; University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandis
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology*; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C415948:Copper NiTi; D003722:Dental Alloys; D013193:Stainless Steel; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Bracket; Expansion; Orthodontic; Self-ligating