title: A pelvic implant orthosis in rodents, for spinal cord injury rehabilitation, and for brain machine interface research: construction, surgical implantation and validation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rodents are important model systems used to explore spinal cord injury (SCI) and rehabilitation, and brain machine interfaces (BMI). We present a new method to provide mechanical interaction for BMI and rehabilitation in rat models of SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the design and implantation procedures for a pelvic orthosis that allows direct force application to the skeleton in brain machine interface and robot rehabilitation applications in rodents. We detail the materials, construction, machining, surgery and validation of the device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe the statistical validation of the implant procedures by comparing stepping parameters of 8 rats prior to and after implantation and surgical recovery. An ANOVA showed no effects of the implantation on stepping. Paired tests in the individual rats also showed no effect in 7/8 rats and minor effects in the last rat, within the group's variance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our method allows interaction with rats at the pelvis without any perturbation of normal stepping in the intact rat. The method bypasses slings, and cuffs, avoiding cuff or slings squeezing the abdomen, or other altered sensory feedback. Our implant osseointegrates, and thus allows an efficient high bandwidth mechanical coupling to a robot. The implants support quadrupedal training and are readily integrated into either treadmill or overground contexts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our novel device and procedures support a range of novel experimental designs and motor tests for rehabilitative and augmentation devices in intact and SCI model rats, with the advantage of allowing direct force application at the pelvic bones.
authors.affiliation: Drexel University College of Medicine, and School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; OREC - Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Ubong Ime
authors.initials: UI
authors.lastname: Udoekwere
authors.affiliation: Drexel University College of Medicine, and School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Chintan S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Oza
authors.affiliation: Drexel University College of Medicine, and School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: sgiszter@drexelmed.edu.
authors.forename: Simon F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Giszter
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D005260:Female; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000503:physiopathology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D020007:Implants, Experimental / Q000009:adverse effects; D007596:Joints / Q000503:physiopathology; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D009989:Orthotic Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D010388:Pelvis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012371:Robotics; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*
keywords: Biomechanic perturbations; Brain machine interface; Locomotion; Neurorobotics; Robot rehabilitation