title: The effect of ZrO2 and TiO 2 on solubility and strength of apatite-mullite glass-ceramics for dental applications.
abstract: The effect of ZrO2 and TiO2 on the chemical and mechanical properties of apatite-mullite glass-ceramics was investigated after sample preparation according to the ISO (2768:2008) recommendations for dental ceramics. All materials were characterized using differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to determine the concentrations of elements present in all materials produced. The chemical solubility test and the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) test were then carried out on all the samples. The best solubility value of 242 ± 61 μg/cm(2) was obtained when HG1T was heat-treated for 1 h at the glass transition temperature plus 20 °C (Tg + 20 °C) followed by 5 h at 1200 °C. The highest BFS value of 174 ± 38 MPa was achieved when HG1Z and HG1Z+T were heat-treated for 1 h at the Tg + 20 °C followed by 7 h at 1200 °C. The present study has demonstrated that the addition of TiO2 to the reference composition showed promise in both the glass and heat-treated samples. However, ZrO2 is an effective agent for developing the solubility or the mechanical properties of an apatite-mullite glass-ceramic separately but does not improve the solubility and the BFS simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK, hfamdbayada@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hawa M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Fathi
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D006244:Hardness; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D008970:Molecular Weight; D018583:Pliability; D012995:Solubility; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D001031:Apatites; D003764:Dental Materials; C009495:titanium dioxide; C049037:aluminosilicate; C023506:Glass ceramics; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide