title: Molecular epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections in cervical samples from cuban women older than 30 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to provide information about the molecular epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) in a group of Cuban women.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA from cervical samples was analyzed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which detects 6 of the clinically most relevant high-risk HPV types. Furthermore, end point PCR and sequencing were performed. Three hundred twenty-two women (211 with positive and 111 with negative cytologic results) aged between 30 and 69 years were enrolled. Risk factors associated with HPV infections and premalignant lesions were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV DNA was detected in 76.1% (245/322) of the studied population, and 34 different genotypes were found. There was an association between HPV infection and low educational level, history of oral contraceptives, menopausal stage, as well as cigarette and/or alcohol consumption. Besides, in a multivariate analysis, previous positive Pap test result and positive colposcopy finding were both predictor variables for HPV infections and for premalignant lesions. Human papillomavirus infection was found in 94.3% of women (199/211) with positive cytologic result and in 41.4% (46/111) of those with negative results, being more likely that the first group was infected with any HPV (odds ratio = 23.43; 95% CI = 11.70-46.92; p = .000). The most common genotypes were HPV types 16, 18, 31, 58, 33, and 45. All the cases with HPV positive findings had at least 1 high-risk HPV genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of the molecular epidemiology of HPV in Cuban women, based on results from a DNA sequence and quantitative PCR. Most individuals were infected with high-risk HPV types. These findings support the inclusion of HPV vaccine in Cuba.
authors.affiliation: 1Sexually Transmitted Diseases Laboratory, Department of Virology, Microbiology Branch, and 2Department of Pathology, Medical Assistance Branch, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí," Autopista Novia del Mediodía, La Lisa; 3Maternity Hospital "Eusebio Hernández"; and 4Maternity Hospital "Ramón González Coro," Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Yudira
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.forename: Griselda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kourí
authors.forename: Celia María
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Limia
authors.forename: Adibel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goicolea
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Capó
authors.forename: Lissette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Ana Isabel
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.forename: Ledy Xiomara
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Anamays
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Govín
authors.forename: Consuelo Beatriz
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Yoan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Alemán
authors.forename: Alina Ana
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Blanca Rosa
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Manzano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology; D003462:Cuba / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA