title: Autofluorescence spectroscopy augmented by multivariate analysis as a potential noninvasive tool for early diagnosis of oral cavity disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral leukoplakia is one of the common potentially malignant lesions encountered worldwide. We report the results of an in vivo clinical evaluation of autofluorescence (AF) spectroscopy for differential diagnosis of oral leukoplakia. Multivariate analysis of spectral data has been incorporated to improve the efficacy of the technique. The results of this noninvasive study are expected to provide potential for extending the technique to other disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 18 patients and 30 normal volunteers participated in this study. AF spectra were acquired from affected sites of patients and from right and left buccal mucosa of normal volunteers. Diagnostic performance was analyzed using spectral intensity ratio (SIR), and principal component analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AF spectra of leukoplakic patients showed characteristic emissions from flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and porphyrin at 500 and 630 nm, respectively. But the emission from porphyrin is not very prominent in the case of healthy volunteers. Also, significant decrease in spectral intensity is observed for leukoplakia compared with normal volunteers in the unprocessed spectra. Method of SIR yielded 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity and an overall 100% for PCA-LDA respectively for efficient differentiation of the lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result of this preliminary study shows that PCA-LDA or SIR applied to AF spectroscopy is a useful tool for the differential diagnosis of oral cavity disorders. This has been demonstrated in leukoplakia in a clinical setting, and it is expected that the technique can be extended to other oral cavity disorders as well.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental College , Trivandrum, Kerala, India .
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venugopal
authors.forename: Shaiju S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nazeer
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balan
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Jayasree
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000473:pathology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*