title: Randomised controlled trial of early frenotomy in breastfed infants with mild-moderate tongue-tie.
abstract: METHODS
  A randomised, parallel group, pragmatic trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large UK maternity hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Term infants <2 weeks old with a mild or moderate degree of tongue-tie, and their mothers who were having difficulties breastfeeding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if immediate frenotomy was better than standard breastfeeding support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomised to an early frenotomy intervention group or a 'standard care' comparison group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary outcome was breastfeeding at 5 days, with secondary outcomes of breastfeeding self-efficacy and pain on feeding. Final assessment was at 8 weeks; 20 also had qualitative interviews. Researchers assessing outcomes, but not participants, were blinded to group assignment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  107 infants were randomised, 55 to the intervention group and 52 to the comparison group. Five-day outcome measures were available for 53 (96%) of the intervention group and 52 (100%) of the comparison group, and intention-to-treat analysis showed no difference in the primary outcome-Latch, Audible swallowing, nipple Type, Comfort, Hold score. Frenotomy did improve the tongue-tie and increased maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy. At 5 days, there was a 15.5% increase in bottle feeding in the comparison group compared with a 7.5% increase in the intervention group. After the 5-day clinic, 44 of the comparison group had requested a frenotomy; by 8 weeks only 6 (12%) were breastfeeding without a frenotomy. At 8 weeks, there were no differences between groups in the breastfeeding measures or in the infant weight. No adverse events were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early frenotomy did not result in an objective improvement in breastfeeding but was associated with improved self-efficacy. The majority in the comparison arm opted for the intervention after 5 days.
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, , Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Emond
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitelaw
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
mesh_terms: D000072676:Ankyloglossia; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008035:Lingual Frenum / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008880:Midwifery / Q000379:methods; D009035:Mothers; D009056:Mouth Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Infant Feeding; Neonatology; Nutrition