title: Neurocognitive impairment in HIV-1 clade C- versus B-infected individuals in Southern Brazil.
abstract: HIV-1 clade C isolates show reduced Tat protein chemoattractant activity compared with clade B. This might influence neuropathogenesis by altering trafficking of monocytes into the CNS. A previous study suggested low rates of HIV-associated dementia in clade C-infected individuals. The present study evaluated neurocognitive impairment rates in clade B- and C-infected individuals from the same local population. HIV+ and HIV- participants were recruited from the same geographic region in Southern Brazil. We evaluated neuropsychological (NP) impairment using a screening instrument (the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS)), as well as a Brazilian Portuguese adaptation of a comprehensive battery that has demonstrated sensitivity to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) internationally. NP performance in controls was used to generate T scores and impairment ratings by the global deficit score (GDS) method. Clade assignments were ascertained by sequencing pol and env. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid were collected from all HIV+ participants. HIV+ and HIV- participants were comparable on demographic characteristics. HIV+ participants overall were more likely to be impaired than HIV- by the IHDS and the GDS. Clade B- and C-infected individuals were demographically similar and did not differ significantly in rates of impairment. The prevalence of pleocytosis, a marker of intrathecal cellular chemotaxis, also did not differ between clade B and C infections. Clade B and C HIV-infected individuals from the same geographic region, when ascertained using comparable methods, did not differ in their rates of neurocognitive impairment, and there was no evidence of differences in CNS chemotaxis.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio Monteiro
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Clea Elisa
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: de Pereira
authors.forename: Jayraan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Badiee
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cherner
authors.forename: Davey
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maich
authors.forename: Sonia Mara
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Raboni
authors.forename: Indianara
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rotta
authors.forename: Francisco Jaime
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Anya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umlauf
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D002465:Cell Movement; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000821:virology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D007964:Leukocytosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus