title: Does PRP enhance bone integration with grafts, graft substitutes, or implants? A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several bone implants are applied in clinical practice, but none meets the requirements of an ideal implant. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an easy and inexpensive way to obtain growth factors in physiologic proportions that might favour the regenerative process. The aim of this review is to analyse clinical studies in order to investigate the role of PRP in favouring bone integration of graft, graft substitutes, or implants, and to identify the materials for which the additional use of PRP might be associated with superior osseo- and soft tissues integration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search on PubMed database was performed considering the literature from 2000 to 2012, using the following string: ("Bone Substitutes"[Mesh] OR "Bone Transplantation"[Mesh] OR "Bone Regeneration"[Mesh] OR "Osseointegration"[Mesh]) AND ("Blood Platelets"[Mesh] OR "Platelet-Rich Plasma"[Mesh]). After abstracts screening, the full-texts of selected papers were analyzed and the papers found from the reference lists were also considered. The search focused on clinical applications documented in studies in the English language: levels of evidence included in the literature analysis were I, II and III.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Literature analysis showed 83 papers that fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 26 randomized controlled trials (RCT), 14 comparative studies, 29 case series, and 14 case reports. Several implant materials were identified: 24 papers on autologous bone, 6 on freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA), 16 on bovine porous bone mineral (BPBM), 9 on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), 4 on hydroxyapatite (HA), 2 on titanium (Ti), 1 on natural coral, 1 on collagen sponge, 1 on medical-grade calcium sulphate hemihydrate (MGCSH), 1 on bioactive glass (BG) and 18 on a combination of biomaterials. Only 4 papers were related to the orthopaedic field, whereas the majority belonged to clinical applications in oral/maxillofacial surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The systematic research showed a growing interest in this approach for bone implant integration, with an increasing number of studies published over time. However, knowledge on this topic is still preliminary, with the presence mainly of low quality studies. Many aspects still have to be understood, such as the biomaterials that can benefit most from PRP and the best protocol for PRP both for production and application.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roffi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filardo
authors.affiliation: Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano n 1/10, Bologna 40136, Italy. e.kon@biomec.ior.it.
authors.forename: Elizaveta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: Maurilio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcacci
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts; D000818:Animals; D064592:Autografts; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma; D019736:Prostheses and Implants