title: The MATROSHKA experiment: results and comparison from extravehicular activity (MTR-1) and intravehicular activity (MTR-2A/2B) exposure.
abstract: Astronauts working and living in space are exposed to considerably higher doses and different qualities of ionizing radiation than people on Earth. The multilateral MATROSHKA (MTR) experiment, coordinated by the German Aerospace Center, represents the most comprehensive effort to date in radiation protection dosimetry in space using an anthropomorphic upper-torso phantom used for radiotherapy treatment planning. The anthropomorphic upper-torso phantom maps the radiation distribution as a simulated human body installed outside (MTR-1) and inside different compartments (MTR-2A: Pirs; MTR-2B: Zvezda) of the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. Thermoluminescence dosimeters arranged in a 2.54 cm orthogonal grid, at the site of vital organs and on the surface of the phantom allow for visualization of the absorbed dose distribution with superior spatial resolution. These results should help improve the estimation of radiation risks for long-term human space exploration and support benchmarking of radiation transport codes.
authors.affiliation: a  Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany;
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bilski
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hajek
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puchalska
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reitz
mesh_terms: D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D012015:Reference Standards; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects