title: Effects on antibiotic dispensing rates of interventions to promote delayed prescribing for respiratory tract infections in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed antibiotic prescribing is an effective method of reducing the consumption of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). However, interventions to promote its use remain unexplored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effects of a GP educational intervention and a computer delayed-prescribing pop-up reminder on antibiotic-dispensing rates. The study also aimed to identify factors influencing GPs' decisions to issue delayed prescriptions and patients' decisions to fill their prescriptions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled trial nested within a cluster-randomised controlled trial in urban and rural practices in 11 counties in southern Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Educational intervention and control groups were randomly populated from 81 continuing medical education groups. Within the intervention arm, 107 of the 156 participating GPs were assigned, based on the electronic patient-record system they used, to having a pop-up reminder installed on their computers. Data on prescribed and dispensed antibiotics from 1 year before, and 1 year during, the intervention were collected and linked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Valid data were obtained from 328 GPs (75%). At baseline, 92.1% of prescriptions were filled at pharmacies. The effect of the educational intervention was a 1% reduction in approximated risk (risk ratio [RR] 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96 to 1.01) of antibiotics being dispensed, while the combined effect of the educational and pop-up reminder intervention was a 4% reduction in approximated risk (RR 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94 to 0.98). In the pop-up intervention group, 11.0% of the prescriptions were issued as delayed prescriptions and 59.2% of these were filled. Upper RTI, sinusitis, and otitis gave highest odds for delayed prescribing and lowest odds for dispensing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Promoting delayed prescribing among GPs results in a small decrease in antibiotic dispensing. The savings potential is greatest for upper RTI, sinusitis, and otitis.
authors.affiliation: Antibiotic Center for Primary Care, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Sigurd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Høye
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gjelstad
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindbæk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017010:Reminder Systems; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014504:Urban Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents