title: Differentiation of cancer cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional breast cancer models by Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: We demonstrate the first application of Raman spectroscopy in diagnosing nonmalignant, premalignant, malignant, and metastatic stages of breast cancer in a three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture model that closely mimics an in vivo environment. Comprehensive study comparing classification in two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D cell models was performed using statistical methods composed of principal component analysis for exploratory analysis and outlier removal, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and elastic net regularized regression for classification. Our results show that Raman spectroscopy with an appropriate classification tool has excellent resolution to discriminate the four stages of breast cancer progression, with a near 100% accuracy for both 2-D and 3-D cell models. The diversity in chemical groups related to nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, among other chemicals, were identified by appropriate peaks in the Raman spectra that correspond to the correct classification of the different stages of tumorigenesis model comprising of MCF10A, MCF10AneoT, MCF10CA1h, and MCF10CA1a cell lines. An explicit relationship between wavenumber and the stages of cancer progression was identified by the elastic net variable selection.
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907cPurdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
authors.forename: Nur P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Damayanti
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Mukti R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirshner
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Irudayaraj
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*