title: Presentation, diagnosis, and medical management of heart failure in children: Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines.
abstract: Pediatric heart failure (HF) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood. This article presents guidelines for the recognition, diagnosis, and early medical management of HF in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. The guidelines are intended to assist practitioners in office-based or emergency room practice, who encounter children with undiagnosed heart disease and symptoms of possible HF, rather than those who have already received surgical palliation. The guidelines have been developed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, and are accompanied by practical Recommendations for their application in the clinical setting, supplemented by online material. This work does not include Recommendations for advanced management involving ventricular assist devices, or other device therapies.
authors.affiliation: The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: paul.kantor@albertahealthservices.ca.
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Kantor
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lougheed
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dancea
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGillion
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Rejane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dillenburg
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atallah
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chant-Gambacort
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gardin
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenway
authors.forename: Derek G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Human
authors.forename: Aamir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeewa
authors.forename: Jack F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: S Lucy
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryerson
authors.forename: Reeni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Kenny
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019571:Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002170:Canada; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004452:Echocardiography; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012955:Societies, Medical; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D015415:Biomarkers; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D002395:Catecholamines; D004232:Diuretics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014667:Vasopressins