title: Vitamin E and diabetic nephropathy in mice model and humans.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased oxidative stress due to elevated glucose levels in the plasma. Glucose promotes glycosylation of both plasma and cellular proteins with increased risk for vascular events. Diabetic patients suffer from a higher incidence of cardiovascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy. Haptoglobin (Hp) is an antioxidant plasma protein which binds free hemoglobin, thus preventing heme-iron mediated oxidation. Two alleles exist at the Hp gene locus (1 and 2) encoding three possible Hp genotypes that differ in their antioxidant ability, and may respond differently to vitamin E treatment. Several clinical studies to have shown that Hp 1-1 genotype is a superior antioxidant to the Hp 2-2 genotype and Hp 2-2 genotype is associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease. Vitamin E was found to have beneficial effect in patient and mice with Hp 2-2 genotype. In this review we have summarized the results of our studies in patients with diabetic nephropathy treated with vitamin E and in diabetic mice with different haptoglobin genotypes.
authors.affiliation: Nakhoul Farid, Dahan Inbal, Farber Evgeny, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Baruch-Padeh Poriya Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Lower Galilee 15208, Israel.
authors.forename: Nakhoul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.forename: Dahan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inbal
authors.forename: Nakhoul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakhoul
authors.forename: Farber
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Evgeny
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller-Lotan
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Asleh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rabea
keywords: Cardio-vascular complications; Diabetic nephropathy; Haptoglobin; Vitamin E