title: Efficient removal of lignin with the maintenance of hemicellulose from kenaf by two-stage pretreatment process.
abstract: The enhancement of lignocellulose hydrolysis using enzyme complexes requires an efficient pretreatment process to obtain susceptible conditions for the enzyme attack. This study focuses on removing a major part of the lignin layer from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) while simultaneously maintaining most of the hemicellulose. A two-stage pretreatment process is adopted using calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)₂, and peracetic acid, PPA, to break the recalcitrant lignin layer from other structural polysaccharides. An experimental screening of several pretreatment chemicals, concentrations, temperatures and solid-liquid ratios enabled the production of an optimally designed pretreatment process for kenaf. Our results showed that the pretreatment process has provide 59.25% lignin removal while maintaining 87.72% and 96.17% hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, using 1g of Ca(OH)₂/L and a 8:1 (mL:g) ratio of liquid-Ca(OH)₂ at 50 °C for 1.5 h followed by 20% peracetic acid pretreatment at 75 °C for 2 h. These results validate this mild approach for aiding future enzymatic hydrolysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nur Izyan
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Wan Azelee
authors.forename: Jamaliah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Md Jahim
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rabu
authors.forename: Abdul Munir
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abdul Murad
authors.forename: Farah Diba
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Abu Bakar
authors.forename: Rosli
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Md Illias
mesh_terms: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases / Q000737:chemistry; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D031584:Hibiscus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008031:Lignin / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010463:Peracetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014994:Xylose / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D011134:Polysaccharides; C007916:hemicellulose; D008031:Lignin; D014994:Xylose; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases; D010463:Peracetic Acid; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide
keywords: Hemicellulose; Kenaf; Lignin removal; Pretreatment