title: Exposure of infants to ochratoxin A with breast milk.
abstract: The nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a worldwide contaminant in food commodities and also found frequently in human biological fluids. Dietary contaminants ingested by nursing mothers can appear in breast milk. But the rate of lactational transfer of OTA has not been investigated so far at various stages of breastfeeding. Therefore, and to investigate OTA exposure of Chilean infants, we conducted a longitudinally designed study in mother-child pairs (n = 21) with parallel collection of maternal blood, milk and of infant urine samples over a period of up to 6 months. Validated analytical methods were applied to determine OTA concentrations in all biological samples (n = 134). OTA was detected in almost all maternal blood plasma, at concentrations ranging between 72 and 639 ng/L. The OTA concentrations in breast milk were on average one quarter of those measured in plasma (M/P ratio 0.25). Interestingly, a higher fraction of circulating OTA was excreted in colostrum (M/P 0.4) than with mature milk (M/P ≤ 0.2). Infants exposure was calculated as daily intake from our new data for OTA levels in breast milk, and taking into account milk consumption and body weight as additional variables: Chilean infants have an average intake of 12.7 ± 9.1 ng/kg bw during the first 6 days after delivery while intake with mature milk results in average values close to 5.0 ng/kg bw/day. Their OTA exposure is discussed in the context of tolerable intake values suggested by different scientific bodies. Moreover, the study design enabled a comparison of OTA intake and infant urine concentrations over the breastfeeding period. The statistical analysis of n = 27 paired values showed a good correlation (r = 0.57) for this type of studies and thereby confirms that urinary OTA analysis in infants is a valid biomarker of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829, Landau, Germany, munoz@uni-landau.de.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaszkewicz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Degen
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002677:Chile; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009035:Mothers; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A