title: Identification and removal of low-complexity sites in allele-specific analysis of ChIP-seq data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-throughput sequencing technologies enable the genome-wide analysis of the impact of genetic variation on molecular phenotypes at unprecedented resolution. However, although powerful, these technologies can also introduce unexpected artifacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the impact of library amplification bias on the identification of allele-specific (AS) molecular events from high-throughput sequencing data derived from chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP-seq). Putative AS DNA binding activity for RNA polymerase II was determined using ChIP-seq data derived from lymphoblastoid cell lines of two parent-daughter trios. We found that, at high-sequencing depth, many significant AS binding sites suffered from an amplification bias, as evidenced by a larger number of clonal reads representing one of the two alleles. To alleviate this bias, we devised an amplification bias detection strategy, which filters out sites with low read complexity and sites featuring a significant excess of clonal reads. This method will be useful for AS analyses involving ChIP-seq and other functional sequencing assays.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The R package abs filter for library clonality simulations and detection of amplification-biased sites is available from http://updepla1srv1.epfl.ch/waszaks/absfilter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland and Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sebastian M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Waszak
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kilpinen
authors.forename: Andreas R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gschwind
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orioli
authors.forename: Sunil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Raghav
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Witwicki
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Migliavacca
authors.forename: Alisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yurovsky
authors.forename: Tuuli
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.forename: Nouria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reymond
authors.forename: Emmanouil T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Dermitzakis
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deplancke
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001665:Binding Sites; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015723:Gene Library; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012319:RNA Polymerase II