title: Central neuromodulation for refractory pain.
abstract: Chronic neuropathic pain affects 8.2% of adults, extrapolated to roughly 18 million people every year in the United States. Patients who have pain that cannot be controlled with pharmacologic management or less invasive techniques can be considered for deep brain stimulation or motor cortex stimulation. These techniques are not currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for chronic pain and are, thus, considered off-label use of medical devices for this patient population. Conclusive effectiveness studies are still needed to demonstrate the best targets as well as the reliability of the results with these approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk S31, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Nina Z
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lempka
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
keywords: Deep brain stimulation (DBS); Motor cortex stimulation (MCS); Neuromatrix; Neuromodulation; Pain