title: Affective responses to self-selected and imposed walking in inactive women with high stress: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary purpose was to examine affective responses and future intentions in response to self-selected and imposed-intensity walking in inactive women with high levels of stress. The secondary purpose was to examine potential psychobiological variables (cortisol responses and self-efficacy) associated with changes in affective states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen participants (age=23.58 ± 5.30 yr) completed three trials of treadmill walking at self-selected intensity, 10% above and 10% below relative self-selected intensity. Walking duration was determined to expend 150 kcal. Affective responses and salivary cortisol were measured prior to, during, and following walking sessions. Self-efficacy was also measured during and post-walking. Future intention was measured post walking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Affect and self-efficacy improved significantly over time at all walking intensity conditions. Moreover, selected affect variables were improved at self-selected but not at imposed intensity during and post walking. No significant associations were observed between affect, self-efficacy and cortisol levels. However, affect and self-efficacy did significantly predict future intentions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treadmill walking at intensities proximal to and lower than ventilatory threshold were associated with positive affective responses during and after walking in women with high levels of stress. Self-selected intensity may be effective for eliciting more favorable experiences during and following acute bouts of exercise, and promote future intentions for exercise. Findings provide partial support for self-efficacy during exercise as a potential mechanism for positive affective responses, especially at self-selected intensity.
authors.affiliation: Health and Exercise Physical Activity and Educational Services The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA - buckworth.1@osu.edu.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wardwell
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Focht
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Courtney Devries
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: O'connell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buckworth
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D010865:Pilot Projects; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D016138:Walking / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone