title: Nasal manifestations of systemic diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Signs and symptoms of the sinonasal tract may be originated in any organ system. Distinguishing these from original sinonasal disease poses a great diagnostic challenge. The ENT specialist usually faces an unresponsive or relapsing case, with an atypical presentation. We address this issue by trying to provide a wider perspective when dealing with sinonasal manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the literature exploring heterogeneous groups of diseases and systemic conditions that might interfere with normal sinonasal physiology. The most current and valid information have been included in an effort to delineate such manifestations and clarify the distinguishing signs and tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A great variety of systemic conditions with sinonasal manifestations, including connective tissue, autoimmune, infectious, vascular, hematological, gastrointestinal, and endocrine diseases, were included. We address their distinguishing characteristics and diagnostic work-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Signs and symptoms of the sinonasal tract can originate from either local or systemic disorders. The keys to dealing with such disorders are understanding the patterns in which systemic diseases can manifest, and using special diagnostic tools specific to each condition to confirm or rule out particular diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklio, Greece. eprokopakis@gmail.com
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prokopakis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vardouniotis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jorissen
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000150:complications; D003240:Connective Tissue Diseases / Q000150:complications; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000150:complications; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000209:etiology*