title: Patient-related and ENT-related predictive factors based on the pain experienced during flexible nasendoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to explore the role of specific patient-related and operator-related factors in pain perception during flexible laryngoscopy, which is one of the most common ENT procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocentric, randomized, individual prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 532 patients (145 men and 387 women), without any relevant ENT diseases, underwent laryngoscopy performed by otolaryngologists with various degrees of experience. Patient discomfort was reported using visual analog scores, and willingness to repeat the experience was also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis showed that greater pain was significantly associated with female patients and female otolaryngologists, whereas the pain was less severe in the cases of experienced laryngologists and older patients. Pain plays an important role in determining the willingness to repeat the examination; in fact, patients who experienced lower levels of pain during laryngoscopy were more prone to repeat the experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article explores the importance of the extrinsic factors that are related to the patient and the otolaryngologist in determining the level of pain associated with laryngoscopy. Our study indicated that laryngoscopy is generally a well-tolerated procedure, causing little overall discomfort, but that a subgroup of patients may experience more pain than others, which may affect the patient's perspective toward undergoing a similar future experience. Our analysis may be helpful for clinicians in understanding pain perception during a routine procedure, enabling them to focus more on that subgroup of patients who are more prone to pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  1b.
authors.affiliation: 1st ENT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Seccia
authors.forename: Iacopo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dallan
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Massimetti
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Segnini
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Navari
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fortunato
authors.forename: Arisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bajraktari
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muscatello
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sellari-Franceschini
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Pain; age; laryngoscopy; pain perception