title: Atypical radiological manifestations of thoracic sarcoidosis: A review and pictorial essay.
abstract: Thoracic sarcoidosis is a common disease, with well-described and recognizable radiographic features. Nevertheless, most physicians are not familiar with the rare atypical often-confusing manifestations of thoracic sarcoid. Although these findings have been previously reviewed, but more recent advances in imaging and laboratory science, need to be incorporated. We present a review of literature and illustrate the review with unpublished data, intended to provide a more recent single comprehensive reference to assist with the diagnosis when atypical radiographic findings of thoracic sarcoidosis are encountered. Thoracic involvement accounts for most of morbidity and mortality associated with sarcoidosis. An accurate timely identification is required to minimize morbidity and mortality. It is essential to recognize atypical imaging findings and relate these to clinical manifestations and histology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hamdan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Jahdali
authors.forename: Prabhakar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajiah
authors.forename: Shyam Sunder
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Koteyar
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Ali Nawaz
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Khan
keywords: Atypical; cardiology; chest; radiology; sarcoidosis