title: Transfusion begets anemia: the effect of aged blood on hematopoiesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following trauma, transfusion of aged stored blood is often necessary yet associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Despite blood replacement, many patients have a prolonged anemia requiring further transfusions. The effects of aged blood on bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis have not been studied, and we hypothesized that stored blood suppresses BM function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood from Sprague-Dawley rats was stored for 1, 14, or 28 days with the industry preservative citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine-1 (CPDA-1). For in vitro studies, 5% supernatant was incubated with normal rat BM and cultured for erythroid (CFU-E) and granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) colony-forming units. Data were compared with cultures of BM alone, 5% control plasma (negative control), and 12% CPDA-1. For in vivo studies, rats were transfused with stored supernatants (5% estimated blood volume (EBV) over 30 minutes). BM from each recipient was cultured for CFU-E and CFU-GM at 3 hours after transfusion. Data were compared with cultures of BM alone. Difference between groups determined by analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro exposure to CPDA-1, control plasma, or 1-day supernatant (D1) had no effect on BM growth compared with BM alone. In vitro exposure to 14-day (D14) and 28-day (D28) supernatant significantly suppressed CFU-E by 60% and CFU-GM growth by 71% (both p < 0.05) compared with D1 or medial alone. There were no differences between D14 and D28. In vivo exposure to D14 reduced BM CFU-E and CFU-GM growth by 55% (both p < 0.05) compared with D1 supernatant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma from aged blood adversely affects CFU-E and CFU-GM growth in rats. The effect is not mediated by CPDA-1. Transfusion of aged stored blood may contribute to BM dysfunction in critically ill patients, resulting in persistent anemia and the need for further transfusion. This BM dysfunction may also partly explain the observed increased susceptibility to infection.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Kimberly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ziad C
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Sifri
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Walter D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Alzate
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Livingston
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000818:Animals; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000379:methods*; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley