title: Influence of massage and occlusion on the ex vivo skin penetration of rigid liposomes and invasomes.
abstract: Liposomes are frequently described as drug delivery systems for dermal and transdermal applications. Recently, it has been shown that particulate substances penetrate effectively into hair follicles and that the follicular penetration depth can be increased by massaging the skin, which simulates the in vivo movement of hairs in the hair follicles. In the present study, massage was applied to skin mounted to Franz diffusion cells. By means of confocal laser scanning microscopy, the influence of massage and occlusion on the follicular penetration depths of rigid and flexible liposomes loaded with a hydrophilic and lipophilic dye was investigated. The application of massage increased follicular penetration significantly. Occlusion resulted in an increased follicular penetration depth only for rigid liposomes, whereas invasomes did not penetrate more effectively if occlusion was applied. The results confirm that massage is an important tool for increasing follicular penetration in ex vivo studies using Franz diffusion cells. Occlusion may reduce the efficacy of follicular penetration depending on the specific liposomal preparation. Rigidity in particular appears to be a relevant parameter.
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Zebet at Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sindy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trauer
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuntsche
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Büttemeyer
authors.affiliation: Zebet at Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liebsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linscheid
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahr
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäfer-Korting
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: juergen.lademann@charite.de.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lademann
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patzelt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes
keywords: Drug delivery; Follicular penetration; Franz diffusion cell; Invasomes; Liposomes; Massage technique