title: Learning classification models with soft-label information.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Learning of classification models in medicine often relies on data labeled by a human expert. Since labeling of clinical data may be time-consuming, finding ways of alleviating the labeling costs is critical for our ability to automatically learn such models. In this paper we propose a new machine learning approach that is able to learn improved binary classification models more efficiently by refining the binary class information in the training phase with soft labels that reflect how strongly the human expert feels about the original class labels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two types of methods that can learn improved binary classification models from soft labels are proposed. The first relies on probabilistic/numeric labels, the other on ordinal categorical labels. We study and demonstrate the benefits of these methods for learning an alerting model for heparin induced thrombocytopenia. The experiments are conducted on the data of 377 patient instances labeled by three different human experts. The methods are compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our AUC results show that the new approach is capable of learning classification models more efficiently compared to traditional learning methods. The improvement in AUC is most remarkable when the number of examples we learn from is small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new classification learning framework that lets us learn from auxiliary soft-label information provided by a human expert is a promising new direction for learning classification models from expert labels, reducing the time and cost needed to label data.
authors.affiliation: Computer Science Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Quang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valizadegan
authors.forename: Milos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauskrecht
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002965:Classification / Q000379:methods; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012372:ROC Curve
keywords: data labeling by human experts; machine learning; soft-label information