title: Treatment and Management Outcomes of Tibial Eminence Fractures in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tibial eminence fractures are rare but occur more frequently in children and adolescents. There are a variety of methods to surgically treat these fractures, but surgeons disagree about the optimal method of reduction and fixation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Regarding clinical results and complications after treatment in children and adolescent patients with tibial eminence fractures, the authors hypothesize that (1) there is no difference between reduction and fixation with screws versus sutures, (2) there is no difference in arthroscopic versus open reduction and fixation, and (3) outcomes are better in patients with minimally displaced (types I and II) versus completely displaced (types III and IV) fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was performed studying the treatment of tibial eminence fractures in children and adolescents to determine clinical results, functional outcomes, and complications. A meta-analytic technique on observational studies was used to compare outcomes when sufficient data were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review identified 26 articles with extractable clinical results and data on complications: 1 level 3 article and 25 level 4 articles. Ten of 580 tibial eminence fractures identified in the literature had nonunion, with 60% of nonunions occurring in type III fractures treated by nonoperative modalities. Appreciable healing was noted for both open and arthroscopic fixation techniques as well as patients treated by screw or suture fixation. Laxity (P < .001) and loss of range of motion (P = .009) occurred significantly less after the treatment of minimally displaced fractures (types I and II).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of evidence supporting various treatments of tibial eminence fractures in children and adolescents is low. There is insufficient evidence to conclude the superiority of open versus arthroscopic fixation or screw versus suture fixation techniques. Nonoperative treatment of completely displaced tibial eminence fractures results in higher rates of nonunion. Type III and IV fractures heal with greater laxity and greater loss of range of motion after treatment. Higher level studies are necessary to determine the optimal method of fixation for tibial eminence fractures.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Itai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gans
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ganley@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ganley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods; D001863:Bone Screws; D002648:Child; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D014945:Wound Healing
keywords: pediatric; screw fixation; suture fixation; systematic review; tibial eminence fracture; tibial spine