title: A systems approach for analysis of high content screening assay data with topic modeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High Content Screening (HCS) has become an important tool for toxicity assessment, partly due to its advantage of handling multiple measurements simultaneously. This approach has provided insight and contributed to the understanding of systems biology at cellular level. To fully realize this potential, the simultaneously measured multiple endpoints from a live cell should be considered in a probabilistic relationship to assess the cell's condition to response stress from a treatment, which poses a great challenge to extract hidden knowledge and relationships from these measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work, we applied a text mining method of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to analyze cellular endpoints from in vitro HCS assays and related to the findings to in vivo histopathological observations. We measured multiple HCS assay endpoints for 122 drugs. Since LDA requires the data to be represented in document-term format, we first converted the continuous value of the measurements to the word frequency that can processed by the text mining tool. For each of the drugs, we generated a document for each of the 4 time points. Thus, we ended with 488 documents (drug-hour) each having different values for the 10 endpoints which are treated as words. We extracted three topics using LDA and examined these to identify diagnostic topics for 45 common drugs located in vivo experiments from the Japanese Toxicogenomics Project (TGP) observing their necrosis findings at 6 and 24 hours after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that assay endpoints assigned to particular topics were in concordance with the histopathology observed. Drugs showing necrosis at 6 hour were linked to severe damage events such as Steatosis, DNA Fragmentation, Mitochondrial Potential, and Lysosome Mass. DNA Damage and Apoptosis were associated with drugs causing necrosis at 24 hours, suggesting an interplay of the two pathways in these drugs. Drugs with no sign of necrosis we related to the Cell Loss and Nuclear Size assays, which is suggestive of hepatocyte regeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence from this study suggests that topic modeling with LDA can enable us to interpret relationships of endpoints of in vitro assays along with an in vivo histological finding, necrosis. Effectiveness of this approach may add substantially to our understanding of systems biology.
authors.forename: Halil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bisgin
authors.forename: Minjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yuping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Reagan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Weida
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004249:DNA Damage; D057225:Data Mining; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043922:Toxicogenetics / Q000379:methods*