title: Optimization of perceptual learning: effects of task difficulty and external noise in older adults.
abstract: Previous research has shown a wide array of age-related declines in vision. The current study examined the effects of perceptual learning (PL), external noise, and task difficulty in fine orientation discrimination with older individuals (mean age 71.73, range 65-91). Thirty-two older subjects participated in seven 1.5-h sessions conducted on separate days over a three-week period. A two-alternative forced choice procedure was used in discriminating the orientation of Gabor patches. Four training groups were examined in which the standard orientations for training were either easy or difficult and included either external noise (additive Gaussian noise) or no external noise. In addition, the transfer to an untrained orientation and noise levels were examined. An analysis of the four groups prior to training indicated no significant differences between the groups. An analysis of the change in performance post-training indicated that the degree of learning was related to task difficulty and the presence of external noise during training. In addition, measurements of pupil diameter indicated that changes in orientation discrimination were not associated with changes in retinal illuminance. These results suggest that task difficulty and training in noise are factors important for optimizing the effects of training among older individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, United States.
authors.forename: Denton J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: DeLoss
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, United States.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, United States. Electronic address: andersen@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D010470:Perceptual Masking / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Aging; External noise; Orientation discrimination; Perceptual learning; Task difficulty