title: Neuromodulation for dystonia: target and patient selection.
abstract: Treatment of dystonia refractory to oral medications or botulinum toxin injections includes the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Expectations should be established based on patient-related factors, including type of dystonia, genetic cause, target symptoms, age at the time of surgery, disease duration, or the presence of fixed skeletal deformities. Premorbid conditions such as psychiatric illness and cognitive impairment should be considered. Target selection is an emerging issue in DBS for dystonia. Although efficacy has been established for targeting the globus pallidus internus for dystonia, other brain targets such as the subthalamic nucleus, thalamus, or cortex may be promising alternatives.
authors.affiliation: UCSF Department of Neurology, PADRECC, San Francisco VA Medical Center, UCSF Box 1838, 1635 Divisadero Street, Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94143-1838, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: Jill L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ostrem
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004421:Dystonia / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Brain target; Deep brain stimulation; Globus pallidus; Outcomes; Predictive factors; Subthalamic nucleus