title: The in vivo effects of low-intensity radiofrequency fields on the motor activity of protozoa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the direct and transgenerational effects of exposure to low-dose 1 GHz (mobile phone/wireless telecommunication range) and 10 GHz (radar/satellite communication range) radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on the motility of ciliates Spirostomum ambiguum.
  
  
  METHODS
  S. ambiguum were exposed to 1 GHz and 10 GHz RF-EMF with power flux densities (PD) ranging from 0.05-0.5 W/m(2) over a period of time from 0.05-10 h. The motility of directly exposed ciliates and their non-exposed progeny across 10-15 generations was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to 0.1 W/m(2) of either 1 or 10 GHz RF-EMF resulted in a significant decrease in the motility. The dose of exposure capable of altering the mobility of ciliates was inversely correlated with the flux density of RF-EMF. The motility of the non-exposed progeny of ciliates irradiated with 0.1 W/m(2) of 10 GHz RF-EMF remained significantly compromised, at least, across 10-15 generations, thus indicating the presence of transgenerational effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study show that low-dose exposure to RF-EMF can significantly affect the motility of irradiated ciliates and their non-exposed offspring, thus providing further insights into the unknown mechanisms underlying the in vivo effects of RF-EMF.
authors.affiliation: Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering of the National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Department of Biology , Obninsk , Russia.
authors.forename: Elena I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Sarapultseva
authors.forename: Julia V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Igolkina
authors.forename: Viktor N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Tikhonov
authors.forename: Yuri E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Dubrova
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016798:Ciliophora / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D009068:Movement; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D011846:Radio Waves; D013997:Time Factors