title: Performance of polygenic scores for predicting phobic anxiety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety disorders are common, with a lifetime prevalence of 20% in the U.S., and are responsible for substantial burdens of disability, missed work days and health care utilization. To date, no causal genetic variants have been identified for anxiety, anxiety disorders, or related traits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether a phobic anxiety symptom score was associated with 3 alternative polygenic risk scores, derived from external genome-wide association studies of anxiety, an internally estimated agnostic polygenic score, or previously identified candidate genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal follow-up study. Using linear and logistic regression we investigated whether phobic anxiety was associated with polygenic risk scores derived from internal, leave-one out genome-wide association studies, from 31 candidate genes, and from out-of-sample genome-wide association weights previously shown to predict depression and anxiety in another cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants (n = 11,127) were individuals from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anxiety symptoms were assessed via the 8-item phobic anxiety scale of the Crown Crisp Index at two time points, from which a continuous phenotype score was derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no genome-wide significant associations with phobic anxiety. Phobic anxiety was also not associated with a polygenic risk score derived from the genome-wide association study beta weights using liberal p-value thresholds; with a previously published genome-wide polygenic score; or with a candidate gene risk score based on 31 genes previously hypothesized to predict anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a substantial gap between twin-study heritability estimates of anxiety disorders ranging between 20-40% and heritability explained by genome-wide association results. New approaches such as improved genome imputations, application of gene expression and biological pathways information, and incorporating social or environmental modifiers of genetic risks may be necessary to identify significant genetic predictors of anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: M Maria
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Glymour
authors.forename: Karestan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koenen
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Tchetgen Tchetgen
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cornelis
authors.forename: Shun-Chiao
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Kubzansky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000235:genetics*