title: Coexisting intrarenal arteriovenous and caliceovenous fistulae after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Case report and literature review.
abstract: A 58-year-old man was re-admitted to the Urology service with delayed gross hematuria and unstable he-modynamics, following a percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) procedure performed for an obstructive solitary left lower calyceal stone. A selective left renal angiogram demonstrated an interpolar arteriovenous fistula (AVF), which was treated with successful coil embolization of a sub-segmental feeding branch. Sub-sequent nephrostogram confirmed a coexisting caliceovenous fistula, which was observed and healed spon-taneously. Iatrogenic coexisting intrarenal AVF and caliceovenous fistulae have never been reported and should be considered as a possible cause of delayed severe hematuria with unstable hemodynamics, and/or increase in baseline creatinine after PCNL.
authors.affiliation: Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA USA.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zawacki
authors.forename: Herlen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alencar
keywords: caliceovenous fistula; coil embolization; intrarenal artriovenous fistula (AVF); percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL); renal angiogram