title: Pilot testing of a model for insurer-driven, large-scale multicenter simulation training for operating room teams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the feasibility of implementing a standardized teamwork training program with full operating room teams in multiple institutions, driven by malpractice insurer support and incentives.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Failures in intraoperative teamwork are among the leading causes of preventable patient injury and death in surgical patients. Teamwork training, particularly using simulation, can be an effective intervention but is difficult to scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  A malpractice insurer convened a collaborative with 4 Harvard-affiliated simulation programs to develop a standardized operating room teamwork training curriculum, including principles of communication, assertiveness, and use of the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist. Participant teams were compensated for lost operative time via malpractice premium discounts, continuing education credits, and compensation for lost wages. The course was delivered through a simulation program involving the management of intraoperative emergency scenarios. Participants were surveyed for their perceptions of the program and of its impact on clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 221 active operating room staff members participated in the program. Each team contained at least 1 attending surgeon, 1 attending anesthesiologist, and 1 operating room nurse (mean size per team: 7 ± 2 participants). No study dates were cancelled because of lack of attendance. The survey response rate was 99% (218/221). Overall, the vast majority of participants found the scenarios realistic [94% (95% confidence interval: 90.9%, 97.2%)], appropriately challenging [95.4% (92.6%, 98.2%)], relevant to their practice [96.3% (93.8%, 98.8%)], and found the training would help them provide safer patient care [92.6% (89.1%, 96.1%)]. Surgeons reported their greatest personal deficit as communication skills. Operating room nurses and anesthesiologists reported a greater need than surgeons to work on personal assertiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A standardized multicenter team training program involving full operative teams is feasible with high-fidelity simulation and modest compensation for lost time. The vast majority of the multidisciplinary participants believed the course to have had a meaningful impact on their approach to clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: *Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA; †Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, Boston, MA; ‡Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston, MA; §Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA; ¶Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Boston MA; ‖Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston, MA; **The Center for Medical Simulation, Cambridge, MA; ††Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA; ‡‡Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Carl J. Shapiro Simulation and Skills Center, Boston, MA; §§Brigham and Women's Hospital, STRATUS Center for Medical Simulation, Boston, MA; ¶¶Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston, MA; ‖‖Boston Children's Hospital Simulator Program, Boston, MA; ***Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions (CRICO/RMF), Cambridge, MA; †††Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA; ‡‡‡University of Rochester, Department of Surgery, Rochester, NY; §§§Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Boston, MA; ¶¶¶Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA; ‖‖‖Harvard Medical School, Gilbert Program in Medical Simulation, Boston, MA; and ****Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Alexander F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Arriaga
authors.forename: Atul A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gawande
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Raemer
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Smink
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weinstock
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Stuart R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peyre
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pawlowski
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muret-Wagstaff
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Berry
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007343:Insurance Carriers / Q000191:economics*; D008348:Manikins; D009873:Operating Rooms; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010865:Pilot Projects