title: Solanum trilobatum extract-mediated synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to control Pediculus humanus capitis, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Anopheles subpictus.
abstract: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in paints, printing ink, rubber, paper, cosmetics, sunscreens, car materials, cleaning air products, industrial photocatalytic processes, and decomposing organic matters in wastewater due to their unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. The present study was conducted to assess the antiparasitic efficacies of synthesized TiO2 NPs utilizing leaf aqueous extract of Solanum trilobatum against the adult head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae); larvae of cattle tick Hyalomma anatolicum (a.) anatolicum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae), and fourth instar larvae of malaria vector Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). The green synthesized TiO2 NPs were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX), and Atomic force microscopy (AFM). XRD analysis of synthesized TiO2 NPs revealed that the particles were in the form of nanocrystals as evidenced by the major peaks at 2θ values of 27.52°, 36.21°, and 54.43° identified as 110, 101, and 211 reflections, respectively. FTIR spectra exhibited a prominent peak at 3,466 cm(-1) and showed OH stretching due to the alcoholic group, and the OH group may act as a capping agent. SEM images displayed NPs that were spherical, oval in shape, individual, and some in aggregates with an average size of 70 nm. Characterization of the synthesized TiO2 NPs using AFM offered a three-dimensional visualization and uneven surface morphology. The pediculocidal and acaricidal activities of synthesized TiO2 NPs showed the percent mortality of 31, 42, 63, 82, 100; 36, 44, 67, 89, and 100 at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg/L, respectively, against P. h. capitis and H. a. anatolicum. The average larval percent mortality of synthesized TiO2 NPs was 38, 47, 66, 79, and 100 at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/L, respectively, against A. subpictus. The maximum activity was observed in the aqueous leaf extract of S. trilobatum, TiO(OH)2 solutions (bulk), and synthesized TiO2 NPs with LC50 values of 35.14, 25.85, and 4.34 mg/L; 47.15, 29.78, and 4.11 mg/L; and 28.80, 24.01, and 1.94 mg/L, and r (2) values of 0.982, 0.991, and 0.992; 0.947, 0.987, and 0.997; and 0.965, 0.998 and 0.985, respectively, against P. h. capitis, H. a. anatolicum, and A. subpictus. This study provides the first report on the pediculocidal, acaricidal, and larvicidal activity of synthesized TiO2 NPs. This is an ideal eco-friendly, novel, low-cost, and simple approach to satisfy the requirement of large-scale industrial production bearing the advantage for the control of P. h. capitis, H. a. anatolicum, and A. subpictus.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Govindasamy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajakumar
authors.forename: Abdul Abdul
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rahuman
authors.forename: Chidambaram
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jayaseelan
authors.forename: Thirunavukkarasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santhoshkumar
authors.forename: Sampath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marimuthu
authors.forename: Chinnaperumal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamaraj
authors.forename: Asokan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagavan
authors.forename: Abdul Abduz
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zahir
authors.forename: Arivarasan Vishnu
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kirthi
authors.forename: Gandhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elango
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Rajan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karthikeyan
authors.forename: Sivan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manikandan
authors.forename: Sujin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jose
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D002417:Cattle; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010374:Pediculus / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D032322:Solanum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium