title: Measurement of cone dark adaptation: a comparison of four psychophysical methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dark adaptometry is an important clinical tool for the diagnosis of a range of conditions, including age-related macular degeneration. In order to identify the most robust, clinically applicable technique for the measurement of cone dark adaptation, the repeatability and agreement of four psychophysical methods were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from 31 healthy adults on two occasions, using four psychophysical methods. Participants' pupils were dilated, and 96 % of cone photopigment was bleached before threshold was monitored in the dark using one of the techniques, selected at random. This procedure was repeated for each of the remaining methods. An exponential recovery function was fitted to all threshold recovery data. The coefficient of repeatability (CoR) was calculated to assess the repeatability of the methods, and a repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare mean recovery parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four methods demonstrated a similar level of intersession repeatability for measurement of cone recovery, yielding CoRs between 1.18 and 1.56 min. There were no statistically significant differences in estimates of mean time constant of cone recovery (cone τ) between the four methods (p = 0.488); however, significant differences between initial and final cone thresholds were reported (p < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All of the techniques were capable of monitoring the rapid changes in visual threshold that occur during cone dark adaptation, and the repeatability of the techniques was similar. This indicates that despite the respective advantages and disadvantages of these psychophysical techniques, all four methods would be suitable for measuring cone dark adaptation in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4LU, UK, gaffneyaj1@cf.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Allannah J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gaffney
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Binns
authors.forename: Tom H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Margrain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003623:Dark Adaptation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011601:Psychophysics / Q000379:methods; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics