title: The complexity of intestinal permeability: Assigning the correct BCS classification through careful data interpretation.
abstract: While the solubility parameter is fairly straightforward when assigning BCS classification, the intestinal permeability (Peff) is more complex than generally recognized. In this paper we emphasize this complexity through the analysis of codeine, a commonly used antitussive/analgesic drug. Codeine was previously classified as a low-permeability compound, based on its lower LogP compared to metoprolol, a marker for the low-high permeability class boundary. In contrast, high fraction of dose absorbed (Fabs) was reported for codeine, which challenges the generally recognized Peff-Fabs correlation. The purpose of this study was to clarify this ambiguity through elucidation of codeine's BCS solubility/permeability class membership. Codeine's BCS solubility class was determined, and its intestinal permeability throughout the small intestine was investigated, both in vitro and in vivo in rats. Codeine was found to be unequivocally a high-solubility compound. All in vitro studies indicated that codeine's permeability is higher than metoprolol's. In vivo studies in rats showed similar permeability for both drugs throughout the entire small-intestine. In conclusion, codeine was found to be a BCS Class I compound. No Peff-Fabs discrepancy is involved in its absorption; rather, it reflects the risk of assigning BCS classification based on merely limited physicochemical characteristics. A thorough investigation using multiple experimental methods is prudent before assigning a BCS classification, to avoid misjudgment in various settings, e.g., drug discovery, formulation design, drug development and regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
authors.forename: Moran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zur
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
authors.forename: Allison S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. Electronic address: arikd@bgu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Arik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahan
mesh_terms: D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D000818:Animals; D001702:Biopharmaceutics / Q000145:classification*; D003061:Codeine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D003061:Codeine
keywords: BCS classification; Biowaiver; Drug solubility; Intestinal absorption; Segmental-dependent permeability