title: HIV/AIDS among women in Havana, Cuba: 1986-2011.
abstract: Women are being diagnosed with HIV infection in increasing numbers, and now account for 50% of cases worldwide. In Cuba, HIV is more frequent in men, but in recent years, a growing number of women have been diagnosed.
  
  
  
  Describe patterns of HIV among women in Havana, Cuba, 1986-2011.
  
  
  
  Descriptive study of women with HIV aged >14 years, residents of Havana, Cuba, who were diagnosed with HIV from 1 January 1986 through 31 December 2011. Information was obtained from the limited-access HIV/AIDS database of Cuba's Ministry of Public Health. Data were studied from all reported cases, a total of 1274 women. Variables selected were age at diagnosis, education, municipality of residence, screening group, year of HIV diagnosis, late presentation, AIDS-defining condition, year of diagnosis as AIDS case, vital status at the end of 2011, and year of death (if applicable). Incidence of HIV and AIDS, cumulative incidence by municipality of residence, and case fatality rates were calculated.
  
  
  
  Those aged 20-29 years were most affected by HIV. Almost half (46.7%) the women had completed middle school, and a further 35.4% had completed high school or middle-level technical studies. HIV incidence began to increase more steeply starting in 1998, as did AIDS incidence by year of diagnosis, though to a lesser extent. Central Havana and Old Havana municipalities had the highest cumulative incidence. Late presentation was seen in 7.4% of cases; mean age of those diagnosed late was 38.9 years. Wasting syndrome and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia were the most frequent AIDS-defining conditions. Case fatality rates started to decline in 1998.
  
  
  
  HIV infection in women is occurring in a predominantly young, relatively well-educated population. Increasing rates of HIV and AIDS in the past decade are a warning sign of the possible expansion of HIV infection in women, even though mortality is declining.
authors.affiliation: Enrique Cabrera General Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Havana, Cuba. arturo.vinas@infomed.sld.cu.
authors.forename: Dinorah C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: Arturo L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Viñas
authors.forename: Clarivel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.forename: Maritza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Caridad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Torre
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003462:Cuba / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D014505:Urban Population