title: Timing of muscle response to a sudden leg perturbation: comparison between adolescents and adults with Down syndrome.
abstract: Movement disturbances associated with Down syndrome reduce mechanical stability, worsening the execution of important tasks such as walking and upright standing. To compensate these deficits, persons with Down syndrome increase joint stability modulating the level of activation of single muscles or producing an agonist-antagonist co-activation. Such activations are also observed when a relaxed, extended leg is suddenly released and left to oscillate passively under the influence of gravity (Wartenberg test). In this case, the Rectus femoris of adults with Down syndrome displayed peaks of activation after the onset of the first leg flexion. With the aim to verify if these muscular reactions were acquired during the development time and to find evidences useful to give them a functional explanation, we used the Wartenberg test to compare the knee joint kinematics and the surface electromyography of the Rectus femoris and Biceps femoris caput longus between adolescents and adults with Down syndrome. During the first leg flexion, adolescents and adults showed single Rectus femoris activations while, a restricted number of participants exhibited agonist-antagonist co-activations. However, regardless the pattern of activation, adults initiated the muscle activity significantly later than adolescents. Although most of the mechanical parameters and the total movement variability were similar in the two groups, the onset of the Rectus femoris activation was well correlated with the time of the minimum acceleration variability. Thus, in adolescents the maximum mechanical stability occurred short after the onset of the leg fall, while adults reached their best joint stability late during the first flexion. These results suggest that between the adolescence and adulthood, persons with Down syndrome explore a temporal window to select an appropriate timing of muscle activation to overcome their inherent mechanical instability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Stella
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cioni
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pisasale
authors.forename: Maria Rosita
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pantò
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casabona
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult