title: Dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in France, 2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates (n = 1485) were received at the French Associated National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance in 2012 and were characterized for their mechanism of resistance to carbapenems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carbapenemase production was detected using the biochemical-based Carba NP test, based on the detection of in vitro hydrolysis of imipenem. All isolates with a positive Carba NP test result were characterized by PCR and sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbapenemase production was identified in 23.1% of the isolates. The main carbapenemase type identified was OXA-48 and derivatives (75.5%). An overseas source was clearly demonstrated for only 27.6% of the isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OXA-48 and derivatives are now the most prevalent carbapenemases in France, with a possible spread of these producers in the community.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U914 'Emerging Resistance to Antibiotics', Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, K.-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dortet
authors.forename: Gaelle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cuzon
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordmann
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: Carba NP test; K. pneumoniae; NDM; OXA-48; antibiotics; resistance