title: A hierarchical model of normal and abnormal personality up to seven factors.
abstract: Despite general support for dimensional models of personality disorder, it is currently unclear which, and how many, dimensions a taxonomy of this kind should include. In an attempt to obtain an empirically-based, comprehensive, and usable structure of personality, three instruments - The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R), the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+(PDQ-4+), and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ) - were administered to 960 outpatients and their scales factor-analyzed following a bass ackwards approach. The resulting hierarchical structure was interpretable and replicable across gender and methods up to seven factors. This structure highlights coincidences among current dimensional models and clarifies their apparent divergences, and thus helps to delineate the unified taxonomy of normal and abnormal personality that the field requires.
authors.affiliation: Personality Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer), 08036 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: fguti@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, GSS - Hospital Santa Maria - IRB, 25198 Lleida, Spain; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Psychology Faculty, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vall
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peri
authors.affiliation: CSMA La Mina, INAD, Parc de Salut Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gárriz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garrido
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010045:Outpatients; D010551:Personality / Q000145:classification*; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000145:classification*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D055815:Young Adult