title: Differential changes in muscle composition exist in traumatic and nontraumatic neck pain.
abstract: METHODS
  A population based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify relative constituents of viable muscle in 2-dimensional cross-sectional area (CSA) measures of ventral and dorsal cervical muscles in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), idiopathic neck pain, and healthy controls.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous data using T1-weighted magnetic resonance image demonstrated large amounts of neck muscle fat infiltration and increased neck muscle CSA in patients with chronic WAD but not in idiopathic neck pain or healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance images were obtained for 14 cervical muscle regions in 136 females, including 79 with chronic whiplash, 23 with chronic idiopathic neck pain, and 34 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without fat removed, relative CSA of 7 of 14 muscle regions in the participants with chronic WAD was larger, 3 of 14 smaller and 4 of 14 similar to healthy individuals. When T1-weighted signal representing the lipid content of these muscles was removed, 8 of 14 relative muscle CSA in patients with whiplash were similar, 5 of 14 were smaller and only 1 of 14 was larger than those observed in healthy controls. Removal of fat from the relative CSA measurement did not alter findings between participants with idiopathic neck pain and healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings clarify that previous reports of increased relative CSA in patients with chronic whiplash represent cervical muscle pseudohypertrophy. Relative muscle CSA measures reveal atrophy in several muscles in both patients with WAD and idiopathic neck pain, which supports inclusion of muscle conditioning in the total management of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, and School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia †Centre of National Research on Disability and Rehabilitation Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia ‡NHMRC Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia §Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and ¶Physiotherapy Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pedler
authors.forename: Gwendolen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jull
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Wyk
authors.forename: Graham G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: Shaun P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: OʼLeary
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult