title: Association between pre- and perinatal exposures and Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder in the ALSPAC cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder are heritable but aetiologically complex. Although environment plays a role in their development, existing studies of non-genetic risk factors are inconsistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between pre- and perinatal exposures and Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorder in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) prospective longitudinal pre-birth cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relationships between exposures and Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorder were examined in 6090 children using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal alcohol and cannabis use, inadequate maternal weight gain and parity were associated with Tourette syndrome or Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorder. Other previously reported exposures, including birth weight and prenatal maternal smoking, were not associated with Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports previously reported relationships between Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorder and prenatal alcohol exposure, and identifies additional previously unexplored potential prenatal risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Carol A. Mathews, MD, Program for Genetics and Epidemiology of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Jeremiah M. Scharf, MD, PhD, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Laura L. Miller, MSc, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK; Corrie Macdonald-Wallis, PhD, Debbie A. Lawlor, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, and MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, UK; Yoav Ben-Shlomo, MD, PhD, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Jeremiah M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scharf
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Corrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macdonald-Wallis
authors.forename: Debbie A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology