title: Community household income and resource utilization for common inpatient pediatric conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Child health is influenced by biomedical and socioeconomic factors. Few studies have explored the relationship between community-level income and inpatient resource utilization for children. Our objective was to analyze inpatient costs for children hospitalized with common conditions in relation to zip code-based median annual household income (HHI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective national cohort from 32 freestanding children's hospitals for asthma, diabetes, bronchiolitis and respiratory syncytial virus, pneumonia, and kidney and urinary tract infections. Standardized cost of care for individual hospitalizations and across hospitalizations for the same patient and condition were modeled by using mixed-effects methods, adjusting for severity of illness, age, gender, and race. Main exposure was median annual HHI. Posthoc tests compared adjusted standardized costs for patients from the lowest and highest income groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 116,636 hospitalizations, 4 of 5 conditions had differences at the hospitalization and at the patient level, with lowest-income groups having higher costs. The individual hospitalization level cost differences ranged from $187 (4.1%) to $404 (6.4%). Patient-level cost differences ranged from $310 to $1087 or 6.5% to 15% higher for the lowest-income patients. Higher costs were typically not for laboratory, imaging, or pharmacy costs. In total, patients from lowest income zip codes had $8.4 million more in hospitalization-level costs and $13.6 million more in patient-level costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower community-level HHI is associated with higher inpatient costs of care for 4 of 5 common pediatric conditions. These findings highlight the need to consider socioeconomic status in health care system design, delivery, and reimbursement calculations.
authors.affiliation: MBA, MSHP, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, CHOP North, Room 1516, Philadelphia, PA 19104. fieldston@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Evan S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Fieldston
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zaniletti
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Macy
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Alpern
authors.forename: Rustin B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hain
authors.forename: Marion R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sills
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy
keywords: health care finance; hospital costs; hospitalization; hospitalized child; pediatric hospital; resource utilization; socioeconomic status