title: Seasonal changes in the invertebrate community of granular activated carbon filters and control technologies.
abstract: Invertebrate colonization of granular activated carbon (GAC) filters in the waterworks is one of the most frequently occurring and least studied biological problems of water processing in China. A survey of invertebrate colonization of GAC filters was carried out weekly from October 2010 to December 2011 at a reservoir water treatment works in South China. Twenty-six kinds of invertebrates were observed. The abundance was as high as 5600ind.m(-3) with a mean of 860ind.m(-3). Large variations in abundance were observed among different seasons and before and after GAC filtration. The dominant organisms were rotifers and copepods. The average invertebrate abundance in the filtrate was 12-18.7 times of that in the pre-filtered water. Results showed that the GAC filters were colonized by invertebrates which may lead to a higher output of organisms in the filtrate than in the pre-filtered water. The invertebrate abundance in the GAC filters was statistically correlated with the water temperature. Seasonal patterns were observed. The invertebrate abundance grew faster in the spring and summer. Copepods were dominant in the summer while rotifers dominated in all other seasons of the year. There was a transition of small invertebrates (rotifers) gradually being substituted by larger invertebrates (copepods) from spring to summer. Control measures such as backwashing with chloric water, drying filter beds and soaking with saliferous water were implemented in the waterworks to reduce invertebrate abundances in the GAC filters. The results showed that soaking with saliferous water (99%, reduction in percent) was best but drying the filter beds (84%) was more economical. Soaking filter beds with 20g/L saliferous water for one day can be implemented in case of emergency. In order to keep invertebrate abundance in the acceptable range, some of these measures should be adopted.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China. Electronic address: tyyf@jnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Water (Group) Co., Ltd, No. 1019, Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen 518031, PR China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D002606:Charcoal; D002681:China; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000254:growth & development*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons; D013045:Species Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013696:Temperature; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: Biological filtration; Copepod; Drinking water; GAC filter; Rotifer; Waterworks