title: Chronic kidney disease, albuminuria and socioeconomic status in the Health Surveys for England 2009 and 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal replacement therapy rates are inversely related to socioeconomic status (SES) in developed countries. The relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and SES is less clear. This study examined the relationships between SES and CKD and albuminuria in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Health Survey for England 2009 and 2010 were combined. The prevalence of CKD 3-5 and albuminuria was calculated, and logistic regression used to determine their association with five individual-level measures and one area-level measure of SES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CKD 3-5 was 5.2% and albuminuria 8.0%. Age-sex-adjusted CKD 3-5 was associated with lack of qualifications [odds ratio (OR) 2.27 (95% confidence interval 1.40-3.69)], low income [OR 1.50 (1.02-2.21)] and renting tenure [OR 1.36 (1.01-1.84)]. Only tenure remained significant in fully adjusted models suggesting that co-variables were on the causal pathway. Albuminuria remained associated with several SES measures on full adjustment: low income [OR 1.55 (1.14-2.11)], no vehicle [OR 1.38 (1.05-1.81)], renting [OR 1.31 [1.03-1.67)] and most deprived area-level quintile [OR 1.55 (1.07-2.25)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CKD 3-5 and albuminuria were associated with low SES using several measures. For albuminuria this was not explained by known measured causal factors.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Simon D S
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Roderick
authors.affiliation: Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL (University College London), London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL (University College London), London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mindell
authors.affiliation: Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: Donal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Donoghue
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine
keywords: chronic kidney disease; epidemiology; socioeconomic factors