title: Hadamard slice encoding for reduced-FOV diffusion-weighted imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the clinical utility of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) by extending the slice coverage of a high-resolution reduced field-of-view technique.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Challenges in achieving high spatial resolution restrict the use of DWI in assessment of small structures such as the spinal cord. A reduced field-of-view method with 2D echo-planar radiofrequency (RF) excitation was recently proposed for high-resolution DWI. Here, a Hadamard slice-encoding scheme is proposed to double the slice coverage by exploiting the periodicity of the 2D echo-planar RF excitation profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2D echo-planar RF pulse and matching multiband refocusing RF pulses were designed using the Shinnar-Le Roux algorithm to reduce band interference, and variable-rate selective excitation to shorten the pulse durations. Hadamard-encoded images were resolved through a phase-preserving image reconstruction. The performance of the method was evaluated via simulations, phantom experiments, and in vivo high-resolution axial DWI of spinal cord.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed scheme successfully extends the slice coverage, while preserving the sharp excitation profile and the reliable fat suppression of the original method. For in vivo axial DWI of the spinal cord, an in-plane resolution of 0.7 × 0.7 mm(2) was achieved with 16 slices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed Hadamard slice-encoding scheme doubles the slice coverage of the 2D echo-planar RF reduced field-of-view method without any scan-time penalty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey; National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emine Ulku
authors.initials: EU
authors.lastname: Saritas
authors.forename: Daeho
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tolga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Çukur
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shankaranarayanan
authors.forename: Dwight G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: 2D RF pulse; Hadamard encoding; diffusion-weighted imaging; multiband excitation; reduced field-of-view