title: Expression of CC chemokines CCL2, CCL5, and CCL11 is associated with duration of disease and complications in type-1 diabetes: a study on Iranian diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is defined as a heterogeneous autoimmune disease. Immune system related factors are important in the pathogenesis of T1D. Chemokines are important factors in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, including T1D. They are potent chemotactic cytokines with various functions such as maturation, trafficking of leukocytes, angiogenesis, and homing of stem cells. Therefore, the current study was aimed to examine whether expression of CC chemokines CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL11 is associated with disease duration and complications in Iranian T1D patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this experimental study, blood samples were collected from 108 T1D patients and 189 healthy controls in EDTA pre-coated tubes. The serum levels of CC chemokines were measured by ELISA. Demographic data were also collected along with experimental examinations in a questionnaire which was designed specifically for this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of the present study demonstrated that the expression of CCL2 was decreased while CCL5 and CCL11 were increased in T1D patients in comparison to controls. These results demonstrated that CCL2, CCL5, and CCL1 were elevated in T1D patients with duration of disease. Again, our findings demonstrated that CCL2, CCL5, and CCL11 were elevated in T1D patients with age. But there was not a significant difference between circulating level of CC chemokines studied in T1D patients regarding their gender and they have followed a similar pattern of expression in both genders. Our findings also showed that all three CC chemokines were elevated in TID patients suffering from diabetes complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results of our study, elevated levels of CCL5 and CCL11 are in parallel with decreased level of CCL2 and are useful tools in the differential diagnosis of T1D from other types of metabolic disorders. Elevated levels of these CC chemokines probably could be implicated as predictive factors for occurrence of T1D complications. These results may also re-emphasize the prominent therapeutic role(s) of these CC chemokines in control of either T1D or its associated complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazari
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khoramdelazad
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hakimizadeh
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahmoodi
authors.forename: Mojgan Noroozi
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Karimabad
authors.forename: Gholamhossein
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hassanshahi
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaeian
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balaei
authors.forename: Shokoofeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darakhshan
authors.forename: Nahideh Masood
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Poor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054413:Chemokine CCL11 / Q000097:blood*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood*; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000097:blood*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018946:Chemokine CCL5