title: Modeling flight attendants' exposures to pesticide in disinsected aircraft cabins.
abstract: Aircraft cabin disinsection is required by some countries to kill insects that may pose risks to public health and native ecological systems. A probabilistic model has been developed by considering the microenvironmental dynamics of the pesticide in conjunction with the activity patterns of flight attendants, to assess their exposures and risks to pesticide in disinsected aircraft cabins under three scenarios of pesticide application. Main processes considered in the model are microenvironmental transport and deposition, volatilization, and transfer of pesticide when passengers and flight attendants come in contact with the cabin surfaces. The simulated pesticide airborne mass concentration and surface mass loadings captured measured ranges reported in the literature. The medians (means ± standard devitions) of daily total exposure intakes were 0.24 (3.8 ± 10.0), 1.4 (4.2 ± 5.7), and 0.15 (2.1 ± 3.2) μg day(-1) kg(-1) of body weight for scenarios of residual application, preflight, and top-of-descent spraying, respectively. Exposure estimates were sensitive to parameters corresponding to pesticide deposition, body surface area and weight, surface-to-body transfer efficiencies, and efficiency of adherence to skin. Preflight spray posed 2.0 and 3.1 times higher pesticide exposure risk levels for flight attendants in disinsected aircraft cabins than top-of-descent spray and residual application, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Sastry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isukapalli
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weisel
mesh_terms: D000401:Aircraft; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004203:Disinfection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides