title: Assessment of palatal rugae pattern and their reproducibility for application in forensic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rugae are the anatomical folds that are located on the anterior third of palate behind the incisive papillae. They are also known as "Plica palatine," and the study of these patterns is called palatoscopy. It can be used in various fields such as sex determination, orthodontics and forensic odontology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate palatal rugae patterns in females and males and to evaluate the stability of these patterns in pre- and post-operative orthodontic cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients were selected for this study (25 males and 25 females). From the above sample, 10 males and 10 females had undergone orthodontic treatment and their casts were retrieved for sex determination analysis and stability of rugae patterns pre- and post-treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes occur in bony structures during fixed orthodontic treatment but rugae patterns remain stable. Kappa stats and Chi square test were used to analyze agreement between the two evaluators, and 95% correct matches were achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palatal rugae are unique to every individual and can be used as an indicator in forensic odontology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, I. T. S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: Achint
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Juneja
authors.forename: Anshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Kaveri Surya
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pruthi
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Meenakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chowdhary
keywords: Forensic odontology; orthodontics; palatoscopy; rugae