title: Near-infrared spectroscopy: exposing the dark (venous) side of the circulation.
abstract: The safety of anesthesia has improved greatly in the past three decades. Standard perioperative monitoring, including pulse oximetry, has practically eliminated unrecognized arterial hypoxia as a cause for perioperative injury. However, most anesthesia-related cardiac arrests in children are now cardiovascular in origin, and standard monitoring is unable to detect many circulatory abnormalities. Near-infrared spectroscopy provides noninvasive continuous access to the venous side of regional circulations that can approximate organ-specific and global measures to facilitate the detection of circulatory abnormalities and drive goal-directed interventions to reduce end-organ ischemic injury.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications; D000758:Anesthesia; D001775:Blood Circulation; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000097:blood; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D019300:Medical Errors; D010092:Oximetry; D012016:Reference Values; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012769:Shock / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: hemodynamics; hypoxia-ischemia; monitoring; near-infrared; physiologic; regional blood flow; shock; spectroscopy