title: Clinical features and long-term prognosis of trochlear headaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trochlear headaches are a recently recognized cause of headache, of which both primary and inflammatory subtypes are recognized. The clinical features, long-term prognosis and optimal treatment strategy have not been well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 25 patients with trochlear headache seen at the Mayo Clinic between 10 July 2007 and 28 June 2012 were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnosis of trochlear headache was not recognized by the referring neurologist or ophthalmologist in any case. Patients most often presented with a new daily from onset headache (n = 22, 88%). The most characteristic headache syndrome was reported as continuous, achy, periorbital pain associated with photophobia and aggravation by eye movement, especially reading. Individuals with a prior history of migraine were likely to have associated nausea and experience trochlear migraine. Amongst individuals with trochleitis, 5/12 (41.6%) had an identified secondary mechanism. Treatment responses were generally, but not invariably, favorable to dexamethasone/lidocaine injections near the trochlea. At a median follow-up of 34 months (range 0-68), 10/25 (40%) of the cohort had experienced complete remission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trochlear headaches are poorly recognized, have characteristic clinical features, and often require serial injections to optimize the treatment outcome. The identification of trochleitis should prompt neuroimaging to look for a secondary cause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Garrity
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Boes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009915:Orbit / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: chronic daily headache; migraine; neuro-ophthalmology; ocular movements; secondary headache disorders; trochlea; trochleitis