title: Potential use of porous titanium-niobium alloy in orthopedic implants: preparation and experimental study of its biocompatibility in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The improvement of bone ingrowth into prosthesis and enhancement of the combination of the range between the bone and prosthesis are important for long-term stability of artificial joints. They are the focus of research on uncemented artificial joints. Porous materials can be of potential use to solve these problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This research aims to observe the characteristics of the new porous Ti-25Nb alloy and its biocompatibility in vitro, and to provide basic experimental evidence for the development of new porous prostheses or bone implants for bone tissue regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Ti-25Nb alloys with different porosities were fabricated using powder metallurgy. The alloys were then evaluated based on several characteristics, such as mechanical properties, purity, pore size, and porosity. To evaluate biocompatibility, the specimens were subjected to methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay, cell adhesion and proliferation assay using acridine staining, scanning electron microscopy, and detection of inflammation factor interleukin-6 (IL-6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The porous Ti-25Nb alloy with interconnected pores had a pore size of 200 µm to 500 µm, which was favorable for bone ingrowth. The compressive strength of the alloy was similar to that of cortical bone, while with the elastic modulus closer to cancellous bone. MTT assay showed that the alloy had no adverse reaction to rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, with a toxicity level of 0 to 1. Cell adhesion and proliferation experiments showed excellent cell growth on the surface and inside the pores of the alloy. According to the IL-6 levels, the alloy did not cause any obvious inflammatory response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All porous Ti-25Nb alloys showed good biocompatibility regardless of the percentage of porosity. The basic requirement of clinical orthopedic implants was satisfied, which made the alloy a good prospect for biomedical application. The alloy with 70% porosity had the optimum mechanical properties, as well as suitable pore size and porosity, which allowed more bone ingrowth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiao-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jia-Zhang
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Qian-De
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008422:Materials Testing; D009556:Niobium / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D011817:Rabbits; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D009556:Niobium; D014025:Titanium