title: Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), benzophenone type-UV filters, triclosan, and triclocarban in human urine from Athens, Greece.
abstract: Biomonitoring of human exposure to bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs; resin coating for food cans), p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens; preservatives), benzophenone-type UV filters (BP-UV filters; sunscreen agents), triclosan (TCS; antimicrobials), and triclocarban (TCC; antimicrobials) has been investigated in western European countries and North America. Nevertheless, little is known about the exposure of Greek populations to these environmental chemicals. In this study, 100 urine samples collected from Athens, Greece, were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of total concentrations of five derivatives of BADGEs, six parabens and their metabolite (ethyl-protocatechuate), five derivatives of BP-UV filters, TCS, and TCC. Urinary concentrations of BADGEs, parabens, ethyl-protocatechuate, BP-UV filters, TCS and TCC (on a volume basis) ranged 0.3-20.9 (geometric mean: 0.9), 1.6-1010 (24.2), <2-71.0 (2.1), 0.5-1120 (4.4), <0.5-2580 (8.0) and <0.5-1.9 (0.6) ng/mL, respectively. All 19 target chemicals were found in urine, and the highest detection rates were observed for methyl paraben (100%), bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether (90%), ethyl paraben (87%), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (78%), propyl paraben (72%), and TCS (71%). Estimated daily intakes (EDIurine), calculated on the basis of the measured urinary concentrations, ranged from 0.023 μg/kg bw/day for Σ5BADGEs to 31.4 μg/kg bw/day for Σ6Parabens.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandros G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Asimakopoulos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Thomaidis
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA. Electronic address: kkannan@wadsworth.org.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000652:urine*; D002224:Carbanilides / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010226:Parabens / Q000378:metabolism*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D014260:Triclosan / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D001577:Benzophenones; D002224:Carbanilides; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D010226:Parabens; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014260:Triclosan; C047723:benzophenone; C009540:triclocarban; C019273:bisphenol A diglycidyl ether; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: 2,2′,4,4′-OH-BP or BP-2; 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone; 2,2′-OH-4MeO-BP or BP-8; 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; 2,3,4-OH-BP; 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone; 2,4-OH-BP or BP-1; 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone; 4-OH-BP; 4-hydroxybenzophenone; BADGEs; BADGE•2H(2)O; BADGE•H(2)O; BADGE•HCl; BADGE•HCl•H(2)O; BP-UV filters; Benzophenones; Biomonitoring; Bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers; BuP; BzP; EtP; HeptP; MeP; OH-EtP; Parabens; PrP; TCC; TCS; Triclosan; Urine; benzophenone-type UV filters; benzyl paraben; bisphenol A (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether; bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether; bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether; bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether; butyl paraben; ethyl paraben; ethyl-protocatechuate; heptyl paraben; methyl paraben; p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters; parabens; propyl paraben; triclocarban; triclosan