title: Neuromodulation for depression: invasive and noninvasive (deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, trigeminal nerve stimulation).
abstract: Major depressive disorder is among the most disabling illnesses and, despite best practices with medication and psychotherapy, many patients remain ill even after several treatment trials. For many of these patients with treatment-resistant or pharmacoresistant depression, treatment with neuromodulation offers an alternative. Options range from systems that are implanted to others that are entirely noninvasive. This review surveys recent literature to update readers on 3 particular interventions: deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and trigeminal nerve stimulation. Additional comparative research is needed to delineate the relative advantages of these treatments, and how best to match individual patients to neuromodulation intervention.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Depression Research & Clinic Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Henry Samueli School of Engineering at UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: icook@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Leuchter
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006801:Humans; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; Depression; Neuromodulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Treatment-resistant depression; Trigeminal nerve stimulation