title: Augmentation of response and remission to serial intravenous subanesthetic ketamine in treatment resistant depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine has been showing high efficacy and rapid antidepressant effect. However, studies of ketamine infusion wash subjects out from prior antidepressants, which may be impractical in routine practice. In this study, we determined antidepressant response and remission to six consecutive ketamine infusions while maintaining stable doses of antidepressant regimen. We also examined the trajectory of response and remission, and the time to relapse among responders.
  
  
  METHODS
  TRD subjects had at least 2-month period of stable dose of antidepressants. Subjects completed six IV infusions of 0.5mg/kg ketamine over 40min on a Monday-Wednesday-Friday schedule during a 12-day period participants meeting response criteria were monitored for relapse for 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen subjects were enrolled. Out of twelve subjects who completed all six infusions, eleven (91.6%) achieved response criterion while eight (66.6%) remitted. After the first infusion, only three and one out of twelve subjects responded and remitted, respectively. Four achieved response and six remitted after 3 or more infusions. Five out of eleven subjects remain in response status throughout the 4 weeks of follow-up. The mean time for six subjects who relapsed was 16 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small sample and lack of a placebo group limits the interpretation of efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Safety and efficacy of repeated ketamine infusions were attained without medication-free state in patients with TRD. Repeated infusions achieved superior antidepressant outcomes as compared to a single infusion with different trajectories of response and remission. Future studies are needed to elucidate neural circuits involved in treatment response to ketamine.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Electronic address: paulo.shiroma@va.gov.
authors.forename: Paulo R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Shiroma
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, North Memorial Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuskowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wels
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thuras
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: C Sophia
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Albott
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Kelvin O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012074:Remission Induction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D007649:Ketamine
keywords: Depression; Ketamine; Psychopharmacology; Treatment-resistant depression