title: Classical conditioning and pain: conditioned analgesia and hyperalgesia.
abstract: This article reviews situations in which stimuli produce an increase or a decrease in nociceptive responses through basic associative processes and provides an associative account of such changes. Specifically, the literature suggests that cues associated with stress can produce conditioned analgesia or conditioned hyperalgesia, depending on the properties of the conditioned stimulus (e.g., contextual cues and audiovisual cues vs. gustatory and olfactory cues, respectively) and the proprieties of the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., appetitive, aversive, or analgesic, respectively). When such cues are associated with reducers of exogenous pain (e.g., opiates), they typically increase sensitivity to pain. Overall, the evidence concerning conditioned stress-induced analgesia, conditioned hyperalagesia, conditioned tolerance to morphine, and conditioned reduction of morphine analgesia suggests that selective associations between stimuli underlie changes in pain sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Binghamton, USA. Electronic address: gmiguez1@binghamton.edu.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miguez
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Binghamton, USA; Universidad de Chile, Chile. Electronic address: mariolaborda@u.uchile.cl.
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Laborda
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Binghamton, USA. Electronic address: rmiller@binghamton.edu.
authors.forename: Ralph R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001245:Association Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012903:Smell / Q000187:drug effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine
keywords: 2343 Learning & Memory; 2420 Learning & Motivation; 3360 Health Psychology & Medicine; Analgesia; Conditioning; Hyperalgesia; Morphine tolerance; Pain