title: Solid phase extraction for the speciation and preconcentration of inorganic selenium in water samples: a review.
abstract: Selenium is an essential element for the normal cellular function of living organisms. However, selenium is toxic at concentrations of only three to five times higher than the essential concentration. The inorganic forms (mainly selenite and selenate) present in environmental water generally exhibit higher toxicity (up to 40 times) than organic forms. Therefore, the determination of low levels of different inorganic selenium species in water is an analytical challenge. Solid-phase extraction has been used as a separation and/or preconcentration technique prior to the determination of selenium species due to the need for accurate measurements for Se species in water at extremely low levels. The present paper provides a critical review of the published methods for inorganic selenium speciation in water samples using solid phase extraction as a preconcentration procedure. On the basis of more than 75 references, the different speciation strategies used for this task have been highlighted and classified. The solid-phase extraction sorbents and the performance and analytical characteristics of the developed methods for Se speciation are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Dpto. Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain. Electronic address: carlos.herrero@usc.es.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrero Latorre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barciela García
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García Martín
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Peña Crecente
mesh_terms: D057230:Limit of Detection; D012643:Selenium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D012643:Selenium
keywords: 2,3-diaminonaphthalene; 4,5-benzopiazselenol; AC; APDC; BPS; CE; CF; CNTs; CRM; CTAB; DAN; DCCTS; DLLME; DMDSe; DMSAC; DMSe; DPCSV; ETAAS; FAAS; FASS-CE; FIA; GC–MS; GPx; HF-LPME; HG; HGAAS; HGAFS; IC-ICP-MS; ICP-MS; ICP-OES; ID-I; Inorganic selenium; L; LC; LDH; LOD; LSCSV; MIPs; MMT; MS; NAA; NMR; OEHHA; OSWV; Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment; PDC; PF; PGC; PTFE; SAX; SPE; SPME; Solid-phase extraction; Speciation; TBAH; TUF; TXRF; TrxR; WHO; Water analysis; World Health Organization; X-ray fluorescence; XRF; activated carbon; ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate; capillary electrophoresis; carbon nanotubes; cellulose fiber; certified reference material; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; detection limit; diethylene triamine cross-linked chitosan; differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry; dimercaptosuccinic acid; dimethyl diselenide; dimethyl selenide; dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry; field-amplified sample stacking capillary electrophoresis; flame atomic absorption spectrometry; flow injection analysis; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; glutathione peroxidase; hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction; hydride generation; hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry; hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry; inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry; inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; iodothyronine deiodinase; ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; layered double hydroxide; ligand; linear sweep cathodic stripping voltammetry; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; molecularly imprinted polymers; montmorillonite; neutron activation analysis; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; osteryoung square-wave voltammetry; polytetrafluoroethylene; porous graphitized carbon; preconcentration factor; pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate; solid phase extraction; solid phase microextraction; strong anion exchanger; tetrabutylammonium hydroxide; thioredoxin reductase; thiourea formaldehyde resin; total X-ray fluorescence