title: Wide resection of inguinal nerves versus simple section to prevent postoperative pain after prosthetic inguinal hernioplasty: our experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the literature, chronic groin pain (i.e. lasting >3 months) occurs in about 10 % of patients who undergo inguinal hernioplasty with prosthesis; it is characterized by a broad range of symptoms, and is relative to individual perceptions of pain. In 2-5 % of cases, the painful symptomatology is so intense that it interferes with daily activities, and can be debilitating in 0.5-6 % of cases. The best known cause of inguinodynia is neuropathy, due to implication of one or more inguinal nerves (iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, and genitofemoral nerves) into fibroblastic processes; or from nervous stimulation caused by prosthetic material on adjacent nervous trunks. Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to treat chronic groin pain, including intra-operative prophylactic neurectomy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to perform a comparative analysis between outcomes from wide resections of inguinal nerves versus those from simple nervous section (or minimal resection).
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered 350 patients who had undergone inguinal prosthetic hernioplasty with Trabucco's technique between 2004 and 2010. Wide nervous resection (removal of nerve segments 3-8 cm in length) was performed in 180. The other 170 patients underwent simple section or minimal resection. All patients were checked 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1: At 1-week follow-up, 63 patients (35 %) reported no pain, 113 (63 %) reported moderate pain, and 4 (2 %) intense pain; 1 month after the procedure, 152 patients (84.4 %) reported no pain, 25 (14 %) complained of moderate pain, and 3 (1.6 %) of severe pain; 1 year after surgery, only 1 patient (0.5 %) complained of constant pain. Group 2: At 1 week follow-up, 48 patients (28 %) reported no pain, 101 (59 %) reported moderate pain, and 21 (13 %) intense pain; 1 month after the procedure, 81 patients (47.6 %) had no pain, 72 (42.4 %) complained of moderate pain, and 17 (10 %) of severe pain; 1 year after surgery, 11 patients (6.5 %) had constant pain, and two of them were re-admitted for surgery. The lower incidence of chronic pain after long nervous resection is statistically significant (0.5 vs. 6.5 %; p = 0.006); the incidence of moderate pain 1 month after operation is also lower (14 vs. 42.4 %; p < 0.0001); patients who underwent a long resection experienced faster resolution of pain symptomatology, during a month. Also noteworthy is the lower incidence of intense pain in the short and medium term (after 1 week, 13 vs. 2 %, p = 0.0005; after 1 month, 10 vs. 1.6 %, p = 0.0018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prophylactic wide resection of selected segments of inguinal nerves, despite the apparent paradox of greater tissue damage, appears more effective than simple section at preventing postoperative inguinodynia, given both the lower incidence and the faster resolution of painful symptomatology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Science, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy, marco.zannoni@unipr.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zannoni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Luzietti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Viani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nisi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caramatti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sianesi
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method