title: Timing of xenon-induced delayed postconditioning to protect against spinal cord ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to assess the neuroprotective effect of xenon-induced delayed postconditioning on spinal cord ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and to determine the time of administration for best neuroprotection in a rat model of spinal cord IRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty male rats were randomly divided equally into a sham group, control group, and three xenon postconditioning groups (n=10 per group). The control group underwent spinal cord IRI and immediately inhaled 50% nitrogen/50% oxygen for 3 h at the initiation of reperfusion. The three xenon postconditioning groups underwent the same surgical procedure and immediately inhaled 50% xenon/50% oxygen for 3 h at the initiation of reperfusion or 1 and 2 h after reperfusion. The sham operation group underwent the same surgical procedure without aortic occlusion, and inhaled 50% nitrogen/50% oxygen. Neurological function was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score at 4, 24, and 48 h of reperfusion. Histological examination was performed using Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry, and apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labelling staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, the three xenon postconditioning groups showed improvements in neurological outcomes, and had more morphologically normal neurones at 48 h of reperfusion. Apoptotic cell death was reduced and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax immunoreactivity increased in xenon-treated rats compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Xenon postconditioning up to 2 h after reperfusion provided protection against spinal cord IRI in rats, but the greatest neuroprotection occurred with administration of xenon for 1 h at reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China ch_eng9735@sina.com.cn.
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Z F
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014978:Xenon / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D014978:Xenon; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: neuroprotectant; spinal cord, ischaemia–reperfusion injury; xenon, delayed postconditioning