title: Cancer incidence among Finnish ferrochromium and stainless steel production workers in 1967-2011: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess the risk of cancer among workers employed in the Finnish ferrochromium and stainless steel industry since the beginning of production in 1967.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort was made up of all persons employed by the Finnish stainless steel production chain from chromite mining to cold rolling of stainless steel during the period 1967-2004, and it was divided into subcohorts by production units with specific exposure patterns of the subcohorts assessed in previous studies. Follow-up for cancer through the files of the Finnish Cancer Registry was performed using the personal identity code as key. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as the ratios of observed numbers of cancer cases and numbers expected on the basis of incidence rates in the population of the same region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall cancer incidence was at the expected level. The lung cancer risk was decreased in the whole cohort (SIR 0.79; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.08). The incidence of prostate cancer was significantly increased (1.31; 1.05 to 1.61) and that for kidney cancer was significantly decreased (0.38; 0.14 to 0.82). None of the department-specific SIRs for lung cancer were significantly different from 1.0. No cancers of the nose and nasal sinuses were observed among workers in the ferrochromium smelter or the stainless steel melting shop.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is not likely that the occupational exposures in the Finnish ferrochromium and stainless steel industry would have increased the risk of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health, Outokumpu Oyj, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huvinen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pukkala
keywords: Cancer; Chromium; Epidemiology; Nickel; Stainless Steel