title: Platelet-derived microparticles are implicated in remote ischemia conditioning in a rat model of cerebral infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Remote ischemic preconditioning protects against ischemic organ damage by giving short periods of subcritical ischemia to a remote organ. We tested the hypothesis that remote ischemic conditioning can attenuate cerebral stroke in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model by microparticles (MPs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MPs were extracted from healthy rats that underwent hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion preconditioning (RIPC), and were transfused into rats that had undergone MCAO without RIPC. The transfusion resulted in an increase in platelet-derived MPs in blood and reduction in infarction area, confirmed by both 2-3-5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and magnetic resonance imaging, albeit to a lesser degree than RIPC itself. Behavioral tests (modified Neurological Severity Score [mNSS]) were calculated to judge the behavioral change. However, no significant difference was observed after MP transfusion in 24 h or the following consecutive 9 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RIPC induces an increase in MPs, and platelet-derived MPs may confer at least part of the remote protective effect against cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Li-Yang
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: Ji-Zhao
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ling-Yun
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Zu
authors.forename: Chen-Guang
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: Ying-Dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Le-min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D040201:Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D040201:Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb
keywords: Ischemic stroke; Microparticles; Per-conditioning; Remote ischemic preconditioning