title: In vitro assessment of artificial saliva formulations on initial enamel erosion remineralization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various formulations of artificial saliva are present in the literature and little guidance is available on the standardization of type of saliva for use in in vitro protocols for erosive studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralizing capacity of different formulations of artificial saliva on initial enamel erosive lesion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine enamel blocks were subjected to short-term acidic exposure by immersion in citric acid 0.05 M (pH 2.5) for 15s, resulting in surface softening without tissue loss. Then 90 selected eroded enamel blocks were randomly and equally divided into 6 groups according to saliva formulation (n=15): Saliva 1 (contain mucin); Saliva 2 (Saliva 1 without mucin); Saliva 3; Saliva 4; Saliva 5 (contain sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) and control (C) (deionized water). After demineralization enamel blocks were subjected to remineralization by immersion in the saliva's formulations for 2h. Enamel remineralization was measured by superficial hardness test (% superficial hardness change). The data were tested using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the tested formulations of artificial saliva resulted in significantly higher enamel remineralization compared to control (p<0.001). Saliva 3 showed higher percentage of enamel remineralization than Saliva 5 (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Besides the variety of artificial saliva for erosion in vitro protocols, all the formulations tested were able to partially remineralize initial erosive lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, PO Box 73, Bauru, SP 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: francinyionta@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Franciny Querobim
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Ionta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, PO Box 73, Bauru, SP 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: fernandalyrio@usp.br.
authors.forename: Fernanda Lyrio
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, PO Box 73, Bauru, SP 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: oliveira_gabi@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Gabriela Cristina
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, PO Box 73, Bauru, SP 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: catarina.rba@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Catarina Ribeiro Barros
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: de Alencar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, PO Box 73, Bauru, SP 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: heitorhonorio@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Heitor Marques
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Honório
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, PO Box 73, Bauru, SP 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: acm@usp.br.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, PO Box 73, Bauru, SP 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: daniriosop@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rios
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D009077:Mucins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011897:Random Allocation; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002712:Chlorides; D009077:Mucins; D010710:Phosphates; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D014867:Water; D019343:Citric Acid; D017886:Durapatite; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
keywords: Artificial saliva; Dental enamel; Tooth erosion; Tooth remineralization