title: In planta passive sampling devices for assessing subsurface chlorinated solvents.
abstract: Contaminant concentrations in trees have been used to delineate groundwater contaminant plumes (i.e., phytoscreening); however, variability in tree composition hinders accurate measurement of contaminant concentrations in planta, particularly for long-term monitoring. This study investigated in planta passive sampling devices (PSDs), termed solid phase samplers (SPSs) to be used as a surrogate tree core. Characteristics studied for five materials included material-air partitioning coefficients (Kma) for chlorinated solvents, sampler equilibration time and field suitability. The materials investigated were polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polyoxymethylene (POM) and plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Both PDMS and LLDPE samplers demonstrated high partitioning coefficients and diffusivities and were further tested in greenhouse experiments and field trials. While most of the materials could be used for passive sampling, the PDMS SPSs performed best as an in planta sampler. Such a sampler was able to accurately measure trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) concentrations while simultaneously incorporating simple operation and minimal impact to the surrounding property and environment.
authors.affiliation: Missouri University of Science and Technology, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, 1401 N. Pine St., Rolla, MO 65409, United States.
authors.forename: Mikhil K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Missouri University of Science and Technology, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, 1401 N. Pine St., Rolla, MO 65409, United States. Electronic address: malqn3@mst.edu.
authors.forename: Matt A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Limmer
authors.affiliation: Missouri University of Science and Technology, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, 1401 N. Pine St., Rolla, MO 65409, United States.
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waltermire
authors.affiliation: Missouri University of Science and Technology, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, 1401 N. Pine St., Rolla, MO 65409, United States.
authors.forename: Glenn C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Missouri University of Science and Technology, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, 1401 N. Pine St., Rolla, MO 65409, United States.
authors.forename: Joel G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Burken
mesh_terms: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis; D054879:Halogenation; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000032:analysis*; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene / Q000032:analysis*; D014197:Trees / Q000737:chemistry*; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D012997:Solvents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014241:Trichloroethylene; C013830:baysilon; D020959:Polyethylene; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene
keywords: Chlorinated solvents; Passive sampling; Phytoscreening; Polydimethylsiloxane