title: Mandatory iodine fortification of bread and salt increases iodine excretion in adults in Denmark - a 11-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Iodine fortification is widespread. Systematic monitoring of iodine fortification programs should be carried out to secure an optimal fortification level. Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of the Danish iodine fortification program by comparing iodine excretion at baseline and at 11-year follow-up, and to study determinants for any change in iodine intake including dietary habits, education, life style factors and health parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  A follow-up study based on the Danish DanThyr cohort examined in 1997-1998 just before iodine fortification was introduced, and reexamined in 2008-2010. In total, 2465 (59.1%) adult participants were reexamined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (IQR) iodine concentration in urine had increased by 19 (-25-68) μg/L to 83 (47-133) μg/L. Estimated 24-h iodine excretion had increased by 36 (-21-95) μg/24-h to 134 (93-206), and calculated total iodine intake (diet plus supplements) had increased by 16 (-18-48) μg/day. Iodine excretion had increased significantly in all age and gender groups, but was still below the recommended amount at follow-up. The increase in iodine excretion was positively associated with changes in milk intake, with changes in the use of iodine supplements, and with bread intake at follow-up. Salt intake, education, self-rated health, smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity were not associated with the increase in iodine excretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strategy to combat iodine deficiency in Denmark seems to be working because the fortification led to increased urinary iodine excretion in (almost) all participants. However, the level of iodine fortification of salt is too low.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark. Electronic address: lbra@food.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Lone B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark; Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perrild
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krejbjerg
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laurberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Inge B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bjergved
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ovesen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001939:Bread; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Cohort study; Denmark; Fortification; Iodine intake; Urinary iodine