title: Neuroprotection by genipin against reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species-mediated injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.
abstract: Genipin, the multipotent ingredient in Gardenia jasmenoides fruit extract (GFE), may be an effective candidate for treatment following stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Secondary injury includes damage mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can alter the biological function of key cellular structures and eventually lead to cell death. In this work, we studied the neuroprotective potential of genipin against damage stemming from ROS and RNS production in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), as well as its potential as a direct free radical scavenger. A 50 µM dose of genipin provided significant protection against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP), a damaging organic peroxide. This dosage of genipin significantly reduced cell death at 48 h compared to vehicle control (0.1% DMSO) when administered 0, 1, 6, and 24 h after addition of tBHP. Similarly, genipin significantly reduced cell death at 48 h when administered 0, 1, 2, and 6h after addition of rotenone, which generates reactive oxygen species via a more physiologically relevant mechanism. Furthermore, genipin significantly reduced both cell death and nitrite levels at 24 h caused by S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a direct nitric oxide (NO) donor, and successfully quenched 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), a stable free radical, suggesting that genipin may act as a direct free radical scavenger. Our encouraging findings suggest that genipin should be tested in animal models of CNS injury with a significant component of ROS- and RNS-mediated damage, such as TBI and stroke, to assess its in vivo efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Ijaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Shreiber
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. Electronic address: bm2119@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Barclay
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D039823:Iridoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000633:toxicity; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010851:Picrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012402:Rotenone / Q000633:toxicity; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D007306:Insecticides; D039823:Iridoids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010851:Picrates; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012402:Rotenone; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; C007834:genipin; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Brain injury; Genipin; Neuroprotection; Organotypic hippocampal slice culture; Reactive oxygen species