title: Determinants of postnatal depression in rural ghana: findings from the don population based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk factors for postnatal depression (PND), one of the most pervasive complications of child bearing, are poorly understood in Africa. A recent systematic review of 31 studies found that the strongest predictors are social and economic disadvantage and gender-based factors; only six of these studies were community based, and almost all were in South Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study nested within 4 weekly surveillance of all women of reproductive age to identify pregnancies and collect data on births and deaths in the Kintampo Health Research Centre study area of Ghana. Women were screened for depression during pregnancy and after birth using the Patient Health Questionnaire to ascertain DSM-IV major or minor depression. Information was collected on determinants relating to the mother, birth, and baby, which were examined using logistic regression; effect sizes reported as relative risks with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen thousand nine hundred and twenty nine women were screened both during pregnancy and after birth, of whom 13,360 (95.9%) had complete data on potential determinants. Two hundred and fifty five (3.8%, 95% CI: 3.5%, 4.1%) had PND. Antenatal depression (AND) was the strongest determinant accounting for 34.4% of PND cases. Other determinants were season of delivery, peripartum/postpartum complications, newborn ill health, still birth, or neonatal death. Common determinants were observed for onset and persistent depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most AND resolves in this setting, more than a third of women with PND also had AND. Adverse birth- and baby-related outcomes are the other main determinants. We recommend that programs detect and treat depression during pregnancy and provide support to women with adverse birth outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ghana.
authors.forename: Benedict
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weobong
authors.forename: Augustinus Ha
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ten Asbroek
authors.forename: Seyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soremekun
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Danso
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Owusu-Agyei
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: Betty R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057566:Self Report
keywords: depression; infant ill health; onset; peripartum complications; postnatal; postpartum complications; sub-Saharan Africa