title: Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as the cause of the increasing oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) incidence in some countries. To investigate whether this represents a global phenomenon, we evaluated incidence trends for OPCs and oral cavity cancers (OCCs) in 23 countries across four continents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database Volumes VI to IX (years 1983 to 2002). Using age-period-cohort modeling, incidence trends for OPCs were compared with those of OCCs and lung cancers to delineate the potential role of HPV vis-à-vis smoking on incidence trends. Analyses were country specific and sex specific.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OPC incidence significantly increased during 1983 to 2002 predominantly in economically developed countries. Among men, OPC incidence significantly increased in the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, and Slovakia, despite nonsignificant or significantly decreasing incidence of OCCs. In contrast, among women, in all countries with increasing OPC incidence (Denmark, Estonia, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, and United Kingdom), there was a concomitant increase in incidence of OCCs. Although increasing OPC incidence among men was accompanied by decreasing lung cancer incidence, increasing incidence among women was generally accompanied by increasing lung cancer incidence. The magnitude of increase in OPC incidence among men was significantly higher at younger ages (< 60 years) than older ages in the United States, Australia, Canada, Slovakia, Denmark, and United Kingdom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OPC incidence significantly increased during 1983 to 2002 predominantly in developed countries and at younger ages. These results underscore a potential role for HPV infection on increasing OPC incidence, particularly among men.
authors.affiliation: Anil K. Chaturvedi, William F. Anderson, and Philip S. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; Maura L. Gillison, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, Jacques Ferlay, Silvia Franceschi, and Freddie Bray, International Agency for Research on Cancer; and Maria Paula Curado, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Joannie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lortet-Tieulent
authors.forename: Maria Paula
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Curado
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferlay
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Freddie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: Maura L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gillison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology