title: Effects of Syzygium aromaticum-derived triterpenes on postprandial blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats following carbohydrate challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent reports suggest that the hypoglycaemic effects of the triterpenes involve inhibition of glucose transport in the small intestine. Therefore, the effects of Syzygium spp-derived triterpenes oleanolic acid (OA) and maslinic acid (MA) were evaluated on carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in STZ-induced diabetic rats and consequences on postprandial hyperglycaemia after carbohydrate loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined using Western blot analysis the expressions of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 in the small intestine intestines isolated from diabetic rats treated with OA/MA for 5 weeks. In vitro assays were used to assess the inhibitory activities of OA and MA against α-amylase, α-glucosidase and sucrase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OA and MA ameliorated postprandial hyperglycemia in carbohydrate loaded diabetic rats as indicated by the significantly small glucose area under the curve (AUC) in treated diabetic animals compared with that in untreated diabetic rats. Western blotting showed that OA and MA treatment not only down-regulated the increase of SGLT1 and GLUT2 expressions in the small intestine of STZ-induced diabetic rats, but also inhibited small intestine α-amylase, sucrase and α-glucosidase activity. IC50 values of OA against α-amylase (3.60 ± 0.18 mmol/L), α-glucosidase (12.40 ± 0.11 mmol/L) and sucrase (11.50 ± 0.13 mmol/L) did not significantly differ from those of OA and acarbose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of suggest that OA and MA may be used as potential supplements for treating postprandial hyperglycemia.
  The present observations indicate that besides improving glucose homeostasis in diabetes, OA and MA suppress postprandial hyperglycaemia mediated in part via inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolysis and reduction of glucose transporters in the gastrointestinal tract. Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase can significantly decrease the postprandial hyperglycaemia after a mixed carbohydrate diet and therefore can be an important strategy in the management of postprandial blood glucose levels in NIDDM patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Andile
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khathi
authors.forename: Metse R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Serumula
authors.forename: Rene B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Myburg
authors.forename: Fanie R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Van Heerden
authors.forename: Cephas T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Musabayane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013311:Streptozocin; D027842:Syzygium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes; D013311:Streptozocin