title: The accuracy of thyroid nodule ultrasound to predict thyroid cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Significant uncertainty remains surrounding the diagnostic accuracy of sonographic features used to predict the malignant potential of thyroid nodules.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to summarize the available literature related to the accuracy of thyroid nodule ultrasound (US) in the prediction of thyroid cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched multiple databases and reference lists for cohort studies that enrolled adults with thyroid nodules with reported diagnostic measures of sonography. A total of 14 relevant US features were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 31 studies between 1985 and 2012 (number of nodules studied 18,288; average size 15 mm). The frequency of thyroid cancer was 20%. The most common type of cancer was papillary thyroid cancer (84%). The US nodule features with the highest diagnostic odds ratio for malignancy was being taller than wider [11.14 (95% confidence interval 6.6-18.9)]. Conversely, the US nodule features with the highest diagnostic odds ratio for benign nodules was spongiform appearance [12 (95% confidence interval 0.61-234.3)]. Heterogeneity across studies was substantial. Estimates of accuracy depended on the experience of the physician interpreting the US, the type of cancer and nodule (indeterminate), and type of reference standard. In a threshold model, spongiform appearance and cystic nodules were the only two features that, if present, could have avoided the use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low- to moderate-quality evidence suggests that individual ultrasound features are not accurate predictors of thyroid cancer. Two features, cystic content and spongiform appearance, however, might predict benign nodules, but this has limited applicability to clinical practice due to their infrequent occurrence.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition (J.P.B., M.N.S., J.C.M., V.M.M.), Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.A.N.), and Radiology (C.R., M.C.), Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit (J.P.B., M.R.G., K.R.B., A.L.L., T.A.E., L.J.P., M.H.M., V.M.M.), Mayo Graduate School (M.R.G.), and Division of Preventive Medicine (M.H.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gionfriddo
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Nofal
authors.forename: Kasey R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Boehmer
authors.forename: Aaron L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Leppin
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reading
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Callstrom
authors.forename: Tarig A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Elraiyah
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Prokop
authors.forename: Marius N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Stan
authors.forename: M Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Murad
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Montori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography