title: Control of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the era of evolving antimicrobial resistance.
abstract: Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to all previous first-line antimicrobial therapies over the past 75 years. Today the cephalosporins, the last available antibiotic class that is sufficiently effective, are also threatened by evolving resistance. Screening for asymptomatic gonorrhea in women and men who have sex with men, treating with a dual antibiotic regimen, ensuring effective partner therapy, and remaining vigilant for treatment failures constitute critical activities for clinicians in responding to evolving antimicrobial resistance. This article reviews the epidemiology, history of antimicrobial resistance, current screening and treatment guidelines, and future treatment options for gonorrhea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Box 359777, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; HIV/STD Program, Public Health - Seattle & King County, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359777, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. Electronic address: lbarbee@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Lindley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Barbee
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dombrowski
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012747:Sexual Partners
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Sexually transmitted disease