title: Effect of rapid freezing-thawing techniques on the sperm parameters and ultrastructure of Chinese Taihang black goat spermatozoa.
abstract: Supercooling sperm in liquid nitrogen vapour is a feasible and economic technique for the practical production. The study aimed to reveal the negative effects of this rapid freezing and thawing processes on Taihang black goat spermatozoa and to find out the changing of spermatozoa motility and ultrastructure by using CASA and TEM. Qualified semen samples, which collected from twenty Chinese Taihang black goats using artificial vagina were pooled and investigated the kinematics parameters and ultrastructural morphology. The results showed that freezing-thawing caused a significant reduction in the spermatozoon total motility (P<0.001), in rapid and medium cell numbers (P<0.001) and motility parameters (VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH and BCF) (P<0.01). Immotile spermatozoa number was increased significantly after freezing-thawing (P<0.001). In the ultrastructural analysis, the shape with a sperm nucleus characterized by ruptures, bend and deformity was observed. The plasma membranes were broken, and nucleoplasm erupted. The mitochondria in the middle piece were disturbed by partial absence or additional accumulations. Swelling, coiling, vacuolization and structural disorganization of mitochondria were also observed. In conclusion, Freezing-thawing procedure has a detrimental effect on motility, membrane integrity and mitochondria of goat spermatozoa. Transmission electron microscopy provides an intuitive observation to investigate deformity spermatozoa.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan 571737, PR China; College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicines, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China.
authors.forename: Liguang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicines, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China.
authors.forename: Youshe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan 571737, PR China.
authors.forename: Hanlin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan 571737, PR China.
authors.forename: Guanyu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan 571737, PR China. Electronic address: xunwenjuan991@163.com.
authors.forename: Wenjuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xun
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicines, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China.
authors.forename: Wenbin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicines, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China.
authors.forename: Chunxiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, PR China.
authors.forename: Rujie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005615:Freezing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006041:Goats; D006361:Heating / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000473:pathology; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
keywords: Computer-assisted semen analysis; Freeze–thawing process; Spermatozoa; Transmission electron microscopy; Ultrastructure