title: Balancing virtual land imports by a shift in the diet. Using a land balance approach to assess the sustainability of food consumption. Germany as an example.
abstract: Nutrition is considered as one of the main drivers of global environmental change. Dietary patterns in particular, embedded in the international trade of foods and other biomass based commodities, determine the dimension of beneficial or harmful environmental impacts of the agri-food sector - both domestically and abroad. In this study we analysed different dietary scenarios from a virtual land flow perspective, based on representative consumption data for Germany in the years 2006 and 1985-89. Further we identified the consumer groups that would have to adapt most to balance Germany's virtual land import and analysed the impact reduced food wastage. For the study, official data sets concerning production, trade and consumption were used. We derived land use data from environmentally extended input-output data sets and FAO statistics. The conversion of agricultural raw products to consumed commodities is based on official processing and composition data. Subgroup-specific intake data from the last representative National Nutrition Survey in Germany were used. We analysed 42 commodities, aggregated into 23 product groups, seven land use types and six nutrition scenarios. The results show that in the baseline scenario the average nutrition in the year 2006 leads to a virtual land import of 707m(2)p(-1)a(-1), which represents 30% of the total nutrition-induced land demand of 2365m(2)p(-1)a(-1). On the other hand, the German agri-food sector exports virtual land, in the form of commodities, equivalent to 262m(2)p(-1)a(-1). In this paper we calculate that the resulting net import of virtual land could be balanced by way of a shift to an officially recommended diet and a reduction in the consumption of stimulants (cocoa, coffee, green/black tea, wine). A shift to an ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet would even lead to a positive virtual land balance (even with maintained consumption of stimulants). Moreover, we demonstrate that a shift in the average diet profile could lead to maintained or even expanded export competitiveness and simultaneously enable environmental benefits. Since such a diet shift complies with official dietary recommendations, it follows that public health benefits may well result. We show further that a reduction of avoidable food losses/wastage would not be sufficient to level out the virtual land balance of the average nutrition in Germany. Regarding the dietary developments in the last 20years, we argue that a dietary shift resulting in a zero land balance is within reach. The population groups that would have to be addressed most are younger and middle-aged men. Nevertheless, women's land saving potentials should not be ignored neither. Due to the fact that a western-style diet prevails in Germany, we argue that our basic findings are applicable to other industrialised and densely populated countries.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 5, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany. Electronic address: toni.meier@landw.uni-halle.de.
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 5, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Christen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 5, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Semler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jahreis
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Lieske
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Voget-Kleschin
authors.affiliation: Environmental Policy Research Center (FFU), University Berlin (FU), 14195 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schrode
authors.affiliation: Department Geography and Geology, University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Artmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dietary recommendations; Environmentally extended input–output analysis; Food losses/wastage; Land take; Sustainable nutrition; Virtual land imports