title: Cognitive, functional, and psychosocial outcome after severe traumatic brain injury: a cross-sectional study at a tertiary care trauma center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a significant public health problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess cognitive, functional, and psychosocial outcome in patients with severe TBI (STBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 77 survivors of STBI treated at our center were prospectively assessed in the outpatient department 1 year after the injury. These patients were assessed for cognitive, functional, and psychosocial outcome using cognitive outcome tests, dysfunctional analysis questionnaire, and personality trait inventory, respectively. Cognitive and functional outcome was graded as average and above average recovery (good recovery) or below average recovery (poor recovery). Psychosocial outcome was assessed as average recovery (good recovery) or mild impairment and severe impairment (poor to very poor recovery). Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ability to learn new things was most affected aspect of cognitive function and only 1% of patients had good recovery in this domain. However, 44% had good outcome for simple memory. A total of 61% showed good recovery in several aspects of functional status. At the end of 1 year, 62.5% patients still remained unemployed. 45.4% patients had good recovery, while 37% had severe impairment for various personality traits and 40% of patients had impaired emotional stability, while 57% patients showed impaired recovery in depressive tendency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study 61% patients with STBI had good recovery in functional outcome and 45.4% in psychosocial outcome at 1 year follow-up. However, improvement in cognitive outcome was not so optimistic with the ability to learn new things being most affected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gunawat
authors.forename: Ashima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nehra
authors.forename: Bhawani S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010045:Outpatients; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D014193:Trauma Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome