title: Healthy and maladjusted Type A behavior in adolescents.
abstract: The dimensions of Type A behavior were studied in 990 randomly selected adolescents and their conceptualization was clarified in terms of achievement striving, self-concept, and sense of control. The methods used were the AFMS to evaluate Type A behavior, the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, and Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory. Achievement striving was assessed using the questionnaire designed for this study. It was revealed that Type A consisted of two independent dimensions, both adding an equal contribution to the total score. One was an impatient, aggressive competitiveness related to a low self-esteem, low self-set achievement standards, and external locus of control. The other Type A exhibited competitiveness related to a sense of responsibility, leadership, social activity, high achievement striving, and high self-esteem. These factors may distinguish maladjusted competitiveness from healthy ambition and suggest that it is important to distinguish risk Type A individuals from Type A's who are potential leaders in society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Fabianinkatu 28, 00100, Helsinki 10, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keltikangas-Järvinen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen