title: Psychological stress in a Japanese population with systemic lupus erythematosus: finding from KYSS study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Daily psychological stress has been proposed as a risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Western countries. However, there is little information about the relationship between daily psychological stress and the risk of SLE in a Japanese population. We examined the association between SLE and daily psychological stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted to examine the relationship between daily psychological stress and SLE in Japanese females. The participants were 160 female SLE patients and 660 female volunteers. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute OR and 95% confidence interval (CI), with adjustment for several covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking (OR = 2.59; 95% CI, 1.74-3.86), walking (OR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.81-2.56) and daily psychological stress (OR = 1.88; 95% CI, 1.14-3.10) were increased in patients with SLE after adjusting for age, region and all factors. Smokers with daily psychological stress (OR = 4.70; 95% CI = 2.53-8.77) were more prevalent than nonsmokers without daily psychological stress in SLE. The multiplicative interaction measures between smoking status and daily psychological stress did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests the possibility that daily psychological stress as well as smoking might be associated with an increased risk of SLE.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Washio
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: Toyoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asami
authors.forename: Saburo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Atsumi
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobashi
authors.forename: Motohisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult