title: Prevention and management of malaria during pregnancy: findings from a comparative qualitative study in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa, malaria during pregnancy (MiP) is a major preventable cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Current recommended MiP prevention and control includes intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp), distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and appropriate case management. This article explores the social and cultural context to the uptake of these interventions at four sites across Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparative qualitative study was conducted at four sites in three countries: Ghana, Malawi and Kenya. Individual and group interviews were conducted with pregnant women, their relatives, opinion leaders, other community members and health providers. Observations, which focused on behaviours linked to MiP prevention and treatment, were also undertaken at health facilities and in local communities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ITNs were generally recognized as important for malaria prevention. However, their availability and use differed across the sites. In Malawi and Kenya, ITNs were sought-after items, but there were complaints about availability. In central Ghana, women saved ITNs until the birth of the child and they were used seasonally in northern Ghana. In Kenya and central Ghana, pregnant women did not associate IPTp with malaria, whereas, in Malawi and northern Ghana, IPTp was linked to malaria, but not always with prevention. Although IPTp adherence was common at all sites, whether delivered with directly observed treatment or not, a few women did not comply with IPTp often citing previous side effects. Although generally viewed as positive, experiences of malaria testing varied across the four sites: treatment was sometimes administered in spite of a negative diagnosis in Ghana (observed) and Malawi (reported). Despite generally following the advice of healthcare staff, particularly in Kenya, personal experience, and the availability and accessibility of medication--including anti-malarials--influenced MiP treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although ITNs were valued as malaria prevention, health messages could address issues that reduce their use during pregnancy in particular contexts. The impact of previous side effects on adherence to IPTp and anti-malarial treatment regimens during pregnancy also requires attention. Overtreatment of MiP highlights the need to monitor the implementation of MiP case management guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Social Science and Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.l.pell@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pell
authors.forename: Arantza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meñaca
authors.forename: Nana A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Afrah
authors.forename: Lucinda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manda-Taylor
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatio
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Were
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalilani
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tagbor
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pool
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007630:Kenya; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials