title: Urinary tract calculi in military aviators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract calculi are a common affliction in the United States and estimates of the adult lifetime risk of developing this condition range from 10 to 15%. Although highly variable, the clinical presentation of someone afflicted with urinary tract calculi typically involves varying degrees of pain, nausea, hematuria, and dysuria. Current disease, as well as a history of urinary tract calculi, is potentially disqualifying for aviation duties in the United States military as well as for commercial aviators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilizing population based data from the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database (DMED), the current descriptive epidemiology of urinary tract calculi among military aviators was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the data collected, the overall annual incidence density of urinary tract calculi for DoD personnel is approximately 4.8 events/1000 PY. The overall annual incidence density of urinary tract calculi is slightly lower in aviators as compared to the nonaviator DoD population (4.4 events/1000 PY vs. 4.8 events/1000 PY).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though in-flight incapacitation from this malady is believed to be exceedingly rare, the incidence of urinary tract stones and their related morbidity should remain an important area of clinical focus.
authors.affiliation: Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL, USA. william.porter2@us.army.mil
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: G Merrill
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult