title: Two step mechanisms of tumor selective delivery of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer conjugated with pirarubicin via an acid-cleavable linkage.
abstract: N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer containing hydrazide groups (PHPMA) conjugated with pirarubicin (THP) via a hydrazone bond (PHPMA-hyd-THP) is a drug conjugate that releases THP in the acidic milieu of a tumor. PHPMA-hyd-THP has an apparent Mw of 40,000 and a hydrodynamic diameter of 8.2±1.7nm but no apparent plasma protein binding. PHPMA-hyd-THP possesses two mechanisms of selectivity toward solid tumors and has potent antitumor action. The first one is drug accumulation in tumors that depends on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which results in a 4-20 times higher concentration of drug in the tumor than in normal tissues such as the heart, lung, and intestine. This accumulation in tumor tissue is in great contrast to that of conventional low-Mw THP. The second one is pH-dependent release of drug from PHPMA-hyd-THP: this conjugate released free THP more efficiently at a lower pH, which exists in tumors, and exerts cytotoxic activity. Free THP is known for its much faster uptake into tumor cells compared with doxorubicin. Thus, in our in vitro study, PHPMA-hyd-THP showed a higher cytotoxicity at the lower pH of tumor tissue than at the neutral pH of normal tissue. Furthermore, much more THP was liberated from the conjugate in acidic tumor tissue than in normal tissue. The EPR effect-dependent accumulation of PHPMA-hyd-THP and tumor-selective THP release in the tumor tissues led to highly tumor-selective drug accumulation, which continued for more than 72h, whereas the lowest free drug concentration was detected in normal tissues at 24h and no longer at a later time. In conclusion, we determined in our study here that the acid-cleavable PHPMA-hyd-THP conjugate had an excellent antitumor effect without appreciable adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Oncology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; Research Institute for Drug Delivery Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Etrych
authors.affiliation: Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chytil
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Oncology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Manami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Oncology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; Research Institute for Drug Delivery Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ulbrich
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Drug Delivery Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan. Electronic address: hirmaeda@ph.sojo-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011108:Polymers; D004317:Doxorubicin; C027260:pirarubicin; C032976:N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
keywords: Acid-cleavable linkage; EPR effect; HPMA polymer conjugate; Hydrazone; Pirarubicin (THP); Tumor selectivity