title: Robotic vs open simple enucleation for the treatment of T1a-T1b renal cell carcinoma: a single center matched-pair comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare surgical, pathological, short-term functional data, and complications of endoscopic robotic-assisted simple enucleation (ERASE) and open simple enucleation (OSE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook matched-pair analysis (age, tumor size, and preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical [PADUA] score) of 392 patients treated with simple enucleation (SE) for T1a-T1b renal tumors in our department, including 160 patients in the OSE group and 80 in the ERASE group. Perioperative outcomes were compared with univariate analysis. Variables associated with warm ischemia time (WIT) >25 minutes, complications, and postoperative acute kidney dysfunction (AKD) were assessed with multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were comparable in body mass index (BMI), comorbidity, and preoperative renal function. In the ERASE vs the OSE group, no significant differences resulted regarding WIT (18.5 vs 16.4 minutes, P = .5), complications, transfusion rate, reoperation rate for Clavien grade ≥ 3 complications, and positive surgical margin rate (2.9% vs 2.1%, P = .63). In elective patients, no significant difference resulted in variation of estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline (8.5 vs 13.9 mL/min, P = .17) and AKD. In the ERASE group, the clamping of renal pedicle was used with a lower frequency (P <.0001), with lower estimated blood loss (EBL), longer operative time, and a 1-day shorter hospitalization (P = .001). On the multivariate analysis, the surgical approach was not independently associated with WIT >25 minutes, postoperative complications, and AKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ERASE is a feasible technique with a positive surgical margin rate comparable to OSE; it showed WIT and complication rates similar to the open approach, along with the advantages of mini-invasivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serni
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vittori
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gacci
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapini
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siena
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vignolini
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mari
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy. Electronic address: carini@unifi.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carini
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minervini
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012371:Robotics