title: Urea immunoliposome inhibits human vascular endothelial cell proliferation for hemangioma treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urea injection has been used in hemangioma treatment as sclerotherapy. It shrinks vascular endothelial cells and induces degeneration, necrosis, and fibrosis. However, this treatment still has disadvantages, such as lacking targeting and difficulty in controlling the urea dosage. Thus, we designed a urea immunoliposome to improve the efficiency of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The urea liposome was prepared by reverse phase evaporation. Furthermore, the urea immunoliposome was generated by coupling the urea liposome with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) monoclonal antibody using the glutaraldehyde cross-linking method. The influence of the urea immunoliposome on cultured human hemangioma vascular endothelial cells was observed preliminarily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urea immunoliposomes showed typical liposome morphology under a transmission electron microscope, with an encapsulation percentage of 54.4% and a coupling rate of 36.84% for anti-VEGFR. Treatment with the urea immunoliposome significantly inhibited the proliferation of hemangioma vascular endothelial cells (HVECs) in a time- and dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The urea immunoliposome that we developed distinctly and persistently inhibited the proliferation of HVECs and is expected to be used in clinical hemangioma treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China. paul5381@sina.com.
authors.forename: Zhiliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xianglong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000276:immunology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D008081:Liposomes; D014508:Urea; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor