title: Serum Markers of Inflammation and Endothelial Function are Elevated by Hormonal Contraceptive Use but not by Exercise-Associated Menstrual Disorders in Physically Active Young Women.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of exercise-associated menstrual disorders and hormonal contraceptives (HC) on systemic inflammatory markers and endothelial function in female athletes. Thirty-nine active women (≥5 h of aerobic exercise per wk), aged 18-33 y, participated in this cross-sectional study comparing women with menstrual disorders (MD, n = 10; 0-9 cycles·y(-1)), eumenorrheic women (E, n = 13; 10-13 cycles·y(-1)), and HC users (HC, n = 16; 12 cycles·y(-1)). Fasting serum samples were collected during the early follicular phase (d2-5) for the menstruating women. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), total cholesterol (TC), high- and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), reproductive hormones, and cortisol were measured in serum. Estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol were not statistically different between MD and E groups; cortisol was significantly greater in the HC versus E group (p = 0.002). TC (p = 0.005), LDL-C (p = 0.03), and CRP (p = 0.05) were increased in the HC versus MD and E groups. TNF-α was significantly higher in the HC (p=0.001) compared with the E group. There were no significant group differences in the concentrations of sVCAM-1 or IL-6. TNF-α and cortisol were positively correlated (r=0.31, p = 0. 058), as were sVCAM-1 and estradiol (r = 0.41, p = 0.010). In conclusion, HC use, but not exercise- associated menstrual disorders, is associated with increased TNFα and LDL-C. Key PointsSerum lipids and markers of inflammation were not altered by exercise-associated oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea.Hormonal contraceptive users had elevated total and LDL cholesterol compared with regularly menstruating non-HC users.C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α, but not soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, were increased in hormonal contraceptive users.The long-term effect of these changes on cardiovascular disease is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia , USA.
authors.forename: Pamela S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rector
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Peppers
authors.forename: Rebecca D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Imhoff
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Hillman
keywords: Cytokines; female reproductive disorders; soluble vascular adhesion molecule