title: The relationship between leptin and ventilatory control in heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased serum leptin concentration has been linked to increased ventilation in patients with mild heart failure (HF). However, in animal models the absence of leptin has also been associated with increased ventilation. This study evaluated the relationship of circulating leptin concentration with exercise ventilation in HF patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight consecutive ambulatory HF patients were stratified by quintiles of leptin concentration, with a lowest quintile of mean leptin concentration of 1.8 ± 8.9 ng/mL and a highest of 33.3 ± 30.3 ng/mL. Peak exercise ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2) was significantly elevated in the lowest (46 ± 6 vs 34 ± 4; P < .01) as well as in the highest (38 ± 8 vs 34 ± 4; P < .05) leptin concentration quintiles compared with the reference middle quintile. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for confounders such as age, sex, and body mass index showed leptin concentration to be independently inversely correlated to VE/VCO2 in the low-to-normal quintiles (β = -0.64; P < .01), positively in the normal-to-high quintiles (β = 0.52; P = .02), and positively correlated to PETCO2 in the low-to-normal quintiles (β = 0.59; P = .01) and inversely in the normal-to-high quintiles (β = -0.53; P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HF patients, both high and low leptin concentrations are associated with increased VE/VCO2 and decreased PETCO2 with a nonlinear U-shaped relationship, suggesting that either leptin deficiency or leptin resistance may modulate ventilatory control in HF patients.
authors.affiliation: International Clinical Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, St. Anna's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cundrle
authors.forename: Virend K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: Prachi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Lyle J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020738:Leptin
keywords: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing; leptin resistance; ventilatory efficiency