title: Neuromodulation for movement disorders.
abstract: Surgical neuromodulation has emerged as the primary method to treat the medically refractory symptoms of essential tremor and Parkinson disease. With reversible manipulation of CNS neurons, neuromodulation can be used to intraoperatively localize and verify a stereotactic target, and to chronically treat movement disorders. This article discusses the historical advances in stereotactic surgery using various modalities of neuromodulation leading to contemporary treatment. Electrical neuromodulation, or deep brain stimulation, is emphasized as the major surgical intervention with a discussion of the technique, surgical targets, and clinical outcomes. A comparison of neuromodulation techniques is presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dallapiazza
authors.forename: M Sean
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McKisic
authors.forename: Binit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: W Jeff
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Elias
mesh_terms: D017679:Cryotherapy; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014465:Ultrasonics
keywords: DBS; Essential tremor; Focused ultrasound; Neuromodulation; Parkinson’s disease; Stereotactic surgery