title: Pesticide exposures to migrant farmworkers in Eastern NC: detection of metabolites in farmworker urine associated with housing violations and camp characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate descriptively bivariate associations between urinary metabolites of pesticides and herbicides and migrant camp conditions, violations, and personal worker behaviors at home for farmworkers who do not apply pesticides.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 183 migrant farmworker camps in eastern North Carolina in 2010. Data and urine samples were collected from 371 men. Predictor measures included violations in six domains of housing regulations and nonviolation characteristics and personal behaviors that might impact urinary metabolites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cockroaches and bathroom violations were predictive of increased exposure to pyrethroids and cyfluthrin/chlorpyrifos, respectively. Changing and storing clothing and shoes in sleeping rooms increased the number of detects for the diazinon metabolite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Farmworkers had exposures to multiple chemicals. No single housing domain was identified as critical to mitigating housing-related exposure; specific attention should be paid to changing and storing soiled clothing in sleeping rooms, and insect infestations.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Industrial Sciences, RTI International, RTP, North Carolina.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Raymer
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Studabaker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Talton
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Quandt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCombs
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Arcury
mesh_terms: D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000652:urine; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000652:urine; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000652:urine; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D003671:DEET / Q000652:urine; D003976:Diazinon / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006540:Herbicides / Q000652:urine*; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000652:urine; D009657:North Carolina; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000652:urine; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000652:urine; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D003671:DEET; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C052570:cyfluthrin; D003976:Diazinon
keywords: housing impact on exposure; housing violations; migrant farmworker housing; migrant worker exposure; urinary pesticide metabolites