title: Nighttime fears of preschool children: a potential disposition marker for anxiety?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine if children who suffer from significant Nighttime Fears (NF) experience higher degree of general fears and behavioral problems and to explore whether effortful control mediates NF association with internalizing problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and nine preschool children (64 boys) between the ages 4 and 6years suffering from significant NF and 30 healthy children (16 boys) were evaluated using parental reports of behavioral problems [Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)], parental and child report of fears [Fear Survey Revised for Parents (FSS-PC), Koala Fear Questionnaire (KFQ)], and a measure of effortful control derived from the Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with severe NF also suffer from an increased level of a wide variety of fears other than NF, and exhibit more behavioral problems than controls both on parental and children's measures of general fears, and main CBCL scale scores (Internalizing, Externalizing, Total score). Additionally, children with NF had lower abilities of effortful control (as manifested in CBQ attention and inhibitory control scales). Attention control mediated NF association to internalizing problems scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NF may serve as a marker for anxiety vulnerability, and this vulnerability might be mediated by abnormal attentional control. Our finding also highlights the need for a more comprehensive assessment of behavioral problems, fears and anxiety phenomena among children referred with NF.
authors.affiliation: The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel. Electronic address: yonikushnir@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kushnir
authors.affiliation: The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Doron
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gothelf
authors.affiliation: The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadeh
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers