title: Racial variations in interfacial behavior of lipids extracted from worn soft contact lenses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore interfacial behaviors and effects of temperature and dilatation on dynamic properties of multilayered human tear lipids extracted from silicone hydrogel (SiH) lenses worn by asymptomatic Asian and white subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interfacial properties of lipids extracted from Focus N&D lenses worn by 14 subjects continuously for 1 month were studied. The lipids were deposited on an air bubble immersed in a model tear electrolyte (MTE) solution to form 100 ± 20-nm-thick films. Surface pressure was recorded during slow expansion/contraction cycles to evaluate compressibility and hysteresis of lipid films. Films were also subjected to fast step-strain dilatations at temperatures of 22 to 45°C for their viscoelastic property assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isocycles for Asian and white lipids were similar at low surface pressures but had distinctly different compressibility and hysteresis at dynamic pressures exceeding 30 mN/m. Rheological parameters of reconstituted lipids were also dissimilar between Asian and white. The elastic modulus E∞ for white lipids was 1.5 times higher than that for Asian lipids, whereas relaxation time (t) was on average 1.3 times higher for Asian. No significant changes were observed in rheological properties of both Asian and white lipids when temperature increased from 22.0 to 36.5°C. However, for white lipids, E∞ reduced considerably at temperatures higher than 42.0°C, whereas t remained unchanged. For Asian lipids, both E∞ and t started to decline as temperature increased to 38°C and higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher elastic modulus of white lipids and elasticity threshold at certain deformations indicate stronger structure and intermolecular interactions as compared with more viscous Asian lipids. The differences in interfacial behaviors between Asian and white lipids may be associated with the differences in their chemical compositions.
authors.affiliation: *PhD †OD, PhD, FAAO Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California (both authors).
authors.forename: Tatyana F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Svitova
authors.forename: Meng C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D013500:Surface Tension; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014783:Viscosity; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D012826:Silicone Elastomers