title: Hypoxia and regulation of cancer cell stemness.
abstract: Spontaneous tumors often contain heterogeneous populations of tumor cells with different tumor-initiating potentials or cancer cell "stemness." Clonal heterogeneity can be traced to specific locations inside a tumor where clones with different metastatic capabilities are identified, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment can exert a significant effect on the evolution of different clonal populations. Hypoxia is a common feature of tumor microenvironments and has the potential to facilitate malignant progression. This chapter provides a synopsis of hypoxia-regulated pathways implicated in the maintenance of cancer stem cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, 208040, New Haven, 06520-8040, CT, USA, zhong.yun@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins