title: Catalytic reforming of toluene as tar model compound: effect of Ce and Ce-Mg promoter using Ni/olivine catalyst.
abstract: Tar produced by biomass gasification as a route of renewable energy must be removed before the gas can be used. This study was undertaken using toluene as a model tar compound for evaluating its steam reforming conversion with three Ni-based catalysts, Ni/olivine, Ni-Ce/olivine and Ni-Ce-Mg/olivine. Effects of Ce and Mg promoters on the reaction activity and coke deposition were studied. Overall the performance of Ce and Mg promoted Ni/olivine catalysts is better than that of only Ce promoter and Ni/olivine alone. The experimental results indicate that Ni-Ce-Mg/olivine catalysts could improve the resistance to carbon deposition, enhance energy gases yield and resist 10ppm H2S poison at 100mLmin(-1) for up to 400min. Furthermore, the activity of catalysts was related to the steam/carbon (S/C) ratios; at S/C ratio=5, T=790°C, space velocity=782h(-1) and t=2h, the Ni-Ce-Mg/olivine system yielded 89% toluene conversion, 5.6Lh(-1) product gas rate, 62.6mol% H2 content and 10% (mol useful gas mol(-1) toluene) energy yield. Moreover, at low S/C ratio, it had higher reaction activity and better ability to prevent coking. There is a small amount of carbon deposition in the form of amorphous carbon after 7h. Various characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR and thermogravimetric were performed to investigate the coke deposition of Ni/olivine, Ni-Ce/olivine and Ni-Ce-Mg/olivine. It is suggested that 3% Ni-1% Ce-1% Mg/olivine was the most promising catalyst due to its minimum coke amount and the lower activation energy of coke burning.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, PR China; Key Lab of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China. Electronic address: rqzhang@zzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ruiqin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, PR China; Key Lab of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
authors.forename: Huajian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, PR China; Key Lab of Environmental Chemistry and Low Carbon Technologies of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D002563:Cerium / Q000737:chemistry; D003077:Coke / Q000032:analysis; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources; D058085:Iron Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D013227:Steam; D013638:Tars / Q000737:chemistry; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003077:Coke; D058085:Iron Compounds; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D017640:Silicates; D013227:Steam; D013638:Tars; D002563:Cerium; D014050:Toluene; D002244:Carbon; D009532:Nickel; C034475:olivine; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Ce-Mg promoter; Coking; H(2)S poison; Olivine; Tar; Toluene reforming