title: Substance abuse and criminal activities following traumatic brain injury in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use a longitudinal birth cohort to evaluate the association of traumatic brain injury at ages 0 to 5, 6 to 15, and 16 to 21 years with drug and alcohol abuse and engagement in criminal activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up over 21 to 25 years using self-report of drug and alcohol use, arrests, and violent and property offenses. Outcomes were assessed for 2 levels of severity (inpatient, hospitalized; outpatient, seen by general practitioner or at emergency department).
  
  
  METHODS
  Members of the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a longitudinal birth cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Christchurch, New Zealand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted for child and family factors, compared with noninjured individuals, inpatients injured at 0 to 5 years or 16 to 21 years were more likely to have symptoms consistent with drug dependence. All inpatient groups had increased risk of arrest, with the age groups of 0 to 5 and 6 to 15 years more likely to be involved in violent offenses and the age group of 0 to 5 years more likely to engage in property offenses. Outpatient group had an increased risk of violent offenses for first injury 0 to 5 years, arrests and property offenses for injury 6 to 15 years, and increased risk of arrests and violent offenses for injury 16 to 21 years of age. However, when alcohol dependence and drug dependence were added as an additional covariate, traumatic brain injury was no longer associated with criminal behavior for the age group of 0 to 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traumatic brain injury is associated with increased criminal behavior and may represent a risk factor for offending. However, early substance use is a mediating factor for those injured early in life.
authors.affiliation: Monash University, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Australia (Dr McKinlay); Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand (Dr McKinlay); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (Dr Corrigan); and Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (Mr Horwood and Dr Fergusson).
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McKinlay
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corrigan
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Horwood
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fergusson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult