title: sPLA2 and the epidermal barrier.
abstract: The mammalian epidermis provides both an interface and a protective barrier between the organism and its environment. Lipid, processed into water-impermeable bilayers between the outermost layers of the epidermal cells, forms the major barrier that prevents water from exiting the organism, and also prevents toxins and infectious agents from entering. The secretory phospholipase 2 (sPLA2) enzymes control important processes in skin and other organs, including inflammation and differentiation. sPLA2 activity contributes to epidermal barrier formation and homeostasis by generating free fatty acids, which are required both for formation of lamellar membranes and also for acidification of the stratum corneum (SC). sPLA2 is especially important in controlling SC acidification and establishment of an optimum epidermal barrier during the first postnatal week. Several sPLA2 isoforms are present in the epidermis. We find that two of these isoforms, sPLA2 IIA and sPLA2 IIF, localize to the upper stratum granulosum and increase in response to experimental barrier perturbation. sPLA2F(-/-) mice also demonstrate a more neutral SC pH than do their normal littermates, and their initial recovery from barrier perturbation is delayed. These findings confirm that sPLA2 enzymes perform important roles in epidermal development, and suggest that the sPLA2IIF isoform may be central to SC acidification and barrier function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
authors.affiliation: Human Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK. Electronic address: dusko.ilic@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dusko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ilic
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bollinger
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: gelb@chem.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gelb
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco Veterans Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: maurot@derm.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Theodora M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Mauro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004817:Epidermis / Q000201:enzymology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D054497:Phospholipases A2, Secretory / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D054497:Phospholipases A2, Secretory
keywords: Lipids; Permeability barrier; Secretory phospholipase; Stratum corneum; pH; sPLA2