title: Parental Depressive Symptoms and Adolescent Adjustment: Responses to Children's Distress and Representations of Attachment as Explanatory Mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study seeks to extend the investigation of parenting as an explanatory mechanism for relations between parental depressive symptoms and adolescent adjustment in the context of a four-wave longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were cohabiting parents and their 320 children (156 boys, 164 girls). Parental depressive symptoms were assessed in kindergarten (T1), parental negative responses to children's emotional distress in first grade (T2), children's representations of attachment with parents in second grade (T3), and adolescent adjustment in seventh grade (T4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple pathways were identified in predicting adolescent conduct problems, including links involving (1) mothers' depressive symptoms, mothers' negative responses to children's distress and insecure father-child attachment representations; (2) fathers' depressive symptoms and insecure father-child attachment representations; and (3) fathers' depressive symptoms and negative responses to children's distress. A pathway was also found among mothers' depressive symptoms, mothers' negative responses to children's distress, insecure mother-child attachment representations, and peer problems in adolescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support a role of parents' negative responses to children's distress and representations of father-child and mother-child attachment in relations between children's early experience with parental depressive symptoms and socioemotional outcomes in early adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, 204 Brownson Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: E Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Melissa R W
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Kalsea J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Davies
keywords: Attachment; Conduct Disorder; Parental Depression; Parenting; Peer Relationships