title: Preparation and characterization of sustained-release rotigotine film-forming gel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop a film-forming gel formulation of rotigotine with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and Carbomer 934. To optimize this formulation, we applied the Response Surface Analysis technique and evaluated the gel's pharmacokinetic properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The factors chosen for factorial design were the concentration of rotigotine, the proportion of HPC and Carbomer 934, and the concentration of ST-Elastomer 10. Each factor was varied over three levels: low, medium and high. The gel formulation was evaluated and optimized according to its accumulated permeation rate (Flux) through Franz-type diffusion. A pharmacokinetic study of rotigotine gel was performed with rabbits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Flux of the optimized formulation reached the maximum (199.17 μg/cm(2)), which was 3% rotigotine and 7% ST-Elastomer 10 with optimal composition of HPC: Carbomer 934 (5:1). The bioavailability of the optimized formulation compared with intravenous administration was approximately 20%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A film-forming gel of rotigotine was successfully developed using the response surface analysis technique. The results of this study may be helpful in finding an optimum formulation for transdermal delivery of a drug. The product may improve patients' compliance and provide better efficacy.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Renyu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China; School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, No. 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: Rongcai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Chenhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Zhengxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China. Electronic address: sunfengying@jlu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Fengying
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China; School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, No. 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, China. Electronic address: liyouxin@jlu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Youxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005782:Gels; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011817:Rabbits; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D005782:Gels; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; D013876:Thiophenes; C006903:carbopol 940; C047508:rotigotine; D002482:Cellulose; C008079:hydroxypropylcellulose
keywords: Factorial design; Hydrogels; Response surface analysis technique; Rotigotine; Transdermal drug delivery