title: Antifungal prophylaxis associated with decreased induction mortality rates and resources utilized in children with new-onset acute myeloid leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive fungal infections cause significant morbidity and mortality for children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Data on the comparative effectiveness of antifungal prophylaxis in this population are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pediatric AML cohort was assembled from the Pediatric Health Information System database using ICD-9 codes and pharmacy data. Antifungal prophylaxis status was determined by pharmaceutical data review within 21 days of starting induction chemotherapy. Patients were followed until end of induction, death, or loss to follow-up. Cox regression analyses compared induction mortality and resources utilized between patients receiving and not receiving antifungal prophylaxis. A propensity score accounted for variation in demographic factors, location of care, and severity of illness at presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight hundred seventy-one AML patients were identified; the induction case fatality rate was 3.7%. In the adjusted Cox regression model, patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis (57%) had a decreased hazard for induction mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], .19-.90). Children receiving prophylaxis were less frequently exposed to broad-spectrum gram-positive (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.87; 95% CI, .79-.97) and antipseudomonal β-lactam agents (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, .85-.96), had fewer blood cultures (IRR, 0.78; 95% CI, .71-.86), and had fewer chest CT scans (IRR, 0.73; 95% CI, .60-.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antifungal prophylaxis in pediatric AML patients was associated with reduced induction mortality rates and supportive care resources. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether antifungal prophylaxis should include antimold activity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases.
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavcic
authors.forename: Yimei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Alix E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Seif
authors.forename: Rochelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bagatell
authors.forename: Yuan-Shung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Theoklis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zaoutis
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torp
authors.forename: Kateri H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Leckerman
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aplenc
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D009181:Mycoses / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: AML; antifungal prophylaxis; leukemia; pediatric