title: An inset CT specimen for evaluating fracture in small samples of material.
abstract: In evaluations on the fracture behavior of hard tissues and many biomaterials, the volume of material available to study is not always sufficient to apply a standard method of practice. In the present study an inset Compact Tension (inset CT) specimen is described, which uses a small cube of material (approximately 2×2×2mm(3)) that is molded within a secondary material to form the compact tension geometry. A generalized equation describing the Mode I stress intensity was developed for the specimen using the solutions from a finite element model that was defined over permissible crack lengths, variations in specimen geometry, and a range in elastic properties of the inset and mold materials. A validation of the generalized equation was performed using estimates for the fracture toughness of a commercial dental composite via the "inset CT" specimen and the standard geometry defined by ASTM E399 (2006). Results showed that the average fracture toughness obtained from the new specimen (1.23±0.02MPam(0.5)) was within 2% of that from the standard. Applications of the inset CT specimen are presented for experimental evaluations on the crack growth resistance of dental enamel and root dentin, including their fracture resistance curves. Potential errors in adopting this specimen are then discussed, including the effects of debonding between the inset and molding material on the estimated stress intensity distribution. Results of the investigation show that the inset CT specimen offers a viable approach for studying the fracture behavior of small volumes of structural materials.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yahyazadehfar
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nazari
authors.affiliation: Materials Science, School of Mechanical(,) Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kruzic
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics, and Operative Dentistry, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Electronic address: darola@umbc.edu.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arola
mesh_terms: D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: Bone; Crack propagation; Dentin; Enamel; Fracture toughness