title: Effects of concentrated arabinoxylan and β-glucan compared with refined wheat and whole grain rye on glucose and appetite in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies emphasise that arabinoxylan and β-glucan have more beneficial effects on glucose metabolism than low-dietary fibre (DF) meals. Less attention has been paid to the effects of concentrated DF compared with whole grain. We compared the effects of DF and whole grain on glucose, hormone responses and appetite in subjects with the metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen subjects with MetS participated in this acute, randomised, cross-over intervention study. The test breads provided 50 g of digestible carbohydrate: wheat bread with concentrated arabinoxylan (AX) or β-glucan (BG), rye bread with kernels (RK) and wheat bread (WB) as control. Blood samples were drawn for 270 min to determine glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and ghrelin. Appetite score was addressed every 30 min. Ad libitum energy intake (EI) was measured 270 min after test meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with WB, BG and RK induced lower initial glycaemic responses (P<0.001), whereas AX only reduced the glucose peak value (P<0.001). RK reduced insulin (P<0.001) and GIP responses (P<0.001) compared with the other breads. BG lowered insulin responses more than AX (P<0.001). AX, BG and RK increased satiety feeling (P<0.001) more than WB, but did not differ significantly in terms of subsequent EI (P=0.089).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BG and RK had beneficial impact on the glucose response, whereas AX had only effect on the postprandial glucose peak. The impact of the AX bread was influenced by higher protein content. Whether the metabolic effects of the breads are still present to mixed meals remains to be tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hartvigsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gregersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Lærke
authors.affiliation: NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bach Knudsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001939:Bread; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects; D012434:Secale / Q000737:chemistry*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D014990:Xylans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D014990:Xylans; D047071:beta-Glucans; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; C085118:arabinoxylan