title: The effect of particle size, location and season on the toxicity of urban and rural particulate matter.
abstract: Particulate matter (PM) varies in chemical composition and mass concentration based on a number of factors including location, season, source and particle size. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of coarse and fine PM simultaneously collected at three rural and two urban sites within the metropolitan New York City (NYC) region during two seasons, and to assess how particle size and elemental composition affect toxicity. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial (HPMEC-ST1.6R) and bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cell lines were exposed to PM (50 μg/mL) and analyzed for reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mice (FVB/N) were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to 50 µg PM, and lavage fluid was analyzed for total protein and PMN influx. The ROS response was greater in the HPMEC-ST1.6R cell line compared to BEAS-2B cells, but the responses were significantly correlated (p < 0.01). The ROS response was affected by location, locale and the location:size interaction in both cell lines, and an additional association for size was observed from HPMEC-ST1.6R cells. Urban fine PM generated the highest ROS response. In the mouse model, inflammation was associated with particle size and by a season:size interaction, with coarse PM producing greater PMN inflammation. This study showed that the aerodynamic size, locale (i.e. urban versus rural), and site of PM samples affected the ROS response in pulmonary endothelial and epithelial cells and the inflammatory response in mice. Importantly, these responses were dependent upon the chemical composition of the PM samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , Tuxedo, NY , USA .
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mirowsky
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaustein
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Galdanes
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Peltier
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chillrud
authors.forename: Lung Chi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadas
authors.forename: Morton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lippmann
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D002460:Cell Line; D002947:Cities; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology; D009518:New York; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012424:Rural Population; D012621:Seasons; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004731:Endotoxins; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase