title: Associations of children's lung function with ambient air pollution: joint effects of regional and near-roadway pollutants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have reported adverse effects of either regional or near-roadway air pollution (NRAP) on lung function. However, there has been little study of the joint effects of these exposures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the joint effects of NRAP and regional pollutants on childhood lung function in the Children's Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung function was measured on 1811 children from eight Southern Californian communities. NRAP exposure was assessed based on (1) residential distance to the nearest freeway or major road and (2) estimated near-roadway contributions to residential nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO) and total nitrogen oxides (NOx). Exposure to regional ozone (O3), NO2, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 µm (PM10) and 2.5 µm (PM2.5) was measured continuously at community monitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in near-roadway NOx of 17.9 ppb (2 SD) was associated with deficits of 1.6% in forced vital capacity (FVC) (p=0.005) and 1.1% in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (p=0.048). Effects were observed in all communities and were similar for NO2 and NO. Residential proximity to a freeway was associated with a reduction in FVC. Lung function deficits of 2-3% were associated with regional PM10 and PM2.5 (FVC and FEV1) and with O3 (FEV1), but not NO2 across the range of exposure between communities. Associations with regional pollution and NRAP were independent in models adjusted for each. The effects of NRAP were not modified by regional pollutant concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that NRAP and regional air pollution have independent adverse effects on childhood lung function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urman
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Talat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Avol
authors.affiliation: Sonoma Technology Inc, Petaluma, California, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Lurmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hita
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vora
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Linn
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rappaport
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Frank D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Gilliland
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: W James
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gauderman
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000633:toxicity; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000633:toxicity; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014186:Transportation; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010126:Ozone; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Respiratory Measurement