title: Substandard drugs: a potential crisis for public health.
abstract: Poor-quality medicines present a serious public health problem, particularly in emerging economies and developing countries, and may have a significant impact on the national clinical and economic burden. Attention has largely focused on the increasing availability of deliberately falsified drugs, but substandard medicines are also reaching patients because of poor manufacturing and quality-control practices in the production of genuine drugs (either branded or generic). Substandard medicines are widespread and represent a threat to health because they can inadvertently lead to healthcare failures, such as antibiotic resistance and the spread of disease within a community, as well as death or additional illness in individuals. This article reviews the different aspects of substandard drug formulation that can occur (for example, pharmacological variability between drug batches or between generic and originator drugs, incorrect drug quantity and presence of impurities). The possible means of addressing substandard manufacturing practices are also discussed. A concerted effort is required on the part of governments, drug manufacturers, charities and healthcare providers to ensure that only drugs of acceptable quality reach the patient.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Atholl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D004348:Drug Labeling; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D033161:Government Regulation; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: drug quality; falsification; inspection; regulation; substandard