title: Galactofuranose-coated gold nanoparticles elicit a pro-inflammatory response in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and are recognized by DC-SIGN.
abstract: Galactofuranose (Galf) is the five-membered ring form of galactose exclusively found in nonmammalian species, among which several are pathogens. To determine the putative role of this carbohydrate in host-pathogen interactions, we synthesized multivalent gold nanoparticles carrying Galf (Galf-GNPs) and show that they are recognized by the EB-A2 antibody, which is widely used to detect Galf-containing galactomannan in the serum of Aspergillosis patients. We demonstrated that human monocyte-derived dendritic cells bound Galf-GNPs via interaction with the lectin DC-SIGN. Moreover, interaction of dendritic cells with Galf-GNPs resulted in increased expression of several maturation markers on these cells and induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. These data indicate that Galf is able to modulate the innate immune response via dendritic cells. In conclusion, Galf-GNPs are a versatile tool that can be applied in multiple functional studies to gain a better understanding of the role of Galf in host-pathogen interaction.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiodo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marradi
authors.forename: Joohae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Arthur F J
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penadés
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Die
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tefsen
mesh_terms: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D005690:Galactose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000276:immunology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D005690:Galactose; D006046:Gold; D015850:Interleukin-6; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin