title: Parental factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a burgeoning and varied literature examining the associations between parental factors and depression or anxiety disorders in young people. However, there is hitherto no systematic review of this complex literature with a focus on the 12-18 years age range, when the first onset for these disorders peaks. Furthermore, to facilitate the application of the evidence in prevention, a focus on modifiable factors is required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Employing the PRISMA method, we conducted a systematic review of parental factors associated with depression and anxiety disorders in young people which parents can potentially modify.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 181 articles altogether, with 140 examining depression, 17 examining anxiety problems, and 24 examining both outcomes. Stouffer's method of combining p values was used to determine whether associations between variables were reliable, and meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the mean effect sizes of associations between each parental factor and outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations include sacrificing micro-level detail for a macro-level synthesis of the literature, not systematically reviewing moderators and mediators, the lack of generalizability across cultures and to younger or adult children, and the inability to conduct a meta-analysis on all included studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental factors with a sound evidence base indicating increased risk for both depression and anxiety include less warmth, more inter-parental conflict, over-involvement, and aversiveness; and for depression additionally, they include less autonomy granting and monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: mbhy@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Marie Bee Hui
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Pamela Doreen
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Pilkington
authors.affiliation: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Siobhan Mary
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony Francis
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jorm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Adolescent; Mental disorders; Parenting; Systematic review