title: Temporal profiling of primary metabolites under chilling stress and its association with seedling chilling tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chilling stress is a major factor limiting rice production. Rice genotypes differ greatly in their seedling chilling tolerance (CT), which is known to involve differential expression of large numbers of genes and proteins. To further understand the metabolomic responses of rice to chilling stress, profiles of the 106 primary metabolites of a CT japonica variety, Lijiangxintuanhegu (LTH) and a chilling sensitive indica line, IR29, were investigated under a time-series of chilling stress and non-stress control conditions at the seedling stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 106 primary metabolites that were temporally and genotype-dependently regulated in LTH and IR29 under the time-series chilling stress and subsequent recovery. Three major groups of primary metabolites, amino acids (AAs), organic acids (OAs) and sugars, showed distinct change patterns in both genotypes in response to the chilling stress: a more general accumulation of most AAs, more dramatic decreased levels of most OAs, and greatly reduced levels for most sugars at early time points of stress but increased levels of specific sugars at the later time points of stress. Compared to IR29, LTH had more metabolites showing chilling induced changes, greater levels of these metabolomic changes and a greater ability to recover after stress, implying that LTH used a positive energy-saving strategy against chilling stress. During subsequent recovery, more metabolites were significantly and exclusively up-regulated in LTH, indicating their positive role in chilling tolerance. A comparative analysis of these metabolites data and differentially expressed genes data allowed identification of 7 AAs and related genes that were both chilling responsive and contributed greatly to the CT of LTH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metabolomic responses of rice to chilling stress at the seedling stage were dynamic and involved large numbers of the metabolites. The chilling induced changes of three major groups of metabolites, AAs, OAs and sugars, in rice were well coordinated. The high level seedling CT of LTH was apparently attributed to its increased levels of most AAs and reduced energy consumption that resulted in increased glycolysis and strong resilience on recovery. The results of this study extend our understanding of molecular mechanisms of chilling stress tolerance in rice.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences / National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. fubinying@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Xiu-Qin
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Wen-Sheng
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Bin-Ying
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Zhi-Kang
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Li