title: Visual search as a tool for a quick and reliable assessment of cognitive functions in patients with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high frequency of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis, its assessment has not gained entrance into clinical routine yet, due to lack of time-saving and suitable tests for patients with multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare the paradigm of visual search with neuropsychological standard tests, in order to identify the test that discriminates best between patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals concerning cognitive functions, without being susceptible to practice effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (n = 38) and age-and gender-matched healthy individuals (n = 40) were tested with common neuropsychological tests and a computer-based visual search task, whereby a target stimulus has to be detected amongst distracting stimuli on a touch screen. Twenty-eight of the healthy individuals were re-tested in order to determine potential practice effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean reaction time reflecting visual attention and movement time indicating motor execution in the visual search task discriminated best between healthy individuals and patients with multiple sclerosis, without practice effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual search is a promising instrument for the assessment of cognitive functions and potentially cognitive changes in patients with multiple sclerosis thanks to its good discriminatory power and insusceptibility to practice effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Nuremberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Utz
authors.forename: Thomas M A
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hankeln
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lämmer
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waschbisch
authors.forename: De-Hyung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ralf A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Linker
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schenk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D055815:Young Adult