title: Subjective well-being measures for children were developed within the PROMIS project: presentation of first results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) study were to (1) conceptualize children's subjective well-being (SWB) and (2) produce item pools with excellent content validity for calibration and use in computerized adaptive testings (CATs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children's SWB was defined through semistructured interviews with experts, children (aged 8-17 years), parents, and a systematic literature review to identify item concepts comprehensively covering the full spectrum of SWB. Item concepts were transformed into item expressions and evaluated for comprehensibility using cognitive interviews, reading level analysis, and translatability review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children's SWB comprises affective (positive affect) and global evaluation components (life satisfaction). Input from experts, children, parents, and the literature indicated that the eudaimonic dimension of SWB-that is, a sense of meaning and purpose-could be evaluated. Item pools for life satisfaction (56 items), positive affect (53 items), and meaning and purpose (55 items) were produced. Small differences in comprehensibility of some items were observed between children and adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SWB measures for children are the first to assess both the hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of SWB. Both children and youth seem to understand the concepts of a meaningful life, optimism, and goal orientation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: ravens-sieberer@uke.de.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ravens-Sieberer
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bevans
authors.affiliation: Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of PUblic Health, Johns Hopkins University E4539 - 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Anne W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 North Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Salsman
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Colonial Penn Center, 3641 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Forrest
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D010290:Parents; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D002666:Psychology, Child / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: Child; Item bank; Measurement; Pediatric health; Subjective well-being; Validity