title: Influenza vaccine response in adults exposed to perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate.
abstract: Supported by several epidemiological studies and a large number of animal studies, certain polyfluorinated alkyl acids are believed to be immunotoxic, affecting particularly humoral immunity. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between the antibody response following vaccination with an inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine and circulating levels of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). The study population consisted of 411 adults living in the mid-Ohio region of Ohio and West Virginia where public drinking water had been inadvertently contaminated with PFOA. They participated in a larger cross-sectional study in 2005/2006 and were followed up in 2010, by which time serum levels of PFOA had been substantially reduced but were still well above those found in the general population. Hemagglutination inhibition tests were conducted on serum samples collected preinfluenza vaccination and 21 ± 3 days postvaccination in 2010. Serum samples were also analyzed for PFOA and PFOS concentrations (median: 31.5 and 9.2 ng/ml, respectively). Questionnaires were conducted regarding the occurrence and frequency of recent (during the last 12 months) respiratory infections. Our findings indicated that elevated PFOA serum concentrations are associated with reduced antibody titer rise, particularly to A/H3N2 influenza virus, and an increased risk of not attaining the antibody threshold considered to offer long-term protection. Although the direct relationship between weakened antibody response and clinical risk of influenza is not clear, we did not find evidence for an association between self-reported colds or influenza and PFOA levels nor between PFOS serum concentrations and any of the endpoints examined.
authors.affiliation: * Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WCIH 9SH, UK;
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Looker
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Luster
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafat
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Burleson
authors.forename: Florence G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Burleson
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: immunotoxicology; influenza vaccine; perfluorooctanesulfonate.; perfluorooctanoate; polyfluorinated alkyl acids