title: Anthocyanins restore behavioral and biochemical changes caused by streptozotocin-induced sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze if the pre-administration of anthocyanin on memory and anxiety prevented the effects caused by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (icv-STZ) administration-induced sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) in rats. Moreover, we evaluated whether the levels of nitrite/nitrate (NOx), Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase and acethylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in the cerebral cortex (CC) and hippocampus (HC) are altered in this experimental SDAT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were divided in 4 different groups: control (CTRL), anthocyanin (ANT), streptozotocin (STZ) and streptozotocin+anthocyanin (STZ+ANT). After seven days of treatment with ANT (200mg/kg; oral), the rats were icv-STZ injected (3mg/kg), and four days later the behavior parameters were performed and the animals submitted to euthanasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A memory deficit was found in the STZ group, but ANT treatment showed that it prevents this impairment of memory (P<0.05). Our results showed a higher anxiety in the icv-STZ group, but treatment with ANT showed a per se effect and prevented the anxiogenic behavior induced by STZ. Our results reveal that the ANT treatment (100μM) tested displaces the specific binding of [(3)H] flunitrazepam to the benzodiazepinic site of GABAA receptors. AChE, Ca(+)-ATPase activities and NOx levels were found to be increased in HC and CC in the STZ group, which was attenuated by ANT (P<0.05). STZ decreased Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity and ANT was able to prevent these effects (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that ANT is able to regulate ion pump activity and cholinergic neurotransmission, as well as being able to enhance memory and act as an anxiolytic compound in animals with SDAT.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: jessiegutierres@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jessié M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gutierres
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiano B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Rosa C
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schetinger
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marisco
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agostinho
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maribel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmatz
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cassia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de P Cognato
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julia G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Signor
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vera M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Morsch
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cinthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mazzanti
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bonan
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário-Capão do Leão, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roselia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spanevello
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D013311:Streptozocin; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Anthocyanin; Anxiety-like behavior; ICV-streptozotocin; Memory; Nitric oxide production; Rats