title: Eye movement alterations during reading in patients with early Alzheimer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eye movements follow a reproducible pattern during normal reading. Each eye movement ends up in a fixation point, which allows the brain to process the incoming information and to program the following saccade. Alzheimer disease (AD) produces eye movement abnormalities and disturbances in reading. In this work, we investigated whether eye movement alterations during reading might be already present at very early stages of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty female and male adult patients with the diagnosis of probable AD and 20 age-matched individuals with no evidence of cognitive decline participated in the study. Participants were seated in front of a 20-inch LCD monitor and single sentences were presented on it. Eye movements were recorded with an eye tracker, with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz and an eye position resolution of 20 arc seconds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of eye movements during reading revealed that patients with early AD decreased the amount of words with only one fixation, increased their total number of first- and second-pass fixations, the amount of saccade regressions and the number of words skipped, compared with healthy individuals (controls). They also reduced the size of outgoing saccades, simultaneously increasing fixation duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that patients with mild AD evidenced marked alterations in eye movement behavior during reading, even at early stages of the disease. Hence, evaluation of eye movement behavior during reading might provide a useful tool for a more precise early diagnosis of AD and for dynamical monitoring of the pathology.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mandolesi
authors.forename: Nora P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Rotstein
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Osvaldo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Agamennoni
authors.forename: Luis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Politi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011932:Reading; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Alzheimer disease; eye fixation; eye movements; saccadic movements