title: Non-Botrytis grape-rotting fungi responsible for earthy and moldy off-flavors and mycotoxins.
abstract: The grape microflora is complex and includes filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria with different physiological characteristics and effects on wine production. Most studies have focused on the wine microbiota, but a few studies have reported the ecology of grape microorganisms. Some of these organisms - such as non-Botrytis bunch rotting fungi, which greatly influence the safety or sensory quality of wine, due to the production of mycotoxins and off-flavors, respectively - are considered to be spoilage agents. We review here the diversity of filamentous fungi on grapes and the factors influencing their development, such as grape ripening stage, environmental factors (climate, rain and cultivation practices), grape variety and grape health status. We also discuss the pathways by which mycotoxins and off-flavors are produced, the control of the population, the metabolites responsible for wine spoilage and the methods for detecting and characterizing the microorganisms involved.
authors.affiliation: UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne-AgroSup Dijon Laboratoire VALMiS Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France. Electronic address: sandrine.rousseaux@u-bourgogne.fr.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rousseaux
authors.forename: Camelia Filofteia
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Diguta
authors.forename: Florentina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Radoï-Matei
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alexandre
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guilloux-Bénatier
mesh_terms: D005285:Fermentation; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013649:Taste; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: Aspergillus; Diversity; Filamentous fungi; Grape; Mycotoxins; Off-flavors; Penicillium