title: Vascular remodeling after ischemic stroke: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials.
abstract: The brain vasculature has been increasingly recognized as a key player that directs brain development, regulates homeostasis, and contributes to pathological processes. Following ischemic stroke, the reduction of blood flow elicits a cascade of changes and leads to vascular remodeling. However, the temporal profile of vascular changes after stroke is not well understood. Growing evidence suggests that the early phase of cerebral blood volume (CBV) increase is likely due to the improvement in collateral flow, also known as arteriogenesis, whereas the late phase of CBV increase is attributed to the surge of angiogenesis. Arteriogenesis is triggered by shear fluid stress followed by activation of endothelium and inflammatory processes, while angiogenesis induces a number of pro-angiogenic factors and circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The status of collaterals in acute stroke has been shown to have several prognostic implications, while the causal relationship between angiogenesis and improved functional recovery has yet to be established in patients. A number of interventions aimed at enhancing cerebral blood flow including increasing collateral recruitment are under clinical investigation. Transplantation of EPCs to improve angiogenesis is also underway. Knowledge in the underlying physiological mechanisms for improved arteriogenesis and angiogenesis shall lead to more effective therapies for ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. Electronic address: jialing.liu@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Jialing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Yongting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akamatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Chih Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: R Anne
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stetler
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China. Electronic address: gyyang0626@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guo-Yuan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Angiogenesis; Arteriogenesis; Collateral flow; Fluid shear stress; Macrophage polarization; Pro-angiogenic factors