title: Diverse influences of androgen-disrupting chemicals on immune responses mounted by macrophages.
abstract: Androgen-disrupting chemicals (ADCs) can alter male sexual development. Although the effects of ADCs on hormone disruption have been studied, their influence on the immune response is not fully understood. To investigate the effects of ADCs on innate immunity, we tested eight candidate ADCs for their influence on macrophages by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability. Our results showed that treatment with a mixture of lipopolysaccharide and hexachlorobenzene increased NO production in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. In contrast, compared to exposure to a negative control, exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), testosterone (TTT), or permethrin decreased NO production. DEHA, BBP, and TTT inhibited NO production in an inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent manner. Treatment with bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NNP), or tributyltin chloride (TBTC) reduced NO production and induced cell death. While BPA induced RAW 264.7 cell death through apoptosis, NNP and TBTC caused cell death through necrosis. These results offer insights into the influences of ADCs on the innate immune system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyong Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seung-min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yeon
authors.forename: Hyun Gyung
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hyojeung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hee-Deung
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Tae Won
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Seung Pil
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Pack
authors.forename: Eun Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Youngjoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: Sang-Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kenneth Sung
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Un-Hwan
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Yong Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000272:Adipates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D000272:Adipates; D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D026023:Permethrin; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D013739:Testosterone; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; C013966:dioctyl adipate; C011559:tributyltin; C025256:nonylphenol; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; C027561:butylbenzyl phthalate