title: Can't see the forest for the rice: factors influencing spatial variations in the density of trees in paddy fields in northeast Thailand.
abstract: The widespread presence of trees in paddy fields is a unique feature of Northeast Thailand's agricultural landscape. A survey of spatial variability in the density of trees in paddy fields in the Northeast Region was conducted utilizing high resolution satellite images and found that the mean density in the whole region was 12.1 trees/ha (varying from a high of 44.6 trees/ha to a low of 0.8 trees/ha). In general, tree densities are higher in the southeastern part of the region and much lower in the northern central part. Tree density was influenced by multiple factors including: (1) the history of land development, with more recently developed paddy fields having higher densities, (2) topography, with fields located at higher topographical positions having a higher mean density of trees, (3) access to natural forest resources, with fields in areas located close to natural forests having higher densities, (4) amount of annual rainfall, with fields in areas with higher average annual rainfall having higher tree densities, and (5) landholding size, with fields in areas with larger-sized landholdings having more trees. However, there is a considerable extent of co-variation among these factors. Although trees remain an important element of the paddy field landscape in the Northeast, it appears that their density has been declining in recent years. If this trend continues, then the vast "invisible forest" represented by trees in paddy fields may truly disappear, with negative consequences for the villagers' livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration in the rural ecosystem.
authors.affiliation: Program on System Approaches in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
authors.forename: Moriaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Patma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vityakon
authors.forename: A Terry
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Rambo
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D012275:Oryza / Q000254:growth & development*; D011156:Population Density; D013785:Thailand; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development*