title: The impact of incentives on exercise behavior: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of reinforcing exercise behavior with material incentives is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to conduct a systematic review of existing research on material incentives for exercise, organized by incentive strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten studies conducted between January 1965 and June 2013 assessed the impact of incentivizing exercise compared to a non-incentivized control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant heterogeneity between studies regarding reinforcement procedures and outcomes. Incentives tended to improve behavior during the intervention while findings were mixed regarding sustained behavior after incentives were removed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most effective incentive procedure is unclear given the limitations of existing research. The effectiveness of various incentive procedures in promoting initial behavior change and habit formation, as well as the use of sustainable incentive procedures should be explored in future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, 1914 Andy Holt Ave., 322 HPER Bldg, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2700, USA, kstrohac@utk.edu.
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strohacker
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Galarraga
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology