title: Colonization and plant growth promoting characterization of endophytic Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain Zong1 isolated from Sophora alopecuroides root nodules.
abstract: The endophytic strain Zong1 isolated from root nodules of the legume Sophora alopecuroides was characterized by conducting physiological and biochemical tests employing gfp-marking, observing their plant growth promoting characteristics (PGPC) and detecting plant growth parameters of inoculation assays under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that strain Zong1 had an effective growth at 28 ºC after placed at 4-60 ºC for 15 min, had a wide range pH tolerance of 6.0-11.0 and salt tolerance up to 5% of NaCl. Zong1 was resistant to the following antibiotics (μg/mL): Phosphonomycin (100), Penicillin (100) and Ampicillin (100). It could grow in the medium supplemented with 1.2 mmol/L Cu, 0.1% (w/v) methylene blue and 0.1-0.2% (w/v) methyl red, respectively. Zong1 is closely related to Pseudomonas chlororaphis based on analysis the sequence of 16S rRNA gene. Its expression of the gfp gene indicated that strain Zong1 may colonize in root or root nodules and verified by microscopic observation. Furthermore, co-inoculation with Zong1 and SQ1 (Mesorhizobium sp.) showed significant effects compared to single inoculation for the following PGPC parameters: siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, organic acid production, IAA production and antifungal activity in vitro. These results suggest strains P. chlororaphi Zong1 and Mesorhizobium sp. SQ1 have better synergistic or addictive effect. It was noteworthy that each growth index of co-inoculated Zong1+SQ1 in growth assays under greenhouse conditions is higher than those of single inoculation, and showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) when compared to a negative control. Therefore, as an endophyte P. chlororaphis Zong1 may play important roles as a potential plant-growth promoting agent.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, China. ; College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Long Fei
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ya Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhan Qiang
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Zhen Shan
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Chang Juan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: Ge Hong
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000898:Antibiosis; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D060026:Endophytes / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D063245:Plant Development; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017262:Siderophores / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D029909:Sophora / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010710:Phosphates; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D017262:Siderophores; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C030737:indoleacetic acid
keywords: PGPC; co-inoculation; colonization; endophyte; the gpf-marker