title: The magnitude and reliability of cue-specific craving in nondependent smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cue-reactivity is a robust phenomenon in regular cigarette smokers (Carter and Tiffany, 1999), but it has not been widely investigated in nondependent smokers. Further, most research on cue-specific craving assesses response to cues in a single experimental session. As such, investigations of cue-specific craving have primarily measured state-like but not trait-like responses to smoking stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study measured general and cue-specific craving in nondependent smokers and assessed the within-session and cross-session reliability of these two facets of craving. Participants (n=154) attended five laboratory sessions over the course of three months and completed multiple cue-reactivity trials (using smoking and neutral in vivo and photographic stimuli) during each study visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that smoking cues elicited significantly stronger craving than neutral cues across study sessions, and that craving ratings following smoking cues decreased across subsequent sessions. Within-session and cross-session reliability was extremely high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, findings indicate that nondependent smokers experience reactivity to smoking cues, and that this response is quite reliable within and across sessions. Further, the magnitude of cue-specific craving was comparable to what has been observed in heavy, dependent smokers.
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States. Electronic address: jwray@buffalo.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wray
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States.
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gass
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tiffany
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Craving; Cue-reactivity; Nondependent smoking; Reliability