title: Development of a flow-fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol for the analysis of microbial communities in anaerobic fermentation liquor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The production of bio-methane from renewable raw material is of high interest because of the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels. The process of biomethanation is based on the inter- and intraspecific metabolic activity of a highly diverse and dynamic microbial community. The community structure of the microbial biocenosis varies between different biogas reactors and the knowledge about these microbial communities is still fragmentary. However, up to now no approaches are available allowing a fast and reliable access to the microbial community structure. Hence, the aim of this study was to originate a Flow-FISH protocol, namely a combination of flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, for the analysis of the metabolically active microorganisms in biogas reactor samples. With respect to the heterogenic texture of biogas reactor samples and to collect all cells including those of cell aggregates and biofilms the development of a preceding purification procedure was indispensable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six different purification procedures with in total 29 modifications were tested. The optimized purification procedure combines the use of the detergent sodium hexametaphosphate with ultrasonic treatment and a final filtration step. By this treatment, the detachment of microbial cells from particles as well as the disbandment of cell aggregates was obtained at minimized cell loss. A Flow-FISH protocol was developed avoiding dehydration and minimizing centrifugation steps. In the exemplary application of this protocol on pure cultures as well as biogas reactor samples high hybridization rates were achieved for commonly established domain specific oligonucleotide probes enabling the specific detection of metabolically active bacteria and archaea. Cross hybridization and autofluorescence effects could be excluded by the use of a nonsense probe and negative controls, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach described in this study enables for the first time the analysis of the metabolically active fraction of the microbial communities within biogas reactors by Flow-FISH.
authors.affiliation: APECS junior research group, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany. Edith.Nettmann@rub.de.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nettmann
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fröhling
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heeg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klocke
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schlüter
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mumme
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D058448:Biota; D005285:Fermentation; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D007218:Industrial Microbiology / Q000379:methods*; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008697:Methane