title: NMR-based metabolomics approach to study the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin to goldfish (Carassius auratus).
abstract: In this study, a (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). LCT showed tissue-specific damage to gill, heart, liver and kidney tissues of goldfish. NMR profiling combined with statistical methods such as orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and two-dimensional statistical total correlation spectroscopy (2D-STOCSY) was developed to discern metabolite changes occurring after one week LCT exposure in brain, heart and kidney tissues of goldfish. LCT exposure influenced levels of many metabolites (e.g., leucine, isoleucine and valine in brain and kidney; lactate in brain, heart and kidney; alanine in brain and kidney; choline in brain, heart and kidney; taurine in brain, heart and kidney; N-acetylaspartate in brain; myo-inositol in brain; phosphocreatine in brain and heart; 2-oxoglutarate in brain; cis-aconitate in brain, and etc.), and broke the balance of neurotransmitters and osmoregulators, evoked oxidative stress, disturbed metabolisms of energy and amino acids. The implication of glutamate-glutamine-gamma-aminobutyric axis in LCT induced toxicity was demonstrated for the first time. Our findings demonstrated the applicability and potential of metabolomics approach for the elucidation of toxicological effects of pesticides and the underlying mechanisms, and the discovery of biomarkers for pesticide pollution in aquatic environment.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental & Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, PR China. Electronic address: wang.junsong@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Junsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhaoguang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Minghua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China. Electronic address: cpu_lykong@126.com.
authors.forename: Lingyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D006054:Goldfish / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055432:Metabolomics; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C037304:cyhalothrin
keywords: (1)H NMR spectroscopy; Goldfish (Carassius auratus); Lambda-cyhalothrin; Metabolomics