title: The role of small airway disease in asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review provides an update on the importance of the peripheral 'small' airways in asthma. As the small airways account for less than 10% of total airway resistance, thus having little impact on standard lung function measures such as forced expiratory volume and peak flow, they have been referred to as the 'silent zone'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study has revealed that small airway involvement is present in all stages of asthmatic disease, being related to important clinical phenotypes such as nocturnal asthma, exercise-induced asthma, and difficult-to-control asthma, including those with the risk of repeated asthma exacerbations. Uncontrolled small airway inflammation is related to airway remodeling and progression of the disease, with a more rapid decline in the lung function. Moreover, studies on both children and adults have shown that the involvement of the small airways represents a crucial step in asthma development. New tools have been developed and old tools have been refined, providing an opportunity to better understand small airway inflammation and dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small airway inflammation is present in all stages of asthmatic disease and plays an important role in many key clinical conditions/phenotypes. In order to control the disease, we need to target small airway inflammation, which is not only difficult to reach by standard inhaled medications but also to some extent different. A better understanding of the important role small airways are playing in asthma will show that the 'silent zone' is by far not silent at all.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bjermer
mesh_terms: D056151:Airway Remodeling; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055745:Bronchioles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors