title: Characterization of the interactions between protein and carbon black.
abstract: A considerable amount of studies have been conducted to investigate the interactions of biological fluids with nanoparticle surfaces, which exhibit a high affinity for proteins and particles. However, the mechanisms underlying these interactions have not been elucidated, particularly as they relate to human health. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and mice bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as models for protein-particle conjugates, we characterized the physicochemical modifications of carbon blacks (CB) with 23nm or 65nm in diameter after protein treatment. Adsorbed BALF-containing proteins were quantified and identified by pathways, biological analyses and protein classification. Significant modifications of the physicochemistry of CB were induced by the addition of BSA. Enzyme modulators and hydrolase predominately interacted with CB, with protein-to-CB interactions that were associated with the coagulation pathways. Additionally, our results revealed that an acute-phase response could be activated by these proteins. With regard to human health, the present study revealed that the CB can react with proteins (∼55kDa and 70kDa) after inhalation and may modify the functional structures of lung proteins, leading to the activation of acute-inflammatory responses in the lungs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: 09330@s.tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tzu-Tao
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: kjc@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Kai-Jen
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: llchiang@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ling-Ling
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: b101092035@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chun-Chao
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: ctyeh@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chi-Tai
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: 10037@s.tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Liang-Shun
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK. Electronic address: gregoryc1@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK. Electronic address: JonesTP@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK. Electronic address: Berube@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: BéruBé
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: leecn@shh.org.tw.
authors.forename: Chun-Nin
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: r92841005@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: tcheng@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tsun-Jen
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D051379:Mice; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D053260:Soot / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D053260:Soot
keywords: BALF; BSA; CB; Coagulation; DAVID; Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery; EDX; Inflammation; Nanoparticle; PANTHER; Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships; Proteomics; SDS-PAGE; SEM; bovine serum albumin; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; carbon black; d-H(2)O; distilled water; energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis; scanning electron microscopy; sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels