title: Effect of oxidant exposure on the release of intracellular microcystin, MIB, and geosmin from three cyanobacteria species.
abstract: The release of intracellular microcystin-LR (MC-LR), 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), and geosmin was investigated after the oxidation of three cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa (MA), Oscillatoria sp. (OSC), and Lyngbya sp. (LYN)). During the oxidation of 200,000 cells/mL of MA, release of intracellular MC-LR exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 1 μg/L during the lowest oxidant exposures (CT) tested: ozone (0 mg-min/L, below the ozone demand), chlorine (<40 mg-min/L), chlorine dioxide (<560 mg-min/L), and chloramine (<640 mg-min/L). As the CT increased, ozone, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide were able to oxidize the released MC-LR. During the oxidation of OSC (2800 cells/mL) and LYN (1600 cells/mL), release of intracellular MIB and geosmin exceeded reported threshold odor values after exposure to chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chloramine, which have low reactivity with these taste and odor compounds. Ozone oxidation of OSC yielded an increase in MIB concentration at lower exposures (≤2.9 mg-min/L), likely due to insufficient oxidation by hydroxyl radicals. The release of intracellular organic matter (IOM) was also measured to determine the potential of bulk measurements to act as a surrogate for cyanotoxins and metabolite release. In all cases, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release was less than 0.25 mgC/L, which lacked the sensitivity to indicate the release of MC-LR, MIB, or geosmin. The fluorescence index proved to be a more sensitive indicator of intracellular organic matter release than DOC for MA. These results illustrate that toxic or odorous compounds may be released from cyanobacteria cells during oxidation processes with minimal changes in the DOC concentration.
authors.affiliation: Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Electronic address: eric.wert@snwa.com.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Wert
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Korak
authors.affiliation: Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Trenholm
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Rosario-Ortiz
mesh_terms: D001892:Camphanes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002700:Chloramines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins / Q000378:metabolism*; D046931:Microcystis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009284:Naphthols / Q000378:metabolism*; D009812:Odorants; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010126:Ozone / Q000494:pharmacology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001892:Camphanes; D002700:Chloramines; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D009284:Naphthols; D016877:Oxidants; D010087:Oxides; C005536:2-methylisoborneol; D002713:Chlorine; D010126:Ozone; C025109:chlorine dioxide; C057862:cyanoginosin LR; C030816:chloramine; C001278:geosmin
keywords: 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB); Cyanobacteria; Cyanotoxin; Drinking water; Fluorescence; Geosmin; Intracellular organic matter (IOM); Microcystin-LR