title: Risk factors for contracting watery diarrhoea in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe, 2011: a case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kadoma City experienced an increase in watery diarrhoea from 27 cases during week beginning 5th September, to 107 cases during week beginning 26th September 2011. The weekly diarrhoea cases crossed the threshold action line during week beginning 5th September at the children's clinic in Rimuka Township, and the remaining four clinics reported cases crossing threshold action lines between week beginning 12th September and week beginning 26th September. Eighty-two percent of the cases were children less than 5 years old. We conducted a case controlstudy to determine risk factorsfor contracting watery diarrhoea in children less than 5 years in Kadoma City.
  
  
  METHODS
  An unmatched 1:1 case control study was conducted in Ngezi and Rimuka townships in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe. A case was a child less than 5 years old, who developed acute watery diarrhoea between 5th September and 1st October 2011. A control was a child less than 5 years old who stayed in the same township and did not suffer from diarrhoea. A structured questionnaire was administered to caregivers of cases and controls.Laboratory water quality tests and stool test results were reviewed.Epi Info™ statistical software was used to analyse data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 109 cases and 109 controls were enrolled. Independent protective factors were: having been exclusively breastfed for six months [AOR = 0.44; 95% CI (0.24-0.82)]; using municipal water [AOR = 0.38; 95% CI (0.18-0.80)]; using aqua tablets, [AOR = 0.49; 95% CI (0.26-0.94)] and; storing water in closed containers, [AOR = 0.24; 95% CI (0.07-0.0.83). The only independent risk factor for contracting watery diarrhoea was hand washing in a single bowl, [AOR = 2.89; 95% CI (1.33-6.28)]. Salmonella, Shigella, Rotavirus, and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were isolated in the stool specimens. None of the 33 municipal water samples tested showed contamination with Escherichia coli, whilst 23 of 44 (52%) shallow well water samples and 3 of 15(20%) borehole water samples tested were positive for Escherichia coli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outbreak resulted from inadequate clean water and use of contaminated water. Evidence from this study was used to guide public health response to the outbreak.
authors.affiliation: Field Epidemiology Training Program, University of Zimbabwe, P,O, Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe. gombent@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Maponga
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chirundu
authors.forename: Notion T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Gombe
authors.forename: Mufuta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tshimanga
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shambira
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Takundwa
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology