title: Growth hormone alters the glutathione S-transferase and mitochondrial thioredoxin systems in long-living Ames dwarf mice.
abstract: Ames dwarf mice are deficient in growth hormone (GH), prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone and live significantly longer than their wild-type (WT) siblings. The lack of GH is associated with stress resistance and increased longevity. However, the mechanism underlying GH's actions on cellular stress defense have yet to be elucidated. In this study, WT or Ames dwarf mice were treated with saline or GH (WT saline, Dwarf saline, and Dwarf GH) two times daily for 7 days. The body and liver weights of Ames dwarf mice were significantly increased after 7 days of GH administration. Mitochondrial protein levels of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes, K1 and M4 (GSTK1 and GSTM4), were significantly higher in dwarf mice (Dwarf saline) when compared with WT mice (WT saline). GH administration downregulated the expression of GSTK1 proteins in dwarf mice. We further investigated GST activity from liver lysates using different substrates. Substrate-specific GST activity (bromosulfophthalein, dichloronitrobenzene, and 4-hydrox-ynonenal) was significantly reduced in GH-treated dwarf mice. In addition, GH treatment attenuated the activity of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin in liver mitochondria of Ames mice. Importantly, GH treatment suppressed Trx2 and TrxR2 mRNA expression. These data indicate that GH has a role in stress resistance by altering the functional capacity of the GST system through the regulation of specific GST family members in long-living Ames dwarf mice. It also affects the regulation of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, factors that regulate posttranslational modification of proteins and redox balance, thereby further influencing stress resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. School of Sports Science, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
authors.forename: Lalida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rojanathammanee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks.
authors.forename: Sharlene
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rakoczy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. holly.brown.borg@med.und.edu.
authors.forename: Holly M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Brown-Borg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004392:Dwarfism / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008136:Longevity; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013879:Thioredoxins; D013006:Growth Hormone; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Ames dwarf mice; Glutaredoxin; Glutathione S-transferase; Growth hormone; Stress resistance.