title: Population genetics and drug resistance markers: an essential for malaria surveillance in Pakistan.
abstract: Plasmodium (P.) vivax is the prevalent malarial species accounting for 70% of malaria cases in Pakistan. However, baseline epidemiological data on P. vivax population structure and drug resistance are lacking from Pakistan. For population structure studies, molecular genetic markers, circumsporozoite protein (csp) and merozoite surface protein-1 (msp-1) are considered useful as these play an important role in P. vivax survival under immune and environmental pressure. Furthermore, these genes have also been identified as suitable candidates for vaccine development. While efforts for effective vaccine are underway, anti-malarial agents remain the mainstay for control. Evidence of resistance against commonly used anti-malarial agents, particularly Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) is threatening to make this form of control defunct. Therefore, studies on drug resistance are necessary so that anti-malarial treatment strategies can be structured and implemented accordingly by the Malaria Control Program, Pakistan. This review aims to provide information on genetic markers of P. vivax population structure and drug resistance and comment on their usefulness in molecular surveillance and control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi.
authors.forename: Afsheen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Mohammad Asim
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beg
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D010154:Pakistan; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017421:Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C041595:circumsporozoite protein, Protozoan