title: Proteomics-based identification of plasma proteins and their association with the host-pathogen interaction in chronic typhoid carriers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current diagnostic tests are inadequate to detect typhoid cases, as well as the chronic carrier state, the sole reservoir of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The current study was conducted to find new molecular signatures of pathogen/disease to understand the mechanism behind the host-pathogen interaction in enteric fever.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proteomics-based studies were done to determine the expression of differentially expressed proteins in the plasma of controls, acute typhoid cases, and chronic typhoid carriers. Further, transcriptome-based analysis using reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was done in controls, acute typhoid cases, and chronic typhoid carriers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed the upregulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin, furin, haptoglobin, and albumin in the plasma of chronic typhoid carriers. The elevation in mRNA expression of four differentially expressed proteins confirms the changes at the transcriptional level. Further, the increase in albumin and haptoglobin in chronic typhoid carriers shows their role in free radical generation, inflammation, and monocyte cell signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through proteomics techniques, this study identified four proteins in the chronic typhoid carrier host that may have a role in the disease pathogenesis of enteric fever.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. Electronic address: singhabhai2000@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abhai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Suneel Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ahirwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Gopal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D040901:Proteomics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D001798:Blood Proteins; C485359:HP protein, human; D006242:Haptoglobins
keywords: 2D gel electrophoresis; Chronic typhoid carrier; Haptoglobin; Transcriptomics