title: Hypovitaminosis D and nocturnal hypertension in obese children: an interesting link.
abstract: In adults, low levels of vitamin D are associated with hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between 24-h blood pressure (BP) patterns and vitamin D levels in obese children. We recorded anthropometric parameters, took blood samples for 25-hydroxivitamin D measurements and monitored ambulatory BP (ABP) in 32 obese children (male/female: 21/11, age 7-16 years). Subjects in the lower tertiles had higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, nighttime systolic and diastolic ABP, nighttime systolic and diastolic ABP load, 24-h ABP index and nighttime systolic and diastolic ABP index than those in the higher tertile. Vitamin D correlated negatively with 24-h and nighttime systolic ABP, 24-h systolic ABP load, nighttime systolic and diastolic ABP load, 24-h systolic ABP index and nighttime systolic ABP index. The percentage of subjects with pathological 24-h systolic BP (SBP) load, nighttime SBP load, nighttime diastolic BP (DBP) load, nighttime SBP index and nighttime DBP index increased progressively as the vitamin deficiency categories increased (χ(2)=10.26, P<0.05; χ(2)=16.34, P<0.01; χ(2)=10.23, P<0.05; χ(2)=10.38 and χ(2)=10.06, P <0.01). Low levels of vitamin D in obese children were associated with a higher BP burden, especially at night.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Banzato
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maffeis
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maines
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cavarzere
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaudino
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minuz
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boner
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antoniazzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000886:Anthropometry; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*