title: Multilevel Factors Associated With Overall Mortality for Men Diagnosed With Prostate Cancer in Florida.
abstract: To identify individual and contextual factors contributing to overall mortality among men diagnosed with prostate cancer in Florida, a random sample of patients (between October 1, 2001, and December 31, 2007) was taken from the Florida Cancer Data System. Patient's demographic and clinical information were obtained from the Florida Cancer Data System. Comorbidity was computed following the Elixhauser Index method. Census-tract-level socioeconomic status and farm house presence were extracted from Census 2000 and linked to patient data. The ratio of urologists and radiation oncologists to prostate cancer cases at the county level was computed. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to identify significance of individuals and contextual factors in relation to overall mortality. A total of 18,042 patients were identified, among whom 2,363 died. No racial difference was found in our study. Being older at diagnosis, unmarried, current smoker, uninsured, diagnosed at late stage, with undifferentiated, poorly differentiated, or unknown tumor grade were significantly associated with higher odds of overall mortality. Living in a low-income area was significantly associated with higher odds of mortality (p = .0404). After adjusting for age, stage, and tumor grade, patients who received hormonal, combination of radiation with hormone therapy, and no definitive treatment had higher odds of mortality compared with those who underwent surgery only. A large number of comorbidities were associated with higher odds of mortality. Although disease-specific mortality was not examined, our findings suggest the importance of careful considerations of patient sociodemographic characteristics and their coexisting conditions in treatment decision making, which in turn affects mortality.
authors.affiliation: Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA hong.xiao@famu.edu.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: BioMedware Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goovaerts
authors.affiliation: Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Askal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adunlin
authors.affiliation: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, and University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Clement K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Gwede
authors.affiliation: Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Youjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011204:Poverty Areas; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012847:Single Person / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: comorbidity; diagnosis; mortality; multilevel; prostate cancer