title: Incorporating climate science in applications of the US endangered species act for aquatic species.
abstract: Aquatic species are threatened by climate change but have received comparatively less attention than terrestrial species. We gleaned key strategies for scientists and managers seeking to address climate change in aquatic conservation planning from the literature and existing knowledge. We address 3 categories of conservation effort that rely on scientific analysis and have particular application under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA): assessment of overall risk to a species; long-term recovery planning; and evaluation of effects of specific actions or perturbations. Fewer data are available for aquatic species to support these analyses, and climate effects on aquatic systems are poorly characterized. Thus, we recommend scientists conducting analyses supporting ESA decisions develop a conceptual model that links climate, habitat, ecosystem, and species response to changing conditions and use this model to organize analyses and future research. We recommend that current climate conditions are not appropriate for projections used in ESA analyses and that long-term projections of climate-change effects provide temporal context as a species-wide assessment provides spatial context. In these projections, climate change should not be discounted solely because the magnitude of projected change at a particular time is uncertain when directionality of climate change is clear. Identifying likely future habitat at the species scale will indicate key refuges and potential range shifts. However, the risks and benefits associated with errors in modeling future habitat are not equivalent. The ESA offers mechanisms for increasing the overall resilience and resistance of species to climate changes, including establishing recovery goals requiring increased genetic and phenotypic diversity, specifying critical habitat in areas not currently occupied but likely to become important, and using adaptive management. Incorporación de las Ciencias Climáticas en las Aplicaciones del Acta Estadunidense de Especies en Peligro para Especies Acuáticas.
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard, East, Seattle, WA, 98112, U.S.A.. michelle.mcclure@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Borggaard
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boughton
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crozier
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Griffis
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lindley
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nye
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Seney
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Snover
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toole
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: VAN Houtan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000502:physiology*; D044822:Biodiversity; D057231:Climate Change; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D056727:Endangered Species; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
keywords: análisis de efectos; cambio climático; climate change; conservation planning; effects analysis; estudios de riesgo; modelos de población; planeación de conservación; planeación de recuperación; population models; recovery planning; risk assessment; vulnerabilidad; vulnerability