title: Rapid and controllable flame reduction of TiO2 nanowires for enhanced solar water-splitting.
abstract: We report a new flame reduction method to generate controllable amount of oxygen vacancies in TiO2 nanowires that leads to nearly three times improvement in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting performance. The flame reduction method has unique advantages of a high temperature (>1000 °C), ultrafast heating rate, tunable reduction environment, and open-atmosphere operation, so it enables rapid formation of oxygen vacancies (less than one minute) without damaging the nanowire morphology and crystallinity and is even applicable to various metal oxides. Significantly, we show that flame reduction greatly improves the saturation photocurrent densities of TiO2 nanowires (2.7 times higher), α-Fe2O3 nanowires (9.4 times higher), ZnO nanowires (2.0 times higher), and BiVO4 thin film (4.3 times higher) in comparison to untreated control samples for PEC water-splitting applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , California 94305, United States.
authors.forename: In Sun
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Manca
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Logar
authors.forename: Chi Hwan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Fritz B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Prinz
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng