title: Depressive symptoms and pain complaints as predictors of later development of depression in Portuguese middle-aged women.
abstract: Pain complaints and depressive symptoms seem to be risk factors for future depressive episodes. We present a one-year follow-up study on Portuguese women and primary health care (initial sample: n = 503). We used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), a short questionnaire on pain, and clinical interviews. We used forward stepwise logistic regression analysis to define models that enable the prediction of developing a major depressive episode in the one-year follow-up. We concluded that nondepressed women with (a) high scores (≥28) at the CES-D, (b) a high severity of pain index, and (c) fatigue complaints at the baseline were particularly at risk.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Research in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology , University of Lisbon , Lisbon , Portugal.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fagulha
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Natália
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data