title: Microbe associated molecular patterns from rhizosphere bacteria trigger germination and Papaver somniferum metabolism under greenhouse conditions.
abstract: Ten PGPR from different backgrounds were assayed on Papaver somniferum var. Madrigal to evaluate their potential as biotic elicitors to increase alkaloid content under the rationale that some microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are able to trigger plant metabolism. First, the 10 strains and their culture media at two different concentrations were tested for their ability to trigger seed germination. Then, the best three strains were tested for their ability to increase seedling growth and alkaloid levels under greenhouse conditions. Only three strains and their culture media enhanced germination. Then, germination enhancing capacity of these best three strains, N5.18 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Aur9 Chryseobacterium balustinum and N21.4 Pseudomonas fluorescens was evaluated in soil. Finally, the three strains were applied on seedlings at two time points, by soil drench or by foliar spray. Photosynthesis was measured, plant height was recorded, capsules were weighted and alkaloids analyzed by HPLC. Only N5.18 delivered by foliar spray significantly increased plant height coupled to an increase in total alkaloids and a significant increase in opium poppy straw dry weight; these increases were supported by a better photosynthetic efficiency. The relative contents of morphine, thebaine, codeine and oripavine were affected by this treatment causing a significant increase in morphine coupled to a decrease in thebaine, demonstrating the effectivity of MAMPs from N5.18 in this plant species. Considering the increase in capsule biomass and alkaloids together with the acceleration of germination, strain N5.18 appears as a good candidate to elicit plant metabolism and consequently, to increase productivity of Papaver somniferum.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, PO Box 67, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonilla
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, São Carlos, SP 13.565-905, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, PO Box 67, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A L F
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sarria
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, PO Box 67, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Algar
authors.affiliation: ALCALIBER I+D+i, S.L.U. Ctra, Carmona-El Viso del Alcor, km. 18, 41410 Carmona, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Muñoz Ledesma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, PO Box 67, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: bramsol@ceu.es.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ramos Solano
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, São Carlos, SP 13.565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, PO Box 67, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gutierrez Mañero
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media; D018525:Germination; D010207:Papaver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D010788:Photosynthesis; D058441:Rhizosphere
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D003470:Culture Media
keywords: Biotic elicitation; Germination; MAMPs; Morphinanes; PGPR; Systemic induction