title: Practice variation across consent templates for biobank research. a survey of German biobanks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Informed, voluntary, and valid consent from biomaterial donors is a precondition for biobank research. Valid consent protects donors' rights and helps maintain public trust in biobank research. Harmonization of consent procedures in biobank research is needed, because of the widely shared vision on national and international networking of biobanks including data and sample sharing. So far, no study has assessed and compared the content of current consent forms especially for biobank research. The objective of this study was to perform a content analysis of consent forms in German biobanks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on ten guidelines for biomedical research, we developed an assessment matrix with 41 content issues that are potentially relevant for consent forms in biobank research. This assessment matrix was applied in a thematic text analysis to 30 consent documents of German biobanks identified via the German Biobank Registry in July 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coverage of the 41 items in the assessed consent forms varied widely. For example, the items "Right to withdraw consent (without disadvantage)," "Policy for genetic information/consent to genetic analyzes" and "International cooperation/transborder use" were addressed in 97, 40, and 23% of all 30 consent forms respectively. The number of items covered by a single consent form ranged from 9 to 36 (22-88% out of 41 items).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings serve as a starting point to reflect upon the spectrum of consent issues that must be addressed in biobank research. The findings show that the majority of consent forms for German biobanks, if not all, should be improved and harmonized to better support an informed and balanced choice of potential donors and to facilitate networking of biobanks. Best practice models for consent forms in biobank research should be developed and biobank operators need to be more aware of relevant consent issues.
authors.affiliation: Hannover Medical School, Institute for History, Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine / Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hirschberg
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knüppel
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strech
keywords: biobank; broad consent; informed consent; research ethics; survey; thematic text analysis; tissue bank