title: Psychosis following chloroquine ingestion: a 10-year comparative study from a malaria-hyperendemic district of India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serious adverse effects such as acute psychoses have been reported following treatment with chloroquine. Chloroquine can cause cell death, including neurons. We aimed to identify the most frequent type of psychiatric manifestation and symptomatological characteristics of psychosis following chloroquine ingestion (PFC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Out of a total of 4471 randomly selected recent-onset psychosis patients, 3610 consecutive patients who had responded to standard treatment were screened for entry in the study. We compared background clinicodemographic profile information and psychopathology of 51 PFC patients, who were either drug free or drug naive, to 51 brief psychotic disorder (BPD) patients who were matched in terms of age, sex and education. Only those patients who remitted within 8 weeks (PFC patients) or 4 weeks (BPD patients) were included. Cranial computed tomography, electroencephalography and lumbar puncture of the entire experimental group were normal, and none had Mini Mental Status Examination score <22. Group difference and correlational statistics (parametric and nonparametric) have been used to test the hypotheses and explain the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common (76.2%) type of psychiatric disturbance in PCF group was mood disorder (mixed episode) accompanied by predominant irritability with little blunting of affect. PFC patients characteristically had prominent positive symptoms with visual hallucination and derealization experiences. They were more restless, agitated and anxious and had more disturbed thought content and orientation, but better preserved insight. There was no linear relationship between the amount of chloroquine consumed and the severity of psychosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the large number of patients still receiving chloroquine especially in developing countries, this study has been presented to draw attention of the psychiatrists and other health professionals to the hazardous effect of chloroquine on mental health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Kanke, Ranchi, India. Electronic address: drparthas@rocketmail.com.
authors.forename: Partha Sarathi
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Psychiatry (CIP), Kanke, Ranchi, India.
authors.forename: Devosri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.affiliation: State Mental Hospital, Berhampore, India.
authors.forename: Raghabes
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Majumdar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000341:Affective Disorders, Psychotic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D002738:Chloroquine
keywords: Brief psychotic disorder; Chloroquine-induced psychosis; Organic psychosis; Substance-induced; Toxic psychoses