title: Advanced tissue engineering scaffold design for regeneration of the complex hierarchical periodontal structure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the ability of an osteoconductive biphasic scaffold to simultaneously regenerate alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A biphasic scaffold was built by attaching a fused deposition modelled bone compartment to a melt electrospun periodontal compartment. The bone compartment was coated with a calcium phosphate (CaP) layer for increasing osteoconductivity, seeded with osteoblasts and cultured in vitro for 6 weeks. The resulting constructs were then complemented with the placement of PDL cell sheets on the periodontal compartment, attached to a dentin block and subcutaneously implanted into athymic rats for 8 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, alkaline phosphatase and DNA content quantification, confocal laser microscopy, micro computerized tomography and histological analysis were employed to evaluate the scaffold's performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro study showed that alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased in the CaP-coated samples and they also displayed enhanced mineralization. In the in vivo study, significantly more bone formation was observed in the coated scaffolds. Histological analysis revealed that the large pore size of the periodontal compartment permitted vascularization of the cell sheets, and periodontal attachment was achieved at the dentin interface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work demonstrates that the combination of cell sheet technology together with an osteoconductive biphasic scaffold could be utilized to address the limitations of current periodontal regeneration techniques.
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Cédryck
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vaquette
authors.forename: Qiyi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rui L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Saso
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ivanovski
authors.forename: Dietmar W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hutmacher
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000502:physiology; D003804:Dentin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D051381:Rats; D011923:Rats, Nude; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D011091:Polyesters; C016240:polycaprolactone; C030782:carboapatite; C020243:calcium phosphate; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: additive manufacturing; biomimetic coating; melt electrospinning; periodontal regeneration