title: Sleeping site selection by savanna chimpanzees in Ugalla, Tanzania.
abstract: We examined sleeping site selection by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Ugalla savanna woodland area, western Tanzania, from 1994 to 2012. We established 488 km of line transects and recorded 379 chimpanzee beds within 30 m perpendicular to the transects. Comparisons between 60 × 60 m(2) quadrats containing new and recent beds and the remaining quadrats without beds along the transects indicated that evergreen forests accounted for disproportionately more area in quadrats with beds than in those without beds during both the dry and rainy seasons. In Ugalla, chimpanzees coexist with lions (Panthera leo) and leopards (Panthera pardus). They may sleep in forests to reduce predation risk by these carnivores, as trees are dense and the canopy is high and closed. The angle of slope was steeper in quadrats containing beds than in those without beds during the dry season, whereas the angle was less steep in quadrats with beds than in those without beds during the rainy season. Additionally, fewer beds were found further from forests. The distance between beds and forests during the dry season was shorter than that during the rainy season. Chimpanzees may sleep in or near forests and on slopes because of water pools in the valley forests along the slopes during the dry season. Quadrats with beds were at slightly higher altitude than those without beds during the rainy season; however, the difference was not significant during the dry season. The number of beds found in or close to feeding trees was not related to the fruiting period. Sleeping site selection by chimpanzees may be affected by predation pressure and water availability in the savanna woodland area.
authors.affiliation: School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Tokodachi 101, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 470-0393, Japan. hogawa@lets.chukyo-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hideshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Gen'ichi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Idani
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep; D013636:Tanzania
keywords: Chimpanzee; Predation pressure; Savanna woodland; Sleeping site; Slope angle