title: Comparison of dietary intake among women on maintenance dialysis to a Women's Health Initiative cohort: results from the NKF-CRN Second National Research Question Collaborative Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics and dietary intake of Second National Research Question (SNRQ) participants to the Women's Health Initiative-Dietary Modification (WHI-DM) Trial group and to compare the dietary intake of both groups to relevant reference norms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a secondary analysis of data collected from the SNRQ and from the WHI-DM Trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  SNRQ participants were adult women on dialysis (n = 248) from U.S. dialysis facilities. WHI-DM Trial participants (n = 48,836) were postmenopausal, 50- to 79-year-old women from 40 U.S. clinical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1-sample t test, χ(2), and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare the SNRQ participants to the WHI-DM group and to compare the dietary intake of both to nutrition reference norms. Differences were considered significant at a 2-tailed P ≤ .01.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake was defined as dietary energy intake (DEI), dietary protein intake (DPI), fiber, fat, saturated fat, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, fruits, and vegetables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Characteristics including age, race, weight, educational level, and cardiovascular disease differed between the SNRQ and WHI-DM groups (P < .001). SNRQ participants had lower DEI, DPI, fiber, fat, saturated fat, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, fruit, and vegetable intake than WHI-DM women (P < .001). Dietary intake of SNRQ hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients differed significantly from reference norms (P < .001) except for phosphorus intake in PD patients (P = .03). WHI-DM women had higher intakes of fat and saturated fat and lower intakes of fiber, fruit, and vegetables than recommended in reference norms for the general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary intake differed significantly between SNRQ participants and the WHI-DM group. Dietary intake of the SNRQ participants, except for phosphorus intake in PD patients, differed significantly from relevant reference norms.
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine. Electronic address: mona.therrien@umit.maine.edu.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Therrien
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate Programs in Clinical Nutrition, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Health Related Professions, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Byham-Gray
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Health Related Professions, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Denmark
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Loyola University Healthcare System, Maywood, Illinois.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014675:Vegetables; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary