title: Exploring cultural differences in feedback processes and perceived instructiveness during clerkships: replicating a Dutch study in Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cultural differences between countries may entail differences in feedback processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  By replicating a Dutch study in Indonesia, we analysed whether differences in processes influenced the perceived instructiveness of feedback.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a two-week period, Indonesian students (n = 215) recorded feedback moments during clerkships, noting who provided the feedback, whether the feedback was based on observations, who initiated the feedback, and its perceived instructiveness. Data were compared with the earlier Dutch study and analysed with χ(2) tests, t-tests and multilevel techniques. Cultural differences were explored using Hofstede's Model, with Indonesia and the Netherlands differing on "power distance" and "individualism."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perceived instructiveness of feedback did not differ significantly between both countries. However, significant differences were found in feedback provider, observation and initiative. Indonesian students perceived feedback as more instructive if provided by specialists and initiated jointly by the supervisor and student (βresidents = -0.201, p < 0.001 and βjoint = 0.193, p = 0.001). Dutch students appreciated feedback more when it was based on observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We obtained empirical evidence that one model of feedback does not necessarily translate to another culture. Further research is necessary to unravel other possible influences of culture in implementing feedback procedures in different countries.
authors.affiliation: Universitas Gadjah Mada , Indonesia.
authors.forename: Yoyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suhoyo
authors.forename: Elisabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: van Hell
authors.forename: Titi S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Prihatiningsih
authors.forename: Jan B M
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kuks
authors.forename: Janke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen-Schotanus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002982:Clinical Clerkship / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003469:Culture; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D013337:Students, Medical; D013663:Teaching / Q000458:organization & administration*