title: Identification of new developmentally regulated genes involved in Streptomyces coelicolor sporulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sporulation of aerial hyphae of Streptomyces coelicolor is a complex developmental process. Only a limited number of the genes involved in this intriguing morphological differentiation programme are known, including some key regulatory genes. The aim of this study was to expand our knowledge of the gene repertoire involved in S. coelicolor sporulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report a DNA microarray-based investigation of developmentally controlled gene expression in S. coelicolor. By comparing global transcription patterns of the wild-type parent and two mutants lacking key regulators of aerial hyphal sporulation, we found a total of 114 genes that had significantly different expression in at least one of the two mutants compared to the wild-type during sporulation. A whiA mutant showed the largest effects on gene expression, while only a few genes were specifically affected by whiH mutation. Seven new sporulation loci were investigated in more detail with respect to expression patterns and mutant phenotypes. These included SCO7449-7451 that affect spore pigment biogenesis; SCO1773-1774 that encode an L-alanine dehydrogenase and a regulator-like protein and are required for maturation of spores; SCO3857 that encodes a protein highly similar to a nosiheptide resistance regulator and affects spore maturation; and four additional loci (SCO4421, SCO4157, SCO0934, SCO1195) that show developmental regulation but no overt mutant phenotype. Furthermore, we describe a new promoter-probe vector that takes advantage of the red fluorescent protein mCherry as a reporter of cell type-specific promoter activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aerial hyphal sporulation in S. coelicolor is a technically challenging process for global transcriptomic investigations since it occurs only as a small fraction of the colony biomass and is not highly synchronized. Here we show that by comparing a wild-type to mutants lacking regulators that are specifically affecting processes in aerial hypha, it is possible to identify previously unknown genes with important roles in sporulation. The transcriptomic data reported here should also serve as a basis for identification of further developmentally important genes in future functional studies.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Giselda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bucca
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ausmees
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden. klas.flardh@biol.lu.se.
authors.forename: Klas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flärdh
mesh_terms: D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D048372:Streptomyces coelicolor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*