title: On the differential diagnosis of anxious from nonanxious major depression by means of the Hamilton Scales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anxious major depressive disorder (A-MDD) is differentially diagnosed from nonanxious MDD (NA-MDD) as MDD with a cut-off score ≥ 7 on the HAM-D anxiety-somatization factor (ASF). We investigated whether additional HAM-D items discriminate A-MDD from NA-MDD. Moreover, we tested the validity of ASF criterion against HAM-A, gold standard of anxiety severity assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  164 consecutive female middle-aged inpatients, diagnosed as A-MDD (n = 92) or NA-MDD (n = 72) by the normative HAM-A score for moderate-to-severe anxiety (≥ 25), were compared regarding 17-item HAM-D scores. The validity of ASF ≥ 7 criterion was assessed by receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found medium and large effect size differences between A-MDD and NA-MDD patients in only four out of the six ASF items, as well as in three further HAM-D items, namely, those of agitation, middle insomnia, and delayed insomnia. Furthermore, the ASF cut-off score ≥ 9 provided the optimal trade-off between sensitivity and specificity for the differential diagnosis between A-MDD and NA-MDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional HAM-D items, beyond those of ASF, discriminate A-MDD from NA-MDD. The ASF ≥ 7 criterion inflates false positives. A cut-off point ≥ 9 provides the best trade-off between sensitivity and specificity of the ASF criterion, at least in female middle-aged inpatients.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece ; Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE58AF, UK.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Konstantakopoulos
authors.forename: Vasilios G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Masdrakis
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markianos
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oulis
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales