title: Self-reported faster eating associated with higher ALT activity in middle-aged, apparently healthy Japanese women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Faster eating and elevated circulating activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a marker for liver injury, are risk factors for the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and their complications. The aim of this study was to examine the association between self-reported eating rate and circulating ALT activity in apparently healthy middle-aged Japanese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study of 900 apparently healthy women ages 40 to 64 y (mean ± SD, 53.1 ± 7.1 y) who participated in health check-ups in Japan. We analyzed their clinical serum parameters and lifestyle factors, including self-reported eating rate. Associations between liver injury markers (ALT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase [GTP], and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]), other clinical parameters and lifestyle factors were analyzed using Tukey's multiple range test following analysis of variance and analysis of covariance for three groups, divided by self-reported eating rates. The associations between self-reported faster eating and ALT activity and lifestyle factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALT activity, but not γ-GTP or AST activities, was higher in participants who reported relatively fast/very fast eating than in those who reported medium eating after adjusting for age, alcohol intake, energy intake, smoking, and physical activity. The odds ratio of eating rate for ALT activity in T3 (18-128 U/L) compared with T1 (3-12 U/L) was 1.67 (P < 0.01), but the association disappeared after adjustment for body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ALT activity is positively associated with faster eating, but is dependent on BMI in middle-aged, apparently healthy Japanese women.
authors.affiliation: Research Branch of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Local Produce and Food Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan; Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, University of Shizuoka, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Natsuyo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hariya
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miyauchi
authors.forename: Yasumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Misaki
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Toshinao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood*; D044466:Asian People; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008019:Life Style; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase
keywords: ALT; Apparently healthy women; Faster eating; Japanese women