title: Respiratory motor outputs following unilateral midcervical spinal cord injury in the adult rat.
abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the impact of midcervical spinal cord injury on respiratory outputs and compare respiratory recovery following high- vs. midcervical spinal injury. A unilateral hemisection (Hx) in the spinal cord at C2 or C4 was performed in adult rats. Respiratory behaviors of unanesthetized animals were measured at normoxic baseline and hypercapnia by whole body plethysmography at 1 day and 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk after spinal injury. C2Hx and C4Hx induced a similar rapid shallow breathing pattern at 1 day postinjury. The respiratory frequency of C4Hx animals gradually returned to normal, but the tidal volume from 1 to 8 wk postinjury remained lower than that of the control animals. Linear regression analyses indicated that the tidal volume recovery was greater in the C4Hx animals than in the C2Hx animals at the baseline, but not at hypercapnia. The bilateral phrenic nerve activity was recorded in anesthetized animals under different respiratory drives at 8-9 wk postinjury. The phrenic burst amplitude ipsilateral to the lesion reduced following both high- and midcervical Hx; however, the ability to increase activity was lower in the C4Hx animals than in the C2Hx animals. When the data were normalized by the maximal inspiratory effort during asphyxia, the phrenic burst amplitude enhanced in the C4Hx animals, but reduced in the C2Hx animals compared with the control animals. These results suggest that respiratory deficits are evident following midcervical Hx, and that respiratory recovery and neuroplasticity of phrenic outputs are different following high- vs. midcervical spinal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kun-Ze
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yi-Jia
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: I-Lun
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006339:Heart Rate; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012119:Respiration; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013990:Tidal Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D014628:Vagotomy
keywords: breathing; cervical spinal cord injury; phrenic