title: Identification of novel GAPDH-derived antimicrobial peptides secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and involved in wine microbial interactions.
abstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a primordial role in alcoholic fermentation and has a vast worldwide application in the production of fuel-ethanol, food and beverages. The dominance of S. cerevisiae over other microbial species during alcoholic fermentations has been traditionally ascribed to its higher ethanol tolerance. However, recent studies suggested that other phenomena, such as microbial interactions mediated by killer-like toxins, might play an important role. Here we show that S. cerevisiae secretes antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) during alcoholic fermentation that are active against a wide variety of wine-related yeasts (e.g. Dekkera bruxellensis) and bacteria (e.g. Oenococcus oeni). Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that these AMPs correspond to fragments of the S. cerevisiae glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein. The involvement of GAPDH-derived peptides in wine microbial interactions was further sustained by results obtained in mixed cultures performed with S. cerevisiae single mutants deleted in each of the GAPDH codifying genes (TDH1-3) and also with a S. cerevisiae mutant deleted in the YCA1 gene, which codifies the apoptosis-involved enzyme metacaspase. These findings are discussed in the context of wine microbial interactions, biopreservation potential and the role of GAPDH in the defence system of S. cerevisiae.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Bioenergy, Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Francisco
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chambon
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hébraud
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arneborg
authors.forename: Maria Gabriela
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caldeira
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Albergaria
mesh_terms: D000898:Antibiosis; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D024581:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating) / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D000431:Ethanol; D024581:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)