title: Genotypic characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from household contacts of tuberculosis patients in the Philippines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Philippines has an extremely high rate of tuberculosis but little is known about M. tuberculosis genotypes and transmission dynamics in this country. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of household contacts who develop active TB due to direct transmission from an index case in that household.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from household contacts of tuberculosis patients in the Philippines were characterized using restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis, spoligotyping, and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units - variable number tandem repeats typing (12-loci) to determine their utility in elucidating transmission in an area of high tuberculosis prevalence. Drug susceptibility patterns for these isolates were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing results matched in 10 (62.5%) of 16 index patient-household contact pairs while IS6110 fingerprints matched in only six (37.5%) pairs. Only 3/16 (18.8%) index patient-household contact pairs had identical drug susceptibility results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strain typing of M. tuberculosis isolates from household contacts in the Philippines indicates that transmission of strains does not necessarily occur directly from the index patient living in close proximity in the same household but rather that community-based transmission also frequently occurs. Accurate susceptibility testing of all isolates is necessary to insure optimal care of both the index patients and any culture-positive household contacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. wengenack.nancy@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Irene G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Sia
authors.forename: Seanne P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Buckwalter
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Doerr
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lugos
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orillaza-Chi
authors.forename: Maria Imelda
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Quelapio
authors.forename: Thelma E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Tupasi
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Wengenack
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002648:Child; D016358:Contact Tracing; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial