title: High glucose concentrations in peritoneal dialysate are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of high peritoneal dialysate glucose concentration (PDGC) on all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our study aimed to investigate the effect of high PDGC on all-cause and CVD mortality in continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study enrolled 716 patients newly initiated on CAPD therapy between January 2006 and December 2010. We allocated the patients to low (< 1.56%), medium (≥ 1.56% to < 1.74%), and high (≥ 1.74%) average PDGC groups according to the tertile of average PDGC in the first 6 months after PD initiation. Cox regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to analyze determinants of mortality and of PDGC use respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean follow-up in the study cohort was 31 ± 15 months. The all-cause mortality was 4.7 events per 100 patient-years, and the leading cause of death was CVD. Patients with a higher PDGC had significantly higher cumulative rates of all-cause (log-rank p < 0.001) and CVD mortality (log-rank p < 0.001). In Cox regression analysis, high PDGC independently predicted higher all-cause (hazard ratio: 2.63; p = 0.004) and CVD mortality (hazard ratio: 2.78; p = 0.01). Compared with a lower PDGC, a higher PDGC was significantly associated with older age [odds ratio (OR): 1.02; p < 0.001], low residual renal function (OR: 0.91; p < 0.001), and high dialysate-to-plasma ratio of creatinine (OR: 28.61; p < 0.001) in ordinal logistic regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher PDGC is associated with higher allcause and CVD mortality in CAPD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Yueqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Qunying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Xianfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Shaozhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Jiaqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Ricong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Xueqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; glucose concentration; mortality; outcomes; peritoneal dialysate