title: Injury causation in the great outdoors: A systems analysis of led outdoor activity injury incidents.
abstract: Despite calls for a systems approach to assessing and preventing injurious incidents within the led outdoor activity domain, applications of systems analysis frameworks to the analysis of incident data have been sparse. This article presents an analysis of 1014 led outdoor activity injury and near miss incidents whereby a systems-based risk management framework was used to classify the contributing factors involved across six levels of the led outdoor activity 'system'. The analysis identified causal factors across all levels of the led outdoor activity system, demonstrating the framework's utility for accident analysis efforts in the led outdoor activity injury domain. In addition, issues associated with the current data collection framework that potentially limited the identification of contributing factors outside of the individuals, equipment, and environment involved were identified. In closing, the requirement for new and improved data systems to be underpinned by the systems philosophy and new models of led outdoor activity accident causation is discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of the Sunshine Coast Accident Research (USCAR), Faculty of Arts and Business, School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia. Electronic address: psalmon@usc.edu.au.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.affiliation: University of the Sunshine Coast Accident Research (USCAR), Faculty of Arts and Business, School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia; Human Factors Group, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton Campus, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Natassia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.affiliation: Human Factors Group, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton Campus, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lenné
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy and Safe Sport, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia.
authors.forename: Caroline F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.affiliation: Monash Injury Research Institute, Building 70, Clayton Campus, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cassell
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention; D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002165:Camping / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D013597:Systems Analysis; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Accident causation; Human factors; Injury; Systems analysis