title: Anal fissure and stenosis.
abstract: Anal fissure is a common anorectal disorder resulting in anal pain and bleeding. Fissures can either heal spontaneously and be classified as acute, or persist for 6 or more weeks and be classified as chronic, ultimately necessitating treatment. Anal stenosis is a challenging problem most commonly resulting from trauma, such as excisional hemorrhoidectomy. This frustrating issue for the patient is equally as challenging to the surgeon. This article reviews these 2 anorectal disorders, covering their etiology, mechanism of disease, diagnosis, and algorithm of management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Sherief
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shawki
authors.forename: Meagan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costedio
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000601:surgery; D001004:Anus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000601:surgery*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004106:Dilatation / Q000379:methods; D005401:Fissure in Ano / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate
keywords: Anal fissure; Anal stenosis; Anorectal flap procedures; Lateral internal sphincterotomy