title: Primary surgical resection versus liver transplantation for transplant-eligible hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Existing studies comparing outcomes after liver transplantation (LT) versus surgical resection among transplant-eligible patients are conflicting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare long-term survival between consecutive transplant-eligible HCC patients treated with resection versus LT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present retrospective matched case cohort study compares long-term survival outcomes between consecutive transplant-eligible HCC patients treated with resection versus LT using intention-to-treat (ITT) and as-treated models. Resection patients were matched to LT patients by age, sex, and etiology of HCC in a 1:2 ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 171 patients (57 resection and 114 LT). Resection patients had greater post-treatment tumor recurrence (43.9 vs. 12.9 %, p < 0.001) compared to LT patients. In the as-treated model of the pre-model for end stage liver disease (MELD) era, LT patients had significantly better 5-year survival compared to resection patients (100 vs. 69.5 %, p = 0.04), but no difference was seen in the ITT model. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, inclusive of age, sex, ethnicity, tumor stage, and MELD era (pre-MELD vs. post-MELD), treatment with resection was an independent predictor of poorer survival (HR 2.72; 95 % CI, 1.08-6.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transplant-eligible HCC patients who received LT had significantly better survival than those treated with resection, suggesting that patients who can successfully remain on LT listing and actually undergo LT have better outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Liver Transplant Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, 750 Welch Road, Suite 210, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA, rwong123@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wantuck
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: Aijaz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Clark
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonham
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Melcher
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lutchman
authors.forename: Waldo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Concepcion
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Esquivel
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Tami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Daugherty
authors.forename: Mindie H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome