title: Azoospermia due to spermatogenic failure.
abstract: This article summarizes the current literature regarding azoospermia caused by spermatogenic failure. The causes and genetic contributions to spermatogenic failure are reviewed. Medical therapies including use of hormonal manipulation, whether guided by a specific abnormality or empiric, to induce spermatogenesis are discussed. The role of surgical therapy, including a discussion of varicocelectomy in men with spermatogenic failure, as well as an in-depth review of surgical sperm retrieval with testicular sperm extraction and microdissection testicular sperm extraction, is provided. Finally, future directions of treatment for men with spermatogenic failure are discussed, namely, stem cell and gene therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Boback M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Berookhim
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Schlegel
mesh_terms: D053713:Azoospermia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000150:complications; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male; D008297:Male; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D058533:Sex Chromosome Disorders of Sex Development / Q000150:complications; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Genetics; Male infertility; Medical therapy; Microdissection-TESE (microTESE); Nonobstructive azoospermia; Testicular sperm extraction