title: The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass duration on renal injury after congenital heart surgery in infants and young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative management mean that more complex cardiac procedures are being performed on very young patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on renal injury after congenital heart surgery in infants and young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  58 children with ages ≤ 3 years undergoing CPB surgery were divided into three groups according to the duration of their CPB: Group I was < 90 min, n = 15; Group II, 90-149 min, n = 25; and Group III was ≥ 150 min, n = 18. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, interleukin-18, microalbumin and α1-microglobulin were measured at baseline and 4 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were noted among the groups in terms of gender, age, weight and baseline serum creatinine. The incidence of acute kidney injury (based on serum creatinine increase) after surgery were 13.3% (2/15) in Group I, 52.0% (13/25) in Group II and 77.8% (14/18) in Group III. 4 children developed acute renal failure (ARF) requiring peritoneal dialysis; all of them were in Group III. The levels of urinary biomarkers increased significantly, peaked at 4 h and remained elevated up to 24 h after surgery. Group III had significantly higher levels of urinary biomarkers than Groups I and II at 4-12 h after surgery, while the levels were not significantly different at 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged CPB duration was related to more severe renal tubular injury and acute renal failure. Measurements of urinary kidney specific biomarkers in infants and children with a CPB duration of more than 150 min might help identify those at high risk for ARF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jianyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yinglong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D015415:Biomarkers; D020382:Interleukin-18; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin