title: Joint toxicity of heavy metals and chlorobenzenes to pyriformis Tetrahymena.
abstract: Chlorobenzens and heavy metals are frequently detected in the environment, but few studies have assessed the joint toxicity of organic and inorganic contaminants. The joint toxicity of heavy metals and chlorobenzenes was evaluated in the present study. Growth metabolism of the joint toxicity was studied by microcalorimetry at 28°C, the growth constant (k) and inhibitory ratio (I) were calculated. Toxic unit (TU) and additional index (AI) were introduced to determine the outcome in combined tests, and the coexistence of Cu, Cd, Cr(III) and p-chlorobenzene was antagonism, and the effect of Cu, Cd, Cr(III) and o-chlorobenzene, Cu and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were synergism. In addition, micro-situation of the cell membrane surface of pyriformis Tetrahymena was observed by SEM. The cells suffered serious damage after sufficient acting time. ATR-FTIR spectra revealed that amide groups and PO2(-) of the phospholipid phospho-diester, both in the hydrophobic end exposed to the outer layer, were the easiest to be damaged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China. Electronic address: lixi682004@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
authors.forename: Chaocan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D002151:Calorimetry; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D013769:Tetrahymena pyriformis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; C009947:1,2,4-trichlorobenzene; C036720:trichlorobenzene; C031294:chlorobenzene
keywords: Chlorobenzenes; Metal; Microcalorimetry; Mixture Toxicity; Pyriformis Tetrahymena