title: Estimations of water balance after validating and administering the water balance questionnaire in pregnant women.
abstract: Dehydration during pregnancy may be harmful for the mother and fetus; thus our objective was to understand whether pregnant women balance water intake and loss. The Water Balance Questionnaire (WBQ) was modified to reflect pregnancy (WBQ-P). Validation was performed using 3-day diaries (n = 60) and hydration indices in urine (osmolality, specific gravity, pH and color, n = 40). The WBQ-P was found valid according to Kedhal τ-b coefficient agreement. The WBQ-P was administered to 95, 100 and 97 women per trimester, in Greece. Median (IQR) water balance, intake and loss were, respectively, 203 (-577, 971), 2917 (2187, 3544) and 2658 (2078, 3391) ml/day; these did not differ among the trimesters or between pregnant and non-pregnant women. However, more pregnant women were falling in the higher quartiles of water balance distribution. No differences in sources of water intake were identified except that women in the third trimester had lower water intake from beverages.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece and.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Malisova
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Protopappas
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nyktari
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bountziouka
authors.forename: Aristides
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antsaklis
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zampelas
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapsokefalou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D003116:Color; D003681:Dehydration / Q000378:metabolism*; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D013046:Specific Gravity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016482:Urinalysis; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance