title: Disposition of midazolam in asphyxiated neonates receiving therapeutic hypothermia--a pilot study.
abstract: Moderate hypothermia has become an established therapy for asphyxiated neonates. Midazolam is a frequently used sedative for this indication, although it has never been investigated how therapeutic hypothermia and asphyxia influence midazolam metabolism in neonates.9 asphyxiated newborns were treated with whole body hypothermia of 32-34°C for 72 h and all of them received continuous midazolam infusion for sedation. Serum concentrations of midazolam and its metabolites 1-hydroxy-midazolam and 4-hydroxy-midazolam were measured during hypothermia and the rewarming period. Renal and hepatic parameters were assessed to take into account the influence of asphyxia related renal or hepatic impairment.We found a high interindividual variability of serum midazolam concentrations in asphyxiated neonates with therapeutic hypothermia; median midazolam concentration was 369.3 ng/ml (minimum 36.6; maximum 3 218.6 ng/ml). The population pharmacokinetic model revealed a midazolam clearance of 2.57 ml/kg/min, comparable to midazolam clearances observed in normothermic critically ill neonates. However, midazolam clearance was significantly decreased in patients with asphyxia related renal and hepatic impairment.It seems that isolated hypothermia does not significantly influence midazolam metabolism. However, neonates with asphyxia related hepatic and renal impairment are at risk of generating unexpectedly high serum midazolam concentrations. In addition pronounced interindividual variability of midazolam metabolism may contribute to dangerously high midazolam concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Childrens Hospital, Department of Neonatology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Welzing
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Junghaenel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Division of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Department of Pharmacology, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Division of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Department of Pharmacology, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: M H J
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wiesen
mesh_terms: D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D001682:Biological Availability; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008874:Midazolam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: C092680:4-hydroxymethylphenylalanine; D010649:Phenylalanine; C040081:1-hydroxymethylmidazolam; D008874:Midazolam