title: Haemoglobin levels for population from Gambo, a rural area of Ethiopia, and their association with anaemia and malaria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of appropriate reference intervals is critical not only to provide optimal clinical care, but also to enrol populations in medical research. The aim of this study was to generate normal ranges of laboratory values for haemoglobin among healthy Ethiopian adults and children and to determine if anaemia is a possible indicator of malaria in women and children in this area of Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was carried out from January 2008 to May 2010. The reference sample population with malaria-negative consisted of 454 individuals, divided women, men and children. The malaria-infected sample population consisted of 117 individuals. The reference ranges were based on the guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Haemoglobin concentration was determined by Hemo-Control EKF Diagnostic Analyser on whole blood. Testing for malaria-positive and negative infection was done by microscopy and by PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lower limits for adult haemoglobin range obtained from this population were slightly higher than those derived from other African populations, but were equal to those established by other studies in Ethiopia and the World Health Organization (WHO). Regarding children, the minimum values were lower than those obtained from different African populations and those established by WHO. The malaria-negative group had anaemia in 35.6% of cases and in the malaria-positive group in 70.9%. There was a stronger, statistically significant association between anaemia and malaria-positive samples than between anaemia and malaria-negative samples in women and both groups of children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study are a contribution in the definition of the haemoglobin parameters in African populations, which could be taken as standards for interpretation of laboratory results. The haemoglobin indices in adults from Gambo tended to be higher than other African populations and in children were lower than other studies in Africa. The results also suggest that anaemia is not useful as a supportive diagnostic criterion to monitor and evaluate malaria in women and children from Ethiopia, because a 29.1% of malaria cases will be not detected, because of not having anaemia.
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Astrofisico Francisco Sanchez s/n, 38207 Tenerife, Spain. msanmor@ull.edu.es.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Santana-Morales
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quispe-Ricalde
authors.forename: Raquel N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Afonso-Lehmann
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berzosa
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lorenzo-Morales
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tiziano
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Agustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benito
authors.forename: Basilio
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valladares
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinez-Carretero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins