title: Cultural consultation as a model for training multidisciplinary mental healthcare professionals in cultural competence skills: preliminary results.
abstract: Lack of cultural competence in care contributes to poor experiences and outcomes from care for migrants and racial and ethnic minorities. As a result, health and social care organizations currently promote cultural competence of their workforce as a means of addressing persistent poor experiences and outcomes. At present, there are unsystematic and diverse ways of promoting cultural competence, and their impact on clinician skills and patient outcomes is unknown. We developed and implemented an innovative model, cultural consultation service (CCS), to promote cultural competence of clinicians and directly improve on patient experiences and outcomes from care. CCS model is an adaptation of the McGill model, which uses ethnographic methodology and medical anthropological knowledge. The method and approach not only contributes both to a broader conceptual and dynamic understanding of culture, but also to learning of cultural competence skills by healthcare professionals. The CCS model demonstrates that multidisciplinary workforce can acquire cultural competence skills better through the clinical encounter, as this promotes integration of learning into day-to-day practice. Results indicate that clinicians developed a broader and patient-centred understanding of culture, and gained skills in narrative-based assessment method, management of complexity of care, competing assumptions and expectations, and clinical cultural formulation. Cultural competence is defined as a set of skills, attitudes and practices that enable the healthcare professionals to deliver high-quality interventions to patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Improving on the cultural competence skills of the workforce has been promoted as a way of reducing ethnic and racial inequalities in service outcomes. Currently, diverse models for training in cultural competence exist, mostly with no evidence of effect. We established an innovative narrative-based cultural consultation service in an inner-city area to work with community mental health services to improve on patients' outcomes and clinicians' cultural competence skills. We targeted 94 clinicians in four mental health service teams in the community. After initial training sessions, we used a cultural consultation model to facilitate 'in vivo' learning. During cultural consultation, we used an ethnographic interview method to assess patients in the presence of referring clinicians. Clinicians' self-reported measure of cultural competence using the Tool for Assessing Cultural Competence Training (n = 28, at follow-up) and evaluation forms (n = 16) filled at the end of each cultural consultation showed improvement in cultural competence skills. We conclude that cultural consultation model is an innovative way of training clinicians in cultural competence skills through a dynamic interactive process of learning within real clinical encounters.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Owiti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ajaz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ascoli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Jongh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palinski
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bhui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D054521:Cultural Competency / Q000193:education*; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans
keywords: cultural competence; cultural consultation; ethnography; mental health; narrative; workforce development