title: Effects of requested, forced and denied shift schedule change on work ability and health of nurses in Europe -results from the European NEXT-Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous cross-sectional findings from the European Nurses Early Exit Study (NEXT) show that nurses who were dissatisfied with their work schedule tended to consider leaving the nursing profession. Mediating factors in this decision process may be caused by self-perceived poor work ability and/or health. The aim of this paper is to investigate changes in work ability and general health among nurses in relation to requested, forced and denied change of shift schedule.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data from the NEXT Study was used. In total 11,102 nurses from Belgium, Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, France and Italy completed both the 'basic questionnaire' (t1) and the '12 month follow-up questionnaire' (t2). To examine the time-effect (repeated measures) and the group-effect of five defined groups of nurses on the Work Ability Index (WAI) and general health (SF36), an adjusted 2-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nurses who wanted to, but could not change their shifts during the 12 month follow-up had the lowest initial and follow-up scores for WAI (t1: 37.6, t2: 36.6, p <0.001), lowest general health (t1: 63.9, t2: 59.2, p <0.001) and showed the highest decrease in both outcomes. Shift pattern change in line with the nurses' wishes was associated with improved work ability and to a lesser comparatively low extent with increased decline in health scores. A forced change of shift against the nurses' will was significantly associated with a deteriorating work ability and health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings would suggest that nurses' desire to change their shift patterns may be an indicator for perceived low work ability and/or low health. The results also indicate that fulfilling nurses' wishes with respect to their shift work pattern may improve their personal resources such as work ability and - to somewhat lesser extent - health. Disregarding nurses' preferences, however, bears the risk for further resource deterioration. The findings imply that shift schedule organization may constitute a valuable preventive tool to promote nurses' work ability and - to lesser extent - their perceived health, not least in aging nursing work forces.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Family Nursing and Community Care, Department of Nursing Science, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str, 12, D-58285 Witten, Germany. michael.galatsch@uni-wh.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galatsch
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Derycke
authors.forename: Bernd Hans
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Hans Martin
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hasselhorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000523:psychology