title: Response Inhibition in Tic Disorders: Waiting to Respond Is Harder When ADHD Is Present.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tic disorders such as Gilles-de-la-Tourette syndrome (TS) are associated with difficulties in withholding movements and sometimes inappropriate actions. The present study examined whether these disorders lead to a specific difficulty in withholding preprogrammed voluntary movements irrespective of decisions on whether or not to move.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with TS with or without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls performed a fast-paced simple reaction time task involving responses to a target in a rapid letter stream (9 letters/s, average foreperiod 332 ms) with feedback on response speed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ADHD group showed more premature responses and more variable response time than other groups, whether the timing of the target was predictable or not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that in tic disorders, the presence of ADHD is associated with difficulties in waiting to initiate preprogrammed movements independently of response selection or response timing difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thibeault
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemay
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chouinard
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lespérance
authors.affiliation: Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Guy A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Francois.Richer@uqam.ca.
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Richer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000150:complications; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: executive functions; frontal cortex; hyperactivity; impulsivity; movement synchronization; preparation; rapid serial visual presentation; response inhibition; speeding; striatum