title: Improved safety with intravenous insulin therapy for critically ill patients with renal failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new intravenous (IV) regular human insulin infusion (RHI) algorithm for glycemic control in critically ill patients with renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult trauma patients with renal failure who received a new RHI algorithm were compared with those who received the discontinued RHI algorithm (historical control). Target blood glucose (BG) concentration was 70 to 149 mg/dL (3.9-8.3 mmol/L). Patients were evaluated for 7 d while receiving the RHI infusion and continuous enteral or parenteral nutrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean BG was higher for the new RHI algorithm group (n = 25) compared with control (n = 21): 145 ± 10 mg/dL or 8.1 ± 0.6 mmol/L versus 133 ± 14 mg/dL or 7.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L (P = 0.001). The new RHI algorithm resulted in less time within the target BG range (11.9 ± 2.5 h/d versus 16.1 ± 3.3 h/d; P = 0.001); however, BGs were within 70 to 179 mg/dL (or 3.9-10 mmol/L) for 16.3 ± 2.6 h/d. The proportion of patients who experienced an episode of moderate hypoglycemia (BG 40-60 mg/dL or 2.2-3.3 mmol/L) or severe hypoglycemia (BG < 40 mg/dL or 2.2 mmol/L) was decreased (32% versus 76%; P = 0.001) and eliminated (0% versus 29%, P = 0.006), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new RHI algorithm improved patient safety by decreasing the prevalence of moderate hypoglycemia and eliminating severe hypoglycemia. The duration of glycemic control within the target BG range was decreased, but acceptable within a higher target BG ceiling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA. Electronic address: Rdickerson@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Roland N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: George O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Maish
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Croce
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Gayle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minard
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Rex O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061214:Patient Safety; D015995:Prevalence; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Chronic kidney disease; Enteral nutrition; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Parenteral nutrition; Regular human insulin; Trauma