title: Comparative short-term in vitro analysis of mutans streptococci adhesion on esthetic, nickel-titanium, and stainless-steel arch wires.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that there are no differences in mutans streptococci (MS) adhesion between esthetic and metallic orthodontic arch wires based on their surface characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface roughness (Ra) and apparent surface free energy (SFE) were measured for six wires-four esthetic, one nickel-titanium (NiTi), and one stainless-steel (SS)-using profilometry and dynamic contact angle analysis, respectively. The amount of MS (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus) adhering to the wires was quantified using the colony-counting method. The surfaces, coating layers, and MS adhesion were also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ra values of the esthetic wires were significantly different from one another depending on the coating method (P < .05). The NiTi wire showed the highest SFE, followed by the SS wire and then the four esthetic wires. The NiTi wires produced a significantly higher MS adhesion than did the SS wires (P < .05). The esthetic wires showed significantly lower MS adhesions than did the NiTi wire (P < .05). Pearson correlation analyses found moderate significant positive correlations between the SFE and the S mutans and S sobrinus adhesions (r  =  .636/.427, P < .001/P  =  .001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypothesis is rejected. This study indicates that some esthetic coatings on NiTi alloy might reduce MS adhesion in vitro in the short term.
authors.affiliation: a  Graduate Student, Department of Dental Science, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: In-Hye
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyo-Sang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Young Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyo-Han
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Yub
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires / Q000382:microbiology*; D012238:Rhodium / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000502:physiology*; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000502:physiology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013500:Surface Tension; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003722:Dental Alloys; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D006047:Gold Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D012834:Silver; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium; D012238:Rhodium
keywords: Bacterial adhesion; Orthodontic wire; Surface characteristics