title: Can chemokines be used as biomarkers for endometriosis? A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Can we use chemokines as biomarkers to diagnose patients with endometriosis in clinical practice?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some chemokines, especially CXCL8 (IL-8), CCL-2 (MCP-1) and CCL5 (RANTES), have the potential to work as biomarkers to identify patients with endometriosis but their accuracy could be improved by combination with other non-inflammatory markers in a panel of biomarkers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The need for a good marker to diagnose endometriosis has increased in recent years and research in this field has intensified. Chemokines have been reported to be associated with endometriosis in several studies over the last 20 years. Many of these studies measured one or more chemokines in peritoneal fluid (PF) and peripheral blood (PB) or through endometrial biopsies in patients with and without endometriosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was done on all published studies that compared chemokine concentrations in patients with and without endometriosis to evaluate their potential as biomarkers for the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using MEDLINE database from December 1993 to August 2013 and the MeSH terms 'Endometriosis' and 'Chemokines', we identified relevant studies to include in the present review, which was based on the PRISMA statement. Studies that measured at least one chemokine in patients with endometriosis and matching controls in PB, PF or endometrial samples were included. We did not include samples from ectopic lesions. All review articles as well as studies with animals and those not written in English were excluded from this systematic review. The studies were assessed using a modified version of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies criteria. Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and risk of bias, and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After inclusion and exclusion criteria, 62 studies were selected to be included in this systematic review. A total of 27 different chemokines or their receptors were evaluated in the reviewed studies. The most studied chemokines (including their receptors) were CXCL8 (51.6%), CCL2 (38.7%) and CCL5 (19.3%) (% of studies). CXCL8 (IL-8) appears to have the best results among all the other chemokines as a marker for endometriosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some studies included have low power due to small sample size and study designs vary in the assessment criteria for the markers, the state of the patients (e.g. phase of the cycle and stage of disease) and the nature of the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings could guide future research in this field to select the chemokines with the best potential, and to stimulate better-designed studies to determine whether they can become a useful diagnostic tool in clinical practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There was no funding to support this systematic review. The authors have no competing interest to declare.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Borrelli
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Abrão
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mechsner
mesh_terms: D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000097:blood; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D018925:Chemokines; D016209:Interleukin-8
keywords: biomarkers; chemokines; endometriosis