title: Do neck kinematics correlate with pain intensity, neck disability or with fear of motion?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cervical kinematics and subjective measures, including pain intensity, disability, and fear of motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients (19 females, 6 males; mean age 39 ± 12.7 years) with chronic neck pain participated in this cross-sectional study. A customized virtual reality system was employed to evaluate cervical range of motion (ROM) and kinematics, using an interactive game controlled by cervical motion via electromagnetic tracking. Self-reported outcome measures included pain intensity (visual analogue scale); disability (Neck Disability Index); and fear of motion (TAMPA scale of kinesiophobia). Kinematic measures included cervical ROM, mean and peak velocity, and number of velocity peaks (NVP) reflecting smoothness of motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed significant correlations of approximately 0.4-0.6 between ROM and fear of motion, pain intensity, and disability. All 12 kinematic measures were correlated with fear of motion, but only a few were correlated with pain intensity, and with disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results emphasise fear of motion as a subjective measure primarily correlated with neck kinematics, including range, velocity, and smoothness of cervical motion. The level of neck disability was found to be partly related to ROM or to other kinematic impairments. However, ROM by itself remains a valid measure related to pain intensity and to fear of motion in patients with chronic neck pain. All correlations demonstrated were moderate, indicating that these measures involve other factors in need of further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel. Electronic address: hbahat@research.haifa.ac.il.
authors.forename: Hilla
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sarig Bahat
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
authors.forename: Patrice L Tamar
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sprecher
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krasovsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
authors.forename: Yocheved
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Laufer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D059350:Chronic Pain; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile
keywords: Fear of motion; Kinematics; Neck pain; Velocity