title: Structural adaptations of rat lateral gastrocnemius muscle-tendon complex to a chronic stretching program and their quantification based on ultrasound biomicroscopy and optical microscopic images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A chronic regimen of flexibility training can increase range of motion, with the increase mechanisms believed to be a change in the muscle material properties or in the neural components associated with this type of training.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study followed chronic structural adaptations of lateral gastrocnemius muscle of rats submitted to stretching training (3 times a week during 8weeks), based on muscle architecture measurements including pennation angle, muscle thickness and tendon length obtained from ultrasound biomicroscopic images, in vivo. Fiber length and sarcomere number per 100μm were determined in 3 fibers of each muscle (ex vivo and in vitro, respectively), using conventional optical microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stretching training resulted in a significant pennation angle reduction of the stretched leg after 12 sessions (25%, P=0.002 to 0.024). Muscle thickness and tendon length presented no significant changes. Fiber length presented a significant increase for the stretched leg (8.5%, P=0.00006), with the simultaneous increase in sarcomere length (5%, P=0.041) since the stretched muscles presented less sarcomeres per 100μm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A stretching protocol with characteristics similar to those applied in humans was sufficient to modify muscle architecture of rats with absence of a sarcomerogenesis process. The results indicate that structural adaptations take place in skeletal muscle tissue submitted to moderate-intensity stretching training.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosciences and Physical Activity, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: carolina@peb.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Carolina Carneiro
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Peixinho
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosciences and Physical Activity, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália Santos Fonseca
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosciences and Physical Activity, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liliam Fernandes
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D033401:Microscopy, Acoustic; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Musculoskeletal system; Sarcomere; Stretching; Ultrasound biomicroscopy