title: A cross-sectional study of low physical fitness, self-rated fitness and psychosocial factors in a sample of Finnish 18- to 64-year-old men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The biological risk factors of inactivity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness are well established. However, risk groups are hard to reach and they may have misperceptions of their need for change. This study explored self-ratings of physical fitness (PF) and the relationship between objectively estimated physical fitness (PFI) and psychosocial factors among Finnish men of working-age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data on 899 Finnish men (aged 18-64) were collected in 2011. Health- related physical fitness was evaluated with a physical fitness index calculated from the results of selected fitness tests. The men were subsequently classified into three groups: low, moderate and high PFI. Psychosocial factors and self-rated fitness were elicited in the questionnaire. The data were analysed with crosstabulations, chi square-test and logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-fifth of the participants had low PFI. Forty-five per cent of the low-fit middle-aged (35-49 years) men self-reported poor PF, while 80 per cent of the younger (18-34 years) low-fit men self-reported moderate or good PF. The health benefits and recommended dose of physical activity were well known in all the PFI categories. The low-fit men were health conscious, but lacked adequate exercise skills, self-efficacy and social support. However, logistic regressions revealed that, in the younger men, likelihood of better knowledge was not related to higher PFI. Among the 50-to-64-year-old men, high PFI was not associated with a higher social support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor exercise skills, self-efficacy and social support were related to low PFI. Physical activity promotion for low-fit men should take into account age differences in the relationship between psychosocial factors and physical fitness. Thus, new and effective ways to establish social support and motivation for physical activity among low-fit men in all working-age groups are needed. Further research is also warranted on whether estimation of PFI could be used as a practical health counselling tool.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P,O,Box 35 (L) FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland. karoliina.s.kaasalainen@student.jyu.fi.
authors.forename: Karoliina S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kaasalainen
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasila
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villberg
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Komulainen
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poskiparta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005387:Finland; D006040:Goals; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult