title: Pathophysiology and etiology of heart failure.
abstract: Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that is heterogeneous in both pathophysiology and etiology. This article describes some of the common mechanisms underlying heart failure, and reviews common causes. Informative diagnostic testing is reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, 318-2 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Electronic address: frances-johnson@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Frances L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: Diagnosis; Etiology; Heart failure; Pathophysiology