title: The cost of antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-positive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance limits treatment choices, often necessitating the selection of drugs with less desirable pill burdens, toxicity profiles, drug interactions and dosing schedules, and may increase cost. We examine the impact of resistance on the cost of HIV care.
  
  
  METHODS
  All adult HIV-positive individuals newly referred for HIV care from 1 January 2007 to 1 January 2011 and followed until 31 December 2011 at the Southern Alberta Clinic, Calgary, AB, Canada, were included. We determined the cost of all ARV drugs, and HIV-related outpatient and inpatient care, reported as mean per patient per month (PPPM) costs in 2011 Canadian dollars (CDN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 78% of patients received genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing (GART); 57% among ARV-naive patients, 21% after suspected viral failure, and 20% during a treatment interruption. Resistance was detected in 6%, 49% and 21% of all tests respectively. The total mean PPPM cost for patients with GART was CDN 1,179. Patients with primary resistance had mean total PPPM costs of CDN 956. Patients with no resistance had mean PPPM costs of CDN 1,058, by contrast with the CDN 1,291 costs of patients with secondary/acquired resistance. Mean costs for one, two or three ARV class resistance was CDN 1,278, 1,337 and 1,801, respectively. Mean PPPM costs increased by 31% from CDN 1,068 to 1,396, respectively, before and after a positive resistance test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transmission of resistant virus as well as emergence of resistance during ARV therapy leads to increased costs. Mean costs increased by number of resistant classes. Routine GART and optimizing ARV regimens to avoid resistance might minimize the long-term costs of HIV care.
authors.affiliation: Southern Alberta Clinic, Calgary, AB, Canada. hartmut.krentz@albertahealthservices.ca.
authors.forename: Hartmut B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Krentz
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beckthold
authors.forename: M John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents