title: Autism spectrum disorders.
abstract: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are collectively the most commonly diagnosed pediatric neurodevelopmental condition. ASDs include autism, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), Rett syndrome and Asperger disorder. ASD is characterized by impaired communication and social interaction and may involve developmental delays and seizure disorders. Recent parent-reported diagnosis of ASD in the United States put it at higher levels (1:91) than previously thought, with its diagnosis in boys occurring 4 to 5 times more frequently than in girls (1:58).(1) CDC estimates are currently 1:110;(1) up from 1:150 in 2007.(2) Annual medical expenditures for those affected are generally four to six times greater than for those without ASD.(1) While twin studies demonstrate that genetics play a significant role in ASD, the impact of environment should not be underestimated, given the approximate 20-fold increase in incidence over the last 20 years.(3.)
authors.affiliation: Kara Fitzgerald, ND, is coauthor of Case Studies in Integrative and Functional Medicine and is on faculty for the Institute for Functional Medicine, Gig Harbor, Washington.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.forename: Kathie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swift
keywords: Autism spectrum disorders; developmental disorder; food reactions; irritability