title: Induction of oxidative stress and related transcriptional effects of perfluorononanoic acid using an in vivo assessment.
abstract: Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is an organic pollutant ubiquitous in the environment. However, the potential toxicity of PFNA remains largely unknown in teleost fish. This study defined the oxidative stress and related transcriptional effects of PFNA at various concentrations on zebrafish larvae. Activities of superoxide dismutase were induced in PFNA-treated groups but attenuated with exposure to higher concentration. Catalase activity and lipid peroxidation were significantly inhibited or increased at the highest concentration, respectively. To test the apoptotic pathway, several genes related to cell apoptosis were examined using real-time PCR. The expression of p53, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and c-Jun NH (2)-terminal kinase (JNK) was partially increased, while Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic gene, was reduced, with no significant effects on Bax and caspase-3 during the exposure period. The effect of PFNA on lipid β-oxidation system was investigated by examining the activity of peroxisome fatty acyl-COA oxidase (ACOX) and the expression of peroxisome proliferating activating receptors (PPARs). ACOX activity was moderately elevated with marginal significance and was not a significant consequence of PPARα and PPARγ expression. The overall results suggest that turbulence of oxidative stress and apoptotic pathway is involved in PFNA-induced toxicity in zebrafish larvae, and the gene expression patterns are able to reveal some potential mechanisms of developmental toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China. Electronic address: slyang@yic.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Shaoli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Shengchen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Zongming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C101816:perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid
keywords: Apoptosis; Fatty acid β-oxidation; Oxidative stress; Perfluorononanoic acid; Zebrafish