title: Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: piroxicam.
abstract: Literature and experimental data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing piroxicam in the free acid form are reviewed. Piroxicam solubility and permeability, its therapeutic use and therapeutic index, pharmacokinetic properties, data related to the possibility of excipient interactions and reported BE/bioavailability (BA), and corresponding dissolution data are taken into consideration. The available data suggest that according to the current biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and all current guidances, piroxicam would be assigned to BCS Class II. The extent of piroxicam absorption seems not to depend on manufacturing conditions or excipients, so the risk of bioinequivalence in terms of area under the curve (AUC) is very low, but the rate of absorption (i.e., BE in terms of Cmax ) can be affected by the formulation. Current in vitro dissolution methods may not always reflect differences in terms of Cmax for BCS Class II weak acids; however, minor differences in absorption rate of piroxicam would not subject the patient to unacceptable risks: as piroxicam products may be taken before or after meals, the rate of absorption cannot be considered crucial to drug action. Therefore, a biowaiver for IR piroxicam solid oral dosage form is considered feasible, provided that (a) the test product contains only excipients, which are also present in IR solid oral drug products containing piroxicam, which have been approved in ICH or associated countries, for instance, those presented in Table 3 of this paper; (b) both the test and comparator drug products dissolve 85% in 30 min or less at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8; and (c) the test product and comparator show dissolution profile similarity in pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8. When not all of these conditions can be fulfilled, BE of the products should be established in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Scientific Center for Expertise of Medical Products, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Igor E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Shohin
authors.forename: Julia I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Kulinich
authors.forename: Galina V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Ramenskaya
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abrahamsson
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langguth
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Polli
authors.forename: Vinod P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Groot
authors.forename: Dirk M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Barends
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dressman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy; D001682:Biological Availability; D001702:Biopharmaceutics; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005079:Excipients; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D012995:Solubility; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005079:Excipients; D010894:Piroxicam
keywords: absorption; biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS); dissolution; permeability; piroxicam; regulatory science; solubility