title: Essential oils and zirconia dental implant materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of natural antimicrobial agents in reducing biofilm development on different titanium and zirconia dental implant materials in vitro using a constant depth film fermentor (CDFF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Contact angles and surface free energy were determined for all surfaces. Biofilms were grown on disks of polished partially stabilized zirconia, titanium blasted with zirconia, titanium blasted with zirconia and acid-etched, and polished titanium using a CDFF to simulate oral cavity conditions. Antimicrobials (cinnamon oil, clove oil, chlorhexidine gluconate, or 0.5% Tween 80) were pulsed twice daily to the biofilm to mimic application in the oral cavity. Samples were taken after 6, 24, and 48 hours. Serial dilutions were made and plated onto agar. Bacterial colonies were counted to determine colony-forming units/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of different implant material surfaces with the various antimicrobial agents led to significant increases in wettability and free energy on all surfaces. All surfaces showed a remarkable decrease in bacterial adhesion in the first 2 days in a relatively similar manner, with significant reduction in most of them, particularly after 48 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functionalization of different dental implant material surfaces with essential oils resulted in immediate and ongoing antibacterial and antiplaque activities, and this antibacterial effect was enhanced with increased plaque age. Differences in the type of material seemed to have little effect on bacterial adhesion after treatment with antimicrobial agents. Expansion of this work with in vivo studies and clinical trials would be valuable.
authors.forename: Afya Sahib Diab
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Al-Radha
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Younes
authors.forename: Ban Sahib
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Diab
authors.forename: Howard F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D045783:Clove Oil / Q000494:pharmacology; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D003764:Dental Materials; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium; D017155:Wettability; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D045783:Clove Oil; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D011136:Polysorbates; C510046:cinnamon oil, bark; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine; C028541:zirconium oxide