title: A simple risk score to predict the presence of non-sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel node.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historically, completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) is recommended in sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive patients. However, the high rate of negative non-sentinel nodes (NSNs) in cALND and the reported low axillary recurrence rates have led to a more conservative approach. A risk score was developed to identify a patient's individual risk for NSN metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 182 SLN-positive patients who underwent cALND were used for risk score development. The risk score, consisting of pathological tumor size (≤ 20/>20 mm), lymphovascular invasion (no/yes), extracapsular extension (no/yes), size of metastases (≤ 2/>2 mm), and number of positive SLNs (1/>1), was subsequently validated on an external population (n = 180).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.78 (95 % CI 0.71-0.85) in the original population and 0.78 (95 % CI 0.70-0.85) in the validation population. Based on the predicted risk for positive NSNs, three groups were defined: low risk (≤ 20 %), intermediate risk (21-50 %), and high risk (>50 %). In total, 88 patients met the Z0011 inclusion criteria and none of them had a high predicted risk. Of the 199 non-Z0011 patients, 67 (33.7 %) had low risk, 96 (48.2 %) had intermediate risk, and 36 (18.1 %) had high risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple risk score, integrating just five clinicopathological variables, was developed that may assist in individual decision making regarding ALND in SLN-positive patients outside of the Z0011 trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, rfdvanlaparra@tiscali.nl.
authors.forename: Raquel F D
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: van la Parra
authors.forename: Petronella G M
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Peer
authors.forename: Wilfred K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: de Roos
authors.forename: Miranda F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Johannes H W
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Wilt
authors.forename: Koop
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bosscha
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy