title: Strategies for imaging androgen receptor signaling pathway in prostate cancer: implications for hormonal manipulation and radiation treatment.
abstract: Prostate cancer (Pca) is a heterogeneous disease; its etiology appears to be related to genetic and epigenetic factors. Radiotherapy and hormone manipulation are effective treatments, but many tumors will progress despite these treatments. Molecular imaging provides novel opportunities for image-guided optimization and management of these treatment modalities. Here we reviewed the advances in targeted imaging of key biomarkers of androgen receptor signaling pathways. A computerized search was performed to identify all relevant studies in Medline up to 2013. There are well-known limitations and inaccuracies of current imaging approaches for monitoring biological changes governing tumor progression. The close integration of molecular biology and clinical imaging could ease the development of new molecular imaging agents providing novel tools to monitor a number of biological events that, until a few years ago, were studied by conventional molecular assays. Advances in translational research may represent the next step in improving the oncological outcome of men with Pca who remain at high risk for systemic failure. This aim may be obtained by combining the anatomical properties of conventional imaging modalities with biological information to better predict tumor response to conventional treatments.
authors.forename: Giovanni L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gravina
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied, Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology and Division of Radiotherapy, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, L'Aquila, Italy ; Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy ; LIPOGEN LLC, Mount Laurel, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Gravina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovanni Luca
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Festuccia
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonfili
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Staso
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franzese
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruggieri
authors.forename: Vladimir M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Popov
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tombolini
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masciocchi
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carosa
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Emmanuele A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jannini
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Cesare
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D011944:Receptors, Androgen