title: Now you hear me, now you don't: eyelid closures as an indicator of auditory task disengagement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eyelid closures in fatigued individuals signify task disengagement in attention-demanding visual tasks. Here, we studied how varying degrees of eyelid closure predict responses to auditory stimuli depending on whether a participant is well rested or sleep deprived. We also examined time-on-task effects and how more and less vulnerable individuals differed in frequency of eye closures and lapses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six repetitions of an auditory vigilance task were performed in each of two sessions: rested wakefulness (RW) and total sleep deprivation (TSD) (order counterbalanced).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen healthy young adults (mean age: 22 ± 2.8 y; 11 males).
  
  
  METHODS
  Approximately 24 h of TSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eyelid closure was rated on a 9-point scale (1 = fully closed to 9 = fully opened) using video segments time-locked to the auditory event. Eyes-open trials predominated during RW, but different degrees of eye closure were uniformly distributed during TSD. The frequency of lapses (response time > 800 ms or nonresponses) to auditory stimuli increased dramatically with greater degrees of eye closure, but the association was strong only during TSD. There were significant within-run time-on-task effects on eye closure and auditory lapses that were exacerbated by TSD. Participants who had more auditory lapses during TSD (more vulnerable) had greater variability in their eyelid closures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eyelid closures are a strong predictor of auditory task disengagement in the sleep-deprived state but are less relevant during rested wakefulness. Individuals relatively more impaired in this auditory vigilance task during total sleep deprivation display oculomotor evidence for greater state instability.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ju Lynn
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Asplund
authors.forename: Tiffany T Y
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: Michael W L
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Chee
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014741:Video Recording; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Auditory attention; eye closure; sleep deprivation; sustained attention; time on-task