title: Lower serum potassium combined with lower sodium concentrations predict long-term mortality risk in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of different pre-hemodialysis (HD) serum sodium (S[Na]) and potassium (S[K]) concentrations on the long-term prognosis of HD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 424 maintenance HD patients (age: 58 ± 13 years, male: 47%, diabetes: 39%) from a single center were divided into four groups based on both medians of S[Na] (138.4 mmol/L) and S[K] (4.4 mmol/L): Group 1: lower S[Na] & lower S[K]: n = 92; Group 2: lower S[Na] & higher S[K]: n =113; Group 3: higher S[Na] & lower S[K]: n =123; Group 4: higher S[Na] & higher S[K]: n =96. The median observation period was 21 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By multivariate logistic regression analysis, Group 1 was characterized by hypoalbuminemia (OR = 0.37, 95%CI = 0.20-0.67), and lower normalized protein catabolism rate (nPCR) (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.16-0.83). In contrast, Group 4 was characterized by higher nPCR (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.05-4.86) and albumin level (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.17-4.39). As compared to the reference (group 1), the HR for long-term mortality was significantly lower in Groups 3 (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.34- 0.86) and 4 (HR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.28-0.84). By multivariate Cox proportional analysis, Group 1 was an independent factor (HR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.18-2.58) associated with long-term mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HD patients combined with lower S[K] and lower S[Na] were characterized by hypoalbuminemia, lower nPCR and a high prevalence of co-morbidity. They were associated with long-term mortality risk. On the other hand, those patients with higher levels of S[Na] and S[K] tended to have better clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Zhonghua Rd, Yongkang Dist, Tainan 71010, Tainan, Taiwan. alfonjch@seed.net.tw.
authors.forename: Jyh-Chang
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ming-Yan
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Charn-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood*; D011379:Prognosis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium