title: Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in Latin America and the Caribbean: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI).
abstract: The nations of the Caribbean, Central America and South America form a heterogeneous region with substantial variability in economic, social and palliative care development. Palliative care provision is at varied stages of development throughout the region. The consumption of opioids in Latin America and the Caribbean is variable with moderate levels of consumption by international standards (1-10 mg morphine equivalents/capita/year) observed in Argentine, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Costa Rica, Uruguay and most of the Caribbean but relatively low levels of consumption in other countries particularly Guatemala, Honduras and Bolivia. Data for Latin American and Caribbean is reported on the availability and accessibility of opioids for the management of cancer pain in 24 of the 33 countries surveyed. The results of this survey are relevant to 560 million of the region's 595 million people (94%). Opioid availability continues to be low throughout most of Latin America and the Caribbean. While formularies in this region generally include all recommended morphine formulations, access is significantly impaired by widespread over-regulation that continues to be pervasive across the region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Lima
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eisenchlas
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Radbruch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torode
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Cherny
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017691:Caribbean Region; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D008004:Licensure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D009020:Morphine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010166:Palliative Care
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine