title: Anesthetic-induced transient hyperglycemia and insulin resistance do not depend on the sympathoadrenal axis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucose homeostasis is maintained under strict physiological control in which the central nervous system is very important. Ketamine/xylazine mixture induces hyperglycemia, although the mechanism involved is unknown. We aimed to study the role of sympathoadrenal axis on glycemia and insulinemia in adult rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  NInety-day-old male Wistar rats were used. Half of the rats underwent removal of the adrenal gland medullae (adrenodemedullation, ADM). After overnight fasting, all rats were given the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT), which was performed in six groups: awake, ketamine/xylazine (KX) and thiopental (Thiop) anesthetized intact rats, and the same groups of ADM rats. The intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (1U/kg BW) was performed in an additional animal group to record the rate constant of plasma glucose disappearance (Kitt). Tissue insulin sensitivity was also evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketamine/xylazine increased basal glycemia by 110.6% (P<0.001) in intact rats. In the ADM group, KX rats had a reduction of 36.6% (P<0.05) basal glycemia. Thiop caused a decrease of 70.3% (P<0.05) in basal insulinemia in intact rats. ADM reduced fasting insulin in all groups. Insulin sensitivity was elevated in intact Thiop rats, while insulin resistance was observed in intact KX rats. Both anesthetics induced glucose intolerance during ivGTT in the intact group, but not in ADM rats. Insulin secretion was reduced for both anesthetics in intact and ADM rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sympathoadrenal axis activity is not involved with the hyperglycemia induced by thiopental or ketamine/xylazine.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsState University of Maringá, Maringá/PR, Brazil - pmathias@uem.br.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: De Oliveira
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ludemann Camargo
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Barella
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaves Souto Branco
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gravena
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grassiolli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torrezan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cezar De Freitas Mathias
mesh_terms: D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000139:chemically induced; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D013874:Thiopental / Q000009:adverse effects; D014991:Xylazine / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007328:Insulin; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D013874:Thiopental