title: Segmentation of abdomen MR images using kernel graph cuts with shape priors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abdominal organs segmentation of magnetic resonance (MR) images is an important but challenging task in medical image processing. Especially for abdominal tissues or organs, such as liver and kidney, MR imaging is a very difficult task due to the fact that MR images are affected by intensity inhomogeneity, weak boundary, noise and the presence of similar objects close to each other.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, a novel method for tissue or organ segmentation in abdomen MR imaging is proposed; this method combines kernel graph cuts (KGC) with shape priors. First, the region growing algorithm and morphology operations are used to obtain the initial contour. Second, shape priors are obtained by training the shape templates, which were collected from different human subjects with kernel principle component analysis (KPCA) after the registration between all the shape templates and the initial contour. Finally, a new model is constructed by integrating the shape priors into the kernel graph cuts energy function. The entire process aims to obtain an accurate image segmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed segmentation method has been applied to abdominal organs MR images. The results showed that a satisfying segmentation without boundary leakage and segmentation incorrect can be obtained also in presence of similar tissues. Quantitative experiments were conducted for comparing the proposed segmentation with other three methods: DRLSE, initial erosion contour and KGC without shape priors. The comparison is based on two quantitative performance measurements: the probabilistic rand index (PRI) and the variation of information (VoI). The proposed method has the highest PRI value (0.9912, 0.9983 and 0.9980 for liver, right kidney and left kidney respectively) and the lowest VoI values (1.6193, 0.3205 and 0.3217 for liver, right kidney and left kidney respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method can overcome boundary leakage. Moreover it can segment liver and kidneys in abdominal MR images without segmentation errors due to the presence of similar tissues. The shape priors based on KPCA was integrated into fully automatic graph cuts algorithm (KGC) to make the segmentation algorithm become more robust and accurate. Furthermore, if a shelter is placed onto the target boundary, the proposed method can still obtain satisfying segmentation results.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Wenjian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Tiexiang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Low-cost Healthcare, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P, R, China. jia.gu@siat.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Nikolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gaio
authors.forename: Shifu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yaoqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000465:Algorithms; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results