title: High-intensity focused ultrasound for potential treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: toward a noninvasive surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), under dual-mode ultrasound arrays (DMUAs) guidance, to induce localized thermal damage inside ovaries without damage to the ovarian surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory feasibility study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo canine and bovine ovaries.
  
  
  METHODS
  DMUA-guided HIFU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detection of ovarian damage by ultrasound imaging, gross pathology, and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is feasible to induce localized thermal damage inside ovaries without damage to the ovarian surface. DMUA provided sensitive imaging feedback regarding the anatomy of the treated ovaries and the ablation process. Different ablation protocols were tested, and thermal damage within the treated ovaries was histologically characterized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of damage to the ovarian surface may eliminate many of the complications linked to current laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) techniques. HIFU may be used as a less traumatic tool to perform LOD.
authors.affiliation: College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: islamhifu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Islam A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Shehata
authors.affiliation: College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.affiliation: College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Casper
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
authors.forename: Leah J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hennings
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cressman
authors.affiliation: College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Emad S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ebbini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); dual-mode ultrasound arrays (DMUA); high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU); infertility; laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD)