title: Grip strength is strongly associated with height, weight and gender in childhood: a cross sectional study of 2241 children and adolescents providing reference values.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  What are reference values for grip strength in children and adolescents based on a large and heterogeneous study population? What is the association of grip strength with age, gender, weight, and height in this population?
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from schools in the northern provinces of the Netherlands. The study included healthy children and adolescents ranging in age from 4 to 15 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children had their height (cm) and weight (kg) measured and were allowed a total of four attempts using the Jamar hand dynamometer: twice with each hand. Grip strength scores (kg) were recorded for the dominant and non-dominant hands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population comprised 2241 children and adolescents. Reference values for both genders are provided according to age and dominance. Grip strength shows a linear and parallel progression for both genders until the age of 11 or 12, after which grip strength development shows an acceleration that is more prominent in boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant difference in grip strength with each ascending year of age in favour of the older group, as well as a trend for boys to be stronger than girls in all age groups between 4 and 15 years. Weight and especially height have a strong association with grip strength in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.j.w.ploegmakers@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Joris J W
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ploegmakers
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hepping
authors.forename: Jan H B
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Geertzen
authors.forename: Sjoerd K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bulstra
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Children; Grip strength; Jamar hand dynamometer; Physiotherapy; Reference values