title: Automatic detection and analysis of cell motility in phase-contrast time-lapse images using a combination of maximally stable extremal regions and Kalman filter approaches.
abstract: Phase-contrast illumination is simple and most commonly used microscopic method to observe nonstained living cells. Automatic cell segmentation and motion analysis provide tools to analyze single cell motility in large cell populations. However, the challenge is to find a sophisticated method that is sufficiently accurate to generate reliable results, robust to function under the wide range of illumination conditions encountered in phase-contrast microscopy, and also computationally light for efficient analysis of large number of cells and image frames. To develop better automatic tools for analysis of low magnification phase-contrast images in time-lapse cell migration movies, we investigated the performance of cell segmentation method that is based on the intrinsic properties of maximally stable extremal regions (MSER). MSER was found to be reliable and effective in a wide range of experimental conditions. When compared to the commonly used segmentation approaches, MSER required negligible preoptimization steps thus dramatically reducing the computation time. To analyze cell migration characteristics in time-lapse movies, the MSER-based automatic cell detection was accompanied by a Kalman filter multiobject tracker that efficiently tracked individual cells even in confluent cell populations. This allowed quantitative cell motion analysis resulting in accurate measurements of the migration magnitude and direction of individual cells, as well as characteristics of collective migration of cell groups. Our results demonstrate that MSER accompanied by temporal data association is a powerful tool for accurate and reliable analysis of the dynamic behaviour of cells in phase-contrast image sequences. These techniques tolerate varying and nonoptimal imaging conditions and due to their relatively light computational requirements they should help to resolve problems in computationally demanding and often time-consuming large-scale dynamical analysis of cultured cells.
authors.affiliation: Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland; Mika Kaakinen and Sami Huttunen contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaakinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paavolainen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marjomäki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eklund
mesh_terms: D057205:Automation, Laboratory / Q000379:methods*; D002465:Cell Movement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast / Q000379:methods*; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Automatic cell segmentation; Kalman filter; MSER; cell migration; phase-contrast microscopy; tracking