title: A randomized trial of assertive continuing care and contingency management for adolescents with substance use disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most adolescents relapse within 90 days of discharge from residential substance use treatment. We hypothesized that contingency management (CM), assertive continuing care (ACC), and their combination (CM + ACC) would each be more effective than usual continuing care (UCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Following residential treatment, 337 adolescents were randomized to 4 continuing care conditions: UCC alone, CM, ACC, or CM + ACC. UCC was available across all conditions. Outcome measures over 12 months included percentage of days abstinent from alcohol, heavy alcohol, marijuana, and any alcohol or other drugs (AOD) using self-reports and toxicology testing and remission status at 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CM had significantly higher rates of abstinence than UCC for heavy alcohol use, t(297) = 2.50, p < .01, d = 0.34; any alcohol use, t(297) = 2.58, p < .01, d = 0.36; or any AOD use, t(297) = 2.12, p = .01, d = 0.41; and had a higher rate in remission, odds ratio (OR) = 2.45, 90% confidence interval (CI) [1.18, 5.08], p = .02. ACC had significantly higher rates of abstinence than UCC from heavy alcohol use, t(297) = 2.66, p < .01, d = 0.31; any alcohol use, t(297) = 2.63, p < .01, d = 0.30; any marijuana use, t(297) = 1.95, p = .02, d = 0.28; or any AOD use, t(297) = 1.88, p = .02, d = 0.30; and had higher rates in remission, OR = 2.31, 90% CI [1.10, 4.85], p = .03. The ACC + CM condition was not significantly different from UCC on any outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CM and ACC are promising continuing care approaches after residential treatment. Future research should seek to further improve their effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Chestnut Health Systems.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Godley
authors.affiliation: Chestnut Health Systems.
authors.forename: Susan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Godley
authors.affiliation: Chestnut Health Systems.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.affiliation: Chestnut Health Systems.
authors.forename: Rodney R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.affiliation: Chestnut Health Systems.
authors.forename: Lora L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Passetti
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Connecticut.
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Petry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000359:Aftercare / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012114:Residential Treatment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome