title: Development of an instrument to evaluate residents' confidence in quality improvement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Practice-based learning and improvement is a core competency that all medical residents must demonstrate. Because confidence is important in translating competence into action, effective quality improvement (QI) curricula should evaluate trainees' knowledge and confidence to perform QI. Past efforts to assess educational outcomes in QI have not adequately evaluated trainees' confidence from a multidimensional perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants--732 internal medicine and family medicine residents from 42 training programs in the United States--completed the 31-item Quality Improvement Confidence Instrument (QICI), which was developed to measure confidence in six QI skill domains based on the Institute for Healthcare Improvement model ofQI. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to support construct validity. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to examine associations between residents' QI experience and other characteristics with confidence scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis supported the QICI's multidimensional structure. Individual items yielded adequate variability, and reliability estimates for all six domains were high (> 0.86). On average, residents rated their confidence lowest for skills pertaining to choosing a target for improvement (specifically, using methods to evaluate interventions and to identify sources of process errors) and for testing a change in practice using specific tools for data collection and analysis. After controlling for program year and other characteristics, residents with previous QI experience reported significantly greater QI confidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The QICI offers a psychometrically rigorous approach to evaluating residents' confidence levels. It can be used to gauge the appropriateness of a trainee's confidence against actual QI performance.
authors.affiliation: Hess Consulting, St-Nicolas, Québec, Canada. brianhessconsulting@gmail.com
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Lorna A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Lisa N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Holmboe
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012655:Self-Evaluation Programs / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States