title: Ionizing radiation doses during lower limb torsion and anteversion measurements by EOS stereoradiography and computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To calculate and compare the doses of ionizing radiation delivered to the organs by computed tomography (CT) and stereoradiography (SR) during measurements of lower limb torsion and anteversion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Rando anthropomorphic phantom (Alderson RANDO phantom, Alderson Research Laboratories Inc., Stanford, Conn) was used for the dose measurements. The doses were delivered by a Somatom 16-slice CT-scanner (Siemens, Erlangen) and an EOS stereoradiography unit (EOS-Imaging, Paris) according to the manufacturers' acquisition protocols. Doses to the surface and deeper layers were calculated with thermoluminiscent GR207P dosimeters. Dose uncertainties were evaluated and assessed at 6% at k=2 (that is, two standard deviations).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absorbed doses for the principal organs assessed were as follows: for the ovaries, 0.1 mGy to the right ovary and 0.5 mGy to the left ovary with SR versus 1.3 mGy and 1.1 mGy with CT, respectively; testes, 0.3 mGy on the right and 0.4 mGy on the left with SR versus 8.5 mGy and 8.4 mGy with CT; knees, 0.4 mGy to the right knee and 0.8 mGy to the left knee with SR versus 11 mGy and 10.4 mGy with CT; ankles, 0.5 mGy to the right ankle and 0.8 mGy to the left with SR versus 15 mGy with CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SR system delivered substantially lower doses of ionizing radiation doses than CT to all the organs studied: CT doses were 4.1 times higher to the ovaries, 24 times higher for the testicles, and 13-30 times higher for the knees and ankles. The use of the SR system to study the torsion of lower limbs makes it possible to reduce the amount of medical irradiation that patients accumulate.
authors.affiliation: Réseau d'Imagerie Médicale Maussins-Nollet, 114 rue Nollet, 75017 Paris, France. Electronic address: cdelin@maunol.fr.
authors.forename: Cyrille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delin
authors.affiliation: Service de Radiologie A, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France. Electronic address: stephane.silvera@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silvera
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, BP 17, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. Electronic address: celine.bassinet@irsn.fr.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bassinet
authors.affiliation: Réseau d'Imagerie Médicale Maussins-Nollet, 114 rue Nollet, 75017 Paris, France. Electronic address: pthelen@maunol.fr.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thelen
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, BP 17, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. Electronic address: jean-luc.rehel@irsn.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rehel
authors.affiliation: Service de Radiologie A, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France. Electronic address: paul.legmann@cch.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Legmann
authors.affiliation: Réseau d'Imagerie Médicale Maussins-Nollet, 114 rue Nollet, 75017 Paris, France. Electronic address: dfolinais@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Folinais
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D011874:Radiometry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014102:Torsion Abnormality / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: CT scan; Dosimetry; Genital organs; Lower extremity; Stereoradiography