title: Comorbidities of COPD.
abstract: By 2020, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the third cause of mortality. Extrapulmonary comorbidities influence the prognosis of patients with COPD. Tobacco smoking is a common risk factor for many comorbidities, including coronary heart disease, heart failure and lung cancer. Comorbidities such as pulmonary artery disease and malnutrition are directly caused by COPD, whereas others, such as systemic venous thromboembolism, anxiety, depression, osteoporosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, sleep disturbance and anaemia, have no evident physiopathological relationship with COPD. The common ground between most of these extrapulmonary manifestations is chronic systemic inflammation. All of these diseases potentiate the morbidity of COPD, leading to increased hospitalisations and healthcare costs. They can frequently cause death, independently of respiratory failure. Comorbidities make the management of COPD difficult and need to be evaluated and treated adequately.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, 2 Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, 11 Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, 3 Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d'Orléans, Orléans, 4 Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, 5 Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, 6 Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, 12 Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, 7 Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, 8 Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, 9 Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and 10 Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavaillès
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brinchault-Rabin
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dixmier
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goupil
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gut-Gobert
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchand-Adam
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Meurice
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Person-Tacnet
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leroyer
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diot
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology