title: [Voluntary Refusal of Food and Fluid in palliative care: a mapping literature review].
abstract: Voluntary Refusal of Food and Fluid (VRFF) is one possibility for patients in palliative situations to hasten death and avoid further suffering. By means of a mapping literature review this article describes the medical, nursing, ethical and legal perspective of care for people who wish to hasten death using VRFF. The results show that the wish to die is affected by psychological, social, spiritual and physical factors. VRFF is a little-known, legal and independently viable method to hasten death. Reducing fluid intake to 40 ml daily, the dying process takes one to three weeks. VRFF can be regarded as a natural death, foregoing treatment or as suicide. In contrast to physician assisted suicide or euthanasia, patients dying by VRFF experience a "natural" dying process and the decision is reversible in the first few days. As authority to act lies with the person wishing to die professionals and family caring for the dying are practicing palliative care, as opposed to assisted suicide or euthanasia. Professionals and family involved in the decision-making process are confronted with various ethical problems. Further research concerning VRFF and its implications for practice is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Spital Affoltern, Affoltern a. A. und Fachhochschule St.Gallen, Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Klein Remane
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fringer
mesh_terms: D001293:Attitude to Death; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D005508:Food Deprivation; D006801:Humans; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology*; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D014836:Volition / Q000941:ethics; D014868:Water Deprivation
keywords: Autonomie; Ernährung; Ethik; Lebensende; Palliative Care; autonomy; end of life; ethics; nutrition; palliative care