title: Tenofovir or zidovudine in second-line antiretroviral therapy after stavudine failure in southern Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is debate over using tenofovir or zidovudine alongside lamivudine in second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) following stavudine failure. We analysed outcomes in cohorts from South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged ≥16 years who switched from a first-line regimen including stavudine to a ritonavir-boosted lopinavir-based second-line regimen with lamivudine or emtricitabine and zidovudine or tenofovir in seven ART programmes in southern Africa were included. We estimated the causal effect of receiving tenofovir or zidovudine on mortality and virological failure using Cox proportional hazards marginal structural models. Its parameters were estimated using inverse probability of treatment weights. Baseline characteristics were age, sex, calendar year and country. CD4(+) T-cell count, creatinine and haemoglobin levels were included as time-dependent confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,256 patients on second-line ART, including 958 on tenofovir, were analysed. Patients on tenofovir were more likely to have switched to second-line ART in recent years, spent more time on first-line ART (33 versus 24 months) and had lower CD4(+) T-cell counts (172 versus 341 cells/μl) at initiation of second-line ART. The adjusted hazard ratio comparing tenofovir with zidovudine was 1.00 (95% CI 0.59, 1.68) for virological failure and 1.40 (0.57, 3.41) for death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not find any difference in treatment outcomes between patients on tenofovir or zidovudine; however, the precision of our estimates was limited. There is an urgent need for randomized trials to inform second-line ART strategies in resource-limited settings.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. gwandeler@ispm.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wandeler
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rohr
authors.forename: Benjamin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orrell
authors.forename: Cleophas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chimbetete
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prozesky
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boulle
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gsponer
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zwahlen
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egger
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019233:Retreatment; D013019:South Africa; D018119:Stavudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068698:Tenofovir; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D015215:Zidovudine; D000068698:Tenofovir; D018119:Stavudine; D000225:Adenine