title: Agricultural vehicles and rural road safety: tackling a persistent problem.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Crashes involving agricultural vehicles (AVs) on public roads are an increasing road safety problem. We aim to analyze developments in the appearance and severity of these accidents, identify influencing factors, and draw lessons for possible interventions for accident prevention within the context of modern mechanized agriculture.
  
  
  METHODS
  To analyze developments in the appearance of accidents we use a subset of accidents with AVs involved on public roads in The Netherlands aggregated per year for 1987-2010. To identify and explore preventive measures we use an in-depth study of the Dutch Safety Board. With a study of international literature we put our findings in a wider context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this time span, Dutch annual averages show 15 registered fatal accidents involving AVs, 93 with hospitalization and 137 with slight injuries. For nonfatal accidents, the numbers are decreasing over time. This decrease is proportionate to the reduction in the total number of traffic victims. For fatalities, however, the number is stable, increasing its proportion in all traffic fatalities from 1 in 1987 to 2 percent in 2010. Related to the number of inhabitants, this number is 2 times the value in the UK and 3 times the value in the United States. Influencing factors can be related to the 3 road system components (AV, driver, and infrastructure). Weak points for AVs are the view from the driver's seat, visibility at night, permitted vehicle width, and crash aggressivity (large kinetic energy of the AV) that is transferred to other road users in case of a collision. Important factors identified for the driver are poor risk perception and high risk acceptance, in combination with speeding, dysfunctional use such as the use of AVs as modes of transport to and from school, and driving on public roads without protecting or removing protruding and sharp components. For infrastructure, the focus is on road design and separation of AVs from other motor vehicles. Lessons to be learned follow from these accident factors. For AV drivers, a driver's training focusing on driving behavior in the presence of vulnerable road users and concluding with an examination is advised. For vehicle safety, actual practice in The Netherlands is inadequate for control of proper maintenance. Some permanent requirements for the AV are insufficiently specific (view) or effective (lighting) and too generous (width). For infrastructure, a wide range of measures is available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A targeted approach to all road system components is urgently needed to avoid a further worsening of existing problems and to reduce the above proportional role of AVs in road danger. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Traffic Injury Prevention to view the supplemental file.
authors.affiliation: a Rural Mobility , Wageningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Catharinus F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
authors.forename: Jasper R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: De Vries
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000383:Agriculture; D006801:Humans; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012449:Safety; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology