title: Very different performance of the power Doppler modalities of several ultrasound machines ascertained by a microvessel flow phantom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) subclinical disease activity can be detected with ultrasound (US), especially using power Doppler US (PDUS). However, PDUS may be highly dependent on the type of machine. This could create problems both in clinical trials and in daily clinical practice. To clarify how the PDUS signal differs between machines we created a microvessel flow phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The flow phantom contained three microvessels (150, 1000, 2000 microns). A syringe pump was used to generate flows. Five US machines were used. Settings were optimised to assess the lowest detectable flow for each US machine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimal detectable flow velocities showed very large differences between the machines. Only two of the machines may be able to detect the very low flows in the capillaries of inflamed joints. There was no clear relation with price. One of the lower-end machines actually performed best in all three vessel sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We created a flow phantom to test the sensitivity of US machines to very low flows in small vessels. The sensitivity of the power Doppler modalities of 5 different machines was very different. The differences found between the machines are probably caused by fundamental differences in processing of the PD signal or internal settings inaccessible to users. Machines considered for PDUS assessment of RA patients should be tested using a flow phantom similar to ours. Within studies, only a single machine type should be used.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Ten Cate
authors.forename: Jolanda J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Luime
authors.forename: Myrthe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Ven
authors.forename: Johanna M W
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hazes
authors.forename: Klazina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kooiman
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bosch
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D055806:Microvessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*