title: Surface Damage on Dental Implants with Release of Loose Particles after Insertion into Bone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modern dental implants present surface features of distinct dimensions that can be damaged during the insertion procedure into bone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were (1) to quantify by means of roughness parameters the surface damage caused by the insertion procedure of dental implants and (2) to investigate the presence of loose particles at the interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of dental implants representing different surface topographies were inserted in fresh cow rib bone blocks. The surface roughness was characterized by interferometry on the same area before and after the insertion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-back-scattered electron detector (BSD) analysis was used to identify loose particles at the interface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amplitude and hybrid roughness parameters of all three groups were lower after insertion. The surface presenting predominance of peaks (Ssk [skewness] > 0) associated to higher structures (height parameters) presented higher damage associated to more pronounced reduction of material volume. SEM-BSD images revealed loose titanium and aluminum particles at the interface mainly at the crestal cortical bone level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shearing forces during the insertion procedure alters the surface of dental implants. Loose metal particles can be generated at bone-implant interface especially around surfaces composed mainly by peaks and with increased height parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Plinio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Senna
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Altair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antoninha Del Bel Cury
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kates
authors.affiliation: Division of Prosthodontics, Eastman Dental Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Luiz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meirelles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: bone; dental implants; surface properties; surface topography; titanium