title: Patient perceptions of female surgeons: how surgeon demeanor and type of surgery affect patient preference.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As more women become surgeons, knowledge of patient perceptions is necessary to educate this new pool of surgeons on how to maximize patient trust and foster the optimal surgeon-patient relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients in a general medicine clinic in San Francisco were surveyed. Study respondents read one of the eight short scenarios that differed by surgeon gender, surgery type (lung cancer versus breast cancer), and surgeon demeanor (more masculine--agentic versus more feminine--communal). In all scenarios, the surgeon was described as accomplished and well trained. After reading the short description, respondents rated five items from 0-5, which were averaged to create a measure of preference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the 476 completed surveys, respondents did not have a significant preference for either female or male surgeons (P = 0.76). We found a significant interaction in respondent choice between the surgeon demeanor and the type of surgery (P < 0.05). Respondents preferred an agentic surgeon for lung cancer surgery and a communal surgeon for breast cancer surgery regardless of surgeon or respondent gender. No other interactions or main effects were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our respondents did not overtly prefer a surgeon based on gender, which suggests that patients may not contribute to the traditional gender biases reported by female surgeons. Further work needs to be done to determine if our results can be replicated in different geographic regions and if there is gender stereotyping within the field of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Marie N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Dusch
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California. Electronic address: Nancy.Ascher@ucsfmedctr.org.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Ascher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057240:Patient Preference / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Female surgeons; Patient perceptions; Surgeon–patient relationship; Surgical education; Women in surgery