title: Pediatric intracerebral hemorrhage score: a simple grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score is the most commonly used clinical grading scale for outcome prediction after adult ICH. We created a similar scale in children to inform clinical care and assist in clinical research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children, full-term newborns to 18 years, with spontaneous ICH were prospectively enrolled from 2007 to 2012 at 3 centers. The pediatric ICH score was created by identifying factors associated with poor outcome. The score's ability to detect moderate disability or worse and severe disability or death was examined with sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pediatric ICH score components include ICH volume>2% to 3.99% of total brain volume (TBV): 1 point; ICH volume≥4% TBV: 2 points; acute hydrocephalus: 1 point; herniation: 1 point; and infratentorial location: 1 point. The score ranges from 0 to 5. At 3-month follow-up of 60 children, 10 were severely disabled or dead, 30 had moderate disability, and 20 had good recovery. A pediatric ICH score≥1 predicted moderate disability or worse with a sensitivity of 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 59% to 87%) and a specificity of 70% (95% CI, 46% to 88%). A pediatric ICH score≥2 predicted severe disability or death with a sensitivity and specificity of 90% (95% CI, 55% to 99%) and 68% (95% CI, 53% to 80%), respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for classifying outcome as severe disability or death was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.78-0.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pediatric ICH score is a simple clinical grading scale that may ultimately be used for risk stratification, clinical care, and research.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (L.A.B.); Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, PA (R.N.I., R.A.B., D.J.L., S.E.S.); Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (M.C.G., L.C.J.); Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, CA (J.T.K.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (K.E., A.E.H.); and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA (S.E.S.).
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Beslow
authors.forename: Rebecca N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ichord
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gindville
authors.forename: Jonathan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engelmann
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Licht
authors.forename: Sabrina E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Argye E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hillis
authors.forename: Lori C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: cerebral hemorrhage; hemorrhage