title: Chemical and botanical characterization of Chilean propolis and biological activity on cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.
abstract: Propolis is a non-toxic natural substance with multiple pharmacological properties including anti-cancer, antioxidant, fungicidal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory among others. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical and botanical characterization of Chilean propolis samples and to evaluate their biological activity against the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Twenty propolis samples were obtained from beekeeping producers from the central and southern regions of Chile. The botanical profile was determined by palynological analysis. Total phenolic contents were determined using colorimetric assays. Reverse phase HPLC and HPLC-MS were used to determine the chemical composition. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined on S. mutans and S. sobrinus. All propolis samples were dominated by structures from native plant species. The characterization by HPLC/MS, evidenced the presence of quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, rutine, pinocembrin, coumaric acid, caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, that have already been described in these propolis with conventional HPLC. Although all propolis samples inhibited the mutans streptococci growth, it was observed a wide spectrum of action (MIC 0.90 to 8.22 μg mL(-1)). Given that results it becomes increasingly evident the need of standardization procedures, where we combine both the determination of botanical and the chemical characterization of the extracts. Research conducted to date, describes a promising effectiveness of propolis in the prevention of caries and other diseases of the oral cavity, making it necessary to develop studies to identify and understand the therapeutic targets or mechanisms of molecular action of the various compounds present on them.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biología Molecular & Farmacogenética, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. ; Centro de Excelencia en Estudios Genéticos e Inmunológicos, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barrientos
authors.forename: Christian L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Veloz
authors.forename: Marysol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvear
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuevas
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Salazar
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002677:Chile; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003124:Colorimetry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011058:Pollen / Q000166:cytology*; D011429:Propolis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011429:Propolis
keywords: Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sobrinus; botanical characterization; chemical characterization; propolis