title: Fluoride promotes osteoblastic differentiation through canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
abstract: Although fluoride is known to stimulate bone formation, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent studies have implicated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a major signaling cascade in bone biology. Our earlier studies highlighted a probable role of canonical Wnt pathway in bone formation of chronic fluoride-exposed rats, but the mechanism remains unclear. The current study determined the involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in fluoride-induced osteoblastic differentiation. Using primary rat osteoblasts, we demonstrated that fluoride significantly promoted osteoblasts proliferation and alkaline phosphate (ALP) expression as well as the mRNA expression levels of bone differentiation markers, including type I collagen (COL1A1), ALP and osteonectin. We further found fluoride induced phosphorylations at serine 473 of Akt and serine 9 of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), which resulted in GSK-3β inhibition and subsequently the nuclear accumulation of the β-catenin, as shown by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. Moreover, fluoride also induced the expression of Wnt-targeted gene runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Importantly, the positive effect of fluoride on ALP activity and mRNA expressions of COL1A1, ALP, osteonection and Runx2 was abolished by DKK-1, a blocker of the Wnt/β-catenin receptor. Taken together, these findings suggest that fluoride promotes osteoblastic differentiation through Akt- and GSK-3β-dependent activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in primary rat osteoblasts. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of action of fluoride in osteoblastogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Leilei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: xyguo@mail.cmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruoxin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guifan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015676:Osteonectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000187:drug effects*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; C495268:Ctnnb1 protein, rat; C501126:DKK1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015676:Osteonectin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C493717:Runx2 protein, rat; D051176:beta Catenin; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling; Fluoride; Osteoblastic differentiation