title: Cardiovascular disease and bridging the diagnostic gap.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now the leading cause of death worldwide. It continues to be on the rise and has become a true pandemic that has no respect to borders.' Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of CVD. It continues to be the leading cause of mortality both in men and women in the U.S.' Approximately every 25 seconds, an American will suffer an acute coronary syndrome, and approximately every minute someone will die of one. Risk stratification and early disease detection continue to be the bedrock of most preventative strategies. Risk assessment tools like Framingham Heart Score (FHS used in the U.S.), prospective cardiovascular monster (PROCAM used in Germany), or systemic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE used in Europe) are among the common and widely available estimators of a multi-factorial absolute risk of developing CVD.6 Recently, coronary artery calcium (CAC) has emerged as a non-invasive modality that might improve prediction of future cardiovascular events. We have conducted a comprehensive review of CVD risk factors, risk assessment and screening tools being applied to aid in early detection of CVD. As we work on bridging the diagnostic gap of the leading cause of mortality across the globe, utility of accurate and sensitive risk assessment and screening tools for early CVD detection is vital. This will aid in our goal of early detection, modifying risk factors and prevention of CVD incidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: John Kelly
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wachira
authors.forename: Tom P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Stys
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends