title: Caregiver's perceptions of the relationship of pain to behavioral and psychiatric symptoms in older community-residing adults with dementia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pain is underrecognized and undermanaged in older adults with dementia. Because dementia patients have a diminished capacity to communicate discomfort, untreated pain may be expressed in the form of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between pain and behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia in community-residing older adults from the perspective of the family caregiver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dyads composed of 272 dementia patients, and their family caregivers were assessed to determine dementia patient's mental status; family caregiver's assessment of care recipient's pain, functional dependence, and number of behavioral symptoms; analgesic use; and demographic information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hierarchical multiple regression analysis controlling for age, marital status, race, functional disability, and analgesic use showed that pain explained a small but significant percent of variance in the number of behavioral symptoms (3%, P<0.001). Pain had a stronger influence on the number of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia among those with severe cognitive impairment (F1,69=11.75, P<0.001) compared with those with low to moderate cognitive impairment (F1,199=4.543, P=0.034.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that pain is a risk factor for behavioral symptoms in individuals with dementia and suggest that pain is a more significant predictor of behavior for individuals with severe dementia, compared with those with mild/moderate stage dementia. These results reinforce the importance of proper pain assessment and its management as part of dementia care planning.
authors.affiliation: *School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD †Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA ‡Sycamore Consulting LLC, Woodstock, GA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Laura N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Gitlin
authors.forename: Laraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Walter W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hauck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000209:etiology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies