title: The development of personality extremity from childhood to adolescence: relations to internalizing and externalizing problems.
abstract: This study investigated the development of personality extremity (deviation of an average midpoint of all 5 personality dimensions together) across childhood and adolescence, as well as relations between personality extremity and adjustment problems. For 598 children (mean age at Time 1 = 7.5 years), mothers and fathers reported the Big Five personality dimensions 4 times across 8 years. Children's vector length in a 5-dimensional configuration of the Big Five dimensions represented personality extremity. Mothers, fathers, and teachers reported children's internalizing and externalizing problems at the 1st and final measurement. In a cohort-sequential design, we modeled personality extremity in children and adolescents from ages 6 to 17 years. Growth mixture modeling revealed a similar solution for both mother and father reports: a large group with relatively short vectors that were stable over time (mother reports: 80.3%; father reports: 84.7%) and 2 smaller groups with relatively long vectors (i.e., extreme personality configuration). One group started out relatively extreme and decreased over time (mother reports: 13.2%; father reports: 10.4%), whereas the other group started out only slightly higher than the short vector group but increased across time (mother reports: 6.5%; father reports: 4.9%). Children who belonged to the increasingly extreme class experienced more internalizing and externalizing problems in late adolescence, controlling for previous levels of adjustment problems and the Big Five personality dimensions. Personality extremity may be important to consider when identifying children at risk for adjustment problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University.
authors.forename: Alithe L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Van den Akker
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prinzie
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deković
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology, Ghent University.
authors.forename: Amaranta D
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5434-3189
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: De Haan
authors.affiliation: Jessica J. Asscher, Research Centre for Forensic Child and Youth Care Studies, University of Amsterdam.
authors.forename: Jessica J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Asscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Widiger
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D010551:Personality; D010553:Personality Development; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D002666:Psychology, Child