title: Phytochemicals content, antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition properties of indigenous Garcinia parvifolia fruit.
abstract: Garcinia parvifolia belongs to the same family as mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), which is known locally in Sabah as "asam kandis" or cherry mangosteen. The present study was conducted to determine the phytochemicals content (total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and carotenoid content) and antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity of the flesh and peel of G. parvifolia. All samples were freeze-dried and extracted using 80% methanol and distilled water. For the 80% methanol extract, the flesh of G. parvifolia displayed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than the peel, with values of 7.2 ± 0.3 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 5.9 ± 0.1 mg rutin equivalent (RU)/g, respectively. Anthocyanins were detected in the peel part of G. parvifolia but absent in the flesh. The peel of G. parvifolia displayed higher total carotenoid content as compared to the flesh part with the values of 17.0 ± 0.3 and 3.0 ± 0.0 mg β-carotene equivalents (BC)/100 g, respectively. The free-radical scavenging, ferric reducing, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition effect of the flesh were higher as compared to the peel in both extracts. These findings suggested that the edible part of G. parvifolia fruit has a potential as a natural source of antioxidant and anti-Alzheimer's agents.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siti Hawa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ali Hassan
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Mohd Fadzelly
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Abu Bakar
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D029760:Garcinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis*; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D002338:Carotenoids; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D007501:Iron; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase