title: Structure and mechanical properties of Octopus vulgaris suckers.
abstract: In this study, we investigate the morphology and mechanical features of Octopus vulgaris suckers, which may serve as a model for the creation of a new generation of attachment devices. Octopus suckers attach to a wide range of substrates in wet conditions, including rough surfaces. This amazing feature is made possible by the sucker's tissues, which are pliable to the substrate profile. Previous studies have described a peculiar internal structure that plays a fundamental role in the attachment and detachment processes of the sucker. In this work, we present a mechanical characterization of the tissues involved in the attachment process, which was performed using microindentation tests. We evaluated the elasticity modulus and viscoelastic parameters of the natural tissues (E ∼ 10 kPa) and measured the mechanical properties of some artificial materials that have previously been used in soft robotics. Such a comparison of biological prototypes and artificial material that mimics octopus-sucker tissue is crucial for the design of innovative artificial suction cups for use in wet environments. We conclude that the properties of the common elastomers that are generally used in soft robotics are quite dissimilar to the properties of biological suckers.
authors.affiliation: Center for Micro-BioRobotics@SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, , Pontedera, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tramacere
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovalev
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kleinteich
authors.forename: Stanislav N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Gorb
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mazzolai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D020724:Elastomers; D005121:Extremities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D007368:Interferometry; D009132:Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D049831:Octopodiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012371:Robotics; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014783:Viscosity; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D020724:Elastomers
keywords: bioinspiration; elasticity modulus; octopus suckers; suction cup; viscoelasticity