title: Injectable cultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in varus knees with cartilage defects undergoing high tibial osteotomy: a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial with 2 years' follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the results of the use of intra-articular cultured autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injections in conjunction with microfracture and medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six knees in 56 patients with unicompartmental osteoarthritic knees and genu varum were randomly allocated to the cell-recipient group (n = 28) or control group (n = 28). Patients who had a joint line congruity angle of more than 2°, malalignment of the knee from femoral causes, a fixed flexion deformity, or age older than 55 years were excluded. All patients underwent HTO and microfracture. The cell-recipient group received intra-articular injection of cultured MSCs with hyaluronic acid 3 weeks after surgery, whereas the control group only received hyaluronic acid. The primary outcome measure was the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score at intervals of 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively. Secondary outcome measures were Tegner and Lysholm clinical scores and 1-year postoperative Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the patients was 51 years, with a mean body mass index of 23.85. Both treatment arms achieved improvements in Tegner, Lysholm, and IKDC scores. After adjustment for age, baseline scores, and time of evaluation, the cell-recipient group showed significantly better scores. The effect of treatment showed an added improvement of 7.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.04 to 12.26; P = .001) for IKDC scores, 7.61 (95% CI, 1.44 to 13.79; P = .016) for Lysholm scores, and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.10 to 1.19; P = .021) for Tegner scores. Magnetic resonance imaging scans performed 1 year after surgical intervention showed significantly better MOCART scores for the cell-recipient group. The age-adjusted mean difference in MOCART score was 19.6 (95% CI, 10.5 to 28.6; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-articular injection of cultured MSCs is effective in improving both short-term clinical and MOCART outcomes in patients undergoing HTO and microfracture for varus knees with cartilage defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level II, randomized controlled trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Keng Lin
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Kevin Boon Leng
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bee Choo
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Eng Hin
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: James H P
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054544:Arthroplasty, Subchondral; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D056305:Genu Varum / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000150:complications*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006820:Hyaluronic Acid