title: Trends and regional variation in opioid overdose mortality among Veterans Health Administration patients, fiscal year 2001 to 2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opioid-related mortality has increased in the United States in the past decade. The purpose of this study was to examine trends and regional variation in opioid prescribing and overdose rates in a national health system, the Veterans Health Administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual cohorts of Veterans Health Administration patients were identified on the basis of medical records, and overdose mortality was determined from National Death Index records. State-level prescribing and overdose rates were mapped to provide information on regional variability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant increases between 2001 and 2009 in the rate of overdoses associated with nonsynthetic opioids (β=0.53, 95% confidence interval, 0.35, 0.70) and methadone (β=0.63, 95% confidence interval, 0.37, 0.90) but not synthetic/semisynthetic opioids. State-level overdose rates had a moderate correlation with the average proportion of patients in that state receiving opioids (r=0.29).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that the increases in prescription opioid overdoses observed in the general population are also found in the patient population of a national health system and provides further evidence of the population-level association between trends in opioid prescribing and opioid overdose deaths. There is substantial regional variation in both opioid prescribing and opioid-related overdose rates, and these data can inform region-specific overdose prevention strategies and opioid policy.
authors.affiliation: *VA National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, VA Center for Clinical Management Research †Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI ‡VA Program Evaluation and Resource Center, Palo Alto §Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA ∥Pain Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center, West Haven ¶Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Amy S B
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ilgen
authors.forename: Jodie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Trafton
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kerns
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Dara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ganoczy
authors.forename: Frederic C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blow
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D005791:Patient Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D058014:Veterans Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs