title: Extending animal models to explore social rewards associated with designated smoking areas on college campuses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Animal studies have shown that when nicotine is administered in the presence of other animals (as compared with alone), it is more rewarding. As a human analogue to these studies, rewards associated with designated smoking areas on university campuses were examined, since these areas promote using nicotine in the presence of others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 118 (Sample 1, collected November 2011) and 94 (Sample 2, collected April 2012) student smokers at a midwestern university.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected via an Internet survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social interaction while smoking on campus (as compared with smoking alone) significantly increased the perceived reward of smoking, looking forward to spending time in the campus smoking areas, and how many times the campus smoking areas were visited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although designated smoking areas may protect nonsmoking students from the dangers of secondhand smoke, these areas may increase the rewards associated with nicotine for the smokers who use them.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Indiana University-Purdue University , Fort Wayne , Indiana.
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lochbihler
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Etcheverry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012056:Reinforcement, Social; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine