title: Pregnancy complications, mental health-related problems and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysian women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the association between pregnancy complications, mental health-related problems, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Malaysian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study of women with T2DM (n=160) matched by age range to controls without T2DM (n=160). Data were collected in the Negeri Sembilan and PutraJaya regions in Malaysia, from two hospital outpatient clinics, PutraJaya Hospital and Tuanku Jaa'far Hospital Seremban, and one health clinic at Seremban. Validated, interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to obtain the data. The unadjusted and adjusted estimates were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither depression (RR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.39-1.41) nor anxiety (RR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.53-1.88) symptoms increased the risk of T2DM significantly. However, gestational diabetes (RR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02-1.79), and ≥3 pregnancies (RR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08-1.79) were significant risk factors for the development of T2DM. T2DM was not a significant risk factor for either depression (RR 1.26, 95% CI: 0.91-1.74) or anxiety symptoms (RR 1.13, 95% CI: 0.59-2.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, T2DM is not a significant risk factor for depression and anxiety; similarly, neither are depression and anxiety significant risk factors for T2DM. Although prevalence of depression and anxiety is not alarming, the findings reported here should alert clinicians to screen and treat anxiety and depression in people with diabetes and also note the importance of monitoring women with complications in pregnancy for risk of later T2DM.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: shahzad.syed@uqconnect.edu.au.
authors.forename: Syed Shahzad
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Kaeshaelya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thiruchelvam
authors.forename: Syed Imran
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Clavarino
authors.forename: Abdullah A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mamun
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kairuz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008403:Mass Screening; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012647:Self-Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Malaysian; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Women