title: Performance evaluation and microstructure characterization of metakaolin-based geopolymer containing oil palm ash.
abstract: This study reports on the microstructure, compressive strength, and drying shrinkage of metakaolin (MK) based geopolymers produced by partially replacing MK by oil palm ash (OPA). The OPA was used as raw material producing different molar ratios of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and CaO/SiO₂. The geopolymer samples were cured at 80°C for 1, 2, or 4 hours and kept at ambient temperature until testing. The compressive strength was measured after 2, 6, and 24 hours and 7 and 28 days. The testing results revealed that the geopolymer with 5% OPA (SiO₂  : Al₂O₃ = 2.88 : 1) gave the highest compressive strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the 5% OPA sample had a dense-compact matrix and less unreacted raw materials which contributed to the higher compressive strength. In the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, the change of the crystalline phase after heat curing for 4 hours was easily detectable compared to the samples subjected to a shorter period of heat curing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
authors.forename: Abideng
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hawa
authors.forename: Danupon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tonnayopas
authors.forename: Woraphot
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Prachasaree
mesh_terms: D007616:Kaolin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D015394:Molecular Structure; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D010938:Plant Oils; D011108:Polymers; D007616:Kaolin; D000073878:Palm Oil