title: Exstrophy anomalies: preliminary review of 18 cases in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exstrophy anomalies, although rare, pose a tremendous challenge to both surgeons and surrogates. Management is intricate and experience with large members is restricted to a few centres worldwide. This report is a review of 18 cases of these anomalies managed in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) over 8 years, highlighting the intricacies of management, and contributes to the existing data bank on this subject matter in our environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of all cases of anomalies that were managed in the index hospital from December 2002 to December 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen cases were studied. The youngest was a 2-day-old neonate and the oldest was 6 years at repair, with a median age of 4 months. There were 7 boys and 9 girls with bladder exstrophy, and the remaining two were girls with cloacal exstrophy, giving a male-female ratio of 7:11 for the exstrophy anomalies. Eight patients (33.5%) had associated congenital anomalies; 16.7% had undescended testes (UDT), anorectal malformation (ARM) and patent processus vaginalis (PPV); and duplicate bladder occurred in 5.6% of the patients. All but one patient had bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy at bladder closure. Out of the 17 patients that had osteotomy, 76.5% had satisfactory bladder closure (no complication), 5.9% had superficial wound dehiscence, 11.8% had bladder neck dehiscence and 5.9% had complete disruption. The lone patient that did not undergo osteotomy had complete bladder dehiscence. Postoperative immobilization was done for 3 weeks for 16 cases; one was discontinued after 1 week because of complication. The longest follow-up was for 2 years and the shortest for 2 weeks. Four patients (22.2%) did not turn up for follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exstrophy anomalies although rare remain a major challenge in paediatric surgery. Iliac osteotomy, among other technical considerations, remains a cornerstone for successful bladder closure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Paediatric Surgical Unit, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chinda
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abubakar
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Dabkana
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwari
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mava
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Bwala
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wabada
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010027:Osteotomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*