title: Local auxin sources orient the apical-basal axis in Arabidopsis embryos.
abstract: Establishment of the embryonic axis foreshadows the main body axis of adults both in plants and in animals, but underlying mechanisms are considered distinct. Plants utilize directional, cell-to-cell transport of the growth hormone auxin to generate an asymmetric auxin response that specifies the embryonic apical-basal axis. The auxin flow directionality depends on the polarized subcellular localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters. It remains unknown which mechanisms and spatial cues guide cell polarization and axis orientation in early embryos. Herein, we provide conceptually novel insights into the formation of embryonic axis in Arabidopsis by identifying a crucial role of localized tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis. Local auxin production at the base of young embryos and the accompanying PIN7-mediated auxin flow toward the proembryo are required for the apical auxin response maximum and the specification of apical embryonic structures. Later in embryogenesis, the precisely timed onset of localized apical auxin biosynthesis mediates PIN1 polarization, basal auxin response maximum, and specification of the root pole. Thus, the tight spatiotemporal control of distinct local auxin sources provides a necessary, non-cell-autonomous trigger for the coordinated cell polarization and subsequent apical-basal axis orientation during embryogenesis and, presumably, also for other polarization events during postembryonic plant life.
authors.affiliation: Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hélène S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grones
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Anna N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Stepanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Robles
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemarie S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lokerse
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dolf
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weijers
authors.affiliation: Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria. Electronic address: jiri.friml@ist.ac.at.
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friml
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000196:embryology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000187:drug effects; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D021381:Protein Transport; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C116363:PIN1 protein, Arabidopsis; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators