title: Hemospermia: long-term outcome in 165 patients.
abstract: Long-term course of hemospermia has not been addressed in the sexual medicine literature. We report our 15 years' experience. From 1997 to 2012, 165 patients presented with hemospermia. Mean age was 38 years. Mean follow-up was 83 months. Laboratory evaluation and testis and transabdominal ultrasonography was done in all. Since 2008, all sonographies were done by the first author. One patient had urinary tuberculosis, one had bladder tumor and three had benign lesions at verumontanum. One patient had bilateral partial ejaculatory duct obstruction by stones. All six patients had persistent, frequently recurring or high-volume hemospermia. All pathologies were found in young patients. In the remaining 159 patients (96%), empiric treatment was given with a fluoroquinolone (Ciprofloxacin) plus an nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Celecoxib). In our 15 years of follow-up, no patient later developed life-threatening disease. Diagnostic evaluation of hemospermia is not worthwhile in the absolute majority of cases. Advanced age makes no difference. Only high-risk patients need to be evaluated. The vast majority of cases may be safely and effectively treated with empiric therapy. Almost all patients do well in long term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zargooshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nourizad
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaziri
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nikbakht
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghadiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bidhendi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khazaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Motaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malek-Khosravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farshchian
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yazdaani
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Najafinia
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexual Medicine, The Rhazes Center for Research in Family Health and Sexual Medicine, and Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Muhammad Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) Boulevard, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D051516:Hemospermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D000068579:Celecoxib