title: Integrating pharmacogenetic information and clinical decision support into the electronic health record.
abstract: Pharmacogenetics (PG) examines gene variations for drug disposition, response, or toxicity. At the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (NIH CC), a multidepartment Pharmacogenetics Testing Implementation Committee (PGTIC) was established to develop clinical decision support (CDS) algorithms for abacavir, carbamazepine, and allopurinol, medications for which human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants predict severe hypersensitivity reactions. Providing PG CDS in the electronic health record (EHR) during order entry could prevent adverse drug events. Medical Logic Module (MLM) programming was used to implement PG CDS in our EHR. The MLM checks to see if an HLA sequence-based gene test is ordered. A message regarding test status (result present, absent, pending, or test not ordered) is displayed on the order form, and the MLM determines if the prescriber can place the order, place it but require an over-ride reason, or be blocked from placing the order. Since implementation, more than 725 medication orders have been placed for over 230 patients by 154 different prescribers for the three drugs included in our PG program. Prescribers commonly used an over-ride reason when placing the order mainly because patients had been receiving the drug without reaction before implementation of the CDS program. Successful incorporation of PG CDS into the NIH CC EHR required a coordinated, interdisciplinary effort to ensure smooth activation and a positive effect on patient care. Prescribers have adapted to using the CDS and have ordered PG testing as a direct result of the implementation.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Barry R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Goldspiel
authors.forename: Willy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Flegel
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: DiPatrizio
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sissung
authors.forename: Sharon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Penzak
authors.forename: Leslie G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Biesecker
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Fleisher
authors.forename: Jharana J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herion
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Figg
authors.forename: Juan J L
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lertora
authors.forename: Jon W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McKeeby
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005838:Genotype; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods; D018511:Systems Integration; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens
keywords: Clinical Decision Support; Computerized Prescriber Order Entry; Informatics; Patient Safety; Pharmacogenetics