title: Optimization of computed tomography (CT) arthrography of hip for the visualization of cartilage: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to optimize the kilovoltage, tube current, and the radiation dose of computed tomographic arthrography of the hip joint using in vitro methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phantom was prepared using a left femoral head harvested from a patient undergoing total hip arthroplasty and packed in a condom filled with iodinated contrast. The right hip joint of a cadaver was also injected with iodinated contrast. The phantom and the cadaver were scanned using different values of peak kilovoltage (kVp) and tube current (milliamp seconds, mAs). Three different regions of interest (ROI) were drawn in the cartilage, subchondral bone plate, and intraarticular contrast. The attenuation values, contrast/noise ratio (CNR), and effective dose were calculated. Two independent observers classified the quality of the contrast-cartilage interface and the cartilage-subchondral bone plate interface as (1) diagnostic quality or (2) nondiagnostic quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast, cartilage, and subchondral bone plate attenuation values decreased at higher kVp. CNR increased with both kVp and mAs. The qualitative analysis showed that in both phantom and cadaver, at 120 kVp and 50 mAs, the contrast-cartilage and cartilage-subchondral bone plate interfaces were of diagnostic quality, with an effective dose decreased to 0.5 MSv.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absolute effective dose is not directly related to the quality of images but to the specific combination of kVp and mAs used for image acquisition. The combination of 120 kVp and 50 mAs can be suggested to decrease the dose without adversely affect the visibility of cartilage and subchondral bone plate.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Imaging Department, MSK Imaging, CHU de Liège, Domanine du Sart Tilman, Bât. 35, 4000, Liège, Belgium, paolo.simoni@chu.ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simoni
authors.forename: Pierre-Philippe
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Leyder
authors.forename: Adelin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malchair
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maréchal
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scarciolla
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beomonte Zobel
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alvarez Miezentseva
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gillet
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001175:Arthrography / Q000379:methods*; D002102:Cadaver; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*