title: Knowledge is not power for patients: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of patient-reported barriers and facilitators to shared decision making.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review patient-reported barriers and facilitators to shared decision making (SDM) and develop a taxonomy of patient-reported barriers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and thematic synthesis. Study findings/results for each included paper were extracted verbatim and entered into qualitative software for inductive analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electronic and follow-up searches yielded 2956 unique references; 289 full-text articles were retrieved, of which 45 articles from 44 unique studies met inclusion criteria. Key descriptive themes were grouped under two broad analytical themes: how the healthcare system is organized (4 descriptive themes) and what happens during the decision-making interaction (4 descriptive themes, 10 sub-themes). Predominant emergent themes related to patients' knowledge and the power imbalance in the doctor-patient relationship. Patients need knowledge and power to participate in SDM - knowledge alone is insufficient and power is more difficult to attain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many barriers are potentially modifiable, and can be addressed by attitudinal changes at the levels of patient, clinician/healthcare team, and the organization. The results support the view that many patients currently can't participate in SDM, rather than they won't participate because they do not want to.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future implementation efforts should address patient-reported factors together with known clinician-reported barriers and the wider organizational context.
authors.affiliation: Cochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: josephnj1@cf.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joseph-Williams
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Center for Health Care Delivery Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA.
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elwyn
authors.affiliation: Cochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations
keywords: Implementation; Patient-centered healthcare; Patient-reported barriers/facilitators; Shared decision making