title: Parametric optimization and design validation based on finite element analysis of hybrid socket adapter for transfemoral prosthetic knee.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Finite element analysis has been universally employed for the stress and strain analysis in lower extremity prosthetics. The socket adapter was the principal subject of interest due to its importance in deciding the knee motion range.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article focused on the static and dynamic stress analysis of the designed hybrid adapter developed by the authors. A standard mechanical design validation approach using von Mises was followed. Four materials were considered for the analysis, namely, carbon fiber, oil-filled nylon, Al-6061, and mild steel.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper analyses the static and dynamic stress on designed hybrid adapter which incorporates features of conventional male and female socket adapters. The finite element analysis was carried out for possible different angles of knee flexion simulating static and dynamic gait situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research was carried out on available design of socket adapter. Mechanical design of hybrid adapter was conceptualized and a CAD model was generated using Inventor modelling software. Static and dynamic stress analysis was carried out on different materials for optimization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The finite element analysis was carried out on the software Autodesk Inventor Professional Ver. 2011. The peak value of von Mises stress occurred in the neck region of the adapter and in the lower face region at rod eye-adapter junction in static and dynamic analyses, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oil-filled nylon was found to be the best material among the four with respect to strength, weight, and cost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research investigations on newer materials for development of improved prosthesis will immensely benefit the amputees. The study analyze the static and dynamic stress on the knee joint adapter to provide better material used for hybrid design of adapter.
authors.affiliation: CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India neel5278@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Neelesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008422:Materials Testing; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Finite element analysis; amputees; limb prostheses; parametric optimization; socket adapter; stress analysis