title: Inflorescence dimorphism, heterodichogamy and thrips pollination in Platycarya strobilacea (Juglandaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unlike other taxa in Juglandaceae or in closely related families, which are anemophilous, Platycarya strobilacea has been suggested to be entomophilous. In Juglandaceae, Juglans and Carya show heterodichogamy, a reproductive strategy in which two morphs coexist in a population and undergo synchronous reciprocal sex changes. However, there has been no study focusing on heterodichogamy in the other six or seven genera, including Platycarya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inflorescence architecture, sexual expression and pollination biology were examined in a P. strobilacea population in Japan. Flowering phenology was monitored daily for 24 trees in 2008 and 27 in 2009. Flower visitors and inhabitants were recorded or collected from different sexes and stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The population of P. strobilacea showed heterodichogamous phenology with protogynous and duodichogamous-protandrous morphs. This dimorphism in dichogamy was associated with distinct inflorescence morphologies. Thrips pollination was suggested by the frequent presence of thrips with attached pollen grains, the scarcity of other insect visitors, the synchronicity of thrips number in male spikes with the maturation of female flowers, and morphological characters shared with previously reported thrips-pollinated plants. Male spikes went through two consecutive stages: bright yellow and strong-scented M1 stage, and brownish and little-scented M2 stage. The latter contained more thrips, synchronized better with the receptive stage of female flowers of the reciprocal morph and is probably the main period of pollen export.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Platycarya strobilacea is heterodichogamous and thrips-pollinated, both of which are relatively rare conditions in angiosperms. In male spikes of P. strobilacea, there is probably a temporal decoupling of pollinator attraction and pollen export.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education, Fukuoka University of Education, 1-1 Akama-Bunkyo-machi, Munakata, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsundo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Shin-ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokumaru
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D056626:Inflorescence / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D029525:Juglandaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva; D010641:Phenotype; D011058:Pollen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination; D012098:Reproduction; D061149:Thysanoptera / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Dichogamy; Juglandaceae; Platycarya; duodichogamy; heterodichogamy; thrips pollination