title: Cholesterol accumulation caused by low density lipoprotein receptor deficiency or a cholesterol-rich diet results in ectopic bone formation during experimental osteoarthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with the metabolic syndrome, however the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated whether low density lipoprotein (LDL) accumulation leads to increased LDL uptake by synovial macrophages and affects synovial activation, cartilage destruction and enthesophyte/osteophyte formation during experimental OA in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  LDL receptor deficient (LDLr-/-) mice and wild type (WT) controls received a cholesterol-rich or control diet for 120 days. Experimental OA was induced by intra-articular injection of collagenase twelve weeks after start of the diet. OA knee joints and synovial wash-outs were analyzed for OA-related changes. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages were stimulated with oxidized LDL (oxLDL), whereupon growth factor presence and gene expression were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cholesterol-rich diet increased apolipoprotein B (ApoB) accumulation in synovial macrophages. Although increased LDL levels did not enhance thickening of the synovial lining, S100A8 expression within macrophages was increased in WT mice after receiving a cholesterol-rich diet, reflecting an elevated activation status. Both a cholesterol-rich diet and LDLr deficiency had no effect on cartilage damage; in contrast, ectopic bone formation was increased within joint ligaments (fold increase 6.7 and 6.1, respectively). Moreover, increased osteophyte size was found at the margins of the tibial plateau (4.4 fold increase after a cholesterol-rich diet and 5.3 fold increase in LDLr-/- mice). Synovial wash-outs of LDLr-/- mice and supernatants of macrophages stimulated with oxLDL led to increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LDL accumulation within synovial lining cells leads to increased activation of synovium and osteophyte formation in experimental OA. OxLDL uptake by macrophages activates growth factors of the TGF-superfamily.
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Munter
authors.forename: Arjen B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: Monique M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Helsen
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walgreen
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: van der Kraan
authors.forename: Leo A B
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.forename: Wim B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Peter L E M
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: van Lent
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000378:metabolism*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D002784:Cholesterol