title: Maternal controlling feeding practices and girls' inhibitory control interact to predict changes in BMI and eating in the absence of hunger from 5 to 7 y.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mothers use a range of feeding practices to limit children's intake of palatable snacks (eg, keeping snacks out of reach, not bringing snacks into the home), but less is known about the effects of these practices on children's eating and weight outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to identify distinct feeding practice profiles and evaluate the interactive effects of these profiles and girls' temperament (inhibitory control and approach) on girls' eating behaviors and weight outcomes at 5 and 7 y.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 180 mother-daughter dyads; measures were mothers' reports of controlling feeding practices and girls' height and weight, eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) at 5 y, and inhibitory control (a measure of behavioral inhibition) and approach (a measure of appetitive motivation) at 7 y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Latent profile analysis of maternal feeding practices showed 4 feeding profiles based on maternal use of limit-setting practices and keeping snacks out of girls' physical reach, a restrictive practice: Unlimited Access to Snacks, Sets Limits+Does Not Restrict Snacks, Sets Limits+Restricts High Fat/Sugar Snacks, and Sets Limits+Restricts All Snacks. Girls whose mothers used Sets Limits+Restricts All Snacks had a higher approach and EAH at 5 y. Low inhibitory control girls whose mothers used Sets Limits+Restricts All Snacks or Unlimited Access to Snacks had greater increases in EAH and body mass index (BMI) from 5 to 7 y.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effects of maternal control on girls' EAH and BMI may differ by the type of practice used (eg, limit-setting or restrictive practices). Girls with low inhibitory control were more susceptible to the negative effects of low and high control.
authors.affiliation: Center for Childhood Obesity Research (BYR, JSS, and LLB), the Department of Human Development and Family Studies (BYR, EL, and LLB), and the Department of Nutritional Sciences (JSS and LLB), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
authors.forename: Brandi Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Rollins
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loken
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Leann L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers; D016487:Parenting; D062410:Snacks; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires