title: Emerging treatment strategies in Tourette syndrome: what's in the pipeline?
abstract: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor/phonic tics and a wide spectrum of behavioral problems (e.g., complex tic-like symptoms, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder). TS can be a challenging condition even for the specialists, because of the complexity of the clinical picture and the potential adverse effects of the most commonly prescribed medications. Expert opinions and consensus guidelines on the assessment and treatment of tic disorders have recently been published in Europe and Canada. All pharmacological treatment options are mere symptomatic treatments that alleviate, but do not cure, the tics. We still lack evidence of their effects on the natural long-term course and on the prognosis of TS and how these treatments may influence the natural course of brain development. The most commonly prescribed drugs are dopamine antagonists, such as typical (e.g., haloperidol, pimozide) and atypical neuroleptics (e.g., risperidone, aripiprazole), and α-2-adrenoreceptor agonists (e.g., clonidine). However, several studies have investigated the efficacy and tolerability of alternative pharmacological agents that may be efficacious, including the newest atypical antipsychotic agents (e.g., paliperidone, sertindole), tetrabenazine, drugs that modulate acetylcholine (e.g., nicotine) and GABA (e.g., baclofen, levetiracetam), tetrahydrocannabinol, botulinum toxin injections, anticonvulsant drugs (e.g., topiramate, carbamazepine), naloxone, lithium, norepinephrine, steroid 5α reductase, and other neuroactive agents (buspirone, metoclopramide, phytostigmine, and spiradoline mesylate). As regards nonpharmacological interventions, some of the more recent treatments that have been studied include electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. This review focuses primarily on the efficacy and safety of these emerging treatment strategies in TS.
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. Electronic address: pmir@us.es.
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Termine
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Selvini
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Balottin
mesh_terms: D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: Atypical neuroleptics; Electroconvulsive therapy; Newest atypical antipsychotic agents; Pharmacotherapy; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; Tourette syndrome