title: Comparison of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging parameters in predicting survival in isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare test characteristics of ultrasound- and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived parameters in predicting newborn survival in cases of isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study involving 85 fetuses with an isolated left CDH. All had detailed prenatal evaluation, prenatal care, delivery and postnatal care at a single institution. Ultrasound images were reviewed to allow calculation of the lung-to-head ratio (LHR) and the observed/expected LHR (O/E-LHR), and MRI images were reviewed to determine the observed/expected total lung volume (O/E-TLV) and the percent herniated liver (%HL). Univariable logistic regression was used to evaluate each parameter for its ability to predict survival. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed and test characteristics were determined for each parameter as a predictor of survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall survival for all fetuses included was 65%. Pseudo-R(2) values for all parameters were similar and were statistically significant as predictors of survival, with %HL having the highest pseudo-R(2) , of 0.28. ROC curve analysis showed ultrasound-determined parameters (LHR and O/E-LHR) to have a similar area under the curve (AUC), of 0.70, whilst MRI parameters (O/E-TLV and %HL) had AUC values of 0.82 and 0.84, respectively. At ROC-curve-determined cut-off values, MRI parameters had better test characteristics than did ultrasound parameters. At a standardized 5% false-positive rate, %HL performed best, with a sensitivity of 0.54 and a specificity of 0.95. At clinically employed cut-off values, sensitivity was similar for all parameters but MRI parameters provided the best combination of sensitivity and specificity, as evidenced by better likelihood ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A variety of measures have been proposed as antenatal predictors of survival in CDH. Ultrasound parameters function at a similar level, whereas MRI-determined parameters appear to offer better predictive value.
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Texas Fetal Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bebbington
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Victoria
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Danzer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moldenhauer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khalek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hedrick
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Adzick
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D005865:Gestational Age; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000401:mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000401:mortality
keywords: antenatal predictors of survival; congenital diaphragmatic hernia; fetal MRI