title: The impact of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular comorbidity on mortality in a multiethnic population: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular comorbidity on mortality in a multiethnic primary care population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inner-city primary care trust in West Midlands, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals aged 40 years and older, of South Asian, black or white ethnicity, registered with a general practice and with their kidney function checked within the last 12 months (n=31 254).
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, higher albuminuria, older age, white ethnicity (vs South Asian or black ethnicity) and increasing cardiovascular comorbidities were independent determinants of a higher mortality risk. In the multivariate model including comorbidities and kidney function, the HR for mortality for South Asians was 0.697 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.868, p=0.001) and for blacks it was 0.533 (95% CI 0.403 to 0.704, p<0.001) compared to whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HR for death is lower for South Asian and black individuals compared to white individuals. This is, in part, independent of age, gender, socioeconomic status, kidney function and comorbidities. Risk of death is higher in individuals with CKD and with a higher cumulative cardiovascular comorbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jesky
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: A C Felix
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Burden
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cockwell
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; PRIMARY CARE