title: "One-stop shop" spectral imaging for rapid on-site diagnosis of lung cancer: a future concept in nano-oncology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are currently many techniques and devices available for the diagnosis of lung cancer. However, rapid on-site diagnosis is essential for early-stage lung cancer, and in the current work we investigated a new diagnostic illumination nanotechnology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue samples were obtained from lymph nodes, cancerous tissue, and abnormal intrapulmonary lesions at our interventional pulmonary suites. The following diagnostic techniques were used to obtain the samples: endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscopy; flexible bronchoscopy; and rigid bronchoscopy. Flexible and rigid forceps were used because several of the patients were intubated using a rigid bronchoscope. In total, 30 tissue specimens from 30 patients were prepared. CytoViva® illumination nanotechnology was subsequently applied to each of the biopsy tissue slides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A spectral library was created for adenocarcinoma, epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, usual interstitial pneumonitis, non-specific interstitial pneumonitis, typical carcinoid tumor, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, thymoma, epithelioid and sarcomatoid mesothelioma, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, malt cell lymphoma, and Wegener's granulomatosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CytoViva software, once it had created a specific spectral library for each entity, was able to identify the same disease again in subsequent paired sets of slides of the same disease. Further evaluation of this technique could make this illumination nanotechnology an efficient rapid on-site diagnostic tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Kaid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Darwiche
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oezkan
authors.forename: Robert Fred Henry
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Theegarten
authors.forename: Leonidas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sakkas
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakkas
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hohenforst-Scmidt
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freitag
mesh_terms: D020680:Bronchoscopes; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: diagnosis; endobronchial ultrasound; lung cancer; spectral imaging