title: Driving habits in older patients with central vision loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if central visual loss is associated with driving cessation, driving restriction, or other-driver preference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four subjects with bilateral visual loss (<20/32 in better eye) or severe unilateral visual loss (<20/200) from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and 58 normally sighted controls between 60 and 80 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants self-reported driving habits. Other-driver preference was defined as preferring that another drive when there is more than 1 driver in the car. Subjects reporting 2 or more driving limitations were considered to have restricted their driving.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported driving cessation, other-driver preference, and driving restriction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-related macular degeneration subjects were older (74.7 vs. 69.7 years), had worse visual acuity (VA; mean better-eye VA, 0.43 vs. 0.08 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]) and contrast sensitivity (CS; 1.4 vs. 1.9 log units of CS [logCS]), and were more likely to be white when compared with controls (P<0.001 for all). Drivers with AMD-related vision loss were more likely to avoid driving over longer distances, beyond 1 hour, at night, and in unfamiliar conditions (P < 0.05 for all). In multivariate models, driving cessation was associated with worse better-eye VA (odds ratio [OR], 1.5 per 1-line decrement in VA; P<0.001) and worse binocular CS (OR, 1.36 per 0.1 logCS increment; P = 0.005); however, AMD group status was not associated with driving cessation (OR, 1.9; P = 0.35). Factors predicting driving restriction were AMD (OR, 9.0; P = 0.004), worse vision (OR, 2.5 per line of VA loss; P<0.001), lower CS (OR, 2.2 per 0.1-logCS increment; P<0.001), and female gender (OR, 27.9; P = 0.002). Other-driver preference was more common with worse vision (OR, 1.6 per 0.1-logMAR increment; P = 0.003), female gender (OR, 4.5; P = 0.02), and being married (OR, 3.8; P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with AMD-related central vision loss continue to drive, but demonstrate significant driving restrictions, especially with more severe VA and CS loss. Future work should determine which driving adaptations the visually impaired best balance safety and independence.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sabyasachi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Suzanne W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: van Landingham
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sharon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Diana V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: pramulu1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Pradeep Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Ramulu
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000368:Aged; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*