title: Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a major hospital in Lebanon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The occurrence and dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare settings and the community and its risk of being introduced into hospitals are matters of great concern. The purpose of this study was to conduct a miniaturized epidemiological analysis of S. aureus-associated infections and to characterize the isolates by a variety of molecular typing techniques. Ongoing molecular surveillance is essential to prevent S. aureus strains from becoming endemic in the Lebanese healthcare setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 132 S. aureus from different clinical specimens were isolated over a 6-month period. Characterization of the isolates was done by detection of the mecA gene, Panton-Valentine leukocidin determinant detection, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec) typing of MRSA, S. aureus protein A (spa) typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antibiogram analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRSA represented 30% of the isolates, with PVL being detected in 54% of MRSA and 12% of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). A difference between MRSA and MSSA was observed in the spa types. Clustering SCCmec with MLST identified seven MRSA and 20 MSSA clones, with PVL-positive ST80-MRSA-IV being the dominant clone (7%), while PFGE revealed 32 groups with 80% cutoff similarity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the results of this study are based on samples collected from one hospital, the high diversity observed along with the lack of any equivalence in the genetic backgrounds of the major MSSA and MRSA clones, emphasizes the urgent need for standardized surveillance combined with the application of well-validated typing methods to assess the occurrence of MRSA and subsequently to control its spread.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Biotechnology Genomics and Proteomics Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Houda H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Harastani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Araj
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Biotechnology Genomics and Proteomics Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon. Electronic address: stokjian@lau.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Sima T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tokajian
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005098:Exotoxins; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D007956:Leukocidins; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D037521:Virulence Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005098:Exotoxins; D007956:Leukocidins; C078284:Panton-Valentine leukocidin; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; C487789:mecA protein, Staphylococcus aureus; C119204:streptococcal protective antigen
keywords: MLST; PFGE; SCCmec; ST80-MRSA-IV; Staphylococcus aureus; spa typing