title: Lifestyle and safety practices of firefighters and their relation to cardiovascular risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, over 50% of the deaths of on-duty firefighters are classified as sudden cardiac deaths. A holistic view of the multiple risk factors and their relation to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is necessary to determine a baseline for prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study surveyed 154 firefighters in a large Midwestern county about their individual exposure to particulates, noise, heat stress, skin contamination, and physical stress; lifestyle factors such as exercise, diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption; health status; and demographic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of whole grains and alcohol were associated with a reduction of the risk of heart disease, while higher Body Mass Index (BMI) scores and increasing age were associated with increased risk of heart disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although firefighters are exposed to substantial occupational risks, only lifestyle factors were found to significantly predict CVD and related health issues. BMI is a modifiable risk factor, which, if controlled, could appreciably improve health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Adrienne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Eastlake
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Brad S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Knipper
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Xinjian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kermit G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D061388:Firefighters / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; body mass index; exposure; firefighters; high cholesterol