title: Prevalence and contributing factors to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a study of five- to fifteen-year-old children in Zhabei District, Shanghai.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This work aims to understand the features among 5- to 15-year-old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Zhabei District in Shanghai.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with ADHD were studied using general background questionnaire, ADHD symptom rating questionnaire, and cluster-stratified sampling. A total of 9,900 valid questionnaires were utilized in this study. We conducted diagnostic interviews with suspected ADHD children and their parents using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) for ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence rate of ADHD among the children was 4.6%, of which 2.4%, 0.4%, and 1.8% had ADHD-I ADHD-HI, and ADHD-C types, respectively. The prevalence rates in boys and girls were 6.6% and 2.7% (ratio, 2.41 : 1), respectively. Significant differences in prevalence rate were found among children with different age groups and ADHD types. Children aged 7-10 years had the highest prevalence rate (6.3%). Externally, residence children had higher prevalence than local residents. Significant differences in prevalence rate were also found among children with parents having different educational and socioeconomic level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of ADHD-HI was higher than the other two types. The highest prevalence was observed in 7- to 10-year-old children. The influential factors of ADHD prevalence were age, gender, and educational level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wenlan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yasong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Xiangyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Coghill
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: David
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; features; questionnaire