title: Are self-efficacy beliefs and subjective task demand related to apathy in aging?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apathy, defined as a reduction in voluntary goal-directed behaviors (GDBs), is common in aging, but the processes underlying apathy are still unclear. Self-efficacy beliefs are likely to play a key role in GDBs, by influencing goal setting, perceived difficulty, and the necessary amount of effort to achieve goals. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between apathy and perceived self-efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three healthy elderly participants worked on a memory task without fixed performance standard ('do your best') and indicated perceived difficulty and effort investment after performing the task. They also completed two short scales assessing general self-efficacy and negative mood. In addition, a close relative of each participant completed the Initiative Interest Scale, a new questionnaire assessing apathetic manifestations in aging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main results showed that subjective task demand (i.e., perceived difficulty and estimated effort) operated as a mediator between self-efficacy beliefs and apathy. These results suggest that elderly people with low self-efficacy beliefs who face a challenge judge the task to be highly difficult and effort demanding, which might result in GDB reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results shed new light on the processes related to apathy in aging and open up an interesting prospect for psychological interventions.
authors.affiliation: a Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Guido H E
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gendolla
authors.forename: Martial
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van der Linden
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D057565:Apathy / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy