title: Osteogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells and ceramics for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the human body, cells having self-renewal and multi-differentiation capabilities reside in many tissues and are called adult stem cells. In bone marrow tissue, two types of stem cells are well known: hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Though the number of MSCs in bone marrow tissue is very low, it can be increased by in vitro culture of the marrow, and culture-expanded MSCs are available for various tissue regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The culture-expanded MSCs can further differentiate into osteogenic cells such as bone forming osteoblasts by culturing the MSCs in an osteogenic medium. This paper discusses osteogenically differentiated MSCs derived from the bone marrow of patients. Importantly, the differentiation can be achieved on ceramic surfaces which demonstrate mineralized bone matrix formation as well as appearance of osteogenic cells. The cell/matrix/ceramic constructs could show immediate in vivo bone formation and are available for bone reconstruction surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, MSCs are clinically available for the regeneration of various tissues due to their high proliferation/differentiation capabilities. However, the capabilities are still limited and thus technologies to improve or recover the inherent capabilities of MSCs are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department Head, Ookuma Hospital, Department of Orthopedics , 2-17-13 Kuise-honmachi, Amagasaki City, Hyogo 660-0814 , Japan +81-6-6481-1667 ; +81-6-6481-4234 ;
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohgushi
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D012038:Regeneration; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000537:Aluminum Oxide