title: Fumigation of a laboratory-scale HVAC system with hydrogen peroxide for decontamination following a biological contamination incident.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate hydrogen peroxide vapour (H2 O2 ) for its ability to inactivate Bacillus spores within a laboratory-scale heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) duct system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments were conducted in a closed-loop duct system, constructed of either internally lined or unlined galvanized metal. Bacterial spores were aerosol-deposited onto 18-mm-diameter test material coupons and strategically placed at several locations within the duct environment. Various concentrations of H2 O2 and exposure times were evaluated to determine the sporicidal efficacy and minimum exposure needed for decontamination. For the unlined duct, high variability was observed in the recovery of spores between sample locations, likely due to complex, unpredictable flow patterns within the ducts. In comparison, the lined duct exhibited a significant desorption of the H2 O2 following the fumigant dwell period and thus resulted in complete decontamination at all sampling locations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that decontamination of Bacillus spore-contaminated unlined HVAC ducts by hydrogen peroxide fumigation may require more stringent conditions (higher concentrations, longer dwell duration) than internally insulated ductwork.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data may help emergency responders when developing remediation plans during building decontamination.
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Calfee
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mickelsen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Attwood
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Touati
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delafield
mesh_terms: D000389:Air Conditioning; D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects; D055885:Biohazard Release; D003666:Decontamination; D005651:Fumigation; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007753:Laboratories; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Bacillus anthracis; anthrax; biological agent; decontamination; fumigation; heating, ventilation and air conditioning; hydrogen peroxide