title: Air pollution exposure as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.
abstract: There is growing evidence of an association between increasing exposure to air pollutants (both short-term and long-term exposures) and elevated risk of mortality and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in certain high-risk populations and throughout different geographic regions. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of air pollutant-induced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are actively being studied, with autonomic system dysregulation and inflammatory pathway activation believed to be among the key culprits. Policy changes at the local and global levels are addressing the need for more stringent air pollution standards. These initiatives are projected to lower costs and improve health outcomes. In this review, we examine some major studies of the cardiovascular health impacts of air pollution.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Health System/St. Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY; and †Department of Medicine, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koulova
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Frishman
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors