title: Amniotic band sequence: prenatal diagnosis, phenotype descriptions, and a proposal of a new classification based on morphologic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to describe the phenotype of fetuses affected by amniotic band sequence (ABS) that were diagnosed at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes and to propose a new classification based on morphologic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases with a final diagnosis of amniotic band sequence, diagnosed between January 1993 and July 2010 in the Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, were reviewed. Demographic, clinical, and periconceptional data were collected, and the defects were described and classified. The association frequencies of the defects were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 50 cases with prenatal diagnosis of amniotic band sequence. The mean maternal age was 25.7 ± 6.9 years. Of these patients, 54% (27/50) were primiparous compared to 22% (11/50) who had three or more previous pregnancies. Craniofacial defects were seen in 78% (39/50) of the cases, followed by defects of the extremities 70% (35/50), abdominal wall, spine, and/or thorax 52% (26/50). The most frequent defects were the following: a) Encephalocele and facial clefts in the craniofacial group. b) Shortening at any level in the limb defects group, and c) Alterations of the spinal column curvature in the group of "other" defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amniotic band sequence shows a tendency to affect women who are in their earlier years of reproduction. We observed an inverse relationship between the number of pregnancies and the frequency of presentation of this pathology. The majority of affected fetuses showed a phenotype that fit into one of many groups. Therefore, we propose classifying the amniotic band sequence phenotypes into the following groups: I. Craniofacial defect + limb defect. II. Craniofacial defect + limb defect + abdominal wall, spinal column, and/or thoracic defects. III. Limb defect + abdominal wall, spinal column, and/or thoracic defects; and IV. Isolated defect (craniofacial, limb, or thoraco-abdominal wall). This classification system will be helpful in diagnosing amniotic band sequence. Based on future research studies, we hope that we can use this classification system as a prognosis fetal factor to establish a more accurate fetal prognosis and recurrence probability. Finally, we created a flowchart describing all of the steps that were followed by our Department from the moment an amniotic band was found by ultrasound until the definitive diagnosis was made and the follow up according to the fetal findings.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Materno-Fetal. Unidad de Investigación de Medicina Fetal (UNIMEF).
authors.forename: Mario E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Guzmán-Huerta
authors.forename: Sergio Alejandro
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Muro-Barragán
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Acevedo-Gallegos
authors.forename: Berenice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Velázquez-Torres
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gallardo-Gaona
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Calvo
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Camargo-Marín
authors.forename: Jesús Andrés
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Benavides-Serralde
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguinaga-Ríos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000652:Amniotic Band Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal