title: Determination of optimal conditions for 5-methyl-benzotriazole biodegradation with activated sludge communities by dilution of the inoculum.
abstract: The aerobic biodegradation of 5-methyl-benzotriazole (5-TTri) was optimized using lab-scale setups and activated sludge communities (ASC) collected from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) MBR-MH, CAS-E and CAS-M being different in their treatment technologies. ASC inocula were diluted to rule out non-biodegrading species and incubated under two nutrient conditions: A) mineral salt media (MSM) and B) carbon and nitrogen supplied MSM giving MSM-CN. 5-TTri removal with the ASC ranged from 60% to 100% in only 10 days. 100 μL suspended biomass from the biodegrading setups was subsequently plated on solid media to eliminate possible activated sludge remnants. After growth occurred, mixed colonies were harvested and inoculated in fresh liquid MSM containing 20 mg L(-1) 5-TTri. These bacterial consortia showed good 5-TTri removal in MSM-CN rather than in MSM, indicating nutrient supply being required for efficient biodegradation. In addition, experiments with high 5-TTri concentrations ranging from 20 to 1,000 mg L(-1) were conducted in both, MSM and MSM-CN and the maximal 5-TTri removal capacity of the ASC evaluated. 50 mg L(-1) 5-TTri was still removed in both media whereas 100 mg L(-1) was solely removed in MSM-CN. 5-TTri biodegradation patterns also indicated that 5-TTri might be co-metabolized by microbial consortia. Furthermore, experiments with gradient-solid-media-plates showed 5-TTri to be inhibitory for the ASC in concentrations above 50 mg L(-1) and revealed the optimal conditions regarding carbon and nitrogen concentration and pH value for effective 5-TTri biodegradation by ASC. Nitrogen proved a crucial factor for enhancing organisms' biodegradation capacity with an optimal pH around 7 while carbon showed no such effect.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Heyang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Electronic address: b.herzog@tum.de.
authors.forename: Bastian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.affiliation: Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Helmreich
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, D-86179 Augsburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lemmer
authors.affiliation: Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D014230:Triazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C012771:benzotriazole
keywords: 1-H-benzotriazole; 5-methyl-benzotriazole; Acclimation; Inhibitory effect; Microbial consortia; Xenobiotica