title: A modern ampelography: a genetic basis for leaf shape and venation patterning in grape.
abstract: Terroir, the unique interaction between genotype, environment, and culture, is highly refined in domesticated grape (Vitis vinifera). Toward cultivating terroir, the science of ampelography tried to distinguish thousands of grape cultivars without the aid of genetics. This led to sophisticated phenotypic analyses of natural variation in grape leaves, which within a palmate-lobed framework exhibit diverse patterns of blade outgrowth, hirsuteness, and venation patterning. Here, we provide a morphometric analysis of more than 1,200 grape accessions. Elliptical Fourier descriptors provide a global analysis of leaf outlines and lobe positioning, while a Procrustes analysis quantitatively describes venation patterning. Correlation with previous ampelography suggests an important genetic component, which we confirm with estimates of heritability. We further use RNA-Seq of mutant varieties and perform a genome-wide association study to explore the genetic basis of leaf shape. Meta-analysis reveals a relationship between leaf morphology and hirsuteness, traits known to correlate with climate in the fossil record and extant species. Together, our data demonstrate a genetic basis for the intricate diversity present in grape leaves. We discuss the possibility of using grape leaves as a breeding target to preserve terroir in the face of anticipated climate change, a major problem facing viticulture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology , University of California, Davis, California 95616.
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Chitwood
authors.forename: Aashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranjan
authors.forename: Ciera C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Lauren R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Headland
authors.forename: Thinh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thiem
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Covington
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatcher
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: Nataly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raymundo
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Buckler
authors.forename: Julin N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Maloof
authors.forename: Mallikarjuna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aradhya
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: Neelima R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics*; D018749:RNA, Plant; D027843:Vitis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018749:RNA, Plant