title: Defense style as a predictor of change in interpersonal problems among patients attending day treatment for personality disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthy interpersonal functioning, and a reduction of the distress associated with maladaptive interpersonal behavior, is a focus of treatment for personality disorder (PD). Patients with PD are also known to make a preferential use of immature defenses. We examined change in interpersonal problems as a critical outcome, and defense style as a predictor of this outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutively admitted patients to a group-oriented day treatment (DT) program were recruited (N = 32). Predictor variables were represented by subscale scores from the 40-item Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40); outcomes were represented by the global distress and interpersonal octant scores from the 64-item Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex (IIP-C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant inverse correlations were observed between Neurotic defenses and change in both interpersonal distress and problems associated with the Vindictive, Cold, Socially Inhibited, and Non-Assertive octants. Partial correlations, adjusting for baseline IIP-C scores, remained significant. Additional inverse relations between Neurotic defenses and improvement in the Domineering, Exploitable, and Overly Nurturant octants also emerged in the partial correlation analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurotic defenses are oriented to "splitting off" the affective element of experience; in the case of patients with PD, this affective element may often involve hostility. An orientation to use of Neurotic defenses also appears to be more trait-like and thus resistant to change. The findings highlight developing skill in affective communication, and addressing maladaptive interpersonal behaviors in the here-and-now, as mechanisms of therapeutic change in DT of patients with PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sample was small and assessment of defense style and interpersonal problems relied on patient self-report.
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Stovel
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ogrodniczuk
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult