title: Preparation and application of immobilised ionic liquid in solid-phase extraction for determination of trace acrylamide in food samples coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acrylamide has attracted worldwide concerns because of its demonstrated neurotoxicity, genetoxicity and reproductive-development toxicity. It is necessary to control acrylamide production during food processing and protect human health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, a functionalised material was synthesised by immobilising an ionic liquid onto an activated silica gel surface. The adsorption ability of the material towards acrylamide was evaluated, and the results showed that it had high adsorption capacity. Scatchard analysis indicated that the binding sites in the prepared material had two distinct groups (high and low affinity binding sites). The saturated adsorption capacity (Q(max,1)) was 7.9 mg g(-1) due to the high affinity binding sites, and another saturated adsorption capacity (Q(max,2)) was 2.3 mg g(-1) due to the low affinity binding sites. This prepared material also offered fast kinetics for adsorption of the acrylamide. Using this material as sorbent, a method of solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (SPE-HPLC) for analysis of acrylamide in foods was developed. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (S/N = 3) of this method for acrylamide was 2.1 µg kg(-1), and the RSD for five replicate extractions of 50 μL(-1) acrylamide was 4.5%. The blank potato and bread crumb samples spiked with acrylamide at different levels of 10.0 and 15.0 µg kg(-1) were extracted and determined respectively by this developed method, and recoveries ranging from 83.0% to 89.1% were obtained. Finally, this method was applied to quantitative detection of acrylamide in bread crust and cracker samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With high sensitivity and pre-treatment simplicity, this SPE-HPLC method could provide a new tool for the rapid determination of acrylamide in the food samples.
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture University, Tai'an, 271001, China.
authors.forename: Handong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Bingye
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Longhua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xilong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xuguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Zhixiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000032:analysis*; D000327:Adsorption; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D058428:Silica Gel; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D020106:Acrylamide; D058428:Silica Gel
keywords: acrylamide; activated silica gel; high-performance liquid chromatography; ionic liquid immobilisation; solid-phase extraction