title: Environmental contaminants in hospital settings and progress in disinfecting techniques.
abstract: Medical devices, such as stethoscopes, and other objects found in hospital, such as computer keyboards and telephone handsets, may be reservoirs of bacteria for healthcare-associated infections. In this cross-over study involving an Italian teaching hospital we evaluated microbial contamination (total bacterial count (TBC) at 36°C/22°C, Staphylococcus spp., moulds, Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., E. coli, total coliform bacteria, Acinetobacter spp., and Clostridium difficile) of these devices before and after cleaning and differences in contamination between hospital units and between stethoscopes and keyboards plus handsets. We analysed 37 telephone handsets, 27 computer keyboards, and 35 stethoscopes, comparing their contamination in four hospital units. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Before cleaning, many samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp. and coliforms. After cleaning, CFUs decreased to zero in most comparisons. The first aid unit had the highest and intensive care the lowest contamination (P < 0.01). Keyboards and handsets had higher TBC at 22°C (P = 0.046) and mould contamination (P = 0.002) than stethoscopes. Healthcare professionals should disinfect stethoscopes and other possible sources of bacterial healthcare-associated infections. The cleaning technique used was effective in reducing bacterial contamination. Units with high patient turnover, such as first aid, should practise stricter hygiene.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, University of Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ceriale
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burgassi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azzolini
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manzi
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004203:Disinfection; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D013242:Sterilization