title: Risk factors for inpatient venous thromboembolism despite thromboprophylaxis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the most common preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the hospital. Adequate thromboprophylaxis has reduced the rate of hospital-acquired VTE substantially; however, some inpatients still develop VTE even when they are prescribed thromboprophylaxis. Predictors associated with thromboprophylaxis failure are unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify risk factors for inpatient VTE despite thromboprophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study to identify independent predictors for inpatient VTE. Among patients discharged from the BJC HealthCare system between January 2010 and May 2011, we matched 94 cases who developed in-hospital VTE while taking thromboprophylaxis to 272 controls who did not develop VTE. Matching was done by hospital, patient age, month and year of discharge. We used multivariate conditional logistic regression to develop a VTE prediction model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified five independent risk factors for in-hospital VTE despite thromboprophylaxis: hospitalization for cranial surgery, intensive care unit admission, admission leukocyte count >13,000/mm(3), presence of an indwelling central venous catheter, and admission from a long-term care facility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified five risk factors associated with the development of VTE despite thromboprophylaxis in the hospital setting. By recognizing these high-risk patients, clinicians can prescribe aggressive VTE prophylaxis judiciously and remain vigilant for signs or symptoms of VTE.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Tzu-Fei
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Excellence, BJC HealthCare, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center for Clinical Excellence, BJC HealthCare, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Thoelke
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center for Clinical Excellence, BJC HealthCare, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Keith F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Woeltje
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: bgage@im.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Brian F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Gage
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants
keywords: AHRQ PSI 12; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Indicators 12, version 4.2; Anticoagulation; CI; CVC; DVT; ICU; INR; MEDENOX trial; OR; PE; Risk factors; Thromboprophylaxis; VTE; Venous thromboembolism; central venous catheter; confidence interval; deep vein thrombosis; intensive care unit; international normalized ratio; odds ratio; pulmonary embolism; venous thromboembolism; “prophylaxis in medical patients with enoxaparin” trial