title: Assessment of TBT and organic booster biocide contamination in seawater from coastal areas of South Korea.
abstract: Seawater samples from major enclosed bays, fishing ports, and harbors of Korea were analyzed to determine levels of tributyltin (TBT) and booster biocides, which are antifouling agents used as alternatives to TBT. TBT levels were in the range of not detected (nd) to 23.9 ng Sn/L. Diuron and Irgarol 1051, at concentration ranges of 35-1360 ng/L and nd to 14 ng/L, respectively, were the most common alternative biocides present in seawater, with the highest concentrations detected in fishing ports. Hot spots were identified where TBT levels exceeded environmental quality targets even 6 years after a total ban on its use in Korea. Diuron exceeded the UK environmental quality standard (EQS) value in 73% of the fishing port samples, 64% of the major bays, and 42% of the harbors. Irgarol 1051 levels were marginally below the Dutch and UK EQS values at all sites.
authors.affiliation: Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nam Sook
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: wjshim@kiost.ac.
authors.forename: Won Joon
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Un Hyuk
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gi Myung
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis*; D004237:Diuron / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C103341:irgarol 1051; C011559:tributyltin; D004237:Diuron
keywords: Alternative biocides; Antifouling paint; Diuron; Irgarol 1051; TBT