title: Investigation of carbon dioxide emission in China by primary component analysis.
abstract: Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions (COEs) stemming from fossil fuel burning and cement manufacturing and their affecting factors. Eight affecting factors, namely, Population (P), Urban Population (UP); the Output Values of Primary Industry (PIOV), Secondary Industry (SIOV), and Tertiary Industry (TIOV); and the Proportions of Primary Industry's Output Value (PPIOV), Secondary Industry's Output Value (PSIOV), and Tertiary Industry's Output Value (PTIOV), are chosen. PCA is employed to eliminate the multicollinearity of the affecting factors. Two principal components, which can explain 92.86% of the variance of the eight affecting factors, are chosen as variables in the regression analysis. Ordinary least square regression is used to estimate multiple linear regression models, in which COEs and the principal components serve as dependent and independent variables, respectively. The results are given in the following. (1) Theoretically, the carbon intensities of PIOV, SIOV, and TIOV are 2573.4693, 552.7036, and 606.0791 kt per one billion $, respectively. The incomplete statistical data, the different statistical standards, and the ideology of self sufficiency and peasantry appear to show that the carbon intensity of PIOV is higher than those of SIOV and TIOV in China. (2) PPIOV, PSIOV, and PTIOV influence the fluctuations of COE. The parameters of PPIOV, PSIOV, and PTIOV are -2706946.7564, 2557300.5450, and 3924767.9807 kt, respectively. As the economic structure of China is strongly tied to technology level, the period when PIOV plays the leading position is characterized by lagging technology and economic developing. Thus, the influence of PPIOV has a negative value. As the increase of PSIOV and PTIOV is always followed by technological innovation and economic development, PSIOV and PTIOV have the opposite influence. (3) The carbon intensities of P and UP are 1.1029 and 1.7862 kt per thousand people, respectively. The carbon intensity of the rural population can be inferred to be lower than 1.1029 kt per thousand people. The characteristics of poverty and the use of bio-energy in rural areas result in a carbon intensity of the rural population that is lower than that of P.
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China; College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48823, MI, USA; Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China. Electronic address: zcilly@126.com.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Monitoring Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Modern Agriculture Development & Investment Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
authors.forename: Guo-Dong
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China. Electronic address: shdeng8888@163.com.
authors.forename: Shi-Huai
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: BTS; C(i,j); CO(2); Carbon dioxide emissions; Economic development; Economic structures; Energy consumption; GDP; GHG; Green House Gas; KMO; P; PIOV; PPIOV; PSIOV; PTIOV; Population; SIOV; TIOV; UP; the Bartlett's test of sphericity; the CO(2) emissions defined in this study are those stemming from fossil fuel burning and cement manufacturing. They include the CO(2) produced by gas flaring and that produced during the consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels. Its unit is kiloton; the Gross Domestic Production in China, its unit is one billion $; the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin; the Output Value of Primary Industry, its unit is one billion $; the Output Value of Secondary Industry, its unit is one billion $; the Output Value of Tertiary Industry, its unit is one billion $; the Population, its unit is one million people; the Proportion of Primary Industry's Output Value, its unit is %; the Proportion of Secondary Industry's Output Value, its unit is %; the Proportion of Tertiary Industry's Output Value, its unit is %; the Urban Population, its unit is one million people; the loading coefficient which indicates how much the ith variable participates in defining the PC(j)