title: Adhesion and biofilm formation by periodontopathogenic bacteria on different commercial brackets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare early bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of common and uncommon periodontal pathogens on a variety of commercial brackets in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro adhesion and biofilm formation of 4 bacterial strains on 15 different commercial brackets, in standard culture mediums with and without addition of either serum or human saliva was evaluated by quantitative real time PCR after extraction of bacterial DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Materials significantly influenced bacterial adhesiveness in a species-specific way. Titanium and gold brackets constantly yielded the lowest values with all tested bacteria and in all tested conditions. Bracket materials and medium of growth significantly influenced biofilm formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Materials and environmental conditions significantly influence biofilm formation by periodontal pathogens at the surface of brackets. Whenever possible brackets should be kept far from the gingival margin and if this is not possible, brackets made of gold, titanium, and ceramic should be preferentially used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Passariello
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gigola
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000502:physiology; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003470:Culture Media; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000382:microbiology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement / Q000737:chemistry; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000502:physiology; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000502:physiology; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003470:Culture Media; D003764:Dental Materials; D006047:Gold Alloys; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D013193:Stainless Steel; C005506:polycarbonate; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide