title: Minimally invasive treatment of Raynaud phenomenon: the role of botulinum type A.
abstract: Although the mechanism is unknown, Btx-A injection may be an effective, localized, nonsurgical treatment option without addictive properties or systemic side effects for the treatment of ischemic digits. Clinical research supports the safety and efficacy of injection of Btx-A for the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery - Institute for Plastic Surgery, SIU School of Medicine, 747 North Rutledge 3rd Floor, PO Box 19653, Springfield, IL 62794, USA. Electronic address: mneumeister@siumed.edu.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Neumeister
authors.forename: Kelli Nicole Belangee
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romanelli
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000075202:Contraindications; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: Botulinum type A; Minimally invasive; Raynaud phenomenon; Treatment