title: Enhanced therapeutic alliance modulates pain intensity and muscle pain sensitivity in patients with chronic low back pain: an experimental controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical therapy influences chronic pain by means of the specific ingredient of an intervention as well as contextual factors including the setting and therapeutic alliance (TA) between provider and patient.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of enhanced versus limited TA on pain intensity and muscle pain sensitivity in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) receiving either active or sham interferential current therapy (IFC).
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental controlled study with repeated measures was conducted. Participants were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) AL (n=30), which included the application of active IFC combined with a limited TA; (2) SL (n=29), which received sham IFC combined with a limited TA; (3) AE (n=29), which received active IFC combined with an enhanced TA; and (4) SE (n=29), which received sham IFC combined with an enhanced TA.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventeen individuals with CLBP received a single session of active or sham IFC. Measurements included pain intensity as assessed with a numerical rating scale (PI-NRS) and muscle pain sensitivity as assessed via pressure pain threshold (PPT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean differences on the PI-NRS were 1.83 cm (95% CI=14.3-20.3), 1.03 cm (95% CI=6.6-12.7), 3.13 cm (95% CI=27.2-33.3), and 2.22 cm (95% CI=18.9-25.0) for the AL, SL, AE, and SE groups, respectively. Mean differences on PPTs were 1.2 kg (95% CI=0.7-1.6), 0.3 kg (95% CI=0.2-0.8), 2.0 kg (95% CI=1.6-2.5), and 1.7 kg (95% CI=1.3-2.1), for the AL, SL, AE, and SE groups, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study protocol aimed to test the immediate effect of the TA within a clinical laboratory setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The context in which physical therapy interventions are offered has the potential to dramatically improve therapeutic effects. Enhanced TA combined with active IFC appears to lead to clinically meaningful improvements in outcomes when treating patients with CLBP.
authors.affiliation: J. Fuentes, PT, MScRS, PhD, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 3-48 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G4, and Department of Physical Therapy, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Armijo-Olivo
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Funabashi
authors.forename: Maxi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miciak
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Saifee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rashiq
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.forename: Douglas P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D063806:Myalgia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult