title: Very low dose gamma irradiation stimulates gaseous exchange and carboxylation efficiency, but inhibits vascular sap flow in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of low dose gamma radiation on germination, plant growth, nitrogen and carbon fixation and carbon flow and release characteristics of groundnut.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dry seeds of groundnut variety Trombay groundnut 37A (TG 37A), a radio mutant type developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India, were subjected to the pre-sowing treatment of gamma radiation within low to high dose physiological range, i.e., 0.0, 0.0082, 0.0164. 0.0328, 0.0656, 0.1312, 5, 25, 100, 500 Gray (Gy) from a cobalt source ((60)Co). Observations were recorded for the radiation effect on percentage germination, vigour, gas exchange attributes such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, chlorophyll content, root exudation in terms of (14)C release, vascular sap flow rate and activities of rate defining carbon and nitrogen assimilating enzymes such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) and nitrate reductase (NR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seed germination was increased by 10-25% at the lower doses up to 5 Gy while the improvement in plant vigour in the same dose range was much higher (22-84%) than the unirradiated control. For radiation exposure above 5 Gy, a dose-dependent decline in germination and plant vigour was measured. No significant effect was observed on the photosynthesis at radiation exposure below 5 Gy but above 5 Gy dose there was a decline in the photosynthetic rate. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, however, were only inhibited at a high dose of 500 Gy. Leaf rubisco activity and NR activities remained unaffected at all the investigated doses of gamma irradiation. Mean root exudation and sap flow rate of the irradiated plants, irrespective of the dose, was reduced over the unirradiated control more so in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that a very low dose of gamma radiation, in centigray to gray range, did not pose any threat and in fact stimulated metabolic functions in such a way to aid growth and development of groundnut plants. It further showed that the radiation threshold for the gas exchange traits and rubisco activity, which ultimately determine the plant health and yield, were higher than compared to the other metabolic attributes and were well beyond 500 Gy and that the dose range above 500 Gy should be targeted to measure lethal effects of radiation on carbon assimilation attributes in leguminous crops, in general, and groundnut in particular.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Research Laboratory, Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Sumedha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: Bhupinder
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Vijay Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venu Babu
mesh_terms: D010367:Arachis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005720:Gamma Rays; D018525:Germination / Q000528:radiation effects; D050901:Nitrate Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000528:radiation effects; D012273:Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050901:Nitrate Reductase; D012273:Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase