title: Detection and analysis of neonicotinoids in river waters--development of a passive sampler for three commonly used insecticides.
abstract: Increasing and widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides all over the world, together with their environmental persistence mean that surface and ground waters need to be monitored regularly for their residues. However, current multi-residue analytical methods for waters are inadequate for trace residue analysis of these compounds, while passive sampling devices are unavailable. A new method using UltraPerformance Liquid Chromatography provided good separation of the five most common neonicotinoid compounds, with limits of quantitation in the range 0.6-1.0ng. The method was tested in a survey of rivers around Sydney (Australia), where 93% of samples contained two or more neonicotinoids in the range 0.06-4.5μgL(-1). Styrenedivinylbenzene-reverse phase sulfonated Empore™ disks were selected as the best matrix for use in passive samplers. Uptake of clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiacloprid in a flow-through laboratory system for 3weeks was linear and proportional to their water concentrations over the range 1-10μgL(-1). Sampling rates of 8-15mLd(-1) were correlated to the hydrophobicity of the individual compounds. The passive samplers and analytical methods presented here can detect trace concentrations of neonicotinoids in water.
authors.affiliation: University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. Electronic address: sanchezbayo@mac.com.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Bayo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecotoxicology, Office of Environment & Heritage NSW, PO Box 29, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia. Electronic address: Hyne@environment.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Ross V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Hyne
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006146:Guanidines / Q000032:analysis; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009517:New South Wales; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D011725:Pyridines / Q000032:analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D013843:Thiazines / Q000032:analysis; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C480342:clothianidin; C082359:imidacloprid; C417209:thiacloprid
keywords: Analytical method; Monitoring; Passive sampling; Trace residues