title: Association analyses for dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms and weight status in a longitudinal analysis in obese children before and after lifestyle intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dopamine receptors are involved in midbrain reward circuit activation. Polymorphisms in two dopamine receptor genes, DRD2 and DRD4, have been associated with altered perception of food reward and weight gain. The objective of this study was to determine whether the same risk alleles were associated with overweight/obesity and with lower reduction of overweight after a 1-year lifestyle intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a longitudinal study the association of polymorphisms in DRD2 (rs18000497, risk allele: T, formerly A1 allele at the TaqI A1 polymorphism) and DRD4 (variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR); 48 bp repeat in exon III; risk alleles: 7 repeats or longer: 7R+) was tested on weight loss success following a 1-year lifestyle childhood obesity intervention (OBELDICKS). An additional exploratory cross-sectional case-control study was performed to compare the same DRD polymorphisms in these overweight/obese children and adolescents versus lean adult controls. Subjects were 423 obese and 28 overweight children participating in lifestyle intervention (203 males), age median 12.0 (interquartile range 10.0-13.7) years, body mass index - standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) 2.4 ± 0.5; 583 lean adults (232 males); age median 25.3 (interquartile range 22.5-26.8) years, BMI 19.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2. BMI, BMI-SDS and skinfold thickness measures were assessed at baseline and after 1 year; genotyping was performed for DRD2 risk variant rs1800497 and DRD4 exon III VNTR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DRD2 genotype had a nominal effect on success in the weight loss intervention. The weakest BMI-SDS reduction was in children homozygous for two rs1800497 T-alleles (n = 11) compared to the combined group with zero (n = 308) or one (n = 132) rs1800497 T-allele (-0.08 ± 0.36 vs. -0.28 ± 0.34; p < 0.05). There was no association between the DRD4 VNTR alleles and genotypes and success in the weight loss intervention. No associations of the risk alleles of the DRD2 and DRD4 polymorphisms and obesity were observed in the cross-sectional part of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not find association between polymorphisms in DRD2 and DRD4 genes and weight status. However, obese carriers of two DRD2 rs1800497 T-alleles may be at risk for weak responses to lifestyle interventions aimed at weight reduction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obesity intervention program "Obeldicks" is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00435734).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. christian.roth@seattlechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Christian L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hinney
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Schur
authors.forename: Clinton T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Elfers
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinehr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics*; D050177:Overweight / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4