title: Dual-frequency transducer for nonlinear contrast agent imaging.
abstract: Detection of high-order nonlinear components issued from microbubbles has emerged as a sensitive method for contrast agent imaging. Nevertheless, the detection of these high-frequency components, including the third, fourth, and fifth harmonics, remains challenging because of the lack of transducer sensitivity and bandwidth. In this context, we propose a new design of imaging transducer based on a simple fabrication process for high-frequency nonlinear imaging. The transducer is composed of two elements: the outer low-frequency (LF) element was centered at 4 MHz and used in transmit mode, whereas the inner high-frequency (HF) element centered at 14 MHz was used in receive mode. The center element was pad-printed using a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) paste. The outer element was molded using a commercial PZT, and curved porous unpoled PZT was used as backing. Each piezoelectric element was characterized to determine the electromechanical performance with thickness coupling factor around 45%. After the assembly of the two transducer elements, hydrophone measurements (electroacoustic responses and radiation patterns) were carried out and demonstrated a large bandwidth (70% at -3 dB) of the HF transducer. Finally, the transducer was evaluated for contrast agent imaging using contrast agent microbubbles. The results showed that harmonic components (up to the sixth harmonic) of the microbubbles were successfully detected. Moreover, images from a flow phantom were acquired and demonstrated the potential of the transducer for high-frequency nonlinear contrast imaging.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guiroy
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novell
authors.forename: Erling
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ringgaard
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lou-Moeller
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grégoire
authors.forename: André-Pierre
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Abellard
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zawada
authors.forename: Ayache
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouakaz
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levassort
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D007854:Lead; D045423:Microbubbles; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014025:Titanium; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C065536:lead titanate zirconate; D007854:Lead; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium