title: Non-antiepileptic drugs for trigeminal neuralgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trigeminal neuralgia was defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as a sudden, usually unilateral, severe, brief, stabbing recurrent pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the fifth cranial nerve. Standard treatment is with anti-epileptic drugs. Non-antiepileptic drugs have been used in the management of trigeminal neuralgia since the 1970s. This is an update of a review first published in 2006 and previously updated in 2011.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the efficacy and tolerability of non-antiepileptic drugs for trigeminal neuralgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  On 20 May 2013, for this updated review, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (2013, Issue 4), MEDLINE (January 1966 to May 2013), EMBASE (January 1980 to May 2013), LILACS (January 1982 to May 2013) and the Chinese Biomedical Retrieval System (1978 to May 2013). We searched clinical trials registries for ongoing trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included double-blind, randomised controlled trials in which the active drug was used either alone or in combination with other non-antiepileptic drugs for at least two weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors decided which trials fitted the inclusion criteria and independently graded risk of bias. We assessed the quality of the evidence according to the GRADE criteria for this update.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this 2013 update, we updated the searches, but identified only two new ongoing studies. The review includes four trials involving 139 participants. The primary outcome measure in each was pain relief. Three trials compared one of the oral non-antiepileptic drugs tizanidine, tocainide or pimozide with carbamazepine. The quality of evidence for all outcomes for which data were available was low. In a trial of tizanidine involving 12 participants (one dropped out due to unrelated disease), one of five participants treated with tizanidine and four of six treated with carbamazepine improved (risk ratio (RR) 0.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 1.89). Few side effects were noted with tizanidine. For pimozide, there was evidence of greater efficacy than carbamazepine at six weeks. Up to 83% of participants reported adverse effects but these did not lead to withdrawal; the report did not provide comparable data for carbamazepine. Limited data meant that we could not assess the effects of tocainide; however, data from non-randomised studies (not included in this review) indicate that serious haematological adverse events can occur. A trial involving 47 participants compared 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride eyedrops with placebo but did not show any significant benefits, again according to low-quality evidence. The report did not mention adverse events. The proparacaine trial was at low risk of bias; the other trials were at unclear risk of bias overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is low-quality evidence that the effect of tizanidine is not significantly different than that of carbamazepine in treating trigeminal neuralgia. Pimozide is more effective than carbamazepine, although the evidence is of low quality and the data did not allow comparison of adverse event rates. There is also low-quality evidence that 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops have no benefit over placebo. Limitations in the data for tocainide prevent any conclusions being drawn. There is insufficient evidence from randomised controlled trials to show significant benefit from non-antiepileptic drugs in trigeminal neuralgia. More research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Wai Nan Guo Xue Xiang 37#, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Muke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Joanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zakrzewska
mesh_terms: D000639:Amitriptyline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002997:Clomipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003000:Clonidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010868:Pimozide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011430:Propoxycaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016677:Tocainide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000639:Amitriptyline; D010868:Pimozide; D016677:Tocainide; D002220:Carbamazepine; C023754:tizanidine; C005717:proxymetacaine; D011430:Propoxycaine; D001418:Baclofen; D003000:Clonidine; D002997:Clomipramine