title: Short copy number variations potentially associated with tonic immobility responses in newly hatched chicks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tonic immobility (TI) is fear-induced freezing that animals may undergo when confronted by a threat. It is principally observed in prey species as defence mechanisms. In our preliminary research, we detected large inter-individual variations in the frequency and duration of freezing behavior among newly hatched domestic chicks (Gallus gallus). In this study we aim to identify the copy number variations (CNVs) in the genome of chicks as genetic candidates that underlie the behavioral plasticity to fearful stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 110 domestic chicks were used for an association study between TI responses and copy number polymorphisms. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was conducted between chicks with high and low TI scores using an Agilent 4 × 180 custom microarray. We specifically focused on 3 genomic regions (>60 Mb) of chromosome 1 where previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis showed significant F-values for fearful responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACGH successfully detected short CNVs within the regions overlapping 3 QTL peaks. Eleven of these identified loci were validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as copy number polymorphisms. Although there wkas no significant p value in the correlation analysis between TI scores and the relative copy number within each breed, several CNV loci showed significant differences in the relative copy number between 2 breeds of chicken (White Leghorn and Nagoya) which had different quantitative characteristics of fear-induced responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data shows the potential CNVs that may be responsible for innate fear response in domestic chicks.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan ; Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue-Murayama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci