title: Development and verification of a taxonomy of assessment metrics for surgical technical skills.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create and empirically verify a taxonomy of metrics for assessing surgical technical skills, and to determine which types of metrics, skills, settings, learners, models, and instruments were most commonly reported in the technical skills assessment literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2011-2012, the authors used a rational analysis of existing and emerging metrics to create the taxonomy, and used PubMed to conduct a systematic literature review (2001-2011) to test the taxonomy's comprehensiveness and verifiability. Using 202 articles identified from the review, the authors classified metrics according to the taxonomy and coded data concerning their context and use. Frequencies (counts, percentages) were calculated for all variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The taxonomy contained 12 objective and 4 subjective categories. Of 567 metrics identified in the literature, 520 (92%) were classified using the new taxonomy. Process metrics outnumbered outcome metrics by 8:1. The most frequent metrics were "time," "manual techniques" (objective and subjective), "errors," and "procedural steps." Only one new metric, "learning curve," emerged. Assessments of basic motor skills and skills germane to laparoscopic surgery dominated the literature. Novices, beginners, and intermediate learners were the most frequent subjects, and box trainers and virtual reality simulators were the most frequent models used for assessing performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metrics convey what is valued in human performance. This taxonomy provides a common nomenclature. It may help educators and researchers in procedurally oriented disciplines to use metrics more precisely and consistently. Future assessments should focus more on bedside tasks and open surgical procedures and should include more outcome metrics.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Schmitz is associate professor and director of education research and development, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr. DaRosa is professor and vice chair of education, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Sullivan is associate professor and associate chair of education, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. Dr. Meyerson is assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Yoshida is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr. Korndorffer, Jr., is professor and residency program director, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Connie C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DaRosa
authors.forename: Maura E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Shari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meyerson
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Korndorffer
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D013502:General Surgery / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D009626:Terminology as Topic