title: Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures around the shoulder.
abstract: The aim of this review is to illustrate the spectrum of ultrasound-guided procedures around the shoulder. The shoulder is affected by a wide range of both, traumatic and degenerative diseases. Ultrasound guidance is a low-cost and safe tool to perform minimally invasive interventional procedures around the shoulder. The clinical outcome is shown by the use of clinical scores: visual analogue scale (VAS), Constant's score and Shoulder Pain Disability Index (SPADI). Rotator cuff calcification is a common painful condition that occurs in up to 7.5 % of otherwise healthy adults. Ultrasound-guided procedures include single-needle and double-needle approach with different needles. These techniques are described and the results are critically compared. Ultrasound-guided viscosupplementation is a new therapeutic approach for treatment of several shoulder pain disorders: osteoarthritis, rotator cuff tear and tendinosis. In adhesive capsulitis, different therapeutic ultrasound-guided techniques such as corticosteroid injection, capsular distension (sodium chlorate solution; sodium chlorate and corticosteroids; air) and viscosupplementation are evaluated. Acromion-clavear injection of steroid and lidocaine solution under ultrasound guidance is easy to perform and is indicated in conservative treatment of painful osteoarthrosis. The treatment of rotator cuff tendinosis and partial tears with ultrasound-guided injection of concentrated autologous platelets is also described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, DIMES, University of Genova, Vie de Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy, alberto.tagliafico@unige.it.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagliafico
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boccalini
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klauser
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinoli
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D009339:Needles; D010147:Pain Measurement; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D055675:Viscosupplements / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D013256:Steroids; D055675:Viscosupplements