title: Effect of shisha vs. cigarette smoking on endothelial function by brachial artery duplex ultrasonography: an observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we sought to investigate the effect of shisha smoking on endothelial function compared to cigarettes, using brachial artery ultrasound (BAUS) imaging in asymptomatic young adults with no other cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an observational case-control study where 30 young shisha smokers, 30 cigarette smokers and 10 healthy, non-smokers, age- matched subjects between 25-35 years old with no cardiovascular risk factors were recruited from all around Egypt. Flow-mediated dilation was assessed using brachial artery duplex ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FMD% was significantly impaired among shisha smokers compared to cigarette smokers and non-smokers cigarettes (7.9 ± 3.8% vs. 12 ± 3.4% and 21.5 ± 2.5% respectively p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shisha smoking has a more hazardous effect on brachial artery endothelial- dependent flow mediated vasodilation compared to cigarette.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Radiodiagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo-Egypt. Ghadaselim23@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ghada M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Selim
authors.forename: Remon Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.forename: Ayman S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: El Bohey
authors.forename: Khalid A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: El Meniawy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology*; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D062789:Tobacco Products; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex