title: Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks increases the risk of hyperuricemia in Korean population: The Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical implication of sugar-sweetened soft drinks on the risk of hyperuricemia has increased, especially in Western population studies. The aim of this study is to clarify the association between sugar-sweetened soft drinks and fruit drinks made from oranges and apples and the risk of hyperuricemia in the Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 9400 subjects were enrolled in the Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study, and a cross-sectional analysis was performed. Five quintiles (Q1-Q5) according to consumption of soft drinks and other fruit/fruit juices were classified and then categorized into three groups (Q1-Q3, Q4, and Q5) to assess the risk of hyperuricemia. Information on dietary intake was collected by well-trained interviewers using validated food frequency questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks (Q5) increased the risk of hyperuricemia in males (adjusted OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.07-1.71) with a linear trend (p for trend = 0.01) and in females (adjusted OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.03-1.90) with no linear trend (p for trend = 0.09), compared to lower consumption (Q1-Q3). However, there were no significant differences of serum uric acid level according to the three categories of soft drink consumption, Q1-Q3, Q3, and Q5, in males (p = 0.21) or in females (p = 0.16), whereas all subjects showed statistical significance of serum uric acid level within the categories (p < 0.001). Estimated amount of soft drink intake was associated with serum uric acid level in males (β = 0.001; p = 0.01) but not in females (β = 0.0005; p = 0.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks increased the risk of hyperuricemia in the Korean population, showing a differential linear trend for hyperuricemia according to gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jisuk
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Yeol
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Pil Sook
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Youl
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine & Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonlabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dhshin825@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dong Hoon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kimsk714@cu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seong-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012306:Risk; D012424:Rural Population; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D013549:Sweetening Agents
keywords: Hyperuricemia; Serum uric acid; Soft drink