title: Realities and myths of the Teresken Syndrome--an evaluation of the exploitation of dwarf shrub resources in the Eastern Pamirs of Tajikistan.
abstract: In the Eastern Pamirs extensive livestock herding is the predominant land use option and dwarf shrubs - teresken (Krascheninnikovia ceratoides) and to a lesser extent wormwood (Artemisia spp.) - are an important source of thermal energy and are crucial forage plants, particularly in winter. For the post-Soviet period, many papers and reports suggest rapidly increasing exploitation rates with sometimes alarming figures for degradation. Conventional knowledge about the Pamirs pinpoints the frightening and irreversible extraction of teresken as a dwindling resource causing land degradation - termed the 'Teresken Syndrome'. However, these publications are based on limited empirical evidence. This paper discusses the socio-economic role of dwarf shrubs as fuel and forage - today and in the past - and provides an overview of the extent of dwarf shrub distribution and degraded areas. Although our observations confirm extensive dwarf shrub exploitation, general assumptions of severe desertification as a result of dwarf shrub extraction do not yield reliable scenarios. The effects of harvesting on the vegetation cover vary widely depending on extraction practices and yields of different dwarf shrub-dominated formations. Furthermore, considerable and increasing shares of energy needs are satisfied by animal manure and imported coal. On the other hand, for low-income households harvesting dwarf shrubs is an important and reliable option to ensure both their own household energy supply and an income source. We argue that the term 'Teresken Syndrome', which was introduced after the emergency replacement of Soviet coal supplies by dwarf shrubs in the 1990s, is not appropriate anymore to describe the current use of natural resources in the Eastern Pamirs. However, under the current economic circumstances the nexus remains that the Pamir people are caught in the dilemma of using dwarf shrubs as energy and as forage resource. However, the observed negotiation practices concerning competitive use between dwarf shrub extractors and herders could be developed into community-based management schemes of this common pool resource.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Development Studies, Institute of Geographical Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstraße 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: tobias.kraudzun@fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraudzun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kochstraße 4/4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: kim.vanselow@fau.de.
authors.forename: Kim André
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Vanselow
authors.affiliation: Working Group Climatology, Department of Geography, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Electronic address: cyrus.samimi@uni-bayreuth.de.
authors.forename: Cyrus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Samimi
mesh_terms: D027703:Amaranthaceae; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D019306:Artemisia; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003889:Desert Climate; D013620:Tajikistan; D009626:Terminology as Topic
keywords: Firewood extraction; Land degradation; Natural resources; Pastoralism; Post-Soviet transformation; Thermal energy