title: Circulating tumor cells, enumeration and beyond.
abstract: The detection and enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has shown significant clinical utility with respect to prognosis in breast, colorectal and prostate cancers. Emerging studies show that CTCs can provide pharmacodynamic information to aid therapy decision making. CTCs as a 'virtual and real-time biopsy' have clear potential to facilitate exploration of tumor biology, and in particular, the process of metastasis. The challenge of profiling CTC molecular characteristics and generating CTC signatures using current technologies is that they enrich rather than purify CTCs from whole blood; we face the problem of looking for the proverbial 'needle in the haystack'. This review summarizes the current methods for CTC detection and enumeration, focuses on molecular characterization of CTCs, unveils some aspects of CTC heterogeneity, describes attempts to purify CTCs and scans the horizon for approaches leading to comprehensive dissection of CTC biology.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. cdive@picr.man.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jian-Mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sloane
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blackhall
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dive