title: Chronic diseases are not being managed effectively in either high-risk or low-risk populations in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary healthcare is the foundation of a country's healthcare system. Without an efficient and cost-effective programme, the level of healthcare offered across all levels of health management is adversely affected.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the effectiveness of the management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) among two distinct patient populations, one with significant cardiovascular risk factors and the other without.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a case control study of a high-risk group of patients presenting with chronic critical limb ischaemia (CLI) to the Divisions of Vascular Surgery at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, and a randomly selected group of 'healthy' community participants from Johannesburg's South Western Townships (Soweto).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed 217 patients with CLI and 1 030 participants from the community. We assessed the number of patients who were not achieving their therapeuatic targets, among those known to be hypertensive (CLI: 44.7%; community: 59.9%) and diabetic (CLI: 83.5%; community: 66%). Undiagnosed diabetes affected 10.8% of patients with CLI and 11% of the community sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditional vascular risk factors are managed poorly at both primary healthcare and at tertiary care levels. There is a need to identify factors that will address this issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. martinbrand78@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Woodiwiss
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Hendrik L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Booysens
authors.forename: Olebogeng H I
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Majane
authors.forename: Muzi J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Maseko
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Veller
authors.forename: Gavin R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Norton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology