title: Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor produced by E. histolytica improves motor recovery and develops neuroprotection after traumatic injury to the spinal cord.
abstract: Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) is a pentapeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica that has a potent anti-inflammatory effect. Either MLIF or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was administered directly onto the spinal cord (SC) immediately after injury. Motor recovery was evaluated. We also analyzed neuroprotection by quantifying the number of surviving ventral horn motor neurons and the persistence of rubrospinal tract neurons. To evaluate the mechanism through which MLIF improved the outcome of SC injury, we quantified the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β ) genes at the site of injury. Finally, the levels of nitric oxide and of lipid peroxidation were also determined in peripheral blood. Results showed that MLIF improved the rate of motor recovery and this correlated with an increased survival of ventral horn and rubrospinal neurons. These beneficial effects were in turn associated with a reduction in iNOS gene products and a significant upregulation of IL-10 and TGF- β expression. In the same way, MLIF reduced the concentration of nitric oxide and the levels of lipid peroxidation in systemic circulation. The present results demonstrate for the first time the neuroprotective effects endowed by MLIF after SC injury.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN-Siglo XXI, IMSS, Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México, DF, Mexico ; Posgrado en Ciencias en Inmunología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Santo Tomas, 11340 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bermeo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flores-Romero
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rico-Rosillo
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marroquín
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mestre
authors.forename: Carmina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blanco-Favela
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva-García
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000870:Anterior Horn Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004748:Entamoeba histolytica / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009842:Oligopeptides; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C430647:monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor; D016753:Interleukin-10; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II