title: Gender differences in the mental health of single parents: New Zealand evidence from a household panel survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many countries single parents report poorer mental health than partnered parents. This study investigates whether there are gender differences in the mental health of single parents in New Zealand (and whether any gender difference varies with that among partnered parents), and examines key social and demographic mediators that may account for this difference.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data on 905 single parents and 4,860 partnered parents from a New Zealand household panel survey that included the Kessler-10 measure of psychological distress. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate both interactions of gender and parental status, and confounding or mediation by other covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High/very high levels of psychological distress were reported by 15.7 % of single mothers and 9.1 % of single fathers, and 6.1 % of partnered mothers and 4.1 % of partnered fathers. In an Ordinary Least Squares regression of continuous K10 scores on gender, parental status and the interaction of both (plus adjustment for ethnicity, number of children and age), female single parents had a 1.46 higher K10 score than male single parents (95 % CI 0.48-2.44; 1.46). This difference was 0.98 (95 % CI -0.04 to 1.99) points greater than the gender difference among partnered parents. After controlling for further confounding or mediating covariates (educational level, labour force status and socioeconomic deprivation) both the gender difference among single parents (0.38, -0.56 to 1.31) and the interaction of gender and parental status (0.28 greater gender difference among single parents, -0.69 to 1.65) greatly reduced in magnitude and became non-significant, mainly due to adjustment for individual socioeconomic deprivation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The poorer mental health of single parents remains an important epidemiological phenomenon. Although research has produced mixed findings of the nature of gender differences in the mental health of single parents, our research adds to the increasing evidence that it is single mothers who have worse mental health. Our findings on the potential explanations of the gender difference in sole parent mental health suggest that socioeconomic deprivation is a key contributor.
authors.affiliation: Social Psychiatry and Population Mental Health Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Mein St, Newtown, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sunny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Collings
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jenkin
authors.forename: Kristie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Signal
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008603:Mental Health; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009520:New Zealand; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D015406:Single Parent / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020954:Single-Parent Family / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors