title: Effects of pulsed and sinusoidal electromagnetic fields on MMP-2, MMP-9, collagen type IV and E-cadherin expression levels in the rat kidney: an immunohistochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of extremely low frequency pulsed and sinusoidal electromagnetic fields on kidney tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven male Wistar albino rats were used. The rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 9): control group, sinusoidal electromagnetic field (SEMF) group, and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) group. The SEMF and PEMF groups (pulse time 25 microsn, pulse frequency 50 Hz) were subjected to 1.5 mT, 50 Hz, exposure 6 hours a day, 5 days a week for 28 days in methacrylate boxes. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded kidney tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Gomori and periodic acid-Schiff. In addition, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9), E-cadherin and collagen type IV expression levels were examined immunohistochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thickening of glomerular basement membranes was evident in electromagnetic fields, especially in the SEMF group. In addition, expression levels of E-cadherin were decreased with electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. The expression level of MMP-9 increased, and MMP-2 and collagen type IV expression levels were not altered with EMF exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both EMFs changed the molecular component of the kidney adversely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Dicle, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey. selcuktunik@gmail.com
authors.forename: Selcuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tunik
authors.forename: Ercan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.forename: Veysi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Akpolat
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nergiz
authors.forename: Kenan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isen
authors.forename: M Salih
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Ugur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Seker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015820:Cadherins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000528:radiation effects; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000528:radiation effects; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C522363:Mmp2 protein, rat; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C572337:Mmp9 protein, rat