title: Ultra(high)-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight-ion mobility-high definition mass spectrometry for the rapid identification and structural characterization of flavonoid glycosides from cauliflower waste.
abstract: In this paper, a strategy for the detection and structural elucidation of flavonoid glycosides from a complex matrix in a single chromatographic run using U(H)PLC-ESI-IMS-HDMS/MS(E) is presented. This system operates using alternative low and high energy voltages that is able to perform the task of conventional MS/MS in a data-independent way without re-injection of the sample, which saves analytical time. Also, ion mobility separation (IMS) was employed as an additional separation technique for compounds that are co-eluting after U(H)PLC separation. First, the fragmentation of flavonoid standards were analyzed and criteria was set for structural elucidation of flavonoids in a plant extract. Based on retention times, UV spectra, exact mass, and MS fragment characteristics, such as abundances of daughter ions and the presence of radical ions ([Y0-H](-)), a total 19 flavonoid glycosides, of which 8 non-acylated and 11 acylated, were detected and structurally characterized in a cauliflower waste extract. Kaempferol and quercetin were the main aglycones detected while sinapic and ferulic acid were the main phenolic acids. C-glycosides were also found although their structure could not be elucidated. The proposed method can be used as a rapid screening test for flavonoid identification and for routine analysis of plant extracts, such as these derived from cauliflower waste. The study also confirms that agroindustrial wastes, such as cauliflower leaves, could be seen as a valuable source of different bioactive phenolic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Industrial Engineering and Technology, University College West Flanders, Kortrijk, Belgium; Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gerard Bryan
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering and Technology, University College West Flanders, Kortrijk, Belgium; Department of Industrial Biological Science, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Katleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raes
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sofie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coelus
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Struijs
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smagghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium. Electronic address: John.VanCamp@UGent.be.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Camp
mesh_terms: D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000032:analysis; D044949:Kaempferols / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D011794:Quercetin / Q000032:analysis; D012015:Reference Standards; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014866:Waste Products
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D044949:Kaempferols; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014866:Waste Products; C006552:kaempferol; D011794:Quercetin; C004999:ferulic acid; C017616:phenolic acid
keywords: Brassica waste stream; Flavonoids; Ion mobility; Mass spectrometry