title: Musculoskeletal response of dystrophic mice to short term, low intensity, high frequency vibration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to identify parameters of low-intensity vibration that initiate the greatest osteogenic response in dystrophin-deficient mice and determine vibration safety for diseased muscle in three separate studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study1: Mdx mice were randomized into seven vibration treatments and 14 d later, plasma osteocalcin and tibial osteogenic gene expression were compared among treatments. Study2: Three days of vibration was compared to other modalities known to elicit muscle injury in mdx mice. Study3: Dystrophic mice with more severe phenotypes due to altered utrophin were subjected to 7 d vibration to determine if muscle injury was induced. Muscle torque and genes associated with inflammation and myogenesis were assessed in Studies 2-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two sets of parameters (45 Hz 0.6 g and 90 Hz 0.6 g) evoked osteogenic responses. 45 Hz upregulated alkaline phosphatase and tended to upregulate osteoprotegerin without altering RANKL, and 90 Hz simultaneously upregulated osteprotegerin and RANKL. Thus, subsequent muscle studies utilized 45 Hz. Vibration for 3 or 7 d was not injurious to dystrophic muscle as shown by the lack of differences between vibrated and non-vibrated mice in torque and gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that vibration at 45 Hz and 0.6 g is safe for dystrophic muscle and may be a therapeutic modality to improve musculoskeletal health in DMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Novotny
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Eckhoff
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Eby
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Call
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nuckley
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D015675:Osteocalcin