title: Exposure of children and adolescents to alcohol marketing on social media websites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2011, online marketing became the largest marketing channel in the UK, overtaking television for the first time. This study aimed to describe the exposure of children and young adults to alcohol marketing on social media websites in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used commercially available data on the three most used social media websites among young people in the UK, from December 2010 to May 2011. We analysed by age (6-14 years; 15-24 years) and gender the reach (proportion of internet users who used the site in each month) and impressions (number of individual pages viewed on the site in each month) for Facebook, YouTube and Twitter. We further analysed case studies of five alcohol brands to assess the marketer-generated brand content available on Facebook, YouTube and Twitter in February and March 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Facebook was the social media site with the highest reach, with an average monthly reach of 89% of males and 91% of females aged 15-24. YouTube had a similar average monthly reach while Twitter had a considerably lower usage in the age groups studied. All five of the alcohol brands studied maintained a Facebook page, Twitter page and YouTube channel, with varying levels of user engagement. Facebook pages could not be accessed by an under-18 user, but in most cases YouTube content and Twitter content could be accessed by those of all ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rise in online marketing of alcohol and the high use of social media websites by young people suggests that this is an area requiring further monitoring and regulation.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding author: RAND Europe, Westbrook Centre, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 1YG, UK. winpenny@rand.org.
authors.forename: Eleanor M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Winpenny
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Marteau
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nolte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing / Q000379:methods*; D061108:Social Media / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult