title: Analysis of anthelmintics in surface water by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: A method based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqLIT-MS) has been developed to investigate occurrence of 10 anthelmintic drugs from different structural groups (moxidectin, flubendazole, fenbendazole, levamisol, mebendazole, oxibendazole, albendazole, triclabendazole, febantel and praziquantel) in surface water. Analytes were pre-concentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) using hydrophilic-lipophilic polymeric based sorbent. Quantification of investigated analytes was done using deuterated compounds as internal standards in order to minimize matrix effect. Analyte recoveries from spiked samples at two concentration levels were above 75% for most of the analytes. The main advantages of developed method are fast separation using UHPLC and therefore short analysis time, combined with good sensitivity which is demonstrated by low ngL(-1) detection limits. The developed method was applied for analysis of anthelmintics in the Llobregat River (NE Spain) and its main tributaries (rivers Anoia and Cardener). Eight out of ten anthelmintics were detected in all analyzed samples with the concentrations in low ngL(-1) level. The method fills the gap on analytical methodologies for determination of anthelmintic drugs in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, Zagreb, Croatia; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain. Electronic address: mzrncic@fkit.hr.
authors.forename: Mirta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zrnčić
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Meritxell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gros
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Babić
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaštelan-Macan
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Damia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barcelo
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrović
mesh_terms: D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013030:Spain; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Anthelmintics; Pharmaceuticals; Quadrupole linear ion trap; Solid phase extraction; Surface water; Ultra high performance liquid chromatography