title: Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma can be a diagnostic challenge for pathologists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) occurring in women with breast implants is very rare. It is usually described as tumor cells infiltrating the periprosthetic capsule. These are most often revealed by a periprosthetic recurrent isolated effusion (seroma cavity), occurring late after implantation of the prosthesis. ALCL is more rarely a tumor or periprosthetic capsular contracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a 66-year-old woman, initially diagnosed by cytological examination of breast effusion, in whom ALCL appeared two and a half months after the removal of a ruptured implant. Repeated biopsies of the periprosthetic capsule performed in parallel showed fibrous tissue, without tumor proliferation. Only meticulous histological examination of the total capsulectomy identified tumor cells as a thin and discontinuous layer along the inner surface of the capsule without capsular invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Awareness of the histological pattern of this new clinical entity is important. A total capsulectomy with a good sampling for microscopic examination should be conducted for any suspicion of breast implant-associated ALCL. Cytology-histology correlation is essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, CHRU Brest, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talagas
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uguen
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Charles-Petillon
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Conan-Charlet
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marion
authors.forename: Weigo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amice
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Braekeleer
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D018427:Breast Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017728:Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure