title: Characterisation of ethylene pathway components in non-climacteric capsicum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Climacteric fruit exhibit high ethylene and respiration levels during ripening but these levels are limited in non-climacteric fruit. Even though capsicum is in the same family as the well-characterised climacteric tomato (Solanaceae), it is non-climacteric and does not ripen normally in response to ethylene or if harvested when mature green. However, ripening progresses normally in capsicum fruit when they are harvested during or after what is called the 'Breaker stage'. Whether ethylene, and components of the ethylene pathway such as 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase (ACO), ACC synthase (ACS) and the ethylene receptor (ETR), contribute to non-climacteric ripening in capsicum has not been studied in detail. To elucidate the behaviour of ethylene pathway components in capsicum during ripening, further analysis is therefore needed. The effects of ethylene or inhibitors of ethylene perception, such as 1-methylcyclopropene, on capsicum fruit ripening and the ethylene pathway components may also shed some light on the role of ethylene in non-climacteric ripening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of several isoforms of ACO, ACS and ETR were limited during capsicum ripening except one ACO isoform (CaACO4). ACS activity and ACC content were also low in capsicum despite the increase in ACO activity during the onset of ripening. Ethylene did not stimulate capsicum ripening but 1-methylcyclopropene treatment delayed the ripening of Breaker-harvested fruit. Some of the ACO, ACS and ETR isoforms were also differentially expressed upon treatment with ethylene or 1-methylcyclopropene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACS activity may be the rate limiting step in the ethylene pathway of capsicum which restricts ACC content. The differential expression of several ethylene pathway components during ripening and upon ethylene or 1-methylclopropene treatment suggests that the ethylene pathway may be regulated differently in non-climacteric capsicum compared to the climacteric tomato. Ethylene independent pathways may also exist in non-climacteric ripening as evidenced by the up-regulation of CaACO4 during ripening onset despite being negatively regulated by ethylene exposure. However, some level of ethylene perception may still be needed to induce ripening especially during the Breaker stage. A model of capsicum ripening is also presented to illustrate the probable role of ethylene in this non-climacteric fruit.
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia. amanda.able@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Wan M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Aizat
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Able
authors.forename: James C R
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stangoulis
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Able
mesh_terms: D002212:Capsicum / Q000378:metabolism*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; D010940:Plant Proteins; C036216:ethylene