title: The prevalence and clinical correlates of apathy and irritability in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: We examined the prevalence and correlates of apathy and irritability in a consecutive series of 101 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on clinical criteria, 46 (46%) patients had apathy, and 13 (13%) patients had irritability. Apathy was significantly associated with more severe impairments in activities of daily living, significantly more severe extrapyramidal signs, and a significantly higher frequency of both major depression and dysthymia. Patients with irritability had significantly more severe impairments in activities of daily living and significantly higher depression and anosognosia scores. On the other hand, neither apathy nor irritability were significantly associated with deficits in specific cognitive domains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Raúl Carrea Institute of Neurological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Starkstein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Migliorelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tesón
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Petracca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chemerinski
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sabe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leiguarda