title: Effects of suspended titanium dioxide nanoparticles on cake layer formation in submerged membrane bioreactor.
abstract: Effects of the suspended titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs, 50 mg/L) on the cake layer formation in a submerged MBR were systematically investigated. With nanometer sizes, TiO2 NPs were found to aggravate membrane pore blocking but postpone cake layer fouling. TiO2 NPs showed obvious effects on the structure and the distribution of the organic and the inorganic compounds in cake layer. Concentrations of fatty acids and cholesterol in the cake layer increased due to the acute response of bacteria to the toxicity of TiO2 NPs. Line-analysis and dot map of energy-dispersive X-ray were also carried out. Since TiO2 NPs inhibited the interactions between the inorganic and the organic compounds, the inorganic compounds (especially SiO2) were prevented from depositing onto the membrane surface. Thus, the postponed cake layer fouling was due to the changing features of the complexes on the membrane surface caused by TiO2 NPs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Lijie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. Electronic address: siqingxia@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Siqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Water Group Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518031, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Zaoli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Wenshan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Huu-Hao
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Xiangzhou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: State Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Jinhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Jianfu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D001704:Biopolymers / Q000032:analysis; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010539:Permeability; D011312:Pressure; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012722:Sewage; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Cake layer; Membrane bioreactor; Membrane fouling; Titanium dioxide nanoparticles