title: Suicide by occupation: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has shown that those employed in certain occupations, such as doctors and farmers, have an elevated risk of suicide, yet little research has sought to synthesise these findings across working-age populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarise published research in this area through systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random effects meta-analyses were used to calculate a pooled risk of suicide across occupational skill-level groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four studies were included in the meta-analysis. Elementary professions (e.g. labourers and cleaners) were at elevated risk compared with the working-age population (rate ratio (RR) = 1.84, 95% CI 1.46-2.33), followed by machine operators and deck crew (RR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.22-2.60) and agricultural workers (RR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.19-2.28). Results suggested a stepwise gradient in risk, with the lowest skilled occupations being at greater risk of suicide than the highest skill-level group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first comprehensive meta-analytical review of suicide and occupation. There is a need for future studies to investigate explanations for the observed skill-level differences, particularly in people employed in lower skill-level groups.
authors.affiliation: Allison Milner, BpsychSc (Hons), PhD, The McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Matthew J. Spittal, PhD, Mbio, Jane Pirkis, BA(Hons), MPsych, MAppEpid, PhD, Centre for Health Policy, Programs and Economics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Anthony D. LaMontagne, ScD, MA, MEd, The McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Spittal
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pirkis
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: LaMontagne
mesh_terms: D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012923:Social Class; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*