title: Persistence of two Trichomonas gallinae isolates in chlorinated and distilled water with or without organic material.
abstract: Trichomonas gallinae is a protozoan parasite commonly found in columbids, passerines, and raptors. In passerines and columbids, trichomonosis causes significant morbidity and mortality associated with contaminated bird feeders and waters. However, there has been little work on the persistence of T. gallinae in water to determine if artificial waters are a likely source of infection for naive birds. To examine drinking water as a source of T. gallinae transmission, we inoculated 1 x 10(6) trichomonads into containers with 500 ml of either distilled or chlorinated water. In addition, we inoculated the same number of trichomonads in distilled or chlorinated water contaminated with 15 g organic matter. Aliquots of 0.5 ml were collected from each container at 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, or 20 min; inoculated into a Trichomonas culture packet; and incubated at 37 C for 6 days. Survival was best in the presence of organic matter, with either distilled or chlorinated water. Uncontaminated chlorinated water did not allow survival at any sampling period.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. rgerhold@utk.edu
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gerhold
authors.forename: Lauren P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Maestas
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Harnage
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D001717:Birds; D057168:Distillation; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D054879:Halogenation; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D013714:Tennessee; D014244:Trichomonas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical