title: Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor: a pivotal mediator of anti-inflammatory responses in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure.
abstract: Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (AALF) is characterized both by activation of innate immune responses and susceptibility to sepsis. Circulating monocytes and hepatic macrophages are central mediators of inflammatory responses and tissue repair processes during human AALF. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) modulates monocyte/macrophage function through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. The aims of this study were to establish the role of SLPI in AALF. Circulating levels of SLPI, monocyte cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163), human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated levels of NF-κBp65, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined in patients with AALF, chronic liver disease, and healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging of AALF explant tissue determined the cellular sources of SLPI and hepatic macrophage phenotype. The phenotype and function of monocytes and macrophages was determined following culture with recombinant human (rh)-SLPI, liver homogenates, and plasma derived from AALF patients in the presence and absence of antihuman (α)SLPI. Hepatic and circulatory concentrations of SLPI were elevated in AALF and immunohistochemistry revealed SLPI expression in biliary epithelial cells and within hepatic macrophages (h-mψ) in areas of necrosis. H-mψ and circulating monocytes in AALF exhibited an anti-inflammatory phenotype and functional characteristics; typified by reductions in NF-κBp65, TNF-α, and IL-6 and preserved IL-10 secretion following LPS challenge. Culture of healthy monocytes with AALF liver homogenates, plasma, or rhSLPI induced monocytes with strikingly similar anti-inflammatory characteristics which were reversed by inhibiting the activity of SLPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLPI is a pivotal mediator of anti-inflammatory responses in AALF through modulation of monocyte/macrophage function, which may account for the susceptibility to sepsis in AALF.
authors.affiliation: Section of Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK; Institute of Liver Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Charalambos Gustav
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Antoniades
authors.forename: Wafa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khamri
authors.forename: Robin D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Abeles
authors.forename: Leonie S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Taams
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Triantafyllou
authors.forename: Lucia A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Possamai
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernsmeier
authors.forename: Ragai R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mitry
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilroy
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heneghan
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Wayel
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jassem
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vergani
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quaglia
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wendon
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thursz
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood; D010641:Phenotype; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood; D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C506814:SLPI protein, human; D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000082:Acetaminophen