title: Anti-inflammatory effects of rutin on HMGB1-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein acts as a late mediator of severe vascular inflammatory conditions. Rutin (RT), an active flavonoid compound, is well known to possess potent antiplatelet, antiviral and antihypertensive properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of RT against pro-inflammatory responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by HMGB1 and the associated signaling pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-inflammatory activities of RT were determined by measuring permeability, monocytes adhesion and migration, and activation of pro-inflammatory proteins in HMGB1-activated HUVECs and mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that RT potently inhibited HMGB1 release, down-regulated HMGB1-dependent inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells, and inhibited HMGB1-mediated hyperpermeability and leukocyte migration in mice. In addition, treatment with RT resulted in reduced cecal ligation and puncture-induced release of HMGB1 and sepsis-related mortality. Further studies revealed that RT suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6 and the activation of nuclear factor-κB and extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 by HMGB1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these results indicate that RT could be a candidate therapeutic agent for treatment of various severe vascular inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Dahak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hayoung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Sae-Kwang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Young-Doo
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Jong-Sup
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bae
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002432:Cecum / Q000502:physiology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008026:Ligation; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D034622:RNA Interference; D012431:Rutin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D012431:Rutin