title: The latest pharmacotherapy options for type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacotherapy of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is mainly restricted to insulin treatment. Insulin analogues have replaced human insulin sometimes without reason. A broader approach is needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin and insulin analogues, but also other available hormone therapies and drugs, based on literature in PubMed are included in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At diagnosis, T1D patients should, when resources allow, participate in clinical trials aiming at preservation of beta cell function, for example, with combination therapies involving auto-antigen/s. In very young children insulin pump is recommended, when enough resources for ALL patients; in older patients pump or multiple insulin therapy is recommended. Human insulin still has a place, with insulin analogues on special indications. Patients with pronounced insulin resistance might need Metformin, and Glitazones need more studies. Incretins, for example, GLP-1 may be of interest in patients with residual C-peptide. Amylin will probably be restricted to highly motivated patients. IGF-1 also requires more studies. C-peptide may be a hormone, probably part of future treatment. Glucosoxidase inhibitors might be considered in obese patients. Whether drugs increasing glucosuria will be of clinical value in T1D remains to be shown. In summary, insulin replacement is not enough for several patients. A broader pharmacotherapy is needed, at onset, and later when metabolic control needs improvement.
authors.affiliation: Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , SE-581 85 Linköping , Sweden Johnny.Ludvigsson@liu.se.
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose