title: Counseling women and men regarding exposures to reproductive and developmental toxicants before conception or women during pregnancy.
abstract: It should be apparent that determining the reproductive risks of an exposure during pregnancy or the cause of a child's congenital malformations is not a simple process. It involves a careful analysis of the medical and scientific literature pertaining to the reproductive toxic effects of exogenous agents in humans and animals, as well as an evaluation of the exposure and the biological plausibility of the concern of an increased risk or a causal connection between the exposure and a child's congenital malformations. It also involves having available a detailed physical examination of the malformed infant or child and a review of the scientific literature pertaining to genetic and environmental causes of the malformations in question. Abridged counseling on the basis of superficial and incomplete analyses is a disservice to the family. Experienced counselors understand that their primary task is to educate the pregnant women or family members concerning the risk of an environmental exposure. The counselor should advise them on the options available, but not on which option to select.
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Room 308, A/R Building, PO Box 269, Wilmington, DE 19899, USA. Electronic address: rbrent@nemours.org.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brent
mesh_terms: D003376:Counseling; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction
keywords: Birth defects; Counseling; Development; Environmental toxicants; Pregnancy; Teratology principles