title: Modeling the contribution of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes to the recovery of Gammarus pulex populations after exposure to pesticides.
abstract: Because aquatic macroinvertebrates may be exposed regularly to pesticides in edge-of-the-field water bodies, an accurate assessment of potential adverse effects and subsequent population recovery is essential. Standard effect risk assessment tools are not able to fully address the complexities arising from multiple exposure patterns, nor can they properly address the population recovery process. In the present study, we developed an individual-based model of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex to evaluate the consequences of exposure to 4 compounds with different modes of action on individual survival and population recovery. Effects on survival were calculated using concentration-effect relationships and the threshold damage model (TDM), which accounts for detailed processes of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Delayed effects as calculated by the TDM had a significant impact on individual survival and population recovery. We also evaluated the standard assessment of effects after short-term exposures using the 96-h concentration-effect model and the TDM, which was conservative for very short-term exposure. An integration of a TKTD submodel with a population model can be used to explore the ecological relevance of ecotoxicity endpoints in different exposure environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Nika
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galic
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ashauer
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baveco
authors.forename: Anna-Maija
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.forename: Alpar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barsi
authors.forename: Pernille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thorbek
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruns
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Van den Brink
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D008954:Models, Biological; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Individual-based model; Pesticide risk assessment; Recovery; Toxicodynamics; Toxicokinetics