title: Bioavailability enhancement of ondansetron after nasal administration of Caesalpinia pulcherrima-based microspheres.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural polymers have attracted a great deal of attention for use as potential carriers in site-specific delivery over past decades. Mucoadhesive microspheres are useful tools for nasal drug delivery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To prepare and evaluate mucoadhesive microspheres as mode for nasal delivery of ondansetron using Caesalpinia pulcherrima galactomannan (CPG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Conventional spray-dried CPG nasal microspheres loaded with ondansetron for intranasal drug delivery in order to avoid the first pass metabolism with improved therapeutic efficiency in treatment of nausea and vomiting as an alternative therapy to parenterals. Developed microspheres were evaluated for characteristics like particle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, swelling ability, in-vitro mucoadhesion, in-vitro drug release, DSC, XRD study and histopathological evaluation of tissue. CPG-based ondansetron microspheres were studied in rabbits for screening nasal absorption potential of nasal formulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Developed nasal microspheres possess entrapment efficiency of 80-89%, higher mucoadhesion of 72-84% across goat nasal mucosa. In-vivo study showed that microspheres based on mucoadhesive polymer were able to promote quick drug absorption as well as enhanced bioavailability of drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Histopathological studies evaluated biocompatible and nontoxic nature of CPG in nasal cavity. Developed mucoadhesive microspheres by nasal route showed enhancement of bioavailability as compared to oral route in rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPG-based mucoadhesive microspheres can successfully deliver ondansetron intranasally, sustain its effect, avoid first pass effect, an alternative route of administration to injection and thus enhance systemic bioavailability of ondansetron hydrochloride.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, M.E.T.'s Institute of Pharmacy , Bhujbal Knowledge City , Adgaon , Nasik , Maharashtra , India.
authors.forename: Snehal R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Suryawanshi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, M.E.T.'s Institute of Pharmacy , Bhujbal Knowledge City , Adgaon , Nasik , Maharashtra , India.
authors.forename: Navnath P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Thakare
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, M.E.T.'s Institute of Pharmacy , Bhujbal Knowledge City , Adgaon , Nasik , Maharashtra , India.
authors.forename: Digambar P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: More
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, M.E.T.'s Institute of Pharmacy , Bhujbal Knowledge City , Adgaon , Nasik , Maharashtra , India.
authors.forename: Nilima A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Thombre
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D029911:Caesalpinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006041:Goats; D008863:Microspheres; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D017294:Ondansetron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011108:Polymers; D017294:Ondansetron
keywords: Mucoadhesion; nasal microspheres; natural polymer; spray drying