title: Comparison of final irrigation techniques in removal of calcium hydroxide.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare new irrigation systems with a conventional irrigation technique for the removal of inter-appointment calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 ]. Forty-seven extracted human single-rooted teeth were instrumented, and Ca(OH)2 paste was placed into root canals by using a lentulo spiral at the apical third. Teeth were randomly divided into three groups according to different irrigation protocols using a 30-gauge slot-tipped needle, EndoVac system and ProUltra® PiezoFlow™ ultrasonic irrigation system. Scanning electron microscopic images of the selected root canal surfaces (cervical, middle and apical third) were evaluated using a 5-grade scale. The influence of the irrigation system was evaluated using a two-way analysis of variance test and Tukey's test. The EndoVac and PiezoFlow groups demonstrated the lowest scale values (cleanest canals); however, there was no statistical difference between these two groups. The conventional irrigation group exhibited significantly higher scores (P < 0.05). The conventional needle irrigation was not sufficient to remove Ca(OH)2 from the root canal system. Irrigation with EndoVac and PiezoFlow™ ultrasonic irrigation systems improved the removal of the intracanal medicament resulting in cleaner root canal walls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Ali Çağın
authors.initials: AÇ
authors.lastname: Yücel
authors.forename: Melek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gürel
authors.forename: Eda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Güler
authors.forename: Bekir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karabucak
mesh_terms: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009339:Needles; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000737:chemistry*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019237:Tooth Cervix / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide
keywords: EndoVac; ProUltra PiezoFlow; calcium hydroxide; irrigation; ultrasonic