title: Susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) to temephos in Venezuela.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Temephos is an insecticide widely used in Venezuela to control the proliferation of the larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), the principal vector of dengue virus. The aim of this study was to identify the susceptibility to temephos of Ae. aegypti in four locations in western Venezuela: Lara, Tres Esquinas, Ureña and Pampanito. Larval bioassays were conducted on samples collected in 2008 and 2010, and the levels of α- and β-esterases, mixed-function oxidases, glutathione-S-transferase and insensitive acethyl cholinesterase were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Larval populations from western Venezuela obtained during 2008 and 2010 were found to be susceptible to temephos, with low resistance ratios and without overexpression of enzymes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low RR values reveal the effectiveness of temephos in controlling the larval populations of Ae. aegypti. Control strategies must be vigorously monitored to maintain the susceptibility to temephos of these populations of Ae. aegypti.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Universidad de los Andes, Pampanito, Trujillo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Leslie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ponce
authors.forename: Milagros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oviedo
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Adriana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Flores
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D000002:Temefos / Q000633:toxicity*; D014687:Venezuela
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D004950:Esterases; D000002:Temefos
keywords: Aedes aegypti; insecticide resistance; larvicide; temephos