title: "Which box should I check?": examining standard check box approaches to measuring race and ethnicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined methodological concerns with standard approaches to measuring race and ethnicity using the federally defined race and ethnicity categories, as utilized in National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were administered to 219 economically disadvantaged, racially and ethnically diverse participants at Boston Women Infants and Children (WIC) clinics during 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined missingness and misclassification in responses to the closed-ended NIH measure of race and ethnicity compared with open-ended measures of self-identified race and ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of missingness were 26 and 43 percent for NIH race and ethnicity items, respectively, compared with 11 and 18 percent for open-ended responses. NIH race responses matched racial self-identification in only 44 percent of cases. Missingness and misclassification were disproportionately higher for self-identified Latina(o)s, African-Americans, and Cape Verdeans. Race, but not ethnicity, was more often missing for immigrant versus mainland U.S.-born respondents. Results also indicated that ethnicity for Hispanic/Latina(o)s is more complex than captured in this measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NIH's current race and ethnicity measure demonstrated poor differentiation of race and ethnicity, restricted response options, and lack of an inclusive ethnicity question. Separating race and ethnicity and providing respondents with adequate flexibility to identify themselves both racially and ethnically may improve valid operationalization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Abbey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eisenhower
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suyemoto
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lucchese
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Canenguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Measurement of race and ethnicity; National Institutes of Health (NIH) race and ethnicity reporting; health disparities research; racial and ethnic self-identification