title: Development of a new biochemical test to diagnose and monitor neuroblastoma in Vietnam: homovanillic and vanillylmandelic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop an accurate robust testing method to simultaneously measure urine levels of HVA and VMA using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and to establish age-specific reference intervals of HVA and VMA in random urines for Vietnamese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The assay for urinary HVA and VMA was developed based on a classical urinary organic acid profiling method. Briefly, this incorporated 3-phenyl butyric acid as the internal standard and liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate followed by derivatization with BSTFA. The Agilent 7890A GC and 5975C Mass Selective Detector in single ion monitoring mode was used for analysis. Reference intervals were developed from random urine samples collected from 634 disease free Vietnamese children and compared to 50 known neuroblastoma patient samples. Results were reported relative to creatinine concentration. Age related 95% reference intervals for urinary HVA and VMA were estimated from sample quantiles. The analytes (expressed as analyte/creatinine ratios) diagnostic values were determined by calculating the related sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HVA and VMA were linear to at least 193 and 221μmol/L, respectively. The limit of quantitation for both analytes was 0.9μmol/L. Using the bi-level control (n=15), the within-batch coefficients of variations (CVs) were less than 3% for both analytes across the assay range. The between-batch CVs (n=20 over three months), were 3.6% at 11μmol/L and 2.1% at 88μmol/L for HVA, 6.6% at 18.2μmol/L and 2.6% at 90.6μmol/L for VMA. Vietnamese age related reference intervals were established for urinary HVA and VMA per creatinine. HVA for children <6months (n=91) was 5.3-37.0μmol/mmol; 6months to <1year (n=141) was 2.7-27.7μmol/mmol; 1 to 5years (n=139) was 3.4-17.9μmol/mmol; 6 to 10years (n=136) was 2.7-8.8μmol/mmol; and 11 to 15years (n=127) was 1.1-9.4μmol/mmol. VMA for children <6months was 1.8-12.2μmol/mmol; 6months to <1year was 1.5-9.3μmol/mmol; 1 to 5years was 1.9-7.8μmol/mmol; 6 to 10years was 1.6-5.1μmol/mmol; and 11 to 15years was <0.9-6.3μmol/mmol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A robust testing method for simultaneous quantitation of urinary HVA and VMA by GCMS was developed. This method is accurate, precise and fit for its clinical purpose and suitable for developing countries. Age-related reference intervals of urinary HVA and VMA were established for Vietnamese children and the intervals declined progressively with increasing age for each analyte.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, National Hospital of Pediatrics, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Mai Thi Chi
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baglin
authors.affiliation: Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, National Hospital of Pediatrics, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Trang Thi Thu
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, National Hospital of Pediatrics, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Kien Trung
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: Oncology Department, National Hospital of Pediatrics, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Lan Tuyet
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Phung
authors.affiliation: Eastern Health Pathology, Box Hill Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Read
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Hormone Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: ronda.greaves@rmit.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ronda F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Greaves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000652:urine*; D014642:Vanilmandelic Acid / Q000652:urine*; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D014642:Vanilmandelic Acid; D006719:Homovanillic Acid
keywords: GC–MS; HVA; Mass spectrometry; Neuroblastoma; Random urine; Reference intervals; VMA