title: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents.
abstract: On the basis of strong research evidence and consensus, type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) remains the most common form of DM in children and adolescents. The incidence of type 2 DM in the pediatric population is rapidly increasing because of the obesity epidemic, and minority groups are disproportionately affected. (2) (10) (19) On the basis of some research evidence and consensus, it can be challenging to initially differentiate between type 2 DM and type 1 DM clinically because of the increased prevalence of obesity, the complex interplay of autoimmunity and obesity, and common symptoms at presentation. (1) (10) (19) Significant evidence and consensus support a genetic basis for the development of type 2 DM in children. Physicians should routinely screen at risk children older than age 10 years for DM. Screening criteria include obesity, a family history of type 2 DM, a minority racial or ethnic background, acanthosis nigricans, or other diseases associated with insulin resistance, including polycystic ovary syndrome, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. (1) (10) (18) (19) On the basis of consensus, diagnosis of type 2 DM can be confirmed by an elevated fasting blood glucose level greater than 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/L), an elevated 2-hour plasma glucose greater than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) on an oral glucose tolerance test, an elevated random blood glucose greater than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), or a hemoglobin A1c level greater than 6.5% with suggestive symptoms. (10) According to strong research evidence and consensus, once the diagnosis has been made, treatment should be based on the acuity of presentation and should focus on lifestyle modification and on normalizing hyperglycemia to minimize complications. Metformin is currently first-line treatment for type 2 DM in children and adolescents older than age 10 years who present nonacutely. (18) (19) Strong research evidence and consensus demonstrate that because type 2 DM has an insidious onset, microvascular and macrovascular complications can be present at the time of diagnosis. Patients should be screened for the presence of complications when the diagnosis of type 2 DM is made and in follow-up. (6) (10).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City, MO. Dr Dileepan was a pediatric endocrinology fellow at Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, at the time this article was authored.
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dileepan
authors.forename: M Max
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Feldt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000276:immunology; D008403:Mass Screening; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D054635:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8 / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D054635:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase