title: Sleep disorders, sleepiness, and near-miss accidents among long-distance highway drivers in the summertime.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate sleepiness, sleep hygiene, sleep disorders, and driving risk among highway drivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data using cross-sectional surveys, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire, Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire (BNSQ), and a travel questionnaire; we also obtained sleep data from the past 24 h and information on usual sleep schedules. Police officers invited automobile drivers to participate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 3051 drivers (mean age, 46±13 y; 75% men) who completed the survey (80% participation rate). Eighty-seven (2.9%) drivers reported near-miss sleepy accidents (NMSA) during the trip; 8.5% of NMSA occurred during the past year and 2.3% reported sleepiness-related accidents occurring in the past year. Mean driving time was 181±109 min and mean sleep duration in the past 24 h was 480±104 min; mean sleep duration during workweeks was 468±74 min. Significant risk factors for NMSA during the trip were NMSA in the past year, nonrestorative sleep and snoring in the past 3 months, and sleepiness during the interview. Neither sleep time in the past 24 h nor acute sleep debt (sleep time difference between workweeks and the past 24 h) correlated with the occurrence of near misses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike previous studies, acute sleep loss no longer explains sleepiness at the wheel. Sleep-related breathing disorders or nonrestorative sleep help to explain NMSA more adequately than acute sleep loss.
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Unité du Sommeil, 92380 Garches, France. Electronic address: ma.quera@rpc.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Maria Antonia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quera Salva
authors.affiliation: INSERM CIC-IT 805, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbot
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Unité du Sommeil, 92380 Garches, France.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.affiliation: AP-HP Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, France.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauvagnac
authors.affiliation: INSERM CIC-IT 805, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vaugier
authors.affiliation: Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, EA 4497, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lofaso
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, CNRS SANPSY USR 3413, CHU Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philip
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020920:Dyssomnias / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Behavior; Highway driving; Near-miss; Risk factors; Sleep apnea syndrome; Sleepiness