title: Effect of Embelin on TRAIL receptor 2 mAb-induced apoptosis of TRAIL-resistant A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor cells are insensitive to tumor necrosis factor- related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) -based therapy. This study was conducted to examine the effect of embelin on the sensitivity of the A549 NSCLC cell line to TRAIL receptor2 (TRAILR2) monoclonal antibodies and to investigate the potential mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A549 cells were treated with embelin, TRAILR2 mAb or a combination of both. Cell viability was measured using ATPlite assay and apoptosis rates were determined by flow cytometry with AnnexinV-FITC and propidium iodide staining, with the expression levels of proteins analyzed by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cell survival rate of separate treatments with 100 ng/ml TRAILR2 antibody or 25 uM embelin were 81.5±1.57% and 61.7±2.84%, respectively. Their combined use markedly decreased cell viability in A549 cells to 28.1±1.97% (P<0.05). The general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD- FMK could inhibit the embelin-enhanced sensitivity of A549 cells to TRAILR2 mAb (75.97±3.17%)(P<0.05). Both flow cytometry and cell morphological analysis showed that embelin was able to increase TRAIL-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Combined treatment with embelin and TRAILR2 mAb augmented the activation of initiator caspases and effector caspase. In addition, A549 cells showed increasing levels of TRAILR2 protein and decreasing levels of Bcl-2, survivin and c-FLIP following the treatment with embelin+TRAILR2 mAb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embelin could enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. The synergistic effect of the combination treatment might be due to modulation of multiple components in the TRAIL receptor-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway, including TRAILR2, XIAP, survivin, Bcl-2 and c-FLIP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China E-mail : kinmokuran@163.com.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jin-Li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Mu-Lan
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yun-Gang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016227:Benzoquinones; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D020169:Caspases; C010945:embelin