title: Detection and neutralization of cobra venom using rabbit antiserum in experimental envenomated mice.
abstract: A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the venom of Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) in various tissues (brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, blood, kidneys, and tissue at the site of injection) of mice after cobra venom injected at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h intervals up to 24 h). Whole venom antiserum or individual venom protein antiserum (14, 29, 65, 72, and 99 kDa) could recognize N. n. naja venom by Western blotting and ELISA, and antibody titer was also assayed by ELISA. Antiserum raised against cobra venom in rabbit significantly neutralized the toxicity of venom-injected mice at different time intervals after treatment. The assay could detect N. n. naja venom levels up to 2.5 ng/ml of tissue homogenate, and the venom was detected up to 24 h after venom injection. Venom was detected in brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, tissue at the bite area, and blood. As observed in mice, tissue at the site of bite area showed the highest concentration of venom and the brain showed the least. Moderate amounts of venoms were found in liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, and lungs. Development of a simple, rapid, and species-specific diagnostic kit based on this ELISA technique useful to clinicians is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venkatesan
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Cheiyar, Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.affiliation: Micro Therapeutic Research Labs, Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saravanan
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vimal
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S Abdul
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: N Sundar
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India cah_sahul@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: A S Sahul
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: V Sarath
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Babu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000997:Antivenins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011817:Rabbits; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000997:Antivenins; D004546:Elapid Venoms
keywords: ELISA; Naja naja naja; antiserum; cobra; cocktail antiserum