title: The overlooked literary path to modern electrophysiology: philosophical dialogues, novels, and travel books.
abstract: The early history of neurophysiology has two important roots. The earlier of the two involves various ideas about invisible animal spirits traversing the nerves. The other, which emerged during the eighteenth century, is based on the idea that the elusive spirits are electrical-that animal electricity really does exist. The latter idea stemmed in part from what was being discovered about three types of electric fishes and their shocks prior to Galvani's broader claim in 1791 for animal electricity. This contribution focuses on how the shocks of each of these fishes had been described by three writers outside the fields of physiology and medicine: Plato, the well-known Greek philosopher, who actually provided the first good description of the powers of torpedo rays; Aphra Behn, a leading English Restoration playwright and novelist, who introduced many English speakers to the creature that would become best known as the "electric eel"; and Michel Adanson, a French botanist, who seemed to be the first to compare albeit the electric catfish's shocks to those from a known source of electricity, a Leyden jar. All three authors were famous in their day, and all played important roles in the history of biological electricity by making others aware of one of Nature's wonders, fishes that could "torpify," even without direct contact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Programs in Neuroscience and Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: sfinger@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000266:history*; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008513:Medicine in Literature; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000266:history*
keywords: Adanson (Michel); Behn (Aphra); Electrophorus electricus; Malapterurus; Meno; Oroonoko; Plato; Surinam; animal electricity; electric catfish; electric eel; electric fishes; history of neurophysiology; torpedo (ray)