title: Myelodysplastic syndromes: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are malignant stem-cell diseases that are usually diagnosed in elderly patients who present with anemia or, less commonly, bi- or pancytopenia. Their incidence in persons over age 80 is above 50 new cases per 100,000 persons per year. Their clinical course is highly variable. About one-quarter of all patients with MDS develop acute leukemia. The median survival time from the moment of diagnosis is about 30 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selectively searched the PubMed database for pertinent articles and guidelines from the years 2000-2013. We used the search term "myelodysplastic syndromes."
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDS are diagnosed by cytology, with consideration of the degree of dysplasia and the percentage of blast cells in the blood and bone marrow, and on a cytogenetic basis, as recommended in the WHO classification. In particular, chromosomal analysis is necessary for prognostication. The Revised International Prognosis Scoring System (IPSS-R) enables more accurate prediction of the course of disease by dividing patients into a number of low- and high-risk groups. The median survival time ranges from a few months to many years. The approved treatments, aside from transfusion therapy, include iron depletion therapy for low-risk patients, lenalidomide for low-risk patients with a deletion on the long arm of chromosome 5, and 5-azacytidine for high-risk patients. High-risk patients up to age 70 who have no major accompanying illnesses should be offered allogenic stem-cell transplantation with curative intent. The cure rates range from 30% to 50%. Mucositis, hemorrhages, infections, and graft-versus-host diseases are the most common complications of this form of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myelodysplastic syndromes are treated on an individualized, risk-adapted basis after precise diagnostic evaluation and after assessment of the prognosis. More studies are needed so that stage-adapted treatment can be improved still further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Düsseldorf University Hospital.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Germing
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobbe
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gattermann
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077269:Lenalidomide; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D015996:Survival Rate; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D013792:Thalidomide; D000077269:Lenalidomide