title: Effect of the body wall on lithotripter shock waves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine the influence of passage through the body wall on the properties of lithotripter shock waves (SWs) and the characteristics of the acoustic field of an electromagnetic lithotripter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Full-thickness ex vivo segments of pig abdominal wall were secured against the acoustic window of a test tank coupled to the lithotripter. A fiber-optic probe hydrophone was used to measure SW pressures, determine shock rise time, and map the acoustic field in the focal plane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak positive pressure on axis was attenuated roughly proportional to tissue thickness-approximately 6% per cm. Irregularities in the tissue path affected the symmetry of SW focusing, shifting the maximum peak positive pressure laterally by as much as ∼2 mm. Within the time resolution of the hydrophone (7-15 ns), shock rise time was unchanged, measuring ∼17-21 ns with and without tissue present. Mapping of the field showed no effect of the body wall on focal width, regardless of thickness of the body wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passage through the body wall has minimal effect on the characteristics of lithotripter SWs. Other than reducing pulse amplitude and having the potential to affect the symmetry of the focused wave, the body wall has little influence on the acoustic field. These findings help to validate laboratory assessment of lithotripter acoustic field and suggest that the properties of SWs in the body are much the same as have been measured in vitro.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Guangyan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McAteer
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Zachary C
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Berwick
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine