title: Biomarkers in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The article provides an overview of efforts to identify and validate biomarkers in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a discussion of the challenges confronting researchers in this area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although various putative biomarkers have been investigated in ARDS, the data have been largely disappointing and the 'troponin' of ARDS remains elusive. Establishing a relationship between measurable biological processes and clinical outcomes is vital to advancing clinical trials in ARDS and expanding our arsenal of treatments for this complex syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article summarizes the current status of ARDS biomarker research and provides a framework for future investigation.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Medicine, St Joseph's Health Centre, Toronto bDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton cKeenan and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of Saint Michael's Hospital dInstitute of Medical Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Binnie
authors.forename: Jennifer L Y
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Claudia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: dos Santos
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000097:blood; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000097:blood; D012106:Research; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood; D055397:Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000097:blood; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; C060192:MUC1 protein, human; D018396:Mucin-1; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; C555023:VPS51 protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1