title: Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metal pins are used to apply skeletal traction or external fixation devices in the management of orthopaedic fractures. These percutaneous pins protrude through the skin, and the way in which they are treated after insertion may affect the incidence of pin site infection. This review set out to summarise the evidence of pin site care on infection rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect on infection rates of different methods of cleansing and dressing orthopaedic percutaneous pin sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  In September 2013, for this third update, we searched the Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register; The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid MEDLINE (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations); Ovid EMBASE; and EBSCO CINAHL.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the effect on infection and other complication rates of different methods of cleansing or dressing orthopaedic percutaneous pin sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed the citations retrieved by the search strategies for reports of relevant RCTs, then independently selected trials that satisfied the inclusion criteria, extracted data and undertook quality assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of eleven trials (572 participants) were eligible for inclusion in the review but not all participants contributed data to each comparison. Three trials compared a cleansing regimen (saline, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide or antibacterial soap) with no cleansing (application of a dry dressing), three trials compared alternative sterile cleansing solutions (saline, alcohol, peroxide, povidone iodine), three trials compared methods of cleansing (one trial compared identical pin site care performed daily or weekly and the two others compared sterile with non sterile techniques), one trial compared daily pin site care with no care and six trials compared different dressings (using different solutions/ointments and dry and impregnated gauze or sponges). One small blinded study of 38 patients found that the risk of pin site infection was significantly reduced with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) gauze when compared to plain gauze (RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.44) (infection rate of 1% in the PHMB group and 4.5% in the control group) but this study was at high risk of bias as the unit of analysis was observations rather than patients. There were no other statistically significant differences between groups in any of the other trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available trial evidence was not extensive, was very heterogeneous and generally of poor quality, so there was insufficient evidence to be able to identify a strategy of pin site care that minimises infection rates. Adequately-powered randomised trials are required to examine the effects of different pin care regimens, and co-interventions - such as antibiotic use - and other extraneous factors must be controlled in the study designs.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand, 1142.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lethaby
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santy-Tomlinson
mesh_terms: D001458:Bandages; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001864:Bone Wires / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016267:External Fixators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods; D014143:Traction / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants