title: Evaluation of scooters using ANSI/RESNA standards.
abstract: To date, only one research study has evaluated how scooters respond to static and dynamic stability. However, no other studies have evaluated how scooters respond to adverse conditions and how they perform in all standard tests. A selection of 12 three-wheeled scooters was tested according to American National Standards Institute/Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (ANSI/ RESNA) wheelchair standards. Scooter models included the Victory, Gogo, Golden Companion (GC) I, and GC II. Victory and GC II were the most stable scooters. The Gogo scooters were the least dynamically stable. Five scooters (3 Gogo, 1 GC I, 1 GC II) failed the environmental condition tests. All GC I and II scooters failed parts of the power and control system tests. All scooters passed static and impact tests; however, all Gogo scooters and one GC II scooter had structural or motor failure during durability tests. The scooter models' survival life ranged from 62,512 to 1,178,230 cycles out of the 400,000 needed to pass the test. Tiller failures (typically tiller tube snapping) occurred with an average of 1,483 N force applied to the tiller structure. Our results indicate that these commercially available devices may not meet ANSI/RESNA standards. In addition, the tiller test should be conducted with scooters to further ensure their safety and durability and should use a test dummy with weight capacity according to the mobility device capacity.
authors.affiliation: Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Ana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pearlman
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Annmarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gebrosky
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D011211:Electric Power Supplies / Q000592:standards; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000592:standards; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D004869:Equipment Safety / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D014887:Weather; D014910:Wheelchairs / Q000592:standards*
keywords: ANSI/RESNA; durability tests; failure; fatigue 
  life; mobility devices; scooters; stability; tiller test; wheelchair standards; wheelchairs