title: Ketoprofen removal by O₃ and O₃/UV processes: kinetics, transformation products and ecotoxicity.
abstract: Ozonation (O3) and its combination with ultraviolet radiation (O3/UV) were used to decompose ketoprofen (KET). Depending on the initial KET concentration, fourteen to fifty time's faster KET degradation was achieved using combined O3/UV method compared to simple ozonation. Using both methods, formation of four major aromatic transformation products were observed: 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzophenone, 3-(1-hydroperoxyethyl) benzophenone, 1-(3-benzoylphenyl) ethanone and 3-ethylbenzophenone. In the combined treatment the degradation was mainly due to the direct effect of UV light, however, towards the end of the treatment, O3 highly contributed to the mineralization of small carboxylic acids. High (~90%) mineralization degree was achieved using the O3/UV method. Toxicity tests performed using representatives of three trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystems (producers, consumers and decomposers) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata green algae, Daphnia magna zooplanktons and Vibrio fischeri bacteria showed that under the used experimental conditions the transformation products have significantly higher toxicity towards all the test organisms, than KET itself. The bacteria and the zooplanktons showed higher tolerance to the formed products than algae. The measured toxicity correlates well with the concentration of the aromatic transformation products, therefore longer treatments than needed for complete degradation of KET are strongly suggested, in order to avoid possible impact of aromatic transformation products on the aquatic ecosystem.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry Research Group Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6723 Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 103, Hungary; Radiation Chemistry Department, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, Hungary. Electronic address: erzsebet.illes@energia.mta.hu.
authors.forename: Erzsébet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Illés
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry Research Group Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6723 Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 103, Hungary. Electronic address: emese.szabo@chem.u-szeged.hu.
authors.forename: Emese
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.affiliation: Radiation Chemistry Department, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, Hungary. Electronic address: erzsebet.takacs@energia.mta.hu.
authors.forename: Erzsébet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Takács
authors.affiliation: Radiation Chemistry Department, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, Hungary. Electronic address: laszlo.wojnarovits@energia.mta.hu.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wojnárovits
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry Research Group Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6723 Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 103, Hungary. Electronic address: dombia@chem.uszeged.hu.
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dombi
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry Research Group Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6723 Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 103, Hungary; Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Hungary; EMPA, Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. Electronic address: sranc@chem.u-szeged.hu.
authors.forename: Krisztina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gajda-Schrantz
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri; D000818:Animals; D000460:Chlorophyta; D003621:Daphnia; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D007700:Kinetics; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007660:Ketoprofen; D010126:Ozone; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: AOP; AOPs; COD; DOC; Daphnia magna; EC50; HPLC; KET; Ketoprofen; MS; NSAID; Ozonation; PNEC; PPCP; Predicted No Effect Concentration; Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; STP; Sewage Treatment Plant; TOC; Total Organic Carbon; UV; VUV; Vibrio fischeri; Vis; advanced oxidation processes; chemical oxygen demand; dissolved organic carbon; effective concentration for 50% inhibition; high-performance liquid chromatography; ketoprofen; mass spectrometry; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; pharmaceuticals and personal care products; ultraviolet; vacuum-ultraviolet; visible