title: Electroencephalography/functional magnetic resonance imaging responses help predict surgical outcome in focal epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Simultaneous electroencephalography/functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG/fMRI) recording can noninvasively map in the whole brain the hemodynamic response following an interictal epileptic discharge. EEG/fMRI is gaining interest as a presurgical evaluation tool. This study aims to determine how hemodynamic responses related to epileptic activity can help predict surgical outcome in patients considered for epilepsy surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five consecutive patients with focal epilepsy who had significant hemodynamic responses and eventually surgical resection, were studied. The statistical map of hemodynamic responses were generated and co-registered to postoperative anatomic imaging. Patients were classified into four groups defined by the relative relationship between the location of the maximum hemodynamic response and the resection: group 1, fully concordant; group 2, partially concordant; group 3, partially discordant; and group 4, fully discordant. These findings were correlated with surgical outcome with at least 12-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients in group 1 had the maximum t value (t-max) inside the resection; nine in group 2 had the t-max outside but close to the resection and the cluster with t-max overlapped the resection; five in group 3 had the t-max remote from resection, but with another less significant cluster in the resection; and 11 in group 4 had no response in the resection. The degree of concordance correlated largely with surgical outcome: a good surgical outcome (Engel's class I) was found in 7 of 10 patients of group 1, 4 of 9 of group 2, 3 of 5 of group 3, and only 1 of 11 of group 4. These results indicate that the partially concordant and partially discordant groups are best considered as inconclusive. In contrast, in the fully concordant and fully discordant groups, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were high, 87.5%, 76.9%, 70%, and 90.9%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that hemodynamic responses related to epileptic activity can help delineate the epileptogenic region. Full concordance between maximum response and surgical resection is indicative of seizure freedom, whereas a resection leaving the maximum response intact is likely to lead to a poor outcome. EEG/fMRI is noninvasive but is limited to patients in whom interictal epileptic discharges can be recorded during the 60-90 min scan.
authors.affiliation: Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fahoum
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gotman
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dubeau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Electroencephalography/functional magnetic resonance imaging; Epilepsy surgery; Outcome