title: Differential mortality and the excess burden of end-stage renal disease among First Nations people with diabetes mellitus: a competing-risks analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes-related end-stage renal disease disproportionately affects indigenous peoples. We explored the role of differential mortality in this disparity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective cohort study, we examined the competing risks of end-stage renal disease and death without end-stage renal disease among Saskatchewan adults with diabetes mellitus, both First Nations and non-First Nations, from 1980 to 2005. Using administrative databases of the Saskatchewan Ministry of Health, we developed Fine and Gray subdistribution hazards models and cumulative incidence functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 90 429 incident cases of diabetes, 8254 (8.9%) occurred among First Nations adults and 82,175 (90.9%) among non-First Nations adults. Mean age at the time that diabetes was diagnosed was 47.2 and 61.6 years, respectively (p<0.001). After adjustment for sex and age at the time of diabetes diagnosis, the risk of end-stage renal disease was 2.66 times higher for First Nations than non-First Nations adults (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.24-3.16). Multivariable analysis with adjustment for sex showed a higher risk of death among First Nations adults, which declined with increasing age at the time of diabetes diagnosis. Cumulative incidence function curves stratified by age at the time of diabetes diagnosis showed greatest risk for end-stage renal disease among those with onset of diabetes at younger ages and greatest risk of death among those with onset of diabetes at older ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because they are typically younger when diabetes is diagnosed, First Nations adults with this condition are more likely than their non-First Nations counterparts to survive long enough for end-stage renal disease to develop. Differential mortality contributes substantially to ethnicity-based disparities in diabetes-related end-stage renal disease and possibly to chronic diabetes complications. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these disparities is vital in developing more effective prevention and management initiatives.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Osgood
authors.forename: Hyun-Ja
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Mary Rose
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dyck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012525:Saskatchewan