title: Assessment of elemental distribution and heavy metals contamination in phosphate deposits: potential health risk assessment of finer-grained size fraction.
abstract: The concentrations and chemical distributions of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, U, and V) in the Al-Jiza phosphate ores were investigated. Typically, the mean concentration values of Cd, Cr, Ni, U, and Zn are 15 ± 8, 109 ± 21, 34 ± 6, 211 ± 55, 142 ± 55, and 161 ± 57 mg kg(-1), respectively. On the other hand, the encountered average concentration values of Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, U, and V in the phosphate dust particles (<0.053) were found to be 22 ± 5, 179 ± 5, 67 ± 11, 441 ± 14, 225 ± 58, and 311 ± 9 mg kg(-1), respectively. The contamination factors of U and Cr are greater than 1, indicating that these heavy metals could be potentially hazardous, if released to the environment. Multivariate statistical analysis allowed the identification of three main factors controlling the distribution of these heavy metals and the other chemical constituents. The extracted factors are as follows: francolite mineral factor, clay minerals factor, and diagenesis factor. Health risk assessments of non-cancerous effects in finer-grained size fraction that might be caused by contamination with the heavy elements have been calculated for both children and adults. The risk assessments in case of children for non-cancerous effects showed that U has values greater than the safe level of hazard index (HI = 1). In case of adults, the value of risk for U is also higher as compared to those of Cd, Ni, Cr, and Zn where it lies within the safe range of hazard index (HI < 1). Child health risk assessment indicates that children are more vulnerable to contaminants from phosphate mining than adults.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, P.O. Box (20), Ma'an, Jordan, mohhwaiti@ahu.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Hwaiti
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Kuisi
authors.forename: Ghazi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saffarini
authors.forename: Khitam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alzughoul
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D008906:Mining; D010710:Phosphates; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010710:Phosphates; D012989:Soil Pollutants