title: Pharmacist-led intervention study to improve drug therapy in asthma and COPD patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacists can play an important role in identifying and instructing pulmonary patients on their inhalation techniques in their patient contacts when dispensing inhalation medication. Pharmacy dispensing data can be used to identify inappropriate drug use in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Recent studies found beneficial effects of pharmacy care services in improving drug adherence of pulmonary patients. However, large-scale and rigorous evaluations on pharmacist-led interventions in community care settings to enhance evidence-based drug treatment in patients with asthma and COPD seems to be lacking and results from studies on pharmacist-led interventions for pharmacotherapy improvements are inconsistent. This study evaluated the effectiveness of pharmacist-led interventions on suboptimal drug use patterns with asthma or COPD medication with substantial numbers of pharmacies and patients involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study in a group of community pharmacies (intervention group) with a matched control group of Dutch community pharmacies was conducted between May 2011 and February 2012. Algorithms on 19 potential problems with asthma or COPD medication in a national dispensing database were used to signal patients to pharmacists of the intervention group (IG).
  
  
  METHODS
  IG pharmacists selected patients for comprehensive care by a structured program. Changes in problems were measured during 10 months in selected and all users of asthma and COPD medication of IG pharmacies and in compared to a control pharmacies (CG) without the structured program. Primary outcome was reduction of oral high dosage corticosteroids or antibiotics (HDT). Secondary outcomes were changes in the persistence of 19 potential problems in the IG compared to CG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 107 IG pharmacies, 3,757 patients were selected for comprehensive care from totally 102,497 asthma or COPD patients and compared with 105,507 patients from 105 CG pharmacies. The mean number of HDT decreased in selected IG patients by an additional 0.54 (95 % CI 0.21-0.86) HDT treatments. From the problems with specific COPD and asthma medication, all problems decreased additionally to the CG within the total asthma or COPD population from the IG. Within the selected IG population the following problems decreased additionally for obsolete medication by 35 % (95 % CI 6-54 %), contra-indicated medication by 61 % (95 % CI 38-75 %) and lower use of powder inhalers in elderly patients by 29 % (95 % CI 13-42 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community pharmacists actively providing comprehensive pharmacy care could improve effective treatment in asthma and COPD patients and thereby decrease the number of prescriptions for exacerbations for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, University of Groningen, PO BOX 72, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands, s.a.ottenbros@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ottenbros
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teichert
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Griens
authors.forename: Fong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sodihardjo
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wensing
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Gier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*