title: Primo vessel as a novel cancer cell migration path from testis with nanoparticle-labeled and GFP expressing cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, a novel circulatory system, the primo vascular system (PVS), was found to be a potent metastatic route of cancer cells. The aim of the current work is to demonstrate that cancer cells injected into the testis migrate through the primo vessel (PV).
  
  
  METHODS
  NCI-H460 cells labeled with fluorescent nanoparticles (FNP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene transfection were injected into testicular parenchyma in 24 rats. After 24 hours of injection, the abdominal cavity was investigated via a stereomicroscope, to detect the PVS, and the samples were analyzed histologically with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and hematoxylin and eosin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injected cancer cells were detected inside the PVS distributed on the abdominal organs. Some were detected inside intestinal parenchyma into which the attached primo vessels (PVs) entered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results supported the fact that the PVS may be a novel migration path of cancer cells, in addition to the lymphatic and hematogenous routes.
authors.affiliation: Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Hong-Bae
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jinmyung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Jin-Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyewon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: June-Key
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sungchul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kwang-Sup
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Soh
mesh_terms: D015669:Acupuncture Points; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000737:chemistry*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins
keywords: cancer; metastasis; migration; nanoparticle; primo vascular system; testis