title: Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a non-clinical population, fears of compassion and fear of happiness have both been found to be highly correlated with alexithymia and depression. This study sought to explore these processes and their links with adult attachment and social safeness and pleasure in a depressed group.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 52 participants suffering from moderate to severe depression completed measures of fears of happiness, compassion from others and for self, in addition to measures of alexithymia, attachment, social safeness, and depression, anxiety, and stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fears of compassion and happiness were highly correlated with alexithymia, adult attachment, and depression, anxiety, and stress. Fear of happiness was found to be the best predictor of depression, anxiety, and stress, whereas fear of compassion from others was the best predictor of adult attachment. A path analysis showed that fears of positive emotion fully mediate the link between alexithymia and depression. This clinical sample had higher mean scores in fears of positive emotions, alexithymia, and depression, anxiety, and stress than a previously studied student sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds to the evidence that fears of positive emotions are important features of mental health difficulties. Unaddressed, these fears can block positive emotions and may lead to emotional avoidance of positive affect thus contributing as blocks to successful therapy. Therapies for depression may therefore profitably assess and desensitize the fear of positive emotions.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Research Unit, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McEwan
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Catarino
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baião
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palmeira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D004645:Empathy; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Attachment security; Depression; alexithymia; anxiety; compassion; fear; happiness