title: Bonding effectiveness to different chemically pre-treated dental zirconia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different chemical pre-treatments on the bond durability to dental zirconia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fully sintered IPS e.max ZirCAD (Ivoclar Vivadent) blocks were subjected to tribochemical silica sandblasting (CoJet, 3M ESPE). The zirconia samples were additionally pre-treated using one of four zirconia primers/adhesives (Clearfil Ceramic Primer, Kuraray Noritake; Monobond Plus, Ivoclar Vivadent; Scotchbond Universal, 3M ESPE; Z-PRIME Plus, Bisco). Finally, two identically pre-treated zirconia blocks were bonded together using composite cement (RelyX Ultimate, 3M ESPE). The specimens were trimmed at the interface to a cylindrical hourglass and stored in distilled water (7 days, 37 °C), after which they were randomly tested as is or subjected to mechanical ageing involving cyclic tensile stress (10 N, 10 Hz, 10,000 cycles). Subsequently, the micro-tensile bond strength was determined, and SEM fractographic analysis performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weibull analysis revealed the highest Weibull scale and shape parameters for the 'Clearfil Ceramic Primer/mechanical ageing' combination. Chemical pre-treatment of CoJet (3M ESPE) sandblasted zirconia using Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Kuraray Noritake) and Monobond Plus (Ivoclar Vivadent) revealed a significantly higher bond strength than when Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE) and Z-PRIME Plus (Bisco) were used. After ageing, Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Kuraray Noritake) revealed the most stable bond durability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined mechanical/chemical pre-treatment, the latter with either Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Kuraray Noritake) or Monobond Plus (Ivoclar Vivadent), resulted in the most durable bond to zirconia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a standard procedure to durably bond zirconia to tooth tissue, the application of a combined 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate/silane ceramic primer to zirconia is clinically highly recommended.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok a Bus 7001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Masanao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inokoshi
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poitevin
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Munck
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minakuchi
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Meerbeek
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide