title: Reformulating partially hydrogenated vegetable oils to maximise health gains in India: is it feasible and will it meet consumer demand?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The consumption of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVOs) high in trans fat is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other non-communicable diseases. In response to high intakes of PHVOs, the Indian government has proposed regulation to set limits on the amount of trans fat permissible in PHVOs. Global recommendations are to replace PHVOs with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in order to optimise health benefits; however, little is known about the practicalities of implementation in low-income settings. The aim of this study was to examine the technical and economic feasibility of reducing trans fat in PHVOs and reformulating it using healthier fats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with manufacturers and technical experts of PHVOs in India. Data were open-coded and organised according to key themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interviewees indicated that reformulating PHVOs was both economically and technically feasible provided that trans fat regulation takes account of the food technology challenges associated with product reformulation. However, there will be challenges in maintaining the physical properties that consumers prefer while reducing the trans fat in PHVOs. The availability of input oils was not seen to be a problem because of the low cost and high availability of imported palm oil, which was the input oil of choice for industry. Most interviewees were not concerned about the potential increase in saturated fat associated with increased use of palm oil and were not planning to use PUFAs in product reformulation. Interviewees indicated that many smaller manufacturers would not have sufficient capacity to reformulate products to reduce trans fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reformulating PHVOs to reduce trans fat in India is feasible; however, a collision course exists where the public health goal to replace PHVOs with PUFA are opposed to the goals of industry to produce a cheap alternative product that meets consumer preferences. Ensuring that product reformulation is done in a way that maximises health benefits will require shifts in knowledge and subsequent demand of products, decreased reliance on palm oil, investment in research and development and increased capacity for smaller manufacturers.
authors.forename: Shauna M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: Vidhu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Suparna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh-Jerath
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Thow
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute for Public Health (Delhi), Public Health Foundation of India, Plot No, 34, Sector - 44, Institutional Area, Gurgaon 122002, Haryana, India. arch_singh@ymail.com.
authors.forename: Archna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000600:supply & distribution; D019649:Food Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration; D005524:Food Technology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007881:Legislation, Food; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000600:supply & distribution; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D010938:Plant Oils; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; D000073878:Palm Oil