title: The role of clomipramine in potentiating the teratogenic effects of caffeine in pregnant rats: a histopathological study.
abstract: Since little is known about the teratogenic effects of clomipramine used concurrently with caffeine during the organogenesis period, the aim of this study was to test the teratogenic effects of a coadministration of caffeine and clomipramine on rat fetuses. We divided 42 pregnant rats into seven groups, randomly. The first group (control) received 0.5 mL of normal saline. Clomipramine was injected at 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg to the second and third groups, respectively. The fourth and fifth groups received caffeine in doses of 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg, respectively. The sixth group received a combination of 40 mg/kg clomipramine and 60 mg/kg caffeine, and the seventh group was given clomipramine and caffeine at 80 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg, respectively. The fetuses were removed on the 17th day of pregnancy and studied in terms of microscopic and macroscopic morphological features. Fetuses of rats receiving high doses of caffeine or combinations of caffeine and clomipramine showed a significant rate of cleft palate development, open eyelids, mortality, torsion anomalies, shrinkage of skin, and subcutaneous haemorrhage (P ≤ 0.001). This study concludes that caffeine in high doses or the simultaneous administration of caffeine and clomipramine leads to teratogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran 1417613151, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nikoui
authors.forename: Sattar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ostadhadi
authors.forename: Nasrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takzare
authors.forename: Seyyed Mohammad-Ali
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nabavi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: Azam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakhtiarian
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D002997:Clomipramine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013534:Survival; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D002110:Caffeine; D002997:Clomipramine