title: Test-retest reliability and responsiveness of gaze stability and dynamic visual acuity in high school and college football players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to establish reliability and responsiveness of the dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT) at head speeds of 150-200 degrees per second (deg/s) and the gaze stabilization test (GST) in high school and college football players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reliability design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty high school and college football athletes completed the DVAT and GST in both the yaw (horizontal) and pitch (vertical) planes twice within two weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test-retest reliability for the DVAT was good in yaw, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) = 0.770, and moderate/good in pitch, ICC = 0.725. Minimal detectable change (MDC) was 0.16 logMAR for yaw and 0.21 logMAR for pitch. GST reliability was moderate in yaw, ICC = 0.634, and poor in pitch, ICC = 0.411. MDCs were 73.4 deg/s (yaw) and 81.2 deg/s (pitch).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DVAT is reliable at high head speeds in high school and college football athletes in both yaw and pitch. GST head speeds were higher than previously reported in the literature, but reliability of this tool for this population was poor to moderate. From a clinical perspective, DVAT may be reliably used in the assessment of high school and college football athletes; however, GST requires further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
authors.forename: Denise R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
authors.forename: Mallory J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Puckett
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Athletic Training, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapist Assistant Program, Pima Medical Institute, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cheema
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 453029, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3029, USA. Electronic address: merrill.landers@unlv.edu.
authors.forename: Merrill R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Landers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D005538:Football / Q000502:physiology*; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Concussion; Reliability; Vestibulo-ocular reflex; responsiveness