title: Primary cilia in neurodevelopmental disorders.
abstract: Primary cilia are generally solitary organelles that emanate from the surface of almost all vertebrate cell types. Until recently, details regarding the function of these structures were lacking; however, extensive evidence now suggests that primary cilia have critical roles in sensing the extracellular environment, and in coordinating developmental and homeostatic signalling pathways. Furthermore, disruption of these functions seems to underlie a diverse spectrum of disorders, known as primary ciliopathies. These disorders are characterized by wide-ranging clinical and genetic heterogeneity, but with substantial overlap among distinct conditions. Indeed, ciliopathies are associated with a large variety of manifestations that often include distinctive neurological findings. Herein, we review neurological features associated with primary ciliopathies, highlight genotype-phenotype correlations, and discuss potential mechanisms underlying these findings.
authors.affiliation: Mendel Laboratory, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
authors.forename: Enza Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.affiliation: Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Silman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Rasim O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Rosti
authors.affiliation: Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Silman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.affiliation: Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Silman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gleeson
mesh_terms: D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*