title: [Variations on hemagglutinin gene of Zhejiang measles virus strains and differences with measles strains circulated both at home and abroad].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the variations on hemagglutinin (H) gene of measles virus (MV) in Zhejiang province, and to analyze the differences with strains circulated both at home and abroad.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 33 MV strains isolated in Zhejiang province between 1999 and 2011 were collected.RNA of the isolated MV strains was extracted and the complete sequences on H gene were amplified using RT-PCR assay. The products were compared with the Chinese vaccine strain Shanghai-191, which was downloaded from GenBank, and other 95 different MV strains from all over the world.
  
  
  RESULTS
  33 MV strains, isolated from the throat swab specimens collected from MV patients in Zhejiang province during 1999 to 2001, were used to conduct phylogenetic analysis with MV strains circulated in other areas of China during 1993 to 2007. The phylogenetic tree based on H gene sequences showed that all the Zhejiang MV strains located in H1a cluster, and no apparent time series and geographic restrictions were observed. Compared to the referenced vaccine strain Shanghai-191, the average variation rate on nucleotides and amino acids, and the evolutionary rate of H1a viruses from China during 2003 to 2011 were separately 5.15%, 4.44% and 5.81%, which were higher than the rates of H1a viruses during 1965 to 1993 (4.75%, 3.86% and 5.30%), and the rates of viruses during 1994 to 2002 (4.80%, 4.08% and 5.37%).However, the dn/ds ratios of strains within the three time periods were 0.19,0.21 and 0.23 respectively, which indicated that no evidence of positive selection was found on H1a MV strains during 1993 to 2011. A 24 stable amino acid variation sites on H gene was found between H1a viruses during 2003 to 2011 and the vaccine strain Shanghai-191. The largest variation occurred between vaccine and H1a strains, with 0.053 of the p-distance and 26-28 of amino acid mutations.However, only 15 stable amino acid variations were found between vaccine strain and genotype B3 or D4 strains.In addition, significant differences were found between H1a viruses and genotype B or D viruses, with 0.074 and 0.071 of p-distance and 27-33 of amino acid differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences were found on H gene between MV strains subtype H1a and vaccine strains and other genotype strains. The variations were enlarged with the time coursing; therefore, the surveillance on variation of Chinese MV strains should be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Virus Institute of Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Shu-ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Chang-ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yi-yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008459:Measles virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral; C032397:hemagglutinin protein G, measles virus