title: Employment outcomes among African Americans and Whites with mental illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People with mental illness often experience major difficulties in finding and maintaining sustainable employment. African Americans with mental illness have additional challenges to secure a job, as reflected in their significantly lower employment rates compared to Whites.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the factors that contribute to racial disparities in employment outcomes for African-American and White Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) consumers with mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used VR data from a Midwestern state that included 2,122 African American and 4,284 White participants who reported mental illness in their VR records. Logistic regression analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Americans had significantly more closures after referral and were closed as non-rehabilitated more often than Whites. Logistic regressions indicated that African Americans are less likely to be employed compared to Whites. The regression also found differences by gender (females more likely to find jobs than males) and age (middle age consumers [36 to 50] were more likely to find jobs than younger consumers [18 to 35]). Case expenditures between $1,000 and $4,999 were significantly lower for African Americans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VR agencies need to remain vigilant of potential discrepancies in service delivery among consumers from various ethnic groups and work hard to assure as much equality as possible.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Valentina V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Lukyanova
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Fabricio E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Balcazar
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Ashmeet K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Oberoi
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suarez-Balcazar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Employment outcomes; mental illness; racial disparities; vocational rehabilitation