title: Photophysics of the carotenoids associated with the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthesis.
abstract: Green plants use the xanthophyll cycle to regulate the flow of energy to chlorophylla within photosynthetic proteins. Under conditions of low light intensity violaxanthin, a carotenoid possessing nine conjugated double bonds, functions as an antenna pigment by transferring energy from its lowest excited singlet state to that of chlorophylla within light-harvesting proteins. When the light intensity increases, violaxanthin is biochemically transformed into zeaxanthin, a carotenoid that possesses eleven conjugated double bonds. The results presented here show that extension of the [Symbol: see text] conjugation of the polyene lowers the energy of the lowest excited singlet state of the carotenoid below that of chlorophylla. As a consequence zeaxanthin can act as a trap for the excess excitation energy on chlorophylla pigments within the protein, thus regulating the flow of energy within photosynthetic light-harvesting proteins.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 06269-3060, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors: H A
authors: HA
authors: Frank
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cua
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Chynwat
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Young
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Gosztola
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Wasielewski