title: Phenalenone-type phytoalexins mediate resistance of banana plants (Musa spp.) to the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis.
abstract: The global yield of bananas-one of the most important food crops-is severely hampered by parasites, such as nematodes, which cause yield losses up to 75%. Plant-nematode interactions of two banana cultivars differing in susceptibility to Radopholus similis were investigated by combining the conventional and spatially resolved analytical techniques (1)H NMR spectroscopy, matrix-free UV-laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging, and Raman microspectroscopy. This innovative combination of analytical techniques was applied to isolate, identify, and locate the banana-specific type of phytoalexins, phenylphenalenones, in the R. similis-caused lesions of the plants. The striking antinematode activity of the phenylphenalenone anigorufone, its ingestion by the nematode, and its subsequent localization in lipid droplets within the nematode is reported. The importance of varying local concentrations of these specialized metabolites in infected plant tissues, their involvement in the plant's defense system, and derived strategies for improving banana resistance are highlighted.
authors: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Hölscher
authors: Suganthagunthalam
authors: S
authors: Dhakshinamoorthy
authors: Theodore
authors: T
authors: Alexandrov
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Becker
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Bretschneider
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Buerkert
authors: Anna C
authors: AC
authors: Crecelius
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: De Waele
authors: Annemie
authors: A
authors: Elsen
authors: David G
authors: DG
authors: Heckel
authors: Heike
authors: H
authors: Heklau
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Hertweck
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Kai
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Knop
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Krafft
authors: Ravi K
authors: RK
authors: Maddula
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Matthäus
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Popp
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Schneider
authors: Ulrich S
authors: US
authors: Schubert
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Sikora
authors: Aleš
authors: A
authors: Svatoš
authors: Rony L
authors: RL
authors: Swennen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060467:Disease Resistance; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D028521:Musa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000469:parasitology; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014431:Tylenchoidea; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D000094162:Phytoalexins
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000094162:Phytoalexins
keywords: induced plant defense; matrix-free LDI-MSI; plant protection