title: In vitro tests aiding ecological risk assessment of ciprofloxacin, tamoxifen and cyclophosphamide in range of concentrations released in hospital wastewater and surface water.
abstract: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), tamoxifen (TAM) and cyclophosphamide (CP) which are often used in anticancer treatment are released in hospital effluent and into the environment. Although the concentrations are low (from ng/L to μg/L), no data exist concerning their ecotoxicological impact. In this study two biomarkers of early effect were performed on hepatic cells (HepG2): cell viability and genotoxicity (DNA breaks) using cell proliferative assay and comet assay, respectively. These data were compared with two standardized ecotoxicological tests: algaltoxkit F™ and microtox®. Cells were exposed to an increasing amount of an individual drug or in a mixture for 24, 48 or 72h. The time-exposure of bacteria and algae ranged between 5 and 30min and 72h, respectively. A non-monotonic dose-response on cell viability was observed when HepG2 cells were exposed to TAM alone or in the presence of CIP. The same scheme was observed with microtox® when the bacteria were exposed to the mixtures. On the other side, an individual drug does not induce any DNA breaks on hepatic cells, whereas a mixture leads to a dose dependent increase of DNA breaks. Similarly a positive response was observed with algaltoxkit F™ only with mixtures. Synergistic effects observed when drugs are in a mixture highlight the importance of investigating the ecotoxicological effects of contaminants at low concentrations and in mixtures.
authors: Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, France; Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSAT), 1 avenue Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Mater
authors: Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire GEODE, UMR CNRS 5602, Centre Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi cedex 9, France.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Geret
authors: Veolia Environnement Recherche et Innovation, Centre de Recherche de Maisons Laffitte, 78603 Maisons Laffitte, France.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Castillo
authors: Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, France; Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSAT), 1 avenue Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Faucet-Marquis
authors: Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, France; Ecole National Supérieure des Ingénieurs en Arts chimiques et Technologiques (ENSIACET), 4 allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Albasi
authors: Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, France; Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSAT), 1 avenue Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France. Electronic address: leszkowicz@ensat.fr.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Pfohl-Leszkowicz
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D064308:Ecological Parameter Monitoring; D017753:Ecosystem; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008506:Medical Waste; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000633:toxicity*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D008506:Medical Waste; D013629:Tamoxifen; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Bioassays; Ciprofloxacin; Cyclophosphamide; Hormesis; Tamoxifen; Wastewater