title: The effect of arm position and bed adjustment on comfort and pressure under the shoulders in people with tetraplegia: a randomized cross-over study.
abstract: METHODS
  Randomized, within-in participant cross-over study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on comfort and pressure of lying with the shoulders and bed in different positions for people with tetraplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty people with tetraplegia were tested lying supine with the shoulders and bed in seven different positions. The positions used a combination of three arm and two bed positions. Six of the positions reflected what is commonly recommended in acute spinal cord injury units including a crucifix-type position. The seventh position was selected by participants and reflected their preferred sleeping position. There were five outcomes: general comfort, shoulder comfort, participant choice of preferred position, peak pressure under the shoulders and areal pressure under the shoulders. Pressure was measured using a pressure mapping system and comfort using a visual analogue scale (VAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participants reported significantly higher (P<0.01) general comfort and shoulder comfort in their self-selected position compared with all other positions. There was no statistical difference in peak pressure (P=0.15) or areal pressure (P=0.08) under the shoulders between the seven positions. Most participants indicated that they preferred to lie with their shoulders adducted and internally rotated and the hands either by their sides or on their stomachs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The position of the shoulders has little effect on pressure but a notable effect on comfort. Participants preferred to sleep with their arms beside their bodies, not with their arms in a crucifix position as commonly advocated.
authors: 1] Department of Physiotherapy, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland [2] Bern University of Applied Sciences, Health, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Raab
authors: Rehabilitation Studies Unit, Sydney Medical School/Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Harvey
authors: Acute Medicine and Rehabilitation, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Baumberger
authors: Clinical Trial Unit, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Frotzler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001513:Beds; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain; D010147:Pain Measurement; D057240:Patient Preference; D011187:Posture; D011312:Pressure; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012890:Sleep; D055815:Young Adult