title: [Changes in dose and injection pattern in the botulinum toxin long-term therapy of facial dyskinesis].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rare information exists about comparative long-term observations of patients with facial movement disorders. This retrospective analysis deals with the course of different parameters of injection over the time.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we compared the development of long-term botulinum toxin treatments of patients with blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and synkinesis. 80 patients (n=30 blepharospasm, n=31 hemifacial spasm, n=19 synkinesis), who had at least 10 consultations for BTA-injections, were included in the retrospective analysis. The development for each entity in total dosage, increase in the number of injection points and change in dosages for each point were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The over-all dosage in all 3 clinical disorders and for each single disease itself increased continuously over the time. The amount of injection points increased in the treatment of hemifacial spasm and synkinesis. The dosage per point increased most in blepharospasm between the 1. and 25. injection, but was distinctly lower in patients with hemifacial spasm and synkinesis. The increase in dosage in blepharospasm is therefore, in contrast to the other indications, mostly caused by an increase in dosage per point. In patients with hemifacial spasm and synkinesis the escalation of dosage is mainly caused by an increase of the number of injection points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These new aspects of the dynamic in the treatment with botulinum toxin enable the physician to understand better the dynamic of these diseases, to optimize treatment protocols.
authors: HNO-Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Laskawi
authors: Augenklinik, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Niemczewska
authors: Institut für Medizinische Statistik, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Schneider
authors: HNO-Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Winterhoff
authors: HNO-Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Beutner
authors: Klinik für Audiologie und Phoniatrie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rohrbach
mesh_terms: D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008134:Long-Term Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D046608:Synkinesis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A