title: Intake of dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones and risk of stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary vitamin K intake is thought to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by reducing vascular calcification, although vitamin K is also involved in coagulation. Studies investigating the association between phylloquinone intake and risk of stroke are scarce, and the relation with menaquinones has not been investigated to date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the association between intake of phylloquinone and menaquinones and stroke in a prospective cohort of 35,476 healthy subjects. Information on occurrence of stroke was obtained by linkage to national registries, and stroke was further specified into ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Vitamin K intake was estimated using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle, and other dietary factors were used to estimate the associations. During a follow-up of 12.1 ± 2.1 years, 580 incident cases of stroke were identified, 163 of which were hemorrhagic and 324 were ischemic. Phylloquinone intake was not associated with risk of stroke with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.09 (95% CI: 0.85 to 1.40, P(trend) 0.41) for the highest versus lowest quartile. For intake of menaquinones similar results were found, with an HR(Q4 versus Q1) of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.75 to 1.29, P(trend) 0.82). When specifying hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke or menaquinone subtypes, no significant associations were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, neither dietary phylloquinone nor dietary menaquinones intake were associated with stroke risk.
authors: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors: Linda E T
authors: LE
authors: Vissers
authors: Geertje W
authors: GW
authors: Dalmeijer
authors: Jolanda M A
authors: JM
authors: Boer
authors: W M
authors: WM
authors: Monique Verschuren
authors: Yvonne T
authors: YT
authors: van der Schouw
authors: Joline W J
authors: JW
authors: Beulens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D024482:Vitamin K 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D024482:Vitamin K 2; D010837:Vitamin K 1
keywords: diet; menaquinone; phylloquinone; stroke; vitamin K