title: Study of the cytokine polymorphisms in correlation to rejection and graft survival in renal allograft donors and recipients from a homogenous Saudi population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Allograft outcome can be improved with the discovery of risk factors that influence adverse events and may allow individualization of patients' treatment. Rejection is the main hurdle to successful transplantation and the immune response is the key effecter to rejection development. Hence, the major objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5 cytokine genes, HLA mismatch and graft outcome in a cohort of 100 Saudi kidney transplant recipients and 100 living related donors at a single transplant center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genotyping of the following positions: TNFA (-308G/A), TGFB1 (codon 10T/C, codon 25C/G), IL-10 (-1082G/A, -819C/T, -592C/A), IL-6 (-174C/G), and IFNG (+874T/A) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the donors whose recipients presented with either cellular or antibody mediated graft rejection (90% and 100%) respectively were found to be significantly (p=0.0351) associated with intermediate or high IL-10 producing haplotypes, compared to those with stable grafts (58.66%). Haplotypes linked with lower IL-10 production were not detected in the donors or their recipients with antibody mediated graft rejection compared to donors with stable graft (41.33%). The distribution of donor IL-10-1082 haplotypes (GG, GA, AA) showed a statistically significant association of IL-10-1082 GA genotype (p=0.0351) with rejection, when grouped according to patients' rejection status. No other statistically significant deviations were observed in the donors' genotypes. Analyses of cytokine polymorphisms in the recipients revealed no significant association. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that only HLA-DRB1 mismatch significantly influenced graft loss (p=0.0135).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the donor IL-10 genotypes and HLA-DRB1 mismatch are key determinants in graft outcome after renal transplantation.
authors: Stem Cell & Tissue Re-engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: agaafar@kfshrc.edu.sa.
authors: Ameera
authors: A
authors: Gaafar
authors: Stem Cell & Tissue Re-engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Alia
authors: A
authors: Iqniebi
authors: Stem Cell & Tissue Re-engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Atia
authors: A
authors: Sheereen
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Abdelmoneim
authors: A
authors: Eldali
authors: Institute of Biomedical Technology and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors: Hannu
authors: H
authors: Turpeinen
authors: Stem Cell & Tissue Re-engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Chaker
authors: C
authors: Adra
authors: Renal Transplant Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: Al Meshari
authors: Stem Cell & Tissue Re-engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: Khussein@kfshrc.edu.sa.
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: Al Hussein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D064591:Allografts / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains / Q000276:immunology; D006648:Histocompatibility; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D057285:Precision Medicine; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014180:Transplantation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Cytokines; HLA-DRB1; IL-10 genotype; Polymorphism; Renal transplant; SNP