title: Inflammatory response of prostate epithelial cells to stimulation by Trichomonas vaginalis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trichomonas vaginalis is known as the most common cause of sexually transmitted infection. However, its prevalence may have been underestimated. Trichomonads are detected in prostatic tissue in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Our objective was to investigate whether T. vaginalis could induce an inflammatory response in prostate epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytokine production by human prostate epithelial cell (RWPE-1) activated with T. vaginalis was determined by ELISA and real-time PCR. Intracellular ROS was evaluated by flow cytometry or spectrofluorometry. The protein levels of MAP kinase, NF-κB were analyzed by Western blot. The migration of neutrophil and monocyte were performed in 24-well microplates with filter insert.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of cells of a human prostate epithelial cell line with a live T. vaginalis T016 isolate increased expression of the inflammatory mediators IL-1β, CCL2, and CXCL8. In addition, ROS, MAPK, and NF-κB activities increased, while inhibitors of ROS, ERK, and NF-κB reduced IL-1β production. Medium conditioned by incubation of RWPE-1 cells with T. vaginalis contained IL-1β and stimulated the migration of human neutrophils and monocytes (THP-1 cell line).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that T. vaginalis may increase IL-1β expression in human prostate epithelium through activation of ROS, ERK, and NF-κB, and this in turn may induce the migration of neutrophils and monocytes and lead to an inflammatory response. This research is the first attempt to confirm inflammatory reaction caused by T. vaginalis in prostate epithelial cell.
authors: Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Min-Young
authors: MY
authors: Seo
authors: Su-Jeong
authors: SJ
authors: Im
authors: Na-Young
authors: NY
authors: Gu
authors: Jung-Hyun
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Yong-Hoon
authors: YH
authors: Chung
authors: Myoung-Hee
authors: MH
authors: Ahn
authors: Jae-Sook
authors: JS
authors: Ryu
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: IL-1β; Trichomonas vaginalis; monocyte migration; neutrophil; prostate epithelial cell