title: Are healthcare middle management jobs extreme jobs?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper is to explore the incidence of "extreme jobs" among middle managers in acute hospitals, and to identify individual and organizational implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper is based on interviews and focus groups with managers at six hospitals, a "proof of concept" pilot with an operations management team, and a survey administered at five hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of the original dimensions of extreme jobs, identified in commercial settings, apply to hospital management: long hours, unpredictable work patterns, tight deadlines with fast pace, broad responsibility, "24/7 availability", mentoring and coaching. Six healthcare-specific dimensions were identified: making life or death decisions, conflicting priorities, being required to do more with fewer resources, responding to regulatory bodies, the need to involve many people before introducing improvements, fighting a negative climate. Around 75 per cent of hospital middle managers have extreme jobs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This extreme healthcare management job model was derived inductively from a qualitative study involving a small number of respondents. While the evidence suggests that extreme jobs are common, further research is required to assess the antecedents, incidence, and implications of these working practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A varied, intense, fast-paced role with responsibility and long hours can be rewarding, for some. However, multi-tasking across complex roles can lead to fatigue, burnout, and mistakes, patient care may be compromised, and family life may be adversely affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As far as the authors can ascertain, there are no other studies exploring acute sector management roles through an extreme jobs lens.
authors: School of Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK. David.Buchanan@Cranfield.ac.uk
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Buchanan
authors: School of Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK.
authors: Emma
authors: E
authors: Parry
authors: School of Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK.
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Gascoigne
authors: School of Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK.
authors: Cíara
authors: C
authors: Moore
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D017144:Focus Groups; D006740:Hospital Administrators / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D017146:Models, Organizational; D015279:Organizational Culture; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D006113:United Kingdom; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards