title: Inhibition of GSK-3 induces differentiation and impaired glucose metabolism in renal cancer.
abstract: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase, is a key regulator of numerous cellular processes ranging from glycogen metabolism to cell-cycle regulation and proliferation. Consistent with its involvement in many pathways, it has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, including type II diabetes, Alzheimer disease, bipolar disorder, inflammation, and cancer. Consequently, it is recognized as an attractive target for the development of new drugs. In the present study, we investigated the effect of both pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of GSK-3 in two different renal cancer cell lines. We have shown potent antiproliferative activity of 9-ING-41, a maleimide-based GSK-3 inhibitor. The antiproliferative activity is most likely caused by G(0)-G(1) and G(2)-M phase arrest as evident from cell-cycle analysis. We have established that inhibition of GSK-3 imparted a differentiated phenotype in renal cancer cells. We have also shown that GSK-3 inhibition induced autophagy, likely as a result of imbalanced energy homeostasis caused by impaired glucose metabolism. In addition, we have demonstrated the antitumor activity of 9-ING-41 in two different subcutaneous xenograft renal cell carcinoma tumor models. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing autophagy induction due to GSK-3 inhibition in renal cancer cells.
authors: Corresponding Author: Debabrata Mukhopadhyay, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Guggenheim 1321C, Rochester, MN 55905. mukhopadhyay.debabrata@mayo.edu.
authors: Krishnendu
authors: K
authors: Pal
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Cao
authors: Irina N
authors: IN
authors: Gaisina
authors: Santanu
authors: S
authors: Bhattacharya
authors: Shamit K
authors: SK
authors: Dutta
authors: Enfeng
authors: E
authors: Wang
authors: Hendra
authors: H
authors: Gunosewoyo
authors: Alan P
authors: AP
authors: Kozikowski
authors: Daniel D
authors: DD
authors: Billadeau
authors: Debabrata
authors: D
authors: Mukhopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008301:Maleimides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D015394:Molecular Structure; D034622:RNA Interference; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C000595152:3-(5-fluorobenzofuran-3-yl)-4-(5-methyl-5H-(1,3)dioxolo(4,5-f)indol-7-yl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D008301:Maleimides; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D005947:Glucose