title: Comparative outcomes and cost-utility after surgical treatment of focal lumbar spinal stenosis compared with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee--part 1: long-term change in health-related quality of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well accepted that total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) for osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with reliable and sustained improvements in postoperative health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Although several studies have demonstrated comparable outcomes with THA/TKA after surgical intervention for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), the sustainability of the outcome after LSS surgery compared with THA/TKA remains uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary purpose of this study is to assess whether improvements in HRQoL after surgical management of focal lumbar spinal stenosis (FLSS) with or without spondylolisthesis are sustainable over the long term compared with that of THA/TKA for OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-center, retrospective, longitudinal matched cohort study of prospectively collected outcomes, with a minimum of 5-year follow-up (FU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had primary one- to two-level spinal decompression with or without instrumented fusion for FLSS and THA/TKA for primary OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postoperative change from baseline to last FU in Short-Form 36 physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores among groups was used as the primary outcome measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  An age, sex-matched inception cohort of primary one- to two-level spinal decompression with or without instrumented fusion for FLSS (n=99) was compared with a cohort of primary THA (n=99) and TKA (n=99) for OA and followed for a minimum of 5 years. Linear regression was used for the primary analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (percent) FUs in months were 80.5+16.04 (79%), 94.6+16.62 (92%), and 80.6+16.84 (85%) for the FLSS, THA, and TKA cohorts, respectively, with a range of 5 to 10 years for all three cohorts. The number of patients who have undergone revision including those lost to FU for the FLSS, THA, and TKA cohorts were n=20 (20.2%, same site [n=7] and adjacent segment [n=13]) requiring 27 operations, n=3 (3%, same site) requiring 5 operations, and n=8 (8.1%, same site) requiring 12 operations, respectively (p<.01). The average time to first revision was 56/65/43 months, respectively. Mean postoperative PCS (p<.0001) and MCS (p<.02) scores improved significantly and were durable for all groups at the last FU. The mean changes from baseline PCS/MCS scores to last FU were 8.5/6.4, 12.3/7.0, and 8.3/4.9 for FLSS, THA, and TKA, respectively. Adjusting for baseline age, sex, body mass index, PCS score, and MCS score, there was a strong trend in favor of greater sustained change in the PCS score of THA over FLSS (p=.07) and TKA (p=.08). No difference was noted for change in PCS score between FLSS and TKA (p=.95). No differences were noted for change in MCS score among all three cohorts (p>.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant improvements in HRQoL after surgical treatment of FLSS with or without spondylolisthesis and hip and knee OA are sustained for a mean of 7 to 8 years, with a minimum of 5-year FU. Despite a higher revision rate, patients undergoing surgery for FLSS can expect a comparable long-term average improvement in HRQoL from baseline compared with their peers undergoing TKA and to a lesser extent THA.
authors: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T-2S8; Arthritis Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Spinal Program, Krembil Neuroscience Center, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: raja.rampersaud@uhn.on.ca.
authors: Y Raja
authors: YR
authors: Rampersaud
authors: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T-2S8; Arthritis Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Spinal Program, Krembil Neuroscience Center, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Lewis
authors: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T-2S8; Arthritis Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: J Roderick
authors: JR
authors: Davey
authors: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T-2S8; Arthritis Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Rajiv
authors: R
authors: Gandhi
authors: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T-2S8; Arthritis Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Nizar N
authors: NN
authors: Mahomed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Health-related quality of life; Hip; Knee; Long term; Osteoarthritis; Spinal stenosis; Surgery