title: Transcription profiling reveals potential mechanisms of dysbiosis in the oral microbiome of rhesus macaques with chronic untreated SIV infection.
abstract: A majority of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have inadequate access to antiretroviral therapy and ultimately develop debilitating oral infections that often correlate with disease progression. Due to the impracticalities of conducting host-microbe systems-based studies in HIV infected patients, we have evaluated the potential of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaques to serve as a non-human primate model for oral manifestations of HIV disease. We present the first description of the rhesus macaque oral microbiota and show that a mixture of human commensal bacteria and "macaque versions" of human commensals colonize the tongue dorsum and dental plaque. Our findings indicate that SIV infection results in chronic activation of antiviral and inflammatory responses in the tongue mucosa that may collectively lead to repression of epithelial development and impact the microbiome. In addition, we show that dysbiosis of the lingual microbiome in SIV infection is characterized by outgrowth of Gemella morbillorum that may result from impaired macrophage function. Finally, we provide evidence that the increased capacity of opportunistic pathogens (e.g. E. coli) to colonize the microbiome is associated with reduced production of antimicrobial peptides.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Ocon
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Murphy
authors: Angeline T
authors: AT
authors: Dang
authors: Sumathi
authors: S
authors: Sankaran-Walters
authors: Chin-Shang
authors: CS
authors: Li
authors: Ross
authors: R
authors: Tarara
authors: Niku
authors: N
authors: Borujerdpur
authors: Satya
authors: S
authors: Dandekar
authors: Bruce J
authors: BJ
authors: Paster
authors: Michael D
authors: MD
authors: George
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D064806:Dysbiosis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D064307:Microbiota; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma