title: Small financial incentives increase smoking cessation in homeless smokers: a pilot study.
abstract: Although over 70% of homeless individuals smoke, few studies have examined the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in this vulnerable population. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the effectiveness of shelter-based smoking cessation clinic usual care (UC) to an adjunctive contingency management (CM) treatment that offered UC plus small financial incentives for smoking abstinence. Sixty-eight homeless individuals in Dallas, Texas (recruited in 2012) were assigned to UC (n=58) or UC plus financial incentives (CM; n=10) groups and were followed for 5 consecutive weeks (1 week pre-quit through 4 weeks post-quit). A generalized linear mixed model regression analysis was conducted to compare biochemically-verified abstinence rates between groups. An additional model examined the interaction between time and treatment group. The participants were primarily male (61.8%) and African American (58.8%), and were 49 years of age on average. There was a significant effect of treatment group on abstinence overall, and effects varied over time. Follow-up logistic regression analyses indicated that CM participants were significantly more likely than UC participants to be abstinent on the quit date (50% vs. 19% abstinent) and at 4 weeks post-quit (30% vs. 1.7% abstinent). Offering small financial incentives for smoking abstinence may be an effective way to facilitate smoking cessation in homeless individuals.
authors: University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; University of Texas Southwestern Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Population Science and Cancer Control Program, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. Electronic address: michael.businelle@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors: Michael S
authors: MS
authors: Businelle
authors: University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; University of Texas Southwestern Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Population Science and Cancer Control Program, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors: Darla E
authors: DE
authors: Kendzor
authors: University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors: Anshula
authors: A
authors: Kesh
authors: University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors: Erica L
authors: EL
authors: Cuate
authors: University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors: Insiya B
authors: IB
authors: Poonawalla
authors: University of Houston, Department of Educational Psychology, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX, 77204-5029, USA.
authors: Lorraine R
authors: LR
authors: Reitzel
authors: University of Minnesota, Family Medicine and Community Health, 717 Delaware St SE, Ste 166, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
authors: Kolawole S
authors: KS
authors: Okuyemi
authors: University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Health Disparities Research, PO Box 301402, Unit 1440, Houston, TX, 77230, USA.
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Wetter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Contingency management; Financial incentives; Homeless; Smoking cessation