title: Ideal three-dimensional electrode structures for electrochemical energy storage.
abstract: Three-dimensional electrodes offer great advantages, such as enhanced ion and electron transport, increased material loading per unit substrate area, and improved mechanical stability upon repeated charge-discharge. The origin of these advantages is discussed and the criteria for ideal 3D electrode structure are outlined. One of the common features of ideal 3D electrodes is the use of a 3D carbon- or metal-based porous framework as the structural backbone and current collector. The synthesis methods of these 3D frameworks and their composites with redox-active materials are summarized, including transition metal oxides and conducting polymers. The structural characteristics and electrochemical performances are also reviewed. Synthesis of composite 3D electrodes is divided into two types - template-assisted and template-free methods - depending on whether a pre-made template is required. The advantages and drawbacks of both strategies are discussed.
authors: College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK.
authors: Sakineh
authors: S
authors: Chabi
authors: Chuang
authors: C
authors: Peng
authors: Di
authors: D
authors: Hu
authors: Yanqiu
authors: Y
authors: Zhu
keywords: 3D electrodes; energy storage; ion diffusion and electron transport length; template-assisted synthesis; template-free synthesis