title: Therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: current approaches and pharmacologic agents in development.
abstract: As one of the leading causes of blindness, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has remained at the epicenter of clinical research in ophthalmology. During the past decade, focus of researchers has ranged from understanding the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the angiogenic cascades to developing new therapies for retinal vascular diseases. Anti-VEGF agents such as ranibizumab and aflibercept are becoming increasingly well-established therapies and have replaced earlier approaches such as laser photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy. Many other new therapeutic agents, which are in the early phase clinical trials, have shown promising results. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the available treatment modalities for neovascular AMD and then focus on promising new therapies that are currently in various stages of development.
authors: Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 3902 Leavenworth Street, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors: Mostafa
authors: M
authors: Hanout
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Ferraz
authors: Mehreen
authors: M
authors: Ansari
authors: Natasha
authors: N
authors: Maqsood
authors: Saleema
authors: S
authors: Kherani
authors: Yasir J
authors: YJ
authors: Sepah
authors: Nithya
authors: N
authors: Rajagopalan
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Ibrahim
authors: Diana V
authors: DV
authors: Do
authors: Quan Dong
authors: QD
authors: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015861:Retinal Neovascularization / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C533178:aflibercept; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D000069579:Ranibizumab