title: Differential cytotoxic effects of gold nanoparticles in different mammalian cell lines.
abstract: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess unique properties that have been exploited in several medical applications. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental safety of AuNPs is imperative for use of these nanomaterials. Here, we describe the impacts of AuNPs in various mammalian cell models using an automatic and dye-free method for continuous monitoring of cell growth based on the measurement of cell impedance. Several well-established cytotoxicity assays were also used for comparison. AuNPs induced a concentration-dependent decrease in cell growth. This inhibitory effect was associated with apoptosis induction in Vero cells but not in MRC-5 or NIH3T3 cells. Interestingly, cDNA microarray analyses in MRC-5 cells supported the involvement of DNA damage and repair responses, cell-cycle regulation, and oxidative stress in AuNP-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Moreover, autophagy appeared to play a role in AuNPs-induced attenuation of cell growth in NIH3T3 cells. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of AuNP-induced cytotoxicity in a variety of mammalian cell lines, comparing several cytotoxicity assays. Collectively, these assays offer convincing evidence of the cytotoxicity of AuNPs and support the value of a systematic approach for analyzing the toxicology of nanoparticles.
authors: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
authors: Pin Ju
authors: PJ
authors: Chueh
authors: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
authors: Ruei-Yue
authors: RY
authors: Liang
authors: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
authors: Yi-Hui
authors: YH
authors: Lee
authors: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
authors: Zih-Ming
authors: ZM
authors: Zeng
authors: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan. Electronic address: smchuang@dragon.nchu.edu.tw.
authors: Show-Mei
authors: SM
authors: Chuang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D006046:Gold / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D013552:Swine; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014343:Trypan Blue; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D006046:Gold; D014343:Trypan Blue
keywords: AuNPs; Cell-impedance measurement; Cytotoxicity; Gold nanoparticles; In vitro assays