title: Dynamic topographical pattern classification of multichannel prefrontal NIRS signals: II. Online differentiation of mental arithmetic and rest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has recently gained attention as a modality for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which may serve as an alternative access pathway for individuals with severe motor impairments. For NIRS-BCIs to be used as a real communication pathway, reliable online operation must be achieved. Yet, only a limited number of studies have been conducted online to date. These few studies were carried out under a synchronous paradigm and did not accommodate an unconstrained resting state, precluding their practical clinical implication. Furthermore, the potentially discriminative power of spatiotemporal characteristics of activation has yet to be considered in an online NIRS system.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we developed and evaluated an online system-paced NIRS-BCI which was driven by a mental arithmetic activation task and accommodated an unconstrained rest state. With a dual-wavelength, frequency domain near-infrared spectrometer, measurements were acquired over nine sites of the prefrontal cortex, while ten able-bodied participants selected letters from an on-screen scanning keyboard via intentionally controlled brain activity (using mental arithmetic). Participants were provided dynamic NIR topograms as continuous visual feedback of their brain activity as well as binary feedback of the BCI's decision (i.e. if the letter was selected or not). To classify the hemodynamic activity, temporal features extracted from the NIRS signals and spatiotemporal features extracted from the dynamic NIR topograms were used in a majority vote combination of multiple linear classifiers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall online classification accuracy of 77.4 ± 10.5% was achieved across all participants. The binary feedback was found to be very useful during BCI use, while not all participants found value in the continuous feedback provided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that mental arithmetic is a potent mental task for driving an online system-paced NIRS-BCI. BCI feedback that reflects the classifier's decision has the potential to improve user performance. The proposed system can provide a framework for future online NIRS-BCI development and testing.
authors: Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Larissa C
authors: LC
authors: Schudlo
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Chau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins