title: Rural-urban differences in obstetric care, 2002-2010, and implications for the future.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 15% of the 4 million annual US births occur in rural hospitals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To (1) measure differences in obstetric care in rural and urban hospitals, and to (2) examine whether trends over time differ by rural-urban hospital location.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of hospital discharge records for all births in the 2002-2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, which constitutes 20% sample of US hospitals (N = 7,188,972 births: 6,316,743 in urban hospitals, 837,772 in rural hospitals).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates of low-risk cesarean (full-term, singleton, vertex pregnancies; no prior cesarean), vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), nonindicated cesarean, and nonindicated labor induction were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2010, low-risk cesarean rates in rural and urban hospitals were 15.5% and 16.1%, respectively, and nonindicated cesarean rates were 16.9% and 17.8%, respectively. VBAC rates were 5.0% in rural and 10.0% in urban hospitals in 2010. Between 2002 and 2010, rates of low-risk cesarean and nonindicated cesarean increased, and VBAC rates decreased in both rural and urban hospitals. Nonindicated labor induction was less frequent in rural versus urban hospitals in 2002 [adjusted odds ratio = 0.79 (0.78-0.81)], but increased more rapidly in rural hospitals from 2002 to 2010 [adjusted odds ratio = 1.05 (1.05-1.06)]. In 2010, 16.5% of rural births were induced without indication (12.0% of urban births).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From 2002 to 2010, cesarean rates rose and VBAC rates fell in both rural and urban hospitals. Nonindicated labor induction rates rose disproportionately faster in rural versus urban settings. Tailored clinical and policy tools are required to address differences between rural and urban hospitals.
authors: *Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health †Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center ‡Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Katy B
authors: KB
authors: Kozhimannil
authors: Peiyin
authors: P
authors: Hung
authors: Shailendra
authors: S
authors: Prasad
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Casey
authors: Ira
authors: I
authors: Moscovice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006780:Hospitals, Rural / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016064:Vaginal Birth after Cesarean / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult