title: Treatment options in patients with chylothorax.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chylothorax arises when lymphatic fluid (chyle) accumulates in the pleural cavity because of leakage from lymphatic vessels. It is most commonly seen after thoracic surgery (in 0.5% to 1% of cases) and in association with tumors. No prospective or randomized trials have yet been performed to evaluate the available treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is based on a selective search of the PubMed database for pertinent publications from the years 1995 to 2013. Emphasis was laid on articles that enabled a comparative assessment of treatment options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial conservative treatment (e.g., parenteral nutrition or a special diet) succeeds in 20% to 80% of cases. When such treatment fails, the standard approach up to the present has been to treat surgically, e.g., with ligation of the thoracic duct, pleurodesis, or a pleuroperitoneal shunt. The success rates of such procedures have ranged from 25% to 95%. Most of the patients undergoing such procedures are severely ill; complication rates as high as 38% have been reported, with mortality as high as 25%. In more recent publications, however, morbidity and mortality were lower. Interventional radiological treatments, such as percutaneous thoracic duct embolization or the percutaneous destruction of lymphatic vessels, succeed in about 70% of cases and lead to healing in up to 80% of cases, even after unsuccessful surgery. The complication rate of percutaneous methods is roughly 3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventional radiological procedures have now taken their place alongside conservative treatment and surgery in the management of chylothorax, although they are currently available in only a small number of centers.
authors: Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Bonn, Department of Internal Medicine I at the University Hospital of Bonn, Clinic and Policlinic of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Clinic and Policlinic of General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn.
authors: Hans H
authors: HH
authors: Schild
authors: Christian P
authors: CP
authors: Strassburg
authors: Armin
authors: A
authors: Welz
authors: Jörg
authors: J
authors: Kalff
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002916:Chylothorax / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D010361:Patients; D018700:Pleurodesis / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides