title: Repeated nicotine exposure during adolescence alters reward-related learning in male and female rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Repeated nicotine exposure causes neuroadaptations in limbic cortico-striatal circuits involved in learning and motivation. Such alterations are relevant to addiction because they are suggested to mediate the ability of smoking-associated stimuli to control behavior and to enhance nicotine-seeking and -taking behaviors. Female smokers report higher cue reactivity relative to their male counter parts, yet little is known about putative gender-specific effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on reward-related learning. Prior repeated nicotine exposure in adult male rats enhances Pavlovian approach behavior and conditioned reinforcement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Given that smoking is typically initiated during adolescence, here we assessed the extent to which adolescent nicotine exposure impacts Pavlovian approach and conditioned reinforcement in male and female rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were injected with nicotine on postnatal days 31-45 prior to training on Pavlovian approach behavior starting on day 51. They were trained to associate a conditioned stimulus (CS), illumination of a magazine light, and tone, with an unconditioned stimulus (US), the delivery of water, for 10-daily sessions, and then were tested on the acquisition of responding with conditioned reinforcement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescent nicotine exposure selectively increased approach to the magazine during the CS in males but decreased approach to the magazine during the CS in female rats. Vehicle-exposed female rats, however, showed greater magazine approach during the CS than did male control rats. Prior nicotine exposure also enhanced conditioned reinforcement in both male and female rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated exposure to nicotine during adolescence had opposite effects on Pavlovian approach behavior in male and female rats but enhanced acquisition of a new response with conditioned reinforcement. Novel information on how nicotine exposure influences reward-related learning during adolescence may increase our understanding of neurobiological mechanisms involved in the initiation of smoking behavior.
authors: Department of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University Ribicoff Research Facilities CMHC, 34 Park St New Haven, CT 06519, United States.
authors: Stacey L
authors: SL
authors: Quick
authors: Department of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University Ribicoff Research Facilities CMHC, 34 Park St New Haven, CT 06519, United States.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Olausson
authors: Department of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University Ribicoff Research Facilities CMHC, 34 Park St New Haven, CT 06519, United States.
authors: Nii A
authors: NA
authors: Addy
authors: Department of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University Ribicoff Research Facilities CMHC, 34 Park St New Haven, CT 06519, United States. Electronic address: jane.taylor@yale.edu.
authors: Jane R
authors: JR
authors: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012201:Reward; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Conditioned reinforcement; Nicotine; Pavlovian approach; Reward learning; Sex differences