title: Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in breast milk in Poland.
abstract: Mother's milk is the fundamental food for infants. It contains proteins, fat, carbohydrates and essential metals which are necessary to ensure correct functioning of the organism. Unfortunately, breast milk is a potential source of toxic metals, which are dangerous for a baby. In Poland, previous research concerning the content of metals in breast milk was very scarce or its results were unavailable. The present study aimed at assessing the content of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in human breast milk, as well as estimating the mean weekly intake of these metals by breast-fed infants from Poland. The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 2.114 μg/l, 6.331 μg/l, 0.137 mg/l and 1.623 mg/l, respectively. The admissible levels of supply of these toxic metals has not been exceeded, but their contents were high, particularly in 6-month-old infants (nearly 85 % TWI for Cd and nearly 70 % BMDL₀₁ for Pb). The daily intake of Cu and Zn did not fully satisfy the infant's requirements determined by Polish standards and WHO recommendations. Since the lifestyle of lactating women has a direct influence on the content of these elements in breast milk, women should be educated in this respect with particular focus on eliminating tobacco smoking, both by breastfeeding mothers and by their direct environment.
authors: Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland, anna.mieczan@up.lublin.pl.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Winiarska-Mieczan
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D011044:Poland; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc