title: Motion analysis of throwing Boccia balls in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: Boccia is a sport suitable for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Throwing Boccia balls requires upper extremity and torso coordination. This study investigated the differences between children with CP and normally developed children regarding throwing patterns of Boccia balls. Thirteen children with bilateral spastic CP and 20 normally developed children participated in this study. The tests in this study were a pediatric reach test and throwing of Boccia balls. A 3D electromagnetic motion tracking system and a force plate were synchronized to record and analyze biomechanical parameters of throwing Boccia balls. The results of the pediatric reach test for participants with CP were significantly worse than those for normally developed participants. The 2 groups of participants did not significantly differ regarding the distance between a thrown Boccia ball and a target ball (jack). Participants with CP demonstrated significantly longer movement duration, smaller amplitude of elbow movement, greater amplitudes of shoulder abduction and flexion, slower maximal velocity of torso flexion and the linear velocity of moving the wrist joint forward, faster maximal velocity of head flexion, and smaller sway ratio compared with normally developed participants when throwing Boccia balls. Participants with CP seemed to mainly use head and shoulder movements to bring the Boccia balls forward with limited torso movement. Normally developed participants brought the Boccia ball forward with faster torso and greater elbow movement while stabilizing head and shoulder movements. Nevertheless, participants with CP did not demonstrate significantly worse performance in the throwing accuracy of Boccia balls.
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, I-Lan, Taiwan.
authors: Po-Chang
authors: PC
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, I-Lan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Po-Jung
authors: PJ
authors: Pan
authors: Physical Therapy, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Chih
authors: YC
authors: Ou
authors: Bali Ai-Hsin Home for Persons with Disabilities, New Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Yi-Chen
authors: YC
authors: Yu
authors: Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: yungshentsai@gmail.com.
authors: Yung-Shen
authors: YS
authors: Tsai
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D060726:Torso / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Biomechanics; Control; Movement