title: Smoking among older childbearing women - a marker of risky health behaviour a registry-based study in Finland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking during pregnancy is known to negatively affect pregnancy outcomes and it has been associated with numerous complications during pregnancy. Smoking is more common in younger pregnant women, but previous research has shown that adverse pregnancy outcomes related to older maternal age and smoking are even more harmful than with younger smokers. The aim of this study was to compare pregnancy outcomes among smoking and non-smoking pregnant women aged <35 years and ≥35 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this registry-based study, the data were collected from three national Finnish health registries: Finnish Medical Birth Register, Finnish Hospital Discharge Register, and Register of Congenital Malformations between the years 1997 and 2008. The data included information on 80 260 women who were smoking during pregnancy, of which 11 277 (9%) were ≥35 years and 68 983 (13%) were <35 years old. In multivariate modelling, the main outcome measures were preterm delivery, low Apgar scores at 1 min., low birth weight, small for gestational age, fetal death and preeclampsia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fewer older women smoked during pregnancy (9%) than younger women did (13%). Smoking increased the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, most in the older group. Multivariate logistic regression using non-smoking women aged <35 years as a reference group indicated that smoking women <35 years had higher rates of preterm delivery (OR 1.27 CI 1.20-1.35), SGA (OR 2.18 CI 2.10-2.26) and LBW (OR 1.73 CI 1.62-1.84).Non-smoking women ≥35 had higher rates of preterm delivery (OR 1.15 CI 1.10-1.20), fetal death (OR 1.36 CI 1.12-1.64), preeclampsia (OR 1.14 CI 1.09-1.20) and LBW (OR 1.13 CI 1.07-1.19).Smoking women ≥35 had higher rates of preterm delivery (OR 1.60 CI 1.40-1.82), SGA (OR 2.55 CI 2.34-2.79), fetal death (OR 2.70 CI 1.80-4.05) and LBW (OR 2.50 CI 2.20-2.80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in all women, but the rates were the highest for women aged ≥35 years. Pregnant women aged ≥35 years smoking during pregnancy was a distinctly high risk group. Maternity care should identify these women and support them in cessation of smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy.
authors: Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, P,O,Box, 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. reeta.lampinen@uef.fi.
authors: Reeta
authors: R
authors: Lamminpää
authors: Katri
authors: K
authors: Vehviläinen-Julkunen
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Gissler
authors: Seppo
authors: S
authors: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001034:Apgar Score; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D016015:Logistic Models; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology