title: Using the low-pass monogenic signal framework for cell/background classification on multiple cell lines in bright-field microscope images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several cell detection approaches which deal with bright-field microscope images utilize defocusing to increase image contrast. The latter is related to the physical light phase through the transport of intensity equation (TIE). Recently, it was shown that it is possible to approximate the solution of the TIE using a low-pass monogenic signal framework. The purpose of this paper is to show that using the local phase of the aforementioned monogenic signal instead of the defocused image improves the cell/background classification accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper statement was tested on an image database composed of three cell lines: adherent CHO, adherent L929, and Sf21 in suspension. Local phase and local energy images were generated using the low-pass monogenic signal framework with axial derivative images as input. Machine learning was then employed to investigate the discriminative power of the local phase. Three classifier models were utilized: random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) with a linear kernel, and SVM with a radial basis function (RBF) kernel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The improvement, averaged over cell lines, of classifying 5×5 sized patches extracted from the local phase image instead of the defocused image was 7.3% using the RF, 11.6% using the linear SVM, and 10.2% when a RBF kernel was employed instead of the linear one. Furthermore, the feature images can be sorted by increasing discriminative power as follows: at-focus signal, local energy, defocused signal, local phase. The only exception to this order was the superiority of local energy over defocused signal for suspended cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local phase computed using the low-pass monogenic signal framework considerably outperforms the defocused image for the purpose of pixel-patch cell/background classification in bright-field microscopy.
authors: Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany, firas.mualla@cs.fau.de.
authors: Firas
authors: F
authors: Mualla
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Schöll
authors: Björn
authors: B
authors: Sommerfeldt
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Maier
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Steidl
authors: Rainer
authors: R
authors: Buchholz
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Hornegger
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002460:Cell Line / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D012984:Software; D060388:Support Vector Machine