title: The effect of macro- and micro-nutrient fortification of biscuits on their sensory properties and on hedonic liking of older people.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Under-nutrition in older adults is widespread. Oral nutritional supplement beverages (ONS) are prescribed, yet consumption by older people is often insufficient. A variety of supplement formats may improve nutrient intake. This study developed protein and micro-nutrient fortified biscuits and evaluated their sensory attributes and liking by older people. Two micro-nutrient strategies were taken, to match typical ONS and to customise to the needs of older people.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oat biscuits and gluten-free biscuits developed contained over 12% protein and over 460 kcal 100 g(-1). Two small (40 g) biscuits developed to match ONS provided approximately 40% of an ONS portion of micro-nutrients and 60% of macro-nutrients; however, the portion size was considered realistic whereas the average ONS portion (200 mL) is excessive. Biscuits developed to the needs of older adults provided, on average, 18% of the reference nutrient intake of targeted micro-nutrients. Sensory characteristics were similar between biscuits with and without micro-nutrient fortification, leading to no differences in liking. Fortified oat biscuits were less liked than commercial oat biscuits, partly attributed to flavour imparted by whey protein fortification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macro- and micro-nutrient fortification of biscuits could provide an alternative fortified snack to help alleviate malnutrition in older adults.
authors: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
authors: Roussa
authors: R
authors: Tsikritzi
authors: Paula J
authors: PJ
authors: Moynihan
authors: Margot A
authors: MA
authors: Gosney
authors: Victoria J
authors: VJ
authors: Allen
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Methven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018554:Avena; D001939:Bread; D004032:Diet; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008894:Milk Proteins; D057181:Pleasure; D064787:Portion Size; D013649:Taste; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins
keywords: biscuits; cookies; nutrient fortification; older people; sensory; supplement