title: The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the rat brain: an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine the structural changes of electromagnetic waves in the frontal cortex, brain stem and cerebellum.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 Wistar Albino adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups: group I consisted of control rats, and groups II-IV comprised electromagnetically irradiated (EMR) with 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz. The heads of the rats were exposed to 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz microwaves irradiation for 1h per day for 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the histopathological changes in the frontal cortex and brain stem were normal in the control group, there were severe degenerative changes, shrunken cytoplasm and extensively dark pyknotic nuclei in the EMR groups. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the Total Antioxidative Capacity level was significantly decreased in the EMR groups and also Total Oxidative Capacity and Oxidative Stress Index levels were significantly increased in the frontal cortex, brain stem and cerebellum. IL-1β level was significantly increased in the EMR groups in the brain stem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMR causes to structural changes in the frontal cortex, brain stem and cerebellum and impair the oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine system. This deterioration can cause to disease including loss of these areas function and cancer development.
authors: Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors: Olcay
authors: O
authors: Eser
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Songur
authors: Cevat
authors: C
authors: Aktas
authors: Ergun
authors: E
authors: Karavelioglu
authors: Veli
authors: V
authors: Caglar
authors: Firdevs
authors: F
authors: Aylak
authors: Fehmi
authors: F
authors: Ozguner
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Kanter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D060733:Electromagnetic Radiation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053148:Caspase 3