title: Inpatient Management of Diabetes Mellitus among Noncritically Ill Patients at University Hospital of Puerto Rico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the state of glycemic control in noncritically ill diabetic patients admitted to the Puerto Rico University Hospital and adherence to current standard of care guidelines for the treatment of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of patients admitted to a general medicine ward with diabetes mellitus as a secondary diagnosis. Clinical data for the first 5 days and the last 24 hours of hospitalization were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 147 noncritically ill diabetic patients were evaluated. The rates of hyperglycemia (blood glucose ≥180 mg/dL) and hypoglycemia (blood glucose <70 mg/dL) were 56.7 and 2.8%, respectively. Nearly 60% of patients were hyperglycemic during the first 24 hours of hospitalization (mean random blood glucose, 226.5 mg/dL), and 54.2% were hyperglycemic during the last 24 hours of hospitalization (mean random blood glucose, 196.51 mg/dL). The mean random last glucose value before discharge was 189.6 mg/dL. Most patients were treated with subcutaneous insulin, with basal insulin alone (60%) used as the most common regimen. The proportion of patients classified as uncontrolled receiving basal-bolus therapy increased from 54.3% on day 1 to 60% on day 5, with 40% continuing to receive only basal insulin. Most of the uncontrolled patients had their insulin dose increased (70.1%); however, a substantial proportion had no change (23.7%) or even a decrease (6.2%) in their insulin dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of hospitalized diabetic patients is suboptimal, probably due to clinical inertia, manifested by absence of appropriate modification of insulin regimen and intensification of dose in uncontrolled diabetic patients. A comprehensive educational diabetes management program, along with standardized insulin orders, should be implemented to improve the care of these patients.
authors: Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus.
authors: Myriam Zaydee
authors: MZ
authors: Allende-Vigo
authors: Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus.
authors: Rafael A
authors: RA
authors: González-Rosario
authors: Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus.
authors: Loida
authors: L
authors: González
authors: Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus.
authors: Viviana
authors: V
authors: Sánchez
authors: Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus.
authors: Mónica A
authors: MA
authors: Vega
authors: Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus.
authors: Milliette
authors: M
authors: Alvarado
authors: Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors: Raul O
authors: RO
authors: Ramón
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human