title: Expression of cyclin d1 and its association with disease characteristics in bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is characterized by alterations in cell-cycle regulatory pathways. Defects in the expression of cyclin D1, a key cell-cycle regulator, have been implicated in progression of various types of cancer. In the present study, we investigated whether cyclin D1 expression is associated with clinicopathological parameters and whether it has any potential prognostic value in determining risk of UCB recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue microarrays containing bladder cancer specimens (n=212) and adjacent normal bladder tissues (n=131) were immunostained using an antibody against cyclin D1. The association between cyclin D1 and clinicopathological parameters including stage, lymph node metastasis, and disease-free survival, were evaluated. Cyclin D1 mRNA expression data from human normal bladder (n=14) and cancer specimens (n=28) were extracted from the public Oncomine database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclin D1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in UCB compared to adjacent non-malignant bladder tissue (for mRNA p=0.003, for protein p=0.001). Cyclin D1 protein expression was significantly higher in non-invasive tumors than in muscle-invasive UCB (p=0.016). Among patients with muscle-invasive UCB, increased cyclin D1 expression in tumor cells significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.001), and there was a trend of cyclin D1 together with lymph node positivity to be associated with disease recurrence (p=0.678). Loss of nuclear cyclin D1 expression in tumor cells was likewise significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altered expression of cyclin D1 is associated with lymph node metastasis and risk of UCB recurrence. Cyclin D1 expression may therefore have clinical value as a prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target.
authors: Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine in Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden. Tel: +46 40391106, jenny_l.persson@med.lu.se.
authors: Pradeep Kumar
authors: PK
authors: Kopparapu
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: Boorjian
authors: Brian D
authors: BD
authors: Robinson
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Downes
authors: Lorraine J
authors: LJ
authors: Gudas
authors: Nigel P
authors: NP
authors: Mongan
authors: Jenny L
authors: JL
authors: Persson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019938:Cyclin D1
keywords: Biomarker; bladder cancer; cyclin D1; muscle-invasive