title: Rapid processing of haptic cues for postural control in blind subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vision and touch rapidly lead to postural stabilization in sighted subjects. Is touch-induced stabilization more rapid in blind than in sighted subjects, owing to cross-modal reorganization of function in the blind?
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated the time-period elapsing from onset of availability of haptic support to onset of lateral stabilization in a group of early- and late-onset blinds. Eleven blind (age 39.4 years±11.7SD) and eleven sighted subjects (age 30.0 years±10.0SD), standing eyes closed with feet in tandem position, touched a pad with their index finger and withdrew the finger from the pad in sequence. EMG of postural muscles and displacement of centre of foot pressure were recorded. The task was repeated fifty times, to allow statistical evaluation of the latency of EMG and sway changes following the haptic shift.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Steady-state sway (with or without contact with pad, no haptic shift) did not differ between blind and sighted. On adding the haptic stimulus, EMG and sway diminished in both groups, but at an earlier latency (by about 0.5 s) in the blinds (p <0.01). Latencies were still shorter in the early-than late-blinds. When the haptic stimulus was withdrawn, both groups increased EMG and sway at equally short delays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blinds are rapid in implementing adaptive postural modifications when granted an external haptic reference. Fast processing of the stabilizing haptic spatial-orientation cues may be favoured by cortical plasticity in blinds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings add new information to the field of sensory-guided dynamic control of equilibrium in man.
authors: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy; Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Scientific Institutes of Pavia and Veruno, Italy. Electronic address: marco.schieppati@fsm.it.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Schieppati
authors: Visual Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Schmid
authors: Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Scientific Institutes of Pavia and Veruno, Italy.
authors: Stefania
authors: S
authors: Sozzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001766:Blindness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003463:Cues; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D060865:Repetition Priming / Q000502:physiology; D013028:Space Perception; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Balance; Cross-modal plasticity; Functional reorganization; Postural set; Processing of haptic cues; Sighted and blind; Standing