title: Burden of micronutrient deficiencies by socio-economic strata in children aged 6 months to 5 years in the Philippines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) are a chronic lack of vitamins and minerals and constitute a huge public health problem. MNDs have severe health consequences and are particularly harmful during early childhood due to their impact on the physical and cognitive development. We estimate the costs of illness due to iron deficiency (IDA), vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and zinc deficiency (ZnD) in 2 age groups (6-23 and 24-59 months) of Filipino children by socio-economic strata in 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  We build a health economic model simulating the consequences of MNDs in childhood over the entire lifetime. The model is based on a health survey and a nutrition survey carried out in 2008. The sample populations are first structured into 10 socio-economic strata (SES) and 2 age groups. Health consequences of MNDs are modelled based on information extracted from literature. Direct medical costs, production losses and intangible costs are computed and long term costs are discounted to present value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total lifetime costs of IDA, VAD and ZnD amounted to direct medical costs of 30 million dollars, production losses of 618 million dollars and intangible costs of 122,138 disability adjusted life years (DALYs). These costs can be interpreted as the lifetime costs of a 1-year cohort affected by MNDs between the age of 6-59 months. Direct medical costs are dominated by costs due to ZnD (89% of total), production losses by losses in future lifetime (90% of total) and intangible costs by premature death (47% of total DALY losses) and losses in future lifetime (43%). Costs of MNDs differ considerably between SES as costs in the poorest third of the households are 5 times higher than in the wealthiest third.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MNDs lead to substantial costs in 6-59-month-old children in the Philippines. Costs are highly concentrated in the lower SES and in children 6-23 months old. These results may have important implications for the design, evaluation and choice of the most effective and cost-effective policies aimed at the reduction of MNDs.
authors: Winterthur Institute of Health Economics, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Gertrudstrasse 15, CH-8401 Winterthur, Switzerland. simon.wieser@zhaw.ch.
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Wieser
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Plessow
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Eichler
authors: Olivia
authors: O
authors: Malek
authors: Mario V
authors: MV
authors: Capanzana
authors: Imelda
authors: I
authors: Agdeppa
authors: Urs
authors: U
authors: Bruegger
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000172:deficiency*; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D015032:Zinc