title: A quantification strategy for missing bone mass in case of osteolytic bone lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most of the patients who died of breast cancer have developed bone metastases. To understand the pathogenesis of bone metastases and to analyze treatment response of different bone remodeling therapies, preclinical animal models are examined. In breast cancer, bone metastases are often bone destructive. To assess treatment response of bone remodeling therapies, the volumes of these lesions have to be determined during the therapy process. The manual delineation of missing structures, especially if large parts are missing, is very time-consuming and not reproducible. Reproducibility is highly important to have comparable results during the therapy process. Therefore, a computerized approach is needed. Also for the preclinical research, a reproducible measurement of the lesions is essential. Here, the authors present an automated segmentation method for the measurement of missing bone mass in a preclinical rat model with bone metastases in the hind leg bones based on 3D CT scans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The affected bone structure is compared to a healthy model. Since in this preclinical rat trial the metastasis only occurs on the right hind legs, which is assured by using vessel clips, the authors use the left body side as a healthy model. The left femur is segmented with a statistical shape model which is initialised using the automatically segmented medullary cavity. The left tibia and fibula are segmented using volume growing starting at the tibia medullary cavity and stopping at the femur boundary. Masked images of both segmentations are mirrored along the median plane and transferred manually to the position of the affected bone by rigid registration. Affected bone and healthy model are compared based on their gray values. If the gray value of a voxel indicates bone mass in the healthy model and no bone in the affected bone, this voxel is considered to be osteolytic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lesion segmentations complete the missing bone structures in a reasonable way. The mean ratio vr∕vm of the reconstructed bone volume vr and the healthy model bone volume vm is 1.07, which indicates a good reconstruction of the modified bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The qualitative and quantitative comparison of manual and semi-automated segmentation results have shown that comparing a modified bone structure with a healthy model can be used to identify and measure missing bone mass in a reproducible way.
authors: Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Fränzle
authors: Maren
authors: M
authors: Bretschi
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Bäuerle
authors: Kristina
authors: K
authors: Giske
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Hillengass
authors: Rolf
authors: R
authors: Bendl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000556:secondary; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007867:Leg Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010014:Osteolysis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D051381:Rats; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*