title: The cost effectiveness of dry powder antibiotics for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystic fibrosis (CF) affects over 9,000 people in the UK and limits life expectancy. CF patients are susceptible to lung infections, most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Once infection is established, patients require lifetime treatment using nebulised antibiotics. Newer dry powder formulations of antibiotics may reduce treatment burden and improve compliance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of (i) colistimethate sodium dry powder for inhalation (DPI) and (ii) tobramycin DPI versus nebulised tobramycin for the treatment of chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection in patients with CF from the perspective of the National Health Service (NHS) and Personal Social Services (PSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a state transition model based on transitions between three strata of lung function measured in terms of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) % predicted. Additional health states representing post-lung transplantation and dead are also modelled. The model structure was informed by systematic reviews of evidence concerning the plausibility of potential relationships between intermediate endpoints and final outcomes. The model assumes that treatment impacts on FEV1 trajectory, which manifest as changes in health-related quality of life. No survival benefit is assumed due to the absence of robust quantifiable evidence. Model parameters were informed by patient-level and aggregate data from two randomised controlled trials together with the best available evidence from the literature. Resource use and costs associated with drug acquisition, the management of exacerbations and reduced nebuliser maintenance were drawn from reference sources and expert opinion. Costs were valued at 2011/2012 prices. Costs and health outcomes were discounted at a rate of 3.5 %. Simple and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were undertaken, including additional analyses of Patient Access Scheme (PAS) price discounts offered by the manufacturers of both DPI products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colistimethate sodium DPI is expected to produce fewer quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) than nebulised tobramycin. Based on its list price, colistimethate sodium DPI is expected to be dominated by nebulised tobramycin. When the PAS is incorporated, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for colistimethate sodium DPI versus nebulised tobramycin is expected to be approximately £288,600 saved per QALY lost. Based on its current list price, the ICER for tobramycin DPI versus nebulised tobramycin is expected to be approximately £124,000 per QALY gained. When the proposed PAS is included, tobramycin DPI is expected to dominate nebulised tobramycin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under their list prices, neither DPI product is likely to represent good value for money for the NHS given current cost-effectiveness thresholds. The PAS discounts have a significant impact upon the economic attractiveness of both DPI products compared against nebulised tobramycin. The clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the DPIs against other nebulised antibiotics, such as aztreonam and inhaled colistimethate sodium, remains unclear.
authors: ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, England, p.tappenden@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Tappenden
authors: Sue
authors: S
authors: Harnan
authors: Lesley
authors: L
authors: Uttley
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Mildred
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Walshaw
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Taylor
authors: Keith
authors: K
authors: Brownlee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003091:Colistin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000382:microbiology; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000382:microbiology; D011336:Probability; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014031:Tobramycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C004691:colistinmethanesulfonic acid; D014031:Tobramycin; D003091:Colistin