title: Putrescine, a fast-acting switch for tolerance against osmotic stress.
abstract: During the last decade we showed clearly that abiotic stress changes the cellular composition of polyamines, which in turn regulate the photochemical and non-photochemical quenching of the received light energy in the photosynthetic apparatus and that modulate substantially the level of plant tolerance. In the present contribution, we tried to change the bioenergetics of the leaf discs before the exposure to osmotic stress only by exogenously supplied putrescine, in order to enhance quickly the tolerance against the abiotic stress. Tobacco leaf discs treated with polyethylene-glycol reduced their water content about 24% within 1h. This relatively mild osmotic stress increased endogenous putrescine about 83% and decreased maximum photosystem II photochemical efficiency about 14%. In line with this, here we show that treatment with 1mM exogenous putrescine 1h before polyethylene-glycol addition protects the photochemical capacity and inhibits loss of water, confirming the key role of putrescine in the modulation of plant tolerance against osmotic stress. Furthermore, our recent works indicate that putrescine is accumulated in lumen during light reactions and may act as a permeable buffer and an osmolyte.
authors: Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors: Christos
authors: C
authors: Kotakis
authors: Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors: Eleftheria
authors: E
authors: Theodoropoulou
authors: Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Tassis
authors: Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors: Charalambos
authors: C
authors: Oustamanolakis
authors: Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Electronic address: ioannidis@biology.uoc.gr.
authors: Nikolaos E
authors: NE
authors: Ioannidis
authors: Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Electronic address: kotzab@biology.uoc.gr.
authors: Kiriakos
authors: K
authors: Kotzabasis
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011700:Putrescine / Q000502:physiology*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002734:Chlorophyll; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011700:Putrescine
keywords: A; ADC; ATP; Chl; DW; F(0); F(m); F(v); FW; HPLC; LHCII; Light-harvesting complex II; Lut; N; NPQ; ODC; Osmotic stress; PAM; PAR; PEG; PSI; PSII; Photosynthesis; Plant water-relations; Put; Putrescine; RWC; SE; SPDS; Spm; TW; UV; V; Z; adenosine-5′-triphosphate; antheraxanthin; arginine decarboxylase; chlorophyll; dry weight; electric component of transthylakoid proton motive force; fresh weight; high-performance liquid chromatography; lutein; maximum fluorescence value; minimum fluorescence value; neoxanthin; non photochemical quenching; ornithine decarboxylase; osmotic component of transthylakoid proton motive force; photosynthetically active radiation; photosystem I; photosytem II; polyethylene-glycol; pulse amplitude fluorometry; putrescine; relative water content; spermidine synthase; spermine; standard error; turgid weight; ultraviolet; variable fluorescence value; violaxanthin; zeaxanthin; ΔpH; Δψ