title: Electrocorticographic correlates of overt articulation of 44 English phonemes: intracranial recording in children with focal epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the temporal-spatial patterns of electrocorticography (ECoG) signal modulation during overt articulation of 44 American English phonemes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied two children with focal epilepsy who underwent extraoperative ECoG recording. Using animation movies, we delineated 'when' and 'where' gamma- (70-110 Hz) and low-frequency-band activities (10-30 Hz) were modulated during self-paced articulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of the classes of phoneme articulated, gamma-augmentation initially involved a common site within the left inferior Rolandic area. Subsequently, gamma-augmentation and/or attenuation involved distinct sites within the left oral-sensorimotor area with a timing variable across phonemes. Finally, gamma-augmentation in a larynx-sensorimotor area took place uniformly at the onset of sound generation, and effectively distinguished voiced and voiceless phonemes. Gamma-attenuation involved the left inferior-frontal and superior-temporal regions simultaneously during articulation. Low-frequency band attenuation involved widespread regions including the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary results support the notion that articulation of distinct phonemes recruits specific sensorimotor activation and deactivation. Gamma attenuation in the left inferior-frontal and superior-temporal regions may reflect transient functional suppression in these cortical regions during automatic, self-paced vocalization of phonemes containing no semantic or syntactic information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies are warranted to determine if measurement of event-related modulations of gamma-band activity, compared to that of the low-frequency-band, is more useful for decoding the underlying articulatory functions.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors: Goichiro
authors: G
authors: Toyoda
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; MD-PhD Program, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors: Erik C
authors: EC
authors: Brown
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors: Naoyuki
authors: N
authors: Matsuzaki
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors: Katsuaki
authors: K
authors: Kojima
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Hanyu General Hospital, Hanyu City, Saitama 348-8508, Japan.
authors: Masaaki
authors: M
authors: Nishida
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Electronic address: eishi@pet.wayne.edu.
authors: Eishi
authors: E
authors: Asano
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000503:physiopathology*; D065818:Gamma Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010700:Phonetics; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: In vivo animation of event-related gamma activity; Intracranial ECoG recording; Language; Pediatric epilepsy surgery; Phonetics; Physiological high-frequency oscillations (HFOs); Ripples; Speech; Vocalization