title: Low serum vitamin D level is associated with high risk of metabolic syndrome in post-menopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum vitamin D status, as indicated by 25-(OH)D, is inversely associated with glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and blood pressure. Evidence on the association of serum vitamin D with metabolic syndrome (MS) however, is very limited in post-menopausal women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between serum vitamin D and MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a crosssectional study including 778 Korean adults who visited a health promotion center in a university hospital from January 2010 to May 2011. MS was defined according to the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria and the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. MS and its individual components were assessed, as well as serum 25-(OH)D levels with a multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of the MS in participants of this study was 147 (18.9%). After multiple adjustments, compared with the highest quartile serum 25- (OH)D level group (19.9-55.9 ng/ml), the odds ratio for MS in the lowest level group (4.2-9.7 ng/ml) was 2.44 [95% confidence interval (CI)=1.32-4.48], in the lower level group (9.8- 14.1 ng/ml) was 2.20 (95% CI=1.24-3.90), and in the intermediate level group (14.3-19.8 ng/ml) was 1.81 (95% CI=1.02-3.20). Among the components of MS, the adjusted odds ratios for having an elevated blood pressure, and high triglyceride level in the lowest level group were 1.81 (95% CI, 1.15-2.85), 2.74 (95% CI, 1.64-4.57), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that a low serum 25-(OH)D level is significantly associated with the presence of MS and some metabolic components, especially the high triglyceride level and blood pressure in post-menopausal women.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: H R
authors: HR
authors: Song
authors: C H
authors: CH
authors: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D