title: Different treatment settings of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor and their impact on T cell-specific immune response in experimental stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral ischemia is associated with infectious complications due to immunosuppression and decreased T lymphocyte activity. G-CSF, which has neuroprotective properties, is known to modulate inflammatory processes after induced stroke. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of G-CSF in experimental stroke and to compare two different modes of treatment, focusing on circulating T lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cerebral ischemia was induced in Wistar rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, followed by reperfusion after 1h. G-CSF was applied either as a single dose 30 min after occlusion, or daily for seven days. Silver staining was used to determine infarct size. T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were measured before and 7 days after induced cerebral ischemia by flow cytometry. In addition, migration of CD3-expressing T lymphocytes into the brain was investigated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both single dose and daily treatment with G-CSF significantly reduced infarct size. A significant improvement of neurological outcome was only observed after single application of G-CSF. While a decrease in peripheral T lymphocytes was detected seven days after induced stroke, no reduction was observed in the G-CSF-treated groups. Apart from that, G-CSF significantly reduced the number of brain migrated T lymphocytes in both treatment settings as compared to vehicle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single dose of G-CSF exerted neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke, which were less pronounced after daily G-CSF application. Both treatment strategies inhibited stroke-induced reduction of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, which may have contributed to the reduction of infarct size.
authors: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: Barbara.Dietel@uk-erlangen.de.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Dietel
authors: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Iwona
authors: I
authors: Cicha
authors: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Achenbach
authors: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hospital Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors: Rainer
authors: R
authors: Kollmar
authors: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Garlichs
authors: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Division of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Miyuki
authors: M
authors: Tauchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001775:Blood Circulation; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D002465:Cell Movement; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015424:Reperfusion; D020521:Stroke / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
keywords: Focal cerebral ischemia; Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF); Immunodepression; Neuroprotective cytokine; T lymphocytes