title: In vitro and in vivo optimization of infrared laser treatment for injured peripheral nerves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repair of peripheral nerve injuries remains a major challenge in restorative medicine. Effective therapies that can be used in conjunction with surgical nerve repair to improve nerve regeneration and functional recovery are being actively investigated. It has been demonstrated by a number of peer reviewed publications that photobiomodulation (PBM) supports nerve regeneration, reinnervation of the denervated muscle, and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. However, a key issue in the use of PBM as a treatment for peripheral nerve injury is the lack of parameter optimization for any given wavelength. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that for a selected wavelength effective in vitro dosing parameters could be translated to effective in vivo parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of infra-red (810 and 980 nm wavelengths) laser treatment parameters for injured peripheral nerves was done beginning with a series of in vitro experiments using primary human fibroblasts and primary rat cortical neurons. The primary rat cortical neurons were used for further optimization of energy density for 980 nm wavelength light using measurement of total neurite length as the bioassay. For these experiments, the parameters included a 1 W output power, power density of 10 mW/cm(2) , and energy densities of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 2, 10, 50, 200, 1,000, and 5,000 mJ/cm(2) . For translation of the in vitro data for use in vivo it was necessary to determine the transcutaneous penetration of 980 nm wavelength light to the level of the peroneal nerve. Two anesthetized, male White New Zealand rabbits were used for these experiments. The output power of the laser was set at 1.0 or 4.0 W. Power density measurements were taken at the surface of the skin, sub-dermally, and at the level of the nerve. Laser parameters used in the in vivo studies were calculated based on data from the in vitro studies and the light penetration measurements. For the in vivo experiments, a total of 22 White New Zealand rabbits (2.34-2.89 kg) were used. Translated dosing parameters were refined in a pilot study using a transection model of the peroneal nerve in rabbits. Output powers of 2 and 4 W were tested. For the final set of in vivo experiments, the same transection nerve injury model was used. An energy density of 10 mW/cm(2) at the level of the peroneal nerve was selected and the laser parameters were further refined. The dosing parameters used were: 1.5 W output power, 43 seconds exposure, 8 cm(2) area and a total energy of 65 J.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, 980 nm wavelength light at 10 mW/cm(2) significantly improved neurite elongation at energy densities between 2 and 200 mJ/cm(2) . In vivo penetration of the infrared light measured in anesthetized rabbits showed that on average, 2.45% of the light applied to the skin reached the depth of the peroneal nerve. The in vivo pilot study data revealed that the 4 W parameters inhibited nerve regeneration while the 2 W parameters significantly improved axonal regrowth. For the final set of experiments, the irradiated group performed significantly better in the toe spread reflex test compared to the control group from week 7 post-injury, and the average length of motor endplates returned to uninjured levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that treatment parameters can be determined initially using in vitro models and then translated to in vivo research and clinical practice. Furthermore, this study establishes that infrared light with optimized parameters promotes accelerated nerve regeneration and improved functional recovery in a surgically repaired peripheral nerve.
authors: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814.
authors: Juanita J
authors: JJ
authors: Anders
authors: Helina
authors: H
authors: Moges
authors: Xingjia
authors: X
authors: Wu
authors: Isaac D
authors: ID
authors: Erbele
authors: Stephanie L
authors: SL
authors: Alberico
authors: Edward K
authors: EK
authors: Saidu
authors: Jason T
authors: JT
authors: Smith
authors: Brian A
authors: BA
authors: Pryor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000528:radiation effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000528:radiation effects; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010543:Peroneal Nerve / Q000293:injuries*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000528:radiation effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: immunolabeling; light therapy; motor end plates; peripheral nerve injury; photobiomodulation; re-innervation; regeneration; toe spread reflex