title: [Diagnosis and treatment of yolk sac tumor of the testis with hydrocele in children: report of 7 cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the clinical characteristics of yolk sac tumor of the testis with concomitant testicular hydrocele in children and the association between the two conditions in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 7 cases of stage-I yolk sac tumor of the testis with concomitant testicular hydrocele. The patients ranged in age from 6 to 14 (mean 11) months. As treatment, we performed radical high spermatic cord orchiectomy after diagnosis established on intraoperative frozen sections, and conducted follow-up visits by medical examination, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) detection, chest X-ray, ultrasonography and CT for 3-41 (mean 17) months, every month in the first year, every 3 months in the second year and every 6 months in the third year after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative pathology confirmed yolk sac tumor in all the cases, with negative incisal margin. The level of serum AFP were decreased to normal in 6 cases within 1 month after surgery, all diagnosed as at stage I, and cured without chemotherapy. The other 1 case, with the serum AFP level of 116 microg/L at 1 month after operation, was diagnosed as at stage II and received PVC chemotherapy, but lost to follow-up at 3 months post-operatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Yolk sac tumor of the testis with concomitant testicular hydrocele is easily misdiagnosed in children. Ultrasonography is necessitated as routine examination in its diagnosis. Radical high spermatic cord orchiectomy can be performed for patients in stage I, and chemotherapy should follow for those in stage II. Its prognosis is similar to that of other yolk sac tumors. Hitherto, there has been no evidence for a definitive correlation between yolk sac tumor of the testis and hydrocele in children.
authors: Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
authors: Sheng-Song
authors: SS
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
authors: Deng-Long
authors: DL
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
authors: Ya-Ping
authors: YP
authors: Gui
authors: Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Xie
mesh_terms: D018240:Endodermal Sinus Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000601:surgery; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins