title: Emerging Chlamydia psittaci infections in chickens and examination of transmission to humans.
abstract: Chlamydia psittaci and atypical Chlamydiaceae infections are (re)-emerging in chickens. We therefore examined the prevalence of C. psittaci, atypical Chlamydiaceae and their zoonotic transmission on 19 Belgian chicken farms. Atypical Chlamydiaceae were not detected in chickens but 18 out of 19 farms were positive for C. psittaci by culture and PCR. C. psittaci ompA genotypes A and D were discovered. None of the examined humans (n = 31) was infected with atypical Chlamydiaceae, but 29 (93.5%) of them were positive for C. psittaci by culture and PCR. Genotypes A, D and a mixed infection with genotypes C and D were found. Humans (n = 2) working at the C. psittaci-negative farm never had respiratory complaints, while 25 out of 29 positive farmers (86.2%) reported yearly medical complaints potentially related to psittacosis. Four of them currently experienced respiratory disease and one of them was being treated with antibiotics. Four farmers (12.5%) mentioned that they had pneumonia after starting to keep chickens. Occupational physicians should be aware of emerging Chlamydiaceae infections in chickens.
authors: Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Stefanie
authors: S
authors: Lagae
authors: Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Kalmar
authors: Bacterial Zoonoses Unit of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Anses, France.
authors: Karine
authors: K
authors: Laroucau
authors: Bacterial Zoonoses Unit of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Anses, France.
authors: Fabien
authors: F
authors: Vorimore
authors: Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Daisy
authors: D
authors: Vanrompay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002693:Chlamydiaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002691:Chlamydophila psittaci / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D009956:Psittacosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D055815:Young Adult; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C078167:OMPA outer membrane proteins