title: Clinical practice guidelines for nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: a modified Delphi study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop clinical practice guidelines for nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have reported that nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia is safe. However, the broad scope of existing guidelines for the administration and monitoring of patients who receive sedation during medical procedures without an anaesthetist present means there is a lack of specific guidance regarding optimal nursing practices for the unique circumstances where nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia is used in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sequential mixed methods design was used. Initial recommendations were produced from three studies conducted by the authors: an integrative review; a qualitative study; and a cross-sectional survey. The recommendations were revised according to responses from a modified Delphi study. The first Delphi round was completed by nine senior cardiac catheterization laboratory nurses. All but one of the draft recommendations met the predetermined cut-off point for inclusion with 59 responses to the second round. Consensus was reached on all recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The guidelines that were derived from the Delphi study offer 24 recommendations within six domains of nursing practice: Pre-procedural assessment; Pre-procedural patient and family education; Pre-procedural patient comfort; Intra-procedural patient comfort; Intra-procedural patient assessment and monitoring; and Postprocedural patient assessment and monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These guidelines provide an important foundation towards the delivery of safe, consistent and evidence-based nursing care for the many patients who receive sedation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory setting.
authors: School of Nursing, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Cardiac Catheter Theatres, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, Queensland, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery & Paramedicine (QLD), Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Aaron
authors: A
authors: Conway
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Rolley
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Page
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Fulbrook
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003697:Delphi Technique; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives
keywords: artificial cardiac pacing; cardiac electrophysiology; conscious sedation; deep sedation; evidence-based practice; guidelines; heart catheterization; nursing