title: Echocardiographic nomograms for ventricular, valvular and arterial dimensions in caucasian children with a special focus on neonates, infants and toddlers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A quantitative echocardiographic assessment is often essential for the management of congenital heart disease, especially in the first months of life. Despite this, pediatric echocardiographic nomograms are limited and heterogeneous, particularly for neonates and infants. The aim of this study was to establish reliable echocardiographic nomograms in a broad population of healthy Caucasian children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of 22 cardiovascular structures were performed. Models using linear, logarithmic, exponential, and square root relationships were tested. Heteroscedasticity was tested using the White and Breusch-Pagan tests. Age, weight, height, and body surface area (BSA; calculated using seven different formulas) were used as the independent variables in different analyses to predict the mean value of each echocardiographic measurement. Structured Z scores were then computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 445 consecutive Caucasian Italian healthy subjects (age range, 0 days to 36 months; 49% female subjects) with BSAs ranging from 0.12 to 0.67 m(2) were prospectively enrolled. The calculation of BSA using the Haycock formula provided the best results, while other formulas either underestimated (DuBois, Mosteller, Dreyer, and Meban) or overestimated (Boyd and Gehan) BSA. The Haycock formula has been used when presenting data as predicted values (mean ± 2 SDs) for a given BSA and within equations relating echocardiographic measurements to BSA. For all the measurements, there was no significant intraobserver or interobserver variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The investigators report new, reliable echocardiographic Z scores derived from a large population of Caucasian neonates, infants, and toddlers calculated using a rigorous statistical design. These nomograms represent a valid diagnostic tool for echocardiographic quantification in this age group.
authors: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Massa and Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: cantinotti@ftgm.it.
authors: Massimiliano
authors: M
authors: Cantinotti
authors: Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Scalese
authors: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Massa and Pisa, Italy.
authors: Bruno
authors: B
authors: Murzi
authors: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Massa and Pisa, Italy.
authors: Nadia
authors: N
authors: Assanta
authors: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Massa and Pisa, Italy.
authors: Isabella
authors: I
authors: Spadoni
authors: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Massa and Pisa, Italy.
authors: Pierluigi
authors: P
authors: Festa
authors: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Massa and Pisa, Italy.
authors: Vittoria
authors: V
authors: De Lucia
authors: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Massa and Pisa, Italy.
authors: Maura
authors: M
authors: Crocetti
authors: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Massa and Pisa, Italy.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Marotta
authors: Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Sabrina
authors: S
authors: Molinaro
authors: Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York.
authors: Leo
authors: L
authors: Lopez
authors: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Massa and Pisa, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Giorgio
authors: G
authors: Iervasi
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001699:Biometry; D001830:Body Surface Area; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D049451:Nomograms; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D044465:White People
keywords: BSA; Body surface area; CHD; Children; Congenital heart disease; Echocardiography; Nomograms