title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with early cortical dementia: A pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnostic accuracy of the currently available tools carries poor sensitivity resulting in significant delay in specific diagnosis of cortical dementias. Considering the properties of default mode networking of the brain it is highly probable that specific changes may be seen in frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) and Alzheimer's disease sufficiently early.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to look for changes in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in cortical dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluated with a single pulse TMS with the figure of eight coil and recorded from right first dorsal interossei (FDI). Resting Motor Threshold (RMT) was estimated on the opposite motor cortex (T1). Second site of stimulation was cervical spine at C7-T2. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) is equal toT1-T2. Silent Period (SP) identified by applying TMS pulse to contracting FDI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RMT was reduced in seven out of eight Alzheimer's dementias. CMCT was in the upper limit of normal in both patients with FTD. The most consistent observation was that SP was reduced and there were escape discharges noticed during the SP suggesting increased cortical excitability and decreased cortical inhibition. This suggests probable early asymptomatic changes in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) nergic and cholinergic system is taking place. This if confirmed may give some insight into early diagnosis and therapeutic role of GABA agonists in these disorders.
authors: Department of Neurology, Neurocentre, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors: Thomas Gregor
authors: TG
authors: Issac
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Chandra
authors: B C
authors: BC
authors: Nagaraju
keywords: Alzheimer's dementia; central motor conduction time; cortical inhibition; fronto-temporal dementias; transcranial magnetic stimulation