title: The paratendineous tissues: an anatomical study of their role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy.
abstract: The aim of this paper was to examine the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the paratendineous tissues (paratenon, epitenon and endotenon) of the calcaneal tendon to better understand their role in the pathogenesis of "tendinopathy". Ten non-embalmed legs from cadavers were used. Histological and immunohistochemical studies were done at the middle third of the tendon. Magnetic resonance images of the hind foot were made in 60 living subjects to analyze the morphological alterations of tendon and paratenon. The paratenon is a thick fibrous layer with few elastic fibers, continuous with the crural fascia, well vascularized and innervated. It forms a sheath around the tendon similar to a synovial layer, but less organized. Indeed, it has no complete epithelium, but only some cells producing hyaluronan, called fasciacytes. Crural fascia and paratenon can be clearly observed by MRI, appearing as homogeneous, low signal intensity bands, sharply defined in the context of subcutaneous tissue in T1-weighted sequences. The mean thickness of the crural fascia was 1.11 mm in healthy subjects and 1.30 mm in patients (p < 0.005). The mean value of paratenon thickness in patients was 1.34 mm, 0.85 in healthy (p < 0.0001). The paratenon is more highly vascularized and innervated than the tendon, supporting the hypothesis that it is the origin of pain in tendinopathy. The imaging study suggests that, an increase in the thickness of the paratenon more than 1.35 mm is predictive of paratendinopathy, even before tendon damage.
authors: Section of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35131, Padua, Italy, carla.stecco@unipd.it.
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Stecco
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Cappellari
authors: Veronica
authors: V
authors: Macchi
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Porzionato
authors: Aldo
authors: A
authors: Morra
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Berizzi
authors: Raffaele
authors: R
authors: De Caro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006365:Heel / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000473:pathology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology*