title: Toxicological analysis of formalin-fixed or embalmed tissues: a review.
abstract: During the autopsy of forensic cases, when there is no suspicion of drug use or chemical exposure, biological fluids may not be obtained for toxicological analysis, while specimens of tissues may be collected and preserved in a formalin solution for histological examination. When specific questions arise after the burial, the only possible options are the exhumation of an embalmed body or the toxicological analysis of the formalin-fixed specimens. The drug concentrations in these specimens can be altered due to the extraction efficiency and/or the chemical activity of the formalin solutions used during chemical fixation or embalming process. The aim of this paper is to review the published studies about the determination of specific groups of drugs in formalin-fixed or embalmed specimens and their stability after chemical fixation or embalming process. The analytical aspects of this determination are also discussed. The stability of drugs in formalin environment and the possible reaction of the drugs with formaldehyde, which is a highly reactive chemical substance, should always be considered during post-mortem/post-embalming forensic analysis. The additional analysis of the formalin solution in which the tissue was preserved is considered necessary. The identification and the evaluation of the possible degradation products or chemical derivatives are extremely useful during the interpretation of the results.
authors: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: pan_nik@hotmail.com.
authors: Panagiota
authors: P
authors: Nikolaou
authors: Ioannis
authors: I
authors: Papoutsis
authors: Artemisia
authors: A
authors: Dona
authors: Chara
authors: C
authors: Spiliopoulou
authors: Sotiris
authors: S
authors: Athanaselis
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003486:Cyanides / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004355:Drug Stability; D004615:Embalming; D005404:Fixatives; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003486:Cyanides; D005404:Fixatives; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010575:Pesticides; D014131:Trace Elements; D005557:Formaldehyde; D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: Embalming; Formalin-fixed tissues; Toxicological analysis