title: Do nocturnal headaches matter? A prospective diary study on subjective sleep parameters in snorers and their bed partners.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to assess the influence of nocturnal headaches (NH) on subjective sleep parameters prospectively in habitual snorers and their bed partners.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited habitual snorers and their bed partners via newspaper articles. The participants completed a semistructured interview, filled in questionnaires about quality of sleep (PSQI), daytime sleepiness (ESS), depression (SDS) and anxiety (SAS) and they kept a 90-day headache and sleep diary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six snorers (25 female) and 41 bed partners (31 female) completed the study recording a total of 6690 and 3497 diary days, respectively. NH were recorded on 222 (3.3%) and 79 (2.2%) days in 32 (42%) snorers and 17 (41%) bed partners, respectively. Snorers with NH showed significantly higher PSQI (5 ± 3 vs. 4 ± 2, p = 0.004), SAS (38 ± 11 vs. 31 ± 10, p = 0.011) and SDS scores (39 ± 12 vs. 34 ± 10, p = 0.048) than snorers without NH. For bed partners with NH we found a significant female predominance (sex ratio f:m = 16:1 vs. 12:12, p = 0.005) and significantly higher SAS scores (38 ± 6 vs. 33 ± 8, p = 0.030) compared with bed partners without NH. The subjective quality of sleep in habitual snorers (p < 0.001) as well as their bed partners (p = 0.017) was negatively influenced by NH, but not total sleep time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NH occurred in around 40% of snorers and their bed partners at least once during the 90-day observation period. Our results confirmed a negative impact on the subjective quality of sleep in both groups.
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria Stefan.seidel@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Seidel
authors: Department of Medical Statistics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Frantal
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Salhofer-Polanyi
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors: Doris
authors: D
authors: Lieba-Samal
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Zeitlhofer
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Wöber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012913:Snoring / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Quality of sleep; bed partners; diary study; habitual snorers; nocturnal headaches