title: Association between glycemic status and oral Candida carriage in patients with prediabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the association between glycemic status and oral Candida carriage among patients with prediabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a comparative study of oral Candida carriage among individuals with prediabetes. Oral yeast samples were collected from 150 individuals: group A was 43 patients with prediabetes (fasting blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c, 100 to 125 mg/dL and ≥5%, respectively); group B was 37 individuals previously considered prediabetic but having fasting blood glucose levels <100 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1c <5%; and group C was 70 medically healthy individuals. Oral yeasts were identified using standard techniques. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate and number of missing teeth were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral Candida was isolated from 100% of patients with prediabetes and from 65.7% of control participants. Candida albicans carriage was higher among patients with prediabetes (48.7%) (P < .01) and patients in group A (51.2%) (P < .01) than among controls (25.7%). Candida carriage, unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, and number of missing teeth were similar in groups A and B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral Candida carriage was higher in patients with prediabetes than in controls and was independent of glycemic status in patients with prediabetes.
authors: Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration, 3D Imaging and Biomechanical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: fawjav@gmail.com.
authors: Fawad
authors: F
authors: Javed
authors: Department of Dentistry, Al-Farabi Dental College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Hameeda Bashir
authors: HB
authors: Ahmed
authors: Department of Dentistry, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Abid
authors: A
authors: Mehmood
authors: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Anwar
authors: A
authors: Saeed
authors: Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration, 3D Imaging and Biomechanical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi.
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: Al-Hezaimi
authors: Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors: Lakshman P
authors: LP
authors: Samaranayake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin