title: Epidural hematomas after removal of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator trial leads: two case reports.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report 2 cases of spinal epidural hematoma formation after the removal of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator trial leads and discuss the possible etiologies of these complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients developed spinal epidural hematomas shortly after removal of their percutaneous trial leads and required multilevel laminectomies for evacuation of the hematoma. Patient 1 reported taking aspirin the morning that his leads were pulled, whereas patient 2 had not taken aspirin in the 7 days before commencing his trial. There were 2 days between identification and evacuation of patient 1's hematoma, and he did not fully recover from the injury to his spinal cord. Patient 2 underwent surgery immediately with complete resolution of his symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, the neuromodulation community ascribes to the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine guidelines, which state that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not significantly increase the risk for epidural hematoma with neuraxial anesthesia and, therefore, there is no need to discontinue these drugs before epidural or spinal anesthesia. We suggest that these guidelines may not be appropriate for neuromodulatory techniques that likely subject the surrounding vasculature to more trauma than neuraxial anesthesia. We recommend discontinuing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly aspirin, before neuromodulation procedures. Further investigation will establish a timeframe for holding these drugs to optimize patient safety.
authors: From the * Pain Clinic of Monterey Bay, Aptos; † Napa Pain Institute, CA; ‡ Neurosurgery Department, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Santa Cruz; and §Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
authors: Curren E
authors: CE
authors: Giberson
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Barbosa
authors: Elizabeth S
authors: ES
authors: Brooks
authors: Gail L
authors: GL
authors: McGlothlen
authors: Eric J
authors: EJ
authors: Grigsby
authors: James J
authors: JJ
authors: Kohut
authors: Linda L
authors: LL
authors: Wolbers
authors: Lawrence R
authors: LR
authors: Poree
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D046748:Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin