title: Permanganate gel (PG) for groundwater remediation: compatibility, gelation, and release characteristics.
abstract: Permanganate (MnO4(-)) is a strong oxidant that is widely used for treating chlorinated ethylenes in groundwater. This study aims to develop hyper-saline MnO4(-) solution (MnO4(-) gel; PG) that can be injected into aquifers via wells, slowly gelates over time, and slowly release MnO4(-) to flowing water. In this study, compatibility and miscibility of gels, such as chitosan, aluminosilicate, silicate, and colloidal silica gels, with MnO4(-) were tested. Of these gels, chitosan was reactive with MnO4(-). Aluminosilicates were compatible but not readily miscible with MnO4(-). Silicates and colloidal silica were both compatible and miscible with MnO4(-), and gelated with addition of KMnO4 granules. Colloidal silica has low initial viscosity (<15cP), exhibited delayed gelation characteristics with the lag times ranging from 0 to 200min. Release of MnO4(-) from the colloidal silica-based PG gel occurred in a delayed fashion, with maximum duration of 24h. These results suggested that colloidal silica can be used to create PG or delayed-gelling forms containing other oxidants which can be used for groundwater remediation.
authors: Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
authors: Eung Seok
authors: ES
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
authors: Pamela R
authors: PR
authors: Olson
authors: Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
authors: Neha
authors: N
authors: Gupta
authors: School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors: Utku
authors: U
authors: Solpuker
authors: School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors: Franklin W
authors: FW
authors: Schwartz
authors: Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yjkim@kigam.re.kr.
authors: Yongje
authors: Y
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D017895:Manganese Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D016877:Oxidants; D010087:Oxides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C048856:permanganic acid; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Chlorinate solvents; Colloidal silica; Groundwater; KMnO(4); Permanganate gel; Remediation