title: Prolonged exposure to loteprednol etabonate in human tear fluid and rabbit ocular tissues following topical ocular administration of Lotemax gel, 0.5%.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A new gel formulation containing loteprednol etabonate (LE), a C-20 ester corticosteroid used to treat ocular inflammation, was developed to provide increased retention on the ocular surface for improved drug delivery to intraocular tissues. This investigation evaluated concentrations of LE in tear fluid following topical instillation of LE gel to humans and the ocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of LE following administration to rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  LE ophthalmic gel 0.5% was administered as a single topical dose to human volunteers (n=12) and Dutch Belted rabbits (n=40). In the human study, tear sampling was performed at 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after instillation. In the rabbit study, tears and ocular tissues were collected from 5 min through 24 h postdose. Serial blood samples were collected from one cohort of rabbits for plasma analysis. Concentrations of LE were determined by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In humans, LE was detected in tears at all the time points assessed with mean concentrations of 114 μg/g at 6 h declining to 2.41 μg/g at 24 h postdose. In rabbits, LE was detected in all ocular tissues within 5 min after dosing. Maximum concentrations of LE were achieved within 0.5 h and were highest in tear fluid (1560 μg/g), followed by bulbar conjunctiva (4.03 μg/g), cornea, (2.18 μg/g), iris/ciliary body (0.162 μg/g), and aqueous humor (0.0138 μg/mL). LE remained measurable in all ocular tissues through 24 h with the exception of aqueous humor. In contrast, plasma levels of LE were low with no detectable levels after 4 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gel formulation of LE provided prolonged exposure to LE on the ocular surface, with measurable levels in tears through 24 h in both humans and rabbits, for delivery of LE to anterior segment tissues, as evidenced by sustained levels of LE in rabbit conjunctiva, cornea, and iris/ciliary body.
authors: 1 Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Bausch & Lomb, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors: Shellise
authors: S
authors: Glogowski
authors: Ezra
authors: E
authors: Lowe
authors: Raphaele
authors: R
authors: Siou-Mermet
authors: Tuyen
authors: T
authors: Ong
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Richardson
mesh_terms: D060433:Administration, Ophthalmic; D000328:Adult; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D000069559:Loteprednol Etabonate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011817:Rabbits; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D005782:Gels; D000069559:Loteprednol Etabonate