title: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors and heart failure risk in older adults: Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels are associated with risk for heart failure (HF). The soluble TNF type 1 (sTNF-R1) and type 2 (sTNF-R2) receptors are elevated in patients with manifest HF, but whether they are associated with risk for incident HF is unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using Cox proportional hazard models, we examined the association between baseline levels of sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 with incident HF risk among 1285 participants of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (age, 74.0±2.9 years; 51.4% women; 41.1% black). At baseline, median (interquartile range) of TNF, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2 levels was 3.14 (2.42-4.06), 1.46 (1.25-1.76), and 3.43 (2.95-4.02) ng/mL, respectively. During a median follow-up of 11.4 (6.9-11.7) years, 233 (18.1%) participants developed HF. In models controlling for other HF risk factors, TNF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.61 per log2 increase) and sTNF-R1 (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.15-2.46 per log2 increase), but not sTNF-R2 (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.80-1.63 per log2 increase), were associated with a higher risk for HF. These associations were consistent across whites and blacks (TNF, sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2; interaction P=0.531, 0.091, and 0.795, respectively) and in both sexes (TNF, sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2; interaction P=0.491, 0.672, and 0.999, respectively). TNF-R1 was associated with a higher risk for HF with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.03-3.18; P=0.038 for preserved versus HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.56-1.44; P=0.667 for reduced ejection fraction; interaction P=0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In older adults, elevated levels of sTNF-R1 are associated with increased risk for incident HF. However, addition of TNF-R1 to the previously validated Health ABC HF risk model did not demonstrate material improvement in net discrimination or reclassification.
authors: Cardiology Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors: Catherine N
authors: CN
authors: Marti
authors: Hassan
authors: H
authors: Khan
authors: Douglas L
authors: DL
authors: Mann
authors: Vasiliki V
authors: VV
authors: Georgiopoulou
authors: Kirsten
authors: K
authors: Bibbins-Domingo
authors: Tamara
authors: T
authors: Harris
authors: Annemarie
authors: A
authors: Koster
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Newman
authors: Stephen B
authors: SB
authors: Kritchevsky
authors: Andreas P
authors: AP
authors: Kalogeropoulos
authors: Javed
authors: J
authors: Butler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D044469:Racial Groups; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000097:blood*; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: heart failure; inflammation; tumor necrosis factor-alpha