title: Failure analysis of the ball bearings of dental air turbine handpieces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to identify the nature and causes of deterioration and failure in dental handpiece ball bearings and thus provide guidance for clinical handling for service longevity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bearings of 36 turbine assemblies were dismantled for visual inspection, documented using a digital camera, and examined using scanning electron microscopy, as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the metal parts of the ball bearing assembly, defects observed were mainly wear arising from the running load and corrosion. This was in the form of scratches and discoloured circumferential bands on the balls, and dull or worn surfaces extending around the circumference of the raceways. Cage damage including cracking, fracture, surface rubbing and distortion occurred, in varying degrees, in every failed turbine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental ball bearing failure modes have been identified. Cumulative effects of damage from corrosion and mechanical factors lead to handpiece deterioration. The cage was found to be very vulnerable to damage, and this may be the key limitation on bearing lifetime. Autoclaving may contribute to that, as it does to corrosion in the absence of adequate lubrication, but this seems to be minor in comparison to the effects of abuse. There is no justification for failing to observe usage and sterilization instructions.
authors: Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Wei
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Dyson
authors: B W
authors: BW
authors: Darvell
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D003343:Corrosion; D003754:Dental High-Speed Equipment; D003762:Dental Instruments; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods
keywords: Dental ball bearing; failure