title: Effects of polymer-coated metal oxide nanoparticles on goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) neutrophil viability and function.
abstract: Exposure effects from polyacrylic acid (PAA) metal-oxide nanoparticles (TiO2, CeO2, Fe2O3, ZnO) on fish neutrophil viability and effector functions (degranulation, respiratory burst, inflammatory gene expression) were investigated using primary kidney goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) neutrophils as a model. Several studies have reported cytotoxic effects of NPs but there are limited reports on their potential to perturb the innate immune system of aquatic organisms. PAA-TiO2 significantly decreased neutrophil viability in a time and dose-dependent manner at all measured time points (0-48 h) and concentrations (0-200 µg/mL). Maximum viability decreased by (mean ± SEM): 67.1 ± 3.3%, 78.4 ± 4.2% and 74.9 ± 5.0% when exposed to 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL for 48 h, respectively. PAA-ZnO also significantly decreased neutrophil viability but only at 48 h exposures at higher concentrations. Neutrophil degranulation increased by approximately 3% after 30 min and by 8% after 4 h when exposed to sublethal doses (10 µg/mL) of PAA-CeO2 or PAA-Fe2O3. All PAA-NPs induced an increase in neutrophil respiratory burst when exposed to 10 µg/mL for 30 and 60 min, however, PAA-Fe2O3 was the only NP where the response was significant. Lastly, NPs altered the expression of a number of pro-inflammatory and immune genes, where PAA-TiO2 most significantly increased the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory genes (il-1b, ifng) in neutrophils by 3 and 2.5 times, respectively. Together, these data demonstrate that goldfish neutrophils can be negatively affected from exposures to PAA-coated NPs and are functionally responsive to specific core-material properties at sublethal doses. These changes could perturb the innate response and affect the ability of fish to respond to pathogens.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences .
authors: V A
authors: VA
authors: Ortega
authors: B A
authors: BA
authors: Katzenback
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Stafford
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Belosevic
authors: G G
authors: GG
authors: Goss
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006054:Goldfish; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010087:Oxides; C006903:carbopol 940
keywords: Degranulation; immunotoxicology; inflammation; respiratory burst; toxicology