title: Supratentorial gliomas in eloquent areas: which parameters can predict functional outcome and extent of resection?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, few parameters have been found that can aid in patient selection and surgical strategy for eloquent area gliomas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to analyze preoperative and intraoperative factors that can predict functional outcome and extent of resection in eloquent area tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 patients harboring supratentorial gliomas in eloquent areas undergoing awake surgery. The analysis considered clinical, neuroradiologic (morphologic), intraoperative, and postoperative factors. End-points were extent of resection (EOR) as well as functional short- and long-term outcome. Postoperatively, MRI objectively established the EOR. χ(2) analyses were used to evaluate parameters that could be predictive. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the best combination to predict binary positive outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 90% of the cases, subcortical stimulation was positive in the margins of the surgical cavity. Postoperatively, 51% of the patients deteriorated but 90% of the patients regained their preoperative neurological score. Factors negatively affecting EOR were volume, degree of subcortical infiltration, and presence of paresis (P<0.01). Sharp margins and cystic components were more amenable to gross total resection (P<0.01). Contrast enhancement (P<0.02), higher grade (P<0.01), paresis (P<0.01), and residual tumor in the cortex (P<0.02) negatively affected long-term functional outcomes, whereas postoperative deterioration could not be predicted for any factor other than paresis. Subcortical stimulation did not correlate with deterioration, both postoperatively (P<0.08) and at follow-up (P<0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biological and morphological factors such as type of margins, volume, preoperative neurological status, cystic components, histology and the type of infiltration into the white matter must be considered when planning intraoperative mapping.
authors: Neurosurgery Department, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors: Giannantonio
authors: G
authors: Spena
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: D'Agata
authors: Pier Paolo
authors: PP
authors: Panciani
authors: Michela
authors: M
authors: Buglione di Monale
authors: Marco Maria
authors: MM
authors: Fontanella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015173:Supratentorial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult