title: Costs associated with recruitment and interviewing of study participants in a diverse population of community-dwelling older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  America's racial and ethnic composition is changing so rapidly that minority groups are expected to constitute almost half of the U.S. population by 2060. Special efforts are needed to effectively recruit and retain members of racial and ethnic minority groups in health-related research studies, but the information available on time and costs associated with their recruitment is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe and compare the time and monetary costs associated with recruiting and interviewing a diverse sample of older adults living in south Florida.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women aged 60 years and older from four ethnic groups-African American, Afro-Caribbean, Hispanic American, and European American-were recruited to participate in a longitudinal study of healthy aging. Costs for study activities (including recruitment, scheduling sessions, interviewing, file scoring, log updating, blood specimen analysis and storage, data analysis, and monetary compensation to participants) were determined after 100 weeks of data collection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 483 participants completed the study in the first 100 weeks. The total cost for each participant ranged from $265 to $576. Each successful enrollment required an average of 1.83 hours for recruitment and scheduling of the interviews. The time to interview African American and Afro-Caribbeans was greater than the time needed to interview Hispanic American and European American participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To develop more accurate budgets for recruitment of minority individuals into research studies and to use the limited resources in an effective way, careful planning and ongoing monitoring of costs are essential.
authors: Gabriella A. Engstrom, PhD, RN, is Senior Project Coordinator for The Healthy Aging Research Initiative and Visiting Associate Professor, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton. Ruth M. Tappen, EdD, RN, FAAN, is Professor and Christine E. Lynn Eminent Scholar, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton. Joseph Ouslander, MD, is Professor and Senior Associate Dean for Geriatric Programs, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton.
authors: Gabriella A
authors: GA
authors: Engstrom
authors: Ruth M
authors: RM
authors: Tappen
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Ouslander
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics*; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018579:Patient Selection; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data