title: Prediction of immediate postoperative pain using the analgesia/nociception index: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The analgesia/nociception index (ANI) is derived from heart rate variability, ranging from 0 (maximal nociception) to 100 (maximal analgesia), to reflect the analgesia/nociception balance during general anaesthesia. This should be correlated with immediate postoperative pain in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of ANI measured at arousal from general anaesthesia to predict immediate postoperative pain on arrival in PACU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred patients undergoing ear, nose, and throat or lower limb orthopaedic surgery with general anaesthesia using an inhalational agent and remifentanil were included in this prospective observational study. The ANI was measured immediately before tracheal extubation and pain intensity was assessed within 10 min of arrival in PACU using a 0-10 numerical rating scale (NRS). The relationship between ANI and NRS was assessed using linear regression. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the performance of ANI to predict NRS>3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A negative linear relationship was observed between ANI immediately before extubation and NRS on arrival in PACU. Using a threshold of <50, the sensitivity and specificity of ANI to discriminate between patients with NRS≤3 and NRS>3 were both 86% with 92% negative predictive value, corresponding to an area under the ROC curve of 0.89.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurement of ANI immediately before extubation after inhalation-remifentanil anaesthesia was significantly associated with pain intensity on arrival in PACU. The performance of ANI for the prediction of immediate postoperative pain is good and may assist physicians in optimizing acute pain management.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01796249.
authors: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Édouard Herriot Hospital, HCL, Lyon, France.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Boselli
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Bouvet
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Bégou
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Dabouz
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Davidson
authors: J-Y
authors: JY
authors: Deloste
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Rahali
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Zadam
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Allaouchiche
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: anaesthesia, general; analgesia; nociception; pain measurement