title: Occurrence of human enteric viruses at freshwater beaches during swimming season and its link to water inflow.
abstract: Human enteric viruses are significant etiological agents for many recreational waterborne illnesses. The occurrence and density of human enteric viruses such as human adenovirus (HAdV), human enterovirus (HEnV), and human norovirus genogroups I/II (HNoV GI/GII) were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) at freshwater beaches along with monitoring fecal indicators and environmental parameters. During the 2009 swimming season, water samples were collected from three inland freshwater beaches in Ohio, USA. Of the total samples, 40% (26/65) and 17% (11/65) were positive for HAdV and HEnV respectively, but HNoV GI/GII were not detected. There was no significant association among the detected human enteric viruses (HAdV and HEnV) and fecal bacteria indicators (Escherichia coli and Bacteroides) by Spearman correlation and principal component analyses. Logistic regression analysis also revealed that the odds of finding HAdV or HEnV was not influenced by levels of fecal bacteria indicators. However, there was a 14-fold increase in the odds of HEnV detection for each 1-log increase in daily water inflow (m(3)/s) into freshwater beach reservoirs (adjusted odds ratio=14.2; 95% confidence interval=1.19-171). In summary, the viral occurrence at the freshwater beaches was not readily explained by the levels of fecal bacteria indicators, but appeared to be more related to water reservoir inflows. These results suggest that hydrological data must be considered in future epidemiology efforts aimed at characterizing beach water safety.
authors: College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors: Chang Soo
authors: CS
authors: Lee
authors: College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors: Cheonghoon
authors: C
authors: Lee
authors: College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Marion
authors: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
authors: Qiuhong
authors: Q
authors: Wang
authors: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Saif
authors: College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Food Sciences & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Electronic address: jlee@cph.osu.edu.
authors: Jiyoung
authors: J
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001493:Bathing Beaches / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D060106:Lakes / Q000821:virology; D029322:Norovirus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009820:Ohio; D011998:Recreation; D012621:Seasons; D014871:Water Microbiology
keywords: Adenovirus; Enterovirus; Fecal indicators; Freshwater beach; Norovirus; Water quality