title: A study on the properties and reactivity of naphthoquinone-cobalt(III) prototypes for bioreductive prodrugs.
abstract: Our group has recently initiated a study on the development of new prototypes for bioreductive prodrugs, based on Co(III) complexes with the ligand 2,2'-bis(3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), H2bhnq. The focus of this work is to investigate the dissociation of bhnq(-2) from the complex upon reduction, and the effects of pH, redox potential, oxygen concentration and nature of the auxiliary ligands on this reaction. The bhnq(2-) ligand is a "non-cytotoxic" agent that was chosen as a probe for the reactivity studies due to its suitable chromophoric properties, at the same time that it resembles more cytotoxic naphthoquinones relevant for cancer therapy. In this way, two Co(III) complexes [Co(bhnq)(L1)]BF4·H2O (1) and [Co(bhnq)(L2)]BF4·H2O (2) (L1=N,N'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine and L2=N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine) were synthesized and fully characterized. The gallium analogs [Ga(bhnq)(L1)]NO3·3H2O (3) and [Ga(bhnq)(L2)]NO3·3H2O (4) were also prepared for helping with the assignments of the redox properties of the cobalt complexes and the structure of 2. Cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed a pH-independent quasi-reversible Co(III)/Co(II) process at -0.22 and -0.08V vs NHE for 1 and 2, respectively. An O2-dependent dissociation of bhnq(2-) was observed for the reaction of 1 with ascorbic acid. For 2, the dissociation of bhnq(2-) was found to be independent on the concentration of O2 and faster than in 1, with little influence of the pH on both complexes. The difference in reactivity between 1 and 2 and their redox properties, among other factors, suggests that 1 undergoes redox cycling, pointed out as a key feature for a prodrug to achieve hypoxic selectivity.
authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
authors: Francisco L S
authors: FL
authors: Bustamante
authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
authors: Fabio S
authors: FS
authors: Miranda
authors: Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-909, Brazil.
authors: Frederico A V
authors: FA
authors: Castro
authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
authors: Jackson A L C
authors: JA
authors: Resende
authors: Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-909, Brazil.
authors: Marcos D
authors: MD
authors: Pereira
authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil. Electronic address: ml@id.uff.br.
authors: Mauricio
authors: M
authors: Lanznaster
mesh_terms: D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008024:Ligands; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D011355:Prodrugs; D003035:Cobalt; D005708:Gallium; C035342:1,4-naphthoquinone
keywords: Bioreductive prodrugs; Cancer; Cobalt; Hypoxia; Naphthoquinone; Redox cycling