title: Factors Associated with Serum Levels of Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Healthy Non-smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a serological marker of malignant tumors, demonstrates a modest increase under nonmalignant conditions such as aging and smoking. Also, recent study results suggested that serum CEA levels may be related to insulin resistance or low-grade inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with serum CEA levels in healthy non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was gathered from 21,501 adults aged 20 and over. We excluded 19,081 subjects who had omissions in anthropometric measurements or laboratory tests, or who had previous or current smoking history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean CEA level was 1.18 ± 0.85 ng/dL in males and 0.93 ± 0.73 ng/dL in females. After adjustment for age, CEA level was positively correlated with fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate in males. In females, CEA level was positively correlated with fasting glucose, HbA1C, HDL cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. In both gender groups, HbA1C had a strong influence on CEA levels when all other variables were included in the regression model (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within normal range, serum CEA levels were significantly associated with HbA1C levels but not with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in the non-smoking population. These findings suggest that serum CEA levels are influenced by the glucose level itself instead of insulin resistance.
authors: Department of Family Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Jung-Im
authors: JI
authors: No
authors: Jung-Yoon
authors: JY
authors: Yang
authors: Han Jae
authors: HJ
authors: Hyun
authors: Choi Si
authors: CS
authors: Yeon
authors: Hee-Jeong
authors: HJ
authors: Choi
keywords: Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Cardiovascular Diseases; Insulin Resistance; Tumor Marker