title: Effect of chlorhexidine-containing prophylactic agent on the surface characterization and frictional resistance between orthodontic brackets and archwires: an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to assess the surface characterization and frictional resistance between stainless steel brackets and two types of orthodontic wires made of stainless steel and nickel-titanium alloys after immersion in a chlorhexidine-containing prophylactic agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stainless steel orthodontic brackets with either stainless steel (SS) or heat-activated nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) wires were immersed in a 0.2% chlorhexidine and an artificial saliva environment for 1.5 h. The frictional force was measured on a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min over a 5-mm of archwire. The surface morphology of bracket slots and surface roughness of archwires after immersion in chlorhexidine were also characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the frictional resistance values between SS and Ni-Ti wires immersed in either chlorhexidine or artificial saliva. The frictional resistance values for the SS and Ni-Ti wires immersed in 0.2% chlorhexidine solution were not significantly different from that in artificial saliva. No significant difference in the average surface roughness for both wires before (as-received) and after immersion in either chlorhexidine or artificial saliva was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One-and-half-hour immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse did not have significant influence on the archwires surface roughness or the frictional resistance between stainless steel orthodontic brackets and archwires made of SS and Ni-Ti. Based on these results, chlorhexidine-containing mouthrinses may be prescribed as non-destructive prophylactic agents on materials evaluated in the present study for orthodontic patients.
authors: Tahereh
authors: T
authors: Hosseinzadeh Nik
authors: Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14174, Iran. hoshmand@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors: Tabassom
authors: T
authors: Hooshmand
authors: Habibeh
authors: H
authors: Farazdaghi
authors: Arash
authors: A
authors: Mehrabi
authors: Elham S Emadian
authors: ES
authors: Razavi
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000737:chemistry*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000737:chemistry*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008422:Materials Testing; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D003722:Dental Alloys; D009067:Mouthwashes; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium; D002710:Chlorhexidine