title: A membrane-proximal, C-terminal α-helix is required for plasma membrane localization and function of the G Protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) TGR5.
abstract: The C terminus of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is important for G protein-coupling and activation; in addition, sorting motifs have been identified in the C termini of several GPCRs that facilitate correct trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. The C terminus of the GPCR TGR5 lacks any known sorting motif such that other factors must determine its trafficking. Here, we investigate deletion and substitution variants of the membrane-proximal C terminus of TGR5 with respect to plasma membrane localization and function using immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, and luciferase assays. Peptides of the membrane-proximal C-terminal variants are subjected to molecular dynamics simulations and analyzed with respect to their secondary structure. Our results reveal that TGR5 plasma membrane localization and responsiveness to extracellular ligands is fostered by a long (≥ 9 residues) α-helical stretch at the C terminus, whereas the presence of β-strands or only a short α-helical stretch leads to retention in the endoplasmic reticulum and a loss of function. As a proof-of-principle, chimeras of TGR5 containing the membrane-proximal amino acids of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR), the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1), or the κ-type opioid receptor (κOR) were generated. These TGR5β2AR, TGR5S1P1, or TGR5κOR chimeras were correctly sorted to the plasma membrane. As the exchanged amino acids of the β2AR, the S1P1, or the κOR form α-helices in crystal structures but lack significant sequence identity to the respective TGR5 sequence, we conclude that the secondary structure of the TGR5 membrane-proximal C terminus is the determining factor for plasma membrane localization and responsiveness towards extracellular ligands.
authors: From the Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases and.
authors: Lina
authors: L
authors: Spomer
authors: Christoph G W
authors: CG
authors: Gertzen
authors: Birte
authors: B
authors: Schmitz
authors: Dieter
authors: D
authors: Häussinger
authors: Holger
authors: H
authors: Gohlke
authors: Verena
authors: V
authors: Keitel
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C473772:GPBAR1 protein, human; D010455:Peptides; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa
keywords: 7-Helix Receptor; Bile Acid; Cyclic AMP (cAMP); Molecular Dynamics; Trafficking