title: BMP-9 expression in human traumatic heterotopic ossification: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heterotopic ossification (HO) is defined as the abnormal formation of mature bone in soft tissue, notably skeletal muscle. The morbidity of HO in polytraumatized patients impacts the functional outcome, impairs rehabilitation, and increases costs due to subsequent surgical interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the case of a 34-year-old African male who developed severe HO around his right hip 11 days after a major trauma. Immunohistochemical analyses of resected tissue revealed that several BMPs were expressed in the HO, including highly osteogenic BMP-9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of local BMP expression, notably BMP-9, in traumatic HO, and suggests that BMP-9, possibly through mrSCs, can contribute to HO formation in soft tissues when a suitable microenvironment is present.
authors: Guillaume
authors: G
authors: Grenier
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Leblanc
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Faucheux
authors: Dominique
authors: D
authors: Lauzier
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Kloen
authors: Shriners Hospital for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A6, Canada. rhamdy@shriners.mcgill.ca.
authors: Reggie C
authors: RC
authors: Hamdy