title: Brominated flame retardants in breast milk and behavioural and cognitive development at 36 months.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent flame retardants found in the environment, in household dust, and in humans. Breast feeding is a prominent route of exposure in infancy. PBDEs adversely affect neurodevelopment in animals. Here, we estimate associations between PBDEs in breast milk and behaviour and cognitive skills in children at 36 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied 304 mothers and their children. We measured PBDEs in breast milk collected at 3 months postpartum. At 36 months, we measured child behaviour with the parent-rated Behavioral Assessment System for Children 2 (n = 192), and cognitive skills with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (n = 184). We analysed data with robust regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, and -153 in >70% of milk samples. For each congener, the highest quartile of breast milk PBDE concentration, vs. the lowest, was associated with more anxious behaviour, after confounder adjustment. Select congeners were associated with increased withdrawal (BDE-28) and improved activity of daily living skills (BDE-153). Cognitive skills tended to be positively associated with PBDEs, especially language and fine motor skills. However, most estimates were imprecise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, lactational PBDE exposure was modestly and imprecisely associated with anxiety and withdrawal, but was also associated with improved adaptive and cognitive skills. Positive factors associated with breast feeding may have mitigated some of the hypothesised adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with PBDEs. Further research is needed to inform our understanding of PBDE neurotoxicity and how sources of exposure might confound neurodevelopmental studies.
authors: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
authors: Margaret A
authors: MA
authors: Adgent
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Hoffman
authors: Barbara Davis
authors: BD
authors: Goldman
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Sjödin
authors: Julie L
authors: JL
authors: Daniels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009035:Mothers; D009657:North Carolina; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
keywords: PBDEs; environment; environmental pollutant; epidemiology; flame retardants; halogenated diphenyl ethers; human; milk; neurobehavioural manifestations