title: Surgical management of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: Surgery for late complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy remains the cornerstone of management even in patients who have received optimal laser photocoagulation and medical therapy. With improvisation in the surgical techniques and development of micro-incision surgical techniques for vitrectomy, the indications for surgical intervention are expanding to include diabetic macular edema with a greater number of patients undergoing early intervention. This review describes the current indications, surgical techniques, adjunctive anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications of pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema.
authors: Vitreoretinal and Uveitis Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors: Vishali
authors: V
authors: Gupta
authors: J Fernando
authors: JF
authors: Arevalo
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors
keywords: Diabetic Macular Edema; Diabetic Retinopathy; Pars Plana Vitrectomy; Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy