title: Innate immune activation in the pathogenesis of a murine model of globoid cell leukodystrophy.
abstract: Globoid cell leukodystrophy is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the loss of galactocerebrosidase. Galactocerebrosidase loss leads to the accumulation of psychosine and subsequent oligodendrocyte cell death, demyelination, macrophage recruitment, and astroglial activation and proliferation. To date, no studies have elucidated the mechanism of glial cell activation and cytokine and chemokine up-regulation and release. We explored a novel explanation for the development of the pathological changes in the early stages of globoid cell leukodystrophy associated with toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 up-regulation in the hindbrain and cerebellum as a response to dying oligodendrocytes. TLR2 up-regulation on microglia/macrophages coincided with morphological changes consistent with activation at 2 and 3 weeks of age. TLR2 up-regulation on activated microglia/macrophages resulted in astrocyte activation and marked up-regulation of cytokines/chemokines. Because oligodendrocyte cell death is an important feature of globoid cell leukodystrophy, we tested the ability of TLR2 reporter cells to respond to oligodendrocyte cell death. These reporter cells responded in vitro to medium conditioned by psychosine-treated oligodendrocytes, indicating the likelihood that oligodendrocytes release a TLR2 ligand during apoptosis. TLRs are a member of the innate immune system and initiate immune and inflammatory events; therefore, the identification of TLR2 as a potential driver in the activation of central nervous system glial activity in globoid cell leukodystrophy may provide important insight into its pathogenesis.
authors: Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.
authors: Eric R
authors: ER
authors: Snook
authors: Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.
authors: Jeanne M
authors: JM
authors: Fisher-Perkins
authors: Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.
authors: Hope A
authors: HA
authors: Sansing
authors: Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.
authors: Kim M
authors: KM
authors: Lee
authors: Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.
authors: Xavier
authors: X
authors: Alvarez
authors: Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.
authors: Andrew G
authors: AG
authors: MacLean
authors: Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana.
authors: Karin E
authors: KE
authors: Peterson
authors: Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.
authors: Andrew A
authors: AA
authors: Lackner
authors: Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Electronic address: bbunnell@tulane.edu.
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: Bunnell
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005453:Fluorescence; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007965:Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000378:metabolism; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011609:Psychosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012249:Rhombencephalon / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051194:Toll-Like Receptor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C491049:Aif1 protein, mouse; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D018925:Chemokines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; D051194:Toll-Like Receptor 1; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D011609:Psychosine