title: Effects of different orthodontic adhesives and resin removal techniques on enamel color alteration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the color alterations in enamel following the use of different orthodontic bonding resins and adhesive residue-removal burs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metal brackets were bonded to extracted human premolars (n  =  175) by using an etch-and-rinse adhesive system, a self-etch adhesive system (SEP), or a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). After 24 hours of photoaging, the brackets were removed and the adhesive residue on the tooth surfaces was cleaned with either a tungsten carbide bur or a Stainbuster bur. Tooth colors were measured with a spectrophotometer at baseline, after adhesive removal, and after additional photoaging. Color evaluation was made, and color differences induced by photoaging were calculated. Statistical evaluation was made using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U-test, with Bonferroni correction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All specimens showed discoloration at varying levels. The highest color change was observed in the etch-and-rinse adhesive/tungsten carbide bur group. When the etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives were used, adhesive-remnant removal with Stainbuster burs resulted in significantly lower discoloration. The type of bur did not affect the extent of enamel discoloration in the RMGIC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orthodontic treatment alters the original color of enamel, and both the adhesive system and the resin-removal methods are responsible for this change. When brackets are bonded with the etch-and-rinse system or the SEP, cleaning the adhesive residuals with Stainbuster burs is recommended for minimal change. RMGIC can be safely cleaned with tungsten carbide burs.
authors: a  Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Yasemen
authors: Y
authors: Boncuk
authors: Zafer C
authors: ZC
authors: Cehreli
authors: Ömür
authors: Ö
authors: Polat-Özsoy
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000293:Adolescent; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D003116:Color; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000473:pathology*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000379:methods; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D013997:Time Factors; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; C095451:Fuji Ortho LC; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C429625:Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer; C477790:Transbond XT; D017973:Tungsten Compounds; C002802:tungsten carbide; C030242:phosphoric acid
keywords: Enamel color; Orthodontic treatment; Resin removal