title: Defect closure in the paranasal region: an enduring challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The paranasal region constitutes a demanding issue for the reconstructive surgeon. Its complex anatomy, with concavity in close contact with convexity, and a high density of functional and aesthetically important facial components demands specific concern. Due to such complexity, numerous procedures for the reconstruction of paranasal defects have been published, including skin grafts and flaps in random pattern or axial style from the glabella, upper lid, nasal root, or cheek.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review, we recall classical reconstructive procedures and compare them with innovative procedures that could possibly gain importance in the following years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We contrast the pros and cons concerning donor site morbidity, surgical elaborateness, and functional and aesthetic outcome, and substantiate our findings with photographic results from our own patient material.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reconstruction of paranasal defects remains a challenge; nevertheless, the growing toolbox of reconstructive instruments facilitates a perfect reconstructive result.
authors: Department for Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Academic Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Riml
authors: Lorenz
authors: L
authors: Larcher
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Grohmann
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Kompatscher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002610:Cheek / Q000601:surgery*; D004954:Esthetics; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps