title: Impact of socioeconomic status on initial clinical presentation to a memory disorders clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dementia affects 15% of Canadians 65 and older, and the prevalence is expected to double over the next two decades. Low socioeconomic status (SES) can increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the precursor mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but it is unknown what the relationship of SES is on initial clinical presentation to a memory disorders clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 127 AD and 135 MCI patients who presented to our Memory Disorders Clinic from 2004 to 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. We examined the relationship between SES (measured using Hollingshead two-factor index) and (1) diagnosis of either AD or MCI; (2) age when first presented to clinic; (3) objective cognitive tests to indicate clinical severity; and (4) the use of cognitive enhancers, medication for treating mild-to-moderate AD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AD patients had lower SES than MCI patients (p < 0.001, r = 0.232). Lower SES was associated with a greater age at initial time of diagnosis (χ2 = 11.5, p = 0.001). In MCI patients, higher SES individuals outperformed lower SES individuals on the BNA after correcting for the effect of age (p = 0.004). Lower SES was also associated with decreased use of cognitive enhancers in AD patients (p < 0.001, r = 0.842).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with lower SES come into memory clinic later when the disease has progressed to dementia, while higher SES individuals present earlier when the disease is still in its MCI stage. There were more higher SES individuals who presented to our memory clinic. Higher SES is associated with better cognitive functioning and increased use of cognitive enhancers. The health policy implication is that we need to better engage economically disadvantaged individuals, perhaps at the primary care level.
authors: Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors: Winnie
authors: W
authors: Qian
authors: Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors: Tom A
authors: TA
authors: Schweizer
authors: Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors: Corinne E
authors: CE
authors: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors