title: Stability of key micronutrients added to fortified maize flours and corn meal.
abstract: Maize is a dietary staple in many countries. Although nutritious in many ways and a good source of energy, typical maize lacks several key micronutrients (MNs) that are often added to maize meals or flours to enhance nutritional value. Many factors affect MN stability in maize products, including uncontrolled conditions during distribution, long storage times, and MN premix composition. Consumer preparation also affects the final MN content of food. This review summarizes research relating to MN stability during processing, transport, storage, and meal preparation, focusing on those MNs most often added to maize and maize-based foods. Significant losses in B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, and B12) occur during manufacturing, distribution, and cooking. Added minerals (e.g., iron, zinc, calcium) are generally retained, although phytates in corn may affect bioavailability. Vitamins A and D3 are recent additions to fortification premixes for maize and are not well studied. Although there have been numerous studies of MN fortification in wheat flour, maize has not been as thoroughly examined, so recommendations are not as well supported. Future investigations should include well-designed and executed studies of the most labile MNs added to maize flours and meals, and their fate during all steps of processing, shipping, and preparation.
authors: Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Dunn
authors: Vijaya
authors: V
authors: Jain
authors: Barbara P
authors: BP
authors: Klein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005433:Flour / Q000592:standards*; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000592:standards*; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards; D003313:Zea mays / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins
keywords: fortification; maize; micronutrient; stability