title: Molecular mechanisms of phoxim-induced silk gland damage and TiO2 nanoparticle-attenuated damage in Bombyx mori.
abstract: Phoxim is a useful organophosphate (OP) pesticide used in agriculture in China, however, exposure to this pesticide can result in a significant reduction in cocooning in Bombyx mori (B. mori). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been shown to decrease phoxim-induced toxicity in B. mori; however, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms of silk gland damage due to OP exposure and repair of gland damage by TiO2 NP pretreatment. In the present study, exposure to phoxim resulted in a significant reduction in cocooning rate in addition to silk gland damage, whereas TiO2 NP attenuated phoxim-induced gland damage, increased the antioxidant capacity of the gland, and increased cocooning rate in B. mori. Furthermore, digital gene expression data suggested that phoxim exposure led to significant alterations in the expression of 833 genes. In particular, phoxim exposure caused significant down-regulation of Fib-L, Ser2, Ser3, and P25 genes involved in silk protein synthesis, and up-regulation of SFGH, UCH3, and Salhh genes involved in silk protein hydrolysis. A combination of both phoxim and TiO2 NP treatment resulted in marked changes in the expression of 754 genes, while treatment with TiO2 NPs led to significant alterations in the expression of 308 genes. Importantly, pretreatment with TiO2 NPs increased Fib-L, Ser2, Ser3, and P25 expression, and decreased SFGH, UCH3, and Salhh expression in silk protein in the silk gland under phoxim stress. Therefore, Fib-L, Ser2, Ser3, P25, SFGH, UCH3, and Salhh may be potential biomarkers of silk gland toxicity in B. mori caused by phoxim exposure.
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Li
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Xiaohong
authors: X
authors: Yu
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Suxin
authors: S
authors: Gui
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Xie
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Xiaoyang
authors: X
authors: Zhao
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Hong
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Qingqing
authors: Q
authors: Sun
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Xuezi
authors: X
authors: Sang
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Sheng
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Zhe
authors: Z
authors: Cheng
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Cheng
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Rengping
authors: R
authors: Hu
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Ling
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China. Electronic address: shenweide@suda.edu.cn.
authors: Weide
authors: W
authors: Shen
authors: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou 215007, China; Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biomaterials, Ministry of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215007, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: hongfsh_cn@sina.com.
authors: Fashui
authors: F
authors: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012831:Bombyx / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002681:China; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism*; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D047011:Silk / Q000235:genetics*; D014025:Titanium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D047011:Silk; C009495:titanium dioxide; C003135:phoxim; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Bombyx mori; Gene-expression profile; Phoxim insecticide; Silk gland; Titanium dioxide nanoparticles