title: The predictors of foot ulceration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: This study was conducted to determine the predictors of foot ulceration occurring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) without diabetes. A multi-centre case control study was undertaken; participants were recruited from eight sites (UK). Cases were adults diagnosed with RA (without diabetes) and the presence of a validated foot ulcer, defined as a full thickness skin defect occurring in isolation on / below the midline of the malleoli and requiring > 14 days to heal. Controls met the same criteria but were ulcer naive. Clinical examination included loss of sensation (10g monofilament); ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI); forefoot deformity (Platto); plantar pressures (PressureStat); RA disease activity (36 swollen/tender joint counts) and the presence of vasculitis. History taking included past ulceration/foot surgery; current medication and smoking status. Participants completed the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Foot Impact Scale. A total of 83 cases with 112 current ulcers and 190 ulcer naïve controls participated. Cases were significantly older (mean age 71 years; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 69-73 vs. 62 years, 60-64) and had longer RA disease duration (mean 22 years; 19-25 vs. 15, 13-17). Univariate analysis showed that risk of ulceration increases with loss of sensation; abnormality of ABPI and foot deformity. Plantar pressures and joint counts were not significant predictors. HAQ score and history of foot surgery were strongly associated with ulceration (odds ratio [OR] = 1.704, 95 % CI 1.274-2.280 and OR = 2.256, 95 % CI 1.294-3.932). Three cases and two controls presented with suspected cutaneous vasculitis. In logistic regression modelling, ABPI (OR = 0.04; 95 % CI, 0.01-0.28) forefoot deformity (OR = 1.14; 95 % CI, 1.08-1.21) and loss of sensation (OR = 1.22; 95 % CI, 1.10-1.36) predicted risk of ulceration. In patients with RA, ABPI, forefoot deformity and loss of sensation predict risk of ulceration but, in contrast with diabetes, raised plantar pressures do not predict risk.
authors: Pennine Musculoskeletal Partnership Ltd, Oldham Integrated Care Centre, New Radcliffe Street, Oldham, Lancashire, OL1 1NL, UK, Jill.Firth@nhs.net.
authors: Jill
authors: J
authors: Firth
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: Waxman
authors: Graham
authors: G
authors: Law
authors: E Andrea
authors: EA
authors: Nelson
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Helliwell
authors: Heidi
authors: H
authors: Siddle
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Otter
authors: Violet
authors: V
authors: Butters
authors: Lesley
authors: L
authors: Baker
authors: Rosemary
authors: R
authors: Hryniw
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Bradley
authors: Lorraine
authors: L
authors: Loughrey
authors: Begonya
authors: B
authors: Alcacer-Pitarch
authors: Samantha
authors: S
authors: Davies
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Tranter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005530:Foot Deformities / Q000503:physiopathology; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D011788:Quality of Life; D012008:Recurrence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom