title: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract improves the hepatic glutathione metabolism in obese Zucker rats.
abstract: METHODS
  Increased oxidative stress may play an important role in metabolic syndrome and related manifestations, including obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Its relation to obesity is due to increased reactive oxygen species and/or decreased glutathione (GSH) antioxidant metabolism. Consequently, the activation of glutathione metabolism appears to be a central defense response to prevent oxidative stress. In this sense, dietary supplements with natural antioxidant molecules, including proanthocyanidins, may present a useful strategy of controlling and reducing complications of obesity, including hepatic steatosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed the grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) effect on oxidative alterations related to genetically obese rats (Zucker rats) and, more specifically, to hepatic GSH metabolism. We demonstrate that the administration of GSPE reduced the oxidized glutathione accumulation increasing the total GSH/oxidized glutathione hepatic ratio and consequently decreasing the activation of antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase, and increasing the total antioxidant capacity of the cell.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Zucker rats, the obesity-induced oxidative stress related to liver glutathione alteration was mitigated by GSPE administration.
authors: Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, Tarragona, Spain.
authors: Anabel
authors: A
authors: Fernández-Iglesias
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Pajuelo
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Quesada
authors: Sabina
authors: S
authors: Díaz
authors: Cinta
authors: C
authors: Bladé
authors: Lluís
authors: L
authors: Arola
authors: Maria Josepa
authors: MJ
authors: Salvadó
authors: Miquel
authors: M
authors: Mulero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014280:Triglycerides; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Glutathione; Liver; Oxidative Stress; Proanthocyanidins; Zucker fatty rats