title: Efficient and safe internalization of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: two fundamental requirements for biomedical applications.
abstract: We have performed a series of in vitro tests proposed for the reliable assessment of safety associated with nanoparticles-cell interaction. A thorough analysis of toxicity of three different coating iron oxide nanoparticles on HeLa cells has been carried out including, methyl thiazol tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Trypan blue exclusion tests, cell morphology observation by optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), study of cytoskeletal components, analysis of cell cycle and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have quantified magnetic nanoparticle internalization, determined possible indirect cell damages and related it to the nanoparticle coating. The results confirm a very low toxicity of the analyzed iron oxide nanoparticles into HeLa cells by multiple assays and pave the way for a more successful cancer diagnostic and treatment without secondary effects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this paper, three different iron oxide nanoparticles are studied and compared from the standpoint of safety and toxicity in HeLa cells, demonstrating low toxicity for each preparation, and paving the way to potential future clinical applications.
authors: Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Macarena
authors: M
authors: Calero
authors: Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Lucía
authors: L
authors: Gutiérrez
authors: IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Gorka
authors: G
authors: Salas
authors: Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Yurena
authors: Y
authors: Luengo
authors: IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Lázaro
authors: Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Acedo
authors: Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors: M Puerto
authors: MP
authors: Morales
authors: IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Rodolfo
authors: R
authors: Miranda
authors: Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: angeles.villanueva@uam.es.
authors: Angeles
authors: A
authors: Villanueva
mesh_terms: D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C000499:ferric oxide
keywords: Cellular uptake; Cytoskeleton; Cytoxicity; HeLa cell line; Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles