title: Determinants of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment: Insights from the CEPHEUS Pan-Asian Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have reported that the attainment of goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are globally suboptimal, but contemporary data are scarce. The CEntralized Pan-Asian survey on tHE Under-treatment of hypercholeSterolemia (CEPHEUS-PA) is the largest evaluation of pharmacological treatment for hypercholesterolemia in Asia. The study reported here analyzed the Taiwan cohort in CEPHEUS-PA to identify the determinants of successful treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients eligible for this study were adults (≥18 years old) with hypercholesterolemia and with at least two coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors who had been receiving lipid-lowering drugs for at least 3 months before enrollment, without adjustment for at least 6 weeks before enrollment. Demographic and clinical information and lipid concentrations were recorded. Cardiovascular risk levels and LDL-C targets were determined using the updated Adult Treatment Panel III.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this group of 999 Taiwanese patients, 50%, 25%, and 24% had LDL-C goals set at <70 mg/dL, <100 mg/dL, and <130 mg/dL, respectively. The overall attainment rate was 50%, with the lowest rate in patients set at the most stringent target (22%), followed by those whose therapeutic goals were <100 mg/dL (69%) and <130 mg/dL (87%). The success of LDL-C control was lower in patients with multiple risk factors other than CHD or its equivalents than in those without these multiple risk factors (37% vs. 53%, p < 0.001), and lower in patients with metabolic syndrome than in those without (43% vs. 66%, p < 0.001). Baseline LDL-C and cardiovascular risk were inversely associated with goal attainment, whereas treatment with statins was directly associated with the achievement of LDL-C goals. Patients with diabetes (odds ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.84, p = 0.010) and with metabolic syndrome (odds ratio 0.15, 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.40, p < 0.001) were less likely to be treated with statins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that there is a discrepancy between the updated Adult Treatment Panel III recommendations for LDL-C control and the control attained by this group of Taiwanese patients. In particular, treatment with statins was largely underused in patients with diabetes and in those with metabolic syndrome. These findings highlight the need for more intensive treatment in high-risk patients and those with multiple risk factors, particularly patients with metabolic syndrome.
authors: Department of Medicine, Taipei Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Ko-Fan
authors: KF
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Chun-Chin
authors: CC
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; General Clinical Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Kang-Ling
authors: KL
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Cheng-Hsueh
authors: CH
authors: Wu
authors: School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Lung-Ching
authors: LC
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Tse-Min
authors: TM
authors: Lu
authors: Department of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Shing-Jong
authors: SJ
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; General Clinical Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: cechiang@vghtpe.gov.tw.
authors: Chern-En
authors: CE
authors: Chiang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: cardiovascular disease prevention; epidemiology; hypercholesterolemia; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; statins