title: Evaluation of the effects of mobile phones on the neural tube development of chick embryos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to examine the effects of radiation of mobile phones on developing neural tissue of chick embryos.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 4 study groups. All Groups were placed in equal distance, from the mobile phones. Serial sections were taken from each Group to study the neural tube segments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TUNEL results were statistically significant (p < 0.001) at 30 and 48 hours in the third Group. We found low Bcl-2 levels partly in Group 4 and increased activity in Group 3. Caspase-3 was negative in the 48 and 72 hours in the Control Group, had moderate activity in the third Group 3, weak activity in the 48 hour, and was negative in the 72 hour in other groups. Caspase-9 immunoreactivity was weak in Group 1, 2 and 3 at 30 hours and was negative in Group 1 and 4 at 48 and 72 hours. Caspase-9 activity in the third Group was weak in all three stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones caused developmental delay in chick embryos in early period. This finding suggests that the use of mobile phones by pregnant women may pose risks.
authors: Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Ahmet Sukru
authors: AS
authors: Umur
authors: Can
authors: C
authors: Yaldiz
authors: Adem
authors: A
authors: Bursali
authors: Nurcan
authors: N
authors: Umur
authors: Burcu
authors: B
authors: Kara
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Barutcuoglu
authors: Seda
authors: S
authors: Vatansever
authors: Deniz
authors: D
authors: Selcuki
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Selcuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D040421:Cell Phone; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000528:radiation effects; D019254:Genes, bcl-2; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D054259:Neural Tube / Q000196:embryology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009436:Neural Tube Defects
chemical_list: D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8