title: MYOD mediates skeletal myogenic differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells and regeneration of muscle injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human amniotic fluid stem (hAFS) cells have been shown to differentiate into multiple lineages, including myoblasts. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the myogenic differentiation of hAFS cells and their regenerative potential for muscle injury remain to be elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to induce myogenic differentiation of hAFS cells, lentiviruses for MYOD were constructed and transduced into hAFS cells. Formation of myotube-like cells was analyzed by immunocytochemistry, and expression of molecular markers for myoblasts was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. For in vivo muscle regeneration, MYOD transduced hAFS cells were injected into left tibialis anterior (TA) muscles injured with cardiotoxin, and muscle regeneration was analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin, immunocytochemistry and formation of neuro-muscular junction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MYOD expression in hAFS cells successfully induced differentiation into multinucleated myotube-like cells. Consistently, significant expression of myogenic marker genes, such as MYOG, DES, DMD and MYH, was induced by MYOD. Analysis of pre-myogenic factors showed that expression of PAX3, MEOX1 and EYA2 was significantly increased by MYOD. MYOD was phosphorylated and localized in the nucleus. These results suggest that in hAFS cells, MYOD is phosphorylated and localized in the nucleus, thus inducing expression of myogenic factors, resulting in myogenic differentiation of hAFS cells. To test regenerative potential of MYOD-transduced hAFS cells, we transplanted them into injured muscles of immunodeficient BALB/cSlc-nu mice. The results showed a substantial increase in the volume of TA muscle injected with MYOD-hAFS cells. In addition, TA muscle tissue injected with MYOD-hAFS cells has more numbers of neuro-muscular junctions compared to controls, indicating functional restoration of muscle injury by MYOD-hAFS cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, our data suggest that transduction of hAFS cells with MYOD lentiviruses induces skeletal myogenic differentiation in vitro and morphological and functional regeneration of injured muscle in vivo.
authors: Ju Ang
authors: JA
authors: Kim
authors: Yun Hee
authors: YH
authors: Shon
authors: Jeong Ok
authors: JO
authors: Lim
authors: James J
authors: JJ
authors: Yoo
authors: Hong-In
authors: HI
authors: Shin
authors: Eui Kyun
authors: EK
authors: Park
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000166:cytology*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016086:Lentivirus / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012038:Regeneration; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D017570:MyoD Protein