title: Development of an open metadata schema for prospective clinical research (openPCR) in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In China, deployment of electronic data capture (EDC) and clinical data management system (CDMS) for clinical research (CR) is in its very early stage, and about 90% of clinical studies collected and submitted clinical data manually. This work aims to build an open metadata schema for Prospective Clinical Research (openPCR) in China based on openEHR archetypes, in order to help Chinese researchers easily create specific data entry templates for registration, study design and clinical data collection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Singapore Framework for Dublin Core Application Profiles (DCAP) is used to develop openPCR and four steps such as defining the core functional requirements and deducing the core metadata items, developing archetype models, defining metadata terms and creating archetype records, and finally developing implementation syntax are followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The core functional requirements are divided into three categories: requirements for research registration, requirements for trial design, and requirements for case report form (CRF). 74 metadata items are identified and their Chinese authority names are created. The minimum metadata set of openPCR includes 3 documents, 6 sections, 26 top level data groups, 32 lower data groups and 74 data elements. The top level container in openPCR is composed of public document, internal document and clinical document archetypes. A hierarchical structure of openPCR is established according to Data Structure of Electronic Health Record Architecture and Data Standard of China (Chinese EHR Standard). Metadata attributes are grouped into six parts: identification, definition, representation, relation, usage guides, and administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OpenPCR is an open metadata schema based on research registration standards, standards of the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) and Chinese healthcare related standards, and is to be publicly available throughout China. It considers future integration of EHR and CR by adopting data structure and data terms in Chinese EHR Standard. Archetypes in openPCR are modularity models and can be separated, recombined, and reused. The authors recommend that the method to develop openPCR can be referenced by other countries when designing metadata schema of clinical research. In the next steps, openPCR should be used in a number of CR projects to test its applicability and to continuously improve its coverage. Besides, metadata schema for research protocol can be developed to structurize and standardize protocol, and syntactical interoperability of openPCR with other related standards can be considered.
authors: Wei Xu, Department of Medical Informatics, Second Military Medical University 800, Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, E-mail: xuzhuizhui@hotmail.com or zhuizhui@smmu.edu.cn.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Xu
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Guan
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sun
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Geng
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002681:China; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D003628:Database Management Systems / Q000458:organization & administration*; D066264:Datasets as Topic; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DC Metadata Element Set); Metadata; archetype; clinical research (CR); electronic health record (EHR)