title: Alterations in white matter structure in young children with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether type 1 diabetes affects white matter (WM) structure in a large sample of young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (ages 4 to <10 years) with type 1 diabetes (n = 127) and age-matched nondiabetic control subjects (n = 67) had diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans in this multisite neuroimaging study. Participants with type 1 diabetes were assessed for HbA1c history and lifetime adverse events, and glucose levels were monitored using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) device and standardized measures of cognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between-group analysis showed that children with type 1 diabetes had significantly reduced axial diffusivity (AD) in widespread brain regions compared with control subjects. Within the type 1 diabetes group, earlier onset of diabetes was associated with increased radial diffusivity (RD) and longer duration was associated with reduced AD, reduced RD, and increased fractional anisotropy (FA). In addition, HbA1c values were significantly negatively associated with FA values and were positively associated with RD values in widespread brain regions. Significant associations of AD, RD, and FA were found for CGM measures of hyperglycemia and glucose variability but not for hypoglycemia. Finally, we observed a significant association between WM structure and cognitive ability in children with type 1 diabetes but not in control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest vulnerability of the developing brain in young children to effects of type 1 diabetes associated with chronic hyperglycemia and glucose variability.
authors: Corresponding author: Naama Barnea-Goraly, direcnet@jaeb.org.
authors: Naama
authors: N
authors: Barnea-Goraly
authors: Mira
authors: M
authors: Raman
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Mazaika
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Marzelli
authors: Tamara
authors: T
authors: Hershey
authors: Stuart A
authors: SA
authors: Weinzimer
authors: Tandy
authors: T
authors: Aye
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Buckingham
authors: Nelly
authors: N
authors: Mauras
authors: Neil H
authors: NH
authors: White
authors: Larry A
authors: LA
authors: Fox
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Tansey
authors: Roy W
authors: RW
authors: Beck
authors: Katrina J
authors: KJ
authors: Ruedy
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Kollman
authors: Peiyao
authors: P
authors: Cheng
authors: Allan L
authors: AL
authors: Reiss
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000473:pathology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human