title: Ionic extraction of a novel nano-sized bioactive glass enhances differentiation and mineralization of human dental pulp cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel nano-sized 58S bioactive glass (nano-58S BG) on the odontogenic differentiation and mineralization of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extractions were prepared by incubating nano-58S BG, 45S5 BG, or 58S BG particulates in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium at 1% w/v for 24 hours and were filtrated through 0.22-μm filters. The supernatants were used as BG extractions. The hDPCs were cultured in nano-58S BG, 45S5 BG, and 58S BG extractions. The proliferation of hDPCs was evaluated using the methylthiazol tetrazolium assay. Odontogenic differentiation was evaluated based on the real-time polymerase chain reaction of differentiation- and mineralization-related genes, namely, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and dentin matrix protein 1. The gene expressions were verified using ALP activity assessment, immunocytochemistry staining of osteocalcin and DSPP, and mineralization assay using alizarin red S stain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All BG extractions up-regulated the expression of odontogenic genes, and the most significant enhancement was in the nano-58S BG group. All BG extractions, especially nano-58S, increased ALP activity, osteocalcin and DSPP protein production, and mineralized nodules formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with regular BG, the novel nano-58S BG can induce the differentiation and mineralization of hDPCs more efficiently and might be a better potential candidate for dentin-pulp complex regeneration.
authors: Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors: Weiyu
authors: W
authors: Gong
authors: Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors: Zhiwei
authors: Z
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China. Electronic address: kqdongyanmei@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors: Yanmei
authors: Y
authors: Dong
authors: Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors: Yehua
authors: Y
authors: Gan
authors: Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors: Shenglin
authors: S
authors: Li
authors: Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors: Xuejun
authors: X
authors: Gao
authors: National Engineering Research Center for Human Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
authors: Xiaofeng
authors: X
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000880:Anthraquinones; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D055815:Young Adult; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000880:Anthraquinones; D024042:Collagen Type I; D004396:Coloring Agents; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D015675:Osteocalcin; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein; C513309:DMP1 protein, human; C425330:bioactive glass 45S5; C448994:bioactive glass 58S; C004468:Alizarin Red S; C022616:thiazolyl blue
keywords: Differentiation; human dental pulp cells; mineralization; nano-sized bioactive glass