title: Effect of maternal smoking cessation before and during early pregnancy on fetal and childhood growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a major cause of intrauterine growth restriction and childhood obesity, but only a few studies have examined the association of smoking cessation before and during pregnancy with fetal and childhood growth. We examined this association in a prospective cohort study in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included children born between 1991 and 2006 and their mothers. Using a questionnaire, maternal smoking status was recorded at pregnancy. The anthropometric data of the children were collected during a medical check-up at age 3 years. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used for data analysis stratified by sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 2663 mothers reported their smoking status during early pregnancy, and data were collected from 2230 (83.7%) children at age 3 years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a significant reduction in birth weight (approximately 120-150 g). Body mass index at age 3 years was significantly higher among boys born to smoking mothers than among boys born to nonsmoking mothers. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with overweight at age 3 years among boys (adjusted odds ratio, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.03-5.4). However, among women who stopped smoking in early pregnancy, there was no increase in the risks of a small for gestational age birth or childhood overweight at age 3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children born to mothers who stopped smoking before or during early pregnancy had appropriate fetal and childhood growth.
authors: Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi.
authors: Kohta
authors: K
authors: Suzuki
authors: Miri
authors: M
authors: Sato
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Zheng
authors: Ryoji
authors: R
authors: Shinohara
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Yokomichi
authors: Zentaro
authors: Z
authors: Yamagata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors