title: Sevoflurane induces cardioprotection through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of autophagy in isolated guinea pig hearts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sevoflurane increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), which mediate cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy is involved in cardioprotection. We examined whether reactive oxygen species mediate sevoflurane preconditioning through autophagy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated guinea pigs hearts were subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion (control). Anesthetic preconditioning was elicited with 2 % sevoflurane for 10 min before ischemia (SEVO). The ROS-scavenger, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (MPG, 1 mmol/l), was administered starting 30 min before ischemia to sevoflurane-treated (SEVO + MPG) or non-sevoflurane-treated (MPG) hearts. Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride stain. Tissue samples were obtained after reperfusion to determine autophagy-related protein (microtubule-associated protein light chain I and II: LC3-I, -II) and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression using Western blot analysis. Electron microscopy was used to detect autophagosomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infarct size was significantly reduced and there were more abundant autophagosomes in SEVO compared with control. Western blot analysis revealed that the ratio of LC3-II/I and phosphorylation of AMPK were significantly increased in SEVO. These effects were abolished by MPG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sevoflurane induces cardioprotection through ROS-mediated upregulation of autophagy.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan.
authors: Mayumi
authors: M
authors: Shiomi
authors: Masami
authors: M
authors: Miyamae
authors: Genzou
authors: G
authors: Takemura
authors: Kazuhiro
authors: K
authors: Kaneda
authors: Yoshitaka
authors: Y
authors: Inamura
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Onishi
authors: Shizuka
authors: S
authors: Koshinuma
authors: Yoshihiro
authors: Y
authors: Momota
authors: Toshiaki
authors: T
authors: Minami
authors: Vincent M
authors: VM
authors: Figueredo
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000077149:Sevoflurane