title: A mixed-reality part-task trainer for subclavian venous access.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mixed-reality (MR) procedural simulators combine virtual and physical components and visualization software that can be used for debriefing and offer an alternative to learn subclavian central venous access (SCVA). We present a SCVA MR simulator, a part-task trainer, which can assist in the training of medical personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five participants were involved in the following: (1) a simulation trial 1; (2) a teaching intervention followed by trial 2 (with the simulator's visualization software); and (3) trial 3, a final simulation assessment. The main test parameters were time to complete SCVA and the SCVA score, a composite of efficiency and safety metrics generated by the simulator's scoring algorithm. Residents and faculty completed questionnaires presimulation and postsimulation that assessed their confidence in obtaining access and learner satisfaction questions, for example, realism of the simulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average SCVA score was improved by 24.5 (n=65). Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant reductions in average time (F=31.94, P<0.0001), number of attempts (F=10.56, P<0.0001), and score (F=18.59, P<0.0001). After the teaching intervention and practice with the MR simulator, the results no longer showed a difference in performance between the faculty and residents. On a 5-point scale (5=strongly agree), participants agreed that the SCVA simulator was realistic (M=4.3) and strongly agreed that it should be used as an educational tool (M=4.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An SCVA mixed simulator offers a realistic representation of subclavian central venous access and offers new debriefing capabilities.
authors: From the Department of Anesthesiology (A.R.R., D.L., I.L., S.L., N.G.), and Office of Educational Affairs (L.A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors: Albert R
authors: AR
authors: Robinson
authors: Nikolaus
authors: N
authors: Gravenstein
authors: Lou Ann
authors: LA
authors: Cooper
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Lizdas
authors: Isaac
authors: I
authors: Luria
authors: Samsun
authors: S
authors: Lampotang
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D016544:Patient Simulation; D012984:Software; D013350:Subclavian Vein; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface