title: Is prehospital endotracheal intubation associated with improved outcomes in isolated severe head injury? A matched cohort analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) following traumatic brain injury in urban settings is controversial. Studies investigating admission arterial blood gas (ABG) patterns in these instances are scant.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Outcomes in patients subjected to divergent prehospital airway management options following severe head injury were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective propensity-matched study in patients with isolated TBI (head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 3) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of ≤ 8 admitted to a Level 1 urban trauma center from January 1, 2003 through October 31, 2011. Cases that had prehospital ETI were compared to controls subjected to oxygen by mask in a one to three ratio for demographics, mechanism of injury, tachycardia/hypotension, Injury Severity Score, type of intracranial lesion, and all major surgical interventions. Primary outcome was mortality and secondary outcomes included admission gas profile, in-hospital morbidity, ICU length of stay (ICU LOS) and hospital length of stay (HLOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases (n = 55) and controls (n = 165) had statistically similar prehospital and in-hospital variables after propensity matching. Mortality was significantly higher for the ETI group (69.1% vs 55.2% respectively, P = .011). There was no difference in pH, base deficit, and pCO2 on admission blood gases; however the ETI group had significantly lower pO2 (187 (SD = 14) vs 213 (SD = 13), P = .034). There was a significantly increased incidence of septic shock in the ETI group. Patients subjected to prehospital ETI had a longer HLOS and ICU LOS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In isolated severe traumatic brain injury, prehospital endotracheal intubation was associated with significantly higher adjusted mortality rate and worsened admission oxygenation. Further prospective validation of these findings is warranted.
authors: Division of Acute Care Surgery (Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors: Efstathios
authors: E
authors: Karamanos
authors: Division of Acute Care Surgery (Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors: Peep
authors: P
authors: Talving
authors: Division of Acute Care Surgery (Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors: Dimitra
authors: D
authors: Skiada
authors: Division of Acute Care Surgery (Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Osby
authors: Division of Acute Care Surgery (Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Inaba
authors: Division of Acute Care Surgery (Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors: Lydia
authors: L
authors: Lam
authors: Division of Acute Care Surgery (Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors: Ozgur
authors: O
authors: Albuz
authors: Division of Acute Care Surgery (Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors: Demetrios
authors: D
authors: Demetriades
mesh_terms: D015998:Abbreviated Injury Scale; D000328:Adult; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057216:Propensity Score; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014193:Trauma Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome