title: Quantitative determination of alkannins and shikonins in endemic Mediterranean Alkanna species.
abstract: The optical antipodes alkannin/shikonin (A/S) and their esters are potent pharmaceutical substances found in the roots of 150 Boraginaceous species. This study estimated and compared total and free A/S content and A/S enantiomeric ratio in roots of 11 Alkanna species (A. corcyrensis, A. tinctoria, A. pindicola, A. orientalis, A. methanaea, A. calliensis, A. graeca, A. primuliflora, A. stribrnyi, A. sieberi and A. noneiformis) growing wild in various Greek regions, to compare with cultivated species. It also re-characterized the chirality of A/S commercial samples, since most of them were misnamed by the providers. Several Alkanna species were collected (groups 1 and 3) and botanically identified, whereas some Alkanna species were cultivated from collected seeds (group 2). Free A/S and derivatives were extracted from the dried roots of Alkanna species and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). For total A/S content the hexane extracts of Alkanna roots were hydrolyzed and analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Chirality determination and A/S enantiomeric ratio estimation was performed for several commercial samples by polarimetry,chiral LC-DAD and circular dichroism studies. Quantitative analysis revealed that A/S content varied from one region to another even within the same species. Most of the cultivated samples contained greater amounts of free and total A/S compared with the wild ones, wheras no difference was observed in A/S enantiomeric ratio. All the Alkanna samples tested contain mainly alkannin derivatives. Some of the examined Alkanna species of the Greek flora that are endemic to the Mediterranean area could serve as alternative sources for medicinally valuable A/S derivatives. Most of the commercial A/S samples tested were misnamed in terms of chirality and re-characterized.
authors: Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Jasmin
authors: J
authors: Tappeiner
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Vasiliou
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Ganzera
authors: Dimitrios
authors: D
authors: Fessas
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Stuppner
authors: Vassilios P
authors: VP
authors: Papageorgiou
authors: Andreana N
authors: AN
authors: Assimopoulou
mesh_terms: D028082:Boraginaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D009285:Naphthoquinones; D010936:Plant Extracts; C018204:alkannin; C016101:shikonin
keywords: Alkanna; Boraginaceae; alkannin; naphthoquinone; shikonin