title: Experiences with policing among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand: a qualitative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite Thailand's commitment to treating people who use drugs as "patients" not "criminals," Thai authorities continue to emphasize criminal law enforcement for drug control. In 2003, Thailand's drug war received international criticism due to extensive human rights violations. However, few studies have since investigated the impact of policing on drug-using populations. Therefore, we sought to examine experiences with policing among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Bangkok, Thailand, between 2008 and 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between July 2011 and June 2012, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 42 community-recruited PWID participating in the Mitsampan Community Research Project in Bangkok. Interviews explored PWID's encounters with police during the past three years. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a thematic analysis was conducted to document the character of PWID's experiences with police. Respondents indicated that policing activities had noticeably intensified since rapid urine toxicology screening became available to police. Respondents reported various forms of police misconduct, including false accusations, coercion of confessions, excessive use of force, and extortion of money. However, respondents were reluctant to report misconduct to the authorities in the face of social and structural barriers to seeking justice. Respondents' strategies to avoid police impeded access to health care and facilitated transitions towards the misuse of prescribed pharmaceuticals. The study's limitations relate to the transferability of the findings, including the potential biases associated with the small convenience sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that policing in Bangkok has involved injustices, human rights abuses, and corruption, and policing practices in this setting appeared to have increased PWID's vulnerability to poor health through various pathways. Novel to this study are findings pertaining to the use of urine drug testing by police, which highlight the potential for widespread abuse of this emerging technology. These findings raise concern about ongoing policing practices in this setting.
authors: Urban Health Research Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ; Interdisciplinary Studies Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Kanna
authors: K
authors: Hayashi
authors: Will
authors: W
authors: Small
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Csete
authors: Sattara
authors: S
authors: Hattirat
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013785:Thailand; D055815:Young Adult