title: A prospective analysis of consultation for difficult urinary catheter insertion at tertiary care centres in Northern Alberta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Difficult urinary catheterization (DUC) is a frequent reason for urologic consultation. Literature regarding DUC is limited. The objective of the study is to examine the current practice pattern of DUC and identify strategies to reduce its incidence and related adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective observational study of consultation for DUC at tertiary care centres in Edmonton, Alberta between October 2010 and February 2011. All urologic consultations for DUC in adults at the 2 tertiary hospitals were enrolled. Patients were managed according to the current regional standard of care established prior to the study. A clinical encounter questionnaire (CEQ) was completed by the urology service regarding details of the consultation and patient factors. CEQ results were tabulated and analyzed for trends, areas of strengths and weakness in the consultation process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 89 patients were accrued to the study. Mean age was 67 years and 91% were male. Seventeen percent of patients had history of previous DUC and 65% had urologic history. Forty-two percent of patients had catheter placement without any auxiliary tools. Adverse events, including urosepsis, bladder perforation, hydrouterus, paraphimosis and urethral trauma, were experienced by 37% of patients. Significant urethral injury as a result of catheterization attempts occurred in 32%. Forty-one percent of consultations were classified as inappropriate and 53% occurred between 5 pm and 6:30 am.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DUC is associated with significant patient morbidity and may often be preventable. This study highlights the need for implementation of preventive strategies, widespread education and increased awareness regarding catheter care.
authors: Department of Urology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
authors: Chasta
authors: C
authors: Bacsu
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Van Zyl
authors: Keith Francis
authors: KF
authors: Rourke