title: What is the future of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the Berlin definition?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze recently published articles in the medical literature that studied distinct aspects of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after the new Berlin definition introduced in 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The degree of ARDS severity according to this new classification correlated well with extravascular lung water index, pulmonary vascular permeability index and the finding of diffuse alveolar damage on autopsy. The new possibility of bedside echocardiographic evaluation of biventricular cardiac function is indicating the necessity of including a subgroup of severity of patients with right ventricular dysfunction. High-resolution CT evaluation showed that signs of pulmonary fibroproliferation in early ARDS predict increased ventilator dependency, multiple organ failure and mortality. The median development of ARDS 1 or 2 days after hospital admission emphasizes the need for ARDS intrahospital prevention, especially protective ventilation in non-ARDS patients. The better outcome with the use of prone position in patients with PaO2/FIO2 below 150 recently observed questioned the Berlin definition thresholds to decide the future best treatment strategies according to the proposed degree of severity of the syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of the Berlin definition of ARDS on the incidence, better treatment stratification and mortality ratio of ARDS is still to be determined.
authors: aPulmonary and Critical Care Department, University of São Paulo Medical School and Adult Intensive Care Unit, Albert Einstein Hospital bAbreu Sodré Intensive Care Unit and Servidor Público Estadual Hospital, São Paulo, São Paulo cUnimed Intensive Care Unit and Department of Internal Medicine, University Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
authors: Carmen S V
authors: CS
authors: Barbas
authors: Alexandre M
authors: AM
authors: Isola
authors: Eliana B
authors: EB
authors: Caser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018450:Disease Progression; D015633:Extravascular Lung Water / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D016684:Prone Position; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055397:Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality