title: Time course and dimensions of postural control changes following neuromuscular training in youth field hockey athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Injury prevention effects of neuromuscular training have been partly attributed to postural control adaptations. Uncertainty exists regarding the magnitude of these adaptations and on how they can be adequately monitored. The objective was to determine the time course of neuromuscular training effects on functional, dynamic and static balance measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty youth (14.9 ± 3 years) field hockey athletes were randomised to an intervention or control group. The intervention included a 20-min neuromuscular warm-up program performed twice weekly for 10 weeks. Balance assessments were performed at baseline, week three, week six and post-intervention. They included the star excursion balance test (SEBT), balance error scoring system (BESS), jump-landing time to stabilization (TTS) and center of pressure (COP) sway velocity during single-leg standing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No baseline differences were found between groups in demographic data and balance measures. Adherence was at 86%. All balance measures except the medial-lateral TTS improved significantly over time (p < 0.05) in both groups. Significant group by time interactions were found for the BESS score (p < 0.001). The intervention group showed greater improvements (69.3 ± 10.3%) after 10 weeks in comparison to controls (31.8 ± 22.1%). There were no significant group by time interactions in the SEBT, TTS and COP sway velocity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuromuscular training was effective in improving postural control in youth team athletes. However, this effect was not reflected in all balance measures suggesting that the neuromuscular training did not influence all dimensions of postural control. Further studies are needed to confirm the potential of specific warm-up programs to improve postural control.
authors: Department of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Mollerstraße 2, 20148, Hamburg, Germany, astrid.zech@uni-hamburg.de.
authors: Astrid
authors: A
authors: Zech
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Klahn
authors: Jon
authors: J
authors: Hoeft
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: zu Eulenburg
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Steib
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D006688:Hockey / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance; D013997:Time Factors; D063996:Warm-Up Exercise