title: Resistance of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. to selected antimicrobial agents present in municipal wastewater.
abstract: In this study, the susceptibility to erythromycin (E) and to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) among isolates of Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli was tested, respectively. Both fecal indicators were detected and isolated from raw (RW) and treated wastewater (TW) as well as from samples of activated sludge (AS) collected in a local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Biodiversity of bacterial community in AS was also monitored using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Additionally, distribution of sul1-3 genes conferring sulfonamide resistance was tested among SXT-resistant E. coli. Simultaneously, basic physicochemical parameters and concentrations of eight antimicrobial compounds (belonging to folate pathway inhibitors and macrolides class) were analyzed in RW and TW samples. Six of the selected antimicrobial agents, namely: erythromycin, clarithromycin, trimethoprim, roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, and N-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole were detected in the wastewater samples. Bacterial biodiversity of AS samples were comparable with no relevant differences. Among tested Enterococcus spp., E-resistant isolates constituted 41%. SXT resistance was less prevalent in E. coli with 11% of isolates. The genes conferring resistance to sulfonamides (sul1-3) were detected in SXT-resistant E. coli of wastewater origin with similar frequencies as in other environmental compartments, including clinical ones.
authors: Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str., 11/12, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland E-mail: ansob@pg.gda.pl.
authors: Aneta
authors: A
authors: Luczkiewicz
authors: Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
authors: Ewa
authors: E
authors: Felis
authors: Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
authors: Aleksandra
authors: A
authors: Ziembinska
authors: Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Gnida
authors: Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55 Str., 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
authors: Ewa
authors: E
authors: Kotlarska
authors: Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str., 11/12, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland E-mail: ansob@pg.gda.pl.
authors: Krystyna
authors: K
authors: Olanczuk-Neyman
authors: Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Surmacz-Gorska
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D044822:Biodiversity; D002947:Cities; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical