title: Evaluation of resistance as a measure of successful tumor ablation during irreversible electroporation of the pancreas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative evaluation of successful pancreatic tumor ablation using irreversible electroporation (IRE) is difficult secondary to lack of visual confirmation. The IRE generator provides feedback by reporting current (amperage), which can be used to calculate changes in tumor tissue resistance. The purpose of the study was to determine if resistance can be used to predict successful tumor ablation during IRE for pancreatic cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing pancreatic IRE from March 2010 to December 2012 were evaluated using a prospective database. Intraoperative information, including change in tumor resistance during ablation and slope of the resistance curve, were used to evaluate effectiveness of tumor ablation in terms of local failure or recurrence (LFR) and disease-free survival (DFS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 65 patients underwent IRE for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Median follow-up was 23 months. Local failure or recurrence was seen in 17 patients at 3, 6, or 9 months post IRE. Change in tumor tissue resistance and the slope of the resistance curve were both significant in predicting LFR (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). The median local disease-free survival was 5.5 months in patients who had recurrence compared with 12.6 months in patients who did not recur (p = 0.03). Neither mean change in tumor tissue resistance nor the slope of the resistance curve significantly predicted overall DFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean change in tumor tissue resistance and the slope of the resistance curve could be used intraoperatively to assess successful tumor ablation during IRE. Larger sample size and longer follow-up are needed to determine if these parameters can be used to predict DFS.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.
authors: Erik M
authors: EM
authors: Dunki-Jacobs
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.
authors: Prejesh
authors: P
authors: Philips
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Electronic address: robert.martin@louisville.edu.
authors: Robert C G
authors: RC
authors: Martin
mesh_terms: D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: DFS; IRE; LAP; LFR; RR; disease-free survival; irreversible electroporation; local failure or recurrence; locally advanced pancreatic cancer; relative risk