title: A Hindi version of the Composite Scale of Morningness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several pen and paper measures of human circadian preference are available in English, but none are available in Hindi, hampering research in circadian behavior among Hindi speaking populations in India and elsewhere. The present study describes a Hindi version of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), a self-reported questionnaire widely used to assess morningness/eveningness (M/E). M/E has been used a proxy for circadian phase in lieu of cumbersome and expensive laboratory studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The thirteen item English version of the CSM was translated into Hindi and independently back translated into English. Inconsistencies between the original and back translated versions were then resolved. Both versions were next administered to bilingual persons at Delhi, India (N=130). After intra-class correlations between the Hindi and the English versions were examined, the Hindi version was administered to community based participants representing different age groups (N=310).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was satisfactory intra-class correlation (ICC) between the total scores for the Hindi and the English versions of the CSM (Cronbach's alpha=0.873), with variation for individual items scores. Total CSM scores in the second sample suggested a significant association with age, consistent with published reports with the English CSM, i.e., morningness tendencies were more likely to be reported by older adults. Significant associations with gender or educational status were not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Hindi CSM is a brief questionnaire that provides behavioral measures of diurnal preference. It is freely available for research in Hindi speaking populations.
authors: GRIP-NIH Project, Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. R.M.L. Hospital, New Delhi, India. Electronic address: bhatiatriptish@yahoo.co.in.
authors: Triptish
authors: T
authors: Bhatia
authors: Akhilesh
authors: A
authors: Agrawal
authors: Ram Pratap
authors: RP
authors: Beniwal
authors: Pramod
authors: P
authors: Thomas
authors: Timothy H
authors: TH
authors: Monk
authors: Vishwajit L
authors: VL
authors: Nimgaonkar
authors: Smita N
authors: SN
authors: Deshpande
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Circadian rhythm; Composite scale; Hindi version of CSM; Morningness–eveningnes