title: Basic numerical processes in very preterm children: a critical transition from preschool to school age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serious difficulties in formal mathematical skills have been identified in preterm children. By contrast, basic-level numerical skills like magnitude judgments have not yet been tested in these children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present research was to investigate whether preterm birth also affects these basic numerical abilities, with particular attention to the transition from preschool to formal education.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred-forty very preterm children and 60 age-matched controls were recruited in a cross-sectional study at 6 and 8years of age. Magnitude comparison tasks with non-symbolic dot displays or symbolic Arabic-number stimuli, measuring accuracy and reaction time, were administered to participants. We also investigated explicit number knowledge, as well as general cognitive developmental levels, to gain a broader picture of preterm abilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite no general cognitive delay, the more simple approximate non-symbolic representation of numerical magnitude was affected by preterm birth, with slower reaction times at both ages compared to controls. Additionally, clear difficulties in the construction of the symbolic representation of numerical magnitude and in explicit number knowledge emerged in the 6-year-old preterm children, with a recovery from this serious delay finally by 8years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The serious delays identified here in basic numerical abilities in preterm children, despite normal IQ, point to the need for further studies in order to elucidate the relationship between basic numerical abilities and subsequent difficulties in formal mathematic achievement at school.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: annalisa.guarini@unibo.it.
authors: Annalisa
authors: A
authors: Guarini
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors: Alessandra
authors: A
authors: Sansavini
authors: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Italy.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Fabbri
authors: Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors: Rosina
authors: R
authors: Alessandroni
authors: Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors: Giacomo
authors: G
authors: Faldella
authors: Birkbeck Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London, United Kingdom.
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Karmiloff-Smith
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics / Q000193:education*
keywords: Magnitude comparison; Number knowledge; Preterm birth; Symbolic representation