title: Advance directives lessen the decisional burden of surrogate decision-making for the chronically critically ill.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the relationships between advance directive status, demographic characteristics and decisional burden (role stress and depressive symptoms) of surrogate decision-makers (SDMs) of patients with chronic critical illness.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although the prevalence of advance directives among Americans has increased, SDMs are ultimately responsible for complex medical decisions of the chronically critically ill patient. Decisional burden has lasting psychological effects on SDMs. There is insufficient evidence on the influence of advance directives on the decisional burden of surrogate decision-makers of patients with chronic critical illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a secondary data analysis of cross-sectional data. Data were obtained from 489 surrogate decision-makers of chronically critically ill patients at two academic medical centres in Northeast Ohio, United States, between September 2005-May 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected using demographic forms and questionnaires. A single-item measure of role stress and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CESD) scale were used to capture the SDM's decisional burden. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square and path analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surrogate decision-makers who were nonwhite, with low socioeconomic status and low education level were less likely to have advance directive documentation for their chronically critically ill patient. The presence of an advance directive mitigates the decisional burden by directly reducing the SDM's role stress and indirectly lessening the severity of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most SDMs of chronically critically ill patients will not have the benefit of knowing the patient's preferences for life-sustaining therapies and consequently be at risk of increased decisional burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results are clinically useful for patient education on the influence of advance directives. Patients may be informed that SDMs without advance directives are at risk of increased decisional burden and will require decisional support to facilitate patient-centred decision-making.
authors: Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors: Ronald L
authors: RL
authors: Hickman
authors: Melissa D
authors: MD
authors: Pinto
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016638:Critical Illness; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019727:Proxy
keywords: advance directives; chronically critically ill; decisional burden; depressive symptoms; path analysis; role stress; surrogate decision-makers