title: How psychotherapists handle treatment errors -- an ethical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dealing with errors in psychotherapy is challenging, both ethically and practically. There is almost no empirical research on this topic. We aimed (1) to explore psychotherapists' self-reported ways of dealing with an error made by themselves or by colleagues, and (2) to reconstruct their reasoning according to the two principle-based ethical approaches that are dominant in the ethics discourse of psychotherapy, Beauchamp & Childress (B&C) and Lindsay et al. (L).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with 30 psychotherapists (physicians and non-physicians) and analysed the transcripts using qualitative content analysis. Answers were deductively categorized according to the two principle-based ethical approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most psychotherapists reported that they preferred to an disclose error to the patient. They justified this by spontaneous intuitions and common values in psychotherapy, rarely using explicit ethical reasoning. The answers were attributed to the following categories with descending frequency: 1. Respect for patient autonomy (B&C; L), 2. Non-maleficence (B&C) and Responsibility (L), 3. Integrity (L), 4. Competence (L) and Beneficence (B&C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychotherapists need specific ethical and communication training to complement and articulate their moral intuitions as a support when disclosing their errors to the patients. Principle-based ethical approaches seem to be useful for clarifying the reasons for disclosure. Further research should help to identify the most effective and acceptable ways of error disclosure in psychotherapy.
authors: Clinical Ethics/UPK, Psychiatric Hospitals of the University Basel, IBMB, University of Basel, Schanzenstr, 13, 4056, Basel, Switzerland. Irina@ploytec.com.
authors: Irina
authors: I
authors: Medau
authors: Ralf J
authors: RJ
authors: Jox
authors: Stella
authors: S
authors: Reiter-Theil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D026686:Beneficence; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D028681:Moral Obligations; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics*; D011613:Psychotherapy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D014342:Truth Disclosure / Q000941:ethics*