title: Clinical protocols for ³¹P MRS of the brain and their use in evaluating optic pathway gliomas in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vivo (31)P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) measures phosphorus-containing metabolites that play an essential role in many disease processes. An advantage over (1)H MRS is that total choline can be separated into phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine which have opposite associations with tumour grade. We demonstrate (31)P MRS can provide robust metabolic information on an acceptable timescale to yield information of clinical importance.
  
  
  METHODS
  All MRI examinations were carried out on a 3T whole body scanner with all (31)P MRS scans conducted using a dual-tuned (1)H/(31)P head coil. Once optimised on phantoms, the protocol was tested in six healthy volunteers (four male and two female, mean age: 25±2.7). (31)P MRS was then implemented on three children with optic pathway gliomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (31)P MRS on volunteers showed that a number of metabolite ratios varied significantly (p<0.05 ANOVA) across different structures of the brain, whereas PC/GPC did not. Standard imaging showed the optic pathway gliomas were enhancing on T1-weighted imaging after contrast injection and have high tCho on (1)H MRS, both of which are associated with high grade lesions. (31)P MRS showed the phosphocholine/glycerophosphocholine ratio to be low (<0.6) which suggests low grade tumours in keeping with their clinical behaviour and the histology of most biopsied optic pathway gliomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (31)P MRS can be implemented in the brain as part of a clinical protocol to provide robust measurement of important metabolites, in particular providing a greater understanding of cases where tCho is raised on (1)H MRS.
authors: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.novak@bham.ac.uk.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Novak
authors: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: martin@pipegrep.co.uk.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Wilson
authors: Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: lesley.macpherson@bch.nhs.uk.
authors: Lesley
authors: L
authors: Macpherson
authors: Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: t.arvanitis@bham.ac.uk.
authors: Theodoros N
authors: TN
authors: Arvanitis
authors: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Medical Physics RRPPS, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: nigel.davies@nhs.net.
authors: Nigel P
authors: NP
authors: Davies
authors: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.peet@bham.ac.uk.
authors: Andrew C
authors: AC
authors: Peet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019574:Optic Nerve Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011522:Protons; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D011522:Protons; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D002794:Choline
keywords: Chemical shift imaging; Functional; MR spectroscopy; MRI