title: Penetration studies of an extremely lipophilic active model substance from an oil-in-water emulsion: influence of the lipophilicity of the formulation in human skin - part 2.
abstract: The effect of the lipophilicity of a carrier on human skin penetration of an extremely lipophilic active model substance was evaluated by using Franz type diffusion cells. Oil-in-water model emulsions containing different amounts of the oily phase were prepared, and Myritol® PC (M-PC) was selected as lipophilic marker component of the oily phase. The penetrated amounts of the lipophilic model substance salicyloyl phytosphingosine (SP) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, while M-PC was detected using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. It has been ascertained that the amount of the lipid phase within the emulsion influenced the penetration profile of the active ingredient SP. The emulsion containing the lowest proportion of the lipid phase provides the best conditions for SP penetration. Surprisingly, the penetration behavior of M-PC was influenced by the oily phase in the same way. Regarding the M-PC and the SP penetration profiles from each emulsion, a solvent drag mechanism can be assumed whereby M-PC acts as penetration enhancer. In conclusion, the penetration rate of the active ingredient SP and the marker component M-PC are in reverse proportion to the oil content of the formulations. The lipophilicity of SP and M-PC, their solubility and their thermodynamic activity within the vehicle could have an effect on their penetration behavior. Additionally, M-PC has the property to enhance the penetration rates of extremely lipophilic substances even at low concentrations.
authors: Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Naumann
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Lange
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Polak
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Kalhoelfer
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Motlagh
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Goebel
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Wohlrab
authors: R H H
authors: RH
authors: Neubert
mesh_terms: D002210:Caprylates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004655:Emulsions; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D004655:Emulsions; D014867:Water; D013110:Sphingosine