title: Eggshell bacterial load is related to antimicrobial properties of feathers lining barn swallow nests.
abstract: The use of feathers to line bird's nests has traditionally been interpreted as having a thermoregulatory function. Feather-degrading bacteria growing on feathers lining nests may have antimicrobial properties, which may provide an additional benefit to lining nests with feathers. We test the hypothesis that the production of antimicrobial substances by feather bacteria affects the microbiological environment of the nest, and therefore the bacterial density on eggshells and, indirectly, hatching success. These effects would be expected to differ between nests lined with pigmented and white feathers, because bacteria grow differently on feathers of different colors. We experimentally manipulated the composition of pigmented and unpigmented feathers in nests of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) and studied the antimicrobial properties against the keratin-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis of bacteria isolated from feathers of each color. Analyzed feathers were collected at the end of the incubation period, and antimicrobial activity was defined as the proportion of bacteria from the feathers that produce antibacterial substances effective against B. licheniformis. Our experimental manipulation affected antimicrobial activity, which was higher in nests with only white feathers at the beginning of incubation. Moreover, white feathers showed higher antimicrobial activity than black ones. Interestingly, antimicrobial activity in feathers of one of the colors correlated negatively with bacterial density on feather of the opposite color. Finally, antimicrobial activity of white feathers was negatively related to eggshell bacterial load. These results suggest that antimicrobial properties of feathers in general and of white feathers in particular affect the bacterial environment in nests. This environment in turn affects the bacterial load on eggshells, which may affect hatching success.
authors: Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, 18075, Granada, Spain, jmps@ugr.es.
authors: Juan Manuel
authors: JM
authors: Peralta-Sánchez
authors: Juan José
authors: JJ
authors: Soler
authors: Antonio Manuel
authors: AM
authors: Martín-Platero
authors: Rob
authors: R
authors: Knight
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Martínez-Bueno
authors: Anders Pape
authors: AP
authors: Møller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001407:Bacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000382:microbiology*; D005241:Feathers / Q000382:microbiology*; D010858:Pigmentation; D046388:Swallows / Q000382:microbiology*