title: Development of novel imaging probe for optical/acoustic radiation imaging (OARI).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optical/acoustic radiation imaging (OARI) is a novel imaging modality being developed to interrogate the optical and mechanical properties of soft tissues. OARI uses acoustic radiation force to generate displacement in soft tissue. Optical images before and after the application of the force are used to generate displacement maps that provide information about the mechanical properties of the tissue under interrogation. Since the images are optical images, they also represent the optical properties of the tissue as well. In this paper, the authors present the first imaging probe that uses acoustic radiation force in conjunction with optical coherence tomography (OCT) to provide information about the optical and mechanical properties of tissues to assist in the diagnosis and staging of epithelial cancers, and in particular bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The OARI prototype probe consisted of an OCT probe encased in a plastic sheath, a miniaturized transducer glued to a plastic holder, both of which were encased in a 10 cm stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 10 mm. The transducer delivered an acoustic intensity of 18 W/cm(2) and the OCT probe had a spatial resolution of approximately 10-20 μm. The tube was filled with deionized water for acoustic coupling and covered by a low density polyethylene cap. The OARI probe was characterized and tested on bladder wall phantoms. The phantoms possessed Young's moduli ranging from 10.2 to 12 kPa, mass density of 1.05 g/cm(3), acoustic attenuation coefficient of 0.66 dB/cm MHz, speed of sound of 1591 m/s, and optical scattering coefficient of 1.80 mm(-1). Finite element model (FEM) theoretical simulations were performed to assess the performance of the OARI probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors obtained displacements of 9.4, 8.7, and 3.4 μm for the 3%, 4%, and 5% bladder wall phantoms, respectively. This shows that the probe is capable of generating optical images, and also has the ability to generate and track displacements in tissue. This will provide information about the optical and mechanical properties of the tissue to assist in epithelial cancer detection. The corresponding theoretical FEM displacement was 5.8, 5.4, and 5.0 μm for the 3%, 4%, and 5% phantoms, respectively. Deviation between OARI displacement and FEM displacement is due to the resolution of the crosscorrelation algorithm used to track the displacement. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first probe that successfully combines OCT with a source of acoustic radiation force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The OARI probe has the ability to provide information about the mechanical and optical properties of phantoms and soft tissue. This could prove useful in early epithelial cancer detection. Because the probe is 10 mm in diameter, it is currently only useful for skin and oral applications. The probe would have to be reduced in size to make it applicable for cancer detection in other internal sites. Future work will focus on utilizing phase-sensitive optical coherence elastography to obtain the resulting OARI displacements, improving the resolution of the probe, and enable physicians to better evaluate the mechanical properties of soft tissues.
authors: The Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.
authors: O'tega A
authors: OA
authors: Ejofodomi
authors: Vesna
authors: V
authors: Zderic
authors: Jason M
authors: JM
authors: Zara
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D018450:Disease Progression; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*