title: Dose-dependent genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles stimulated by reactive oxygen species in human lung epithelial cells.
abstract: Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are of great interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology because of their broad industrial and commercial applications. Therefore, toxicity of CuO NPs needs to be thoroughly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress induced by CuO NPs in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. CuO NPs were synthesized by solvothermal method and the size of NPs measured under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was found to be around 23 nm. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays showed that CuO NPs (5-15 µg/ml) exert cytotoxicity in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Comet assay suggested concentration-dependent induction of DNA damage due to the exposure to CuO NPs. The comet tail moment was 27% at 15 µg/ml of CuO NPs, whereas it was 5% in control (p < 0.05). The flow cytometry data revealed that CuO NPs induced micronuclei (MN) in A549 cells dose dependently. The frequency of MN was 25/10(3) cells at 15 µg/ml of CuO NPs, whereas it was 2/10(3) cells for control. CuO NPs were also found to induce oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner, which was indicated by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation along with glutathione depletion. Moreover, MN induction and DNA damage were significantly correlated with ROS (R(2) = 0.937 for ROS vs. olive tail moment, and R(2) = 0.944 for ROS vs. MN). Taken together, this study suggested that CuO NPs induce genotoxicity in A549 cells, which is likely to be mediated through ROS generation and oxidative stress.
authors: King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Mohammad Javed
authors: MJ
authors: Akhtar
authors: Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.
authors: Sudhir
authors: S
authors: Kumar
authors: King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Hisham A
authors: HA
authors: Alhadlaq
authors: Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Salman A
authors: SA
authors: Alrokayan
authors: King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Khalid M
authors: KM
authors: Abu-Salah
authors: King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia maqusood@gmail.com.
authors: Maqusood
authors: M
authors: Ahamed
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D020552:Comet Assay; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D003300:Copper; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005978:Glutathione; C000520:cuprous oxide
keywords: DNA damage; Nanotoxicity; apoptosis; nanoparticle; oxidative stress