title: Diagnosis and treatment of traumatic internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm primarily manifested by repeated epistaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study aims to explore the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm (TICAP) primarily manifested by repeated epistaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data from 31 patients suffering from repeated epistaxis after trauma were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were diagnosed definitely with pseudoaneurysm at the internal carotid cavernous sinus segment by digital subtract angiography (DSA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endovascular interventional therapy was performed for all the patients. 20 patients received direct occlusion of the parent artery by embolization with detachable balloons and the rest received covered stent implantation to cover the parent arterial tear. No death occurred. Epistaxis did not recur after operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DSA is the gold standard for TICAP diagnosis. Endovascular interventional therapy is the treatment of choice for TICAP. Compared with internal carotid artery occlusion with balloons, covered stent implantation is a more valuable endovascular intervention method.
authors: Neurosurgical Institute of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan General Hospital, Guangzhou Command of PLA, Wuhan, China.
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Chen
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Guozheng
authors: G
authors: Xu
authors: Shangzhen
authors: S
authors: Qin
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Gong
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Yang
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Pan
authors: Ge
authors: G
authors: Zhang
authors: Lianting
authors: L
authors: Ma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult