title: Multiplication of the waterborne pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum in an aquatic biofilm system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In natural aquatic environments biofilms are known to act as environmental reservoirs for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. However, the fate of these oocysts within biofilms has yet to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study aimed to identify if biofilms have the ability to support the multiplication of Cryptosporidium by measuring the change in parasite number over time using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and detecting the possible extracellular developmental stages using a combination of confocal microscopy and immunolabelling techniques. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm flow cell systems were established and C. parvum oocysts were constantly supplied over a six day period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant (P<0.001) increase in Cryptosporidium was detected as the biofilm matured, with the total number of C. parvum multiplying 2-3 fold during this period. With this, various Cryptosporidium developmental stages (sporozoites, trophozoites, type I and II meronts) were identified from the biofilm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study demonstrating that biofilms not only serve as an environmental reservoir for oocysts, but are also capable of supporting the multiplication of Cryptosporidium over time in an aquatic environment.
authors: Wan
authors: W
authors: Koh
authors: Peta L
authors: PL
authors: Clode
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Monis
authors: R C Andrew
authors: RC
authors: Thompson
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000502:physiology*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D014867:Water