title: Dose equations for tube current modulation in CT scanning and the interpretation of the associated CTDIvol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The scanner-reported CTDI(vol) for automatic tube current modulation (TCM) has a different physical meaning from the traditional CTDI(vol) at constant mA, resulting in the dichotomy "CTDI(vol) of the first and second kinds" for which a physical interpretation is sought in hopes of establishing some commonality between the two.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rigorous equations are derived to describe the accumulated dose distributions for TCM. A comparison with formulae for scanner-reported CTDI(vol) clearly identifies the source of their differences. Graphical dose simulations are also provided for a variety of TCM tube current distributions (including constant mA), all having the same scanner-reported CTDI(vol).
  
  
  RESULTS
  These convolution equations and simulations show that the local dose at z depends only weakly on the local tube current i(z) due to the strong influence of scatter from all other locations along z, and that the "local CTDI(vol)(z)" does not represent a local dose but rather only a relative i(z) ≡ mA(z). TCM is a shift-variant technique to which the CTDI-paradigm does not apply and its application to TCM leads to a CTDI(vol) of the second kind which lacks relevance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the traditional CTDI(vol) at constant mA conveys useful information (the peak dose at the center of the scan length), CTDI(vol) of the second kind conveys no useful information about the associated TCM dose distribution it purportedly represents and its physical interpretation remains elusive. On the other hand, the total energy absorbed E ("integral dose") as well as its surrogate DLP remain robust between variable i(z) TCM and constant current i0 techniques, both depending only on the total mAs = {i}t0 = i0t0 during the beam-on time t0.
authors: Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157.
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Dixon
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Boone
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed