title: Opioid signaling in mast cells regulates injury responses associated with heterotopic ossification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies found that neuron specific enolase promoter (Nse-BMP4) transgenic mice have increased expression of the nociceptive mediator, substance P and exaggerated local injury responses associated with heterotopic ossification (HO). It is of interest great to know the pain responses in these mice and how the opioid signaling is involved in the downstream events such as mast cell (MC) activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study utilized a transgenic mouse model of HO in which BMP4 is expressed under the control of the Nse-BMP4. The tactile sensitivity and the cold sensitivity of the mice were measured in a classic inflammatory pain model (carrageenan solution injected into the plantar surface of the left hind paw). The MC activation and the expression profiles of different components in the opioid signaling were demonstrated through routine histology and immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, in the superficial and deep muscle injury models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the pain responses in these mice were paradoxically attenuated or unchanged, and we also found increased expression of both Methionine Enkephalin (Met-Enk), and the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). Met-Enk and MOR both co-localized within activated MCs in limb tissues. Further, Nse-BMP4;MOR(-/-) double mutant mice showed attenuated MC activation and had a significant reduction in HO formation in response to injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that opioid signaling may play a key role in MC activation and the downstream inflammatory responses associated with HO. In addition to providing insight into the role of MC activation and associated injury responses in HO, these findings suggest opioid signaling as a potential therapeutic target in HO and possibly others disorders involving MC activation.
authors: Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Ward Building 10-233, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611-3008, USA, l-kan@northwestern.edu.
authors: Lixin
authors: L
authors: Kan
authors: Amelia A
authors: AA
authors: Mutso
authors: Tammy L
authors: TL
authors: McGuire
authors: Apkar Vania
authors: AV
authors: Apkarian
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000235:genetics; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000235:genetics; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase