title: Effects of perforator number and location on the total pedicle flow and perfusion of zone IV skin and fat of DIEP flaps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DIEP flaps are a popular choice for autologous breast reconstruction, though many surgeons routinely discard zone IV, limiting transferrable tissue. We investigated the effect of altering number and location of perforators supplying the flap on total pedicle flow and perfusion of skin and fat of zone IV.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 cranially-based abdominal epigastric perforator flaps were raised in rats on two perforators. The perforators were sequentially clamped and released in a randomised order and total pedicle flow measured using microvascular flow-probes, on the following perforator combinations: 13 DIEP flaps were raised in post-mastectomy patients requiring breast reconstruction on two perforators. These were clamped and released as before to assess perfusion of fat and skin in zone IV using SPY indocyanine-green-fluorescence-angiography scans on the same perforator combinations as in our animal study, listed above.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All data were analysed using 2-way-ANOVA and revealed that vascular flow was significantly (p < 0.0001) greater on one perforator as opposed to two. These results were supported by our human study, revealing both zone IV fat and skin perfusion were significantly (p < 0.0001) greater when a single perforator was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggests total pedicle flow and perfusion of zone IV fat and skin is significantly higher on a single perforating blood vessel as opposed to two. Reasons for these observed differences could be due to changing pressure gradients across a piece of tissue prone to venous congestion, with maintenance of flow better in a single lumen.
authors: Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK. Electronic address: helendouglas@doctors.org.uk.
authors: Helen E
authors: HE
authors: Douglas
authors: Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK.
authors: Michael J A
authors: MJ
authors: Wilkinson
authors: Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK.
authors: Iain R
authors: IR
authors: Mackay
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000098:blood supply*; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019074:Epigastric Arteries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D061525:Perforator Flap / Q000098:blood supply*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*
keywords: DIEP; Flap perfusion; Pedicle flow; Perforator location; Perforator number; Zone IV