title: Parental monitoring trajectories and gambling among a longitudinal cohort of urban youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the strength of the association between parental monitoring trajectories throughout early adolescence (ages 11-14) and gambling behaviours by young adulthood (age 22).
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baltimore, Maryland.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample of 514 participants with gambling data between ages 16-22 and parental monitoring data between ages 11-14 were predominantly African American and received subsidized lunches at age 6.
  
  
  METHODS
  The South Oaks Gambling Screen and South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents collected self-reports on annual gambling and gambling problems between ages 16-22. The Parental Monitoring Subscale of the Structured Interview of Parent Management Skills and Practices-Youth Version collected self-reports on annual parental monitoring between ages 11-14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General growth mixture modelling identified two parental monitoring trajectories: (i) 'stable' class (84.9%) began with a high level of parental monitoring at age 11 that remained steady to age 14; (ii) 'declining' class (15.1%) began with a significantly lower level of parental monitoring at age 11 and experienced a significant to through age 14. The declining class had increased significantly unadjusted (OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.59, 2.23; P ≤ 0.001) and adjusted (aOR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.24, 1.99; P = 0.01) odds of problem gambling compared with non-gambling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low and/or declining parental monitoring of children between the ages of 11 and 14 is associated significantly with problem gambling when those children reach young adulthood.
authors: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Grace P
authors: GP
authors: Lee
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Stuart
authors: Nicholas S
authors: NS
authors: Ialongo
authors: Silvia S
authors: SS
authors: Martins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015142:Baltimore; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010379:Peer Group; D012932:Social Facilitation; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gambling prevention; general growth mixture model; low socio-economic status; parental monitoring; problem gambling; urbanicity