title: Association between low bone mass and calcium and caffeine intake among perimenopausal women in Southern Brazil: cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoporosis is a skeletal abnormality characterized by reduction and alteration of bone microarchitecture that results in increased fragility and greater predisposition to fractures. Age and low bone mass are the main non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. The modifiable factors include sedentary lifestyle, inadequate calcium intake, excessive alcohol and/or caffeine consumption, smoking and low body weight. The aim here was to evaluate the association between low bone mass and calcium and caffeine intake among perimenopausal women in Southern Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study conducted in Porto Alegre and Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women (n = 155) of mean age 53.6 ± 9.5 years were evaluated through a cross-sectional study in Southern Brazil. Food frequency questionnaires, bone mass evaluation using calcaneal ultrasound and anthropometric assessment were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of overweight was 67.7%. In the bone mass screening, 30.3% had low bone mass and 4.5% had osteoporosis. The median calcium intake was 574.94 mg/day and the caffeine intake was 108.11 mg/day. No association was found between bone mass and anthropometric parameters, calcium intake or caffeine intake. It was found that 38.4% of the women had low bone mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No association was found between calcium and caffeine intake and bone mass. High prevalence of low bone mass was observed.
authors: Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Department of Nutrition, Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil.
authors: Daniele Lazzarotto
authors: DL
authors: Harter
authors: Fernanda Michielin
authors: FM
authors: Busnello
authors: Raquel Papandreus
authors: RP
authors: Dibi
authors: Airton Tetelbom
authors: AT
authors: Stein
authors: Sérgio Kakuta
authors: SK
authors: Kato
authors: Carla Maria De Martini
authors: CM
authors: Vanin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001938:Brazil; D002110:Caffeine / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000378:metabolism*; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002110:Caffeine; D002118:Calcium