title: Infection with spinal instrumentation: Review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Instrumentation has become an integral component in the management of various spinal pathologies. The rate of infection varies from 2% to 20% of all instrumented spinal procedures. Every occurrence produces patient morbidity, which may adversely affect long-term outcome and increases health care costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive review of the literature from 1990 to 2012 was performed utilizing PubMed and several key words: Infection, spine, instrumentation, implant, management, and biofilms. Articles that provided a current review of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management of instrumented spinal infections over the years were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are multiple risk factors for postoperative spinal infections. Infections in the setting of instrumentation are more difficult to diagnose and treat due to biofilm. Infections may be early or delayed. C Reactive Protein (CRP) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are important diagnostic tools. Optimal results are obtained with surgical debridement followed by parenteral antibiotics. Removal or replacement of hardware should be considered in delayed infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An improved understanding of the role of biofilm and the development of newer spinal implants has provided insight in the pathogenesis and management of infected spinal implants. This literature review highlights the mechanism, pathogenesis, prevention, and management of infection after spinal instrumentation. It is important to accurately identify and treat postoperative spinal infections. The treatment is often multimodal and prolonged.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, RUSH University Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Manish K
authors: MK
authors: Kasliwal
authors: Lee A
authors: LA
authors: Tan
authors: Vincent C
authors: VC
authors: Traynelis
keywords: Biofilm; infection; instrumentation; spinal surgery