title: Biochemical marker of use is a better predictor of outcomes than self-report metrics in a contingency management smoking cessation analog study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This investigation compared cotinine (primary metabolite of nicotine) at study intake to self-report metrics (e.g., Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence [FTND]) and assessed their relative ability to predict smoking outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from an analog model of contingency management for cigarette smoking. Non-treatment seeking participants (N = 103) could earn money in exchange for provision of a negative carbon monoxide (CO) sample indicating smoking abstinence, but were otherwise not motivated to quit. We used intake cotinine, FTND, percent of friends who smoke, and years smoked to predict longitudinal CO and attendance, time-to-first positive CO submission, and additional cross-sectional outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intake cotinine was consistently predictive (p < .05) of all outcomes (e.g., longitudinal CO and attendance, 100% abstinence, time-to-first positive CO sample), while years smoked was the only self-report metric that demonstrated any predictive ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cotinine could be more informative for tailoring behavioral treatments compared to self-report measures.
authors: College of Nursing, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; Program of Excellence in the Addictions, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; Program of Excellence in Rural Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington.
authors: Sterling
authors: S
authors: McPherson
authors: Robert R
authors: RR
authors: Packer
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Cameron
authors: Donelle N
authors: DN
authors: Howell
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Roll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D003367:Cotinine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D057566:Self Report; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D003367:Cotinine