title: Zinc oxide nanoparticles: genotoxicity, interactions with UV-light and cell-transforming potential.
abstract: The in vitro genotoxic and the soft agar anchorage independent cell transformation ability of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and its bulky forms have been evaluated in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and in mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cells, either alone or in combination with UVB-light. The comet assay, with and without the use of FPG and Endo III enzymes, the micronucleus assay and the soft-agar colony assay were used. For the comet assay a statistically significant induction of DNA damage, with and without the enzymes, were observed up of 100μg/mL. ZnO NPs were able to increase significantly the frequency of micronuclei, and similar results were observed in the cell transformation assay where such NPs were able to induce cell-anchorage independent growth. These effects were observed at doses up 100μg/mL. Although UVB-light was able to induce genotoxic damage and cell-anchorage growth, a significant antagonist interaction effect was observed in combination with ZnO NPs. These in vitro results, obtained with the selected cell lines, contribute to increase our genotoxicity database on the ZnO NPs effects as well as to open the discussion about their risk in photo-protection sun screens.
authors: Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
authors: Eşref
authors: E
authors: Demir
authors: Medical Biology Department, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey.
authors: Hakan
authors: H
authors: Akça
authors: Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
authors: Bülent
authors: B
authors: Kaya
authors: Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
authors: Durmuş
authors: D
authors: Burgucu
authors: Medical Biology Department, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey.
authors: Onur
authors: O
authors: Tokgün
authors: Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
authors: Fatma
authors: F
authors: Turna
authors: Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
authors: Sezgin
authors: S
authors: Aksakal
authors: Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
authors: Gerard
authors: G
authors: Vales
authors: Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, ISCIII, Spain.
authors: Amadeu
authors: A
authors: Creus
authors: Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, ISCIII, Spain. Electronic address: ricard.marcos@uab.es.
authors: Ricard
authors: R
authors: Marcos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced; D020552:Comet Assay; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Comet assay; Genotoxicity; Micronucleus assay; Soft-agar assay; UV-light interaction; ZnO nanoparticles