title: Pivotal role of NOD2 in inflammatory processes affecting atherosclerosis and periodontal bone loss.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) signaling in atherosclerosis and periodontal bone loss using an Apolipoprotein E(-/-) (ApoE(-/-)) mouse model based on the proposed role of NOD2 in inflammation. NOD2(-/-)ApoE(-/-) and ApoE(-/-) mice fed a standard chow diet were given an oral gavage of Porphyromonas gingivalis for 15 wk. NOD2(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice exhibited significant increases in inflammatory cytokines, alveolar bone loss, cholesterol, and atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and the heart compared with ApoE(-/-) mice. In contrast, ApoE(-/-) mice injected i.p. with Muramyl DiPeptide (MDP) to stimulate NOD2 and given an oral gavage of P. gingivalis displayed a reduction of serum inflammatory cytokines, alveolar bone loss, cholesterol, and atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and aortic sinus compared with ApoE(-/-) mice orally challenged but injected with saline. A reduction in body weight gain was observed in ApoE(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and injected with MDP compared with ApoE(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet but injected with saline. MDP treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages incubated with P. gingivalis increased mRNA expressions of NOD2, Toll-like receptor 2, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and receptor-interacting protein-2 but reduced the expressions of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase-β, NF-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3, and TNF-α protein levels compared with saline control, highlighting pathways involved in MDP antiinflammatory effects. MDP activation of NOD2 should be considered in the treatment of inflammatory processes affecting atherosclerosis, periodontal bone loss ,and possibly, diet-induced weight gain.
authors: Center for Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics, School of Dental Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118.
authors: Huaiping
authors: H
authors: Yuan
authors: Sami
authors: S
authors: Zelkha
authors: Sami
authors: S
authors: Zelka
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Burkatovskaya
authors: Rohit
authors: R
authors: Gupte
authors: Susan E
authors: SE
authors: Leeman
authors: Salomon
authors: S
authors: Amar
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections / Q000150:complications*; D001835:Body Weight; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016207:Cytokines; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; C495945:Nod2 protein, mouse; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine
keywords: TLRs; animal models