title: Development and implementation of a remote audit tool for high dose rate (HDR) Ir-192 brachytherapy using optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to create a mailable phantom with measurement accuracy suitable for Radiological Physics Center (RPC) audits of high dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy sources at institutions participating in National Cancer Institute-funded cooperative clinical trials. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) were chosen as the dosimeter to be used with the phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors designed and built an 8 × 8 × 10 cm(3) prototype phantom that had two slots capable of holding Al2O3:C OSLDs (nanoDots; Landauer, Glenwood, IL) and a single channel capable of accepting all (192)Ir HDR brachytherapy sources in current clinical use in the United States. The authors irradiated the phantom with Nucletron and Varian (192)Ir HDR sources in order to determine correction factors for linearity with dose and the combined effects of irradiation energy and phantom characteristics. The phantom was then sent to eight institutions which volunteered to perform trial remote audits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The linearity correction factor was kL = (-9.43 × 10(-5) × dose) + 1.009, where dose is in cGy, which differed from that determined by the RPC for the same batch of dosimeters using (60)Co irradiation. Separate block correction factors were determined for current versions of both Nucletron and Varian (192)Ir HDR sources and these vendor-specific correction factors differed by almost 2.6%. For the Nucletron source, the correction factor was 1.026 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.023-1.028], and for the Varian source, it was 1.000 (95% CI = 0.995-1.005). Variations in lateral source positioning up to 0.8 mm and distal∕proximal source positioning up to 10 mm had minimal effect on dose measurement accuracy. The overall dose measurement uncertainty of the system was estimated to be 2.4% and 2.5% for the Nucletron and Varian sources, respectively (95% CI). This uncertainty was sufficient to establish a ± 5% acceptance criterion for source strength audits under a formal RPC audit program. Trial audits of four Nucletron sources and four Varian sources revealed an average RPC-to-institution dose ratio of 1.000 (standard deviation = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have created an OSLD-based (192)Ir HDR brachytherapy source remote audit tool which offers sufficient dose measurement accuracy to allow the RPC to establish a remote audit program with a ± 5% acceptance criterion. The feasibility of the system has been demonstrated with eight trial audits to date.
authors: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030.
authors: Kevin E
authors: KE
authors: Casey
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Alvarez
authors: Stephen F
authors: SF
authors: Kry
authors: Rebecca M
authors: RM
authors: Howell
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Lawyer
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Followill
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D062791:Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry / Q000379:methods*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes