title: Unidirectional pulmonary airflow patterns in the savannah monitor lizard.
abstract: The unidirectional airflow patterns in the lungs of birds have long been considered a unique and specialized trait associated with the oxygen demands of flying, their endothermic metabolism and unusual pulmonary architecture. However, the discovery of similar flow patterns in the lungs of crocodilians indicates that this character is probably ancestral for all archosaurs--the group that includes extant birds and crocodilians as well as their extinct relatives, such as pterosaurs and dinosaurs. Unidirectional flow in birds results from aerodynamic valves, rather than from sphincters or other physical mechanisms, and similar aerodynamic valves seem to be present in crocodilians. The anatomical and developmental similarities in the primary and secondary bronchi of birds and crocodilians suggest that these structures and airflow patterns may be homologous. The origin of this pattern is at least as old as the split between crocodilians and birds, which occurred in the Triassic period. Alternatively, this pattern of flow may be even older; this hypothesis can be tested by investigating patterns of airflow in members of the outgroup to birds and crocodilians, the Lepidosauromorpha (tuatara, lizards and snakes). Here we demonstrate region-specific unidirectional airflow in the lungs of the savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus). The presence of unidirectional flow in the lungs of V. exanthematicus thus gives rise to two possible evolutionary scenarios: either unidirectional airflow evolved independently in archosaurs and monitor lizards, or these flow patterns are homologous in archosaurs and V. exanthematicus, having evolved only once in ancestral diapsids (the clade encompassing snakes, lizards, crocodilians and birds). If unidirectional airflow is plesiomorphic for Diapsida, this respiratory character can be reconstructed for extinct diapsids, and evolved in a small ectothermic tetrapod during the Palaeozoic era at least a hundred million years before the origin of birds.
authors: Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
authors: Emma R
authors: ER
authors: Schachner
authors: Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Cieri
authors: 1] Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Molecular and Integrative Physiologic Science Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Butler
authors: Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
authors: C G
authors: CG
authors: Farmer
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D025061:Dinosaurs / Q000502:physiology; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D008116:Lizards / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012119:Respiration