title: A model of acute compressive spinal cord injury with a minimally invasive balloon in goats.
abstract: Research into spinal cord injury depends upon animal models of trauma. While investigations using small animals have yielded critical insights into the cellular mechanisms of neurotrauma, no effective therapies have been translated to human clinical treatments. There are considerable differences in pathophysiology, scale, and anatomical organization between rodents and primates. Here, the established method of inflating balloons to compress the cord within the spinal canal was adapted for use in goats. By using surgical techniques to insert a kyphoplasty balloon, spinal cord injury was accomplished with minimal trauma to the surrounding tissues, as is common in other traumatic models. Dye volumes of 0, 1.26 ± 0.18, and 2.82 ± 0.20 mL were injected into the balloon to produce spinal occupancies of 0%, 33 ± 2%, and 89 ± 4%, as evaluated by X-ray and computerized tomography imaging. A significant dose response was observed for the different levels of trauma, with reduced conduction of somatosensory evoked potentials and impaired mobility 7 days after injury. From the strong correlations between injection volume, balloon pressure, spinal occupancy, nerve function, and animal behavior, we conclude that hydraulic compression in goats is a useful model of spinal cord injury.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors: Peng
authors: P
authors: Cao
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors: Yuhuang
authors: Y
authors: Zheng
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Zheng
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Rui-Jin Luwuan Hospita, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors: Changwei
authors: C
authors: Sun
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Rui-Jin Luwuan Hospita, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors: Jiong
authors: J
authors: Lu
authors: Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors: Todd
authors: T
authors: Rickett
authors: Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Electronic address: riyi@purdue.edu.
authors: Riyi
authors: R
authors: Shi
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D006041:Goats; D058498:Kyphoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Balloon compression; Compression model; Goats; Injury model; Minimally invasive; Spinal cord injury