title: Long-term outcome of infantile gratification phenomena.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infantile gratification phenomena are self-stimulatory behaviors that are often misdiagnosed as epilepsy. Although the prognosis is thought to be benign, limited long-term follow-up studies exist. This was the objective of our study in addition to exploring the risks of future developmental, behavioral, or neurological abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Series of consecutive infants with gratification phenomena were identified both retrospectively and prospectively over an eight year period from a single pediatric neurology service. The diagnosis was based on descriptive history, review of videotaped events, lack of neurological or developmental abnormalities, and normal routine electroencephalogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen infants were followed for 3-11 years (mean 7.1). Their ages ranged between 4-13 months (mean 7) with 79% females. The diagnosis was not reached by the referring physician and 74% were misdiagnosed as epilepsy or movement disorder. The episodes recurred with variable frequency with gradual reduction in number and increase in length of attack-free periods with advancing age. Complete remission was noted in all patients by age 1-3 years (mean 1.9). However, 4 children (21%) developed features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) on long-term follow up. In this group, the gratification phenomena appeared at a younger age with higher attack frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gratification phenomena in infants are benign and self-limited, often spontaneously disappearing by two years of age. A correlation with future ADHD was found; however, larger prospective studies are needed to further examine this possible association.
authors: Mohammed M
authors: MM
authors: Jan
authors: Mohammed H
authors: MH
authors: Al Banji
authors: Baraa A
authors: BA
authors: Fallatah
mesh_terms: D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008418:Masturbation / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*