title: Oligofructose-enriched inulin improves some inflammatory markers and metabolic endotoxemia in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches are considered for the management of type 2 diabetes and for the prevention of its complications. There is limited evidence regarding the effects of prebiotics on inflammation, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes. This trial aims to examine the effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on glycemic status, inflammation markers, and metabolic endotoxemia in female patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a period of 8 wk, 52 women with body mass indices of >25 kg/m(2) but <35 kg/m(2) with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to either an intervention group, in which participants were given oligofructose-enriched inulin (n = 27, consuming 10 g/d of oligofructose-enriched inulin), or to a control group, in which participants were given maltodextrin (n = 25, consuming 10 g/d of maltodextrin). Fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-10, and plasma lipopolysaccharide were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed with the use of SPSS software version 13. Paired and unpaired Student t tests and analysis of covariance were used to compare quantitative variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oligofructose-enriched inulin caused a significant decrease in the levels of fasting plasma glucose (19.2 mg/dL; 9.50%), glycosylated hemoglobin (1.0%; 8.40%), interleukin-6 (1.3 pg/mL; 8.15%), tumor necrosis factor-α (3.0 pg/mL; 19.80%) and plasma lipopolysaccharide (6.0 EU/mL; 21.95%) as compared with maltodextrin (P < 0.05). Decreases in levels of interferon-γ (0.3 pg/mL; 16.50%) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (3.9 ng/mL; 31.70%) and an increase in the level of interleukin-10 (0.4 pg/mL, 11.50%) were not significant in the oligofructose-enriched inulin group as compared with the maltodextrin group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women with type 2 diabetes and suboptimal daily dietary fiber intake, oligofructose-enriched inulin may help to modulate some inflammatory markers.
authors: Student Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Parvin
authors: P
authors: Dehghan
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: bahrampg@yahoo.com.
authors: Bahram
authors: B
authors: Pourghassem Gargari
authors: Medical Education Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Asghari Jafar-abadi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007444:Inulin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056692:Prebiotics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007444:Inulin; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D056692:Prebiotics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C120489:oligofructose
keywords: Interleukin; Lipopolysaccharide; Prebiotics; Tumor necrosis factor-α