title: Magnetic positioning system and ultrasound guidance for lumbar zygapophysial radiofrequency neurotomy: a cadaver study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic low back pain related to degenerative spondylosis is commonly managed by the radiofrequency ablation of sensory nerves. Fluoroscopic guidance has been considered mandatory to ensure placement of the active tip of the cannula parallel to the nerve to provide adequate neurolysis. Conversely, analgesic (or diagnostic) blockade is usually accomplished by placing the needle perpendicular to the nerve using either fluoroscopy or ultrasound (US) guidance. The recently introduced disposable equipment of internally cooled radiofrequency allows the denervation procedure to be performed similarly to the routine diagnostic block. Consequently, US may now potentially be used for image-guided radiofrequency neurotomy. We sought to compare the accuracy using a novel US-based technique with the traditional fluoroscopy-guided placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proof of concept study was performed using a magnetic positioning US-guided system. The precision of needle placements was compared with the standard fluoroscopic guidance. The primary outcome of this study was defined as the procedural accuracy. Procedural and radiation exposure time was also recorded. In addition, projected operational expenses were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound-guided procedural accuracy reached 97%. Both the imaging and procedure times were similar between the 2 forms of imaging guidance. Of significant importance, the US-guided approach (no radiation exposure) was quantitatively advantageous over fluoroscopy-guidance, which required an average of 170 seconds of radiation per procedure. Thus, the US method seems to be cost effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A magnetic positioning system allows accurate and quick US-guided placement of radiofrequency cannula to the desired anatomical targets, sparing patients and personnel from exposure to ionized radiation.
authors: From the *Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and †Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Gofeld
authors: Michael N
authors: MN
authors: Brown
authors: Laurent
authors: L
authors: Bollag
authors: John G
authors: JG
authors: Hanlon
authors: Brian R
authors: BR
authors: Theodore
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D060328:Magnetic Phenomena; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery