title: Household cost of out-patient treatment of Buruli ulcer in Ghana: a case study of Obom in Ga South Municipality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The economic burden of diseases has become increasingly relevant to policy makers as healthcare expenditure keep rising in the face of limited and competing resources. Buruli ulcer (BU), a neglected but treatable tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the only known environmental mycobacterium is capable of causing long term disability when left untreated. However, most BU studies have tended to focused on its bacteriology, epidemiology, entomology and other social determinants to the neglect of its economic evaluation. This paper reports estimated the household economic costs of BU and describe the intangible cost suffered by BU patients in an endemic area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective one year cost data was used. A total of 63 confirmed BU cases were randomly sampled for the study. Economic cost and cost burden of BU were estimated. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the robustness of the cost estimates. Intangible cost measured stigmatization, pain, functional limitation and social isolation of children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual total household economic cost was US$35,915.98, of which about 65% was cost incurred by children with a mean cost of US$521.04. The mean annual household cost was US$570.09. The direct cost was 96% of the total cost. Non-medical cost accounts for about 97% of the direct cost with a mean cost of US$529.27. The mean medical cost was US$18.94. The main cost drivers of the household costs were transportation (78%) and food (12%). Caregivers and adult patients lost a total of 535 productive days seeking care, which gives an indirect cost valued at US$1,378.67 with a mean of US$21.88. A total of 365 school days (about 1 year) were lost by 19 BU patients (mean, 19.2 days). Functional loss and pain were low, and stigma rated moderate. Most children suffering from BU (84%) were socially isolated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Household cost burden of out-patient BU ulcer treatment was high. Household cost of BU is therefore essential in the design of its intervention. BU afflicted children experience social isolation.
authors: Hannah Brown
authors: HB
authors: Amoakoh
authors: Department of Health Policy, Planning & Management, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P, O, Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana. mksaikins@ug.edu.gh.
authors: Moses
authors: M
authors: Aikins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics*; D054312:Buruli Ulcer / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005869:Ghana; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014186:Transportation / Q000191:economics