title: Diagnosis of drowning by summation of sodium, potassium and chloride ion levels in pleural effusion: differentiating between freshwater and seawater drowning and application to bathtub deaths.
abstract: Although electrolyte analysis of pleural effusion at autopsy is useful for the diagnosis of water aspiration (i.e., drowning), the method of comparing each level of sodium (Na(+)), potassium (K(+)), and chloride (Cl(-)) ions does not clearly differentiate between freshwater drowning, seawater drowning, and non-drowning. Therefore, here we introduce the summation of Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-) levels, that is SUM(Na+K+Cl), as a modified diagnostic indicator. In 21 autopsy cases of freshwater drowning, 32 cases of seawater drowning, and 43 non-drowning controls (with pleural effusion), mean SUM(Na+K+Cl) differed significantly between the groups (188.8±33.2, 403.5±107.9, and 239.3±21.7 mEq/L, respectively). We defined a SUM(Na+K+Cl) cut-off value of <195.9 mEq/L as strongly suggestive of freshwater aspiration and that of >282.7 mEq/L as strongly suggestive of seawater aspiration. When these values were applied to the two drowning groups, 15 cases (71%) of freshwater drowning and 29 cases (91%) of seawater drowning were diagnosed correctly. This new approach may be more valid than previous methods in cases found >2 days after death or those with substantial pleural effusion (>100 mL). For an additional 15 bathtub deaths, mean SUM(Na+K+Cl) was 198.8±40.0 mEq/L, and in 14 of these cases (93%) the relationship between cause of death and SUM(Na+K+Cl) could be explained using this method. Forensic pathologists should not depend exclusively on chemical findings and should consider also typical pathological indicators of drowning. This new method may be useful as a supplementary diagnostic tool when used alongside consideration of the pathological findings.
authors: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba city, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: yajima.d@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors: Daisuke
authors: D
authors: Yajima
authors: Hisako
authors: H
authors: Saito
authors: Kaoru
authors: K
authors: Sato
authors: Mutsumi
authors: M
authors: Hayakawa
authors: Hirotaro
authors: H
authors: Iwase
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001494:Baths; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D004332:Drowning / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000378:metabolism*; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium
keywords: Bathtub death; Diagnosis; Drowning; Electrolyte analysis; Pleural effusion; Summation of ion levels