title: Betaine reduces serum uric acid levels and improves kidney function in hyperuricemic mice.
abstract: Betaine as a dietary alkaloid has attracted the attention of patients with kidney diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of betaine on serum uric acid levels and kidney function, and explore their underlying mechanisms in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice. Betaine at 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg was orally administered to hyperuricemic mice for 7 days and found to significantly reduce serum uric acid levels and increase fractional excretion of uric acid in hyperuricemic mice in a dose-dependent manner. It effectively restored renal protein level alterations of urate transport-related molecular proteins urate transporter 1, glucose transporter 9, organic anion transporter 1, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 in this model, possibly resulting in the enhancement of kidney urate excretion. Moreover, betaine reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and affected urinary levels of beta-2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase as well as upregulated renal protein levels of organic cation/carnitine transporters OCT1, OCTN1, and OCTN2, resulting in kidney function improvement in hyperuricemic mice. The findings from this study provide evidence that betaine has anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective actions by regulating protein levels of these renal organic ion transporters in hyperuricemic mice.
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China.
authors: Yang-Liu
authors: YL
authors: Liu
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Pan
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China.
authors: Xing
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China.
authors: Chen-Yu
authors: CY
authors: Fan
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China.
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Zhu
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China.
authors: Jian-Mei
authors: JM
authors: Li
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China.
authors: Shui-Juan
authors: SJ
authors: Wang
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China.
authors: Ling-Dong
authors: LD
authors: Kong
mesh_terms: D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000378:metabolism; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D050811:Octamer Transcription Factor-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D027362:Organic Anion Transport Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000378:metabolism; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; D027981:Symporters; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; C501412:Abcg2 protein, mouse; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050811:Octamer Transcription Factor-1; D027362:Organic Anion Transport Protein 1; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; C494166:Pou2f1 protein, mouse; C109687:Slc22a12 protein, mouse; C491659:Slc22a4 protein, mouse; C492019:Slc22a5 protein, mouse; C105033:Slc22a6 protein, mouse; C498775:Slc2a9 protein, mouse; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; D027981:Symporters; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D014527:Uric Acid; D001622:Betaine; D003404:Creatinine; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase