title: Larval nutrition differentially affects adult fitness and Plasmodium development in the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mosquito fitness is determined largely by body size and nutritional reserves. Plasmodium infections in the mosquito and resultant transmission of malaria parasites might be compromised by the vector's nutritional status. We studied the effects of nutritional stress and malaria parasite infections on transmission fitness of Anopheles mosquitoes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Larvae of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. stephensi were reared at constant density but with nutritionally low and high diets. Fitness of adult mosquitoes resulting from each dietary class was assessed by measuring body size and lipid, protein and glycogen content. The size of the first blood meal was estimated by protein analysis. Mosquitoes of each dietary class were fed upon a Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis-infected mouse, and parasite infections were determined 5 d after the infectious blood meal by dissection of the midguts and by counting oocysts. The impact of Plasmodium infections on gonotrophic development was established by dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mosquitoes raised under low and high diets emerged as adults of different size classes comparable between An. gambiae and An. stephensi. In both species low-diet females contained less protein, lipid and glycogen upon emergence than high-diet mosquitoes. The quantity of larval diet impacted strongly upon adult blood feeding and reproductive success. The prevalence and intensity of P. yoelii nigeriensis infections were reduced in low-diet mosquitoes of both species, but P. yoelii nigeriensis impacted negatively only on low-diet, small-sized An. gambiae considering survival and egg maturation. There was no measurable fitness effect of P. yoelii nigeriensis on An. stephensi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the experimental conditions, small-sized An. gambiae expressed high mortality, possibly caused by Plasmodium infections, the species showing distinct physiological concessions when nutrionally challenged in contrast to well-fed, larger siblings. Conversely, An. stephensi was a robust, successful vector regardless of its nutrional status upon emergence. The data suggest that small-sized An. gambiae, therefore, would contribute little to malaria transmission, whereas this size effect would not affect An. stephensi.
authors: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700, EH Wageningen, The Netherlands. willem.takken@wur.nl.
authors: Willem
authors: W
authors: Takken
authors: Renate C
authors: RC
authors: Smallegange
authors: Antoine J
authors: AJ
authors: Vigneau
authors: Valerie
authors: V
authors: Johnston
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Brown
authors: A Jenny
authors: AJ
authors: Mordue-Luntz
authors: Peter F
authors: PF
authors: Billingsley
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology*; D001699:Biometry; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D051379:Mice; D010967:Plasmodium yoelii / Q000302:isolation & purification*