title: Insights into the hallmarks of human nucleus pulposus cells with particular reference to cell viability, phagocytic potential and long process formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a main cellular component within the disc, nucleus pulposus (NP) cells play important roles in disc physiology. However, little is known on the biologic hallmarks of human NP cells. Therefore, the present study aimed to address the features of human NP cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human NP samples were collected from normal cadavers, patients with scoliosis and disc degeneration as normal, disease control and degenerative NP, respectively. The NP samples were studied using transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL assay. Pre-digested NP samples were studied using flow cytometry with PI/Annexin V staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both control and degenerative human NP consisted of mainly viable cells with a variety of morphology. Both necrosis and apoptosis were noted in human NP as forms of cell death with increased apoptosis in degenerative NP, which was further confirmed by the TUNEL assay. Phagocytic NP cells had the hallmarks of both stationary macrophages with lysosomes and NP cells with the endoplasmic reticulum. Annulus fibrosus cells have similar morphologic characteristics with NP cells in terms of cell nest, phagocytosis and intracellular organs. Moreover, NP cells with long processes existed in degenerative and scoliotic NP rather than normal NP. When cultured in glucose-free medium, NP cells developed long and thin processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human degenerative NP consists of primarily viable cells. We present direct and in vivo evidence that both human annulus fibrosus and NP cells have phagocytic potential. Moreover, NP cells with long processes exist in both scoliotic and degenerative NP with lack of glucose as one of the possible underlying mechanisms.
authors: 1. Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China;
authors: Yu-Fei
authors: YF
authors: Chen
authors: Yong-Zhao
authors: YZ
authors: Zhang
authors: Wei-Lin
authors: WL
authors: Zhang
authors: Guan-Nan
authors: GN
authors: Luan
authors: Zhi-Heng
authors: ZH
authors: Liu
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Gao
authors: Zhong-Yuan
authors: ZY
authors: Wan
authors: Zhen
authors: Z
authors: Sun
authors: Shu
authors: S
authors: Zhu
authors: Dino
authors: D
authors: Samartzis
authors: Chun-Mei
authors: CM
authors: Wang
authors: Hai-Qiang
authors: HQ
authors: Wang
authors: Zhuo-Jing
authors: ZJ
authors: Luo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis; D002470:Cell Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008875:Middle Aged; D010587:Phagocytosis
keywords: TUENL assay; annulus fibrosus; apoptosis; cell culture.; disc degeneration; electronic microscopy; flow cytometry; human; nucleus pulposus