title: Big breakfast rich in protein and fat improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to evaluate the effect of breakfast size and composition on body weight, glycemic control, and metabolic markers in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  59 overweight/obese adults with T2DM were randomized to one of two isocaloric diabetic diets for 3 months; big breakfast (BB), breakfast was rich in fat and protein and provided 33% of total daily energy or small breakfast (SB), breakfast was rich in carbohydrates and provided 12.5% of total daily energy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although body weight was reduced similarly in both groups, the BB group showed greater HbA1c and systolic blood pressure reductions (HbA1c: -4.62% vs. -1.46%, p = 0.047; SBP -9.58 vs. -2.43 mmHg; p = 0.04). T2DM medication dose was reduced in a greater proportion of the BB participants (31% vs. 0%; p = 0.002) while in the SB, a greater proportion of participants had a dose increases (16.7% vs. 3.4%; p = 0.002). Hunger scores were lower in the BB group and greater improvements in fasting glucose were observed in the BB group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple dietary manipulation enriching breakfast with energy as protein and fat appears to confer metabolic benefits and might be a useful alternative for the management of T2DM.
authors: The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment Institute of Biochemistry and Food Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
authors: Hadas Rachel
authors: HR
authors: Rabinovitz
authors: Mona
authors: M
authors: Boaz
authors: Tali
authors: T
authors: Ganz
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Jakubowicz
authors: Zipora
authors: Z
authors: Matas
authors: Zecharia
authors: Z
authors: Madar
authors: Julio
authors: J
authors: Wainstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012527:Satiation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein