title: Trauma exposure predicts alcohol, nicotine, and drug problems beyond the contribution of PTSD and depression in patients with cardiovascular disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the role of lifetime trauma exposure in a longitudinal study of adults with cardiovascular disease to determine the unique contribution of trauma exposure to risk for drug and alcohol problems and smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the Heart and Soul Study, a prospective cohort study designed to determine the mechanisms of associations between psychological factors and increased risk of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients (n = 1,022).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime exposure to a higher number of trauma types predicted substance use outcomes beyond risk explained by PTSD and depression. In addition, across trauma types, interpersonal traumas were most strongly associated with substance use problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that, though PTSD and depression play a role in the association between trauma exposure and substance use, many other factors also contribute; therefore focusing on these psychological comorbidities alone is not sufficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integration of mental health care and/or case management support with primary and specialty medical care may improve detection and treatment for patients with substance use and comorbid mental and physical health problems. Screening for trauma exposure is an important part of good clinical care.
authors: San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors: Angela E
authors: AE
authors: Waldrop
authors: Beth E
authors: BE
authors: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*