title: Prevalence of calcified carotid artery atheromas in panoramic radiographs of HIV-positive patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the prevalence of calcified carotid artery atheromas (CCAAs) in panoramic radiographs of HIV-positive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the presence of CCAA in 300 panoramic radiographs. Qualitative variables were compared using the χ(2) test or Fisher exact test, as needed. The Mann-Whitney or Student t test was used for the quantitative variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the studied group, 8.2% presented CCAA. Among these patients, most used lopinavir/ritonavir (P = .0459), had a greater mean age (P = .0081), and displayed a lower nadir CD4 (P = .0195). The use of lopinavir/ritonavir increased the chances of CCAA by approximately 2.8-fold compared with those who did not use medication (odds ratio, 2.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-6.95; P = .045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The variables that were associated with the identification of CCAA are compatible with the known atherogenic risk factors in patients with HIV.
authors: Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors: Newton
authors: N
authors: Guerreiro da Silva Júnior
authors: Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors: Erick Nelo
authors: EN
authors: Pedreira
authors: Professor, Department of Oral Radiology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors: Fabrício Mesquita
authors: FM
authors: Tuji
authors: Trainee, Department of Oral Radiology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Luiza Verônica
authors: LV
authors: Warmling
authors: Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: klortega@usp.br.
authors: Karem L
authors: KL
authors: Ortega
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents