title: Prevalence of hallux valgus and risk factors among Japanese community dwellers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the prevalence and severity of radiographically detected hallux valgus (HV) as well as associated risk factors among Japanese residents of Miyagawa, a mountain village located in the center of Mie Prefecture.
  
  
  METHODS
  The height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of 403 participants (male n = 135, female n = 268) recruited from among the residents of Miyagawa Village, Japan aged ≥65 years were measured, and baseline data, including age, sex and medical history were obtained from interviews and questionnaires. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) was determined from radiographs of the feet and knees, and osteoporosis was determined by measuring bone mineral density. Hallux valgus, defined as angulation of the big toe at the first metatarsophalangeal joint of >20°, was classified as: mild (20°-30°), moderate (30°-40°) or severe (>40°). Risk factors for HV were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis that included age, sex, obesity (BMI ≥25), KOA, osteoporosis, Heberden's nodes and low back pain as variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of definite radiographic HV was 22.8 % (184/806), and mild, moderate and severe HV was found in 66.3, 27.2 and 6.5 % of the participants, respectively. Hallux valgus was found in at least one foot in 120 (29.8 %) of the participants and the prevalence significantly differed between females with and without HV and KOA (odds ratios: 2.54 and 1.71, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of definite radiographic HV was 29.8 %. Female sex and KOA were significantly associated with increased risk for radiographic HV.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.. Electronic address: meiten@clin.medic.mie-u.ac.jp.
authors: Akinobu
authors: A
authors: Nishimura
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
authors: Aki
authors: A
authors: Fukuda
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
authors: Shigeto
authors: S
authors: Nakazora
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
authors: Atsumasa
authors: A
authors: Uchida
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
authors: Akihiro
authors: A
authors: Sudo
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.
authors: Ko
authors: K
authors: Kato
authors: Department of Translational Medical Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.
authors: Tomomi
authors: T
authors: Yamada
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D006215:Hallux Valgus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires