title: Blood- and tissue-based biomarkers for prediction of outcomes in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Standard pathologic features (stage, grade, and nodal status) are insufficient to predict accurately a patient's outcome. Biomarkers could help clinicians provide individualized prognostications and allow risk-stratified clinical decision making regarding surgical and medical treatment. This review summarizes the existing tissue- and blood-based biomarkers in UCB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed/Medline search was conducted to identify original articles regarding molecular biomarkers and UCB. Searches were limited to papers published in English. Keywords included urothelial carcinoma, bladder cancer, transitional cell, biomarker, marker, staining, cystectomy, recurrence or progression, survival, prediction, and prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The articles with the highest level of evidence were selected and reviewed, with the consensus of all the authors of this paper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no doubt that a panel of biomarkers would eventually improve our clinical decision making regarding treatment and follow-up. However, to date, no biomarker panel is yet validated for daily clinical practice.
authors: Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY.
authors: Evanguelos
authors: E
authors: Xylinas
authors: Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY.
authors: Luis A
authors: LA
authors: Kluth
authors: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
authors: Yair
authors: Y
authors: Lotan
authors: USC Institute of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Siamak
authors: S
authors: Daneshmand
authors: Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY.
authors: Malte
authors: M
authors: Rieken
authors: Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Pierre I
authors: PI
authors: Karakiewicz
authors: Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY; Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY; Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: sfshariat@gmail.com.
authors: Shahrokh F
authors: SF
authors: Shariat
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Biomarker; Bladder cancer; Blood-based; Molecular marker; Prediction; Prognosis; Survival; Tissue-based; Urothelial carcinoma