title: Evaluation of policies and practices to prevent mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus in China: results from China GAVI project final evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mother to Child Transmission (MTCT) has remained a leading cause of HBV infection in China, accounting for 40% of total infections. Providing hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) to all infants within 24h of birth (Timely Birth Dose, TBD), and subsequent completion of at least 3 vaccine doses is key to preventing perinatal HBV infection. In 2002, with the financial support of the Global Alliance on Vaccine and Immunization (GAVI) targeted to Western region and 223 poverty-affected counties in Central region, hepatitis B vaccine was provided for free. In 2010, we evaluated the China GAVI project in terms of its activities to prevent perinatal infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of the evaluation were to (1) measure achievements in the China GAVI project in terms of TBD coverage, and (2) describe practices for HBsAg screening of pregnant women and HBIG use outside the GAVI China project.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the methods recommended by WHO to select a cluster sample of health care facilities for the purpose of an injection safety assessment. We stratified China into three regions based on economic criteria, and selected eight counties with a probability proportional to population size in each region. In each selected county, we selected (a) 10 townships at random among the list of townships of the county and (b) the one county level hospital. In each hospital, we abstracted 2002 through 2009 records to collect information regarding birth cohorts, hospitals deliveries, vaccine management, hepatitis B vaccination delivery, HBsAg screening practices and results, and HBIG administration. In addition, in all hospitals, we abstracted records regarding the delivery of TBD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We visited 244 facilities in the three regions, including 24 county hospitals and 220 township hospitals. We reviewed 837,409 birth summary records, 699,249 for infants born at county or township hospitals. Hospital delivery rates increased from 58% in 2002 to 93% in 2009. Surveyed TBD coverage increased from 60% in 2002 to 91% in 2009 (+31%). Surveyed TBD coverage among children born in hospitals increased from 73% in 2002 to 98% in 2009. Between 2002 and 2009, the proportion of pregnant women screened for HBsAg increased from 64% in 2002 to 85% in 2009. In 2009, the proportion of infants born to women screened and found to be HBsAg positive who did not receive any immunization within 24h after birth ranged from 0% to 0.7% across regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased availability of hepatitis B vaccine, along with efforts to improve hospital deliveries, increased TBD coverage in China. This decreased perinatal HBV transmission and will reduce disease burden in the future. Screening for HBsAg to guide HBIG administration has begun, but with heterogeneous immuno-prophylaxis practices and a poor system for follow up.
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Fuqiang
authors: F
authors: Cui
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Huiming
authors: H
authors: Luo
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Fuzhen
authors: F
authors: Wang
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Zheng
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Xiaohong
authors: X
authors: Gong
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Yuansheng
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Zhenhua
authors: Z
authors: Wu
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Miao
authors: Mercer Island, WA, USA.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Kane
authors: World Health Organization, West Pacific Region, Manila, Philippines.
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Hennessey
authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Stephen C
authors: SC
authors: Hadler
authors: World Health Organization office in China, Beijing, China.
authors: Yvan J
authors: YJ
authors: Hutin
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Xiaofeng
authors: X
authors: Liang
authors: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. Electronic address: Yangwz@chinacdc.cn.
authors: Weizhong
authors: W
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines
keywords: Evaluation; GAVI; Hepatitis B; Project; Transmission