title: Pollen limitation and reduced reproductive success are associated with local genetic effects in Prunus virginiana, a widely distributed self-incompatible shrub.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A vast quantity of empirical evidence suggests that insufficient quantity or quality of pollen may lead to a reduction in fruit set, in particular for self-incompatible species. This study uses an integrative approach that combines field research with marker gene analysis to understand the factors affecting reproductive success in a widely distributed self-incompatible species, Prunus virginiana (Rosaceae).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patches of P. virginiana distributed within three populations that differed in degree of disturbance were examined. Two of the sites were small (7-35 km(2)) remnants of forest in an intensively used agricultural landscape, while the third was continuous (350 km(2)) and less disturbed. Field studies (natural and hand cross-pollinations) were combined with marker gene analyses (microsatellites and S-locus) in order to explore potential factors affecting pollen delivery and consequently reproductive success at landscape (between populations) and fine scales (within populations).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reductions in reproductive output were found in the two fragments compared with the continuous population, and suggest that pollen is an important factor limiting fruit production. Genetic analyses carried out in one of the fragments and in the continuous site suggest that even though S-allele diversity is high in both populations, the fragment exhibits an increase in biparental inbreeding and correlated paternity. The increase in biparental inbreeding in the fragment is potentially attributable to variation in the density of individuals and/or the spatial distribution of genotypes among populations, both of which could alter mating dynamics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By using a novel integrative approach, this study shows that even though P. virginiana is a widespread species, fragmented populations can experience significant reductions in fruit set and pollen limitation in the field. Deatiled examination of one fragmented population suggests that these linitations may be explained by an increase in biparental inbreeding, correlated paternity and fine-scale genetic structure. The consistency of the field and fine-scale genetic analyses, and the consistency of the results within patches and across years, suggest that these are important processes driving pollen limitation in the fragment.
authors: Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2G3, Canada.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Suarez-Gonzalez
authors: Sara V
authors: SV
authors: Good
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D003710:Demography; D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007178:Inbreeding; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D011058:Pollen / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination; D027861:Prunus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D060436:Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants; D014197:Trees
keywords: Prunus virginiana; Rosaceae; S-locus; SI; biparental inbreeding; fragmentation; pollen limitation; self-incompatibility; spatial genetic structure