title: Individually optimized uniform contrast enhancement in CT angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolic disease--a simulation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the diagnostic quality of CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) by individually optimizing a biphasic contrast injection function to achieve targeted uniform contrast enhancement. To compare the results against a previously reported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  This simulation study used the CTPA datasets of 27 consecutive patients with pulmonary thromboembolic disease (PE). An optimization approach was developed consisting of (1) computation of the impulse enhancement function (IEF) based on a test bolus scan, and (2) optimization of a biphasic contrast injection function using the IEF in order to achieve targeted uniform enhancement. The injection rates and durations of a biphasic contrast injection function are optimized by minimizing the difference between the resulting contrast enhancement curve and the targeted uniform enhancement curve, while conforming to the clinical constraints of injection rate and total contrast volume. The total contrast volume was limited first to the clinical standard of 65 ml, and then to the same amount used in the DFT approach for comparison. The optimization approach and the DFT approach were compared in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE) and total contrast volume used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the total contrast volume was limited to 65 ml, the optimization approach produced significantly better contrast enhancement (closer to the targeted uniform contrast enhancement) than the DFT approach (RMSE 17 HU vs 56 HU, p < 0.00001). On average, the optimization approach used 63 ml contrast, while the DFT approach used 50 ml with four patients exceeding 65 ml. When equivalent total contrast volume was used for individual patient, the optimization approach still generated significantly better contrast enhancement (RMSE 44 HU vs 56 HU, p < 0.01). Constraints for the injection function could be easily accommodated into the optimization process when searching for the optimal biphasic injection function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimization approach generated individually optimized biphasic injection functions yielding significantly better contrast enhancement compared to the DFT approach. This new approach has the potential to improve the diagnostic quality of CTPA for PE.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Xue
authors: Hao
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: Seth
authors: S
authors: Kligerman
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Klahr
authors: Warren
authors: W
authors: D'Souza
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Lu
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*