title: Oral calcium pectinate-insulin nanoparticles: influences of alginate, sodium chloride and Tween 80 on their blood glucose lowering performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine the formation of pectin-insulin nanoparticles and their blood glucose lowering properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The calcium pectinate nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation method, with alginate, sodium chloride or Tween 80 as additive. Their in vitro physicochemical, drug release and in vivo blood glucose lowering characteristics were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spherical calcium pectinate-insulin nanoparticles were characterized by size, zeta potential, insulin content and insulin association efficiency of 348.4 ± 12.9 nm, -17.9 ± 0.8 mV, 8.4 ± 1.0% and 63.8 ± 7.4%, respectively. They released less than 25% insulin following 24 h in simulated intestinal medium and exhibited delayed blood glucose lowering effect in rats. Incorporation of solubilizer sodium chloride or Tween 80 into nanoparticles did not enhance blood glucose lowering capacity owing to sodium chloride reduced matrix insulin content and Tween 80 interacted with water and had its blood glucose dilution effect negated. Combination of nanoparticles with alginate gel to allow prolonged intestinal residence and more insulin release did not enhance their blood glucose lowering capacity because of calcium alginate-cross-linked gel formation that could retard insulin release and migration into systemic circulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicochemical responses of additives in vivo affected blood glucose regulation property of pectin-insulin nanoparticles.
authors: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Tin W
authors: TW
authors: Wong
authors: Nurjaya
authors: N
authors: Sumiran
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005782:Gels; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D010368:Pectins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000737:chemistry; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005782:Gels; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D011136:Polysorbates; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D010368:Pectins; D020723:Glucuronic Acid
keywords: Tween 80; alginate; insulin; nanoparticle; pectin