title: Diamond squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus)-derived chondroitin sulfate stimulates bone healing within a rat calvarial defect.
abstract: Chondroitin sulfate (CS) has been suggested to be involved in bone formation and mineralization processes. A previous study showed that squid-derived CS (sqCS) has osteoblastogenesis ability in cooperation with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 in vitro. However, in vivo, osteogenic potential has not been verified. In this study, we created a critical-sized bone defect in the rat calvaria and implanted sqCS-loaded gelatin hydrogel sponges (Gel) into the defect with or without BMP-4 (CS/BMP/Gel and CS/Gel, respectively). At 15 weeks, bone repair rate of CS/Gel-treated defects and CS/BMP/Gel-treated defects were 47.2% and 51.1%, respectively, whereas empty defects and defects with untreated sponges showed significantly less bone ingrowth. The intensity of von Kossa staining of the regenerated bone was less than that of the original one. Mineral apposition rates at 9 to 10 weeks were not significantly different between all treatment groups. Although bone repair was not completed, sqCS stimulated bone regeneration without BMP-4 and without external mesenchymal cells or preosteoblasts. Therefore, sqCS is a promising substance for promotion of osteogenesis.
authors: Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan. y-hosa@muses.tottori-u.ac.jp.
authors: Yoshinao Z
authors: YZ
authors: Hosaka
authors: Yuji
authors: Y
authors: Iwai
authors: Jun-ichi
authors: J
authors: Tamura
authors: Masato
authors: M
authors: Uehara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D049832:Decapodiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005780:Gelatin / Q000378:metabolism; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012886:Skull / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D005780:Gelatin; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates