title: Effects of fluid resuscitation with 0.9% saline versus a balanced electrolyte solution on acute kidney injury in a rat model of sepsis*.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the acute effects of 0.9% saline versus a balanced electrolyte solution on acute kidney injury in a rat model of sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  University laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  We induced sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture and randomized animals to receive fluid resuscitation with either 0.9% saline or Plasma-Lyte solution for 4 hours after 18 hours of cecal ligation and puncture (10 mL/kg in the first hour and 5 mL/kg in the next 3 hr). Blood and urine specimens were obtained from baseline, 18 hours after cecal ligation and puncture, immediately after 4 hours fluid resuscitation, and 24 hours later. We measured blood gas, plasma electrolytes, creatinine, interleukin-6, cystatin C, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentrations. We also analyzed urine for cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. We used Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage criteria for creatinine to assess severity of acute kidney injury. We observed all animals for survival up to 1 day after resuscitation. Surviving animals were killed for kidney histology. Finally, we carried out an identical study in 12 healthy animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with Plasma-Lyte, 0.9% saline resuscitation resulted in significantly greater blood chloride concentrations (p < 0.05) and significantly decreased pH and base excess. Acute kidney injury severity measured by RIFLE criteria was increased with 0.9% saline compared with Plasma-Lyte resuscitation (p < 0.05), and these results were consistent with kidney histology and biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Twenty-four-hour survival favored Plasma-Lyte resuscitation (76.6% vs 53.3%; p = 0.03). Finally, in healthy animals, we found no differences between fluids and no evidence of acute kidney injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volume resuscitation with Plasma-Lyte resulted in less acidosis and less kidney injury and improved short-term survival when compared with 0.9% saline in this experimental animal model of sepsis.
authors: 1The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China. 3The Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. 4Department of Cardiac Surgery, National University of Heart Center, Singapore. 5Department of Anesthesiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA.
authors: Feihu
authors: F
authors: Zhou
authors: Zhi-Yong
authors: ZY
authors: Peng
authors: Jeffery V
authors: JV
authors: Bishop
authors: Matthew E
authors: ME
authors: Cove
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Singbartl
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Kellum
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy* / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy* / Q000652:urine; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004573:Electrolytes; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C048013:Plasmalyte A