title: Effective postoperative pain management in children after ambulatory surgery, with a focus on tonsillectomy: barriers and possible solutions.
abstract: Pain following ambulatory surgery is often poorly managed at home. Certain procedures, such as tonsillectomy, cause high levels of pain for at least 1 week postoperatively. This impacts significantly on recovery and postoperative morbidity with regards to oral intake, sleep, and behavior. Barriers to effective postoperative pain management at home following discharge have been investigated and incorporate: parental factors, such as the ability to recognize and assess their child's pain, and misconceptions about analgesics; child factors, such as refusal to take medication; medication factors, such as ineffective medication or inadequate formulation or dose of analgesics; and system factors, such as poor discharge instructions, difficulty in obtaining medication and lack of information provision. A number of interventions have been suggested and trialled in an effort to address these barriers, which encompass educational strategies, improved information provision, improved medication regimens, and the provision of tools to aid parents in the pain management of their children. All in all, improvements in pain outcomes have been minor, and a more holistic approach, that appreciates the complex and multifaceted nature of pain management at home, is required.
authors: Anaesthesia and Pain Management Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors: Mariana C
authors: MC
authors: Dorkham
authors: George A
authors: GA
authors: Chalkiadis
authors: Britta S
authors: BS
authors: von Ungern Sternberg
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D010290:Parents; D058996:Quality Improvement; D014068:Tonsillectomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
keywords: ambulatory; analgesia; day; outpatient; pain; pain management; postoperative; short-stay; tonsillectomy