title: Beyond the IFN-γ horizon: biomarkers for immunodiagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
abstract: Latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LTBI) is defined by the presence of M. tuberculosis-specific immunity in the absence of active tuberculosis. LTBI is detected using interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) or the tuberculin-skin-test (TST). In clinical practice, IGRAs and the TSTs have failed to distinguish between active tuberculosis and LTBI and their predictive value to identify individuals at risk for the future development of tuberculosis is limited. There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that improve the clinical performance of current immunodiagnostic methods for tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Here, we review the landscape of potential alternative biomarkers useful for detection of infection with M. tuberculosis. We describe what individual markers add in terms of specificity for active/latent infection, prediction of progression to active tuberculosis and immunodiagnostic potential in high-risk groups' such as HIV-infected individuals and children.
authors: Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Dept of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors: Novel N
authors: NN
authors: Chegou
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Heyckendorf
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Walzl
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Lange
authors: Morten
authors: M
authors: Ruhwald
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000378:metabolism; D054412:Chemokine CCL8 / Q000378:metabolism; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000378:metabolism; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007159:Immunologic Tests / Q000379:methods; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000379:methods; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C066507:CCL4 protein, human; C515453:CCL8 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D054412:Chemokine CCL8; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; C508594:IL2 protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007376:Interleukin-2; D007371:Interferon-gamma