title: Caffeine supplementation modulates oxidative stress markers in the liver of trained rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Caffeine has been widely used in sports competitions due to its ergogenic effects. Most of the studies regarding caffeine and exercise have focused on muscle and plasma adaptations, while the impact on the liver is scarcely described. The aim is to analyze the effects of caffeine and exercise training on oxidative stress markers and injury-related parameters in the liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were divided into sedentary/saline, sedentary/caffeine, exercise/saline, and exercise/caffeine groups. Exercise groups underwent 4 weeks of swimming training, and caffeine (6 mg/kg, p.o.) was supplemented throughout the training protocol. Injury-related liver parameters were assessed in plasma, while redox status and oxidative stress markers were measured on liver homogenates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercise training increased muscle citrate synthase activity in the muscle, while in caffeine decreased its activity in both sedentary and trained rats. Aspartate transaminase levels were increased after training, and caffeine intake suppressed this elevation (p<0.05). Caffeine also diminished alanine transaminase levels in both sedentary and exercised rats (p<0.05). Exercise training induced a significant increase on the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, as an increase on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels was also reached (p<0.05); caffeine intake blunted these alterations. Caffeine intake also suppressed liver catalase activity in both sedentary and exercise groups (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that caffeine modified the hepatic responses associated to exercise-induced oxidative stress without affecting the performance, exerting different actions according to the tissue. However, further studies are needed to better understand caffeine's role on liver under exercise training.
authors: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Rômulo Pillon
authors: RP
authors: Barcelos
authors: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício (BioEx), Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Mauren Assis
authors: MA
authors: Souza
authors: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Guilherme Pires
authors: GP
authors: Amaral
authors: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Silvio Terra
authors: ST
authors: Stefanello
authors: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício (BioEx), Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Guilherme
authors: G
authors: Bresciani
authors: Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício (BioEx), Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Michele Rechia
authors: MR
authors: Fighera
authors: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício (BioEx), Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: felix@ufsm.br.
authors: Félix Alexandre Antunes
authors: FA
authors: Soares
authors: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Nilda Vargas
authors: NV
authors: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Caffeine; Exercise training; Liver; Oxidative stress; Redox status modulation