title: Evaluation of tip and torque on virtual study models: a validation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of this study were to develop and validate a novel analysis protocol to measure linear and angular measurements of tip and torque of each tooth in the dental arches of virtual study models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maxillary and mandibular dental casts of 25 subjects with a full permanent dentition were scanned using a three-dimensional model scanner. Sixty points per arch were digitized on each model, five points on each tooth. A custom analysis to measure linear distances and angles of tip and torque was developed using a new reference plane passing as a best-fit among all of the lingual gingival points, with the intermolar lingual distance set as the reference X-axis. The linear distances measured included buccal, lingual, and centroid transverse widths at the level of canines, premolars, and molars as well as arch depth and arch perimeter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no systematic error associated with the methodology used. Intraclass correlation coefficient values were higher than 0.70 on every measure. The average random error in the maxilla was 1.5°±0.4° for torque, 1.8°±0.5° for tip, and 0.4±0.2 mm for linear measurements. The average random error in the mandible was 1.2°±0.3° for torque, 2.0°±0.8° for tip, and 0.1±0.1 mm for the linear measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A custom digital analysis protocol to measure traditional linear measurements as well as tip and torque angulation on virtual dental casts was presented. This validation study demonstrated that the digital analysis used in this study has adequate reproducibility, providing additional information and more accurate intra-arch measurements for clinical diagnosis and dentofacial research.
authors: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. dottor.acca@gmail.com.
authors: Luis T
authors: LT
authors: Huanca Ghislanzoni
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Lineberger
authors: Lucia H S
authors: LH
authors: Cevidanes
authors: Andra
authors: A
authors: Mapelli
authors: Chiarella
authors: C
authors: Sforza
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: McNamara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002648:Child; D003481:Cuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003765:Models, Dental; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009811:Odontometry / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019415:Torque; D014584:User-Computer Interface