title: Bioremediation of fipronil by a Bacillus firmus isolate from soil.
abstract: Persistence of fipronil, a new molecule in extensive use against various insect pests is causing serious problems to the environment. Bacillus firmus was isolated by selective enrichment from soil samples collected from sugar fields with known history of pesticide usage and evaluated for metabolization of fipronil in clay loam soil. Soil samples in 50 g aliquotes were fortified with fipronil @ 0.50-1.50 mg kg(-1) and inoculated with B. firmus cells (45×10(7) CFU mL(-1)) and incubated at 25 °C. Each sample in triplicates was drawn periodically up to 56 d and residual fipronil contents analyzed by gas liquid chromatograph. Fipronil residues were not detected after 35 d at lower doses of fipronil (@ 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mg kg(-1)). However, at higher doses (@ 1.25 and 1.50 mg kg(-1)) than this total metabolization of fipronil could be observed after 35 and 42 d, respectively. Thus whereas, B. firmus proved its potential in efficient metabolization of fipronil, the period required for the same was dose dependent. Amongst various metabolites of fipronil degradation, fipronil sulfide was found to be the main metabolite followed by fipronil sulfone and fipronil amide. Though, desulfinyl metabolite earlier reported as one of the main metabolite of fipronil degradation, the existence of the same was not detected in any of the treatment.
authors: Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India. Electronic address: kousik11@gmail.com.
authors: Kousik
authors: K
authors: Mandal
authors: Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India.
authors: Balwinder
authors: B
authors: Singh
authors: Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India.
authors: Monu
authors: M
authors: Jariyal
authors: Insect Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India.
authors: V K
authors: VK
authors: Gupta
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C534368:fipronil sulfone; C082360:fipronil
keywords: Bacillus; Biodegradation; Fipronil; Metabolites; Soil