title: Gambogic acid induces apoptosis in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia cells via inducing proteasome inhibition and caspase-dependent Bcr-Abl downregulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by the constitutive activation of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. Bcr-Abl-T315I is the predominant mutation that causes resistance to imatinib, cytotoxic drugs, and the second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The emergence of imatinib resistance in patients with CML leads to searching for novel approaches to the treatment of CML. Gambogic acid, a small molecule derived from Chinese herb gamboges, has been approved for phase II clinical trial for cancer therapy by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this study, we investigated the effect of gambogic acid on cell survival or apoptosis in CML cells bearing Bcr-Abl-T315I or wild-type Bcr-Abl.
  
  
  METHODS
  CML cell lines (KBM5, KBM5-T315I, and K562), primary cells from patients with CML with clinical resistance to imatinib, and normal monocytes from healthy volunteers were treated with gambogic acid, imatinib, or their combination, followed by measuring the effects on cell growth, apoptosis, and signal pathways. The in vivo antitumor activity of gambogic acid and its combination with imatinib was also assessed with nude xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gambogic acid induced apoptosis and cell proliferation inhibition in CML cells and inhibited the growth of imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl-T315I xenografts in nude mice. Our data suggest that GA-induced proteasome inhibition is required for caspase activation in both imatinib-resistant and -sensitive CML cells, and caspase activation is required for gambogic acid-induced Bcr-Abl downregulation and apoptotic cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest an alternative strategy to overcome imatinib resistance by enhancing Bcr-Abl downregulation with the medicinal compound gambogic acid, which may have great clinical significance in imatinib-resistant cancer therapy.
authors: Authors' Affiliations: Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong; Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; and The Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
authors: Xianping
authors: X
authors: Shi
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: Xiaofen
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Xiaoying
authors: X
authors: Lan
authors: Chong
authors: C
authors: Zhao
authors: Shouting
authors: S
authors: Liu
authors: Hongbiao
authors: H
authors: Huang
authors: Ningning
authors: N
authors: Liu
authors: Siyan
authors: S
authors: Liao
authors: Wenbin
authors: W
authors: Song
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Zhou
authors: Shunqing
authors: S
authors: Wang
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Xu
authors: Xuejun
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Q Ping
authors: QP
authors: Dou
authors: Jinbao
authors: J
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015973:Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D020014:K562 Cells; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044004:Xanthones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D001549:Benzamides; D010879:Piperazines; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011743:Pyrimidines; D044004:Xanthones; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; C052659:gambogic acid; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; D020169:Caspases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex