title: Lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen crosslinks may be assessed as markers of functional properties of tendon tissue formation.
abstract: Mechanical property elaboration of engineered tissues is often assumed on the basis of gene and protein characterizations, rather than mechanical testing. However, we recently demonstrated that mechanical properties are not consistently correlated with matrix content and organization during embryonic tissue development. Based on this, mechanical properties should be assessed independently during natural or engineered tissue formation. Unfortunately, mechanical testing is destructive, and thus alternative means of assessing these properties are desirable. In this study, we examined lysyl oxidase (LOX)-mediated crosslinks as markers for mechanical properties during embryonic tendon formation and the potential to detect them non-destructively. We used tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify changes in hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) and lysyl pyridinoline (LP) crosslink density in embryonic chick tendon as a function of developmental stage. In addition, we assessed a multiphoton imaging approach that exploits the natural fluorescence of HP and LP. With both techniques, we quantified crosslink density in normal and LOX-inhibited tendons, and correlated measurements with mechanical properties. HP and LP crosslink density varied as a function of developmental stage, with HP-to-dry mass ratio correlating highly to elastic modulus, even when enzymatic crosslink formation was inhibited. Multiphoton optical imaging corroborated LC-MS/MS data, identifying significant reductions in crosslink density from LOX inhibition. Taken together, crosslink density may be useful as a marker of tissue mechanical properties that could be assessed with imaging non-destructively and perhaps non-invasively. These outcomes could have significant scientific and clinical implications, enabling continuous and long-term monitoring of mechanical properties of collagen-crosslinked tissues or engineered constructs.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors: Joseph E
authors: JE
authors: Marturano
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors: Joanna F
authors: JF
authors: Xylas
authors: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors: Gautham V
authors: GV
authors: Sridharan
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Georgakoudi
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Electronic address: catherinek.kuo@tufts.edu.
authors: Catherine K
authors: CK
authors: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000629:Aminopropionitrile / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000187:drug effects; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013710:Tendons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D000629:Aminopropionitrile; C015484:pyridinoline; C036020:deoxypyridinoline; D003094:Collagen; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase
keywords: Crosslinking; Mass spectrometry; Mechanical properties; Multiphoton microscopy; Tendon