title: HIV epidemics among transgender women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent data on the high burden of HIV among transgender women have stimulated interest in addressing HIV in this vulnerable population. This review situates the epidemiologic data on HIV among transgender women in the context of the social determinants of health and describes opportunities for effective interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transgender women experience unique vulnerability to HIV that can be attributed to multilevel, intersecting factors that also influence the HIV treatment and care continuum. Stigma and discrimination, lack of social and legal recognition of their affirmed gender, and exclusion from employment and educational opportunities represent fundamental drivers of HIV risk in transgender women worldwide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions to improve engagement in HIV prevention, testing, care, and treatment among transgender women should build on community strengths and address structural factors as well as psychosocial and biologic factors that increase HIV vulnerability and prevent access to HIV services.
authors: aDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland bThe Fenway Institute, Fenway Health cDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA dCallen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors: Tonia
authors: T
authors: Poteat
authors: Sari L
authors: SL
authors: Reisner
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Radix
mesh_terms: D058872:Epidemics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D063106:Transgender Persons; D008297:Male