title: [Comparison between topical anaesthesia with cocaine versus lidocaine plus adrenaline for outpatient laser dacryocystorhinostomy].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of topical anaesthesia with cocaine versus lidocaine plus adrenaline for outpatient transcanalicular and endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (TCLDCR) with diode laser under sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double blind randomised clinical trial was designed using topical anaesthesia for outpatient TCLDCR in the treatment of adult epiphora. A total of 92 patients were enrolled, and randomly allocated to be operated on under sedation and topical anaesthesia with cocaine 4% pledgets versus sedation and topical anaesthesia with lidocaine 2% plus 1/100.000 adrenaline pledgets. Main outcome measures were postoperative comfort, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, presence of secondary effects (blood pressure, heart rate), and resolution of epiphora, evaluated by Munk's scale and endoscopic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in both groups reported being comfortable during and immediately after TCLDCR. Visualization of the operative field was adequate, and surgery was successfully completed in all cases. Complications were more common in the cocaine group: Sixteen patients from the cocaine group had high blood pressures, versus 2 patients from the lidocaine group (RR=8). Mean blood loss was 6.09 ml in cocaine group, versus 2.05 ml in lidocaine group (RR=6). Both parameters were statistically significant (p=1,1×10(-9)). There were no cases of postoperative epistaxis requiring nasal packing or hospital admission in any group. Success rate was similar in the 2 groups (86.96% group 1 and 89.13% group 2), after 6 months of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of topical lidocaine and adrenaline is more effective for outpatient transcanalicular and endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy than topical cocaine. Patient comfort was adequate in both groups, but high blood pressure and blood loss more common after cocaine.
authors: Instituto Lagrimal Internacional, Jaén, España. Electronic address: fealfe1@hotmail.com.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Alañón
authors: Instituto Lagrimal Internacional, Jaén, España.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Alañón
authors: Instituto Lagrimal Internacional, Jaén, España.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Jiménez
authors: Instituto Lagrimal Internacional, Jaén, España.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Calero
authors: Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Universidad Juan Carlos I, Madrid, España.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Noriega
authors: Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Universidad Juan Carlos I, Madrid, España.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Plaza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010027:Osteotomy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D003042:Cocaine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Cocaine; Cocaína; Dacriocistorrinostomía; Dacryocystorhinostomy; Diode; Endonasal; Endonasal-lacrimal; Laser; Lidocaine; Lidocaína; Láser Diodo; Transcanalicular