title: Stretchable electrochemical impedance sensors for intravascular detection of lipid-rich lesions in New Zealand White rabbits.
abstract: Flexible electronics have enabled catheter-based intravascular sensing. However, real-time interrogation of unstable plaque remains an unmet clinical challenge. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of stretchable electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensors for endoluminal investigations in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits on diet-induced hyperlipidemia. A parylene C (PAC)-based EIS sensor mounted on the surface of an inflatable silicone balloon affixed to the tip of an interrogating catheter was deployed (1) on the explants of NZW rabbit aorta for detection of lipid-rich atherosclerotic lesions, and (2) on live animals for demonstration of balloon inflation and EIS measurements. An input peak-to-peak AC voltage of 10 mV and sweeping-frequency from 300 kHz to 100 Hz were delivered to the endoluminal sites. Balloon inflation allowed EIS sensors to be in contact with endoluminal surface. In the oxidized low-density-lipoprotein (oxLDL)-rich lesions from explants of fat-fed rabbits, impedance magnitude increased significantly by 1.5-fold across the entire frequency band, and phase shifted ~5° at frequencies below 10 kHz. In the lesion-free sites of the normal diet-fed rabbits, impedance magnitude increased by 1.2-fold and phase shifted ~5° at frequencies above 30 kHz. Thus, we demonstrate the feasibility of stretchable intravascular EIS sensors for identification of lipid rich lesions, with a translational implication for detecting unstable lesions.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, School of Medicine, University of California, United States.
authors: Hung
authors: H
authors: Cao
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
authors: Fei
authors: F
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
authors: Nick
authors: N
authors: Scianmarello
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, School of Medicine, University of California, United States.
authors: Juhyun
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: The Heart Institute of Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
authors: Wangde
authors: W
authors: Dai
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, School of Medicine, University of California, United States.
authors: Nelson
authors: N
authors: Jen
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, School of Medicine, University of California, United States.
authors: Tyler
authors: T
authors: Beebe
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, School of Medicine, University of California, United States.
authors: Rongsong
authors: R
authors: Li
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, School of Medicine, University of California, United States.
authors: Ramin
authors: R
authors: Ebrahimi
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, School of Medicine, University of California, United States.
authors: Donald S
authors: DS
authors: Chang
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, School of Medicine, University of California, United States.
authors: Freny V
authors: FV
authors: Mody
authors: Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Pacella
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
authors: Yu-Chong
authors: YC
authors: Tai
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, School of Medicine, University of California, United States. Electronic address: THsiai@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors: Tzung
authors: T
authors: Hsiai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004867:Equipment Design; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein
keywords: Atherosclerotic lesions; Balloon inflation; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; New Zealand White rabbits; Stretchable micro-sensor