title: Expected and experienced pain during epidural catheter insertion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insertion of an epidural catheter for pain relief is frequently used in anaesthetic practice. Little is known regarding patients' expected vs. experienced pain and discomfort due to the epidural block procedure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expected and experienced pain, respectively, associated with the epidural procedure in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty adult, unselected patients scheduled for elective major abdominal surgery were included in this study, which was approved by the ethics committee. Pre-operative insertion of an epidural catheter had to be a part of the anaesthetic routine procedure. Immediately before the epidural procedure, the patients were asked to grade the pain they expected from the procedure on an 11-point numeric rating system scale, ranging from 0 to 10, where '0' is no pain and '10' is worst imaginable pain. When the procedure had been carried out, the patients were once again asked to grade how much pain they had experienced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median expected pain as a result of the epidural procedure was 5.0. Median experienced pain was 2.0. The median difference between the expected and experienced pain was -3.0 (P < 0.0001). The only patient who expected less pain than she subsequently experienced had a paraesthetic sensation. Gender, age, or previous experience from central neuraxial block did not significantly affect neither expected nor experienced pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients expect significantly more pain than they experience from receiving an epidural block.
authors: Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Mogensen
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Berglund
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000209:etiology