title: The effects of a stress management intervention in elementary school children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This preliminary study tests the effectiveness of an elementary school-based stress management technique on anxiety symptoms and heart rate variability (HRV) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this controlled prospective longitudinal study, children in third-grade classroom participated in a teacher-led daily 10-minute stress management intervention for 4 months. The control class teacher read from a children's book for 10 minutes daily. A standardized anxiety scale and HRV (using computer biofeedback program) were measured before the 4-month intervention, immediately after, and 1 year later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention class showed significant improvement from baseline to the immediate postintervention period in total anxiety (N = 14, F = 12.95, p = .002), with 1-year follow-up scores maintaining improvement (N = 13, F = 5.88, p = .025). The intervention class had small improvement in HRV using the biofeedback program in the immediate postintervention period, with significant improvement at 1-year follow-up (N = 13, F = 10.61, p = .005). The control class showed no improvements. Qualitatively, children reported that the intervention was helpful during stressful times at school and at home, even after the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An elementary school-based short daily stress management intervention can decrease symptoms of anxiety, and improve HRV, a measure of relaxation. Ultimately, these children found this skill continued to help them cope better with everyday stressors.
authors: *Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics and Psychology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; †Westlake, OH; ‡Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
authors: Denise A
authors: DA
authors: Bothe
authors: Josephine B
authors: JB
authors: Grignon
authors: Karen N
authors: KN
authors: Olness
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome