title: Left ventricular mass and cardiac function in a population of children with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) are early markers. The aims of this study were to evaluate (1) LVH and LVDD, using both conventional echocardiographic evaluation and Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI), and (2) the correlation between cardiac disease and possible risk factors, in children with CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort comprised 34 paediatric patients with CKD and 34 healthy children (mean ± standard deviation: age 9 ± 4.6 and 8.2 ± 4.3 years, respectively). Thirteen (38 %) patients were in CKD stage 2, 15 (44 %) in stage 3 and six (18 %) in stage 4-5. LVH was defined as a left ventricular mass index (LVMI) of >95th percentile (38 g/h(2.7)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 13 patients (38 %). Diastolic function evaluated with TDI (E'/A' = early/late diastolic myocardial velocity) worsened with the reduction of glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.020). There was a positive correlation between LVMI and body mass index-standard deviation score (p = 0.020) and a negative correlation between E'/A' and serum phosphorus and calcium levels and their respective product (p = 0.004, p = 0.017, p < 0.001). The relaxation index E' was reduced in 68 % of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our results, TDI is a simple procedure and would appear to be a more accurate diagnostic tool than conventional echocardiography in the early diagnosis of LVDD.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 11, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Mencarelli
authors: Marianna
authors: M
authors: Fabi
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Corazzi
authors: Anke
authors: A
authors: Doyon
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Masetti
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Bonetti
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Castiglioni
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Pession
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Montini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium