title: Ultrasound: a subexploited tool for sample preparation in metabolomics.
abstract: Metabolomics, one of the most recently emerged "omics", has taken advantage of ultrasound (US) to improve sample preparation (SP) steps. The metabolomics-US assisted SP step binomial has experienced a dissimilar development that has depended on the area (vegetal or animal) and the SP step. Thus, vegetal metabolomics and US assisted leaching has received the greater attention (encompassing subdisciplines such as metallomics, xenometabolomics and, mainly, lipidomics), but also liquid-liquid extraction and (bio)chemical reactions in metabolomics have taken advantage of US energy. Also clinical and animal samples have benefited from US assisted SP in metabolomics studies but in a lesser extension. The main effects of US have been shortening of the time required for the given step, and/or increase of its efficiency or availability for automation; nevertheless, attention paid to potential degradation caused by US has been scant or nil. Achievements and weak points of the metabolomics-US assisted SP step binomial are discussed and possible solutions to the present shortcomings are exposed.
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba, Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain. Electronic address: qa1lucam@uco.es.
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Luque de Castro
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba, Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Delgado-Povedano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013010:Sonication; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D011134:Polysaccharides
keywords: 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylene dioxybenzene; 2-ethylhexyl 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzoate; AOA; BSTFA; CE; DAD; DMB; EDP; EFA; FAAS; FID; FRAP; GC–MS; HPLC; LC–MS; LIF; LLE; Lipidomics; MAE; MS; MW; Metabolomics; Metallomics; NEFA; NMR; PL; SE; SFE; SHLE; SPE; Sample preparation; Soxhlet extraction; TEAC; TMCS; TOF; TPC; Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; US; US assisted liquid–liquid extraction; USAL; USALLE; Ultrasound; Xenometabolomics; bis-(trimethylsilyl)-fluoroacetamide; capillary electrophoresis; diode array detector; esterified fatty acid; ferrous reducing antioxidant power assay; flame atomic absorption spectrometry; flame ionization detection; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; high performance liquid chromatography; laser induced fluorescence; liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; liquid–liquid extraction; mass spectrometry; microwave assisted extraction; microwaves; non-esterified fatty acid; nuclear magnetic resonance; phospholipid; solid phase extraction; supercritical fluid extraction; superheated liquid extraction; time of flight; total antioxidant activity; total phenolic content; trimethylchlorosilane; ultrasound; ultrasound assisted leaching