title: Direct cost for initial management of prostate cancer: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer (pca) is the most common non-skin cancer among men in Canada and other Western countries. Increased prevalence and higher cost of newer treatments have led to a significant rise in the economic burden of pca. The objectives of the present study were to systematically review the literature on direct costs for the initial management of pca, and to examine the methodologic considerations across studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bibliographic databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles in English. Studies were reviewed for methodologic considerations and mean direct cost of active surveillance or watchful waiting (as/ww) and initial treatments. Direct cost was standardized to 2011 Canadian dollars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a review of abstracts and full-text papers, seventeen articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Studies were published during 1992-2010. The studies reported on health care systems in the United States, France, the United Kingdom, German, Italy, and Spain. Our review identified a lack of methodologic consensus, leading to variation in direct costs between studies. Nevertheless, results indicate a significant direct cost of pca treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The existing literature lacks methodologically rigorous studies on the direct costs of pca treatments specific to publicly funded health care systems. Additional studies are required to appreciate the direct costs of newer treatments and the impact of their adoption on the growing economic burden of pca management.
authors: Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University, Montreal, QC.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Sanyal
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Aprikian
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Chevalier
authors: F L
authors: FL
authors: Cury
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Dragomir
keywords: Prostate cancer; direct costs; economic burden; health policy; systematic review