title: Testing measurement invariance of the schizotypal personality questionnaire-brief scores across Spanish and Swiss adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizotypy is a complex construct intimately related to psychosis. Empirical evidence indicates that participants with high scores on schizotypal self-report are at a heightened risk for the later development of psychotic disorders. Schizotypal experiences represent the behavioural expression of liability for psychotic disorders. Previous factorial studies have shown that schizotypy is a multidimensional construct similar to that found in patients with schizophrenia. Specifically, using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), the three-dimensional model has been widely replicated. However, there has been no in-depth investigation of whether the dimensional structure underlying the SPQ-B scores is invariant across countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main goal of this study was to examine the measurement invariance of the SPQ-B scores across Spanish and Swiss adolescents. The final sample was made up of 261 Spanish participants (51.7% men; M = 16.04 years) and 241 Swiss participants (52.3% men; M = 15.94 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that Raine et al.'s three-factor model presented adequate goodness-of-fit indices. Moreover, the results supported the measurement invariance (configural and partial strong invariance) of the SPQ-B scores across the two samples. Spanish participants scored higher on Interpersonal dimension than Swiss when latent means were compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study of measurement equivalence across countries provides preliminary evidence for the Raine et al.'s three-factor model and of the cross-cultural validity of the SPQ-B scores in adolescent population. Future studies should continue to examine the measurement invariance of the schizotypy and psychosis-risk syndromes across cultures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortuño-Sierra
authors.affiliation: Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Badoud
authors.affiliation: Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Knecht
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ; Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paino
authors.affiliation: Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eliez
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain ; Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fonseca-Pedrero
authors.affiliation: Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland ; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Debbané
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland