title: Identification of reproducible gene expression signatures in lung adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to improving treatment procedures, but the average five-year overall survival rates are still less than 20%. Many biomarkers have been identified for predicting survival; challenges arise, however, in translating the findings into clinical practice due to their inconsistency and irreproducibility. In this study, we proposed an approach by identifying predictive genes through pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microarrays from Shedden et al. were used as the training set, and the log-rank test was performed to select potential signature genes. We focused on 24 cancer-related pathways from 4 biological databases. A scoring scheme was developed by the Cox hazard regression model, and patients were divided into two groups based on the medians. Subsequently, their predictability and generalizability were evaluated by the 2-fold cross-validation and a resampling test in 4 independent datasets, respectively. A set of 16 genes related to apoptosis execution was demonstrated to have good predictability as well as generalizability in more than 700 lung adenocarcinoma patients and was reproducible in 4 independent datasets. This signature set was shown to have superior performances compared to 6 other published signatures. Furthermore, the corresponding risk scores derived from the set were found to associate with the efficacy of the anti-cancer drug ZD-6474 targeting EGFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, we presented a new approach to identify reproducible survival predictors for lung adenocarcinoma, and the identified genes may serve as both prognostic and predictive biomarkers in the future.
authors.forename: Tzu-Pin
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Eric Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration Jefferson, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. jamesj.chen@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D015723:Gene Library; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015996:Survival Rate; D059467:Transcriptome