title: High yield production of sugars from deproteinated palm kernel cake under microwave irradiation via dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis.
abstract: Recent years, great interest has been devoted to the conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrate into sugars, such as glucose, mannose and fructose. These are important versatile intermediate products that are easily processed into high value-added biofuels. In this work, microwave-assisted dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis of deproteinated palm kernel cake (DPKC) was systematically studied using Response Surface Methodology. The highest mannose yield (92.11%) was achieved at the optimized condition of 148°C, 0.75N H2SO4, 10min 31s and substrate to solvent (SS) ratio (w/v) of 1:49.69. Besides that, total fermentable sugars yield (77.11%), was obtained at 170°C, 0.181N H2SO4, 6min 6s and SS ratio (w/v) of 1:40. Ridge analysis was employed to further verify the optimum conditions. Thus, this work provides fundamental data of the practical use of DPKC as low cost, high yield and environmental-friendly material for the production of mannose and other sugars.
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Biomass Group, Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 88 Xuefulu, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Suet-Pin
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Biomass Group, Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 88 Xuefulu, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Li-Qun
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: chia@ukm.my.
authors.forename: Chin-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Biomass Group, Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 88 Xuefulu, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. Electronic address: zhenfang@xtbg.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sarani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Computing, Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kah-Leong
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chee
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D029064:Araceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D019149:Bioreactors; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006868:Hydrolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008872:Microwaves; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012997:Solvents; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D009005:Monosaccharides; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012997:Solvents; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; C033158:sulfuric acid
keywords: Mannose; Microwave-assisted hydrolysis; Palm kernel cake; RSM optimization; Ridge analysis