title: Nicotine Increases Osteoblast Activity of Induced Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in a Dose-Dependent Manner: An in vitro Cell Culture Experiment.
abstract: Previous studies by our group showed that nicotine delivered via a transdermal nicotine patch significantly enhanced posterior spinal fusion rates in rabbits. Nicotine transdermal patches provide a steady serum level; there may be a dose-dependent effect of nicotine on posterior spinal fusion. In an in vitro cell culture model of rabbit bone marrow-derived osteoblast-like cells, cells were exposed to different concentrations of nicotine (0, 20, 40, 80 ng/mL and 10, 100, 250 μg/mL). Wells were stained with an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining kit to determine ALP enzyme activity. Cells were stained with Von Kossa for mineralization. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using dose and time as variables showed significant differences among groups; post hoc analysis showed that the 100-μg/mL dose of nicotine significantly enhanced ALP activity over controls. A one-way ANOVA using dose as the variable showed that the 100- and 250-μg/mL doses had significantly greater mineralization than controls. Dose-response analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of nicotine dose on ALP activity and Von Kossa activity. The effects of nicotine on spinal fusion may be dose-dependent and due to stimulation of osteoblastic activity. Nicotine may not be responsible for the inhibited bone healing observed in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Daffner
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Cedarville University, Cedarville, Ohio.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.affiliation: Covidien, Mansfield, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Nilay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: France
keywords: bone healing; nicotine; osteoblasts; smoking; spinal fusion