title: Interactive effects of n-TiO2 and 2,3,7,8-TCDD on the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis.
abstract: Despite the growing concern over the potential biological impact of nanoparticles (NPs) in the aquatic environment, little is known about their interactions with other pollutants. The bivalve Mytilus sp, largely utilized as a sentinel for marine contamination, has been shown to represent a significant target for different types of NP, including n-TiO2, one of the most widespread in use. In this work, the possible interactive effects of n-TiO2 and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, chosen as models of NP and organic contaminant, respectively, were investigated in Mytilus galloprovincialis. In vitro experiments with n-TiO2 and TCDD, alone and in combination, were carried out in different conditions (concentrations and times of exposure), depending on the target (hemocytes, gill cells and biopsies) and the endpoint measured. Mussels were also exposed in vivo to n-TiO2 (100 μg L(-1)) or to TCDD (0.25 μg L(-1)), alone and in combination, for 96 h. A wide range of biomarkers, from molecular to tissue level, were measured: lysosomal membrane stability and phagocytosis in hemocytes, ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters in gills (gene transcription and efflux activity), several biomarkers of genotoxicity in gill and digestive cells (DNA damage, random amplified polymorphic DNA-RAPD changes), lysosomal biomarkers and transcription of selected genes in the digestive gland. The results demonstrate that n-TiO2 and TCDD can exert synergistic or antagonistic effects, depending on experimental condition, cell/tissue and type of measured response. Some of these interactions may result from a significant increase in TCDD accumulation in whole mussel organisms in the presence of n-TiO2, indicating a Trojan horse effect. The results represent the most extensive data obtained so far on the sub-lethal effects of NPs and organic contaminants in aquatic organisms. Moreover, these data extend the knowledge on the molecular and cellular targets of NPs in bivalves.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, DISTAV, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canesi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: giada@biomed.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Giada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frenzilli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, DISTAV, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Balbi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardeschi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell'Ambiente-DiSTeVA, Università "Carlo Bo" di Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ciacci
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corsolini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Della Torre
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, DISTAV, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fabbri
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faleri
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Focardi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (Recetox), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kočan
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università "Ca' Foscari" di Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcomini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mariottini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nigro
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy; Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (Recetox), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pozo-Gallardo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche (DiSTABiF), Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Scarcelli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, DISTAV, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smerilli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Corsi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Biomarker; Dioxin; Mytilus galloprovincialis; Nanoparticles; Titanium dioxide