title: Sampling of respirable isocyanate particles.
abstract: An advanced design of a denuder impactor (DI) sampler has been developed for characterization of possible airborne isocyanate exposure in different particle size fractions. The sampler is equipped with 12 different parallel denuder tubes, 4 impaction stages with the cut-off values (d50) of: 9.5, 4, 2.5 and 1 µm, and an end filter that collects particles < 1 µm. All collecting parts were impregnated with di-n-butylamine DBA as the reagent in a mixture with acetic acid. The performance of the DI sampler was studied on a standard atmosphere containing gas and particulate isocyanates. The isocyanate atmosphere was generated by liquid permeation of 2,4-, 2,6-Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI), 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) and Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI). 4,4'-Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI) particles were generated by heating of technical MDI and condensing the mixture of gas and particle-borne MDI in an atmosphere containing mixed salt particles. The study was performed in a 0.85 m3 environmental chamber with stainless steel walls. With the advancement of the DI sampler it is now possible to collect isocyanate particle samples for up to 320 min. The performance of the DI sampler is essentially unaffected by the humidity. The DI sampler and the ASSET EZ4-NCO sampler (Sigma-Aldrich/Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) gave similar results. Sample losses within the DI sampler are low. In the environmental chamber it was observed that the particle distribution may be affected by the humidity and ageing. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used to separate a flow of selected fractions containing MDI particles from mixed MDI and salt particles. The particle-size distribution had a maximum at about 300 nm, but later in the environmental chamber 1 µm dominated. The distribution was very different as compared to with only NaCl or MDI present. The biological relevance for studying isocyanate nano particles is significant as these have the possibility to reach the lower airways where allergic reactions may occur. SMPS and isocyanate air sampling can be used for the investigation of isocyanate nano particles.
authors.affiliation: Work Environment Chemistry, Stockholm University, Hässleholm, Sweden;
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gylestam
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalene
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skarping
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D017953:Isocyanates / Q000032:analysis*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D017953:Isocyanates
keywords: DBA; aerosol; air sampling; denuder; impactor; isocyanate; respirable