title: Association of inflammatory cytokines and endothelial adhesion molecules with immunological, virological, and cardiometabolic disease in HIV-infected individuals.
abstract: Elevated levels of inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers are related to chronic diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed at evaluating the association of inflammatory cytokines and endothelial adhesion molecules with immunological, virological, and cardiometabolic disease in HIV-infected individuals. A cross-sectional study was initiated to evaluate the association of CD4 lymphocyte count, viral load, antiretroviral therapy, and metabolic and cardiovascular disease with inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)], adhesion molecules [soluble intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (sICAM) and soluble Vascular Adhesion Molecule 1 (sVCAM)], and highsensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in 125 HIV-infected patients. The associations between independent variables and biomarkers were analyzed by means of multivariate logistic regression. A viral load ≥100,000 copies/mL had a stronger association with high levels of sVCAM-1 (P=0.026; OR=2.54; CI=1.12-5.78) and TNF-α (P=0.048; OR=2.42; CI=1.01-5.85) than the current viral load using a multivariate analysis. Antiretroviral treatment was associated with lower levels of sVCAM-1 (P=0.20; OR=0.20; CI=0.05-0.78), TNF-α (P=0.060; OR=0.22; CI=0.05-1.07), and hs-CRP (P=0.093; OR=0.44; CI=0.17-1.15). CD4 counts <200 cells/mm(3) were associated with high IL-6 levels (P=0.013; OR=3.17; CI=1.27-7.91); however, antiretroviral treatment was not associated with IL-6 levels. Metabolic syndrome was associated with high hs-CRP levels, systolic hypertension was associated with IL-6 levels, and family history of coronary disease was associated with TNF-α levels. High biomarker levels were associated not only with viral and immunological characteristics but also with cardiometabolic factors. The maximum viral load attained was an important risk factor for high levels of TNF-α and sVCAM-1. Treatment protected patients from high biomarker levels, except IL-6.
authors.affiliation: 1 Postgraduate Program on Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife, Brazil .
authors.forename: Heloísa Ramos
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lacerda
authors.forename: Maria da Conceição Correia
authors.initials: Mda C
authors.lastname: Falcão
authors.forename: Valéria Maria Gonçalves
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: de Albuquerque
authors.forename: Josefina Claudia
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zírpoli
authors.forename: Demócrito de Barros
authors.initials: Dde B
authors.lastname: Miranda-Filho
authors.forename: Maria de Fátima Pessoa Militão
authors.initials: Mde F
authors.lastname: de Albuquerque
authors.forename: Ulisses
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Montarroyos
authors.forename: Ricardo Arraes de Alencar
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ximenes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000276:immunology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000276:immunology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D002097:C-Reactive Protein