title: Genotyping of canine distemper virus strains circulating in Brazil from 2008 to 2012.
abstract: Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major pathogen of dogs and represents a serious threat to both unvaccinated and vaccinated animals. This study surveyed dogs with or without clinical signs related to canine distemper from different regions of Brazil from 2008 to 2012. A total of 155 out of 386 animals were found to be CDV positive by RT-PCR; 37 (23.8%) dogs were asymptomatic at the time of sampling, and 90 (58%) displayed clinical signs suggestive of distemper. Nineteen (12.2%) dogs had a record of complete vaccination, 15 (9.6%) had an incomplete vaccination protocol, and 76 (49%) had no vaccination record. Based on the sequence analysis of the complete hemagglutinin gene of 13 samples, 12 of the strains were characterized as Genotype South America-I/Europe. Considering criteria of at least 95% nucleotide identity to define a genotype and 98% to define a subgenotype, South America-I/Europe sequences segregated into eight different phylogenetically well-defined clusters that circulated or co-circulated in distinct geographical areas. Together, these findings highlight the relevance of CDV infection in Brazilian dogs, demonstrate the predominance of one genotype in Brazil and support the need to intensify the current control measures.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata da Fontoura
authors.initials: Rda F
authors.lastname: Budaszewski
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciane Dubina
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Matheus Nunes
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Jardim Alto da Colina, 86051-980 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eloiza Teles
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Caldart
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Christian Diniz Beduschi Travassos
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Strada provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martella
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Av. Farroupilha, 8.001, Prédio 22, Sala 312, São José, 92425-900 Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nilo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ikuta
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Av. Farroupilha, 8.001, Prédio 22, Sala 312, São José, 92425-900 Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vagner Ricardo
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Lunge
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address: claudio.canal@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Cláudio Wageck
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Canal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004216:Distemper / Q000821:virology*; D004217:Distemper Virus, Canine / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology
chemical_list: D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral
keywords: Canine distemper virus; Detection; Genotype; Phylogeny; South America