title: Statins use and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Statin use has been associated with depression; however studies of the association between statin use and depression have yielded mixed results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether statin use is associated with depression and to evaluate the evidence supporting this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus were searched through December 28, 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included studies that evaluated exposure to statins, reported the development of depression, and relative risks or odds ratios (ORs) or provided data for their estimation. Two reviewers screened 981 abstracts independently using a standardized form, reviewed full text of 59 selected articles, and included 7 studies in this metaanalysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study design, statin exposure, development of depression, and study quality were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. A pooled OR with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated using the random-effects model and heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I(2) statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven observational studies (4 cohort, 2 nested case-control, and 1 cross-sectional) from 5 countries enrolling 9187 patients were included. Statin users were 32% less likely to develop depression than nonusers (adjusted OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52-0.89). Modest heterogeneity was observed between the studies (I(2)=55%, P=0.01), which could be accounted for by one study, exclusion of which removed the heterogeneity (P=0.40, I(2)=2%) and further strengthened the antidepressant effect of statin (adjusted OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.93). Heterogeneity could not be explained by study design or study population. The quality of supporting evidence was fair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that statin use is associated with lower risk for depression. However, higher-quality studies are needed to confirm the magnitude of this association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Mayo Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Parsaik
authors.affiliation: Mayo Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Balwinder
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Knowledge and Evaluation Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Division of Preventive Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: M Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Murad
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Kuljit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Health Care Management, London Training College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Soniya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mascarenhas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lapid
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Jarrett W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States. Electronic address: rummans.teresa@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Rummans
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: Depression; Meta-analysis; Statins; Systematic review