title: A robust and quantitative method for tracking liposome contents after intravenous administration.
abstract: We introduce a method for tracking the rate and extent of delivery of liposome contents in vivo based on encapsulation of 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (MU-P), a profluorophore of 4-methylumbelliferone (MU). MU-P is rapidly dephosphorylated by endogenous phosphatases in vivo to form MU after leakage from the liposome. The change in fluorescence spectra when MU-P is converted to MU allows for quantification of entrapped (MU-P) and released (MU) liposome contents by fluorescence or by a sensitive high performance liquid chromatography assay. We define the "cellular availability" of an agent encapsulated in a liposome as the ratio of the amount of released agent in the tissue to the total amount of agent in the tissue; this parameter quantifies the fraction of drug available for therapy. The advantage of this method over existing technologies is the ability to decouple the signals of entrapped and released liposome contents. We validate this method by tracking the circulation and tissue distribution of MU-P loaded liposomes after intravenous administration. We use this assay to compare the cellular availability of liposomes composed of engineered phosphocholine lipids with covalently attached cholesterol, sterol-modified lipids (SML), to liposomes composed of conventional phospholipids and cholesterol. The SML liposomes have similar pharmacokinetic and biodistribution patterns as conventional phospholipid-cholesterol liposomes but a slower rate of contents delivery into the tissue. Thus, MU-P enables the tracking of the rate and extent of liposome contents release in tissues and should facilitate a better understanding of the pharmacodynamics of liposome-encapsulated drugs in animals.
authors.affiliation: UC-Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.|Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Aditya G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kohli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kieler-Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: UC-Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.|Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Francis C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Szoka
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000818:Animals; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006923:Hymecromone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D044967:Serum; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes; C005359:4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate; D006923:Hymecromone
keywords: 4-methylumbelliferone; Drug release; Liposomes; Sterol-modified lipids