title: Combined effect of UV-irradiation and TiO₂-nanoparticles on the predator-prey interaction of gammarids and mayfly nymphs.
abstract: Although nanoparticle production and application increases continuously, their implications in species interactions, especially in combination with other environmental stressors, are rarely assessed. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of 2 mg/L titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2; <100 nm) on the interaction between the prey Ephemerella ignita (Ephemeroptera) and the predator Gammarus fossarum (Amphipoda) over 96 h considering UV-irradiation at field relevant levels (approximately 11.4 W/m(2)) as an additional environmental factor (n = 16). At the same time, gammarid's consumption of an alternative food source, i.e. leaf discs, was assessed. All endpoints covered were not affected by nTiO2 alone, while the combination of nTiO2 and UV caused a reduction in gammarid's predation (68%), leaf consumption (60%) and body weight (22%). These effects were most likely triggered by the UV-induced formation of reactive oxygen species by nTiO2. The present study, hence, highlights the importance to cover UV-irradiation during the risk assessment of nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kalčíková
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Englert
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
authors.forename: Ricki R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rosenfeldt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: mirco.bundschuh@slu.se.
authors.forename: Mirco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bundschuh
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Ecosystem functioning; Energy transfer; Gammarid; Mayfly; Sunlight