title: Cholestasis and seizure due to lead toxicity: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lead poisoning is a major public health risk which may involve major organs. Recently, there have been reports of opioid adulteration with lead in Iran. The following case report is the first of its kind in that intrahepatic cholestasis due to lead toxicity has been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 65-year-old man presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, abnormal liver function tests (cholestatic pattern), and normocytic anemia. He had been an opium user for 20 years. Clinical and preclinical findings including the bluish discoloration of periodontal tissues, or Burton's sign, and generalized ileus on abdominal x-ray led us to the possibility of lead poisoning. Lead levels were higher than normal (150 μg/dL). Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and abdominal ultrasound were performed to rule out extra hepatic causes of cholestasis. To evaluate the possibility of lead-induced hepatotoxicity, a liver biopsy was performed. Histological features of lead-induced hepatotoxity have rarely been described in humans. In this patient, focal canalicular cholestasis and mild portal inflammation were confirmed. Thus, treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and British anti-lewisite (BAL) were initiated and continued for five days. The patient's liver function tests returned to their normal values, clinical findings including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain subsided, and the patient was discharged from the hospital in good condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lead toxicity should always be taken into account in cases of intrahepatic cholestasis with an unknown etiology, especially in a setting where opium abuse is common.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mokhtarifar
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hooman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mozaffari
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Afshari
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran ; Addiction Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ladan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goshayeshi
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akavan Rezayat
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghaffarzadegan
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheikhian
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Farnood
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rajabzadeh
keywords: Cholestasis; Lead; Opium