title: The good, the bad, and the ugly: agonistic behaviour in juvenile crocodilians.
abstract: We examined agonistic behaviour in seven species of hatchling and juvenile crocodilians held in small groups (N = 4) under similar laboratory conditions. Agonistic interactions occurred in all seven species, typically involved two individuals, were short in duration (5-15 seconds), and occurred between 1600-2200 h in open water. The nature and extent of agonistic interactions, the behaviours displayed, and the level of conspecific tolerance varied among species. Discrete postures, non-contact and contact movements are described. Three of these were species-specific: push downs by C. johnstoni; inflated tail sweeping by C. novaeguineae; and, side head striking combined with tail wagging by C. porosus. The two long-snouted species (C. johnstoni and G. gangeticus) avoided contact involving the head and often raised the head up out of the way during agonistic interactions. Several behaviours not associated with aggression are also described, including snout rubbing, raising the head up high while at rest, and the use of vocalizations. The two most aggressive species (C. porosus, C. novaeguineae) appeared to form dominance hierarchies, whereas the less aggressive species did not. Interspecific differences in agonistic behaviour may reflect evolutionary divergence associated with morphology, ecology, general life history and responses to interspecific conflict in areas where multiple species have co-existed. Understanding species-specific traits in agonistic behaviour and social tolerance has implications for the controlled raising of different species of hatchlings for conservation, management or production purposes.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia ; Wildlife Management International Pty. Limited, Karama, NT, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brien
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia ; Wildlife Management International Pty. Limited, Karama, NT, Australia.
authors.forename: Grahame J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife, Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and Centre for Herpetology, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Christian
mesh_terms: D000378:Agonistic Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012930:Social Dominance