title: Further evidence for a spatial-numerical association in children before formal schooling.
abstract: Given the robust finding that number and space are associated systematically at least in school children and adults, it has been concluded that this association might be based on the frequent practice of reading or writing skills, which are usually consolidated by formal schooling. However, first studies contradict this assumption demonstrating that associations of "small" magnitudes with left space and of "large" magnitudes with right space exist already in preschoolers. The present study used a non-symbolic magnitude comparison task to examine whether kindergartners who have not yet been formally instructed in reading and writing show a SNARC effect, that is, whether they would respond more rapidly with the right hand to larger numbers and with the left hand to smaller numbers. This assumption was confirmed by the data. In view of further evidence for an association between number and space that evolves before children are proficient in reading and writing, the role of potential alternative culture-specific, individual, and universal foundations of this association is emphasized and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology, University of Kassel, <location>Germany</location>
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebersbach
authors.affiliation: Educational Research and Development, Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussels, <location>Belgium</location> Center for Instructional Psychology and Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, <location>Belgium</location>
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luwel
authors.affiliation: Center for Instructional Psychology and Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, <location>Belgium</location>
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verschaffel
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003210:Concept Formation / Q000502:physiology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D011932:Reading; D012574:Schools; D012858:Size Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014956:Writing
keywords: SNARC effect; development; kindergartners; mental number line; spatial-numerical association