title: Ureterovaginal fistula: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the presentation, diagnosis, and management of ureterovaginal fistula over a 7-year period at a tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of ureterovaginal fistula cases between 2003 and 2011 was performed. Demographic information, antecedent event, symptoms, diagnostic modalities, and management strategies were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen ureterovaginal fistulas were identified during the 7-year study period. One fistula followed a repeat cesarean section and 18 fistulas followed a hysterectomy (9 total abdominal, 6 total laparoscopic, 3 vaginal hysterectomies). Ureteral injuries were not recognized in any of the patients at the time of index surgery. Computed tomography (CT) urography was the most commonly utilized diagnostic modality (58%). Primary non-surgical management with ureteral stents was attempted and successful in 5 out of 7 cases (71%). There were 14 total surgical repairs, including 2 cases in which stents were successfully placed, but the fistula persisted, and 6 additional cases where attempted stent placement failed. Surgical repair consisted of 10 ureteroneocystostomies performed via laparotomy and 4 performed laparoscopically, 3 of which were robotically assisted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite being uncommon, ureterovaginal fistula should remain in the differential diagnosis of new post-operative urinary incontinence after gynecological surgery. Conservative management with ureteral stent appears to be the best initial approach in selected patients, with a success rate of 71%. Minimally invasive approaches to performing ureteroneocystostomy have high success rates, comparable to those of open surgical repair.
authors.affiliation: Center for Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tunitsky-Bitton
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jelovsek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014548:Urinary Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014624:Vaginal Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy