title: Hydroxylation and hydrolysis: two main metabolic ways of spiramycin I in anaerobic digestion.
abstract: The anaerobic degradation behaviors of five macrolides including spiramycin I, II, III, midecamycin and josamycin by sludge were investigated. Within 32days, 95% of spiramycin I, II or III was degraded, while the remove rate of midecamycin or josamycin was 75%. SPM I degradation was much higher in nutrition supplementation than that just in sludge. The degradation products and processes of spiramycin I were further characterized. Three molecules, designated P-1, P-2 and P-3 according to their order of occurrence, were obtained and purified. Structural determination was then performed by nuclear magnetic resonance and MS/MS spectra, and data indicated that hydroxylation and hydrolysis were main reactions during the anaerobic digestion of spiramycin I. P-1 is the intermediate of hydroxylation, and P-2 is the intermediate of hydrolysis. P-3 is the final product of the both reaction. This study revealed a hydroxylation and hydrolysis mechanism of macrolide in anaerobic digestion.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, PR China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
authors.forename: Daijie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
authors.forename: Wenbin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianbin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
authors.forename: Ji-an
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China. Electronic address: juchu@ecust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ju
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D061249:Batch Cell Culture Techniques; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005285:Fermentation; D006868:Hydrolysis; D006900:Hydroxylation; D018942:Macrolides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D018942:Macrolides; D012722:Sewage; C017186:demycarosylturimycin H
keywords: Anaerobic degradation; Hydrolysis; Hydroxylation; Spiramycin