title: National antidepressant prescribing in children and adolescents with mental health disorders after an FDA boxed warning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In October 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a boxed warning about an increased risk of suicidality (i.e., suicidal ideation, behavior, or attempts) related to all antidepressants in children and adolescents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe national antidepressant prescribing patterns in children and adolescents before, during, and after the introduction of the FDA boxed warning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from the 2002-2009 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) were used to describe antidepressant prescribing patterns within a nationally-representative sample of 4035 physician visits for children and adolescents diagnosed with depression or other psychiatric disorder(s) [i.e., anxiety disorders or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2002-2003, antidepressants were prescribed in 4.1 million (36.1%) visits, followed by 3.2 million (28.8%) visits in 2004-2005 and 2.8 million (26.8%) visits in 2006-2007. However, antidepressant prescribing patterns reversed during 2008-2009, with an increase to 3.6 million (32.5%) visits. Compared to the period preceding the FDA boxed warning (2002-2003), a significant decline in visits related to antidepressant prescribing detected in the immediate post-FDA boxed warning period (2006-2007) (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47-0.96). No association between the FDA boxed warning and antidepressant prescribing visits was detected during the FDA boxed warning period (2004-2005) (AOR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.53-1.21) and in the late post-FDA boxed warning period (2008-2009) (AOR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.63-1.60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a 2-year lag period, antidepressant prescribing for visits of children and adolescents diagnosed with depression or other psychiatric disorder(s) in community-based and outpatient clinic settings declined when compared to the period preceding the FDA boxed warning. This decline was not sustained in the period of five years after implementation of the FDA boxed warning.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Abbvie, Dept. GMH1, AP31-1 NE, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA. Electronic address: manish.mittal@abbvie.com.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.affiliation: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy: Clinical and Administrative Sciences - Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy: Clinical and Administrative Sciences - Tulsa, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy: Clinical and Administrative Sciences - Tulsa, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Brahm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004348:Drug Labeling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents
keywords: Antidepressant; Children and/or adolescents; Depression; FDA boxed warning; Suicidality