title: The anatomy of the sacrococcygeal cornual region and its clinical relevance.
abstract: There has been no systematic study of the anatomy of the region between the sacral and coccygeal cornua. Reference texts describe an intercornual ligament connecting these structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomy of this region, which may be relevant to unexplained cases of coccygeal pain (coccydynia) and local nerve blocks. The bony anatomy of the sacrococcygeal (SC) cornual region was analyzed in 33 CT scans obtained from supine adults of mostly European origin with no known SC pathology, 7 μCT scans of cadaver SC specimens, and 105 Asian Indian adult skeletons. A further five cadaver SC specimens were examined histologically. SC cornual fusion was seen in 45% of CT/μCT scans (mean age 67 years, 20 males) and in 20% of adult skeletons (78 males); there was no association with age or sex. In the absence of SC fusion, the mean intersacrococcygeal cornual gap was 7.1 ± 2.4 mm; this was bridged by an intercornual ligament composed of parallel vertical collagen fibers reinforced by elastin fibers on its anterior surface. Small nerve branches were observed adjacent to the ventral aspect of the intercornual ligament and, in one case, traversing the ligament. Ipsilateral sacral and coccygeal cornua are therefore normally bridged by an intercornual ligament that is probably innervated. The cornua are fused on one or both sides in 20-45% of adults. These findings may have implications for some cases of coccydynia and for anesthetists performing local nerve blocks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jason T K
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Woon
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D003050:Coccyx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation; D012447:Sacrum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed