title: Novel bacteriophage therapy for controlling metallo-beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in catfish.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The bacteriophage therapy is an effective antimicrobial approach with potentially important applications in medicine and biotechnology which can be seen as an additional string in the bow. Emerging drug resistant bacteria in aquaculture industry due to unrestricted use of antibiotics warrants more sustainable and environmental friendly strategies for controlling fish infections.The isolated bacteria from fish lesions was characterised based on isolation on selective and differential medium like Pseudomonas agar, gram staining, biochemical tests and 16SrRNA sequencing. The metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing bacterial isolate was evaluated using Imipenem - Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) disk method. The specific bacteriophage was isolated and concentrated using coal bed developed in our lab at CSIR-NEERI. The isolated and enriched bacteriophage was characterised by nucleotide sequencing and electron microscopy. The phage therapy was applied for treating ulcerative lesion in fish.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pathogenic bacterium responsible for causing ulcerative lesions in catfish species (Clarias gariepinus) was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One out of twenty P. aeruginosa isolate showing multi drug resistance (MDR) was incidentally found to be MBL producing as determined by Imipenem-EDTA disk method. The phage therapy effectively cured the ulcerative lesions of the infected fish in 8-10 days of treatment, with a sevenfold reduction of the lesion with untreated infection control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacteriophage therapy can have potential applications soon as an alternative or as a complement to antibiotic treatment in the aquaculture. We present bacteriophage therapy as a treatment method for controlling MDR P. aeruginosa infection in C. gariepinus. To the best of our knowledge this is a first report of application of phage therapy against MBL producing P. aeruginosa isolated from aquatic ecosystem.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Virology Cell, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India. kskhairnar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khairnar
authors.forename: Mahendra P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Raut
authors.forename: Rajshree H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Chandekar
authors.forename: Swapnil G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sanmukh
authors.forename: Waman N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Paunikar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D002397:Catfishes / Q000382:microbiology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D017105:Pseudomonas Phages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000821:virology; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents