title: Detection of platelet sensitivity to inhibitors of COX-1, P2Y₁, and P2Y₁₂ using a whole blood microfluidic flow assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microfluidic devices recreate the hemodynamic conditions of thrombosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood inhibited with PPACK was treated ex vivo with inhibitors and perfused over collagen for 300 s (wall shear rate=200 s(-1)) using a microfluidic flow assay. Platelet accumulation was measured in the presence of COX-1 inhibitor (aspirin, ASA), P2Y₁ inhibitor (MRS 2179), P2Y₁₂ inhibitor (2MeSAMP) or combined P2Y1 and P2Y₁₂ inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High dose ASA (500 μM), 2MeSAMP (100 μM), MRS 2179 (10 μM), or combined 2MeSAMP and MRS 2179 decreased total platelet accumulation by 27.5%, 75.6%, 77.7%, and 87.9% (p<0.01), respectively. ASA reduced secondary aggregation rate between 150 and 300 s without effect on primary deposition rate on collagen from 60 to 150 s. In contrast, 2MeSAMP and MRS 2179 acted earlier and reduced primary deposition to collagen between 60 and 105 s and secondary aggregation between 105 and 300 s. R(COX) and R(P2Y) (defined as a ratio of secondary aggregation rate to primary deposition rate) demonstrated 9 of 10 subjects had R(COX)<1 or R(P2Y)<1 following ASA or 2MeSAMP addition, while 6 of 10 subjects had R(P2Y)<1 following MRS 2179 addition. Combined MRS 2179 and 2MeSAMP inhibited primary platelet deposition rate and platelet secondary aggregation beyond that of each individual inhibitor. Receiver-Operator Characteristic area under the curve (AUC) indicated the robustness of R(COX) and R(P2Y) to detect inhibition of secondary platelet aggregation by ASA, 2MeSAMP, and MRS 2179 (AUC of 0.874 0.966, and 0.889, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microfluidic devices can detect platelet sensitivity to antiplatelet agents. The R-value can serve as a self-normalized metric of platelet function for a single blood sample.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Ruizhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: sld@seas.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Diamond
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058921:Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; C111914:N(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine 3',5'-diphosphate; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D058921:Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D001241:Aspirin
keywords: (ADP); (ASA); (COX-1); (TXA(2)); ADP; Adenosine diphosphate; Aspirin; cyclooxygenase; cyclooxygenase 1; hemodynamic; platelet; thromboxane; thromboxane A(2)