title: Usefulness of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the spasticity of the subscapularis in patients with stroke: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are not many studies about treatment of shoulder spasticity. Although botulinum toxin injection has been reported to be effective for shoulder spasticity, the effectiveness was judged by pain and limited motion change, but not the spasticity itself. Shoulder spasticity is considered to play an important role in hemiplegic frozen shoulder. However, the subscapularis muscle, unlike the pectoralis major muscle, is located deep beneath scapula, where conventional injection is difficult to perform. As extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been reported to be effective for spasticity relief, and we thought spasticity of subscapularis muscle located deep beneath the scapula would be a good candidate for ESWT treatment. This study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of radial ESWT (rESWT) on spastic subscapularis muscle in stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an uncontrolled, prospective, unicenter, clinical pilot study. Stroke patients (n = 57; mean age 55.4 years) with spastic shoulders were recruited between June 2011 and February 2012 at the University Rehabilitation Hospital. rESWT was administered to each patient every two or three days for two weeks (five total treatments). Evaluation consisted of 11 measurements for each patient; at the start of each of the five treatments and once per week during the following six weeks. Spasticity was measured at external rotator muscles of the shoulder using the modified Ashworth scale (MAS), and passive range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder in external rotation was recorded. Pain was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) during passive ROM of the shoulder in external rotation, and was additionally recorded for patients who preserved cognitive and communicative ability (Pain group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduction in MAS and VAS and improvement of ROM during and after rESWT treatments were prominent compared to baseline. The reduction in MAS and VAS and improvement of ROM continued four weeks after the last treatment and the effects of the treatment decreased afterward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rESWT will be able to provide stroke patients with an effective and safe procedure for the reduction of spasticity and pain as well as for the improvement of ROM of spastic shoulders.
authors.affiliation: Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Wook
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Cheol
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Myongji Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gyunggi, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Gyu
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Myongji Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gyunggi, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Kyun
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Myongji Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gyunggi, Republic of Korea. Email: bettertomo@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Sang Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult