title: The psychological well-being and appearance concerns of patients presenting with ptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ptosis affects both the function and appearance of the eyes and face, because of drooping of the eyelids. Previous research has focused on functional impairment; however, similar appearance altering eye conditions have been demonstrated to have major impacts on psychosocial functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examines the psychological well-being and appearance concerns of patients presenting with ptosis recruited from Bristol Eye Hospital using validated questionnaires focusing on demographics and psychosocial factors before surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, and appearance concern than population norms, with scores comparable to previous research examining the impact of other disfiguring eye conditions. Gender differences were observed, with almost half of females experiencing significant psychosocial issues related to appearance concern about their ptosis compared with 20% of males. Linear regressions revealed that the main predictor of poor adjustment to the appearance of ptosis was the level of concern an individual had regarding the negative perceptions of other people. These results implicate psychosocial factors and demographics as predictors of the development of appearance-related distress and compromised psychological well-being for patients with ptosis who are currently seeking surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides clinicians with a greater understanding of the concerns of affected patients, and treatment motivations. The findings may also inform the development of patient reported outcome measures and support for patients, which targets the psychosocial impact of the condition.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rumsey
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garrott
authors.affiliation: Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.affiliation: Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kalapesi
authors.affiliation: Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harrad
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult