title: Toward understanding social cues and signals in human-robot interaction: effects of robot gaze and proxemic behavior.
abstract: As robots are increasingly deployed in settings requiring social interaction, research is needed to examine the social signals perceived by humans when robots display certain social cues. In this paper, we report a study designed to examine how humans interpret social cues exhibited by robots. We first provide a brief overview of perspectives from social cognition in humans and how these processes are applicable to human-robot interaction (HRI). We then discuss the need to examine the relationship between social cues and signals as a function of the degree to which a robot is perceived as a socially present agent. We describe an experiment in which social cues were manipulated on an iRobot Ava(TM) mobile robotics platform in a hallway navigation scenario. Cues associated with the robot's proxemic behavior were found to significantly affect participant perceptions of the robot's social presence and emotional state while cues associated with the robot's gaze behavior were not found to be significant. Further, regardless of the proxemic behavior, participants attributed more social presence and emotional states to the robot over repeated interactions than when they first interacted with it. Generally, these results indicate the importance for HRI research to consider how social cues expressed by a robot can differentially affect perceptions of the robot's mental states and intentions. The discussion focuses on implications for the design of robotic systems and future directions for research on the relationship between social cues and signals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA ; Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.affiliation: Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Travis J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wiltshire
authors.affiliation: Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Emilio J C
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lobato
authors.affiliation: Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Florian G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Jentsch
authors.affiliation: iRobot Corporation, Bedford MA, USA.
authors.forename: Wesley H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: iRobot Corporation, Bedford MA, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Axelrod
keywords: emotion attribution; human–robot interaction; intention recognition; social cues; social presence; social signals; theory of mind