title: Porous membrane with reverse gradients of PDGF-BB and BMP-2 for tendon-to-bone repair: in vitro evaluation on adipose-derived stem cell differentiation.
abstract: Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Pluronic F127 membrane with reverse gradients of dual platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGF-BB) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) concentrations was fabricated using a diffusion method to investigate the effect of reverse gradients of dual growth factor concentrations on adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) differentiations, such as tenogenesis and osteogenesis. The PDGF-BB and BMP-2 were continuously released from the membrane for up to 35 days, with reversely increasing/decreasing growth factors along the membrane length. Human ASCs were seeded on the membrane with reverse PDGF-BB and BMP-2 gradients. The cells were confluent after 1 week of culture, regardless of growth factor types or concentrations on the membrane. Gene expression (real-time polymerase chain reaction), Western blot and immunohistological analyses after 1 and 2 weeks of ASC culture showed that the membrane sections with higher PDGF-BB and lower BMP-2 concentrations provided a better environment for ASC tenogenesis, while the membrane sections with higher BMP-2 and lower PDGF-BB concentrations were better for promoting osteogenesis. The results suggest that the membrane with reverse gradients of PDGF-BB and BMP-2 may be promising for tendon-to-bone repair, as most essential biological processes are mediated by gradients of biological molecules in the body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanobiomedical Science & WCU Center, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se Heang
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang 411-373, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang 411-373, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gun Il
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jhlee@hnu.kr.
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000328:Adult; D000077214:Becaplermin; D015153:Blotting, Western; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D003720:Densitometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000494:pharmacology; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology; D016062:Porosity; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011091:Polyesters; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D020442:Poloxamer; D000077214:Becaplermin; C016240:polycaprolactone; D004247:DNA
keywords: Adipose stem cell; Differentiation; Growth factor gradient; Membrane; Tendon-to-bone