title: Small-dense low-density lipoproteins are the predominant apoB-100-containing lipoproteins in cord blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level in cord blood is approximately 30%. The aim of our study was to specifically explore LDL apoB distribution across sizes in cord blood serum.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 83 healthy neonates and 17 paired healthy mothers. Plasma glucose and serum lipids, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG), were measured using enzymatic methods. Distribution of apoB-100 was performed by western blot and immunodetection on native 4-12% polyacrylamide gels. LDL subclasses were analyzed by Lipoprint-LDL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonates show the expected lower content of apoB LDL and small dense LDL is the predominant apoB containing particle: 67 ± 7%. However, only 1.5% is sdLDL by Lipoprint. Maternal serum contains a large proportion of apoB in smaller LDL, 47 ± 6% as compared to non-pregnant women, 6 ± 1%, p<0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonates show the expected lower content of apoB-LDL but in an inverse distribution; sdLDL being the predominant particle. This novel finding for apoB sdLDL is consistent with previous data on HPLC studies showing increased middle and small-sized LDL lipid content in neonates as compared to adults which amounts to 84% of total LDL. Comparison of the results with Lipoprint LDL (lipids) with gradient gel electrophoresis native western blot (apoB-100) suggests that neonates carry fractions of small LDL that are comparatively poor in lipids as compared with their mothers. Further studies are warranted on the issue of sdLDL in neonates.
authors.affiliation: Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA. Electronic address: alejandro.gugliucci@tu.edu.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gugliucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Numaguchi
authors.affiliation: Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caccavello
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Central Clinical Laboratory, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000097:blood*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL
keywords: ApoB-100; Maternal lipid profile; Newborn LDL composition; sdLDL