title: Vaccines and pregnancy: past, present, and future.
abstract: Vaccination during pregnancy with certain vaccines can prevent morbidity and mortality in pregnant women and their infants. However, previous recommendations often focused on the potential risks of vaccines to the fetus when used during pregnancy. In recent years, additional data have become available on the absence of increased risks for adverse events associated with vaccines when administered during pregnancy and on their benefits to mothers and infants. Currently two vaccines - (i) inactivated influenza, and (ii) tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) - are recommended for use by all pregnant women by the United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Here we review the history of vaccination during pregnancy, the current status of recommendations for vaccination during pregnancy in the USA, and the potential for future advances in this area, including key barriers that must be overcome to accommodate these advances.
authors.affiliation: Influenza Coordination Unit, Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: skr9@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Sonja A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Amelia K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Erin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Karen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Broder
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Denise J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jamieson
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends; D014612:Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Newborns; Pregnant women; Safety; Vaccine