title: The influence of socioeconomic status on women's preferences for modern contraceptive providers in Nigeria: a multilevel choice modeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contraceptives are one of the most cost effective public health interventions. An understanding of the factors influencing users' preferences for contraceptives sources, in addition to their preferred methods of contraception, is an important factor in increasing contraceptive uptake. This study investigates the effect of women's contextual and individual socioeconomic positions on their preference for contraceptive sources among current users in Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multilevel modeling analysis was conducted using the most recent 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys data of women aged between 15 and 49 years old. The analysis included 1,834 ever married women from 888 communities across the 36 states of the federation, including the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja. Three outcome variables, private, public, and informal provisions of contraceptive sources, were considered in the modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was variability in women's preferences for providers across communities. The result shows that change in variance accounted for about 31% and 19% in the odds of women's preferences for both private and public providers across communities. Younger age and being from the richest households are strongly associated with preference for both private and public providers. Living in rural areas and economically deprived neighborhoods were the community level determinants of women's preferences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents the independent association of contextual socioeconomic characteristics and individual level socioeconomic factors with women's preferences for contraceptive commodity providers in Nigeria. Initiatives that seek to improve modern contraceptive uptake should jointly consider users' preferences for sources of these commodities in addition to their preference for contraceptive type.
authors.affiliation: School of Health, Sport, and Bioscience, Health Studies Field, University of East London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Olatunde
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aremu
keywords: Nigeria; abortion; contraceptive; multilevel choice; preference; socioeconomic disadvantaged