title: Detection of spreading depolarization with intraparenchymal electrodes in the injured human brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spreading depolarization events following ischemic and traumatic brain injury are associated with poor patient outcome. Currently, monitoring these events is limited to patients in whom subdural electrodes can be placed at open craniotomy. This study examined whether these events can be detected using intra-cortical electrodes, opening the way for electrode insertion via burr hole.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal work was carried out on adult Sprague-Dawley rats in a laboratory setting to investigate the feasibility of recording depolarization events. Subsequently, 8 human patients requiring craniotomy for traumatic brain injury or aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were monitored for depolarization events in an intensive care setting with concurrent strip (subdural) and depth (intra-parenchymal) electrode recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Depolarization events can be reliably detected from intra-cortically placed electrodes. (2) A reproducible slow potential change (SPC) waveform morphology was identified from intra-cortical electrodes on the depth array. (3) The depression of cortical activity known to follow depolarization events was identified consistently from both intra-cortical and sub-cortical electrodes on the depth array.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-parenchymally sited electrodes can be used to consistently identify depolarization events in humans. This technique greatly extends the capability of monitoring for spreading depolarization events in injured patients, as electrodes can be sited without the need for craniotomy. The method provides a new investigative tool for the evaluation of the contribution of these events to secondary brain injury in human patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Toby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jeffcote
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hinzman
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jewell
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Learney
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pahl
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tolias
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hocker
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zakrzewska
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fabricius
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: Jed A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hartings
authors.forename: Martyn G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Boutelle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000592:standards; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D055815:Young Adult