title: Adipokines: a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease.
abstract: Obesity is a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Recent studies aimed at understanding the microenvironment of adipose tissue and its impact on systemic metabolism have shed light on the pathogenesis of obesity-linked cardiovascular diseases. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ by secreting multiple immune-modulatory proteins known as adipokines. Obesity leads to increased expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines and diminished expression of anti-inflammatory adipokines, resulting in the development of a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state. This adipokine imbalance is thought to be a key event in promoting both systemic metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. This review will focus on the adipose tissue microenvironment and the role of adipokines in modulating systemic inflammatory responses that contribute to cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fuster
authors.affiliation: Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: kxwalsh@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Adiponectin; Cardiovascular disease; Leptin; Sfrp5; TNFα