title: How the brain heals emotional wounds: the functional neuroanatomy of forgiveness.
abstract: IN LIFE, EVERYONE GOES THROUGH HURTFUL EVENTS CAUSED BY SIGNIFICANT OTHERS: a deceiving friend, a betraying partner, or an unjustly blaming parent. In response to painful emotions, individuals may react with anger, hostility, and the desire for revenge. As an alternative, they may decide to forgive the wrongdoer and relinquish resentment. In the present study, we examined the brain correlates of forgiveness using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Healthy participants were induced to imagine social scenarios that described emotionally hurtful events followed by the indication to either forgive the imagined offenders, or harbor a grudge toward them. Subjects rated their imaginative skills, levels of anger, frustration, and/or relief when imagining negative events as well as following forgiveness. Forgiveness was associated with positive emotional states as compared to unforgiveness. Granting forgiveness was associated with activations in a brain network involved in theory of mind, empathy, and the regulation of affect through cognition, which comprised the precuneus, right inferior parietal regions, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Our results uncovered the neuronal basis of reappraisal-driven forgiveness, and extend extant data on emotional regulation to the resolution of anger and resentment following negative interpersonal events.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy ; MRI Lab, Fondazione "G. Monasterio" Regione Toscana/CNR Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rota
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy ; MRI Lab, Fondazione "G. Monasterio" Regione Toscana/CNR Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sani
authors.affiliation: MRI Lab, Fondazione "G. Monasterio" Regione Toscana/CNR Pisa, Italy ; Clinical Psychology Branch, Pisa University Hospital Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gentili
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaglianese
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology Branch, Pisa University Hospital Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guazzelli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy ; Clinical Psychology Branch, Pisa University Hospital Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietrini
keywords: effective connectivity; emotional regulation; forgiveness; functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; reappraisal