title: Prevalence and characteristics of depressive disorders in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persons with diabetes and depression have increased risk of complications and increased mortality. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics and impact with regard to glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of depressive disorders in persons with type 1 diabetes at an outpatient specialist diabetes clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 51 persons with type 1 diabetes were diagnosed according to Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I) with regard to dysthymia and previous or ongoing depressive episodes during spring 2005. HbA1c was measured at the day of the interview, and self-reported information on family history of depressive disorders was obtained. Eight persons (16%; 95% CI: 7%, 29%) were in the midst of a major depressive episode, 4 of these also reported a previous episode of depression. Seven of the 8 persons with an ongoing major depressive episode met the criteria for melancholia. Three persons (6%) met the criteria for dysthymia, and 6 persons (12%) had previous episode(s) of depression, without being currently depressed. The 17 (33%; 95% CI: 21%, 48%) persons with ongoing and/or previous depressive disorder had increased HbA1c (8.5%; 95% CI: 7.6%, 9.4%) compared to those without depressive disorders (7.9%; 95% CI: 7.5%, 8.3%), although the difference did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with type 1 diabetes had a high prevalence of depressive disorders, mainly depressive episodes that also met the criteria for melancholia, a subtype often considered a more serious and "biologic" form of depression. We were not able to demonstrate that persons with depressive disorders had poorer regulated diabetes compared to those without depressive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Haukeland University Hospital, Division of Psychiatry/Institute of Clinical Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. line.iden.berge@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Line Iden
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Berge
authors.forename: Trond
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riise
authors.forename: Oivind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hundal
authors.forename: Ketil Joachim
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Odegaard
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dilsaver
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010045:Outpatients; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human