title: Social determinants of tobacco consumption among Nepalese men: findings from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the 20th century, 100 million people across the globe lost their lives due to consumption of tobacco. Every year 15,000 deaths in Nepal are attributable to tobacco smoking and using other products of tobacco. This study aimed to establish the proportion and the social determinants of tobacco use among Nepalese men based on the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used the NDHS 2011 data. The prevalence of cigarette smoking, other forms of tobacco 16 smoking and use of tobacco in any form is reported as a percentage (%). The significance of association of the statistically significant variables established using Chi-square test was further tested by using multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4121 participants, the prevalence of consuming any form of tobacco was 51.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) (49.6%- 54.3%)]; chewing/sniffing tobacco was 34.8% (95% CI: 32.4%- 37.3%) and tobacco smoking was 33.6% (95% CI 31.3%-36.0%).Men with no education [Odds Ratio (OR) 3.477; 95% CI (2.380-5.080)], from an older age group (36-49) [OR 2.399; 95% CI (1.858-3.096)] who were from a manual occupation [OR 1.538; 95% CI (1.188-1.985)], who were married[OR 1.938; 95% CI ( 1.552-2.420)], and who were from the Terai region [OR 1.351; 95% CI (1.083-1.684)] were more likely to consume tobacco. Men who watched television at least once a week [OR 0.642; 95% CI (0.504-0.819)] were less likely to consume tobacco.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study showed that over half of Nepalese men consume tobacco. There is an urgent need to fully implement Nepal's Tobacco Control and Regulation Act which will ban smoking in public places; enforced plain packaging and display of health warnings over 75% of the packaging, and has banned selling of tobacco products to those under 18 years of age. There is a need to increase the social unacceptability of tobacco in Nepal by raising awareness through different electronic and cultural media. Anti-tobacco campaigns should focus on those who are less educated, have manual occupations, are in poorer economic groups, and are from the Terai region of Nepal.
authors.affiliation: Sanjeevani College of Medical Sciences, Butwal, Nepal. khanal.vishnu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vishnu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khanal
authors.forename: Mandira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.forename: Sujan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004522:Educational Status; D006266:Health Education; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult