title: Antiplatelet treatment for prevention of cerebrovascular events in patients with vascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy and safety of different antiplatelet regimes for prevention of stroke in patients at high risk were investigated in a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. Twenty-two studies comprising 173 371 patients were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the overall population, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and clopidogrel in comparison to aspirin monotherapy reduced the relative risk of total stroke by 20% (risk ratio [RR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.88; P<0.0001; I(2)=28%) and of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack by 23% (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69-0.85; P<0.0001; I(2)=18%) without increasing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. In the secondary prevention cohort, DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel also reduced the relative risk of total stroke by 24% as compared with aspirin alone (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.86; P<0.0001; I(2)=0%). DAPT with prasugrel or ticagrelor and aspirin versus DAPT with clopidogrel and aspirin was not associated with a risk reduction of stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DAPT with clopidogrel and aspirin compared with aspirin effectively reduces the risk of total and ischemic stroke in the overall cohort consisting of patients with cardiovascular disease without increase in intracranial hemorrhage, as well as decreases the risk of a recurrent total stroke in patients with a previous stroke/transient ischemic attack. Our meta-analysis suggests that DAPT including low-dose aspirin (75-100 mg) and clopidogrel (75 mg) should be further investigated as a strategy to reduce recurrent strokes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero. Unique identifier: CRD42011001596.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (G.G., M.W.), Emergency Medicine (J.A.), Neurology (A.P.-K.), and Cardiology (J.M.S.-M.), Medical University Vienna, Austria; 3rd Medical Department of Cardiology and Emergency Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria (K.H.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (F.W.A.V.); and Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore, MD (P.A.G.).
authors.forename: Ghazaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gouya
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arrich
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolzt
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Freek W A
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Verheugt
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gurbel
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pirker-Kees
authors.forename: Jolanta M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Siller-Matula
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011153:Population; D000068799:Prasugrel Hydrochloride; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000187:drug effects; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077486:Ticagrelor; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D013876:Thiophenes; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D000068799:Prasugrel Hydrochloride; D000077486:Ticagrelor; D000241:Adenosine; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin
keywords: antiplatelet agents; intracranial hemorrhages; stroke