title: Systematic review of ERP and fMRI studies investigating inhibitory control and error processing in people with substance dependence and behavioural addictions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several current theories emphasize the role of cognitive control in addiction. The present review evaluates neural deficits in the domains of inhibitory control and error processing in individuals with substance dependence and in those showing excessive addiction-like behaviours. The combined evaluation of event-related potential (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings in the present review offers unique information on neural deficits in addicted individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 19 ERP and 22 fMRI studies using stop-signal, go/no-go or Flanker paradigms based on a search of PubMed and Embase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most consistent findings in addicted individuals relative to healthy controls were lower N2, error-related negativity and error positivity amplitudes as well as hypoactivation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These neural deficits, however, were not always associated with impaired task performance. With regard to behavioural addictions, some evidence has been found for similar neural deficits; however, studies are scarce and results are not yet conclusive. Differences among the major classes of substances of abuse were identified and involve stronger neural responses to errors in individuals with alcohol dependence versus weaker neural responses to errors in other substance-dependent populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Task design and analysis techniques vary across studies, thereby reducing comparability among studies and the potential of clinical use of these measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current addiction theories were supported by identifying consistent abnormalities in prefrontal brain function in individuals with addiction. An integrative model is proposed, suggesting that neural deficits in the dorsal ACC may constitute a hallmark neurocognitive deficit under lying addictive behaviours, such as loss of control.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maartje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luijten
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marise W J
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Machielsen
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veltman
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hester
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lieuwe
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingmar H A
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Franken
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008959:Models, Neurological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*