title: The effects of atrazine exposure on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atrazine and its chloro-s-triazine metabolites are found in surface water and groundwater of the Czech Republic, although their use has been banned since 2005. The objective of the study was to determine the toxic effects of atrazine at an environmentally relevant concentration of atrazine, 0.3 μg.L-1 and at concentrations of 30, 100, and 300 μg.L-1 on morphometric and condition characteristics, development of early life stages, and antioxidant defense enzymes of common carp.
  
  
  METHODS
  The embryo-larval toxicity test was performed according to the OECD Guidelines 210 (Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atrazine exposure showed no effect on morphometric and condition characteristics or histology. Exposure at 0.3 μg.L-1 was associated with significantly increased activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase compared to control. Activity of glutathione reductase was slightly higher at a concentration of 0.3 μg.L-1, with significantly lower (p<0.05) activity observed in groups exposed to 30, 100, and 300 μg.L-1 compared to the group exposed to 0.3 μg.L-1. The level of oxidized lipids was slightly higher in groups exposed to atrazine at 100 and 300 μg.L-1 compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atrazine has a significant influence on the biotransformation enzyme and oxidative defense enzymes of early life stages of common carp. The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 0.3 μg.L-1.
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic. chromka.l@seznam.cz.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chromcova
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blahova
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Plhalova
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zivna
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Stanislava
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stepanova
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Praskova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prokes
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zelníckova
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Misa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skoric
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Svobodova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009026:Mortality; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D001280:Atrazine