title: Analgesia-sedation in PICU and neurological outcome: a secondary analysis of long-term neuropsychological follow-up in meningococcal septic shock survivors*.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether analgesic and sedative drug use during PICU treatment is associated with long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in children who survived meningococcal septic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study concerned a secondary analysis of data from medical and psychological follow-up of a cross-sectional cohort of all consecutive surviving patients with septic shock and purpura requiring intensive care treatment between 1988 and 2001 at the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital. At least 4 years after PICU admission, these children showed impairments on several domains of neuropsychological functioning. In the present study, type, number, and dose of sedatives and analgesics were retrospectively evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven meningococcal septic shock survivors (median age, 2.1 yr).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients (58%) received one or more analgesic and/or sedative drugs during PICU admission, most commonly benzodiazepines (n = 39; 51%), followed by opioids (n = 23; 30%). In total, 12 different kinds of analgesic or sedative drugs were given. The use and dose of opioids were significantly associated with poor test outcome on full-scale intelligence quotient (p = 0.02; Z = -2.28), verbal intelligence quotient (p = 0.02; Z = -2.32), verbal intelligence quotient subtests (verbal comprehension [p = 0.01; Z = -2.56] and vocabulary [p = 0.01; Z = -2.45]), and visual attention/executive functioning (Trial Making Test part B) (p = 0.03; Z = -2.17). In multivariate analysis adjusting for patient and disease characteristics, the use of opioids remained significant on most neuropsychological tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of opioids during PICU admission was significantly associated with long-term adverse neuropsychological outcome independent of severity of illness scores in meningococcal septic shock survivors.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Zellem
authors.forename: Elisabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Utens
authors.forename: Saskia N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: de Wildt
authors.forename: Nienke J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Vet
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buysse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D017741:Survivors; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives