title: Fluoride and arsenic exposure through water and grain crops in Nagarparkar, Pakistan.
abstract: The aim of present study was to simultaneously estimate the arsenic (As) and fluoride (F(-)) concentrations in irrigated surface water, soil and grain crops of Nagarparkar, Pakistan during 2010-2012. The As and F(-) were analyzed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometer and ion selective electrode, respectively. Total arsenic (As(T)) and F(-) in irrigated surface water samples were found in the range of 360-683 μg L(-1) and 18.5-35.4 mg L(-1), respectively. While As(T) and F(-) concentrations in agriculture soil samples were observed in the range of 110-266 and 125-566 mg kg(-1), respectively. The water extractable As and F(-) were found 3-4% of total concentration of these in soils. The As(T) concentration was higher in kidney been (KB) as compared to pearl millet (PM) and green gram (GG), whereas GG had higher F(-) levels as compared to other two grain crops (p<0.05). The KB samples grown in nine sites shows BCF of As in the range of 0.018-0.038. The GG has higher BCF of F(-) as compared to KB and PM (p<0.05) grown in all sites. The exposure dose and risk factor of As and F(-) were obtained by estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazardous index (HI). It was found that all understudy age groups were at the severe risk of arsenicosis and fluorosis, but the severity is higher in younger age group (7-15 years) as compared to elder groups (p<0.05).
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: kr_brahman@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Kapil D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Brahman
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: tgkazi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tasneem G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: jab_mughal@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jameel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: hassanimranafridi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hassan I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Electronic address: akuob@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: ssadiashafi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sadaf S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan. Electronic address: bilal_ku2004@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003625:Data Collection; D004326:Drinking; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D001151:Arsenic; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Arsenic; Bioaccumulation factor; Estimated daily intake; Fluoride; Nagarparkar