title: Biomonitoring in wearers of permethrin impregnated battle dress uniforms in Afghanistan and Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse differences in uptake of the insecticide permethrin in wearers of non-impregnated and permethrin impregnated battle dress uniforms (BDU) in Afghanistan and Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two separate studies, in April 2003-January 2004 (study I, n=549) and in February-April 2005 (study II, n=195), healthy female and male members of the German Federal Armed Forces were equipped with permethrin impregnated BDU (two sub-cohorts in Germany and one in Afghanistan) while members equipped with non-impregnated uniforms served as a control group. Human biomonitoring was conducted before, during and after wearing the uniforms by measuring permethrin metabolites in urine samples via GC-MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects of the Afghan and German control groups had permethrin levels in the range of the German general population. In contrast, subjects wearing impregnated BDU had about 200-fold higher exposure levels. Within this group, subjects located in Afghanistan and smokers had significantly higher exposure levels. Internal exposure decreased with increasing duration of use of impregnated BDU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence for a higher background permethrin contamination in military bases located in Afghanistan compared to Germany. Daily use of permethrin impregnated BDU is associated with significantly higher permethrin uptake compared to the general population. Hand-mouth contact by smoking can increase uptake which also seems to be influenced by the duration of use of impregnated BDU.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kegel
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Letzel
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rossbach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D026023:Permethrin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D026023:Permethrin
keywords: Battle Dress Uniforms; Permethrin; health effects; soldiers