title: Prediction processes during multiple object tracking (MOT): involvement of dorsal and ventral premotor cortices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The multiple object tracking (MOT) paradigm is a cognitive task that requires parallel tracking of several identical, moving objects following nongoal-directed, arbitrary motion trajectories.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed to investigate the employment of prediction processes during MOT. As an indicator for the involvement of prediction processes, we targeted the human premotor cortex (PM). The PM has been repeatedly implicated to serve the internal modeling of future actions and action effects, as well as purely perceptual events, by means of predictive feedforward functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), BOLD activations recorded during MOT were contrasted with those recorded during the execution of a cognitive control task that used an identical stimulus display and demanded similar attentional load. A particular effort was made to identify and exclude previously found activation in the PM-adjacent frontal eye fields (FEF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We replicated prior results, revealing occipitotemporal, parietal, and frontal areas to be engaged in MOT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activation in frontal areas is interpreted to originate from dorsal and ventral premotor cortices. The results are discussed in light of our assumption that MOT engages prediction processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that our results provide first clues that MOT does not only involve visuospatial perception and attention processes, but prediction processes as well.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atmaca
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany ; Technische Universität München Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Waltraud
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keitel
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany ; Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Institut für Diagnostik der Epilepsien Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Derek V M
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jöran
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lepsien
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Prinz
keywords: Action prediction; dorsal premotor cortex; fMRI; multiple object tracking; perceptual event prediction; predictive forward models; ventral premotor cortex