title: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children: report of three cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a condition characterized by varying degrees of headache, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, focal neurologic deficit, and seizures due to severe systemic hypertension. The knowledge of secondary hypertension in children is most commonly due to renal abnormalities, suggesting that the leading cause of PRES in childhood is renal diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three pediatric patients who developed PRES due to various underlying renal diseases were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The etiology of hypertension of our patients was all renal problems including atrophic kidney, hydronephrosis secondary to reflux nephropathia, nephrotic syndrome, and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. While two of them had typical of the parieto-occipital and frontoparietal involvement, the other had brain stem involvement. All of the patients were recovered by the control of high blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary involvement of the brain stem is rare in children. PRES should be taken into account, especially in children with renal disease in the appropriate clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Meram, 42090, Konya, Turkey, drfatihakin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akın
authors.forename: Cengizhan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kılıçaslan
authors.forename: Ece Selma
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Solak
authors.forename: Meltem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uzun
authors.forename: Serhat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aygün
authors.forename: Şükrü
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Arslan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017292:Doxazosin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000150:complications; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054038:Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D010672:Phenytoin; D017292:Doxazosin