title: Low dose of continuous-wave microwave irradiation did not cause temperature increase in muscles tissue adjacent to titanium alloy implants--an animal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research studies on the influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on implants in vitro have failed to investigate temperature changes in the tissues adjacent to the implants under microwave therapy. We therefore, used a rabbit model in an effort to determine the impact of microwave therapy on temperature changes in tissues adjacent to the titanium alloy implants and the safety profile thereof.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium alloy internal fixation plates were implanted in New Zealand rabbits in the middle of femur. Microwave therapy was performed by a 2450 MHz microwave generator 3 days after the surgery. Temperature changes of muscles adjacent to the implants were recorded under exposure to dose-gradient microwave radiation from 20w to 60w.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant difference between control and microwave treatment group at peak temperatures (T(peak)) and temperature gap (T(gap) = T(peak)-T(vally)) were observed in deep muscles (T(peak), 41.63 ± 0.21°C vs. 44.40 ± 0.17°C, P < 0.01; T(gap), 5.33 ± 0.21°C vs. 8.10 ± 0.36°C, P < 0.01) and superficial muscles (T(peak), 41.53 ± 0.15°C vs. 42.03 ± 0.23°C, P = 0.04; T(gap), 5.23 ± 0.21°C vs. 5.80 ± 0.17°C, P = 0.013) under 60 w, and deep muscles (T(peak), 40.93 ± 0.25°C vs. 41.87 ± 0.23°C, P = 0.01; T(gap), 4.73 ± 0.20°C vs. 5.63 ± 0.35°C, P = 0.037) under 50w, but not under 20, 30 and 40w.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that low-dose (20w-40w) continuous-wave microwave irradiation delivered by a 2450 MHz microwave generator might be a promising treatment for patients with titanium alloy internal fixation, as it did not raise temperature in muscle tissues adjacent to the titanium alloy implant.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Tengfei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xianxuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China. aibyhw@126.com.
authors.forename: Yuehong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D008872:Microwaves / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009132:Muscles; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium