title: Comparison of effects of isotonic sodium chloride with diltiazem in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) significantly increases the morbidity and mortality of patients. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the protective effects of isotonic sodium chloride with sodium bicarbonate infusion and isotonic sodium chloride infusion with diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, in preventing CIN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included patients who were administered 30-60 mL of iodinated contrast agent for percutaneous coronary angiography (PCAG), all with creatinine values between 1.1 and 3.1 mg/dL. Patients were divided into three groups and each group had 20 patients. The first group of patients was administered isotonic sodium chloride; the second group was administered a solution that of 5% dextrose and sodium bicarbonate, while the third group was administered isotonic sodium chloride before and after the contrast injection. The third group received an additional injection of diltiazem the day before and first 2 days after the contrast injection. All of the patients' plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were measured on the second and seventh day after the administration of intravenous contrast material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The basal creatinine levels were similar for all three groups (p > 0.05). Among a total of 60 patients included in the study, 16 patients developed acute renal failure (ARF) on the second day after contrast material was injected (26.6%). The number of patients who developed ARF on the second day after the injection in the first group was five (25%), in the second group was six (30%) and the third group was five (25%) (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no significant difference between isotonic sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and isotonic sodium chloride with diltiazem application in prevention of CIN.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey and.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beyazal
authors.forename: Zuhal
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Caliskan
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Utaç
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007472:Iohexol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D003287:Contrast Media; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D007472:Iohexol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D003404:Creatinine; D004110:Diltiazem