title: Increased contribution of ultra-processed food products in the Brazilian diet (1987-2009).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish temporal trends in household food and drink consumption in Brazil, taking into account the extent and purpose of its industrial processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was obtained from Household Budget Surveys conducted in Brazil in 1987-1988, 1995-1996, 2002-2003 and 2008-2009. In all surveys, probabilistic samples of households in the metropolitan areas were studied and, for the last two surveys, the scope was national. The units of analysis were food purchases records of clusters of households. The purchased food items were divided according to the extent and purpose of their industrial processing into: 'in natura' or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients and ready-to-consume, processed and ultra-processed food and drink products. The quantity of each item was converted into energy. For each survey, the daily availability of calories per capita and the caloric share of the food groups were estimated. For the national surveys, estimates were calculated by income quintiles. Temporal trends were assessed using linear regression models and difference of means tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The caloric share of ready-to-consume products significantly increased between 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 (from 23.0% to 27.8% of total calories), mainly because of the increase in the consumption of ultra-processed products (20.8% to 25.4%). In the same period, there was a significant reduction in the caloric share of foods and culinary ingredients. The increase in the ultra-processed products caloric share occurred across all income quintiles. There was an uniform increase in the caloric share of ready-to-consume products in the metropolitan areas, mostly in place of ultra-processed products, accompanied by a decrease in the share of 'in natura' or minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The share of ultra-processed products significantly increased in the Brazilian diet, as seen in the metropolitan areas since the 1980s, and confirmed at a national level in the 2000s.
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Bortoletto
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Renata Bertazzi
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rafael Moreira
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Claro
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Jean Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Moubarac
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Carlos Augusto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Monteiro
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D014505:Urban Population