title: A novel X-ray diffractometer for studies of liquid-liquid interfaces.
abstract: The study of liquid-liquid interfaces with X-ray scattering methods requires special instrumental considerations. A dedicated liquid surface diffractometer employing a tilting double-crystal monochromator in Bragg geometry has been designed. This diffractometer allows reflectivity and grazing-incidence scattering measurements of an immobile mechanically completely decoupled liquid sample, providing high mechanical stability. The available energy range is from 6.4 to 29.4 keV, covering many important absorption edges. The instrument provides access in momentum space out to 2.54 Å(-1) in the surface normal and out to 14.8 Å(-1) in the in-plane direction at 29.4 keV. Owing to its modular design the diffractometer is also suitable for heavy apparatus such as vacuum chambers. The instrument performance is described and examples of X-ray reflectivity studies performed under in situ electrochemical control and on biochemical model systems are given.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Bridget M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthais
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greve
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Runge
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Koops
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elsen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stettner
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Seeck
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Olaf M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Magnussen
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: X-ray diffractometer; X-ray scattering in structure determination; gas–liquid interfaces; liquid–liquid interfaces