title: Maternal supervision of children during their first 3 years of life: the influence of maternal depression and child gender.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the effect of child gender and maternal depressive symptoms on routine supervisory practices of mothers longitudinally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-report supervision practices were obtained at various time points from 3 months through 3 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 3 to 36 months, the quantity of time mothers reported supervising decreased from 7.1 to 6.3 hours, and the proportion of time spent in an intense style decreased from 63 to 46%, whereas that spent in a peripheral style increased from 14 to 32%. Mothers reported more time supervising girls and a greater proportion of this was in an intense style. Mothers with elevated depressive symptoms reported more time supervising but a lower proportion in an intense style.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the first 36 months of life, routine patterns of supervision change and these vary as a function of maternal depression symptoms and child gender. Implications for child injury risk are discussed.
authors.affiliation: MD, MS, James M. Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC 7014, Rm. 2.347 S Building, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA. kieran.phelan@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Kieran J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Morrongiello
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liddy
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lanphear
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: child development; child gender; maternal depression; supervision