title: Estimation of equivalent threshold currents using different pulse widths for the epidural stimulation test in a porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidural stimulation test can help detect if a catheter is correctly positioned in the epidural space. Previous studies showed that a current of up to 16 mA was required to elicit a motor response, but few peripheral nerve stimulators can produce a current this high. Manipulating pulse width can produce a positive response at a lower current. To clarify the effects of pulse width on the epidural stimulation test, we performed a single-blinded study in a porcine model to estimate the equivalent current needed at varying pulse widths.
  
  
  METHODS
  After obtaining local ethics approval, an 18G insulated Tuohy needle was advanced into the epidural space at the lower lumbar spinal level, and a 20G stimulating epidural catheter was advanced 30 cm cephalad. A gradually increasing electrical current was applied, and a motor response was elicited at pulse widths of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 msec. This was followed by a 1-2 cm catheter withdrawal, and the process was repeated for a total of 15 locations per pig.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recorded threshold currents ranged from 0.36-9.5 mA at a pulse width of 0.2 msec. Our results show a linear relationship between threshold current and pulse width.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In situations where different pulse widths are needed, the nomograms presented here may be useful to estimate the equivalent threshold current which is required to elicit a motor response according to previously published criteria for epidural stimulation tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, 8-120 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada, btsui@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Ban C H
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: Jeremy H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: Gareth N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Corry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004824:Epidural Space; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D009339:Needles; D013552:Swine