title: The adjusted effect of maternal body mass index, energy and macronutrient intakes during pregnancy, and gestational weight gain on body composition of full-term neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), energy and macronutrient intakes during pregnancy, and gestational weight gain (GWG) on the body composition of full-term appropriate-for-gestational age neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study of a systematically recruited convenience sample of mother-infant pairs. Food intake during pregnancy was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and its nutritional value by the Food Processor Plus (ESHA Research Inc, Salem, OR). Neonatal body composition was assessed both by anthropometry and air displacement plethysmography. Explanatory models for neonatal body composition were tested by multiple linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 100 mother-infant pairs were included. Prepregnancy overweight was positively associated with offspring weight, weight/length, BMI, and fat-free mass in the whole sample; in males, it was also positively associated with midarm circumference, ponderal index, and fat mass. Higher energy intake from carbohydrate was positively associated with midarm circumference and weight/length in the whole sample. Higher GWG was positively associated with weight, length, and midarm circumference in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive adjusted associations were found between both prepregnancy BMI and energy intake from carbohydrate and offspring body size in the whole sample. Positive adjusted associations were also found between prepregnancy overweight and adiposity in males, and between GWG and body size in females.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Division, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pereira-da-Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabo
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Catarina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Virella
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Camoes
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Lab, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rute
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Division, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Goncalo Cordeiro
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010991:Plethysmography; D011247:Pregnancy; D047929:Term Birth; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins