title: Vitamin D during pregnancy and infancy and infant serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the vitamin D dose necessary to achieve serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration ≥ 20 ng/mL during infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in New Zealand. Pregnant mothers, from 27 weeks' gestation to birth, and then their infants, from birth to age 6 months, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 mother/infant groups: placebo/placebo, vitamin D3 1000/400 IU, or vitamin D3 2000/800 IU. Serum 25(OH)D and calcium concentrations were measured at enrollment, 36 weeks' gestation, in cord blood, and in infants at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-hundred-and-sixty pregnant women were randomized. At enrollment, the proportions with serum 25(OH)D ≥ 20 ng/mL for placebo, lower-dose, and higher-dose groups were 54%, 64%, and 55%, respectively. The proportion with 25(OH)D ≥ 20 ng/mL was larger in both intervention groups at 36 weeks' gestation (50%, 91%, 89%, P < .001). In comparison with placebo, the proportion of infants with 25(OH)D ≥ 20 ng/mL was larger in both intervention groups to age 4 months: cord blood (22%, 72%, 71%, P < .001), 2 months (50%, 82%, 92%, P < .001), and 4 months (66%, 87%, 87%, P = .004), but only in the higher-dose group at age 6 months (74%, 82%, 89%, P = .07; higher dose versus placebo P = .03, lower dose versus placebo P = .21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and then infancy with 1000/400 IU or 2000/800 IU increases the proportion of infants with 25(OH)D ≥ 20 ng/mL, with the higher dose sustaining this increase for longer.
authors.affiliation: MBChB, Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Wellesley St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. cc.grant@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Cameron C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Alistair W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scragg
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rowden
authors.forename: Alec
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekeroma
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crengle
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trenholme
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; infancy; pregnancy; supplementation; vitamin D