title: Spermidine alleviates the growth of saline-stressed ginseng seedlings through antioxidative defense system.
abstract: Protective effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd), activity of antioxygenic enzymes, and levels of free radicals in a well-known medicinal plant, Panax ginseng was examined. Seedlings grown in salinized nutrient solution (150 mM NaCl) for 7d exhibited reduced relative water content, plant growth, increased free radicals, and showing elevated lipid peroxidation. Application of Spd (0.01, 0.1, and 1mM) to the salinized nutrient solution showed increased plant growth by preventing chlorophyll degradation and increasing PA levels, as well as antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, APX, and GPX activity in the seedlings of ginseng. During salinity stress, Spd was effective for lowering the accumulation of putrescine (Put), with a significant increase in the spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) levels in the ginseng seedlings. A decline in the Put level ran parallel to the higher accumulation of proline (Pro), and exogenous Spd also resulted in the alleviation of Pro content under salinity. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2(-)) production rates were also reduced in stressed plants after Spd treatment. Furthermore, the combined effect of Spd and salt led to a significant increase in diamine oxidase (DAO), and subsequent decline in polyamine oxidase (PAO). These positive effects were observed in 0.1 and 1mM Spd concentrations, but a lower concentration (0.01 mM) had a very limited effect. In summary, application of exogenous Spd could enhance salt tolerance of P. ginseng by enhancing the activities of enzyme scavenging system, which influence the intensity of oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 446-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Shohana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parvin
authors.affiliation: Applied Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757 South Korea. Electronic address: mpizlee@jnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ok Ran
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 446-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Gayathri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sathiyaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 446-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Altanzul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khorolragchaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 446-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 446-701, South Korea. Electronic address: dcyang@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Deok-Chun
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D006631:Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing) / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors / Q000378:metabolism; D005894:Panax / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D054712:Salinity; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013095:Spermidine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013096:Spermine / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D000097667:Polyamine Oxidase
chemical_list: D006631:Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing); D000975:Antioxidants; D004798:Enzymes; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors; D011073:Polyamines; D011392:Proline; D013095:Spermidine; D013096:Spermine; D013481:Superoxides; D000097667:Polyamine Oxidase
keywords: (APX); (ASC); (CAT); (Diamine oxidase); (GPX); (GSH); (ODC); (Polyamine oxidase); (Polyamine); (Proline); (Putrescine); (Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction); (SOD); (Spermidine); (Spermine); (reactive oxygen species); Ascorbate peroxidase; Ascorbic acid; Catalase; DAO; Ginseng; Glutathione; Guaiacol peroxidase; PA; PAO; Polyamines; Pro; Proline; Put; ROS; RT-PCR; Salt stress; Spd; Spermidine synthase; Spm; Superoxide dismutase; ornithine decarboxylase