title: Cost minimization analysis of beta-blocker at the time of CT imaging for suspected of coronary heart disease in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a cost-minimization analysis of landiolol for CT diagnosis of coronary heart diseases in patients with tachycardia in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision-tree model was constructed to analyze costs from the healthcare payer's perspective. Drug costs and diagnosis costs, computer tomography coronary angiography (CTCA), and coronary angiography (CAG), are adopted to the model. Landiolol is administered only to slow the heart rate to take CT images appropriately. Since some trials proved that there was no difference between landiolol and placebo in terms of efficacy and safety, this study conducted cost-minimization analysis. Of those suspected of coronary heart diseases, 22.5% are thought to be taking beta-blockers. The success rates for CT scanning for landiolol and placebo, derived from domestic trial data, were 81.4% (96/118, 77.8-84.9%) and 54.2% (64/118, 49.7-58.8%). Patients who failed to take a CT image were thought to take CAG. The healthcare cost was derived from a Japanese fee schedule. Costs of landiolol, CT imaging, and CAG are JPY2634 (USD1 = JPY100, as of November 20, 2013), JPY38,116, and JPY101,322, respectively. The positive rate for CAG, derived from domestic trial data, was 37.1% (33/89, 32.0-42.2%). Various sensitivity analyses, both univariate and probabilistic ones, were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base case analysis, expected costs per patient for landiolol and placebo were JPY78,956 and JPY82,232, respectively. In budget impact analysis, 81,062 patients are eligible for landiolol and it can save JPY266million for whole patients. Sensitivity analyses suggested the robustness of the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study did not consider any adverse effects in the decision-tree model. This model was developed especially for measuring the cost-saving effect of landiolol, through decreasing the number of patients who require CAG, due to imaging failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Landiolol for CTCA diagnosis in patients suspected of coronary heart disease with tachycardia is thought to be cost saving.
authors.affiliation: The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Ataru
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujito
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000191:economics*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003663:Decision Trees; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D009025:Morpholines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000517:prevention & control; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014508:Urea / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D009025:Morpholines; C077049:landiolol; D014508:Urea