title: LPS-induced inflammation in the chicken is associated with CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta-mediated fat mass and obesity associated gene down-regulation in the liver but not hypothalamus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) is widely investigated in humans regarding its important roles in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Studies in mammals demonstrate that FTO is also associated with inflammation markers. However, the association of FTO with inflammation in chickens remains unclear. In this study, male chickens on day 28 posthatching were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline to investigate whether the FTO gene is involved in LPS-induced inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected significant down-regulation of FTO mRNA in the liver (P < 0.01), but not in the hypothalamus, 2 and 24 h after LPS challenge. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 (P < 0.01) and TLR4 (P < 0.01) followed the same pattern as FTO, being suppressed significantly in liver but not in hypothalamus. IL-1β was dramatically up-regulated (P < 0.01) in both liver and hypothalamus 2 h after LPS challenge, while activation of IL-6 was observed in the liver (P < 0.01), but not in hypothalamus. The 5'-flanking sequence of the chicken FTO gene contains nine predicted binding sites for CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP beta) and one for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Significant elevation of C/EBP beta was detected in the liver (P < 0.01), but not in the hypothalamus, 2 h after LPS challenge. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased the C/EBP beta binding to FTO promoter in the liver (P < 0.01 for fragment 1, P < 0.05 for fragment 2), although the protein content of C/EBP beta was not altered. Moreover, injection of LPS resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of liver STAT3, a downstream transcription factor in IL-6 signaling. Although phosphorylated STAT3 was not detected to directly bind to FTO promoter, it was found to interact with C/EBP beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reveal that FTO expression in liver, but not in hypothalamus, is affected by the i.p. injection of LPS, which may be mediated through tissue-specific FTO transcriptional regulation by C/EBP beta and STAT3 interaction.
authors.forename: Yanhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Yingdong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P, R, China. zhao.ruqian@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ruqian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000662:veterinary; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002645:Chickens; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000502:physiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor