title: Metal and proton toxicity to lake zooplankton: a chemical speciation based modelling approach.
abstract: The WHAM-FTOX model quantifies the combined toxic effects of protons and metal cations towards aquatic organisms through the toxicity function (FTOX), a linear combination of the products of organism-bound cation and a toxic potency coefficient for each cation. We describe the application of the model to predict an observable ecological field variable, species richness of pelagic lake crustacean zooplankton, studied with respect to either acidification or the impacts of metals from smelters. The fitted results give toxic potencies increasing in the order H(+) < Al < Cu < Zn < Ni. In general, observed species richness is lower than predicted, but in some instances agreement is close, and is rarely higher than predictions. The model predicts recovery in agreement with observations for three regions, namely Sudbury (Canada), Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic) and a subset of lakes across Norway, but fails to predict observed recovery from acidification in Adirondack lakes (USA).
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. Electronic address: tony@biogeochemistry.org.uk.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stockdale
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tipping
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lofts
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fott
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Sandvikaveien 59, N-2312 Ottestad, Norway.
authors.forename: Oyvind A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Garmo
authors.affiliation: Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hruska
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 5P9, Canada.
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Löfgren
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Maberly
authors.affiliation: Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Majer
authors.affiliation: Darrin Fresh Water Institute and Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nierzwicki-Bauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO 0349 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ann-Kristin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Schartau
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Thackeray
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valois
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre AS CR, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vrba
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO 0349 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walseng
authors.affiliation: York University, Department of Biology, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D003445:Crustacea / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018153:Czech Republic; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009664:Norway; D011522:Protons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015048:Zooplankton / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D011522:Protons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bioavailability; Chemical speciation; Crustacean zooplankton; Lakes; Recovery