title: Speech-Sound Disorders and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the association of speech-sound disorders (SSD) with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by the severity of the SSD and the mode of transmission of SSD within the pedigrees of children with SSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 412 children who were enrolled in a longitudinal family study of SSD. Children were grouped on the basis of the severity of their SSD as determined by their scores on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation and history of an SSD. Five severity groups were compared: no SSD, resolved SSD, mild SSD, mild-moderate SSD, and moderate-severe SSD. Participants were also coded for comorbid language impairment (LI), based on scores on a standardized language test. Pedigrees of children were considered to represent bilineal inheritance of disorders if there was a history for SSD on both the maternal and paternal sides of the family. Parents completed the ADHD rating scale and a developmental questionnaire for each of their children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with moderate-severe SSD had higher ratings on the inattention and hyperactive/impulsivity scales than children with no SSD. Children whose family pedigrees demonstrated bilineal inheritance had higher ratings of inattention than children without bilineal inheritance. To determine the best predictors of ADHD ratings, multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. LI was more predictive of ADHD symptoms than SSD severity, bilineal inheritance of SSD, age, or gender. Findings support that LI rather than SSD is associated with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Short
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Sudha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Iyengar
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freebairn
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tag
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Allison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Avrich
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stein
keywords: ADHD; attention; genetics; language impairment; reading disorder; speech sound disorder