title: Human embryonic stem cell-derived neural crest cells capable of expressing markers of osteochondral or meningeal-choroid plexus differentiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transcriptome and fate potential of three diverse human embryonic stem cell-derived clonal embryonic progenitor cell lines with markers of cephalic neural crest are compared when differentiated in the presence of combinations of TGFβ3, BMP4, SCF and HyStem-C matrices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cell lines E69 and T42 were compared with MEL2, using gene expression microarrays, immunocytochemistry and ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the undifferentiated progenitor state, each line displayed unique markers of cranial neural crest including TFAP2A and CD24; however, none expressed distal HOX genes including HOXA2 or HOXB2, or the mesenchymal stem cell marker CD74. The lines also showed diverse responses when differentiated in the presence of exogenous BMP4, BMP4 and TGFβ3, SCF, and SCF and TGFβ3. The clones E69 and T42 showed a profound capacity for expression of endochondral ossification markers when differentiated in the presence of BMP4 and TGFβ3, choroid plexus markers in the presence of BMP4 alone, and leptomeningeal markers when differentiated in SCF without TGFβ3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clones E69 and T42 may represent a scalable source of primitive cranial neural crest cells useful in the study of cranial embryology, and potentially cell-based therapy.
authors.affiliation: BioTime, Inc., 1301 Harbor Bay, Parkway, Alameda, CA 94502, USA.
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: Jianjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janus
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rinon
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edgar
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shitrit
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larocca
authors.forename: Karen B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Binette
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers