title: Improved accuracy in 3D analysis using DLT after lens distortion correction.
abstract: This study aimed at assessing the applicability of a robust method to determine and correct lens distortion before using the direct linear transformation (DLT) algorithm in three-dimensional motion analysis. The known length of a rigid bar was reconstructed under different conditions of working volume (interpolation or extrapolation), number of cameras (2 or 4), position of the cameras (wide or narrow angle between optical axes), camera focal distance (4 or 8 mm) and number of control points (CPs; 8, 12, 18 or 162), through four different camera set-ups. The accuracy (percent root mean square error) of Set-up 2 (non-extrapolated working volume; two cameras; 4 mm focal distance; narrow optical axes angle) decreased with less CPs (162: 0.73%; 8: 2.78%). Set-up 1 (non-extrapolated working volume; two cameras; 8 mm focal distance; wide optical axes angle), Set-up 3 (Set-ups 1 and 2 used simultaneously) and Set-up 4 (extrapolated working volume; two cameras; 4 mm focal distance; wide optical axes angle) showed minor differences in accuracy across groups of CPs, with maximum values of 0.84%, 1.20% and 1.71%, respectively. Random errors were the main source of decreased accuracy of Set-ups 2 and 4.The proposed procedure enables accurate results with no modification in the DLT-based analysis system, even with smaller calibration frames, less CPs and wide field-of-view cameras.
authors.affiliation: a School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009 , Australia.
authors.forename: Marcel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Amanda P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Silvatti
authors.forename: Fabio A S
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Ricardo M L
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Barros
keywords: DLT; control points; extrapolation; focal distance; lens distortion