title: Pyruvate is superior to reverse visceral hypoperfusion in peritoneal resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pyruvate-containing fluids on peritoneal resuscitation (PR), following intravenous fluid resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock (HS) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred rats following 1-h HS with mean arterial pressure 35 ± 5 mmHg were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10) in each of two comparable sets: group VR: intravenous resuscitation (VR) only and four groups with PR after VR: groups NS, LA, P1, and P2, resuscitated with normal saline, lactated peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS), pyruvated PDS, and 2.2% pyruvate, respectively. The splanchnic blood flow on surfaces of liver, kidney, and intestinal mucosa was detected. Blood samples were taken before HS and at T180 or T360 in these two animal sets after hemorrhage for function tests of liver, kidney, and intestinal mucosa, respectively. The intestinal mucosal barrier protein: zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and tissue water contents of these organs were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Splanchnic blood flow was significantly preserved in all PR groups with hyperosmolar solutions: group P1 and group P2 with pyruvate were more advantageous than group LA. Group P2 was the most efficient among groups in reverse of visceral hypoperfusion. Organ function and tissue water contents of liver, kidney, and intestine and the intestinal barrier ZO-1 density were also improved in group P1 and group P2, compared with group LA. Among organs, the pyruvate protection of intestinal mucosa was the most apparent by reversing splanchnic blood flow and diamine oxidase close to reference ranges with the highest ZO-1 density. Group P2 showed the most pyruvate protection in all test parameters among four groups with PR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peritoneal resuscitation with hyperosmolar fluids attenuated visceral vasoconstriction and splanchnic hypoperfusion and improved the intestinal barrier protein and organ function following conventional fluid resuscitation from severe HS in rats. Pyruvate was superior to lactate in PDS as PR fluids, and 2.2% pyruvate was the optimal fluid in PR.
authors.affiliation: *Laboratory of Shock and Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, the First Hospital Affiliated to the People's Liberation Army General Hospital; †The Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Armed Police General Hospital of People's Liberation Army; and ‡The Department of Medicament and Pharmacology, the First Hospital Affiliated to the People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China; §Fresenius Dialysis Centers at Chicago, Rolling Meadows Facility, Rolling Meadows, Illinois.
authors.forename: Sen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Hong-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Zhi-Long
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Xiao-Qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yan-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Fang-Qiang
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Zhi-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Sheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D015532:Rehydration Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015532:Rehydration Solutions; C569044:Tjp1 protein, rat; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein; D019289:Pyruvic Acid