title: Work/non-workday differences in mother, child, and mother-child morning cortisol in a sample of working mothers and their children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mothers have been shown to have higher morning cortisol on days they go to work compared to non-workdays; however, it is unknown how maternal workday associates with child morning cortisol or the attunement of mother-child morning cortisol.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the presence and stability of morning cortisol levels and slopes (i.e., cortisol awakening response or CAR) in a sample of 2-4year old children in out-of-home child care with working mothers. In addition, we examined the differential contributions of maternal workday on mother-child attunement in morning cortisol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mother and child morning cortisol was sampled twice a day (awakening and 30min later) across four consecutive days (2 non-workdays; 2 workdays) among 47 working mothers and their young children. Mothers also reported on compliance with sampling procedures and provided demographic information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While children exhibited stability in cortisol levels, children's CARs were variable, with children's non-work CARs not predictive of work CARs. Similarly, a significant morning rise in cortisol was only found on workdays, not non-workdays. Overall, mothers had higher cortisol levels and steeper CARs than their children. Further, maternal workday moderated the attunement of mother-child morning cortisol, such that mothers and children had concordant cortisol levels on non-workdays, but discordant cortisol levels on workdays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morning cortisol may be more variable in pre-school aged children than adults but may be similarly responsive to the social environment. Further, workday mornings may be a time of reduced mother-child cortisol attunement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, United States. Electronic address: lchibel@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Leah C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hibel
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, United States.
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Trumbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, United States.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mercado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001683:Biological Clocks; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers; D014931:Women, Working; D016526:Workload
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Attunement; Children; Concordance; Cortisol; Cortisol awakening response; Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis; Mothers; Synchrony