title: Do hormones influence women's sex? Sexual activity over the menstrual cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In mammals, the effects of ovarian steroids influence sexual behavior. In humans, there are a few studies that take into account if ovulation occurs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to investigate if a woman's sexuality changes during the week and over the menstrual cycle, and if so, in what way.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective cohort study; 1,957 heterosexual women were involved over the period January 2004-December 2011. Two subgroups were taken into consideration, women having a partner and singles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sexual interview and the Female Sexual Function Index and Female Sexual Distress Scale questionnaires were used to exclude women with sexual dysfunction. Women with ovulation confirmed by sonography were enrolled. Women were given diary cards on which to report their daily sexual activity. Serum concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, and free androgen index were measured during the follicular, periovular, and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand one hundred eighty women (age range 18-40 years) were included in the analyses. Of them, 925 had a heterosexual relationship and 255 were single. Women with a partner had more sexual activity during the weekend, while the singles had a constant sexual activity over the week. The sexual activity of singles was higher during the ovulatory phase and lower during menses than that of the women with a partner. A linear correlation between sexual activity and androgenic hormonal profile during the menstrual cycle in women with and without a partner was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ovarian steroids modulate a woman's sexual activity. This aspect was more evident in singles than in women having a partner, in which a variety of nonhormonal factors can have a role.
authors.affiliation: Research Group for Sexology, Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agnello
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malandrino
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lo Presti
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cicero
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cianci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000378:metabolism*; D010060:Ovulation / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism; D012747:Sexual Partners; D019529:Sexuality; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: Couple; Female Sexuality; Menstrual Cycle; Ovarian Steroids; Timing of Sexuality; Women's Sexual Activity