title: Lack of secondary microthrombosis after thrombin-induced stroke in mice and non-human primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secondary microthrombosis is a major pathophysiologic mechanism leading to brain damage following transient mechanical vascular occlusion (TMVO), the most widely used experimental stroke model. Whether secondary microthrombosis also occurs in non-TMVO stroke models represents an important issue for clinical translation of antimicrothrombosis therapeutic strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the occurrence and the pathogenic role of secondary microthrombosis in two thrombin-induced stroke models in mice and non-human primates (Macaca mulatta).
  
  
  METHODS
  Stroke was induced in mice and non-human primates by intra-arterial administration of recombinant thrombin. This method induces the formation of a fibrin-rich thrombus, which is spontaneously dissolved in the following hours by the endogenous fibrinolytic system. Perfusion-weighted imaging and fluorescent-lectin microangiography were performed after recanalization to detect secondary microthrombosis. Moreover, to investigate its pathogenic role, thrombin-induced stroke was induced in bradykinin receptor B1 (B1R) knockout mice, which are protected from the thromboinflammation responsible for secondary microthrombosis in TMVO models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reperfusion was stable and complete in all mice and non-human primates tested, revealing no secondary decrease in cerebral blood flow. No evidence of secondary microthrombosis was found in the two models. Accordingly, deficiency in B1R did not protect the mice from brain damage after thrombin-induced stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that secondary microthrombosis does not occur after thrombin-induced stroke. In view of this, the pathophysiologic roles of hematologic players promoting or protecting against secondary microthrombosis (such as factor XII, von Willebrand factor, and T cells) deserve to be re-evaluated in non-TMVO stroke models.
authors.affiliation: Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Inserm, Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gauberti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martinez de Lizarrondo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orset
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vivien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000378:metabolism; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005174:Factor XII / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020521:Stroke / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D013917:Thrombin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D005174:Factor XII; D013917:Thrombin; D001920:Bradykinin
keywords: bradykinin; coagulation; inflammation; ischemia; stroke; thrombosis