title: Degradation and bound-residue formation of nonylphenol in red soil and the effects of ammonium.
abstract: Fate of nonylphenol (NP) in soils and the effects of nitrogen fertilizers are unclear. Using (14)C-tracer, we studied the aerobic and anaerobic degradation of 4-NP111 in a paddy red soil amended without and with ammonium chloride. Under oxic conditions, 4-NP111 had a half-life of 16.1 ± 1.6 days and minor mineralization (3.84 ± 0.02%), forming no extractable metabolite but abundant bound residues (60.9 ± 1.7%, mostly bound to humin) after 49 days of incubation. The ammonium amendment (8 mmol/kg soil) significantly inhibited the degradation (half-life of 68.0 ± 7.7 days), mineralization (2.0 ± 1.1%), and bound-residue formation (23.7 ± 0.2%). Under anoxic conditions, 4-NP111 did not degrade during 49 days of incubation and the ammonium amendment (40 mmol/kg soil) did not affect its persistence. Our results demonstrate that bound-residue formation was a major mechanism for NP dissipation in the red soil under oxic conditions and that chemical nitrogen fertilizer at average field application rate may already considerably increase NP recalcitrance in agricultural soils.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Bingqi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Lianhong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjia Alley 24, 210009 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jianqiu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023 Nanjing, China; Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, 210093 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, 210023 Nanjing, China; Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, 210093 Nanjing, China. Electronic address: ji@nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis; D006207:Half-Life; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D005308:Fertilizers; D010636:Phenols; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C025256:nonylphenol; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Bound residues; Fate; Nitrogen fertilizer; Nonylphenol; Soil