title: Neuropeptide Y receptor gene expression in the primate amygdala predicts anxious temperament and brain metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxious temperament (AT) is identifiable early in life and predicts the later development of anxiety disorders and depression. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a putative endogenous anxiolytic neurotransmitter that adaptively regulates responses to stress and might confer resilience to stress-related psychopathology. With a well-validated nonhuman primate model of AT, we examined expression of the NPY system in the central nucleus (Ce) of the amygdala, a critical neural substrate for extreme anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 24 young rhesus monkeys, we measured Ce messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of all members of the NPY system that are detectable in the Ce with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. We then examined the relationship between these mRNA levels and both AT expression and brain metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y receptor 1 (NPY1R) and NPY5R but not NPY or NPY2R in the Ce predicted elevated AT; mRNA levels for NPY1R and NPY5R in the motor cortex were not related to AT. In situ hybridization analysis provided for the first time a detailed description of NPY1R and NPY5R mRNA distribution in the rhesus amygdala and associated regions. Lastly, mRNA levels for these two receptors in the Ce predicted metabolic activity in several regions that have the capacity to regulate the Ce.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased NPY signaling in the Ce might contribute to the altered metabolic activity that is a component of the neural substrate underlying AT. This suggests that enhancement of NPY signaling might reduce the risk to develop psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. Electronic address: roseboom@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Roseboom
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsins; Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsins.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Maryland Neuroimaging Center and the Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shackman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsins.
authors.forename: Ned H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kalin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D066274:Central Amygdaloid Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017476:Receptors, Neuropeptide Y / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017476:Receptors, Neuropeptide Y; C097212:neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor; C095889:neuropeptide Y2 receptor; C100568:neuropeptide Y5 receptor
keywords: Anxiety; behavioral inhibition; depression; prefrontal cortex; rhesus macaque; stress