title: Point-of-care ultrasound education: the increasing role of simulation and multimedia resources.
abstract: This article reviews the current technology, literature, teaching models, and methods associated with simulation-based point-of-care ultrasound training. Patient simulation appears particularly well suited for learning point-of-care ultrasound, which is a required core competency for emergency medicine and other specialties. Work hour limitations have reduced the opportunities for clinical practice, and simulation enables practicing a skill multiple times before it may be used on patients. Ultrasound simulators can be categorized into 2 groups: low and high fidelity. Low-fidelity simulators are usually static simulators, meaning that they have nonchanging anatomic examples for sonographic practice. Advantages are that the model may be reused over time, and some simulators can be homemade. High-fidelity simulators are usually high-tech and frequently consist of many computer-generated cases of virtual sonographic anatomy that can be scanned with a mock probe. This type of equipment is produced commercially and is more expensive. High-fidelity simulators provide students with an active and safe learning environment and make a reproducible standardized assessment of many different ultrasound cases possible. The advantages and disadvantages of using low- versus high-fidelity simulators are reviewed. An additional concept used in simulation-based ultrasound training is blended learning. Blended learning may include face-to-face or online learning often in combination with a learning management system. Increasingly, with simulation and Web-based learning technologies, tools are now available to medical educators for the standardization of both ultrasound skills training and competency assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, 1111 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10025 USA.
authors.forename: Resa E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lewiss
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Yanick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Phelan
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000379:methods*; D020407:Internet; D008954:Models, Biological; D019212:Multimedia; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education*; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States
keywords: medical education; point-of-care ultrasound; simulation