title: Geometric effects on stress wave propagation.
abstract: The present study, through finite element simulations, shows the geometric effects of a bioinspired solid on pressure and impulse mitigation for an elastic, plastic, and viscoelastic material. Because of the bioinspired geometries, stress wave mitigation became apparent in a nonintuitive manner such that potential real-world applications in human protective gear designs are realizable. In nature, there are several toroidal designs that are employed for mitigating stress waves; examples include the hyoid bone on the back of a woodpecker's jaw that extends around the skull to its nose and a ram's horn. This study evaluates four different geometries with the same length and same initial cross-sectional diameter at the impact location in three-dimensional finite element analyses. The geometries in increasing complexity were the following: (1) a round cylinder, (2) a round cylinder that was tapered to a point, (3) a round cylinder that was spiraled in a two dimensional plane, and (4) a round cylinder that was tapered and spiraled in a two-dimensional plane. The results show that the tapered spiral geometry mitigated the greatest amount of pressure and impulse (approximately 98% mitigation) when compared to the cylinder regardless of material type (elastic, plastic, and viscoelastic) and regardless of input pressure signature. The specimen taper effectively mitigated the stress wave as a result of uniaxial deformational processes and an induced shear that arose from its geometry. Due to the decreasing cross-sectional area arising from the taper, the local uniaxial and shear stresses increased along the specimen length. The spiral induced even greater shear stresses that help mitigate the stress wave and also induced transverse displacements at the tip such that minimal wave reflections occurred. This phenomenon arose although only longitudinal waves were introduced as the initial boundary condition (BC). In nature, when shearing occurs within or between materials (friction), dissipation usually results helping the mitigation of the stress wave and is illustrated in this study with the taper and spiral geometries. The combined taper and spiral optimized stress wave mitigation in terms of the pressure and impulse; thus providing insight into the ram's horn design and woodpecker hyoid designs found in nature.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Trim
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Horstemeyer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prabhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D004735:Energy Transfer / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011312:Pressure; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology; D013016:Sound; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D014732:Vibration; D014783:Viscosity