title: Efficient radiosynthesis of 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine using electrowetting-on-dielectric digital microfluidic chip.
abstract: Access to diverse PET tracers for preclinical and clinical research remains a major obstacle to research in cancer and other disease research. The prohibitive cost and limited availability of tracers could be alleviated by microfluidic radiosynthesis technologies combined with a high-yield microscale radiosynthetic method. In this report, we demonstrate the multistep synthesis of 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) with high yield on an electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) microfluidic radiosynthesizer, previously developed in our group. We have identified and established several parameters that are most critical in the microscale radiosynthesis, such as the reaction time, reagent concentration, and molar ratios, to successfully synthesize (18)F-FLT in this compact platform.
  
  
  METHODS
  (18)F-FLT was synthesized from the 3-N-Boc-1-[5-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-3-O-nosyl-2-deoxy-β-D-lyxofuranosyl] thymine precursor on the EWOD chip starting from the first solvent exchange and (18)F-fluoride ion activation step to the final deprotection step. The fluorination reaction was performed in a mixture of thexyl alcohol and dimethyl sulfoxide. The crude product after deprotection was collected from the chip and purified on a custom-made solid-phase extraction cartridge and subjected to quality control testing. The purified (18)F-FLT was suitable for small-animal PET studies in multiple nude mice xenografted with the A431 carcinoma cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (18)F-FLT was successfully synthesized on the EWOD microdevice coupled with an off-chip solid-phase extraction purification with a decayed-corrected radiochemical yield of 63% ± 5% (n = 5) and passed all of the quality control tests required by the U.S. Pharmacopeia for radiotracers to be injected into humans. We have successfully demonstrated the synthesis of several batches of (18)F-FLT on EWOD, starting with approximately 333 MBq of radioactivity and obtained up to 52 MBq (non-decay-corrected) of (18)F-FLT on cartridge purification. The specific activity of 2 representative preparations of (18)F-FLT synthesized on the EWOD chip were measured to be 1,800 and 2,400 GBq/μmol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EWOD microchip and optimized synthesis method in combination represent an effective platform for synthesizing (18)F-FLT with high yield and of good quality for imaging. This compact platform, with configurable synthesis steps, could potentially form the basis of a stand-alone system that decouples PET probe production from the cyclotron and specialized radiochemistry facilities and increases diversity and flexibility in probe production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Muhammad Rashed
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Javed
authors.forename: Supin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hee-Kwon
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Czernin
authors.forename: Chang-Jin C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Pei Yuin
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Keng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017357:Cyclotrons; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides / Q000737:chemistry*; D058874:Electrowetting / Q000379:methods*; D005461:Fluorine / Q000737:chemistry; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008033:Limulus Test; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D044085:Microfluidics; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011786:Quality Control; D011854:Radiochemistry / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012997:Solvents; D005461:Fluorine; C002854:alovudine
keywords: 18F-FLT; high specific activity; microfluidic chip; radiosynthesis