title: Graveoline isolated from ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens triggers apoptosis and autophagy in skin melanoma cells: a novel apoptosis-independent autophagic signaling pathway.
abstract: Anti-cancer drugs generally kill cancer cells by apoptosis but fail to do so when they become resistant and escape apoptosis signals. But these resistant cells can still be killed by autophagy. Therefore, drugs having both apoptotic and autophagic abilities are solicited in effective cancer management. In search of such a drug, we examined the efficacy of graveoline, a bioactive compound isolated from Ruta graveolens on skin melanoma A375 cells through the use of specific signaling cascades and their inhibitors. Cytotoxicity of graveoline was tested by conducting MTT assay. Induction of autophagy and apoptosis was checked. Expression of related proteins and their localization were studied by conducting immunoblot assay and through confocal microscopy, respectively. We found graveoline-induced Beclin-1 associated autophagy in A375 cells and 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy did not affect apoptosis. Conversely, caspase inhibitor that blocked apoptosis did not affect autophagic cell death, suggesting thereby that these two were independent events. Use of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers inhibited cell death, but blocking autophagy did not affect graveoline-induced ROS generation, suggesting that ROS generation ensued autophagy. Thus, graveoline-induced both apoptotic and autophagic cell death in skin melanoma cells, a desirable quality in effective anti-cancer drug design.
authors.affiliation: Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Samrat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Kausik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bishayee
authors.forename: Anisur Rahman
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Khuda-Bukhsh
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071186:Beclin-1; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008730:Methoxsalen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D032105:Ruta / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms; D000096142:Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C487585:graveoline; C025946:3-methyladenine; D000225:Adenine; D008730:Methoxsalen
keywords: Beclin-1; apoptosis; autophagy; programmed cell death; reactive oxygen species