title: Adiposity measurements by BMI, skinfolds and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in relation to risk markers for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in adult males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Choice of adiposity measure may be important in the evaluation of relationships between adiposity and risk markers for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We explored the strengths of risk marker associations with BMI, a simple measure of adiposity, and with measures provided by skinfold thicknesses and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated in three subgroups of white males (n = 156-349), participating in a health screening program, the strengths of relationship between measures of total and regional adiposity and risk markers relating to blood pressure, lipids and lipoproteins, insulin sensitivity, and subclinical inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of age, smoking, alcohol intake, and exercise, the strongest correlations with adiposity measures were seen with serum triglyceride concentrations and indices of insulin sensitivity, with strengths of association showing little difference between BMI and skinfold and DXA measures of total and percent body fat (R = 0.20-0.46, P < 0.01). Significant but weaker associations with adiposity were seen for serum HDL cholesterol and only relatively inconsistent associations with adiposity for total and LDL cholesterol and indices of subclinical inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMI can account for variation in risk markers in white males as well as more sophisticated measures derived from skinfold thickness measurements or DXA scanning.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Ahmad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hariri
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Desmond G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK ; Wynn Reader in Human Metabolism, Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, G1 Medical School Building, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Ian F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Godsland
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014280:Triglycerides