title: [Short history of mixed states].
abstract: The notion of mixed states is classically associated with descriptions and categories inherited from Kraepelin. However, simultaneous descriptions of depressive and manic manifestations can be traced back to ancient times. Semiology and definitions of these clinical associations have evolved across the times. We provide here a short insight on four distinct periods: Greek authors from ancient times, pre-Kraepelinian psychiatry (18th and 19th centuries), Kraepelin's conceptualization, and contemporary psychiatry (20th and 21st centuries).
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, CHU Sainte- Marguerite, 13274 Marseille Cedex, France; Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives, UMR CNRS 6155 & Aix- Marseille Université, Fédération 3C, Marseille, France. Electronic address: michel.cermolacce@ap-hm.fr.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cermolacce
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, CHU Sainte- Marguerite, 13274 Marseille Cedex, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Belzeaux
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, CHU Sainte- Marguerite, 13274 Marseille Cedex, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Corréard
authors.affiliation: Pôle de psychiatrie centre, hôpital de La Conception, boulevard Baille, 13006 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dassa
authors.affiliation: Pôle de psychiatrie centre, hôpital de La Conception, boulevard Baille, 13006 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, CHU Sainte- Marguerite, 13274 Marseille Cedex, France.
authors.forename: J-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Micoulaud-Franchi
authors.affiliation: Clinique de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale, CHU Pasteur, 06002 Nice Cedex, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pringuey
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, CHU Sainte- Marguerite, 13274 Marseille Cedex, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fakra
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, CHU Sainte- Marguerite, 13274 Marseille Cedex, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maurel
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, CHU Sainte- Marguerite, 13274 Marseille Cedex, France.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Azorin
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000266:history*; D005858:Germany; D006115:Greece; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000266:history*
keywords: Bipolar disorders; Kraepelin; Mania; Manie; Melancholia; Mixed states; Mélancolie; Trouble affectif bipolaire; États mixtes