title: Estimation of vitamin K intake in Koreans and determination of the primary vitamin K-containing food sources based on the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2011).
abstract: There is little information on dietary vitamin K intake and nutritional status of daily requirements of vitamin K in Korea. The objective of this study was to investigate the vitamin K intake and major food sources of Vitamin K in Koreans. The survey data from the 2010-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 7,792 subjects (aged 19-64 years) were examined. Total vitamin K intake was calculated from 24-hour dietary recall using a vitamin K food database, Computer Aided Nutritional analysis Program and the United States Department of Agriculture database. The geometric mean of vitamin K was estimated as 322.40 ± 6.33 ug/day for men and 271.20 ± 4.92 ug/day for women. Daily vitamin K intake increased significantly with age (p for trend < 0.001). The main food source of vitamin K was vegetables (72.84%), including cabbage kimchi (19.26%), spinach (17.38%), sesame leaves (7.11%), radish leaves (6.65%), spring onions (6.28%), and laver (4.82%), followed by seaweed, seasonings, and fat and oils. We observed that the vitamin K intake of Koreans was relatively higher than that reported by other studies in Western countries and differed depending on age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Soo
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Sung
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Ri
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Cheong-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sohn
keywords: Dietary Reference Intakes For Koreans; Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Phylloquinone; vitamin K intake