title: Hizikia fusiformis fractions successfully improve atopic dermatitis indices in anti-CD3-stimulated splenocytes and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-treated BALB/c mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we aimed to examine whether fractions from an edible sea weed, Hizikia fusiformis, had immunomodulatory effects, particularly an anti-atopic effect, by attenuating the expression of T cell-dependent cytokines using in-vitro and in-vivo animal atopic dermatitis-like models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-atopic activities were examined in in vitro, and a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis-like mouse model using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic-mobility shift and histopathological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the final fraction (F2') of H. fusiformis contained a higher amount of butanoic acid which was not found in the other fractions, and effectively inhibited T cell activation by inhibiting dephosphorylation of nuclear factor of activated T cells in electrophoretic-mobility shift assay. As a consequence, helper T cell-dependent cytokines, such as interleukin-2, -4 and interferon-γ, were significantly inhibited while activated with an anti-CD3 antibody. We also showed that skin challenged with DNCB successfully recovered when treated with 2.5 mg/kg, comparable to that by 0.25% prednicarbate. These results indicate that F2' may contribute to inhibit T cell activation by eliminating Th cell-dependent cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, we concluded that F2' containing butanoic acid may be a new functional anti-atopic candidate, which probably acts through nuclear factor of activated T cell inactivation mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hee Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hae Bok
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seung Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Ri
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Da Woom
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Jung Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Su Kil
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Sang Moo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Do-Ik
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seong Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Joo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004137:Dinitrochlorobenzene; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D017252:CD3 Complex; D016207:Cytokines; D004137:Dinitrochlorobenzene; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020148:Butyric Acid
keywords: 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene; Hizikia fusiformis; atopic dermatitis; butanoic acid; helper T cell