title: Influenza and congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does first trimester maternal influenza infection increase the risk of non-chromosomal congenital anomalies (CA)?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First trimester maternal influenza exposure is associated with raised risk of a number of non-chromosomal CA, including neural tube defects, hydrocephaly, congenital heart defects, cleft lip, digestive system defects and limb reduction defects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hyperthermia is a well-established risk factor for neural tube defects. Previous studies suggest influenza may be a risk factor not only for neural tube defects, but also other CA. No systematic review has previously been undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis. A search of EMBASE and PUBMED was performed for English and Dutch studies published up to July 2013. A total of 33 studies (15 case-control, 10 cohort and 8 ecological) were included in the systematic review of which 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 29 542 babies with congenital anomaly (1112 exposed) from case-control studies and 1608 exposed pregnancies resulting in 56 babies with congenital anomaly from cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis. Maternal influenza exposure was defined as any reported influenza, influenza-like illness or fever with flu, with or without serological or clinical confirmation during the first trimester of pregnancy. Data for 24 (sub)groups with congenital anomaly available from ≥3 studies were analysed using the DerSimonian-Laird random effects model. The hypothesis of publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and risk of bias of included studies was assessed using a slightly modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First trimester maternal influenza exposure was associated with an increased risk of any congenital anomaly [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.00, 95% CI: 1.62-2.48], neural tube defects [odds ratio (OR) 3.33, 2.05-5.40], hydrocephaly (5.74, 1.10-30.00), congenital heart defects (1.56, 1.13-2.14), aortic valve atresia/stenosis (AOR 2.59, 1.21-5.54), ventricular septal defect (AOR 1.59, 1.24-2.14), cleft lip (3.12, 2.20-4.42), digestive system (1.72, 1.09-2.68) and limb reduction defects (2.03, 1.27-3.27). An increased risk for cleft lip (but not for cleft palate) was also reported by ecological studies not included in the meta-analysis. Study outcomes reported for 27 subgroups of congenital anomaly could not be included in the meta-analysis. Visual inspection of funnel plots did not suggest evidence for publication bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study enrolled observational studies that can be subject to limitations such as confounding, retrospective maternal exposure reports and non-response of intended participants. Influenza exposed pregnancies can also have been exposed to influenza related medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevention of influenza in pregnant women may reduce congenital anomaly risk, and would be relevant to more than just neural tube defects. More research is needed to determine whether influenza and/or its related medication is teratogenic, to determine the role of hyperthermia in teratogenicity and the role of other environmental factors such as nutritional status in determining susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nursing Research/School of Nursing, University of Ulster, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Luteijn
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dolk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: congenital anomalies; influenza; meta-analysis; observational studies; public health