title: Inter-trial coherence as a marker of cortical phase synchrony in children with sensorineural hearing loss and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder fitted with hearing aids and cochlear implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although brainstem dys-synchrony is a hallmark of children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD), little is known about how the lack of neural synchrony manifests at more central levels. We used time-frequency single-trial EEG analyses (i.e., inter-trial coherence; ITC), to examine cortical phase synchrony in children with normal hearing (NH), sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and ANSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single trial time-frequency analyses were performed on cortical auditory evoked responses from 41 NH children, 91 children with ANSD and 50 children with SNHL. The latter two groups included children who received intervention via hearing aids and cochlear implants. ITC measures were compared between groups as a function of hearing loss, intervention type, and cortical maturational status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children with SNHL, ITC decreased as severity of hearing loss increased. Children with ANSD revealed lower levels of ITC relative to children with NH or SNHL, regardless of intervention. Children with ANSD who received cochlear implants showed significant improvements in ITC with increasing experience with their implants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cortical phase coherence is significantly reduced as a result of both severe-to-profound SNHL and ANSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ITC provides a window into the brain oscillations underlying the averaged cortical auditory evoked response. Our results provide a first description of deficits in cortical phase synchrony in children with SNHL and ANSD.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado at Boulder, Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nash-Kille
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado at Boulder, Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, USA. Electronic address: anu.sharma@colorado.edu.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003344:Cortical Synchronization; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D005260:Female; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006313:Hearing Loss, Central / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D046709:Pattern Recognition, Physiological; D011930:Reaction Time; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: (ANSD); Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder; Cochlear implant; Cortical auditory evoked potentials; Cortical maturation; Cortical phase synchrony; Development; Hearing aid; Inter-trial coherence; P1 CAEP; Sensorineural hearing loss