title: The Bionanoprobe: hard X-ray fluorescence nanoprobe with cryogenic capabilities.
abstract: Hard X-ray fluorescence microscopy is one of the most sensitive techniques for performing trace elemental analysis of biological samples such as whole cells and tissues. Conventional sample preparation methods usually involve dehydration, which removes cellular water and may consequently cause structural collapse, or invasive processes such as embedding. Radiation-induced artifacts may also become an issue, particularly as the spatial resolution increases beyond the sub-micrometer scale. To allow imaging under hydrated conditions, close to the `natural state', as well as to reduce structural radiation damage, the Bionanoprobe (BNP) has been developed, a hard X-ray fluorescence nanoprobe with cryogenic sample environment and cryo transfer capabilities, dedicated to studying trace elements in frozen-hydrated biological systems. The BNP is installed at an undulator beamline at sector 21 of the Advanced Photon Source. It provides a spatial resolution of 30 nm for two-dimensional fluorescence imaging. In this first demonstration the instrument design and motion control principles are described, the instrument performance is quantified, and the first results obtained with the BNP on frozen-hydrated whole cells are reported.
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flachenecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.affiliation: Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hornberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maser
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roehrig
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paunesku
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gleber
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vine
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finney
authors.affiliation: Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: VonOsinski
authors.affiliation: Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bolbat
authors.affiliation: Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spink
authors.affiliation: Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trapp
authors.affiliation: Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.affiliation: Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feser
authors.affiliation: Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brister
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Woloschak
authors.affiliation: X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogt
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005615:Freezing; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes
keywords: Bionanoprobe; cryogenic capabilities; hard X-ray fluorescence microscopy