title: Chronic pain coping styles in patients with herniated lumbar discs and coexisting spondylotic changes treated surgically: Considering clinical pain characteristics, degenerative changes, disability, mood disturbances, and beliefs about pain control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain catastrophizing, appraisals of pain control, styles of coping, and social support have been suggested to affect functioning in patients with low back pain. We investigated the relation of chronic pain coping strategies to psychological variables and clinical data, in patients treated surgically due to lumbar disc herniation and coexisting spondylotic changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The average age of study participants (n=90) was 43.47 years (SD 10.21). Patients completed the Polish versions of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-42 (PL-CPCI-42), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-PL), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ-PL), Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire (BPCQ-PL), and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMQ-PL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the PL-CPCI-42 results, resting, guarding and coping self-statements were frequently used as coping strategies (3.96 SD 1.97; 3.72 SD 1.72; 3.47 SD 2.02, respectively). In the CSQ-PL domains, catastrophizing and praying/hoping were frequently used as coping strategies (3.62 SD 1.19). The mean score obtained from the BDI-PL was 11.86 SD 7.23, and 12.70 SD 5.49 from the RMDQ-PL. BPCQ-PL results indicate that the highest score was in the subscale measuring beliefs that powerful others can control pain (4.36 SD 0.97). Exercise correlated significantly with beliefs about internal control of pain (rs=0.22). We identified associations between radiating pain and guarding (p=0.038) and between sports recreation and guarding (p=0.013) and task persistence (p=0.041).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Back pain characteristics, depressive mood, disability, and beliefs about personal control of pain are related to chronic LBP coping styles. Most of the variables related to advancement of degenerative changes were not associated with coping efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Sciences, Higher School of Safety in Poznań, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Misterska
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Głowacki
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000523:psychology*; D011044:Poland; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires