title: Modulating mind-wandering in dysphoria.
abstract: Depression is associated with significant difficulty staying "in the moment" as the mind tends to wander away from current activity to focus instead on personal concerns. Mind-wandering (MW) may in some instances be a precursor for depressive rumination, a thinking style believed to confer vulnerability to the likelihood and extent of depression. Thus, MW may be not only a consequence but also a cause of low mood. Identifying a paradigm that could modulate MW, particularly in depressed individuals, would allow future studies to test whether elevated rates of MW causally drive cognitive-affective features of depression, such as rumination and anhedonia. This study therefore explored the feasibility of using an existing task manipulation to modulate behavioral and self-report indices of MW in participants with varying levels of self-reported dysphoria. Participants completed two go/no-go tasks-the SART and a high target probability task-and measures of state and trait MW. The two tasks were identical in all respects apart from the lower probability of no-go targets on the SART, a feature considered to encourage mindless, or inattentive, responding. Across participants, errors of commission (a behavioral indicator of MW) were elevated on the SART relative to the high probability task, a pattern that was particularly pronounced in dysphoric participants. Dysphoric individuals furthermore reported elevated levels of MW, though the modulation of these subjective reports by task was present to a similar rather than greater extent in the dysphoric individuals. These findings provide encouraging preliminary support for the use of this paradigm as one that modulates MW in depressed individuals. The implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Fionnuala
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Kirsty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Macpherson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Trisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jeyabalasingham
authors.affiliation: MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manly
authors.affiliation: MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Barnaby
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dunn
keywords: cognition; depression; mind-wandering; mood; rumination; sustained attention