title: Aggression and Rule-breaking: Heritability and stability of antisocial behavior problems in childhood and adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This twin study examined the structure of genetic and environmental influences on aggression and rule-breaking in order to examine change and stability across the span of childhood to mid-adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioral assessments were conducted at two time points: age 9-10 years and 14-15 years. Using behavioral genetics biometric modeling, the longitudinal structure of influences was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aggression and rule-breaking were found to be influenced by a latent common factor of antisocial behavior (ASB) within each wave of data collection. The childhood-age common factor of ASB was influenced by 41% genetics, 40% shared environment and 19% nonshared environment. In adolescence, 41% of influences on the common factor were novel and entirely genetic, while the remainder of influences were stable across time. Additionally, both aggression and rule-breaking within each wave were found to have unique influences not common across subscales or across waves, highlighting specificity of influences on different problem behaviors at both ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research sheds light on the commonality of influences on etiology of different forms of antisocial behavior, and suggests future directions for research into intervention for antisocial behavior problems in youth, such as investigation of adolescence-specific environmental influences on the development of antisocial behavior problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niv
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tuvblad
authors.affiliation: Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Baker