title: An amplitude-modulated visual stimulation for reducing eye fatigue in SSVEP-based brain-computer interfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A high-frequency steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) has been suggested for the reduction of eye fatigue for SSVEP-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, the poor performance of high-frequency SSVEP requires a novel stimulus of better performance even with low eye fatigue. As an alternative to the high-frequency SSVEP, we explore the SSVEP response to an amplitude-modulated stimulus (AM-SSVEP) to verify its availability for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  An amplitude-modulated stimulus was generated as the product of two sine waves at a carrier frequency (fc) and a modulating frequency (fm). The carrier frequency was higher than 40 Hz to reduce eye fatigue, and the modulating frequency ranged around the α-band (9-12 Hz) to utilize low-frequency harmonic information. Four targets were used in combinations of three different modulating frequencies and two different carrier frequencies in the offline experiment, and two additional targets were added with one additional modulating and one carrier frequency in online experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the AM-SSVEP spectra, seven harmonic components were identified at 2fc, 2fm, fc±fm, fc±3fm, and 2fc-4fm. Using an optimized combination of the harmonic frequencies, online experiments demonstrated that the accuracy of the AM-SSVEP was equivalent to that of the low-frequency SSVEP. Furthermore, subject evaluation indicated that an AM stimulus caused lower eye fatigue and less sensing of flickering than a low-frequency stimulus, in a manner similar to a high-frequency stimulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The actual stimulus frequencies of AM-SSVEPs are in the high-frequency band, resulting in reduced eye fatigue. Furthermore, AM-SSVEPs can utilize both fundamental stimulus frequencies and non-integer harmonic frequencies including low frequencies for SSVEP recognition. The feasibility of AM-SSVEP with high BCI performance and low eye fatigue was confirmed through offline and online experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AM-SSVEPs combine the advantages of both low- and high-frequency SSVEPs--high power and low eye fatigue, respectively. AM-SSVEP-based BCI systems exploit these advantages, making them promising for application in practical BCI systems.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min Hye
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: DMC R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: pks@bmsil.snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kwang Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amplitude-modulated stimulus; Brain–computer interface (BCI); Electroencephalogram (EEG); Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)