title: Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for direct identification of pure cultures of Aspergillus flavus, A. nomius, and A. caelatus and for their rapid detection in shelled Brazil nuts.
abstract: Brazil nuts have a high nutritional content and are a very important trade commodity for some Latin American countries. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic fungal secondary metabolites. In Brazil nuts they are produced predominantly by Aspergillus (A.) nomius and A. flavus. In the present study we applied and evaluated two sets of primers previously published for the specific detection of the two species using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology. Moreover, a primer set specific for A. caelatus as a frequently occurring non-aflatoxigenic member of Aspergillus section Flavi in Brazil nuts was newly developed. LAMP assays were combined with a simplified DNA release method and used for rapid identification of pure cultures and rapid detection of A. nomius and A. flavus from samples of shelled Brazil nuts. An analysis of pure cultures of 68 isolates representing the major Aspergillus species occurring on Brazil nuts showed that the three LAMP assays had individual accuracies of 61.5%, 84.4%, and 93.3% for A. flavus, A. nomius, and A. caelatus, respectively when morphological identification was used as a reference. The detection limits for conidia added directly to the individual LAMP reactions were found to be 10⁵ conidia per reaction with the primer set ID9 for A. nomius and 10⁴ conidia per reaction with the primer set ID58 for A. flavus. Sensitivity was increased to 10¹ and 10² conidia per reaction for A. nomius and A. flavus, respectively, when sample preparation included a spore disruption step. The results of LAMP assays obtained during the analysis of 32 Brazil nut samples from different regions of Brazil and from different steps in the production process of the commodity were compared with results obtained from mycological analysis and aflatoxin analysis of corresponding samples. Compared with mycological analysis of the samples, the Negative Predictive Values of LAMP assays were 42.1% and 12.5% while the Positive Predictive Values were 61.5% and 66.7% for A. nomius and A. flavus, respectively. When LAMP results were compared with the presence of aflatoxins in corresponding samples, the Negative Predictive Values were 22.2% and 44.4% and the Positive Predictive Values were 52.2% and 78.3% for aflatoxins produced by A. nomius and A. flavus, respectively. The LAMP assays described in this study have been demonstrated to be a specific, sensitive and easy to use tool for the survey of Brazil nuts for contaminations with potential aflatoxin-producing A. nomius and A. flavus in low tech environments where resources may be limited.
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Taniwaki
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, C.P. 139, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Iamanaka
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudi F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany. Electronic address: niessen@wzw.tum.de.
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niessen
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000235:genetics; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D031383:Bertholletia / Q000382:microbiology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods*; D059022:Food Safety / Q000379:methods*; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D017931:DNA Primers
keywords: A. caelatus; A. flavus; A. nomius; Brazil nut; Loop-mediated isothermal amplification; Rapid detection