title: An incidence model of the cost of advanced prostate cancer in Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cancer diagnosed among men. In Spain the incidence of PCa was 70.75 cases per 100,000 males. Advanced PCa has spread outside of the prostate capsule and may involve other parts of the body. The aim of this study was to estimate the lifetime costs of a cohort of advanced PCa patients diagnosed in Spain in 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  A partitioned economic model was developed in EXCEL incorporating Spanish incidence, mortality, and cost data supplemented with data from the international literature. Progression from Stage III to Stage IV was permitted. Costs were discounted at the standard rate of 3%. Lifetime costs were presented on an individual basis and for the entire cohort of newly diagnosed Stage III and Stage IV PCa patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime costs for advanced PCa were ∼€19,961 per patient (mean survival of 8.4 years). Using the projected incident cases for 2012 (3047), the total cost for the incident cohort of patients in 2012 would amount to €61 million. These results were more sensitive to changes in the ongoing costs (post-initial 12 months) of Stage III PCa, the rate of progression from Stage III to Stage IV, and the discount rate applied to costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides an estimate of the lifetime costs of advanced PCa in Spain and a framework for further research. The study is limited by the availability of long-term Spanish data and the need to make inferences from international studies. However, until long-term prospective or observational data do become available in Spain, based on the assumptions, the current results indicate that the burden of advanced PCa in Spain is substantial. Any treatments that could potentially reduce the economic burden of the disease should be of interest to healthcare decision makers.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics, EcoStat Consulting UK Ltd , Norfolk , UK.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazir
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baskin-Bey
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D018426:SEER Program; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis