title: Impingement is not impingement: the case for calling it "Rotator Cuff Disease".
abstract: Historically, many causes have been proposed for rotator cuff conditions. The most prevalent theory is that the rotator cuff tendons, especially the supraspinatus, make contact with the acromion and coracoacromial ligament, resulting in pain and eventual tearing of the tendon. However, more recent evidence suggests that this concept does not explain the changes in rotator cuff tendons with age. The role of acromioplasty and coracoacromial ligament release in the treatment of rotator cuff disease has become questioned. Evidence now suggests that tendinopathy associated with aging may be a predominant factor in the development of rotator cuff degeneration. We propose that the overwhelming evidence favors factors other than "impingement" as the major cause of rotator cuff disease and that a paradigm shift in the way the development of rotator cuff pathology is conceptualized allows for a more comprehensive approach to the care of the patient with rotator cuff disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA.
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Salerno School of Medicine and Surgery, Salerno, Italy. Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Buono
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Institute, University of South Wales, The St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: George A C
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Murrell
authors.affiliation: Division of Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garzon-Muvdi
authors.affiliation: Division of Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA.
authors.forename: Steve A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Petersen
keywords: acromioplasty; impingement; rotator cuff; shoulder; tendinopathy surgery; treatment