title: Intensive care survivors' experiences of ward-based care: Meleis' theory of nursing transitions and role development among critical care outreach services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the psychosocial needs of patients discharged from intensive care, the extent to which they are captured using existing theory on transitions in care and the potential role development of critical care outreach, follow-up and liaison services.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Intensive care patients are at an increased risk of adverse events, deterioration or death following ward transfer. Nurse-led critical care outreach, follow-up or liaison services have been adopted internationally to prevent these potentially avoidable sequelae. The need to provide patients with psychosocial support during the transition to ward-based care has also been identified, but the evidence base for role development is currently limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty participants were invited to discuss their experiences of ward-based care as part of a broader study on recovery following prolonged critical illness. Psychosocial distress was a prominent feature of their accounts, prompting secondary data analysis using Meleis et al.'s mid-range theory on experiencing transitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants described a sense of disconnection in relation to profound debilitation and dependency and were often distressed by a perceived lack of understanding, indifference or insensitivity among ward staff to their basic care needs. Negotiating the transition between dependence and independence was identified as a significant source of distress following ward transfer. Participants varied in the extent to which they were able to express their needs and negotiate recovery within professionally mediated boundaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide new insights into the putative origins of the psychosocial distress that patients experience following ward transfer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meleis et al.'s work has resonance in terms of explicating intensive care patients' experiences of psychosocial distress throughout the transition to general ward-based care, such that the future role development of critical care outreach, follow-up and liaison services may be more theoretically informed.
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh/NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: Guro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huby
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009742:Nursing Theory; D017741:Survivors
keywords: critical care outreach; intensive care; patient-centred care; qualitative descriptive; research in practice; transitional care