title: Effect of facemasks on empathy and relational continuity: a randomised controlled trial in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited evidence to support the use of facemasks in preventing infection for primary care professionals. Negative effects on communication has been suggested when the physician wears a facemask. As communication skills and doctor patient relationship are essential to primary care consultations, the effects of doctor's facemask wearing were explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised controlled study was conducted in primary care to explore the effects of doctors wearing facemasks on patients' perception of doctors' empathy, patient enablement and patient satisfaction. Primary care doctors were randomized to mask wearing and non mask wearing clinical consultations in public primary care clinics in Hong Kong. Patients' views were gathered using the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure, Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) and an overall satisfaction rating scale. The effects of face mask wearing were investigated using multilevel (hierarchical) modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1,030 patients were randomised to doctor-mask wearing consultations (n = 514) and non mask wearing consultations (n = 516). A significant and negative effect was found in the patients' perception of the doctors' empathy (CARE score reduction -0.98, p-value = 0.04). In the more established doctor-patient relationship, the effect of doctors' mask wearing was more pronounced (CARE score reduction -5.67, p-value = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that when doctors wearing a facemask during consultations, this has a significant negative impact on the patient's perceived empathy and diminish the positive effects of relational continuity. Consideration should be taken in planning appropriate use of facemasks in infectious disease policy for primary care and other healthcare professionals at a national, local or practice level.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This trial was registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR). Registration no.: ChiCTR-TTRCC-12002519. URL: http://www.chictr.org/en/proj/show.aspx?proj=3486. Due to administrative error, registration of trial did not take place until after the trial started on 1st August 2011 and registration number was released on 21st September 2012.
authors.forename: Carmen Ka Man
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F, School of Public Health building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR. benyip@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Benjamin Hon Kei
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Kenny
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Martin Chi-Sang
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Josette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chor
authors.forename: Samuel Yeung-shan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003142:Communication; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000295:instrumentation; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires