title: Nationwide inventory of risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the incidence and risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, approximating population-based study that included infants with gestational age (GA) <32 weeks and/or birth weight (BW) <1500 g born in 2009. Pediatricians and ophthalmologists of all hospitals involved in care for premature infants reported data that were matched with the national perinatal database for risk factor analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1380 infants, median GA 29.8 weeks (IQR 28.1-31.1) and median BW 1260 g (IQR 1020-1500), ROP developed in 21.9%. Logistic regression identified GA and BW as risk factors for ROP (P < .001). After adjustment for GA and BW, additional risk factors were inhaled nitric oxide (iNO; OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.2, P = .03), stay at a neonatal intensive care unit >28 days (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.6, P = .03), and artificial ventilation >7 days (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.5, P = .02). Prenatal glucocorticoids (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.8, P < .001) and female sex (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.99, P = .04) showed a lesser incidence of ROP. iNO remained significant after correction for all significant factors (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.2, P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to established risk factors (GA, BW, stay at a neonatal intensive care unit >28 days, and artificial ventilation >7 days), treatment with iNO as risk factor for ROP is a novel finding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.j.van_sorge@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Arlette J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Sorge
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital-University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacqueline U M
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Termote
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Kerkhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laurentius J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Rijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sophia Children's Hospital-Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Huibert J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Simonsz
authors.affiliation: Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petronella G M
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Peer
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicoline E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Schalij-Delfos
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D001724:Birth Weight; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide