title: Impacts of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on marine organisms.
abstract: Increasing use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles [Me(O)NPs] in products means many will inevitably find their way into marine systems. Their likely fate here is sedimentation following hetero-aggregation with natural organic matter and/or free anions, putting benthic, sediment-dwelling and filter feeding organisms most at risk. In marine systems, Me(O)NPs can absorb to micro-organisms with potential for trophic transfer following consumption. Filter feeders, especially bivalves, accumulate Me(O)NPs through trapping them in mucus prior to ingestion. Benthic in-fauna may directly ingest sedimented Me(O)NPs. In fish, uptake is principally via the gut following drinking, whilst Me(O)NPs caught in gill mucus may affect respiratory processes and ion transport. Currently, environmentally-realistic Me(O)NP concentrations are unlikely to cause significant adverse acute health problems, however sub-lethal effects e.g. oxidative stresses have been noted in many organisms, often deriving from dissolution of Ag, Cu or Zn ions, and this could result in chronic health impacts.
authors.affiliation: Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom. Electronic address: ajb265@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tony J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.affiliation: Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tamara S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000378:metabolism*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000502:physiology; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Aggregation; Biofilm; Manufactured nanoparticle; Marine invertebrate; Trophic transfer