title: Effects of milk replacer feeding strategies on performance, ruminal development, and metabolism of dairy calves.
abstract: Performance, rumen development, and metabolism of male Holstein calves (n=54) were evaluated according to 1 of 3 liquid feeding strategies: 4 L of milk replacer (MR)/d until 60 d old (4 L-60 d), 6L of MR/d until 29 d old and 4 L/d from 30 to 60 d (6L-29 d/4 L-60 d), or 6L of MR/day until 60 d old (60 d-6L). Water and starter were provided ad libitum. Intakes of MR and starter were monitored daily and body weight (BW) weekly. Blood samples for glucose and insulin concentrations and ruminal content samples for volatile fatty acids and ruminal ammonia concentrations were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 d of age. Six calves on each treatment were euthanized at 30, 60, and 90 d of age. Empty weights of forestomach and abomasum, papillae length, and mitotic index were measured. Average MR intake/d (expressed as a percent of BW) was greater for calves receiving 6L/d than for those receiving 4 L/d until 30 d of age. Calves on the 6 L-29 d/4 L-60 d had the smallest MR intake from 30 to 60 d old, followed by the 4 L-60 d and 6L-60 d treatments. Starter intake (kg of dry matter/day) did not differ between groups. It increased from 0.065 kg/d in the first month to 0.386 kg/d in the second month, and to 2.065 kg/d after weaning. Weight gain was greater for calves fed more MR in the first month, but no difference was observed during the second month. After weaning, 6L-60 d calves had greater rate of weight gain than others and were heavier at 30, 60, and 90 d of age. Weight of empty forestomachs, ruminal pH, and ammoniac nitrogen concentration were not different among groups. Propionate concentration was lower for 6 L-60 d calves, but acetate and butyrate concentrations were not influenced by MR feeding strategy. Calves fed more MR until d 30 had greater ruminal epithelium mitotic index. The different MR feeding strategies did not influence papillae length or ruminal epithelium thickness. Lesions such as ruminal parakeratosis or hyperkeratosis were not observed. The MR feeding strategy did not affect glucose concentration, but insulin was higher in 6L-60 d calves than in the other groups. Glucose concentration increased with age, whereas insulin decreased until 45 d old, and then started to increase until 90 d. In conclusion, MR feeding strategy did not influence ruminal development. Feeding calves 6 L of MR/d over 60 d resulted in greater rate of weight gain without negative effects on starter intake or forestomach development. The weight advantage that 6L-60 d calves obtained preweaning was maintained until 90 d of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science.
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Silper
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science.
authors.forename: A M Q
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lana
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: A U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science.
authors.forename: A P S
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Franzoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science.
authors.forename: J A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Saturnino
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science. Electronic address: sandra@vet.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Coelho
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002087:Butyrates / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D012417:Rumen / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D014886:Weaning; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D007328:Insulin; D000641:Ammonia
keywords: glucose; growth; preweaning; starter intake