title: Bone metabolism in obese rats programmed by early weaning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity and osteoporosis seem to have a common pathogenesis, especially because bone and adipose tissue have common origins. Since early weaning (EW) decreases adipogenesis and osteogenesis in neonate, further programming for obesity and hyperleptinemia, we hypothesized that these changes in adipogenesis could affect bone metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lactating rats were separated into 3 groups: control - dams whose pups ate milk throughout lactation; mechanical EW (MEW) - dams were involved with a bandage interrupting suckling in the last 3days of lactation; pharmacological EW (PEW) - dams were bromocriptine-treated (0.5mg/twice a day via intraperitoneal injection) 3days before weaning. The adult offspring was subjected to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone tissue was also evaluated by computed tomography, microcomputed tomography and biomechanical tests, beyond serum analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MEW and PEW presented higher total bone mineral density (BMD), total bone mineral content, spine BMD and bone area in postnatal day 150 (PN150). In PN180, both groups also presented increase of these parameters and higher femur BMD and fourth lumbar vertebra (LV4) BMD, femoral head radiodensity and LV4 vertebral body radiodensity, trabecular number, stiffness and break load; lower trabecular separation, maximal deformation and break deformation, and also hyperleptinemia and higher visceral fat mass and 25-hydroxivitamin D, whereas parathyroid hormone was unchanged. Serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen was lower for both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since both models program for obesity and increased bone mass, and leptin increases plasma vitamin D levels, probably leptin is the link between obesity and higher bone mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lígia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Albuquerque Maia
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia Cristina
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lisboa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: da Silva Lima
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, COPPE-PEN, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil.
authors.forename: Inaya Correa Barbosa
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, COPPE-PEN, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo Tadeu
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro Dias Gonçalves
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Ruffoni
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: Keico Okino
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-030, Brazil. Electronic address: egbertomoura@globo.com.
authors.forename: Egberto Gaspar
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Moura
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Bone tissue; Leptin; Obesity; Vitamin D