title: Painful temporomandibular disorders, self reported tinnitus, and depression are highly associated.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the association among painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD), self reported tinnitus, and levels of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 224 individuals with ages ranges from 18 to 76 years. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis I were used to classify TMD and Axis II were used for self reported tinnitus, and to score the levels of depression. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of painful TMD without tinnitus was significantly associated with moderate/severe levels of depression (OR=9.3, 95%; CI: 3.44-25.11). The concomitant presence of painful TMD and tinnitus self-report increased the magnitude of the association with moderate/severe levels of depression (OR=16.3, 95%; CI, 6.58-40.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Painful temporomandibular disorders, high levels of depression, and self reported tinnitus are deeply associated. However, this association does not imply a causal relationship.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Brazil, AraraquaraSP.
authors.forename: Giovana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Brazil, AraraquaraSP.
authors.forename: Daniela Aparecida de Godoi
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Brazil, São PauloSP.
authors.forename: José Tadeu Tesseroli de
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: de Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Brazil, AraraquaraSP.
authors.forename: Cinara Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Camparis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult