title: Influence of treatment including second molars on final and postretention molar angulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate axial mesiodistal inclinations of the mandibular molars in orthodontically treated cases, analyzing whether inclusion of second mandibular molars in treatment mechanics has any influence on final and postretention molars angulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 150 panoramic radiographs of 50 patients. Patients were treated with extraction of four first premolars and divided into 2 groups: Group 1 comprised 25 subjects without inclusion of mandibular second molars during orthodontic treatment, whereas Group 2 comprised 25 subjects with inclusion of mandibular second molars. Panoramic radiographs at three observation times were evaluated: pretreatment, posttreatment and postretention. The statistical analysis included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for intragroup evaluation and independent t-tests for intergroup comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intragroup analysis demonstrated significant uprighting of mandibular first and second molars during treatment in Group 2, which remained stable during the postretention stage. Intergroup comparison demonstrated that Group 2 presented first and second molars significantly more uprighted in relation to Group 1 in both post-treatment and postretention stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that inclusion of mandibular second molars in the orthodontic mechanics is relevant not only to correct the angulation of these teeth, but also to aid mandibular first molars uprighting.
authors.forename: Luiz Filiphe Gonçalves
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Canuto
authors.forename: Karina Maria Salvatores
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.forename: Marcos Roberto
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.forename: Rodrigo Hermont
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Cançado
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000628:therapy*; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D018704:Orthodontic Retainers; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000379:methods*; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Panoramic X-ray; Tooth angulation; Tooth movement