title: Comparing trends in esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence and lifestyle factors between the United States, Spain, and the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in the western world has been rapidly increasing. The trends in obesity and other lifestyle-associated factors have been hypothesized to be important drivers of this increase. We tested this hypothesis by comparing changes in these factors with changes in EAC incidence over time between three western countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on EAC incidence trends were abstracted from the SEER-9 registry (1975-2009) for the United States, from multiple cancer registries (1980-2004) in Spain, and from Eindhoven Cancer Registry in the Netherlands (1974-2010). In addition, we collected trend data on obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The trend data were analyzed using log-linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1980, the EAC incidence was similar among the three countries ((0.46-0.63) per 100,000). EAC incidence increased in all, with the largest increase observed in the Netherlands, followed by the United States and Spain (estimated annual percentage of change=9.7%, 7.4%, 4.3%, respectively). However, this pattern was not observed in lifestyle factors associated with EAC. With regards to obesity, the United States clearly has had the highest prevalence rates both in the past and in the present. For alcohol, the highest consumption rates are seen in Spain. Smoking showed a reverse trend compared with EAC among all three countries in the last 20 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  International trends in EAC incidence do not match corresponding trends in lifestyle-associated factors including obesity. Our findings suggest that factors other than obesity must be the important drivers for the increase in EAC incidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kroep
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lansdorp-Vogelaar
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Eindhoven Cancer Registry, Department of Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: V E P P
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: van Heijningen
authors.affiliation: 1] Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain [2] CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aragonés
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Ballegooijen
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Inadomi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology