title: Innate immune memory: implications for development of pediatric immunomodulatory agents and adjuvanted vaccines.
abstract: Unique features of immunity early in life include a distinct immune system particularly reliant on innate immunity, with weak T helper (Th)1-polarizing immune responses, and impaired responses to certain vaccines leading to a heightened susceptibility to infection. To these important aspects, we now add an increasingly appreciated concept that the innate immune system displays epigenetic memory of an earlier infection or vaccination, a phenomenon that has been named "trained immunity." Exposure of neonatal leukocytes in vitro or neonatal animals or humans in vivo to specific innate immune stimuli results in an altered innate immune set point. Given the particular importance of innate immunity early in life, trained immunity to early life infection and/or immunization may play an important role in modulating both acute and chronic diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: 1] Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2] Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015195:Drug Design; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D014612:Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D014612:Vaccines