title: Transient loss of consciousness and syncope.
abstract: Syncope describes a sudden and brief transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) with postural failure due to cerebral global hypoperfusion. The term TLOC is used when the cause is either unrelated to cerebral hypoperfusion or is unknown. The most common causes of syncopal TLOC include: (1) cardiogenic syncope (cardiac arrhythmias, structural cardiac diseases, others); (2) orthostatic hypotension (due to drugs, hypovolemia, primary or secondary autonomic failure, others); (3) neurally mediated syncope (cardioinhibitory, vasodepressor, and mixed forms). Rarely neurologic disorders (such as epilepsy, transient ischemic attacks, and the subclavian steal syndrome) can lead to cerebal hypoperfusion and syncope. Nonsyncopal TLOC may be due to neurologic (epilepsy, sleep attacks, and other states with fluctuating vigilance), medical (hypoglycemia, drugs), psychiatric, or post-traumatic disorders. Basic diagnostic workup of TLOC includes a thorough history and physical examination, and a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Blood testing, electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, echocardiography, head-up tilt test, carotid sinus massage, Holter monitoring, and loop recorders should be obtained only in specific contexts. Management strategies involve pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, and cardiac pacing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bern (Inselspital), Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: claudio.bassetti@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Claudio L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bassetti
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D013575:Syncope / Q000175:diagnosis; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
keywords: TIA; carotid sinuy syndrome; cataplexy; cough syncope; drop attacks; epilepsy; neurally mediated syncope; otrhostatic hypotension; psychogenic spells; seizures; sleep attacks; subclavian steal syndrome; syncope; transient loss of consciousness; vasovagal attacks