title: Design and characterization of an injectable tendon hydrogel: a novel scaffold for guided tissue regeneration in the musculoskeletal system.
abstract: A biocompatible hydrogel consisting of extracellular matrix (ECM) from human tendons is described as a potential scaffold for guided tissue regeneration and tissue engineering purposes. Lyophilized decellularized tendons were milled and enzymatically digested to form an ECM solution. The ECM solution properties are assessed by proteome analysis with mass spectrometry, and the material's rheological properties are determined as a function of frequency, temperature, and time. In vivo application of the gel in a rat model is assessed for remodeling and host cell repopulation. Histology for macrophage invasion, fibroblast repopulation, and nanoscale properties of the gel is assessed. Gel interaction with multipotent adipoderived stem cells (ASCs) is also addressed in vitro to assess possible cytotoxicity and its ability to act as a delivery vehicle for cells. Proteome analysis of the ECM-solution and gel mass spectroscopy identified the most abundant 150 proteins, of which two isoforms of collagen I represented more than 55% of the sample. Rheology showed that storage (G') and loss (G″) of the ECM solution were stable at room temperature but displayed sigmoidal increases after ∼15 min at 37°C, matching macroscopic observations of its thermo responsiveness. G' and G″ of the gel at 1 rad/s were 213.1±19.9 and 27.1±2.4 Pa, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed fiber alignment and good structural porosity in the gel, as well as invasion of cells in vivo. Histology also showed early CD68(+) macrophage invasion throughout the gel, followed by increasing numbers of fibroblast cells. ASCs mixed with the gel in vitro proliferated, indicating good biocompatibility. This ECM solution can be delivered percutaneously into a zone of tendon injury. After injection, the thermoresponsive behavior of the ECM solution allows it to polymerize and form a porous gel at body temperature. A supportive nanostructure of collagen fibers is established that conforms to the three-dimensional space of the defect. This hydrogel holds the distinctive composition specific for tendon ECM, where tissue-specific cues facilitate host cell infiltration and remodeling. The results presented indicate that injectable ECM materials from tendon may offer a promising alternative in the treatment of tendinopathies and acute tendon injuries.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center , Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farnebo
authors.forename: Colin Y L
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Woon
authors.forename: Taliah
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Lydia-Marie
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Joubert
authors.forename: Maxwell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002474:Cell-Free System / Q000737:chemistry; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry*; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D007267:Injections; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013710:Tendons / Q000737:chemistry*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels