title: Zinc ions upregulate the hormone gastrin via an E-box motif in the proximal gastrin promoter.
abstract: Gastrin and its precursors act as growth factors for the normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal mucosa. As the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride upregulates the gastrin gene, the effect of other metal ions on gastrin promoter activity was investigated. Gastrin mRNA was measured by real-time PCR, gastrin peptides by RIA, and gastrin promoter activity by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Exposure to Zn(2)(+) ions increased gastrin mRNA concentrations in the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum stimulation of 55 ± 14-fold at 100 μM (P<0.05). Significant stimulation was also observed with Cd(2)(+) and Cu(2)(+), but not with Ca(2)(+), Mg(2)(+), Ni(2)(+), or Fe(3)(+) ions. Activation of MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways is necessary but not sufficient for gastrin induction by Zn(2)(+). Deletional mutation of the gastrin promoter identified an 11 bp DNA sequence, which contained an E-box motif, as necessary for Zn(2)(+)-dependent gastrin induction. The fact that E-box binding transcription factors play a crucial role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), together with our observation that Zn(2)(+) ions upregulate the gastrin gene in AGS cells by an E-box-dependent mechanism, suggests that Zn(2)(+) ions may induce an EMT, and that gastrin may be involved in the transition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Suzana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kovac
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shulkes
authors.forename: Graham S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Oneel
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D024721:E-Box Elements; D005755:Gastrins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C495797:GPR39 protein, human; D005755:Gastrins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D002104:Cadmium; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015032:Zinc
keywords: E-box; MAPK; PI3K; cadmium; cobalt; gastrin; iron; promoter; transcription; zinc