title: Is brief advice in primary care a cost-effective way to promote physical activity?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study models the cost-effectiveness of brief advice (BA) in primary care for physical activity (PA) addressing the limitations in the current limited economic literature through the use of a time-based modelling approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model was used to compare the lifetime costs and outcomes of a cohort of 100 000 people exposed to BA versus usual care. Health outcomes were expressed in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Costs were assessed from a health provider perspective (£2010/11 prices). Data to populate the model were derived from systematic literature reviews and the literature searches of economic evaluations that were conducted for national guidelines. Deterministic and probability sensitivity analyses explored the uncertainty in parameter estimates including short-term mental health gains associated with PA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with usual care, BA is more expensive, incurring additional costs of £806 809 but it is more effective leading to 466 QALYs gained in the total cohort, a QALY gain of 0.0047/person. The incremental cost per QALY of BA is £1730 (including mental health gains) and thus can be considered cost-effective at a threshold of £20 000/QALY. Most changes in assumptions resulted in the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) falling at or below £12 000/QALY gained. However, when short-term mental health gains were excluded the ICER was £27 000/QALY gained. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that, at a threshold of £20 000/QALY, there was a 99.9% chance that BA would be cost-effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BA is a cost-effective way to improve PA among adults, provided short-term mental health gains are considered. Further research is required to provide more accurate evidence on factors contributing to the cost-effectiveness of BA.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Group (HERG), Brunel University, , Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: Nana K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Anokye
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fox-Rushby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003376:Counseling / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years
keywords: Health promotion through physical activity