title: Spinal stenosis.
abstract: Narrowing of the spinal canal or foramina is a common finding in spine imaging of the elderly. Only when symptoms of neurogenic claudication and/or cervical myelopathy are present is a spinal stenosis diagnosis made, either of the lumbar spine, cervical spine or both (only very rarely is the thoracic spine involved). Epidemiological data suggest an incidence of 1 case per 100 000 for cervical spine stenosis and 5 cases per 100 000 for lumbar spine stenosis. Cervical myelopathy in patients over 50 years of age is most commonly due to cervical spine stenosis. Symptomatic spinal narrowing can be congenital, or, more frequently, acquired. The latter may be the result of systemic illneses, namely endocrinopathies (such as Cushing disease or acromegaly), calcium metabolism disorders (including hyporarthyroidism and Paget disease), inflammatory diseases (such as rheumathoid arthritis) and infectious diseases. Physical examination is more often abnormal in cervical spondylotic myeloptahy whereas in lumbar spinal stenosis it is typically normal. Therefore spinal stenosis diagnosis relies on the clinical picture corresponding to conspicuous causative changes identified by imaging techniques, most importantly CT and MRI. Other ancillary diagnostic tests are more likely to be yielding for establishing a differential diagnosis, namely vascular claudication. Most patients have a progressive presentation and are offered non operative management as first treatment strategy. Surgery is indicated for progressive intolerable symptoms or, more rarely, for the neurologically catastrophic initial presentations. Surgical strategy consists mainly of decompression (depending on the anatomical level and type of narrowing: laminectomy, foraminotomy, discectomy, corporectomy) with additional instrumentation should spinal stability and sagittal balance be at risk. For cervical spine stenosis the main objective of surgery is to halt disease progression. There is class 1b evidence that surgery is of benefit for lumbar stenosis at least in the short term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: João Levy
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Melancia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: António Fernandes
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Francisco
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: jlobo.antunes@mail.telepac.pt.
authors.forename: João Lobo
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Antunes
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Back pain; Cervical spondylotic myelopathy; Foraminotomy; Laminectomy; Neurogenic claudication; Sagital balance; Spinal instability; Spinal stenosis