title: Characterization of seizure-induced syncopes: EEG, ECG, and clinical features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ictal bradycardia and ictal asystole (IA) are rare but severe complications of epileptic seizures. They are difficult to recognize within a seizure and their consequences remain unclear. Herein we aimed to extend the description of electrical and clinical features of seizures with IA and/or syncope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 828 patients with epilepsy who were admitted for presurgical video-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring evaluation between 2003 and 2012, we selected those presenting IA and/or syncope. We studied the electroclinical sequence of these manifestations and their correlation with electrocardiogram (ECG), and we compared seizures with or without IA among the same patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine (1.08%) of 828 patients (four men, mean age 43 ± 6 years) showed IA. Six patients had temporal lobe epilepsy and the others had frontal, temporooccipital, or occipital epilepsy, demonstrated by intracranial EEG in two. In these patients, 59 of 103 recorded seizures induced a reduction of heart rate (HR), leading to IA in 26. IAs were mostly (80%) symptomatic, whereas ictal HR decreases alone were not. In seizures with IA, we identified usual ictal symptoms, and then symptoms related primarily to cerebral hypoperfusion (pallor, atonia, early myoclonic jerks, loss of consciousness, hypertonia, and fall) and secondarily to cerebral reperfusion (skin flushing, late myoclonic jerks). At 32 ± 18 s after the onset of the seizure, the HR decreased progressively during 11 ± 6 s, reaching a sinusal pause for 13 ± 7 s. The duration of the IA was strongly correlated with electroclinical consequences. IA was longer in patients with atonia (14.8 ± 7 vs. 5.7 ± 3 s), late myoclonic jerks (15.8 ± 7 vs. 8 ± 6 s), hypertonia (19 ± 4.5 vs. 8.3 ± 5 s), and EEG hypoperfusion changes (16 ± 5.6 vs. 6.9 ± 5.5 s). IA may induce a fall during atonia or hypertonia. Surface and intracerebral EEG recordings showed that ictal HR decrease and IA often occurred when seizure activity became bilateral. Finally, we identified one patient with ictal syncopes but without IA, presumably related to vasoplegia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide a more complete description of the electroclinical features of seizures with IA, of the mechanism of falls, and distinguish between hypoperfusion and reperfusion symptoms of syncope. Identification of the mechanisms of syncope may improve management of patients with epilepsy. A pacemaker can be proposed, when parasympathetic activation provokes a negative chronotropic effect that leads to asystole. It is less likely to be useful when vasoplegic effects predominate.
authors.affiliation: Epileptology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital and Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) University, CRICM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Vi-Huong
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Michel
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dinkelacker
authors.forename: Phintip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pichit
authors.forename: Yasmina
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boudali
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baulac
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013575:Syncope / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Asystole; ECG; EEG; Epilepsy; Seizure; Syncope