title: A genetic deconstruction of neurocognitive traits in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impairments in cognitive functions are common in patients suffering from psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Cognitive traits have been proposed as useful for understanding the biological and genetic mechanisms implicated in cognitive function in healthy individuals and in the dysfunction observed in psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sets of genes associated with a range of cognitive functions often impaired in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were generated from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a sample comprising 670 healthy Norwegian adults who were phenotyped for a broad battery of cognitive tests. These gene sets were then tested for enrichment of association in GWASs of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The GWAS data was derived from three independent single-centre schizophrenia samples, three independent single-centre bipolar disorder samples, and the multi-centre schizophrenia and bipolar disorder samples from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strongest enrichments were observed for visuospatial attention and verbal abilities sets in bipolar disorder. Delayed verbal memory was also enriched in one sample of bipolar disorder. For schizophrenia, the strongest evidence of enrichment was observed for the sets of genes associated with performance in a colour-word interference test and for sets associated with memory learning slope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are consistent with the increasing evidence that cognitive functions share genetic factors with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Our data provides evidence that genetic studies using polygenic and pleiotropic models can be used to link specific cognitive functions with psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Carla P D
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christoforou
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Sudheer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giddaluru
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kari M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ersland
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norwegian Centre For Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Srdjan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Djurovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Institute for Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mattheisen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Kavli Research Centre for Aging and Dementia, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway ; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Astri J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lundervold
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reinvang
authors.affiliation: Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nöthen
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rietschel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Roel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ophoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Internal Medicine, Genetics Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Uitterlinden
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Werge
authors.affiliation: Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cichon
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norwegian Centre For Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Espeseth
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norwegian Centre For Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Vidar M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Hellard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult