title: A targeted/non-targeted screening method for perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and sulfonates in whole fish using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and MS(e).
abstract: A new method for measuring perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs) in biological matrices has been developed. An ultra-high pressure liquid chromatograph equipped with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-QToF) was optimized using a continuous precursor/product ion monitoring mode. Unlike traditional targeted studies that isolate precursor/product ion pairs, the current method alternates between two ionization energy channels to continuously capture standard electrospray ionization (low energy) and collision induced dissociation (high energy) spectra. The result is the indiscriminant acquisition of paired low and high energy spectra for all constituents eluting from the chromatographic system. This technique was evaluated for the routine analysis of perfluoroalkyl species. Using this technique, linear perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (C4 to C14) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C4, C6, C8 and C10) exhibited a linear range spanning over three orders of magnitude and were detectable at levels less than 1 pg on column with a root mean squared signal to noise ratio of 5 to 20. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and National Institutes of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1946 were used to evaluate matrix effects and the accuracy of this method when applied to a whole fish extract. The current method was also evaluated as a diagnostic tool to identify unknown PFCs using experimental fragmentation patterns, mass defect filtering and Kendrick plots.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA, bcrimmin@clarkson.edu.
authors.forename: Bernard S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Crimmins
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Philip K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hopke
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Holsen
mesh_terms: D000476:Alkanesulfonates / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005396:Fish Products / Q000032:analysis*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods; D014337:Trout / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000476:Alkanesulfonates; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical