title: Correction of proton resonance frequency shift MR-thermometry errors caused by heat-induced magnetic susceptibility changes during high intensity focused ultrasound ablations in tissues containing fat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aim to demonstrate the sensitivity of proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) -based thermometry to heat-induced magnetic susceptibility changes and to present and evaluate a model-based correction procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  To demonstrate the expected temperature effect, field disturbances during high intensity focused ultrasound sonications were monitored in breast fat samples with a three-dimensional (3D) gradient echo sequence. To evaluate the correction procedure, the interface of tissue-mimicking ethylene glycol gel and fat was sonicated. During sonication, the temperature was monitored with a 2D dual flip angle multi-echo gradient echo sequence, allowing for PRFS-based relative and referenced temperature measurements in the gel and T1 -based temperature measurements in fat. The PRFS-based measurement in the gel was corrected by minimizing the discrepancy between the observed 2D temperature profile and the profile predicted by a 3D thermal model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HIFU sonications of breast fat resulted in a magnetic field disturbance which completely disappeared after cooling. For the correction method, the 5th to 95th percentile interval of the PRFS-thermometry error in the gel decreased from 3.8°C before correction to 2.0-2.3°C after correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown the effects of magnetic susceptibility changes induced by heating of breast fatty tissue samples. The resultant errors can be reduced by the use of a model-based correction procedure.
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deckers
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Greef
authors.forename: Laura G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Merckel
authors.forename: Chris J G
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Job G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bouwman
authors.forename: Ronald L A W
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bleys
authors.forename: Maurice A A J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Bosch
authors.forename: Lambertus W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Bartels
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery*; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D001940:Breast / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods; D019300:Medical Errors; D011522:Protons; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons
keywords: MR-HIFU; PRFS-based MR thermometry; breast tissue; magnetic susceptibility; temperature