title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology: A review of established and prospective applications.
abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neurophysiologic technique to noninvasively induce a controlled current pulse in a prespecified cortical target. This can be used to transiently disrupt the function of the targeted cortical region and explore causal relations to behavior, assess cortical reactivity, and map out functionally relevant brain regions, for example during presurgical assessments. Particularly when applied repetitively, TMS can modify cortical excitability and the effects can propagate trans-synaptically to interconnected cortical, subcortical, and spinal cord regions. As such, TMS can be used to assess the functional integrity of neural circuits and to modulate brain activity with potential therapeutic intent.
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and the Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Eldaief
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and the Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Daniel Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Press
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and the Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone