title: Whole-body CT for lymphoma staging: feasibility of halving radiation dose and risk by iterative image reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with lymphoma are at higher-risk of secondary malignancies mainly due to effects of cancer therapy as well as frequent radiological surveillance. We thus aimed to investigate the objective and subjective image quality as well as radiation exposure and risk of full-dose standard (FDS), full-dose iterative (FDI), and half-dose iterative (HDI) image reconstruction in patients with lymphoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 100 lymphoma patients, contrast-enhanced whole-body staging was performed on a dual-source CT. To acquire full-dose and half-dose CT data simultaneously, the total current-time product was equally distributed on both tubes operating at 120 kV. HDI reconstructions were calculated by using only data from one tube. Quantitative image quality was assessed by measuring image noise in different tissues of the neck, thorax, and abdomen. Overall diagnostic image quality was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Radiation doses and risks were estimated for a male and female reference person.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all anatomical regions apart from the lungs image noise was significantly lower and the overall subjective image quality significantly better when using FDI and HDI instead of FDS reconstruction (p<0.05). For the half-dose protocol, the risk to develop a radiation-induced cancer was estimated to be less than 0.11/0.19% for an adult male/female.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Image quality of FDI and more importantly of HDI is superior to FDS reconstruction, thus enabling to halve radiation dose and risk to lymphoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: mathias.meyer@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: stefan.klein@umm.de.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Occupational Radiation Protection, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: gbrix@bfs.de.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brix
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: Christian.Fink@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: lothar.pilz@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: Hashim.Jafarov@umm.de.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jafarov
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: w.k.hofmann@umm.de.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: Stefan.Schoenberg@umm.de.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: thomas.henzler@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henzler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Computed tomography; Dose reduction; Iterative image reconstruction; Radiation risks; Whole-body staging CT