title: Association analysis of the SLC22A11 (organic anion transporter 4) and SLC22A12 (urate transporter 1) urate transporter locus with gout in New Zealand case-control sample sets reveals multiple ancestral-specific effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is inconsistent association between urate transporters SLC22A11 (organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4)) and SLC22A12 (urate transporter 1 (URAT1)) and risk of gout. New Zealand (NZ) Māori and Pacific Island people have higher serum urate and more severe gout than European people. The aim of this study was to test genetic variation across the SLC22A11/SLC22A12 locus for association with risk of gout in NZ sample sets.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants in four haplotype blocks were genotyped using TaqMan® and Sequenom MassArray in 1003 gout cases and 1156 controls. All cases had gout according to the 1977 American Rheumatism Association criteria. Association analysis of single markers and haplotypes was performed using PLINK and Stata.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A haplotype block 1 SNP (rs17299124) (upstream of SLC22A11) was associated with gout in less admixed Polynesian sample sets, but not European Caucasian (odds ratio; OR = 3.38, P = 6.1 × 10-4; OR = 0.91, P = 0.40, respectively) sample sets. A protective block 1 haplotype caused the rs17299124 association (OR = 0.28, P = 6.0 × 10-4). Within haplotype block 2 (SLC22A11) we could not replicate previous reports of association of rs2078267 with gout in European Caucasian (OR = 0.98, P = 0.82) sample sets, however this SNP was associated with gout in Polynesian (OR = 1.51, P = 0.022) sample sets. Within haplotype block 3 (including SLC22A12) analysis of haplotypes revealed a haplotype with trans-ancestral protective effects (OR = 0.80, P = 0.004), and a second haplotype conferring protection in less admixed Polynesian sample sets (OR = 0.63, P = 0.028) but risk in European Caucasian samples (OR = 1.33, P = 0.039).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis provides evidence for multiple ancestral-specific effects across the SLC22A11/SLC22A12 locus that presumably influence the activity of OAT4 and URAT1 and risk of gout. Further fine mapping of the association signal is needed using trans-ancestral re-sequence data.
authors.forename: Tanya J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phipps-Green
authors.forename: Jade E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hollis-Moffatt
authors.forename: Marilyn E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Merriman
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Topless
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Stamp
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dalbeth
authors.forename: Tony R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Merriman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006073:Gout / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000235:genetics*; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent / Q000235:genetics*; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; C427207:SLC22A11 protein, human; C491241:SLC22A12 protein, human