title: Cross-sectional associations of medication and supplement use with retinal vascular diameter in the Beaver Dam Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinal vessel diameters are being measured to examine their relationship with ocular and systemic disease and, in some studies, to calculate the risk of disease. Important factors that directly affect retinal vessel diameters, such as medication use, should be considered when estimating these associations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the association between selected medications and supplements and retinal vessel diameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort investigation, 4926 participants (aged 43-86 years at baseline) in the Beaver Dam Eye Study were evaluated every 5 years during 20 years of follow-up from 1988 to 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Central retinal arteriolar equivalent and central retinal venular equivalent measured from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study fundus photograph field 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After Bonferroni correction, the use of any blood pressure medication (β = 0.75; P = .04), specifically calcium channel blockers (β = -1.02; P < .001), was significantly associated with wider central retinal arteriolar equivalent adjusting for refraction, photograph focus, age, systolic blood pressure, height, examination phase, educational level, smoking and drinking histories, and presence of diabetes mellitus and emphysema. Use of prostaglandin analogues was marginally associated with narrower central retinal arteriolar equivalent (β = -2.04; P = .09); β-blockers (β = -1.02; P = .10) and oral corticosteroids (β = 2.13; P = .07) were marginally associated with changes in the central retinal venular equivalent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several medications are associated with central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalents. Prostaglandin analogues, calcium channel blockers, and oral corticosteroids have the largest relative effects. After Bonferroni correction was applied, the use of calcium channel blockers was most strongly associated with change in the central retinal arteriolar equivalent. The presence of factors that are associated with retinal vessel diameters should be considered when using retinal vessel diameter as an outcome or when using these measures to assess the risk of systemic or ocular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Kerri P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Barbara E K
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Jennifer O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Lorraine G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Danforth
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001824:Body Constitution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011465:Prostaglandins, Synthetic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014922:Wisconsin
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011465:Prostaglandins, Synthetic; D014665:Vasodilator Agents