title: Effect of aquaporin-4 deficiency on intravenous anaesthetic induced hypnotic effects in mice.
abstract: The deficiency of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been reported to alter release of neurotransmitters in the mouse brain. However, the functional relevance of AQP4 in mediating essential components of the general anaesthetic state is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of AQP4 in general anaesthesia in mice lacking AQP4. The hypnotic effects of propofol, ketamine, and pentobarbital in AQP4 knockout (KO) and CD1 control mice were evaluated using the behavioural endpoint of loss of righting reflex (LORR). The effects of propofol on extracellular levels of amino acids in prefrontal cortex of freely moving mice were investigated using microdialysis coupled to high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. The result showed that, after receiving ketamine or pentobarbital, LORR occurred at earlier time in KO mice than that in control animals. Intraperitoneal injection of ketamine or pentobarbital increased the duration of LORR. After the administration of propofol, the duration of LORR was significantly reduced in KO mice compared with that in controls. Propofol increased the extracellular levels of aspartate, glutamate, and GABA, but not taurine, in prefrontal cortex. There were significant differences of increase patterns of the three kinds of neurotransmitters between KO and WT mice. Notably, the duration of GABA level increase correlated with the duration of LORR in two genotypes of mice. These results provide in vivo evidence of different responses in time-dependent release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in prefrontal cortex of the two genotypes of mice. It is suggested that changes in anaesthetic reactions in mice with AQP4 loss may be related to neurotransmitter regulation, and that normal functioning of AQP4 plays an important role in the maintenance of anaesthetic hypnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anaesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China. zym_xzmc@163.com; wftuyx02@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiao-Mei
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yun-Luo
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yin-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Wei-Feng
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Tu
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; C496031:Aqp4 protein, mouse; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D007649:Ketamine; D010424:Pentobarbital; D015742:Propofol