title: Reflectance-based identification of parasitized host eggs and adult Trichogramma specimens.
abstract: A wide range of imaging and spectroscopy technologies is used in medical diagnostics, quality control in production systems, military applications, stress detection in agriculture, and ecological studies of both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. In this study, we hypothesized that reflectance profiling can be used to successfully classify animals that are otherwise very challenging to classify. We acquired hyperspectral images from adult specimens of the egg parasitoid genus Trichogramma (T. galloi, T. pretiosum and T. atopovirilia), which are ~1.0 mm in length. We also acquired hyperspectral images from host eggs containing developing Trichogramma instar and pupae. These obligate egg endoparasitoid species are commercially available as natural enemies of lepidopteran pests in food production systems. Because of their minute size and physical resemblance, classification is time consuming and requires a high level of technical experience. The classification of reflectance profiles was based on a combination of average reflectance and variogram parameters (describing the spatial structure of reflectance data) of reflectance values in individual spectral bands. Although variogram parameters (variogram analysis) are commonly used in large-scale spatial research (i.e. geoscience and landscape ecology), they have only recently been used in classification of high-resolution hyperspectral imaging data. The classification model of parasitized host eggs was equally successful for each of the three species and was successfully validated with independent data sets (>90% classification accuracy). The classification model of adult specimens accurately separated T. atopovirilia from the other two species, but specimens of T. galloi and T. pretiosum could not be accurately separated. Interestingly, molecular-based classification (using the DNA sequence of the internally transcribed spacer ITS2) of Trichogramma species published elsewhere corroborates the classification, as T. galloi and T. pretiosum are closely related and comparatively distant from T. atopovirilia. Our results emphasize the importance of using high-spectral and high-spatial resolution data in the classification of organism relatedness, and hyperspectral imaging may be of relevance to a wide range of commercial (i.e. producers of biocontrol agents), taxonomic and evolutionary research applications.
authors.affiliation: The University of Western Australia, School of Animal Biology, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nansen
authors.forename: Aloisio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Jaci Mendes
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Jose Roberto Postali
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Parra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000469:parasitology*; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods; D010063:Ovum / Q000469:parasitology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011679:Pupa; D014863:Wasps / Q000145:classification*
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents
keywords: Biological control; Hyperspectral imaging; Machine vision; Trichogrammatidae; Variogram analysis