title: Parental overprotection engenders dysfunctional attitudes about achievement and dependency in a gender-specific manner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive vulnerability to depression, have developmental origins. The present study examined the effects of parental rearing on dysfunctional attitudes in three areas of life with special attention to gender specificity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 665 Japanese healthy volunteers. Dysfunctional attitudes were assessed by the 24-item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, which has the Achievement, Dependency and Self-control subscales. Perceived parental rearing was assessed by the Parental Bonding Instrument, which has the Care and Protection subscales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher scores of the Achievement (β = 0.293, p < 0.01) and Dependency (β = 0.224, p < 0.05) subscales were correlated with higher scores of the Protection subscale in the combination of mother and daughter, but not in other combinations of parents and recipients. Scores of the Self-control subscale were not correlated with paternal or maternal rearing scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that parental overprotection engenders dysfunctional attitudes about achievement and dependency in a gender-specific manner.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. suzukiakihito@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Naoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sadahiro
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enokido
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors