title: Cardiovascular effects of a continuous rate infusion of lidocaine in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cardiovascular changes of a continuous rate infusion of lidocaine in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane during mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, cross-over, experimental trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of eight, healthy, male Holstein calves, aged 10 ± 1 months and weighing 114 ± 11 kg were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calves were administered xylazine followed by ketamine and midazolam, orotracheal intubation and maintenance on isoflurane (1.3%) using mechanical ventilation. Forty minutes after induction, lidocaine (2 mg kg⁻¹ bolus) or an equivalent volume of saline (0.9%) was administered IV followed by a continuous rate infusion (100 μg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹) of lidocaine (treatment L) or saline (treatment C). Heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures (SAP, DAP and MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP), cardiac output, end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe'CO2 ) and core temperature (CT) were recorded before lidocaine or saline administration (Baseline) and at 20-minute intervals (T20-T80). Plasma concentrations of lidocaine were measured in treatment L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HR was significantly lower in treatment L compared with treatment C. There was no difference between the treatments with regards to SAP, DAP, MAP and SVRI. CI was significantly lower at T60 in treatment L when compared with treatment C. PAOP and CVP increased significantly at all times compared with Baseline in treatment L. There was no significant difference between times within each treatment and between treatments with regards to other measured variables. Plasma concentrations of lidocaine ranged from 1.85 to 2.06 μg mL⁻¹ during the CRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the studied rate, lidocaine causes a decrease in heart rate which is unlikely to be of clinical significance in healthy animals, but could be a concern in compromised animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty Integrated, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Bianca P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bovino
authors.forename: Maurício
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deschk
authors.forename: Caio Jx
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Abimussi
authors.forename: Valéria Nls
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: Celso A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Paulo Sp
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D008012:Lidocaine; D007530:Isoflurane; D008874:Midazolam
keywords: cattle; hemodynamic; lidocaine; mechanical ventilation