title: Adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) of obese patients are releasing increased levels of prolactin during an inflammatory challenge: a role for prolactin in diabesity?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity, characterized by low grade inflammation, induces adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) infiltration in white adipose tissue (AT) in both humans and rodents, thus contributing to insulin resistance. Previous studies have shown altered prolactin secretion in obesity, however, studies linking ATM infiltration and prolactin (PRL) secretion to the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, obesity and diabetes are lacking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo, qPCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that prolactin expression was increased in AT of obese rats and also in human AT from obese, obese pre-diabetic and obese diabetic compared to lean counterparts. Immunohistochemistry of obese rat and human AT sections demonstrated a specific expression of prolactin in macrophages. In vitro, we demonstrated that hyperglycemia and inflammation stimulated macrophages (human THP-1 cell line and sorted rat ATM) to express PRL, when challenged with different glucose concentrations with or without IL1β. In in vivo and in vitro experiments, we assessed the expression of Pit-1 (PRL-specific transcription factor) and found that its expression was parallel to PRL expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we show that rodent and human macrophages synthesize prolactin in response to inflammation and high glucose concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data shed new light on the potential role of macrophages in the physiopathology of diabesity via the PRL expression and on its expression mechanism and regulation.
authors.affiliation: EA4489, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France. Electronic address: thomas.bouckenooghe@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bouckenooghe
authors.affiliation: EA4489, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France. Electronic address: giorgia.sisino@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sisino
authors.affiliation: EA4489, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aurientis
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1011, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille F-59000, France.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chinetti-Gbaguidi
authors.affiliation: INSERM U859, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kerr-Conte
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1011, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille F-59000, France.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Staels
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.affiliation: EA4489, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Storme
authors.affiliation: INSERM U859, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France; Department of Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pattou
authors.affiliation: EA4489, Lille F-59000, France; Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille F-59000, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vambergue
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D050817:Transcription Factor Pit-1 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D050817:Transcription Factor Pit-1; D011388:Prolactin
keywords: Diabetes; Hyperglycemia; Inflammation; Macrophages; Obesity; Prolactin