title: Echocardiography in patients with complications related to pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators.
abstract: The evolving indications and uses for implantable cardiac devices have led to a significant increase in the number of implanted devices each year. Implantation of endocardial leads for permanent pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators can cause many delayed complications. Complications may be mechanical and related to the interaction of the device leads with the valves and endomyocardium, e.g., perforation, infection, and thrombosis, or due to the electrical pacing of the myocardium and conduction abnormalities, e.g., left ventricular dyssynchrony. Tricuspid regurgitation, another delayed complication in these patients, may be secondary to both mechanical and pacing effects of the device leads. Echocardiography plays an important role in the diagnosis of these device-related complications. Both two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography provide useful diagnostic information. Real time three-dimensional echocardiography is a novel technique that can further enhance the detection of lead-related complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almomani
authors.forename: Khadija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Masood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006341:Heart Rupture / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology
keywords: cardiac pacing; echocardiography; myocardial rupture; thrombus; tricuspid regurgitation; vegetations