title: Early sex-specific modulation of the molecular clock in trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune system biology and most physiologic functions are tightly linked to circadian rhythms. Time of day-dependent variations in many biologic parameters also play a fundamental role in the disease process. We previously showed that the genes encoding the peripheral molecular clock were modulated in a sex-dependent manner in Q fever.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we examined severe trauma patients at admission to the intensive care unit. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, the whole-blood expression of the molecular clock components ARNTL, CLOCK, and PER2 was assessed in male and female trauma patients. Healthy volunteers of both sexes were used as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a significant overexpression of both ARNTL and CLOCK in male trauma patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report, for the first time, the sex-related modulation of the molecular clock genes in the blood following severe trauma. These results emphasize the role of circadian rhythms in the immune response in trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiologic study, level IV.
authors.affiliation: From the Equipe Infection (V.M., C.C., M.L., J.-L.M., J.T.), Genre et Grossesse, URMITE CNRS UMR7278, INSERM U1095, Aix- Marseille Université; Service d'anesthésie et de reanimation (S.W., M.L., J.T.), Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université; and Service d'anesthésie et de reanimation (S.W.), Réanimation du centre des brûlés inter-régional de Méditerranée, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mehraj
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiramus
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capo
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mege
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Textoris
mesh_terms: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056925:Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins / Q000097:blood; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012737:Sex Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; C538960:BMAL1 protein, human; D056925:Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C421902:PER2 protein, human; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; C538943:CLOCK protein, human