title: Ampicillin-improved glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese C57BL/6NTac mice is age dependent.
abstract: Ampicillin has been shown to improve glucose tolerance in mice. We hypothesized that this effect is present only if treatment is initiated prior to weaning and that it disappears when treatment is terminated. High-fat fed C57BL/6NTac mice were divided into groups that received Ampicillin at different ages or not at all. We found that both diet and Ampicillin significantly changed the gut microbiota composition in the animals. Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in Ampicillin-treated, five-week-old mice compared to nontreated mice in the control group. At study termination, expressions of mRNA coding for tumor necrosis factor, serum amyloid A, and lactase were upregulated, while the expression of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 15 was downregulated in the ileum of Ampicillin-treated mice. Higher dendritic cell percentages were found systemically in high-fat diet mice, and a lower tolerogenic dendritic cell percentage was found both in relation to high-fat diet and late Ampicillin treatment. The results support our hypothesis that a "window" exists early in life in which an alteration of the gut microbiota affects glucose tolerance as well as development of gut immunity and that this window may disappear after weaning.
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rune
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: C H F
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ellekilde
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Innate Immunology Group, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skovgaard
authors.affiliation: Translational Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Rolin
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lykkesfeldt
authors.affiliation: The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet Department 3733, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Josefsen
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tranberg
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kihl
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D000667:Ampicillin