title: Critical review: Copper runoff from outdoor copper surfaces at atmospheric conditions.
abstract: This review on copper runoff dispersed from unsheltered naturally patinated copper used for roofing and facades summarizes and discusses influencing factors, available literature, and predictive models, and the importance of fate and speciation for environmental risk assessment. Copper runoff from outdoor surfaces is predominantly governed by electrochemical and chemical reactions and is highly dependent on given exposure conditions (size, inclination, geometry, degree of sheltering, and orientation), surface parameters (age, patina composition, and thickness), and site-specific environmental conditions (gaseous pollutants, chlorides, rainfall characteristics (amount, intensity, pH), wind direction, temperature, time of wetness, season). The corrosion rate cannot be used to assess the runoff rate. The extent of released copper varies largely between different rain events and is related to dry and wet periods, dry deposition prior to the rain event and prevailing rain and patina characteristics. Interpretation and use of copper runoff data for environmental risk assessment and management need therefore to consider site-specific factors and focus on average data of long-term studies (several years). Risk assessments require furthermore that changes in copper speciation, bioavailability aspects, and potential irreversible retention on solid surfaces are considered, factors that determine the environmental fate of copper runoff from outdoor surfaces.
authors.affiliation: KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Yolanda S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hedberg
authors.forename: Jonas F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hedberg
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herting
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goidanich
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Odnevall Wallinder
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D003343:Corrosion; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D013499:Surface Properties; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper