title: Effect of glyceryl trinitrate on staphylococcus aureus growth and leukocyte activation during simulated extracorporeal circulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, nitric oxide has been shown to possess antimicrobial effects. In this study, we aim to test the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) on Staphylococcus aureus growth during simulated extracorporeal circulation (SECC) and also to examine the effect of S. aureus, alone and in combination with GTN, on activation markers of the innate immune system during SECC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an in vitro system of SECC, we measured GTN-induced changes in markers of leukocyte activation in whole blood caused by S. aureus infestation, as well as the effect of GTN on S. aureus growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GTN had no effect on S. aureus growth after 240 minutes SECC. Staphylococcus aureus reduced the expression of granulocyte Fcγ-receptor CD32 but stimulated the expression of monocyte CD32. Staphylococcus aureus stimulated expression of some leukocyte adhesion key proteins, activation marker CD66b, lipopolysaccharide-receptor CD14, and C3b-receptor CD35. Staphylococcus aureus and GTN addition induced significant increases in monocyte CD63 (lysosomal granule protein) levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GTN does not affect S. aureus growth during SECC and has no effect on SECC-induced leukocyte activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Vilyam
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Melki
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Douhan Hakansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Phan-Kiet
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Folke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Malinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borowiec
mesh_terms: D001769:Blood / Q000276:immunology; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D005996:Nitroglycerin