title: Indoor application of attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) in combination with mosquito nets for control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) sprayed onto vegetation has been successful in controlling Anopheles mosquitoes outdoors. Indoor application of ATSB has yet to be explored. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ATSB stations positioned indoors have the potential to kill host-seeking mosquitoes and constitute a new approach to control of mosquito-borne diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insecticides were mixed with dyed sugar solution and tested as toxic baits against Anopheles arabiensis, An. Gambiae s.s. and Culex quinquefasciatus in feeding bioassay tests to identify suitable attractant-insecticide combinations. The most promising ATSB candidates were then trialed in experimental huts in Moshi, Tanzania. ATSB stations were hung in huts next to untreated mosquito nets occupied by human volunteers. The proportions of mosquitoes killed in huts with ATSB treatments relative to huts with non-insecticide control treatments huts were recorded, noting evidence of dye in mosquito abdomens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In feeding bioassays, chlorfenapyr 0.5% v/v, boric acid 2% w/v, and tolfenpyrad 1% v/v, mixed in a guava juice-based bait, each killed more than 90% of pyrethroid-susceptible An. Gambiae s.s. and pyrethroid-resistant An. arabiensis and Cx. quinquefasciatus. In the hut trial, mortality rates of the three ATSB treatments ranged from 41-48% against An. arabiensis and 36-43% against Cx. quinquefasciatus and all were significantly greater than the control mortalities: 18% for An. arabiensis, 7% for Cx. quinquefasciatus (p<0.05). Mortality rates with ATSB were comparable to those with long lasting insecticidal nets previously tested against the same species in this area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indoor ATSB shows promise as a supplement to mosquito nets for controlling mosquitoes. Indoor ATSB constitute a novel application method for insecticide classes that act as stomach poisons and have not hitherto been exploited for mosquito control. Combined with LLIN, indoor use of ATSB has the potential to serve as a strategy for managing insecticide resistance.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom ; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zachary P
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom ; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania ; Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo) of Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Oxborough
authors.affiliation: Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania ; Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Patrick K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tungu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom ; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania ; Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom ; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom ; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Seth R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Irish
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001681:Biological Assay; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D003465:Culex; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007753:Laboratories; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D057147:Mosquito Nets; D011722:Pyrethrins
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D011722:Pyrethrins