title: Profiles of cytokines secreted by isolated human endometrial cells under the influence of chorionic gonadotropin during the window of embryo implantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have indicated that human pre-implantation embryo-derived chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) may influence the implantation process by its action on human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Despite reports indicating that hCG acts on these cells to affect the production of several cytokines and growth factors (e.g., MIF, IGF-I, VEGF, LIF, IL-11, GMCSF, CXL10 and FGF2), our understanding of the integral influence of hCG on paracrine interactions between endometrial stromal and epithelial cells during implantation is very limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we examined the profile of 48 cytokines in the conditioned media of primary cell cultures of human implantation stage endometrium. Endometrial epithelial cells (group 1; n = 20), stromal cells (group 2; n = 20), and epithelial plus stromal cells (group 3; n = 20) obtained from mid-secretory stage endometrial samples (n = 60) were grown on collagen and exposed to different doses (0, 1, 10 and 100 IU/ml) of rhCG for 24 h in vitro. Immunochemical and qRT-PCR methods were used to determine cytokine profiles. Enrichment and process networks analyses were implemented using a list of cytokines showing differential secretion in response to hCG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under basal conditions, endometrial epithelial and stromal cells exhibited cell type-specific profiles of secreted cytokines. Administration of hCG (100 IU) resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) different cytokine secretion profiles indicative of macropinocytic transport (HGF, MCSF) in epithelial cells, signal transduction (CCL4, FGF2, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17, VEGF) in stromal cells, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (FGF2, HGF, IL-1b, TNF) in mixed cells. Overall, the administration of hCG affected cytokines involved in the immune response, chemotaxis, inflammatory changes, proliferation, cell adhesion and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CG can influence the function of the endometrium during blastocyst implantation via its differential action on endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. CG may also affect complex paracrine processes in the different endometrial cell types.
authors.forename: Akhilesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Jayasree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Alka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kriplani
authors.forename: Kallol K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. debabrata.ghosh1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Debabrata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D016207:Cytokines