title: Loupe-assisted versus microscopic varicocelectomy: is there an intraoperative anatomic difference?
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the intraoperative difference in anatomic details between loupe-assisted and microscopic varicocelectomy within the same spermatic cord. Between April 2011 and August 2011, 26 men with 33 sides containing grade 2-3 varicocele were enrolled in this study. First, one surgeon performed the open inguinal varicocelectomy under × 3.5 loupe magnification. The presumed vascular channels and lymphatics were isolated and marked without ligation. Another surgeon then microsurgically dissected and checked the same spermatic cord using an operating microscope to judge the results in terms of the ligation of the internal spermatic veins and the preservation of the arteries and lymphatics. There were significant differences in the average number of internal spermatic arteries (1.51 vs 0.97), internal spermatic veins (5.70 vs 4.39) and lymphatics (3.52 vs 1.61) between the microscope and loupe-assisted procedures (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Meanwhile, in varicocele repair with loupe magnification, an average of 1.30 ± 1.07 (43/33) internal spermatic veins per side were missed, among the overlooked veins, 1.12 ± 0.93 (37/33) were adhered to the preserved testicular artery, as well as 0.55 ± 0.79 lymphatics and 0.36 ± 0.55 arteries that were to be ligated. In conclusion, microscopic varicocelectomy could preserve more internal spermatic arteries and lymphatics and could ligate more veins than the loupe-assisted procedure. To some degree, loupe magnification is inadequate for the reliable identification and dissection of the tiny vessels of the spermatic cord, as most of the overlooked veins were adhered to the preserved testicular artery.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiao-Peng
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiao-Jian
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wen-Tao
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xing-Xing
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Heng-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Liao-Yuan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Third Affi liated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000098:blood supply; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply; D013519:Urogenital Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000601:surgery*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures