title: Highly sensitive imaging for ultra-weak photon emission from living organisms.
abstract: Spontaneous ultra-weak photon emissions (UPEs) are from living organisms. Often designated as biophoton emissions, they are associated with reactive oxygen species production. They have long been explored for use in the extraction of pathophysiological information of living bodies. Because of its potential non-invasiveness and because it is completely passive, it has been anticipated for application to human diagnosis. However, because of the weakness of its signal and the complexity of the mechanisms, practical applications of UPE and efforts have remained restricted. Imaging of UPE is a powerful tool for the practical application of UPE. Furthermore, efforts to develop imaging technique have been made from the early period of UPE study. This report explains the history of UPE study, particularly describing the development of imaging technology and its application covering agriculture and medicine are reviewed. Furthermore, the issue of what was achieved and what is necessary for the additional advancement of UPE will be discussed for practical application.
authors.affiliation: Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai 982-8577, Japan. Electronic address: masaki@tohtech.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018462:Photobiology; D017785:Photons
keywords: Biophoton; CCD; Imaging; Photon-counting; Reactive oxygen species; Ultra-weak photon emission