title: Evoked hemodynamic response estimation using ensemble empirical mode decomposition based adaptive algorithm applied to dual channel functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quality of the functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recordings is highly degraded by the presence of physiological interferences. It is crucial to efficiently separate the evoked hemodynamic responses (EHRs) from other background hemodynamic activities prior to any further processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper presents a novel algorithm for physiological interferences reduction from the dual channel fNIRS measurements using ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) technique. The proposed algorithm is comprised of two main steps: (1) decomposing reference signal into its constituents called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and (2) adaptively defining appropriate weights of the corresponding IMFs to estimate the proportion of physiological interference in standard channel measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using both synthetic and semi-real brain hemodynamic data based on four parameters of relative mean squared error (rMSE), Pearson's correlation coefficient (R(2)), percentage estimation error of peak amplitude (EPA) and peak latency (EL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Results obtained from synthetic data revealed that both the EEMD based normalized least mean squares (EEMD-NLMS) and EEMD based recursive least squares (EEMD-RLS) methods could reduce the average rMSE by at least 34% and 49%, respectively, when compared with widely used methods: block averaging, band-pass filtering and principal and/or independent component analysis. Furthermore, the two proposed methods outperform the regression method in reducing rMSE by at least 21% and 35% respectively when applied to semi-real data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An effective algorithm for estimating the EHRs from raw fNIRS data was proposed in which no assumption about the amplitude, shape and duration of the responses is considered.
authors.affiliation: Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hemmati Berivanlou
authors.affiliation: Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: ksetareh@ut.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Seyed Kamaledin
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Setarehdan
authors.affiliation: Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadi Noubari
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins
keywords: Adaptive filters; Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD); Evoked hemodynamic response (EHR); Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS); Systemic interference