title: [Palmitate enhances toll-like receptor 4 expression and signaling in porcine vascular endothelial cells].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of palmitate on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression and signaling in vascular endothelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pig iliac endothelial cells (PIECs) were incubated with palmitate. TLR4 gene expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, and TLR4 and IκBα protein expressions by Western blotting. The expression levels of TLR4 protein on the surface of PIECs were quantified using flow cytometry. ELISA was employed to detect tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in the cell medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Palmitate treatment significantly increased TLR4 mRNA and protein expression levels in PIECs compared with those in the control cells (4.73∓0.61 vs 1.25∓0.90, P<0.05; 5.79∓0.05 vs 4.07∓0.31, P<0.05). The expression levels of TLR4 on the cell surface significantly increased (38.070∓3.907 vs 29.390∓1.072, P<0.05), while IκBα protein level was significantly lowered in PIECs after palmitate treatment as compared with those in the control cells (2.04∓0.22 vs 3.98∓0.18, P<0.05). Palmitate treatment significantly elevated TNF-α (2.52∓0.30 vs 1.38∓0.26, P<0.05) and IL-6 (IL-6: 3.28∓0.32 vs 1.44∓0.28, P<0.05) concentrations in the cell culture medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palmitate can enhance TLR4 expression and signaling in porcine vascular endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cadre Health Care, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China. E-mail: 407288101@qq.com.
authors.forename: Naiqian
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Dongqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qingfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Wenhui
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ce
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D010168:Palmitates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013552:Swine; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010168:Palmitates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha