title: Neural networks underlying affective states in a multimodal virtual environment: contributions to boredom.
abstract: The interaction of low perceptual stimulation or goal-directed behavior with a negative subjective evaluation may lead to boredom. This contribution to boredom may shed light on its neural correlates, which are poorly characterized so far. A video game served as simulation of free interactive behavior without interruption of the game's narrative. Thirteen male German volunteers played a first-person shooter game (Tactical Ops: Assault on Terror) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Two independent coders performed the time-based analysis of the audio-visual game content. Boredom was operationalized as interaction of prolonged absence of goal-directed behavior with lowered affect in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). A decrease of positive affect (PA) correlated with response amplitudes in bilateral insular clusters extending into the amygdala to prolonged inactive phases in a game play and an increase in negative affect (NA) was associated with higher responses in bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Precuneus and hippocampus responses were negatively correlated with changes in NA. We describe for the first time neural contributions to boredom, using a video game as complex virtual environment. Further our study confirmed that PA and NA are separable constructs, reflected by distinct neural patterns. PA may be associated with afferent limbic activity whereas NA with affective control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Krystyna A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mathiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Translational Brain Medicine Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klasen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Translational Brain Medicine Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zvyagintsev
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication-Media Neuroscience Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Translational Brain Medicine Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mathiak
keywords: PANAS; boredom; negative affect; positive affect; video game