title: Fibroblast growth factor 2 involved in the pathogenesis of synovial chondromatosis of temporomandibular joint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synovial chondromatosis (SC) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare proliferative disorder characterized by the formation of cartilaginous or osteocartilaginous nodules in synovium and joint space. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is frequently applied in chondrogenic differentiation assays. Therefore, we hypothesized that FGF-2 might involved in the pathogenesis of SC.
  
  
  METHODS
  SC synovium and loose bodies (LBs) specimens were observed by histological and immunohistochemical methods. Real-time PCR was conducted for comparing genes expressions in SC and normal synovium. SC synoviocytes were stimulated by FGF-2 in the presence or absence of its antagonist long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) for 6 days. Real-time PCR and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were performed to examine the effects exerted by FGF-2 and PTX3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SC synovium, no matter facing the articular cavity or covering LB, was characterized by increased quantity of synoviocytes and blood vessels. FGF-2 was expressed in chondrocytes and fibroblast-like cells of LBs, and the wall of blood vessels. Expressions of chondrogenic genes (Sox9 and Wnt-4), osteogenic genes (Foxc2), FGF-2, and VEGF-A mRNA were significantly higher in SC synovium than that of the control group. The stimulation of FGF-2 on SC synoviocytes increased ALP activity and expressions of chondrogenic genes (Sox9, Col2α1, and Aggrecan), osteogenic genes (Foxc2, osteocalcin, and Col1α1), and VEGF-A, but PTX3 inhibited these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FGF-2 was responsible for the formation of cartilaginous loose bodies and involved in the pathogenesis of SC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yingjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hengxing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Qinggong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mohong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D053674:Aggrecans / Q000032:analysis; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000737:chemistry; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000494:pharmacology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D015838:Chondromatosis, Synovial / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000032:analysis; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000737:chemistry; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007594:Joint Loose Bodies / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000032:analysis; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component / Q000494:pharmacology; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis; D060528:Wnt4 Protein / Q000032:analysis; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D053674:Aggrecans; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D024042:Collagen Type I; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D024043:Collagen Type II; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D015675:Osteocalcin; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D060528:Wnt4 Protein; D000099153:Pentraxins; C499177:COL2A1 protein, human; C527932:SOX9 protein, human; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; C555581:WNT4 protein, human; C082078:mesenchyme fork head 1 protein
keywords: Runx2; Sox9; fibroblast growth factor 2; synovial chondromatosis; temporomandibular joint