title: Psychological skills usage and the competitive anxiety response as a function of skill level in rugby union.
abstract: This study examined the intensity and direction of competitive anxiety symptoms and psychological skill usage in rugby union players of different skill levels. Elite (n=65) and nonelite (n=50) participants completed measures of competitive anxiety, self- confidence, and psychological skills. The elite group reported more facilitative interpretations of competitive anxiety symptoms, higher levels of self-confidence, lower relaxation usage, and greater imagery and self-talk use than their nonelite counterparts. The findings suggest that nonelite performers primarily use relaxation strategies to reduce anxiety intensity. In contrast, elite athletes appear to maintain intensity levels and adopt a combination of skills to interpret symptoms as facilitative to performance. Potential mechanisms for this process include the use of imagery and verbal persuasion efficacy-enhancement techniques to protect against debilitating symptom interpretations. Key PointsNonelite performers primarily use relaxation strategies to reduce anxiety intensity.Elite athletes maintain intensity levels and adopt a combination of psychological skills to interpret symptoms as facilitative.This process occurs through imagery and verbal persuasion efficacy-enhancement techniques.Nonelite performers who are debilitators should implement relaxation-based programs. However, in high activation level sports performers should reduce symptom intensity, restructure cognitions, and then raise activation states again to appropriate levels.Elite performers who are debilitators should implement cognitive restructuring techniques to interpret their anxiety as facilitative via a combination of goal setting, self-talk, and imagery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Science, Swansea University , UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Science, Swansea University , UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D Mellalieu
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Sport, University of Wales Institute , Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanton
keywords: Competition; psychological skills; skill level