title: Thyroid hormones and tendon: current views and future perspectives. Concise review.
abstract: Thyroid hormones (THs) T3 and T4, play an essential role in the development and metabolism of many tissues and organs, and have profound metabolic effects in adult life. THs action is mediated mainly by the thyroid hormone receptor (TRs) which seem to be ubiquitous. To-date thyroid-associated disease are not thought to be related in tendinopathies and tendons tears. Recent study demonstrated the presence of TRs in tendons and their possible role in the proliferation and apoptosis of human tenocyte isolated from tendon. We review new discovery that revisit our current thinking on the tendon biology focusing on thyroid hormones (THs) T3 and T4, and their possible role on human tenocyte.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.affiliation: Department of Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Spirito Santo Hospital, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Berardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Misiti
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Salerno School of Medicine and Surgery, Salerno, Italy; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
keywords: T3; T4; rotator cuff tendons; tendon tears; tenocytes; thyroid hormones