title: Impact of personal goals on the internal medicine R4 subspecialty match: a Q methodology study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been a decline in interest in general internal medicine that has resulted in a discrepancy between internal medicine residents' choice in the R4 subspecialty match and societal need. Few studies have focused on the relative importance of personal goals and their impact on residents' choice. The purpose of this study was to assess if internal medicine residents can be grouped based on their personal goals and how each group prioritizes these goals compared to each other. A secondary objective was to explore whether we could predict a resident's desired subspecialty choice based on their constellation of personal goals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Q methodology to examine how postgraduate year 1-3 internal medicine residents could be grouped based on their rankings of 36 statements (derived from our previous qualitative study). Using each groups' defining and distinguishing statements, we predicted their subspecialties of interest. We also collected the residents' first choice in the subspecialty match and used a kappa test to compare our predicted subspecialty group to the residents' self-reported first choice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine internal medicine residents at the University of Alberta participated between 2009 and 2010 with 46 Q sorts suitable for analysis. The residents loaded onto four factors (groups) based on how they ranked statements. Our prediction of each groups' desired subspecialties with their defining and/or distinguishing statements are as follows: group 1 - general internal medicine (variety in practice); group 2 - gastroenterology, nephrology, and respirology (higher income); group 3 - cardiology and critical care (procedural, willing to entertain longer training); group 4 - rest of subspecialties (non-procedural, focused practice, and valuing more time for personal life). There was moderate agreement (kappa = 0.57) between our predicted desired subspecialty group and residents' self-reported first choice (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that most residents fall into four groups based on a constellation of personal goals when choosing an internal medicine subspecialty. The key goals that define and/or distinguish between these groups are breadth of practice, lifestyle, desire to do procedures, length of training, and future income potential. Using these groups, we were able to predict residents' first subspecialty group with moderate success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. vdaniels@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Vijay J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Narmin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kassam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002321:Career Choice; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D000078329:Workforce