title: Erythrocyte oxidative stress in patients with calcium oxalate stones correlates with stone size and renal tubular damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate how erythrocyte oxidative stress relates to renal tubular damage and calcium oxalate stone size in patients as oxidative stress has been demonstrated to be associated with stone formation in disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 29 controls, 29 patients with kidney stones, and 28 patients with ureteral stones. Venous blood samples were collected to measure the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the isolated erythrocytes. A 24-hour urine sample was collected to measure urinary chemistry. The cellular levels of oxalate and the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined to examine their correlations with stone size and renal tubule damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium oxalate stone deposition and high free radical levels in venous blood associated with high levels of urinary oxalate, glutathione S-transferases tubular damage markers, and MDA and low urinary citrate levels. Compared with the erythrocytes of controls, the erythrocytes of stone groups had significantly lower levels and activities of antioxidant proteins, namely, reduced glutathione, catalase, and copper- or zinc-superoxide dismutase. The ureteral stone group also had significantly lower erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase levels and glutathione reductase activity than the controls. Erythrocyte oxalate levels correlated positively with erythrocyte MDA levels and negatively with erythrocyte antioxidant protein activities. Erythrocyte oxidative stress, as indicated by cellular MDA levels, also correlated well with urinary glutathione S-transferases and stone size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that oxalate-mediated oxidative stress in erythrocytes might contribute to the tubular damage and stone accumulation in patients with hyperoxaluria.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Chieh
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yih-Sharng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: hshuang54@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Ho-Shiang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate