title: Schmallenberg virus in Dutch dairy herds: potential risk factors for high within-herd seroprevalence and malformations in calves, and its impact on productivity.
abstract: In November 2011, the new orthobunyavirus Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was identified in dairy cows that had induced fever, drop in milk production and diarrhoea in the Netherlands (Muskens et al., 2012. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 137, 112-115) and a drop in milk production in cows in Northwestern Germany (Hoffmann et al., 2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18 (3), 469-472), in August/September 2011. This study aimed at quantifying risk factors for high within-herd prevalence of SBV and SBV-induced malformations in newborn calves in dairy herds in the Netherlands. Additionally, the within-herd impact of SBV infection on mortality rates and milk production was estimated. A case-control design was used, including 75 clinically affected case herds and 74 control herds. Control herds were selected based on absence of malformations in newborn calves and anomalies in reproductive performance. SBV-specific within-herd seroprevalences were estimated. Risk factors for high within-herd SBV seroprevalence (>50%) and the probability of malformed newborn calves in a herd were quantified. In addition, within-herd impact of SBV with regard to milk production and mortality was estimated. Animal-level seroprevalence was 84.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 70.8-92.3) in case herds and 75.8% (95% CI: 67.5-82.5) in control herds. Control herds that were completely free from SBV were not present in the study. Herds that were grazed in 2011 had an increased odds (OR 9.9; 95% CI: 2.4-41.2)) of a high seroprevalence (>50%) compared to herds that were kept indoors. Also, when grazing was applied in 2011, the odds of malformations in newborn calves tended to be 2.6 times higher compared to herds in which cattle were kept indoors. Incidence of malformations in newborn calves at herd level was associated with both within-herd seroprevalence and clinical expression of the disease in adult cattle. The rate of vertical transmission of SBV to the fetus once a dam gets infected seemed low. A total of 146 stillborn or malformed calves were submitted by 65 farmers during the study period, of which 19 were diagnosed as SBV-positive based on pathological investigation and/or RT-qPCR testing of brain tissue. Based on these results combined with calving data from these herds we roughly estimated that at least 0.5% of the calves born between February and September 2012 have been infected by SBV. A drop in milk production was observed between the end of August 2011 and the first half of September (week 35-36), indicating the acute phase of the epidemic. During a 4-week period in which SBV infection was expected to have occurred, the total loss in milk production in affected dairy herds was around 30-51 kg per cow. SBV had no or limited impact on mortality rates which was as expected given the relatively mild expression of SBV in adult cows and the low incidence of malformations in newborn calves.
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health Service, Department of Research and Development, Epidemiology Group, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.veldhuis@gddeventer.com.
authors.forename: A M B
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Veldhuis
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health Service, Department of Ruminant Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carp-van Dijken
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health Service, Department of Ruminant Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Wuijckhuise
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health Service, Department of Ruminant Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Witteveen
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health Service, Department of Research and Development, Epidemiology Group, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Schaik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002044:Bunyaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D003612:Dairying / Q000191:economics; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016851:Orthobunyavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
keywords: Dairy cattle; Impact; Risk factors; Schmallenberg virus; Seroprevalence