title: Pain-coping strategies in women with ischemic heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was evaluation of the level and structure of anxiety and fear, and the characteristics of pain coping strategies used by females with ischemic heart disease (IHD). The detailed aim was assessment of the mutual relationships between the fear and pain coping strategies applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study covered 75 females aged 33-80 (mean age 61; SD±9.66), hospitalized in the Cardiology Clinic who had coronary angiography performed in order to assess the state of coronary vessels. Psychological studies were conducted by means of the IPAT Anxiety Scale by R. B. Cattell and the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire CSQ by A. C. Rosenstiel and F. J. Keefe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results obtained indicated that in the group of 75 females with IHD in the structure of anxiety and fear there dominated strong tendencies towards self-blaming and the experiencing of a sense of guilt, as well as a high level of internal tension. The strategy of the greatest importance in coping with pain among females with IHD was 'Praying and Hoping'. The strategies used with similar frequency were: 'Coping Self-Statements', 'Diverting Attention' and 'Increased Behavioural Activities'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In females with IHD, the application of psychotherapy is recommended, aimed at reducing the level of auto-aggression tendencies and decreasing a high level of internal tension. Psychotherapeutic activities carried out among females with ischemic heart disease should focus on the strengthening of strategies of coping with pain, such as: 'Coping Self- Statements', 'Increased Behavioural Activities', and focusing attention on serious life problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical University, Lublin Poland; Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lublin Poland.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasiłowska-Barud
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical University, Lublin Poland.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fedorovich
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lublin Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zapolski
authors.affiliation: Department of Paedodontics, Medical University, Lublin Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sikorska-Jaroszyńska
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lublin Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wysokiński
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*