title: Pharmacokinetics of insulin aspart and glucagon in type 1 diabetes during closed-loop operation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous insulin aspart and glucagon during closed-loop operation and their relationship with body composition variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed data collected from closed-loop experiments in 15 type 1 diabetes patients (age 47.1 ± 12.3 years, body mass index 25.9 ± 4.6 kg/m², glycated hemoglobin 7.9% ± 0.7%). Patients received an evening meal accompanied with prandial insulin bolus and stayed in the clinical facility until the next morning. Glucose levels were regulated by dual-hormone closed-loop delivery. Insulin and glucagon were delivered using two subcutaneous infusion pumps installed on the abdominal wall. Plasma insulin and glucagon were measured every 10-30 min. Percentage of body fat, percentage of fat in the abdominal area, and mass of abdominal fat were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pharmacokinetic model estimated time-to-peak plasma concentrations [t(max) insulin 51 (19) min, t(max) glucagon 19 (4) min, mean (standard deviation)], metabolic clearance rate [MCR insulin 0.019 (0.015-0.026) liter/kg/min, MCR glucagon 0.012 (0.010-0.014) liter/kg/min, median (interquartile range)], and the background plasma concentrations [I(b) insulin 10.2 (6.3-15.2) mU/liter, I(b) glucagon 50 (45-56) pg/ml, median (interquartile range)]. t(max) correlated positively between insulin and glucagon (r = 0.7; p = .007) while MCR correlated negatively (r = -0.7; p = .015). In this small sample size, t(max), MCR, and I(b) of insulin and glucagon did not correlate with percentage of body fat, percentage of fat in the abdominal area, or total mass of abdominal fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin and glucagon pharmacokinetics might be related during closed-loop operation. Our data suggest that slower absorption of insulin is associated with slower absorption of glucagon. Body composition does not seem to influence insulin and glucagon pharmacokinetics.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal 110, avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2W 1R7. ahmad.haidar@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haidar
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Legault
authors.forename: Rémi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabasa-Lhoret
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005934:Glucagon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D061267:Insulin Aspart / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D005934:Glucagon; D061267:Insulin Aspart