title: The accuracy of pedicle screw placement using intraoperative image guidance systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several retrospective studies have demonstrated higher accuracy rates and increased safety for navigated pedicle screw placement than for free-hand techniques; however, the accuracy differences between navigation systems has not been extensively studied. In some instances, 3D fluoroscopic navigation methods have been reported to not be more accurate than 2D navigation methods for pedicle screw placement. The authors of this study endeavored to identify if 3D fluoroscopic navigation methods resulted in a higher placement accuracy of pedicle screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic analysis was conducted to examine pedicle screw insertion accuracy based on the use of 2D, 3D, and conventional fluoroscopic image guidance systems. A PubMed and MEDLINE database search was conducted to review the published literature that focused on the accuracy of pedicle screw placement using intraoperative, real-time fluoroscopic image guidance in spine fusion surgeries. The pedicle screw accuracy rates were segregated according to spinal level because each spinal region has individual anatomical and morphological variations. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the pedicle screw insertion accuracy rate differences among the navigation methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 30 studies were included in the analysis. The data were abstracted and analyzed for the following groups: 12 data sets that used conventional fluoroscopy, 8 data sets that used 2D fluoroscopic navigation, and 20 data sets that used 3D fluoroscopic navigation. These studies included 1973 patients in whom 9310 pedicle screws were inserted. With conventional fluoroscopy, 2532 of 3719 screws were inserted accurately (68.1% accuracy); with 2D fluoroscopic navigation, 1031 of 1223 screws were inserted accurately (84.3% accuracy); and with 3D fluoroscopic navigation, 4170 of 4368 screws were inserted accurately (95.5% accuracy). The accuracy rates when 3D was compared with 2D fluoroscopic navigation were also consistently higher throughout all individual spinal levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional fluoroscopic image guidance systems demonstrated a significantly higher pedicle screw placement accuracy than conventional fluoroscopy or 2D fluoroscopic image guidance methods.
authors.affiliation: Justin Parker Neurological Institute, and.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Babuska
authors.forename: Sharad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajpal
authors.forename: Sigita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burneikiene
authors.forename: E Lee
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Alan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Villavicencio
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*