title: Gingivitis and periodontitis as a risk factor for stroke: A case-control study in the Iranian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontitis and gingivitis are one of the most infectious diseases in human. Several studies have been carried out on dependence of periodontitis and stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the gingivitis and periodontitis as a risk factor for stroke in Iranian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted on 100 patients suffering from stroke as case group, and 100 hospitalized patients as control group. The case group included 42 males and 58 females, and in control group there were 44 males and 56 females. Using a University of North Carolina-15 manual probe, the clinical attachment level, the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the probed base of the periodontal pocket, were recorded by gingival and periodontal indexes. The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regressions, Chi-square test, Fisher's test, t-test, Man Whitney, and SPSS11.5 software program. P > 0.05 was considered as significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The case group included 42 males and 58 females, and in control group 44 males and 56 females were included. In this investigation, the average of gingival index in men and women of case group was 1.22 ± 0.55 and 1.31 ± 0.55, respectively. This study showed that the average of gingival index in case group was more than control group. Periodontal index in both groups in men was more than women. The moderate and severe periodontitis in case group were more than that of control group (P = 0.003, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result of this study shows that there is a significant relation between stroke and periodontal index; however, there isn't any significant relation between stroke and gingival index.
authors.affiliation: Member of Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Member of Kerman Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, and Department of Oral Medicine, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam Alsadat
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hashemipour
authors.affiliation: Member of Kerman Social Determinants on Oral Health Research Center, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Afsaneh Jahanshahi
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Afshar
authors.affiliation: Member of Kerman Social Determinants on Oral Health Research Center, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borna
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Behnas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seddighi
authors.affiliation: Member of Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, and Member of Kerman Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Motamedi
keywords: Gingivitis; periodontitis; risk factors; stroke