title: Primary yolk sac tumour of the urinary bladder: A case report and review of the literature.
abstract: We present a case of rare primary yolk sac tumour of the urinary bladder in adulthood. A 31-year-old female patient presented with a history of chronic ketamine abuse, which has not previously been shown to be associated with malignancy development. The final diagnosis was established only after radical cystectomy. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed paraaortic lymph node metastasis. The patient was treated with systemic chemotherapy. A review of the literature revealed that surgical excision and cisplatin-based chemotherapy remain to be the standard of care for extragonadal yolk sac tumours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wing Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Mui
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ka Chai
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Sin Chuen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chun Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Sau Kwan
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chi Wai
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Man
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chi Sing
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wing Kin
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuk
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tung
keywords: ketamine abuse; urinary bladder; yolk sac tumour