title: Indomethacin-loaded redox nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of indomethacin and suppress its small intestinal inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous administration of low-dose nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin (IND) is associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal damage. In this study, the authors developed IND-loaded redox nanoparticles (IND@RNP(O)) with core-shell-type polymeric micelles possessing nitroxide radicals as reactive oxygen species scavengers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orally administered IND@RNP(O) significantly accumulated in the intestinal mucosa and improved blood uptake of IND. Because of the reactive oxygen species-scavenging effect, IND@RNP(O) did not cause severe inflammation in the small intestine; this effect sharply contrasted with those of orally administered free-IND and IND-loaded polymeric micelles that do not possess reactive oxygen species scavengers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral IND@RNP(O) administration is a useful approach for improving the oral bioavailability of IND and suppressing its adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshitomi
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.forename: Long Binh
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Vong
authors.forename: Pennapa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chonpathompikunlert
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004751:Enteritis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005079:Excipients; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008823:Micelles; D053758:Nanoparticles; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011108:Polymers; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005079:Excipients; D008823:Micelles; D011108:Polymers; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D007213:Indomethacin