title: Neuromuscular adaptations following 12-week maximal voluntary co-contraction training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined neuromuscular adaptations following 12-week maximal voluntary co-contraction training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen young men were allocated to training (TG, n = 9) or control (CG, n = 7) group. TG conducted a training program (3 days/week), which consisted of 4-s maximal voluntary contractions of elbow flexors and extensors by simultaneously contracting both muscle groups at 90° of the elbow joint, followed by 4-s muscle relaxation (10 repetitions/set, 5 sets/day) for 12 weeks. In addition to the muscle thicknesses of elbow flexors and extensors, the torque and electromyograms (EMGs) of the two muscle groups during isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were determined before (Pre), after 4 weeks, and 12 weeks of intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After intervention, CG showed no significant changes in all measured variables. In TG, MVC torque significantly increased in both elbow flexors (+13 % at 4 weeks and +15 % at 12 weeks) and extensors (+27 % at 4 weeks and +46 % at 12 weeks) from Pre. Muscle thickness also significantly increased in both elbow flexors (+4 %) and extensors (+4 %) at 12 weeks. Agonist EMG activities during MVC significantly increased in both elbow flexors (+31 % at 4 weeks and +44 % at 12 weeks) and extensors (+27 % at 4 weeks and +40 % at 12 weeks), without changes in antagonist involuntary coactivation level in both muscle groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that maximal voluntary co-contraction is applicable as a training modality for increasing the size and strength of antagonistic muscle pairs without increasing involuntary coactivation level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan.
authors.forename: Sumiaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeo
authors.forename: Yasuhide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshitake
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukunaga
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanehisa
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004550:Elbow / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D055070:Resistance Training; D055815:Young Adult