title: The patient health questionnaire-15 and its abbreviated version as screening tools for depression in Korean college and graduate students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over half of all suicides worldwide occur in Asia. Given the close association between suicide and depression, it is quite unexpected that depression is least frequently diagnosed in Asia. This is, in part, due to the fact that Asians somatize depression. Young adults including college and graduate students are no exceptions. Therefore, a somatic symptom-focused screening tool would be useful in detecting depression in Asian college and graduate students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) in screening for depression among Korean college and graduate students. In addition, we developed an abbreviated version of the PHQ-15 (aPHQ-15) and studied validity measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-hundred and fifty Korean college and graduate students were screened with the PHQ-15. Of all participants, 176 were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV to diagnose major depressive episode, while the other 174 were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (IDS-SR). Reliability and validity measures including the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion, convergent, and divergent validity were tested. Principal component analysis was used in developing the abbreviated version of the PHQ-15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PHQ-15 showed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.82, intra-class correlation coefficient 0.87). The optimal cut-off point for detecting depression was estimated to be 8. There were strong correlations between the PHQ-15 total scores and self-report measures of depressive symptom severity (BDI-II: r=0.69 and p<0.001, IDS-SR: r=0.77 and p<0.001). The 5-item aPHQ-15 had comparable validity with the PHQ-15.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The somatic symptom-focused PHQ-15 and aPHQ-15 can work as effective screening tools for depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Administration, College of Social Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Younghyun C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lyoo
authors.affiliation: Department of International Studies, College of Social Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sejin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eunjung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biomedicine, College of Medicine, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: kjieun@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jieun E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: leejunghyun1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Junghyun H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult