title: High-fiber rye diet increases ileal excretion of energy and macronutrients compared with low-fiber wheat diet independent of meal frequency in ileostomy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whole-grain foods and cereal dietary fiber intake is associated with lower body weight. This may partly result from lower energy utilization of high-fiber diets.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, the impact on ileal excretion of energy and macronutrients in response to a rye bread high-fiber diet compared to a refined wheat low-fiber diet was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of meal frequency on apparent absorption of nutrients was studied for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten participants that had undergone ileostomy consumed standardized iso-caloric diets, including low-fiber wheat bread (20 g dietary fiber per day) for 2 weeks followed by high-fiber rye bread (52 g dietary fiber per day) for 2 weeks. The diets were consumed in an ordinary (three meals per day) and a nibbling (seven meals per day) meal frequency in a cross-over design. Ileal effluents were collected during 24 h at the third day of each of the four dietary periods and analyzed for gross energy and nutrient contents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that intake of rye bread high-fiber diet compared to the refined wheat low-fiber diet caused an increase in ileal excretion of energy and macronutrients. The effect was independent of meal frequency. This suggests that a high intake of rye may result in lower availability of macronutrients for small intestinal digestion and absorption. A regular intake of rye may therefore have implications for weight management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isaksson
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rikard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sundberg
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden ; Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lundin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jie-Xian
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tidehag
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
authors.forename: Knud
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erik Bach Knudsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Moazzami
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aman
keywords: ileal excretion; ileostomy; meal frequency; refined wheat; rye bread