title: Gender differences in prevalence and correlates of antisocial personality disorder among heroin dependent users in compulsory isolation treatment in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about gender difference in correlates of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) among drug users.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To detect gender difference in correlates of ASPD in a Chinese heroin dependent sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured interviews were conducted among 882 heroin dependent users in two compulsory isolation settings in Changsha, China. Descriptive statistics were employed to report sample characteristics by gender. Bivariate relationships were examined between co-occurring ASPD and variables measuring demographic, drug use, and psychiatric co-morbidities. Multivariate logistic regressions with stepwise forward method were conducted to determine independent predictors for co-occurring ASPD. All analyses examining correlates of co-occurring ASPD were conducted for the total, the male and the female participants respectively to detect both the common and the unique correlates of ASPD by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total participants, 41.4% (54.2% of males and 15.4% of females) met the DSM-IV criteria of ASPD. For male participants, lower educational level, unemployment, unmarried, younger age at first heroin use, previous history of compulsory treatment, larger amounts of heroin used per day and poly-drug abuse during past month before admission, as well as psychiatric co-morbidities of lifetime major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder were independent predictors for co-occurring ASPD; while for female participants, only three variables: younger age at first heroin use, paranoid personality disorder and borderline personality disorder were independent predictors for co-occurring ASPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender differences in prevalence and correlates of ASPD among heroin dependent users were detected. The findings highlight a need for gender-specific interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Vasish
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Seewoobudul
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Electronic address: xiaosy@live.com.
authors.forename: Shui-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. Electronic address: weihao57@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010260:Paranoid Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010356:Patient Isolation; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: ASPD; Antisocial personality disorder; Co-occurring disorders; Compulsory isolation treatment; Gender difference; Heroin dependence; antisocial personality disorder