title: Using facial emotional stimuli in visual search experiments: the arousal factor explains contradictory results.
abstract: For more than two decades, visual search experiments using pictures of emotional faces as stimuli have generated contradictory results. Evidence of a superior detection of angry faces compared to happy faces have been mixed with an equal amount of evidence in the opposite direction. In this article, we review this literature, and examine the hypothesis that the neglected stimulus factor of emotional arousal may explain these contradictory results. Through an extensive reanalysis of results from our own laboratory as well as from other researchers, we show that the arousal factor systematically influences the outcome of the reviewed visual search experiments, and may thus provide a key to the historical contradictions within this research field.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lundqvist
authors.forename: Pernilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Juth
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Öhman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011930:Reaction Time; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Arousal; Emotion; Faces; Stimuli; Valence; Visual search