title: Optimized heterologous transfection of viable adult organotypic brain slices using an enhanced gene gun.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organotypic brain slices (OTBS) are an excellent experimental compromise between the facility of working with cell cultures and the biological relevance of using animal models where anatomical, morphological, and cellular function of specific brain regions can be maintained. The biological characteristics of OTBS can subsequently be examined under well-defined conditions. They do, however, have a number of limitations; most brain slices are derived from neonatal animals, as it is difficult to properly prepare and maintain adult OTBS. There are ample problems with tissue integrity as OTBS are delicate and frequently become damaged during the preparative stages. Notwithstanding these obstacles, the introduced exogenous proteins into both neuronal cells, and cells imbedded within tissues, have been consistently difficult to achieve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the ex vivo extraction of adult mouse brains, mounted inside a medium-agarose matrix, we have exploited a precise slicing procedure using a custom built vibroslicer. To transfect these slices we used an improved biolistic transfection method using a custom made low-pressure barrel and novel DNA-coated nanoparticles (40 nm), which are drastically smaller than traditional microparticles. These nanoparticles also minimize tissue damage as seen by a significant reduction in lactate dehydrogenase activity as well as propidium iodide (PI) and dUTP labelling compared to larger traditional gold particles used on these OTBS. Furthermore, following EYFP exogene delivery by gene gun, the 40 nm treated OTBS displayed a significantly larger number of viable NeuN and EYFP positive cells. These OTBS expressed the exogenous proteins for many weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our described methodology of producing OTBS, which results in better reproducibility with less tissue damage, permits the exploitation of mature fully formed adult brains for advanced neurobiological studies. The novel 40 nm particles are ideal for the viable biolistic transfection of OTBS by reducing tissue stress while maintaining long term exogene expression.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arsenault
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. jaob@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019470:Biolistics; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D004247:DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008867:Microtomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011419:Propidium; D012685:Sepharose / Q000737:chemistry; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C492380:NeuN protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C054562:yellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria; C027078:deoxyuridine triphosphate; D011419:Propidium; D004247:DNA; D012685:Sepharose; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase