title: RNA-Seq optimization with eQTL gold standards.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) experiments have been optimized for library preparation, mapping, and gene expression estimation. These methods, however, have revealed weaknesses in the next stages of analysis of differential expression, with results sensitive to systematic sample stratification or, in more extreme cases, to outliers. Further, a method to assess normalization and adjustment measures imposed on the data is lacking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address these issues, we utilize previously published eQTLs as a novel gold standard at the center of a framework that integrates DNA genotypes and RNA-Seq data to optimize analysis and aid in the understanding of genetic variation and gene expression. After detecting sample contamination and sequencing outliers in RNA-Seq data, a set of previously published brain eQTLs was used to determine if sample outlier removal was appropriate. Improved replication of known eQTLs supported removal of these samples in downstream analyses. eQTL replication was further employed to assess normalization methods, covariate inclusion, and gene annotation. This method was validated in an independent RNA-Seq blood data set from the GTEx project and a tissue-appropriate set of eQTLs. eQTL replication in both data sets highlights the necessity of accounting for unknown covariates in RNA-Seq data analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As each RNA-Seq experiment is unique with its own experiment-specific limitations, we offer an easily-implementable method that uses the replication of known eQTLs to guide each step in one's data analysis pipeline. In the two data sets presented herein, we highlight not only the necessity of careful outlier detection but also the need to account for unknown covariates in RNA-Seq experiments.
authors.forename: Shannon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Foram N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Ashar
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. arking@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Dan E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Arking
mesh_terms: D001769:Blood; D001921:Brain; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*