title: Trigonelline attenuates the adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells.
abstract: Trigonelline is a natural alkaloid mainly found in Trigonella Foenum Graecum (fenugreek) Fabaceae and other edible plants with a variety of medicinal applications. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanism of trigonelline (TG) on the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Trigonelline suppressed lipid droplet accumulation in a concentration (75 and 100 μM) dependent manner. Treatment of adipocyte with of TG down regulates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) and CCAAT element binding protein (C/EBP-α) mRNA expression, which leads to further down regulation of other gene such as adiponectin, adipogenin, leptin, resistin and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2) as compared with respective control cells on 5th and 10th day of differentiation. Further, addition of triognelline along with troglitazone to the adipocyte attenuated the troglitazone effects on PPARγ mediated differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Trigonelline might compete against troglitazone for its binding to the PPARγ. In addition, adipocyte treated with trigonelline and isoproterenol separately. Isoproterenol, a lipolytic agent which inhibits the fatty acid synthase and GLUT-4 transporter expression via cAMP mediated pathway, we found that similar magnitude response of fatty acid synthase and GLUT-4 transporter expression in trigonelline treated adipocyte. These results suggest that the trigonelline inhibits the adipogenesis by its influences on the expression PPARγ, which leads to subsequent down regulation of PPAR-γ mediated pathway during adipogenesis. Our findings provide key approach to the mechanism underlying the anti-adipogenic activity of trigonelline.
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soundharrajan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ilavenil
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mariadhas Valan
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Arasu
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Chae
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori-Shi 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Da Hye
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Sang Gun
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Su
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gi Jun
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Vijayakumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mayakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: choiwh@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Ki Choon
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D029910:Trigonella
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010936:Plant Extracts; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; C009560:trigonelline; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases
keywords: Adipogenesis; Isoproterenol; PPARγ; Trigonelline; Troglitazone; cAMP