title: Multicenter clinical evaluation of a multi-dose formulation of propofol in the dog.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propofol is a widely used injectable anesthetic agent for induction and short-term maintenance in dogs. A multi-dose formulation of propofol (MDP) has been developed which includes 2% benzyl alcohol as a preservative. In order to document the use of the product under clinical conditions, MDP was tested in a prospective clinical trial conducted at six sites within the United States. One hundred thirty-eight healthy, client-owned dogs were assigned to one of six treatment groups based on premedicants (none, acepromazine/buprenorphine, midazolam/buprenorphine, medetomidine/buprenorphine) and maintenance agents (MDP, inhaled anesthetic). Anesthesia was induced by the intravenous administration of MDP given to effect. Physiological indices including heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure were monitored prior to and during anesthesia induction, maintenance and recovery. Adverse events, defined for severity by pre-established limits of these physiological values, as well as side effects, defined as any observation outside the normal range, were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean intubation dose was 7.6 ± 2.1 mg/kg for MDP alone and 4.7 ± 1.3, 4.0 ± 1.0 mg/kg and 3.2 ± 1.4 mg/kg when buprenorphine was used in combination with midazolam, acepromazine and medetomidine, respectively. Of the 32 adverse events, apnea (12 incidents), bradycardia (9 incidents) and hypotension (7 incidents) were most frequently recorded. Emesis, cyanosis and second degree heart block were each noted once and successfully resolved. The cause of a single death 2 days post-anesthesia was assessed as a surgical complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDP was found to be acceptable for use in healthy dogs for induction and short term maintenance of anesthesia when used alone and in combination with premedicants and inhaled anesthetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. kmama@colostate.edu.
authors.forename: Khursheed R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Mama
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: Ralph C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Sheilah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Robbin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cozzi
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D002047:Buprenorphine; D000075:Acepromazine; D020926:Medetomidine; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol