title: Improving comprehension in adolescents with severe receptive language impairments: a randomized control trial of intervention for coordinating conjunctions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little evidence exists for the effectiveness of therapy for children with receptive language difficulties, particularly those whose difficulties are severe and persistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the effectiveness of explicit speech and language therapy with visual support for secondary school-aged children with language impairments focusing on comprehension of coordinating conjunctions in a randomized control trial with an assessor blind to group status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen participants (aged 11;3-16;1) with severe RELI (mean standard scores: CELF4 ELS = 48, CELF4 RLS = 53 and TROG-2 = 57), but higher non-verbal (Matrices = 83) and visual perceptual skills (Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS) = 86) were randomly assigned to two groups: therapy versus waiting controls. In Phase 1, the therapy group received eight 30-min individual sessions of explicit teaching with visual support (Shape Coding) with their usual SLT. In Phase 2, the waiting controls received the same therapy. The participants' comprehension was tested pre-, post-Phase 1 and post-Phase 2 therapy on (1) a specific test of the targeted conjunctions, (2) the TROG-2 and (3) a test of passives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After Phase 1, the therapy group showed significantly more progress than the waiting controls on the targeted conjunctions (d = 1.6) and overall TROG-2 standard score (d = 1.4). The two groups did not differ on the passives test. After Phase 2, the waiting controls made similar progress to those in the original therapy group, who maintained their previous progress. Neither group showed progress on passives. When the two groups were combined, significant progress was found on the specific conjunctions (d = 1.3) and TROG-2 raw (d = 1.1) and standard scores (d = 0.9). Correlations showed no measures taken (including Matrices and TVPS) correlated significantly with progress on the targeted conjunctions or the TROG-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four hours of Shape Coding therapy led to significant gains on comprehension of coordinating conjunctions which were maintained after 4 months. Given the significant progress at a group level and the lack of reliable predictors of progress, this approach could be offered to other children with similar difficulties to the participants. However, the intervention was delivered one-to-one by speech and language therapists, thus the effectiveness of this therapy method with other methods of delivery remains to be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Moor House School, Oxted, UK; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Susan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ebbels
authors.forename: Nataša
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marić
authors.forename: Aoife
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D003147:Communication Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D032882:Comprehension; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D007807:Language Tests; D007808:Language Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012660:Semantics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014825:Vocabulary
keywords: Shape Coding; adolescents; intervention; language disorder; language impairment; randomized control trial; receptive language