title: Echocardiographic particle image velocimetry for the evaluation of diastolic function in hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use particle image velocimetry (PIV) echocardiography for the evaluation of diastolic dysfunction (DD) in patients with hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy (HNCM).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 50 individuals, thereof 30 patients with DD due to HNCM and 20 healthy individuals who served as controls. HNCM patients were divided into 3 groups according to DD severity. All subjects underwent clinical assessment, exercise testing, and standard as well as PIV echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Energy dissipation was higher in DD patients than in the control group. The severity of flow pattern disturbance corresponded to the degree of DD. In a subgroup of 20 HNCM patients we found significant correlations between invasive measured left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and noninvasive PIV parameters for intraventricular pressure differences and filling. Inter-observer variability (mean difference ± 1.96 SD) for all tested PIV measurements was good.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to DD severity, patients with HNCM have disturbed intraventricular flow and reduced intraventricular pressure differences, consistent with a reduced intraventricular suction. PIV echocardiography appears to be feasible for detailed analysis of ventricular vortex flow in DD conditions. Further research using PIV echocardiography in different cardiac pathologies seems warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prinz
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandao da Silva
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jurczak
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bitter
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horstkotte
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003971:Diastole; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: diastolic left ventricular dysfunction; echocardiography; heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; particle image velocimetry; vortex