title: The role of thoracic trauma in inflammatory responses, apoptosis and bacterial translocation following multiple traumas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blunt chest trauma and its complications are commonly encountered in emergency medicine. Herein, we used a rat model to investigate the role of thoracic trauma in inflammation, apoptosis and bacterial translocation following multiple traumas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety Wistar rats were divided equally into nine groups. Rats underwent a standardized blunt thoracic and/or head trauma and were sacrificed 24 or 48 hours after the trauma. Specimens from various organs and blood samples were collected and quantitatively cultured for aerobic organisms. Interleukins, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels were assessed in the sera and markers of apoptosis were detected in the lungs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of interleukins, TNF-α and MCP-1 in all of the groups undergoing trauma were significantly higher than those of the control group (p=0.001). Levels of apoptotic cells in the groups undergoing head and thoracic trauma (HTT) were significantly higher than those of the control group (p=0.009). Light microscopic evaluation indicated that damage in the HTT groups was significantly higher than that in the control group. The incidence of bacterial translocation was also significantly higher in the HTT groups (p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple inflammatory mediators are activated in multiple traumas (including blunt thoracic trauma), which allow bacterial translocation and apoptotic processes to occur. Our results indicate that thoracic trauma plays a major role in post-traumatic bacterial translocation, inflammation, and apoptosis following multiple traumas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey. erhanayan10@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Erhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ayan
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oğuz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Koksel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayşe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Lülüfer
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tamer
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gülden
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ersöz
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yıldırım Yaroğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alper
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akdağ
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozdülger
authors.affiliation: Health Occupation High School, Biostatistics, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000502:physiology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D054390:Receptors, CCR2 / Q000097:blood; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D054390:Receptors, CCR2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha