title: Late onset of atypical paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia with remote history of Graves' disease.
abstract: Paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) is a rare hyperkinetic movement disorder and falls under the category of paroxysmal movement disorders. In this condition, episodes are spontaneous, involuntary, and involve dystonic posturing with choreic and ballistic movements. Attacks last for minutes to hours and rarely occur more than once per day. Attacks are not typically triggered by sudden movement, but may be brought on by alcohol, caffeine, stress, fatigue, or chocolate. We report a patient with multiple atypical features of PNKD. She had a 7-year history of this condition with onset at the age of 59, and a remote history of Graves' disease requiring total thyroidectomy. The frequency of attacks in our case ranged from five to six times a day to a minimum of twice per week, and the duration of episode was short, lasting not more than 2 min. Typically, PNKDs occur at a much younger age and have longer attack durations with low frequency. Administering clonazepam worked to reduce her symptoms, although majority of previous research suggests that pharmacological interventions have poor outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Abdul Qayyum
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Ambreen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadeem
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Muhammad Saad
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yousuf
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Zakerabibi M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Kachhvi
keywords: Dystonia; Graves’ disease; movement disorder