title: Risk factors for morphoea disease severity: a retrospective review of 114 paediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphoea is a rare fibrosing disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with an unpredictable disease course, running the spectrum from mild skin involvement to severe disfigurement or extracutaneous complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to describe the natural history of paediatric morphoea and determine patient variables that were associated with severe disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with morphoea seen in one paediatric hospital system. Information about demographics, clinical characteristics, disease course and treatment were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate univariate tests and a multivariable model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and fourteen patients met study inclusion criteria. The female : male ratio was 2·6 : 1, and the median age of onset was 7 years old. There were 55 patients (48%) with linear morphoea, 38 patients (33%) with circumscribed morphoea, 12 patients (11%) with generalized morphoea, and nine patients (8%) with mixed morphoea. Neurological symptoms and joint involvement were present in 27 subjects (24%). Extracutaneous manifestations occurred in 38% of subjects with linear morphoea, compared with 15% with generalized morphoea and 3% with circumscribed morphoea (P = 0·0001). Thirty-six per cent of children with disease onset prior to 10 years of age and 5% of children with disease onset after 10 years of age had extracutaneous manifestations (P = 0·0002). Both linear morphoea and early-onset disease were significantly associated with extracutaneous involvement in a multivariable model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with linear morphoea and disease onset before 10 years of age should be monitored closely for extracutaneous manifestations and need early treatment with systemic medications to prevent disease complications.
authors.affiliation: Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, U.S.A.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pequet
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Drolet
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Y E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012594:Scleroderma, Localized / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents