title: Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy-an alternative for monitoring soil contamination by heavy metals.
abstract: Soil contamination by heavy metals is an increasingly important problem worldwide. Quick and reliable access to heavy metal concentration data is crucial for soil monitoring and remediation. Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, which is known as a noninvasive, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technique, has potential for the simultaneous estimation of the various heavy metal concentrations in soil. Moreover, it provides a valid alternative method for the estimation of heavy metal concentrations over large areas and long periods of time. This paper reviews the state of the art and presents the mechanisms, data, and methods for the estimation of heavy metal concentrations by the use of visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The challenges facing the application of hyperspectral images in mapping soil contamination over large areas are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Resource and Environmental Science & Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 430079 Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Tiezhu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: School of Resource and Environmental Science & Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 430079 Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yiyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Resource and Environmental Science & Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 430079 Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yaolin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services & College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China; School of Resource and Environmental Science & Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 430079 Wuhan, China. Electronic address: guofeng.wu@szu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guofeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Calibration method; Hyperspectral image; Modeling strategy; Pre-processing method; Spectral index; Variable selection method