title: Variation in the salivary proteomes of differentially virulent greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) biotypes.
abstract: Greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) biotypes are classified by their differential virulence to wheat, barley, and sorghum varieties possessing greenbug resistance genes. Virulent greenbug biotypes exert phytotoxic effects upon their hosts during feeding, directly inducing physiological and metabolic alterations and accompanying foliar damage. Comparative analyses of the salivary proteomes of four differentially virulent greenbug biotypes C, E, G, and H showed significant proteomic divergence between biotypes. Thirty-two proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS; the most prevalent of which were three glucose dehydrogenase paralogs (GDH), lipophorin, complementary sex determiner, three proteins of unknown function, carbonic anhydrase, fibroblast growth factor receptor, and abnormal oocyte (ABO). Seven nucleotide-binding proteins were identified, including ABO which is involved in mRNA splicing. Quantitative variation among greenbug biotypes was detected in six proteins; two GDH paralogs, carbonic anhydrase, ABO, and two proteins of unknown function. Our findings reveal that the greenbug salivary proteome differs according to biotype and diverges substantially from those reported for other aphids. The proteomic profiles of greenbug biotypes suggest that interactions between aphid salivary proteins and the plant host result in suppression of plant defenses and cellular transport, and may manipulate transcriptional regulation in the plant host, ultimately allowing the aphid to maintain phloem ingestion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani, GB) is a major phytotoxic aphid pest of wheat, sorghum, and barley. Unlike non-phytotoxic aphids, GB directly damages its host, causing uniformly characteristic symptoms leading to host death. As saliva is the primary interface between the aphid and its plant host, saliva is also the primary aphid biotypic determinant, and differences in biotypic virulence are the result of biotypic variations in salivary content. This study analyzed the exuded saliva of four distinct Greenbug biotypes with a range of virulence to crop lines containing greenbug resistance traits in order to identify differences between salivary proteins of the examined biotypes. Our analyses confirmed that the salivary proteomes of the examined greenbug biotypes differ widely, identified 32 proteins of the greenbug salivary proteome, and found significant proteomic variation between six identified salivary proteins. The proteomic variation identified herein is likely the basis of biotypic virulence, and the proteins identified can serve as the basis for functional studies into both greenbug-induced phytotoxic damage and into the molecular basis of virulence in specific GB biotypes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: SI: Proteomics of non-model organisms.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Laboratory, 1301 N. Western Rd., Stillwater, OK, USA. Electronic address: scott.nicholson@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Laboratory, 1301 N. Western Rd., Stillwater, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Puterka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000378:metabolism*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides
keywords: Greenbug; Phytotoxicity; Plant–insect interactions; Proteome; Saliva; Virulence