title: Lysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by high-intensity focused ultrasound as a function of exposure time.
abstract: Efficient lysis of microalgae for lipid extraction is an important concern when processing biofuels. Historically, ultrasound frequencies in the range of 10-40 kHz have been utilized for this task. However, greater efficiencies might be achievable if higher frequencies could be used. In our study, we evaluated the potential of using 1.1 MHz ultrasound to lyse microalgae for biofuel production while using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model organism. The ultrasound was generated using a spherically focused transducer with a focal length of 6.34 cm and an active diameter of 6.36 cm driven by 20 cycle sine-wave tone bursts at a pulse repetition frequency of 2 kHz (3.6% duty cycle). The time-average acoustic power output was 26.2 W while the spatial-peak-pulse-average intensity (ISPPA) for each tone burst was 41 kW/cm(2). The peak compressional and rarefactional pressures at the focus were 102 and 17 MPa, respectively. The exposure time was varied for the different cases in the experiments from 5s to 9 min and cell lysis was assessed by quantifying the percentage of protein and chlorophyll release into the supernate as well as the lipid extractability. Free radical generation and lipid oxidation for the different ultrasound exposures were also determined. We found that there was a statistically significant increase in lipid extractability for all of the exposures compared to the control. The longer exposures also completely fragmented the cells releasing almost all of the protein and chlorophyll into the supernate. The cavitation activity did not significantly increase lipid oxidation while there was a minor trend of increased free radical production with increased ultrasound exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Electronic address: bigelow@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Engineering, John Brown University, Siloam Springs, AR 72761, USA.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Dan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stessman
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Linxing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Spalding
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death; D016825:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D010940:Plant Proteins; D002734:Chlorophyll
keywords: High-intensity focused ultrasound; Lipid extraction; Microalgae; Ultrasound lysis