title: Mirrored feedback in chronic stroke: recruitment and effective connectivity of ipsilesional sensorimotor networks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mirrored feedback has potential as a therapeutic intervention to restore hand function after stroke. However, the functional (effective) connectivity of neural networks involved in processing mirrored feedback after stroke is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if regions recruited by mirrored feedback topographically overlap with those involved in control of the paretic hand and to identify the effective connectivity of activated nodes within the mirrored feedback network.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with chronic stroke performed a finger flexion task with their unaffected hand during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Real-time hand kinematics was recorded during fMRI and used to actuate hand models presented in virtual reality (VR). Visual feedback of the unaffected hand motion was manipulated pseudorandomly by either actuating the VR hand corresponding to the moving unaffected side (veridical feedback) or the affected side (mirrored feedback). In 2 control conditions, the VR hands were replaced with moving nonanthropomorphic shapes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mirrored feedback was associated with significant activation of regions within and outside the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex, overlapping with areas engaged when patients performed the task with their affected hand. Effective connectivity analysis showed a significantly interconnected ipsilesional somatosensory and motor cortex in the mirrored feedback condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mirrored feedback recruits ipsilesional brain areas relevant for control of the affected hand. These data provide a neurophysiological basis by which mirrored feedback may be beneficial as a therapy for restoring function after stroke.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Soha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Sergei V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Adamovich
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tunik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002908:Chronic Disease; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007909:Lenses; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011601:Psychophysics; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: fMRI; mirrored feedback; motor control; virtual reality; visuomotor integration