title: An analysis of chronic kidney disease risk factors in a Louisiana nursing home population: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and its progression are associated with multiple risk factors. CKD is prevalent in nursing homes residents, but factors related to CKD in this setting have not been defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted (n=103). Data was abstracted using standardized forms and analyzed (SAS 9.2). Chi square and t-test statistics were used to compare proportions and means; correlation coefficients were used to describe associations. Logistic models were fit to the data to determine multivariate associations. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula was used to estimate GFR. CKD was defined according to established standards. A cutoff point of 60 was chosen for further analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three percent of subjects had CKD. Mean age for eGFR <60 was 70.8 +/- 13 and for eGFR >60 was 61.7 +/-14. Frequent co-morbidities were hypertension (75%), GERD (40%), obesity (39%), dyslipidemia (35%), depression (34%), anemia (32%), and diabetes (32%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our population is unique in terms of its age and reasons for nursing home admission. Factors associated with CKD in our study include age >65 years old, being male, having a positive history of cardiovascular disease (including congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease,) anemia, polypharmacy, and being obese (BMI >30). Further analysis showed that age and anemia are the strongest factors associated with CKD in our population. Management targeted at CKD risk factor reduction may play a vital role in controlling the magnitude of this disease. Prospective studies to investigate the relationship between gender, a BMI greater than 30, cardiovascular disease, and CKD and its complications are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: Erwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: Hina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.affiliation: Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frontini
authors.affiliation: Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Reske
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, LSUHSC-New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cefalu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution