title: Experimentally reduced root-microbe interactions reveal limited plasticity in functional root traits in Acer and Quercus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interactions between roots and soil microbes are critical components of below-ground ecology. It is essential to quantify the magnitude of root trait variation both among and within species, including variation due to plasticity. In addition to contextualizing the magnitude of plasticity relative to differences between species, studies of plasticity can ascertain if plasticity is predictable and whether an environmental factor elicits changes in traits that are functionally advantageous.
  
  
  METHODS
  To compare functional traits and trait plasticities in fine root tissues with natural and reduced levels of colonization by microbial symbionts, trimmed and surface-sterilized root segments of 2-year-old Acer rubrum and Quercus rubra seedlings were manipulated. Segments were then replanted into satellite pots filled with control or heat-treated soil, both originally derived from a natural forest. Mycorrhizal colonization was near zero in roots grown in heat-treated soil; roots grown in control soil matched the higher colonization levels observed in unmanipulated root samples collected from field locations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between-treatment comparisons revealed negligible plasticity for root diameter, branching intensity and nitrogen concentration across both species. Roots from treated soils had decreased tissue density (approx. 10-20 %) and increased specific root length (approx. 10-30 %). In contrast, species differences were significant and greater than treatment effects in traits other than tissue density. Interspecific trait differences were also significant in field samples, which generally resembled greenhouse samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of experimental and field approaches was useful for contextualizing trait plasticity in comparison with inter- and intra-specific trait variation. Findings that root traits are largely species dependent, with the exception of root tissue density, are discussed in the context of current literature on root trait variation, interactions with symbionts and recent progress in standardization of methods for quantifying root traits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Mei-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Louise H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Comas
authors.forename: Hilary S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Callahan
mesh_terms: D031002:Acer / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D018533:Biomass; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006358:Hot Temperature; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D029963:Quercus / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D012987:Soil; D013045:Species Specificity; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Acer rubrum; Quercus rubra; Trait plasticity; branching intensity; maple; mycorrhizal colonization; oak; root architecture; root morphology; specific root length