title: The use of microRNAs to modulate redox and immune response to stroke.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral ischemia is a major cause of death and disability throughout the world, yet therapeutic options remain limited. The interplay between the cellular redox state and the immune response plays a critical role in determining the extent of neural cell injury after ischemia and reperfusion. Excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondria and other sources act both as triggers and effectors of inflammation. This review will focus on the interplay between these two mechanisms.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators that interact with multiple target messenger RNAs coordinately regulating target genes, including those involved in controlling mitochondrial function, redox state, and inflammatory pathways. This review will focus on the regulation of mitochondria, ROS, and inflammation by miRNAs in the chain of deleterious intra- and intercellular events that lead to brain cell death after cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although pretreatment using miRNAs was effective in cerebral ischemia in rodents, testing treatment after the onset of ischemia is an essential next step in the development of acute stroke treatment. In addition, miRNA formulation and delivery into the CNS remain a challenge in the clinical translation of miRNA therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research should focus on post-treatment and potential clinical use of miRNAs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Yi-Bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Creed M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stary
authors.forename: Robin E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Rona G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Giffard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D020521:Stroke / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species