title: Comparison of landmark identification and linear and angular measurements in conventional and digital cephalometry.
abstract: The purpose was to compare the reliability of landmark identification and linear and angular measurements in conventional versus digital cephalometry. Using 50 cephalometric radiographs, four orthodontic residents identified 19 cephalometric landmarks followed by 18 linear and angular measurements of the same radiographs. The values of 18 measurements were compared to quantify the measurement difference and interobserver errors between these two methods. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the "cephalometric radiograph" and "landmark" variation had greater influence than that of "method" (landmark identification on original radiograph/on digital). A statistically significant difference for interobserver errors between the two methods was noted only for 5 out of 19 cephalometric landmarks. The most accurately identified landmark in conventional and digitized method was Sella (S), followed by Nasion (N). Landmarks requiring further scrutiny in digital images were Porion (P) Articulare, ANS, UM, and LM. The advantages of digital cephalometry were also substantiated.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung fūr Kieferorthopädie und dentofaziale Orthopadie, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Indien. drpankaj.akhare@gmail.com
authors.forename: Pankaj J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Akhare
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Indien.
authors.forename: Akshay M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dagab
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Raja Rajeshwari Dental College, Bangalore, Indien.
authors.forename: Rajkumar S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Alle
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, V.S.P.M Dental College, Nagpur, Indien.
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shenoyd
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, The Oxford Dental College, Hospital & Research Center, Bangalore, Indien.
authors.forename: Venkatesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garla
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008963:Molar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015588:Observer Variation; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging