title: Efficacy of dietary modification following the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommendation on lipid profiles among hyperlipidemia subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperlipidemia has adverse effects on atherosclerosis, causing it to develop into cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia has been increasing among those in the working-age group and may be caused by inappropriate dietary patterns. Dietary modification should form the basis of lipid management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the effects of a dietary modification following the NCEP-ATP III recommendation on lipid profiles among hyperlipidemia subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design was a quasi-experimental study, with a pre-test/post-test two-group design. Each group consisted of 31 hyperlipidemia subjects aged 30 to 59 years old with total cholesterol (TC) greater than or equal to 240 mg/dl or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) greater than or equal to 130 mg/dl. The present study was conducted between January and June 2009. The research procedure included 6-week nutrition counseling and a 2-week follow-up for 12 weeks. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaire and a 3-day food record. Dietary and biological assessments were compared before and after the experiment. Statistical analysis was performed using means, standard deviations, independent and paired t-tests, Friedman test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention group had a significant reduction of TC and LDL-C at the end of the experiment (p < 0.05). Moreover this group had a significantly higher percentage reduction of TC and LDL-C than the control group (8.5% vs. 3.0%, and 10.8% vs. 2.4%, respectively) (p < 0.05). Distributions of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the intervention group were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). Distribution of saturated fatty acids (SFAs):MUFAs:polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were 12.0:13.4:6.3% in the intervention group and 12.3:9.2:5.6% in the control group. Neither group was able to reduce SFAs intake to < 7% as recommended. Neither the recommended one-third of vegetable protein nor two-thirds of complex carbohydrate was achieved Dietary fiber was less than 10 g/1,000 kcal. The cholesterol intake in the intervention group was less than in the control group (155.9 vs. 206.3 mg/d).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dietary modification in the present study significantly lowered TC and LDL-C. However compliance with the recommendation of high MUFAs intake was difficult to achieve. The dietary modification might be focused instead on lowering intake of SFAs, replacing animal protein with vegetable protein, and increasing complex carbohydrates, fruits, and vegetables to raise dietary fiber.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand. st290199@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Suruchsawadee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thiengwiboonwong
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rewadee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chongsuwat
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Paradee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Temcharoen
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wongdyan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pandii
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Patcharanee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavadhgul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome