title: Co-colonization by Haemophilus influenzae with Streptococcus pneumoniae enhances pneumococcal-specific antibody response in young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) are common bacterial pathogens of respiratory infections and common commensal microbes in the human nasopharynx (NP). The effect of interactions among theses bacteria during co-colonization of the NP on the host immune response has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of co-colonization by Hi or Mcat on the systemic antibody response to vaccine protein candidate antigens of Spn and similarly the impact of co-colonization by Spn and Mcat on antibody responses to Hi vaccine protein candidate antigens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were collected from healthy children at 6, 9, 15, 18, and 24 months of age when they were colonized with Spn, Hi, Mcat or their combinations. Quantitative ELISA was used to determine serum IgA and IgG against three Spn antigens and three Hi antigens, and as well as whole cells of non-typeable (NT) Spn and Hi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NP colonization by Spn increased serum IgA and IgG titers against Spn antigens PhtD, PcpA and PlyD and whole cells of NTSpn, and co-colonization of Hi or Mcat with Spn resulted in further increases of serum pneumococcal-specific antibody levels. NP colonization by Hi increased serum IgA and IgG titers against Hi antigens P6, Protein D and OMP26 and whole cells of NTHi, but co-colonization of Spn or Mcat with Hi did not result in further increase of serum NTHi-specific antibody levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-colonization of Hi or Mcat with Spn enhances serum antibody response to NTSpn whole cells and Spn vaccine candidate antigens PhtD, PcPA and PlyD1. Co-colonization appears to variably modulate pathogen species-specific host adaptive immune response.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA. Electronic address: qingfu.xu@rochestergeneral.org.
authors.forename: Qingfu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pichichero
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000917:Antibody Formation; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: Antibody response; Haemophilus influenzae; Moraxella catarrhalis; Polymicrobial co-colonization; Streptococcus pneumoniae