title: Design and characterization of an optimized simultaneous color and near-infrared fluorescence rigid endoscopic imaging system.
abstract: We report the design, characterization, and validation of an optimized simultaneous color and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence rigid endoscopic imaging system for minimally invasive surgery. This system is optimized for illumination and collection of NIR wavelengths allowing the simultaneous acquisition of both color and NIR fluorescence at frame rates higher than 6.8 fps with high sensitivity. The system employs a custom 10-mm diameter rigid endoscope optimized for NIR transmission. A dual-channel light source compatible with the constraints of an endoscope was built and includes a plasma source for white light illumination and NIR laser diodes for fluorescence excitation. A prism-based 2-CCD camera was customized for simultaneous color and NIR detection with a highly efficient filtration scheme for fluorescence imaging of both 700- and 800-nm emission dyes. The performance characterization studies indicate that the endoscope can efficiently detect fluorescence signal from both indocyanine green and methylene blue in dimethyl sulfoxide at the concentrations of 100 to 185 nM depending on the background optical properties. Finally, we performed the validation of this imaging system in vivo during a minimally invasive procedure for thoracic sentinel lymph node mapping in a porcine model.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venugopal
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215bChonnam National University Medical School, Department of Surgery, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215cHokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ashitate
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
authors.forename: Florin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Neacsu
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kettenring
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215dBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Frangioni
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
authors.forename: Sidhu P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gangadharan
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gioux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes