title: HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma in a Japanese patient with early submandibular swelling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk of developing malignancies and have an increased susceptibility to infection. HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is relatively rare in developed countries, but remains prevalent in developing counties and is sometimes compounded by the fact that patients may be unaware that they are HIV-positive.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 37-year-old Japanese man was referred to our department for diagnosis and management of submandibular swelling. He was unaware that he was HIV-positive at the initial visit. Here, we describe our diagnostic approach, in which we used hematological and immunological investigations, biopsy, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and fluorescence in situ hybridization to confirm the diagnosis of HIV-associated BL. The patient has no risk factors for HIV infection, and the source of infection remains unclear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this case, submandibular swelling was the first clinical sign of pathology and the patient's HIV-positive status only became evident later. It is highly likely that BL was triggered by HIV infection.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawase-Koga
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. mori-ora@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamikubo
authors.forename: Mineo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology