title: Passive sampling of perfluorinated chemicals in water: in-situ calibration.
abstract: Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) have been recognised as environmental pollutants that require monitoring. A modified polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) is able to quantify aqueous PFCs. However, with varying external water velocity, PFC sampling rates (Rs) may change, affecting accuracy of derived water concentrations. To facilitate field deployment of this sampler, two methods of in-situ calibration were investigated: performance reference compounds (PRCs) and passive flow monitors (PFMs). Increased Rs's (by factors of 1.2-1.9) with PFM loss rate (g d(-1)) were observed for some PFCs. Results indicate PFMs can be used to correct PFC specific Rs's for more reliable estimates of environmental concentrations with a precision of about 0.01 L d(-1). Empirical models presented provide an improved means for aquatic monitoring of PFCs. The PRC approach was unsuccessful, confirming concern as to its applicability with such samplers.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia. Electronic address: k.sarit@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sarit L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kaserzon
authors.affiliation: Griffith University, School of Environment, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: Darryl W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hawker
authors.affiliation: NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Dominique S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Etiënne L M
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Vermeirssen
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Jochen F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Flow rate; Passive flow monitor; Passive sampling; Perfluorinated chemicals; Polar organic chemical integrative sampler; Sampling rate