title: Indications and techniques of endoscope assisted vitrectomy.
abstract: The popularization of ophthalmic endoscopy has been promoted by recent technological advancements that increase the number of indications for endoscopy. These advancements have improved the endoscope's capabilities in its two fundamental surgical advantages: (1) bypassing anterior segment opacities, and (2) visualizing anteriorly positioned structures such as the ciliary bodies and sub-iris space. In this article, the current state of the ophthalmic endoscope is reviewed alongside its growing number of applications in glaucoma, vitreoretinal, and ocular trauma surgery. We describe the role of endoscopy in endocyclophotocoagulation for glaucoma, cyclitic membrane peeling in hypotony, retinal detachment surgery, intraocular foreign body removal, severe endophthalmitis, and pediatric traumatic vitreoretinal surgery. This review examines both the pearls and limitations of the ophthalmic application of endoscopy. In doing so, we hope to provide guidelines for using the endoscope and also to highlight applications of endoscopy that merit further study.
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Division of Ophthalmology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yonekawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Thanos D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Papakostas
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Division of Ophthalmology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Arroyo
keywords: Endoscopy; Retina; Vitrectomy; Vitreoretinal Surgery