title: The contribution of major diagnostic causes to socioeconomic differences in disability retirement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was twofold: to investigate socioeconomic differences in disability retirement (DR) due to major diseases and find out which diseases contribute most to the overall socioeconomic differences in DR.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were longitudinal register-based (10% sample of Finns) from Statistics Finland. These data included 258 428 participants aged 35-64 years during the follow-up. The participants were employed or unemployed before the follow-up period 1997-2010. Of all participants, 14 303 men and 13 188 women ended up in DR during the follow-up. Socioeconomic status was categorized into upper- and lower-class non-manual employees, manual workers, and self-employed persons. Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios for DR due to different diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to upper-class non-manual employees, DR was especially high for manual workers whose retirement diagnoses included psychoactive substance use, musculoskeletal diseases (MSD), or cardiovascular diseases. Socioeconomic differences in DR were stronger for younger age groups and men versus women. For females and males, the largest part of the excess DR among manual workers compared to upper-class non-manual employees was due to MSD. In the age group 54-64 years, the contribution of MSD to the total excess was >50% among male manual workers and 75% among female manual workers. Excess DR due to mental disorders concerned only 35-54-year-old manual workers (among 23% men and 26% women).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contribution of MSD to the total excess DR among lower socioeconomic groups was large. Prevention of MSD among manual workers would likely reduce socioeconomic differences in DR.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Centre for Pensions, 00065 Eläketurvakeskus, Finland. anu.polvinen@etk.fi].
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polvinen
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahelma
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martikainen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000191:economics; D010415:Pensions; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012179:Retirement / Q000191:economics*; D012923:Social Class