title: Guiding principles for student leadership development in the doctor of pharmacy program to assist administrators and faculty members in implementing or refining curricula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assist administrators and faculty members in colleges and schools of pharmacy by gathering expert opinion to frame, direct, and support investments in student leadership development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six leadership instructors participated in a 3-round, online, modified Delphi process to define doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) student leadership instruction. Round 1 asked open-ended questions about leadership knowledge, skills, and attitudes to begin the generation of student leadership development guiding principles and competencies. Statements were identified as guiding principles when they were perceived as foundational to the instructional approach. Round 2 grouped responses for agreement rating and comment. Group consensus with a statement as a guiding principle was set prospectively at 80%. Round 3 allowed rating and comment on guidelines, modified from feedback in round 2, that did not meet consensus. The principles were verified by identifying common contemporary leadership development approaches in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve guiding principles, related to concepts of leadership and educational philosophy, were defined and could be linked to contemporary leadership development thought. These guiding principles describe the motivation for teaching leadership, the fundamental precepts of student leadership development, and the core tenets for leadership instruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expert opinion gathered using a Delphi process resulted in guiding principles that help to address many of the fundamental questions that arise when implementing or refining leadership curricula. The principles identified are supported by common contemporary leadership development thought.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Traynor
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland.
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Kristin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Janke
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum; D003625:Data Collection; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005178:Faculty; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007857:Leadership; D007858:Learning; D009042:Motivation; D013339:Students, Pharmacy; D013663:Teaching; D014481:United States
keywords: curriculum; delphi; instruction; leadership; principles