title: Heparin-derived supersulfated disaccharide inhibits allergic airway responses in sheep.
abstract: The tetrasaccharide sequence of heparin oligosaccharides is the minimum chain length possessing anti-allergic activity, as the disaccharide fraction is inactive. Since sulfation pattern can modify the biological actions of heparin, we hypothesized that "supersulfation" of the inactive heparin disaccharide could confer anti-allergic activity to this molecule. To test this, we produced a supersulfated heparin disaccharide (Hep-SSD) and evaluated its anti-allergic activity in sheep with documented antigen-induced early and late airway responses (EAR and LAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Porcine intestinal heparin was depolymerized with nitrous acid, the disaccharide fraction separated by size exclusion chromatography, and then treated with pyridine-sulfur trioxide complex to yield Hep-SSD. Its chemical structure [IdoU2',3',4'S (1→4) AMan1,3,6S] was confirmed by HPLC, Mass Spectrometry and NMR analysis. Inhaled doses of 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg Hep-SSD produced inhibition of EAR (8%, 35% and 35%), LAR (50%, 80%, and 77%) and AHR (67%, 100% and 75%), respectively. A single oral dose of 2 mg/kg Hep-SSD given 90 min before challenge significantly inhibited EAR, LAR and AHR, but 1 mg/kg was ineffective. Multi dose oral treatment with Hep-SSD had a cumulative effect, as a once daily dose of 2 mg/kg for 3 days (last dose, 16 h before antigen) inhibited EAR, LAR and AHR by 30%, 75% and 74%, respectively. Finally, the oral activity of Hep-SSD could be enhanced 4 fold by formulating it with Carbopol(®)934P, in an enteric coated capsule. These data demonstrate that "supersulfation" can confer biological activity to the inactive heparin disaccharide. Both inhaled and oral Hep-SSD demonstrate significant anti-allergic activity and, therefore, may have therapeutic potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd. Miami Beach, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA. Electronic address: tahir.ahmed@msmc.com.
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd. Miami Beach, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA. Electronic address: gasmith13@comcast.net.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd. Miami Beach, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA. Electronic address: abraham@msmc.com.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D012756:Sheep; D013431:Sulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D000941:Antigens; D004187:Disaccharides; D013431:Sulfates; C464536:heparin disaccharide; D006493:Heparin; C453622:carbopol 934P
keywords: Heparin oligosaccharides; Oral actvity; Sheep asthma model; Sulfation