title: Developmental trajectories of social participation in individuals with cerebral palsy: a multicentre longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the developmental trajectories of social participation, by level of gross motor function and intellectual disability, in a Dutch population of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) aged 1 to 24 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the Pediatric Rehabilitation Research in the Netherlands (PERRIN+), 424 individuals with CP (261 males, 163 females; mean age [SD] 9y 6mo [6y 2mo]; Gross Motor Function Classification [GMFCS] levels I-V [50% level I]; 87% with spastic CP; 26% with intellectual disability) were longitudinally followed for up to 4 years between 2002 and 2007. Social participation was assessed with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales survey. Effects of age, GMFCS level and intellectual disability were analysed using multilevel modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The developmental trajectories for individuals in GMFCS levels I to IV did not significantly differ from each other. For individuals without intellectual disability, the degree of social participation increased with age and stabilized at about 18 years. These individuals reached social participation levels similar to typically developing individuals. The trajectories were significantly less favourable for individuals in GMFCS level V and individuals with intellectual disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intellectual disability is more distinctive for the development of social participation than GMFCS level. The developmental trajectories will support individuals with CP and their families in setting realistic goals and professionals in optimizing the choice of interventions at an early age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Siok Swan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Diana J H G
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wiegerink
authors.forename: Rimke C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: Dirk Wouter
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Jeanine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Voorman
authors.forename: Jos W R
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.forename: Marjolijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ketelaar
authors.forename: Marij E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Roebroeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D058992:Social Participation; D055815:Young Adult