title: [Meta-analysis of risk factors for all-cause mortality of pulmonary thromboembolism].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the causes of death and risk factors of pulmonary thromboembolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pubmed, English Medical Current Contents, Chinese Conference Data and Chinese Biomedical Database were searched from January 1995 up to May 2011. And the references of these studies were also examined. Observational studies were assessed according to suggestion of quality assessment with references. Randomized control trials (RCT) were assessed with Jadad scale. Software RevMan 5.1 was used to examin the heterogeneity of trials. The fixed or random effect model was employed to pool the risk ratio and 95%CI. The results were expressed with risk ratio and 95%CI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five studies with a total number of 19 613 cases of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) were included for final analysis. The average mortality rate was (10.7 ± 7.6)% (range 0.5%-30.0%). And the following factors increased the total mortality of pulmonary embolism: right ventricular hypokinesis or dysfunction (2.18(1.64-2.89), P = 0.000), elevated D-dimer (5.19(1.93-13.96), P = 0.001), elevated cardiac troponin (cTnI) (4.01(2.77-5.81), P = 0.000), hypotension (2.76(1.25-6.09), P = 0.010), malignancy (2.65(2.01-3.50), P = 0.000), congestive heart failure (1.90(1.62-2.22), P = 0.000), chronic lung disease (1.40(1.18-1.66), P = 0.000), tachycardia (1.65(1.23-2.20), P = 0.000), immobility (1.74(1.36-2.21), P = 0.000) and age > 65 years (1.24 (1.13-1.37), P = 0.000), etc. When multiple factors co-existed, the risk of death became more obvious.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated D-dimer, elevated cTnI, hypotension, malignancy, right ventricular hypokinesis or dysfunction, immobility, congestive heart failure, tachycardia, chronic lung disease, age > 65 years influence the mortality rate of pulmonary embolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Disease & Critical Care Medicine, Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Disease & Critical Care Medicine, Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China. Email: yyd1108@126.com.
authors.forename: Ya-dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000401:mortality*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors