title: Direct glucose production from lignocellulose using Clostridium thermocellum cultures supplemented with a thermostable β-glucosidase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cellulases continue to be one of the major costs associated with the lignocellulose hydrolysis process. Clostridium thermocellum is an anaerobic, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium that produces cellulosomes capable of efficiently degrading plant cell walls. The end-product cellobiose, however, inhibits degradation. To maximize the cellulolytic ability of C. thermocellum, it is important to eliminate this end-product inhibition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This work describes a system for biological saccharification that leads to glucose production following hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. C. thermocellum cultures supplemented with thermostable beta-glucosidases make up this system. This approach does not require any supplementation with cellulases and hemicellulases. When C. thermocellum strain S14 was cultured with a Thermoanaerobacter brockii beta-glucosidase (CglT with activity 30 U/g cellulose) in medium containing 100 g/L cellulose (617 mM initial glucose equivalents), we observed not only high degradation of cellulose, but also accumulation of 426 mM glucose in the culture broth. In contrast, cultures without CglT, or with less thermostable beta-glucosidases, did not efficiently hydrolyze cellulose and accumulated high levels of glucose. Glucose production required a cellulose load of over 10 g/L. When alkali-pretreated rice straw containing 100 g/L glucan was used as the lignocellulosic biomass, approximately 72% of the glucan was saccharified, and glucose accumulated to 446 mM in the culture broth. The hydrolysate slurry containing glucose was directly fermented to 694 mM ethanol by addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, giving an 85% theoretical yield without any inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our process is the first instance of biological saccharification with exclusive production and accumulation of glucose from lignocellulosic biomass. The key to its success was the use of C. thermocellum supplemented with a thermostable beta-glucosidase and cultured under a high cellulose load. We named this approach biological simultaneous enzyme production and saccharification (BSES). BSES may resolve a significant barrier to economical production by providing a platform for production of fermentable sugars with reduced enzyme amounts.
authors.forename: Panida
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prawitwong
authors.forename: Rattiya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waeonukul
authors.forename: Chakrit
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tachaapaikoon
authors.forename: Patthra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pason
authors.forename: Khanok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ratanakhanokchai
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Junjarus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sermsathanaswadi
authors.forename: Krisna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Septiningrum
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan. akosugi@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kosugi