title: UV photolysis for accelerating pyridine biodegradation.
abstract: Pyridine, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, is slowly biodegradable, and coupling biodegradation with UV photolysis is a potential means to accelerate its biotransformation and mineralization. The initial steps of pyridine biodegradation involve mono-oxygenation reactions that have molecular oxygen and an intracellular electron carrier as cosubstrates. We employed an internal circulation baffled biofilm reactor for pyridine biodegradation following three protocols: direct biodegradation (B), biodegradation after photolysis (P+B), and biodegradation with succinic acid added (B+S). Succinic acid was the main UV-photolysis product from pyridine, and its catabolic oxidation generates internal electron carriers that may accelerate the initial steps of pyridine biodegradation. Compared with direct biodegradation of pyridine (B), the removal rate for the same concentration of photolyzed pyridine (P+B) was higher by 15 to 43%, depending on the initial pyridine concentrations (increasing through the range of 130 to 310 mg/L). Adding succinic acid alone (B+S) gave results similar to P+B, which supports that succinic acid was the main agent for accelerating the pyridine biodegradation rate. In addition, protocols P+B and B+S were similar in terms of increasing pyridine mineralization over 10 h: 84% and 87%, respectively, which were higher than with protocol B (72%). The positive impact of succinic acid-whether added directly or produced via UV photolysis-confirms that its catabolism, which produced intracellular electron carriers, accelerated the initial steps of pyridine biotransformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Life and Environmental Science, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yingxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rittmann
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018441:Biofilms; D019149:Bioreactors; D001711:Biotransformation; D007700:Kinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010782:Photolysis; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D019802:Succinic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011725:Pyridines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019802:Succinic Acid; C023666:pyridine