title: Flow cytometry assessment of graft-infiltrating lymphocytes can accurately identify acute rejection in kidney transplants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, we have reported that flow cytometry analysis of fine-needle aspirates can accurately predict rejection in kidney transplants treated with cyclosporine-azathioprine-prednisolone. In this study, we examined this technique's accuracy using current immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kidney transplant recipients were treated with calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone: 92 remained rejection-free - Group I - and 37 developed acute rejection - Group II. An allograft aspiration specimen and peripheral blood were collected from Group I on post-transplant day 7 and from Group II on the day of clinical rejection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant changes were seen in both aspiration and peripheral blood samples in several T cell subsets when comparing Groups I and II. A sensitivity of 94.6%, specificity of 85%, and AUC = 0.966 were observed through combining CD8DR with CD3CD69 values from aspiration specimen; the corresponding AUC in peripheral blood was 0.847. Irreversible rejections displayed a significantly higher activation score (p = 0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow cytometry analysis of aspiration specimen achieved high diagnostic performance in renal transplants through studying CD8DR and CD3CD69 under current immunosuppressive therapy. Peripheral blood analysis, although not significant, showed the same trend. The activation score anticipated the irreversibility of rejection. The data suggest this test, through an easily tolerated technique, merits further diagnostic use.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Histocompatibilidade do Norte, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula D P
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: Gloria L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Lema
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teixeira-Pinto
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sampaio-Norton
authors.forename: Sérgio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaião
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: José G G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000601:surgery*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine
keywords: aspiration biopsy; flow cytometry; kidney transplants; peripheral blood lymphocytes