title: Assessment of dynamic cerebral autoregulation and cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in ageing by measurements of cerebral blood flow and cortical oxygenation.
abstract: With ageing, cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) decreases; however, to what extent dynamic cerebral autoregulation and cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity are influenced by ageing is unknown. The aim was to examine the dynamic responses of CBFV and cortical oxygenation to changes in blood pressure (BP) and arterial CO2 across different ages. Fifty-eight participants in three age groups were included, as follows: young (n = 20, 24 ± 2 years old), elderly (n = 20, 66 ± 1 years old), and older elderly (n = 18, 78 ± 3 years old). The CBFV was measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, simultaneously with oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb) using near-infrared spectroscopy and beat-to-beat BP measurements using Finapres. Postural manoeuvres were performed to induce haemodynamic fluctuations. Cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity was tested with hyperventilation and CO2 inhalation. With age, CBFV decreased (young 59 ± 12 cm s(-1), elderly 48 ± 7 cm s(-1) and older elderly 42 ± 9 cm s(-1), P < 0.05) and cerebrovascular resistance increased (1.46 ± 0.58, 1.81 ± 0.36 and 1.98 ± 0.52 mmHg cm(-1) s(-1), respectively, P < 0.05). Normalized gain (autoregulatory damping) increased with age for BP-CBFV (0.88 ± 0.18, 1.31 ± 0.30 and 1.06 ± 0.34, respectively, P < 0.05) and CBFV-O2Hb (0.10 ± 0.09, 0.12 ± 0.04 and 0.17 ± 0.08, respectively, P < 0.05) during the repeated sit-stand manoeuvre at 0.05 Hz. Even though the absolute changes in CBFV and cerebrovascular resistance index during the cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity were higher in the young group, the percentage changes in CBFV, cerebrovascular resistance index and O2Hb were similar in all age groups. In conclusion, there was no decline in dynamic cerebral autoregulation and cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity with increasing age up to 86 years. Despite the decrease in cerebral blood flow velocity and increase in cerebrovascular resistance with advancing age, CBFV and cortical oxygenation were not compromised in these elderly humans during manoeuvres that mimic daily life activities.
authors.affiliation: * Department of Geriatric Medicine (925), Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.    jurgen.claassen@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Madelijn H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Oudegeest-Sander
authors.forename: Arenda H E A
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: van Beek
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abbink
authors.forename: Marcel G M
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Olde Rikkert
authors.forename: Maria T E
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hopman
authors.forename: Jurgen A H R
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Claassen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide