title: Food and water security issues in Russia III: food- and waterborne diseases in the Russian Arctic, Siberia and the Far East, 2000-2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The food- and waterborne disease situation in Russia requires special attention. Poor quality of centralized water supplies and sewage systems, biological and chemical contamination of drinking water, as well as contamination of food products, promote widespread infectious diseases, significantly exceeding nationwide rates in the population living in the two-thirds of Russian northern territories.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The general aim was to assess the levels of food- and waterborne diseases in selected regions of Russian Arctic, Siberia and the Far East (for the period 2000-2011), and to compare disease levels among regions and with national levels in Russia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is the first comparative assessment of the morbidity in these fields of the population of 18 selected regions of Russian Arctic, Siberia and the Far East, using official statistical sources. The incidences of infectious and parasitic food- and waterborne diseases among the general population (including indigenous peoples) have been analyzed in selected regions (per 100,000 of population, averaged for 2000-2011).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among compulsory registered infectious and parasitic diseases, there were high rates and widespread incidences in selected regions of shigellosis, yersiniosis, hepatitis A, tularaemia, giardiasis, enterobiasis, ascariasis, diphyllobothriasis, opistorchiasis, echinococcosis and trichinellosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incidences of infectious and parasitic food- and waterborne diseases in the general population of selected regions of the Russian Arctic, Siberia and the Far East (2000-2011) are alarmingly high. Parallel solutions must be on the agenda, including improvement of sanitary conditions of cities and settlements in the regions, modernization of the water supply and of the sewage system. Provision and monitoring of the quality of the drinking water, a reform of the general healthcare system and the epidemiological surveillance (including gender-divided statistics), enhancement of laboratory diagnostics and the introduction of preventive actions are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Northwest Public Health Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dudarev
authors.affiliation: Dubna City Hospital, Moscow Oblast, Russia.
authors.forename: Vitaliy M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Dorofeyev
authors.affiliation: Northwest Public Health Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Eugenia V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Dushkina
authors.affiliation: Northwest Public Health Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Pavel R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Alloyarov
authors.affiliation: Northwest Public Health Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Valery S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Chupakhin
authors.affiliation: Northwest Public Health Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Yuliya N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Sladkova
authors.affiliation: Northwest Public Health Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Tatjana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kolesnikova
authors.affiliation: Northwest Public Health Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Kirill B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Fridman
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden ; Arcum - Arctic Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Arcum - Arctic Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Evengard
mesh_terms: D001110:Arctic Regions / Q000453:epidemiology; D005202:Asia, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D005506:Food Contamination; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012499:Sanitation / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012722:Sewage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012800:Siberia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage
keywords: Russian Arctic; food- and waterborne diseases; infections; parasites