title: Sequence divergence and conservation in genomes of Helicobacter cetorum strains from a dolphin and a whale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Strains of Helicobacter cetorum have been cultured from several marine mammals and have been found to be closely related in 16 S rDNA sequence to the human gastric pathogen H. pylori, but their genomes were not characterized further.
  
  
  METHODS
  The genomes of H. cetorum strains from a dolphin and a whale were sequenced completely using 454 technology and PCR and capillary sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These genomes are 1.8 and 1.95 mb in size, some 7-26% larger than H. pylori genomes, and differ markedly from one another in gene content, and sequences and arrangements of shared genes. However, each strain is more related overall to H. pylori and its descendant H. acinonychis than to other known species. These H. cetorum strains lack cag pathogenicity islands, but contain novel alleles of the virulence-associated vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA) gene. Of particular note are (i) an extra triplet of vacA genes with ≤50% protein-level identity to each other in the 5' two-thirds of the gene needed for host factor interaction; (ii) divergent sets of outer membrane protein genes; (iii) several metabolic genes distinct from those of H. pylori; (iv) genes for an iron-cofactored urease related to those of Helicobacter species from terrestrial carnivores, in addition to genes for a nickel co-factored urease; and (v) members of the slr multigene family, some of which modulate host responses to infection and improve Helicobacter growth with mammalian cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our genome sequence data provide a glimpse into the novelty and great genetic diversity of marine helicobacters. These data should aid further analyses of microbial genome diversity and evolution and infection and disease mechanisms in vast and often fragile ocean ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dangeruta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kersulyte
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D004289:Dolphins / Q000382:microbiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D016998:Helicobacter / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D010802:Phylogeny; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis; D014907:Whales / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D020543:Proteome