title: Disorders of heavy metals.
abstract: Heavy metals and trace elements play an important role in relation to the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Neurologic diseases related to disorders of metabolism of copper and iron are reviewed. Copper disorders are divided into two classes: ATP7A- or ATP7B-related inherited copper transport disorders (Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome, ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy, and Wilson disease) and acquired diseases associated with copper deficiency or copper excess. Iron brain disorders are divided into genetic neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA, neuroferritinopathy, and aceruloplasminemia), genetic systemic iron accumulation with neurologic features (hemochromatosis), and acquired diseases associated with iron excess (superficial siderosis) or iron deficiency (restless leg syndrome). The main features of cadmium, lead, aluminum, mercury, and manganese toxicity are summarized.
authors.affiliation: French National Wilson's Disease Centre (CNR Wilson), Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France. Electronic address: france.woimant@lrb.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Woimant
authors.affiliation: French National Wilson's Disease Centre (CNR Wilson), Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Trocello
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D059906:Neuroimaging
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases
keywords: Heavy metals; Menkes disease; NBIA; PKAN; Wilson disease; aceruloplasminemia; copper; iron; neuroferritinopathy; occipital horn syndrome