title: Poor immunological recovery among severely immunosuppressed antiretroviral therapy-naïve Ugandans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CD4 T lymphocytes remain the surrogate measure for monitoring HIV progress in resource-limited settings. The absolute CD4 cell counts form the basis for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and monitoring among HIV-infected adults. However, the rate of CD4 cell change differs among patients, and the factors responsible are inadequately documented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the relationship between HIV severity and ART outcomes among ART-naïve Ugandans, with the primary outcome of complete immunological recovery among patients of different baseline CD4 counts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients' records at two HIV/ART sites - the Joint Clinic Research Centre (JCRC) in the Kampala region and Mbarara Hospital in Western Uganda - were reviewed. Records of 426 patients - 68.3% female and 63.2% from JCRC - who initiated ART between 2002 and 2007 were included. HIV severity was based on baseline CD4 cell counts, with low counts considered as severe immunosuppression, while attaining 418 CD4 cells/μL signified complete immunological recovery. Incidence rates of complete immunological recovery were calculated for, and compared between baseline CD4 cell categories: <50 with ≥50, <100 with ≥100, <200 with ≥200, and ≥200 with ≥250 cells/μL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of complete immunological recovery was 158 during 791.9 person-years of observation, and patients with baseline CD4 ≥ 200 cells/μL reached the end point of immunological recovery 1.89 times faster than the patients with baseline CD4 < 200 cells/μL. CD4 cell change also differed by time, sex, and site, with a faster increase observed during the first year of treatment. CD4 cell increase was faster among females, and among patients from Mbarara.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initiating ART at an advanced HIV stage was the main reason for poor immunological recovery among Ugandans. Earlier ART initiation might lead to better immunological responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanzigu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kiguba
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kabanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Jackson K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mukonzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Waako
authors.affiliation: Joint Clinic Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Cissy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kityo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Makumbi
keywords: ART; ART outcome; HIV severity; baseline CD4 cells; immunological recovery