title: 3D mapping of safe and danger zones in the maxilla and mandible for the placement of intermaxillary fixation screws.
abstract: Intermaxillary (IMF) screws feature several advantages over other devices used for intermaxillary fixation, but using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans to determine the safe and danger zones to place these devices for all patients can be expensive. This study aimed to determine the optimal interradicular and buccopalatal/buccolingual spaces for IMF screw placement in the maxilla and mandible. The CBCT volumetric data of 193 patients was used to generate transaxial slices between the second molar on the right to the second molar on the left in both arches. The mean interradicular and buccopalatal/buccolingual distances and standard deviation values were obtained at heights of 2, 5, 8 and 11 mm from the alveolar bone crest. An IMF screw with a diameter of 1.0 mm and length of 7 mm can be placed distal to the canines (2 - 11 mm from the alveolar crest) and less than 8 mm between the molars in the maxilla. In the mandible, the safest position is distal to the first premolar (more than 5 mm) and distal to the second premolar (more than 2 mm). There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the right and left quadrants. The colour coding 3D template showed the safe and danger zones based on the mesiodistal, buccopalatal and buccolingual distances in the maxilla and mandible.The safest sites for IMF screw insertion in the maxilla were between the canines and first premolars and between the first and second molars. In the mandible, the safest sites were between the first and second premolars and between the second premolar and first molar. However, the IMF screw should not exceed 1.0 mm in diameter and 7 mm in length.
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kathiravan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Purmal
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Khursheed
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pohchi
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noor Hayati
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Abdul Razak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D012449:Safety; D013515:Surgery, Oral / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014070:Tooth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult