title: Pediatric cervical spondylolysis and American football.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical spondylolysis (CS) is a rare condition and is even more uncommon in pediatric patients. It is characterized by a disruption of the articular mass at the junction of the superior and inferior facet joints and often is diagnosed incidentally. The C6 level is most commonly involved, and the cause of CS remains unknown. There are no recommendations in the literature regarding activity modification in patients with CS and no discussion as to risks of participation in American football or other contact sports.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of C6 bilateral cervical spondylolysis with bicuspid spinous process and to discuss radiographic/clinical findings and issues related to participation in contact sports and minimizing the risk of spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report with 6 months clinical/radiographic follow-up
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographic description, clinical findings, and current review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pediatric patient presented with a bilateral C6 cervical spondylolysis and bicuspid spinous process after an American football-related minor cervical spine trauma. Findings on radiographs indicated that the spondylolysis appeared to be chronic in nature, without evidence of instability. The patient and his family were educated on ways to decrease the risk of spinal cord injury with contact sports, after which the patient was allowed to participate fully in sports without restrictions or adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric cervical spondylolysis is a rare condition, the cause of which remains debated. Although there is theoretical risk, more than 1.5 million youth participate in American football annually, and there have been no reported cases of significant spinal cord injury in patients with CS from football or other contact sports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave., Box 359798, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. Electronic address: altont@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Alton
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave., Box 359798, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
authors.forename: Amit M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave., Box 359798, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave., Box 359798, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
authors.forename: Jens R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013169:Spondylolysis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D014481:United States
keywords: American football; Cervical spondylolysis; Pediatric; Prevention; Spinal cord injury