title: Gas anti-solvent precipitation assisted salt leaching for generation of micro- and nano-porous wall in bio-polymeric 3D scaffolds.
abstract: The mass transport through biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric 3D porous scaffolds may be depleted by non-porous impermeable internal walls. As consequence the concentration of metabolites and growth factors within the scaffold may be heterogeneous leading to different cell fate depending on spatial cell location, and in some cases it may compromise cell survival. In this work, we fabricated polymeric scaffolds with micro- and nano-scale porosity by developing a new technique that couples two conventional scaffold production methods: solvent casting-salt leaching and gas antisolvent precipitation. 10-15 w/w solutions of a hyaluronic benzyl esters (HYAFF11) and poly-(lactic acid) (PLA) were used to fill packed beds of 0.177-0.425 mm NaCl crystals. The polymer precipitation in micro and nano-porous structures between the salt crystals was induced by high-pressure gas, then its flushing extracted the residual solvent. The salt was removed by water-wash. Morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed a uniform porosity (~70%) and a high interconnectivity between porous. The polymeric walls were porous themselves counting for 30% of the total porosity. This wall porosity did not lead to a remarkable change in compressive modulus, deformation, and rupture pressure. Scaffold biocompatibility was tested with murine muscle cell line C2C12 for 4 and 7 days. Viability analysis and histology showed that micro- and nano-porous scaffolds are biocompatible and suitable for 3D cell culture promoting cell adhesion on the polymeric wall and allowing their proliferation in layers. Micro- and nano-scale porosities enhance cell migration and growth in the inner part of the scaffold.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flaibani
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elvassore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016062:Porosity; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005740:Gases; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D012492:Salts; D012997:Solvents; C086358:hyaluronic acid benzyl ester; D019344:Lactic Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C033616:poly(lactide); D006820:Hyaluronic Acid