title: Magnification error in digital radiographs of the cervical spine against magnetic resonance imaging measurements.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main purpose of this study was to clarify the range of magnification errors on digital plain radiographs and to determine if there is a correlation between the body mass index (BMI) of a patient and the magnification error.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Most clinicians currently use digital plain radiography. This new method allows one to access images and measure lengths and angles more easily than with the past technologies. In addition, conventional plain radiography has magnification errors. Although few articles mention magnification errors in regards to digital radiographs, they are known to have the same errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used plain digital radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to acquire images of the cervical spine with the goal of evaluating magnification errors by measuring the anteroposterior vertebral body lengths of C2 and C5. The magnification error (ME) was then calculated: ME=(length on radiograph-length on MRI)/length on MRI ×100 (%). The correlation coefficient between the magnification error and BMI was obtained using Pearson's correlation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average magnification errors in C2 and C5 were approximately 18.5%±5.4% (range, 0%-30%) and 20.7%±6.3% (range, 1%-32%). There was no positive correlation between BMI and the magnification error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were magnification errors on the digital plain radiographs, and they were different in each case. Maximum magnification error differences were 30% (C2) and 31% (C5). Based on these finding, clinicians must pay attention to magnification errors when measuring lengths using digital plain radiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamatotakada Municipal Hospital, Ymatotakada, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shigematsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Munehisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamatotakada Municipal Hospital, Ymatotakada, Japan.
authors.forename: Masana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamatotakada Municipal Hospital, Ymatotakada, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
keywords: Body mass index; Cervical spine; Digital radiography; Magnification error; Picture archiving and communication system