title: How culture influences perspective taking: differences in correction, not integration.
abstract: Individuals from East Asian (Chinese) backgrounds have been shown to exhibit greater sensitivity to a speaker's perspective than Western (U.S.) participants when resolving referentially ambiguous expressions. We show that this cultural difference does not reflect better integration of social information during language processing, but rather is the result of differential correction: in the earliest moments of referential processing, Chinese participants showed equivalent egocentric interference to Westerners, but managed to suppress the interference earlier and more effectively. A time-series analysis of visual-world eye-tracking data found that the two cultural groups diverged extremely late in processing, between 600 and 1400 ms after the onset of egocentric interference. We suggest that the early moments of referential processing reflect the operation of a universal stratum of processing that provides rapid ambiguity resolution at the cost of accuracy and flexibility. Late components, in contrast, reflect the mapping of outputs from referential processes to decision-making and action planning systems, allowing for a flexibility in responding that is molded by culturally specific demands.
authors.affiliation: School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University Beijing, China ; School of Management, Kyung Hee University Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Shali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Dale J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.affiliation: University of California at Merced Merced, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Gann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Boaz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keysar
keywords: ambiguity; comprehension; cultural differences; perspective taking; reference