title: RCT of working memory training in ADHD: long-term near-transfer effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study is to evaluate the long-term near-transfer effects of computerized working memory (WM) training on standard WM tasks in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven children aged 10-12 years in Vestfold/Telemark counties (Norway) diagnosed with F90.0 Hyperkinetic disorder (ICD-10) were randomly assigned to training or control group. The training group participated in a 25-day training program at school, while the control group received treatment-as-usual. Participants were tested one week before intervention, immediately after and eight months later. Based on a component analysis, six measures of WM were grouped into composites representing Visual, Auditory and Manipulation WM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The training group had significant long-term differential gains compared to the control group on all outcome measures. Performance gains for the training group were significantly higher in the visual domain than in the auditory domain. The differential gain in Manipulation WM persisted after controlling for an increase in simple storage capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic training resulted in a long-term positive gain in performance on similar tasks, indicating the viability of training interventions for children with ADHD. The results provide evidence for both domain-general and domain-specific models. Far-transfer effects were not investigated in this article.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN19133620.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway ; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kjell Tore
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Hovik
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway.
authors.forename: Brit-Kari
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Saunes
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne Kristine
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Aarlien
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway ; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egeland
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009664:Norway; D025341:Principal Component Analysis