title: Evaluation of utero-placental and fetal hemodynamic parameters throughout gestation in pregnant mice using high-frequency ultrasound.
abstract: Throughout gestation, changes in maternal and fetal Doppler parameters in pregnant mice, similar to those obtained in human fetuses, were detected using high-frequency ultrasound with a 55-MHz linear probe. In the uterine arteries (UtA), fetal umbilical artery (UA) and fetal ductus venosus (DV) peak systolic velocity increased (UtA, p = 0.04; UA, p = 0.0004; DV, p = 0.02), end-diastolic velocity increased (UtA, p < 0.001; UA, p < 0.0001; DV, p = 0.01) and resistance index decreased (UtA, p = 0.0004; UA, p = 0.0001; DV, p = 0.04) toward the end of pregnancy. In the middle cerebral and carotid arteries, end diastolic velocity increased (p = 0.02 and p < 0.0001) and resistance index decreased (both vessels, p < 0.0001). There was a reduction in the pulsatile pattern in the umbilical vein (p < 0.05). The increased velocities and reduced resistance index suggest a progressive increment in blood flow to the fetal mouse toward the end of pregnancy. Fetal and utero-placental vascular parameters in CD-1 mice can be reliably evaluated using high-frequency ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Andrade
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Hyunyoung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szalai
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Korzeniewski
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Tinnakorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiworapongsa
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Nandor Gabor
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Than
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. Electronic address: romeror@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D010920:Placenta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D021041:Placental Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Doppler; Ductus venosus; Experimental mouse model; Pregnancy; Resistance index