title: Completion of advance directives among U.S. consumers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current, ongoing national surveys do not include questions about end-of-life (EOL) issues. In particular, population-based data are lacking regarding the factors associated with advance directive completion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize U.S. adults who did and did not have an advance directive and examine factors associated with their completion, such as the presence of a chronic condition and regular source of health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed in 2013 from adults aged 18 years and older who participated in the 2009 or 2010 HealthStyles Survey, a mail panel survey designed to be representative of the U.S. population. Likelihood ratio tests were used to examine the associations between advance directive completion and demographic and socioeconomic variables (education, income, employment status); presence of a chronic condition; regular source of health care; and self-reported EOL concerns or discussions. Multiple logistic regression analyses identified independent predictors related to advance directive completion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 7946 respondents, 26.3% had an advance directive. The most frequently reported reason for not having one was lack of awareness. Advance directive completion was associated with older age, more education, and higher income and was less frequent among non-white respondents. Respondents with advance directives also were more likely to report having a chronic disease and a regular source of care. Advance directives were less frequent among those who reported not knowing if they had an EOL concern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate racial and educational disparities in advance directive completion and highlight the need for education about their role in facilitating EOL decisions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jaya K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Healthy Aging Program, Applied Research and Translation Branch, Division of Population Health, CDC; Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: laa0@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Lynda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Feng-Chang
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Laux
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016223:Advance Directives / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult