title: Adverse childhood experiences and the cardiovascular health of children: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse, household dysfunction, and neglect, have been shown to increase adults' risk of developing chronic conditions and risk factors for chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Much less work has investigated the effect of ACEs on children's physical health status that may lead to adult chronic health conditions. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between ACEs and early childhood risk factors for adult cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  1 234 grade six to eight students participated in school-based data collection, which included resting measures of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Parents of these children completed an inventory of ACEs taken from the Childhood Trust Events Survey. Linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between experiencing more than 4 ACEs experienced, systolic BP, HR, BMI and WC. In additional analysis, ACEs were assessed ordinally in their relationship with systolic BP, HR, and BMI as well as clinical obesity and hypertension status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for family education, income, age, sex, physical activity, and parental history of hypertension, and WC for HR models, four or more ACEs had a significant effect on HR (b = 1.8 bpm, 95% CI (0.1-3.6)) BMI (b =1.1 kg/m2, 95% CI (0.5-1.8)), and WC (b = 3.6 cm, 95% CI (1.8-5.3)). A dose-response relationship between ACE accumulation and both BMI and WC was also found to be significant. Furthermore, accumulation of 4 or more ACEs was significantly associated with clinical obesity (95th percentile), after controlling for the aforementioned covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a community sample of grade six to eight children, accumulation of 4 or more ACEs significantly increased BMI, WC and resting HR. Therefore, risk factors related to reported associations between ACEs and cardiovascular outcomes among adults are identifiable in childhood suggesting earlier interventions to reduce CVD risk are required.
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pretty
authors.forename: Deborah D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cairney
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines ON, Canada. twade@brocku.ca.
authors.forename: Terrance J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wade
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D054541:Family Conflict; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055105:Waist Circumference