title: High prevalence of HIV-1 CRF01_AE viruses among female commercial sex workers residing in Surabaya, Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cause serious health problems and have an impact on the Indonesian economy. In addition, the rapid epidemic growth of HIV is continuing in Indonesia. Commercial sex plays a significant role in the spread of HIV; therefore, in order to reveal the current HIV prevalence rate among commercial sex workers (CSWs), we conducted an epidemiological study on HIV infection among CSWs residing in Surabaya, the capital of East Java province of Indonesia with large communities of CSWs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of HIV infection among 200 CSWs was studied. In addition, the subtype of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and the prevalence of other blood-borne viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GB virus C (GBV-C), were studied. The prevalence rates of HIV, hepatitis B core antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-HCV antibodies and anti-GBV-C antibodies were 11%, 64%, 4%, 0.5% and 0% among CSWs involved in this study, respectively. HIV-1 CRF01_AE viral gene fragments were detected in most HIV-positive samples. In addition, most CSWs showed low awareness of sexually transmitted diseases and had unprotected sex with their clients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HIV prevalence rate among CSWs was significantly higher than that among the general population in Indonesia (0.2-0.4%). In addition, CSWs were at a high risk of exposure to HBV, although chronic HBV infection was less frequently established. Our results suggest the necessity of efficient prevention programs for HIV and other blood-borne viral infections among CSWs in Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotaki
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Siti Qamariyah
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Khairunisa
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Septhia Dwi
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sukartiningrum
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: M Vitanata
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Arfijanto
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Irine
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Normalina
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Retno
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Handajani
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Prihartini
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Widiyanti
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Musofa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rusli
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Retno Pudji
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Rahayu
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Maria Inge
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lusida
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Nasronudin
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan ; Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kameoka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D060386:Sex Workers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies