title: Brain activity related to phonation in young patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the brain activities during phonation of young patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) of relatively short disease duration (<10 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six subjects with ADSD of short duration (mean age: 24. 3 years; mean disease duration: 41 months) and six healthy controls (mean age: 30.8 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a sparse sampling method to identify brain activity during vowel phonation (/i:/). Intragroup and intergroup analyses were performed using statistical parametric mapping software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Areas of activation in the ADSD and control groups were similar to those reported previously for vowel phonation. All of the activated areas were observed bilaterally and symmetrically. Intergroup analysis revealed higher brain activities in the SD group in the auditory-related areas (Brodmann's areas [BA] 40, 41), motor speech areas (BA44, 45), bilateral insula (BA13), bilateral cerebellum, and middle frontal gyrus (BA46). Areas with lower activation were in the left primary sensory area (BA1-3) and bilateral subcortical nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The auditory cortical responses observed may reflect that young ADSD patients control their voice by use of the motor speech area, insula, inferior parietal cortex, and cerebellum. Neural activity in the primary sensory area and basal ganglia may affect the voice symptoms of young ADSD patients with short disease duration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Asanori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiyuna
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Asano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shingaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Electronic address: suzuki@med.u-ryukyu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011699:Putamen / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adductor spasmodic dysphonia; Age; Brain activity; Disease duration; Functional magnetic resonance imaging