title: Heterogeneity of myotubes generated by the MyoD and E12 basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in otherwise non-differentiation growth conditions.
abstract: We used a synthetic biology approach to produce myotubes from mammalian C2C12 myoblasts in non-differentiation growth conditions using the expression of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, MyoD and E12, in various combinations and configurations. Our approach not only recapitulated the basics of muscle development and physiology, as the obtained myotubes showed qualities similar to those seen in striated muscle fibers in vivo, but also allowed for the synthesis of populations of myotubes which assumed distinct morphology, myofibrillar development and Ca(2+) dynamics. This fashioned class of biomaterials is suitable for the building blocks of soft actuators in micro-scale biomimetic robotics. This production line strategy can be embraced in reparative medicine as synthetic human myotubes with predetermined morphological/functional properties could be obtained using this very approach. This methodology can be adopted beyond striated muscle for the engineering of other tissue components/cells whose differentiation is governed by the principles of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, as in the case, for example, of neural or immune cell types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grubišić
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Manoj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gottipati
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Randy F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: J Robert
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Grammer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Biotechnology, University or Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia. Electronic address: vlad@uab.edu.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Parpura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D058127:Transcription Factor 3 / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017570:MyoD Protein; D058127:Transcription Factor 3; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: C2C12; Calcium dynamics; Cell morphology; Muscle; Myofibrillar development; Synthetic biology