title: Influence of smoking and alcohol during pregnancy on outcome of VLBW infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine and alcohol consumption have been associated with premature delivery and adverse neonatal outcome. We wanted to analyze the influence of self-reported nicotine and alcohol consumption on outcome of VLBW infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an ongoing multicenter study 2475 parents of former very low birth weight (VLBW) infants born between January 2009 and December 2011 answered questionnaires about maternal smoking habits and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. 2463 (99.5%) completed questions on alcohol consumption and 2462 (99.5%) on smoking habits. These infants were stratified to reported maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. We compared the reasons for premature delivery, neonatal outcome and parental reports on bronchitis during the first year of life, as well as growth and development at age 2 years to pregnancy exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nicotine exposed infants intrauterine growth restriction (31 vs. 21%, p<0.01), a birth weight below the 10th percentile (26 vs. 17%, p<0.01) and placenta abruption (9.2 vs. 5.8%, p<0.05) was seen more often. Premature rupture of membranes (24 vs. 30%, p<0.05) or HELLP syndrome (6 vs. 11%, p<0.01) was less frequent. A birth weight below the 3rd percentile was seen more frequently in mothers with reported alcohol consumption (13 vs. 6%, p<0.05). We noted an increased rate of BPD and ROP if mothers reported smoking during pregnancy (p<0.05). Growth parameters and scores on Bayley Sscales of infant development at age 2 years did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking during pregnancy results in a high rate of growth restricted VLBW infants. Prenatal exposition to nicotine seems to increase postnatal complications such as BPD und ROP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spiegler
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Heide, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital St. Hedwig, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, -Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Segerer
authors.affiliation: Bürgerhospital, Verein Frankfurter Stiftungskrankenhäuser, Neonatology, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehlers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Neukölln, Vivantes, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Helios, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jenke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gebauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Saarbruecken, Saabrücken, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orlikowsky
authors.affiliation: Westfaelisches Kinderzentrum, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heitmann
authors.affiliation: Neonatology, Kliniken der Stadt Köln, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boeckenholt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herting
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Göpel
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015984:Causality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*