title: Maize genotype and food matrix affect the provitamin A carotenoid bioefficacy from staple and carrot-fortified feeds in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).
abstract: Biofortification to increase provitamin A carotenoids is an agronomic approach to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. Two studies compared biofortified foods using in vitro and in vivo methods. Study 1 screened maize genotypes (n = 44) using in vitro analysis, which demonstrated decreasing micellarization with increasing provitamin A. Thereafter, seven 50% biofortified maize feeds that hypothesized a one-to-one equivalency between β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were fed to Mongolian gerbils. Total liver retinol differed among the maize groups (P = 0.0043). Study 2 assessed provitamin A bioefficacy from 0.5% high-carotene carrots added to 60% staple-food feeds, followed by in vitro screening. Liver retinol was highest in the potato and banana groups, maize group retinol did not differ from baseline, and all treatments differed from control (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene have similar bioefficacy; meal matrix effects influence provitamin A absorption from carrot; and in vitro micellarization does not predict bioefficacy.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmaelzle
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gannon
authors.forename: Serra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arscott
authors.forename: Shellen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goltz
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palacios-Rojas
authors.forename: Kevin V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Pixley
authors.forename: Philipp W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tanumihardjo
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D065366:Cryptoxanthins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000378:metabolism*; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis; D005838:Genotype; D005849:Gerbillinae / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: biofortification; carrots; nixtamalization; α-retinol