title: Diazinon and diazoxon impair the ability of astrocytes to foster neurite outgrowth in primary hippocampal neurons.
abstract: Evidence from in vivo and epidemiological studies suggests that organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) are developmental neurotoxicants, but possible underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Astrocytes are increasingly recognized for their active role in normal neuronal development. This study sought to investigate whether the widely-used OP diazinon (DZ), and its oxygen metabolite diazoxon (DZO), would affect glial-neuronal interactions as a potential mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity. Specifically, we investigated the effects of DZ and DZO on the ability of astrocytes to foster neurite outgrowth in primary hippocampal neurons. The results show that both DZ and DZO adversely affect astrocyte function, resulting in inhibited neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons. This effect appears to be mediated by oxidative stress, as indicated by OP-induced increased reactive oxygen species production in astrocytes and prevention of neurite outgrowth inhibition by antioxidants. The concentrations of OPs were devoid of cytotoxicity, and cause limited acetylcholinesterase inhibition in astrocytes (18 and 25% for DZ and DZO, respectively). Among astrocytic neuritogenic factors, the most important one is the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. DZ and DZO decreased levels of fibronectin in astrocytes, and this effect was also attenuated by antioxidants. Underscoring the importance of fibronectin in this context, adding exogenous fibronectin to the co-culture system successfully prevented inhibition of neurite outgrowth caused by DZ and DZO. These results indicate that DZ and DZO increase oxidative stress in astrocytes, and this in turn modulates astrocytic fibronectin, leading to impaired neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniella M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pizzurro
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Khoi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dao
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucio G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003976:Diazinon / Q000633:toxicity*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005353:Fibronectins; D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C000912:diazoxon; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D003976:Diazinon
keywords: Diazinon; Diazoxon; Glial–neuronal interactions; Neurite outgrowth; Organophosphorus insecticides; Oxidative stress