title: Cooccurrence of mycotoxins in maize and poultry feeds from Brazil by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate mycotoxins in samples of maize and poultry feed produced in Brazil. A multimycotoxin method based on HPLC-MS/MS was applied to investigate the occurrence of toxical fungal metabolites in 119 samples collected from poultry feed factory integrated poultry farms: maize grain (74), poultry feed (36), and feed factory residue (9). Twenty of 101 fungal metabolites investigated were detected and quantified in the samples: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, fumonisins B1, B2, and B3, hydrolyzed fumonisin B1, zearalenone, agroclavine, chanoclavine, deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol, and enniatin A, A1, B, B1, beauvericin, kojic acid, and moniliformin. Most samples were contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. All samples were contaminated with fumonisins, with medians values of 1,840  μ g/kg, 239  μ g/kg, and 23,676  μ g/kg for maize, feed, and factory residue samples, respectively. Surprisingly, beauvericin was detected in more than 90% of samples. The median contaminations of aflatoxin and trichothecenes were low, near LOD values. The factory residue presented highest contamination levels for all mycotoxins. This is the first study dealing with agroclavine, chanoclavine, enniatin A, A1, B, B1, beauvericin, and kojic acid contamination of maize and poultry feeds from Brazil.
authors.affiliation: EMBRAPA Food Technology, Avenida das Américas 29501, 23020-470 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil ; Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Lourdes Mendes de Souza
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Street 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sulyok
authors.affiliation: EMBRAPA Food Technology, Avenida das Américas 29501, 23020-470 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Otniel
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Freitas-Silva
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sônia Soares
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, Département PERSYST, UMR QualiSud, TA B-95/16, 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brabet
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology Laboratory, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machinski Junior
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology Laboratory, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz Leiko
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sekiyama
authors.affiliation: MAPA, Avenida Raja Gabaglia 245, Cidade Jardim, 30380-090 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eugenia Azevedo
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Street 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krska
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Street 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuhmacher
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011200:Poultry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins