title: A comparison of alternative methods for measuring cigarette prices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Government agencies, public health organisations and tobacco control researchers rely on accurate estimates of cigarette prices for a variety of purposes. Since the 1950s, the Tax Burden on Tobacco (TBOT) has served as the most widely used source of this price data despite its limitations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper compares the prices and collection methods of the TBOT retail-based data and the 2003 and 2006/2007 waves of the population-based Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  From the TUS-CPS, we constructed multiple state-level measures of cigarette prices, including weighted average prices per pack (based on average prices for single-pack purchases and average prices for carton purchases) and compared these with the weighted average price data reported in the TBOT. We also constructed several measures of tax avoidance from the TUS-CPS self-reported data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 2003 wave, the average TUS-CPS price was 71 cents per pack less than the average TBOT price; for the 2006/2007 wave, the difference was 47 cents. TUS-CPS and TBOT prices were also significantly different at the state level. However, these differences varied widely by state due to tax avoidance opportunities, such as cross-border purchasing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TUS-CPS can be used to construct valid measures of cigarette prices. Unlike the TBOT, the TUS-CPS captures the effect of price-reducing marketing strategies, as well as tax avoidance practices and non-traditional types of purchasing. Thus, self-reported data like TUS-CPS appear to have advantages over TBOT in estimating the 'real' price that smokers face.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Chaloupka
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tauras
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Julia H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.affiliation: Information Management Services, Inc., Calverton, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hartman
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics*; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States