title: Translocation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein to plasma membrane leads to necrotic cell death.
abstract: Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) was identified to function downstream of receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3) in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-induced necrosis (also called necroptosis). However, how MLKL functions to mediate necroptosis is unknown. By reconstitution of MLKL function in MLKL-knockout cells, we showed that the N-terminus of MLKL is required for its function in necroptosis. The oligomerization of MLKL in TNF-treated cells is essential for necroptosis, as artificially forcing MLKL together by using the hormone-binding domain (HBD*) triggers necroptosis. Notably, forcing together the N-terminal domain (ND) but not the C-terminal kinase domain of MLKL causes necroptosis. Further deletion analysis showed that the four-α-helix bundle of MLKL (1-130 amino acids) is sufficient to trigger necroptosis. Both the HBD*-mediated and TNF-induced complexes of MLKL(ND) or MLKL are tetramers, and translocation of these complexes to lipid rafts of the plasma membrane precedes cell death. The homo-oligomerization is required for MLKL translocation and the signal sequence for plasma membrane location is located in the junction of the first and second α-helices of MLKL. The plasma membrane translocation of MLKL or MLKL(ND) leads to sodium influx, and depletion of sodium from the cell culture medium inhibits necroptosis. All of the above phenomena were not seen in apoptosis. Thus, the MLKL oligomerization leads to translocation of MLKL to lipid rafts of plasma membrane, and the plasma membrane MLKL complex acts either by itself or via other proteins to increase the sodium influx, which increases osmotic pressure, eventually leading to membrane rupture.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Wenjuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Junming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Deli
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Wan-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Yunlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Wanyun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Xinru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Pengda
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors.forename: Jiahuai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival; D003412:Cricetulus; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009336:Necrosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012964:Sodium; C570693:MLKL protein, human; D011494:Protein Kinases; C119705:RIPK3 protein, human; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases