title: Vivien Thomas (1910-1985): the backstage pioneer and educator.
abstract: Vivien Thomas (1910-1985) was an African-American scientist, pioneer, and renowned educator. Thomas's contributions to cardiovascular surgery were unequivocal, and yet it was only after his death that he gained more widespread recognition. Thomas's more notable work involves aiding in the discovery of the cause of traumatic shock, designing and guiding the first operation to treat Tetralogy of Fallot, carrying out the first atrial septectomy, and helping develop the electrical defibrillator. Thomas struggled amidst the adversities of racism and the Great Depression (1929-1941), armed merely with a high school degree. Nevertheless, his genius and determination eventually led him to receive an honorary doctorate from John Hopkins University. His story inspired the creation of the award winning PBS documentary in 2003 Partners of the Heart and also the 2004 Emmy Award-winning HBO film Something the Lord Made. This article will aim to provide an overview to the more notable events in Thomas's amazing tale, with a particular focus on his work on the Tetralogy of Fallot.
authors.affiliation: Hull-York Medical School, University of Hull , Hull , UK.
authors.forename: Chin Ting Justin
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000266:history*; D015142:Baltimore; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000601:surgery