title: Microneedle-mediated minimally invasive patient monitoring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emerging field of microneedle-based minimally invasive patient monitoring and diagnosis is reviewed. Microneedle arrays consist of rows of micron-scale projections attached to a solid support. They have been widely investigated for transdermal drug and vaccine delivery applications since the late 1990s. However, researchers and clinicians have recently realized the great potential of microneedles for extraction of skin interstitial fluid and, less commonly, blood, for enhanced monitoring of patient health.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the journal and patent literature, and summarized the findings and provided technical insights and critical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe the basic concepts in detail and extensively review the work performed to date.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is our view that microneedles will have an important role to play in clinical management of patients and will ultimately improve therapeutic outcomes for people worldwide.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ryan F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caffarel-Salvador
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Torrisi
authors.forename: Eyman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eltayib
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McElnay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009339:Needles; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*