title: Source apportionment of particulate matter and selected volatile organic compounds with multiple time resolution data.
abstract: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) co-exist in ambient air and contribute to adverse health effects in human populations. This study was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing a composite data set which included PM2.5 and VOC data with multiple time resolutions for source apportionment. Hourly VOC and 12-h PM2.5 speciation data were combined into an improved source apportionment model to quantify different pollutant source contributions to PM2.5 and VOC mixtures. Five factors were retrieved, including vehicle 1, vehicle 2, industrial processing, transported regional, and secondary pollution sources. The largest contributors were vehicular emissions for VOCs (62%) and PM2.5 (35%). Nonetheless, transported regional and secondary pollution sources accounted for a noteworthy portion of PM2.5 (27% and 25%, respectively) relative to VOCs (8% and 5%, respectively). Additional sensitivity analyses showed that excluding the PM2.5 data or reducing the associated temporal resolution (12-h to 24-h) retrieved fewer source factors and increased the errors of source contribution estimates.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Pin
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ho-Tang
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Charles C-K
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan. Electronic address: changfu@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chang-Fu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)); Multilinear Engine (ME-2); Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF); Receptor model; Source apportionment; Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)