title: Cognitive activities and instrumental activity of daily living in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to identify differences in the implementation of cognitive activities and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) between healthy individuals and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 2,498 cognitively healthy subjects (mean age, 71.2 ± 5.1 years) and 809 MCI subjects (mean age, 71.8 ± 5.4 years). The subjects were interviewed regarding their participation in cognitive activities and the implementation of IADLs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant association between participation in any cognitive activities (p < 0.001), using a bus or a train (p < 0.001), and MCI. After adjusting for covariates, cognitive activity of any type remained significantly associated with MCI (p < 0.005) but not with the implementation of IADLs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study revealed that greater participation in cognitive activity was associated with lower odds of MCI. Participation in cognitive activities may reflect differences between healthy and MCI subjects. To clarify the causal relationship between cognitive activities and MCI, further studies are required.
authors.affiliation: Section for Health Promotion, Department for Research and Development to Support Independent Life of Elderly, Obu, Japan ; Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.affiliation: Section for Health Promotion, Department for Research and Development to Support Independent Life of Elderly, Obu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Section for Health Promotion, Department for Research and Development to Support Independent Life of Elderly, Obu, Japan ; Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hyuma
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makizako
authors.affiliation: Section for Physical Functioning Activation, Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, Obu, Japan.
authors.forename: Sangyoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Section for Physical Functioning Activation, Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, Obu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hyuntae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Section for Health Promotion, Department for Research and Development to Support Independent Life of Elderly, Obu, Japan.
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsutsumimoto
authors.affiliation: Section for Health Promotion, Department for Research and Development to Support Independent Life of Elderly, Obu, Japan ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.affiliation: Section for Health Promotion, Department for Research and Development to Support Independent Life of Elderly, Obu, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Section for Health Promotion, Department for Research and Development to Support Independent Life of Elderly, Obu, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Anan
authors.affiliation: Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Cognitive impairment; Cognitive reserve; Dementia