title: 3-Pyridinols and 5-pyrimidinols: Tailor-made for use in synergistic radical-trapping co-antioxidant systems.
abstract: The incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the aromatic ring of phenolic compounds has enabled the development of some of the most potent radical-trapping antioxidants ever reported. These compounds, 3-pyridinols and 5-pyrimidinols, have stronger O-H bonds than equivalently substituted phenols, but possess similar reactivities toward autoxidation chain-carrying peroxyl radicals. These attributes suggest that 3-pyridinols and 5-pyrimidinols will be particularly effectiveco-antioxidants when used in combination with more common, but less reactive, phenolic antioxidants such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), which we demonstrate herein. The antioxidants function in a synergistic manner to inhibit autoxidation; taking advantage of the higher reactivity of the 3-pyridinols/5-pyrimidinols to trap peroxyl radicals and using the less reactive phenols to regenerate them from their corresponding aryloxyl radicals. The present investigations were carried out in chlorobenzene and acetonitrile in order to provide some insight into the medium dependence of the synergism and the results, considered with some from our earlier work, prompt a revision of the H-bonding basicity value of acetonitrile to β2 (H) of 0.39. Overall, the thermodynamic and kinetic data presented here enable the design of co-antioxidant systems comprising lower loadings of the more expensive 3-pyridinol/5-pyrimidinol antioxidants and higher loadings of the less expensive phenolic antioxidants, but which are equally efficacious as the 3-pyridinol/5-pyrimidinol antioxidants alone at higher loadings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valgimigli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartolomei
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amorati
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haidasz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hanthorn
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Susheel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nara
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brinkhorst
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Derek A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pratt
keywords: 3-pyridinols; 5-pyrimidinols; antioxidants; autoxidation; free radical; phenols