title: Analysis of effects of manhole covers on motorcycle driver maneuvers: a nonparametric classification tree approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A manhole cover is a removable plate forming the lid over the opening of a manhole to allow traffic to pass over the manhole and to prevent people from falling in. Because most manhole covers are placed in roadway traffic lanes, if these manhole covers are not appropriately installed or maintained, they can represent unexpected hazards on the road, especially for motorcycle drivers. The objective of this study is to identify the effects of manhole cover characteristics as well as driver factors and traffic and roadway conditions on motorcycle driver maneuvers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A video camera was used to record motorcycle drivers' maneuvers when they encountered an inappropriately installed or maintained manhole cover. Information on 3059 drivers' maneuver decisions was recorded. Classification and regression tree (CART) models were applied to explore factors that can significantly affect motorcycle driver maneuvers when passing a manhole cover.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 50 percent of the motorcycle drivers decelerated or changed their driving path to reduce the effects of the manhole cover. The manhole cover characteristics including the level difference between manhole cover and pavement, the pavement condition over the manhole cover, and the size of the manhole cover can significantly affect motorcycle driver maneuvers. Other factors, including traffic conditions, lane width, motorcycle speed, and loading conditions, also have significant effects on motorcycle driver maneuvers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To reduce the effects and potential risks from the manhole covers, highway authorities not only need to make sure that any newly installed manhole covers are as level as possible but also need to regularly maintain all the manhole covers to ensure that they are in good condition. In the long run, the size of manhole covers should be kept as small as possible so that the impact of manhole covers on motorcycle drivers can be effectively reduced. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Traffic Injury Prevention to view the supplemental file.
authors.affiliation: a National Chiayi University , Department of Marketing and Logistics/Transportation , Chia-Yi , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Yen
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003654:Deceleration; D003657:Decision Making; D004779:Environment Design / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009049:Motorcycles; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014741:Video Recording