title: A comprehensive toxicological evaluation of three adhesives using experimental cigarettes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adhesives are used in several different manufacturing operations in the production of cigarettes. The use of new, "high-speed-manufacture" adhesives (e.g. vinyl acetate based) could affect the smoke chemistry and toxicology of cigarettes, compared with older "low-speed-manufacture" adhesives (e.g. starch based).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine whether the inclusion of different levels of three adhesives (ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate and starch) in experimental cigarettes results in different smoke chemistry and toxicological responses in in vitro and in vivo assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  A battery of tests (analytical chemistry, in vitro and in vivo assays) was used to compare the chemistry and toxicology of smoke from experimental cigarettes made with different combinations of the three adhesives. Varying levels of the different side-seam adhesives, as well as the transfer of adhesives from packaging materials, were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were differences in some mainstream cigarette smoke constituents as a function of the level of adhesive added to experimental cigarettes and between the tested adhesives. None of these differences translated into statistically significant differences in the in vitro or in vivo assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of newer "high-speed-manufacture" vinyl acetate-based adhesives in cigarettes does not produce toxicological profiles that prevent the adhesives from replacing the older "low-speed-manufacture" adhesives (such as starch).
authors.affiliation: Carson Watts Consulting , King, NC , USA and.
authors.forename: Christopher R E
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Coggins
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jerome
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Lilly
authors.forename: Willie J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oldham
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D041702:BALB 3T3 Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005260:Female; D006965:Hyperplasia; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D019064:Product Packaging; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D009153:Mutagens; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012906:Smoke; C016438:ethylenevinylacetate copolymer; C013215:polyvinyl acetate; D013213:Starch