title: Associations of smoking with alterations in renal hemodynamics may depend on sex--investigations in potential kidney donors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for renal damage, but little is known about subclinical effects of smoking on renal hemodynamics and parameters of renal function in humans. We examined the associations of smoking with systemic and renal hemodynamics and renal function parameters in healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 196 potential living kidney donors were analysed retrospectively. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and creatinine clearance had been measured. We additionally calculated parameters of renal hemodynamics. Data were analyzed for the effects of smoking and sex dependent on age and MAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systemic and renal hemodynamic parameters did not differ between smokers and non-smokers. In non-smokers of both sexes MAP was negatively correlated with ERPF, and higher MAP was associated with increased renal vascular resistance and with afferent arteriolar resistance, with glomerular pressure (PG) remaining constant. However, in male, but not in female smokers, ERPF and PG increased with MAP. A correlation of age with a steeper decline in ERPF in male smokers was lost in multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As compared to women, smoking men may exhibit an increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure, which is a known promoter of kidney damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guberina
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bruck
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feldkamp
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nürnberger
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kribben
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Philipp
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Witzke
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulos
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014019:Tissue Donors