title: Effects of fomesafen on soil enzyme activity, microbial population, and bacterial community composition.
abstract: Fomesafen is a diphenyl ether herbicide that has an important role in the removal of broadleaf weeds in bean and fruit tree fields. However, very little information is known about the effects of this herbicide on soil microbial community structure and activities. In the present study, laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of different concentrations of fomesafen (0, 10, 100, and 500 μg/kg) on microbial community structure and activities during an exposure period of 60 days, using soil enzyme assays, plate counting, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results of enzymatic activity experiments showed that fomesafen had different stimulating effects on the activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and dehydrogenase, with dehydrogenase being most sensitive to fomesafen. On the tenth day, urease activity was inhibited significantly after treatment of different concentrations of fomesafen; this inhibiting effect then gradually disappeared and returned to the control level after 30 days. Plate counting experiments indicated that the number of bacteria and actinomycetes increased in fomesafen-spiked soil relative to the control after 30 days of incubation, while fungal number decreased significantly after only 10 days. The DGGE results revealed that the bacterial community varied in response to the addition of fomesafen, and the intensity of these six bands was greater on day 10. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the six excised DGGE bands were closely related to Emticicia, Bacillus, and uncultured bacteria. After 10 days, the bacterial community exhibited no obvious change compared with the control. Throughout the experiment, we concluded that 0-500 μg/kg of fomesafen could not produce significant toxic effects on soil microbial community structure and activities.
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
authors.forename: Qingming
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fenghua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fengxia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D001549:Benzamides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C088563:fomesafen