title: Slave systems in verbal short-term memory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The model of performance in short-term memory (STM) tasks that has been most influential in cognitive neuropsychological work on deficits of STM is the "working memory" model mainly associated with the work of Alan Baddeley and his colleagues.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews the model. We examine the development of this theory in studies that account for STM performances in normal (non-brain-damaged) individuals, and then review the application of this theory to neuropsychological cases and specifications, modifications, and extensions of the theory that have been suggested on the basis of these cases. Our approach is to identify the major phenomena that have been discussed and to examine selected papers dealing with those phenomena in some detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main contribution is a review of the WM model that includes both normative and neuropsychological data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the WM model has many inconsistencies and empirical inadequacies, and that cognitive neuropsychologists might benefit from considering other models when they attempt to describe and explain patients' performances on STM tasks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howard
keywords: Aphasia; Aphasiology; Brain; Language; Neuropsychology; Psychosocial