title: Age-associated aberrations in mouse cellular and humoral immune responses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several contradictions and inconsistent reports regarding nature of dysfunction of immune system with age are known. The lack of multipoint age comparisons in immune functions contributes to the observed ambiguity in understanding immunosenescence. Thus, the present study aimed at a concurrent analysis of different immune cells in an attempt to delineate the nature of dysregulation with progressive aging in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  4, 8, 12 and 16 months old mice were analyzed for various immune parameters involving neutrophils, peripheral blood lymphocytes, peritoneal macrophages, splenocytes, inflamm-aging markers in plasma and humoral immune response in intestine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophils registered a remarkable decrease in activities of respiratory burst enzymes and phagocytosis, while macrophages recorded a decrease in TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression. MCP-1 and CRP levels increased in plasma, whereas stimulation index and CD28 expression decreased in lymphocytes. Interleukins analysis (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10) showed a remarkable shift towards Th2 response which further resulted in increased IgG1/IgG2a ratio and IgE levels in intestine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decline in cell-mediated immune response, chronic inflammation and aggravation of humoral immunity was evident which conclusively suggests a skewed Th2 pathway during aging.
authors.affiliation: Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India, rohit25sharma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kapila
authors.forename: Mohammad Raies Ul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Vamshi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salingati
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapasiya
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapila
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000276:immunology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology*; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000276:immunology*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000276:immunology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018106:CD28 Antigens; C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007136:Immunoglobulins; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma