title: The effect of anti-pronation foot orthoses on hip and knee kinematics and muscle activity during a functional step-up task in healthy individuals: a laboratory study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Greater frontal and transverse plane hip and knee motion, and delayed gluteus medius and vastus medialis oblique activation have frequently been identified in patellofemoral pain syndrome populations, whilst prefabricated anti-pronation foot orthoses have been reported to reduce symptoms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of such orthoses on hip and knee kinematics, gluteal and vasti muscle activity, kinematic and electromyographic interactions alongside correlations with specific clinical measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen asymptomatic individuals (11 male 7 female) had measures taken of static foot posture and ankle range of motion. Hip muscle activity and kinematics were measured using electromyography and an active motion capture system during a step-up task. Order of testing with or without orthoses was determined using a coin toss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between condition paired t-tests indicated significantly reduced peak hip adduction angles (1.56°, P < 0.05) and significantly reduced knee internal rotation (1.3°, P < 0.05) in the orthoses condition. Reduced ankle dorsiflexion range of motion correlated with a reduction in hip adduction following the orthoses intervention (r = 0.59, P = 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of prefabricated orthoses may be partially explained by kinematic alterations that occur proximal to the foot in the kinetic chain. These clinically and biomechanically relevant effects appear more evident in those with reduced underlying ankle motion. Further research is indicated using a symptomatic population to explore the clinical relevance of these observations.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lack
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malliaras
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Twycross-Lewis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Woledge
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: d.morrissey@qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morrissey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002081:Buttocks / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anti-pronation foot orthoses; Electromyography; Kinematics; Onset times; Orthoses; Patellofemoral pain