title: Spasticity - Pathogenesis, prevention and treatment strategies.
abstract: This review of the long-term management of spasticity addresses some of the clinical dilemmas in the management of patients with chronic disability. It is important for clinicians to have clear objectives in patient treatment and the available treatment strategies. The review reiterates the role of physical treatment in the management, and thereafter the maintenance of patients with spasticity. Spasticity is a physiological consequence of an injury to the nervous system. It is a complex problem which can cause profound disability, alone or in combination with the other features of an upper motor neuron syndrome, and can give rise to significant difficulties in the process of rehabilitation. This can be associated with profound restriction to activity and participation due to pain, weakness, and contractures. Optimum management is dependent on an understanding of its underlying physiology, an awareness of its natural history, an appreciation of the impact on the patient, and a comprehensive approach to minimizing that impact. The aim of this article is to highlight the importance, basic approach, and management options available to the general practitioner in such a complex condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghai
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sarla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hooda
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Tushar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gupta
keywords: Long-term management; outcomes; peripheral nerve blockade; pharmacological treatment; phenol; spasticity