title: Autophagy in the human placenta throughout gestation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autophagy has been reported to be essential for pre-implantation development and embryo survival. However, its role in placental development and regulation of autophagy during pregnancy remain unclear. The aims of this study were to (1) study autophagy by characterizing changes in levels of beclin-1, DRAM, and LC3B in human placenta throughout gestation; (2) determine whether autophagy is involved in regulation of trophoblast invasion in JEG-3 cells (a choriocarcinoma cell line); (3) examine the effects of reduced oxygen and glucose on the autophagic changes; and (4) investigate the effect of reoxygenation and supplementation of glucose after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on the autophagic changes in primary cytotrophoblasts obtained from normal term pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An analysis of 40 placental samples representing different gestational stages showed (1) no significant differences in beclin-1, DRAM, and LC3B-II levels in placentas between early and mid-gestation, and late gestation with vaginal delivery; (2) placentas from late gestation with cesarean section had lower levels of LC3B-II compared to early and mid-gestation, and late gestation with vaginal delivery; levels of DRAM were also lower compared to placentas from early and mid-gestation; and (3) using explant cultures, villous tissues from early and late gestation had similar rates of autophagic flux under physiological oxygen concentrations. Knockdown of BECN1, DRAM, and LC3B had no effects on viability and invasion activity of JEG-3 cells. On the other hand, OGD caused a significant increase in the levels of LC3B-II in primary cytotrophoblasts, while re-supplementation of oxygen and glucose reduced these changes. Furthermore, there were differential changes in levels of beclin-1, DRAM, and LC3B-II in response to changes in oxygen and glucose levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that autophagy is involved in development of the human placenta and that changes in oxygen and glucose levels participate in regulation of autophagic changes in cytotrophoblast cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tai-Ho
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: T'sang-T'ang
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Szu-Fu
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Meng-Jen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D005947:Glucose