title: Fairer service exchange mechanisms for tennis when some psychological factors exist.
abstract: In a tennis match it is not uncommon for games to 'go with service' (ie. 1-0, 1-1, 2-1, 2-2, 3-2, so on). When this occurs, the player who serves first is either ahead by one game, or the games' score is equal. Some commentators, players, argue that the person who serves first has a psychological advantage in that his/her opponent is very often 'playing catch-up'. Assuming that such a (non-zero) psychological advantage of 'being ahead in the games' score' exists, the advantage of serving first in a set between two equal players, is determined. In the presence of such 'front-runner' psychological effects, alternative methods or rules for allocating service to the players are considered, and some are shown to be fairer than the present rule. A proposal consisting of two modifications to the present rules is put forward for consideration. One of these modifications is very easy to apply. The reverse psychological effect to the above, the 'back-to-the-wall' effect, occurs when a player performs better when behind. The proposal is seen to be fairer than the present method for the cases in which both players A has either a positive or negative psychological effect and player B also has an equivalent positive or negative effect. Further, the application of the proposal to doubles is also considered and a modification for doubles suggested for consideration. Key PointsThis study shows that a scoring system that is typically considered fair, may in fact not be fair when some psychological factors are added.Assuming a 'front-runner' (and/or a 'back-to-the-wall') effect exists in tennis for both players, the advantage of serving first in a set between two equal players, is determined.Given the presence of such psychological factors in tennis, fairer methods of allocating service to the players both within sets and across sets are determined.An additional modification for tennis doubles is also recommended.A method for improving the fairness in the one-day and test versions of a series of cricket matches is suggested.
authors.affiliation: School of Information Sciences and Engineering, University of Canberra , Australia.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Australia.
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barnett
keywords: Rules in tennis; back-to-the-wall effect in tennis; cricket fairness; psychological advantage