title: Fucoidan promotes early step of cardiac differentiation from human embryonic stem cells and long-term maintenance of beating areas.
abstract: Somatic stem cells require specific niches and three-dimensional scaffolds provide ways to mimic this microenvironment. Here, we studied a scaffold based on Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide known to influence morphogen gradients during embryonic development, to support human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiation toward the cardiac lineage. A macroporous (pore 200 μm) Fucoidan scaffold was selected to support hESCs attachment and proliferation. Using a protocol based on the cardiogenic morphogen bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) and transforming growth factor (TGFβ) followed by tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), an effector of cardiopoietic priming, we examined the cardiac differentiation in the scaffold compared to culture dishes and embryoid bodies (EBs). At day 8, Fucoidan scaffolds supported a significantly higher expression of the 3 genes encoding for transcription factors marking the early step of embryonic cardiac differentiation NKX2.5 (p<0.05), MEF2C (p<0.01), and GATA4 (p<0.01), confirmed by flow cytometry analysis for MEF2C and NKX2.5. The ability of Fucoidan scaffolds to locally concentrate and slowly release TGFβ and TNFα was confirmed by Luminex technology. We also found that Fucoidan scaffolds supported the late stage of embryonic cardiac differentiation marked by a significantly higher atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) expression (p<0.001), although only rare beating areas were observed. We postulated that absence of mechanical stress in the soft hydrogel impaired sarcomere formation, as confirmed by molecular analysis of the cardiac muscle myosin MYH6 and immunohistological staining of sarcomeric α-actinin. Nevertheless, Fucoidan scaffolds contributed to the development of thin filaments connecting beating areas through promotion of smooth muscle cells, thus enabling maintenance of beating areas for up to 6 months. In conclusion, Fucoidan scaffolds appear as a very promising biomaterial to control cardiac differentiation from hESCs that could be further combined with mechanical stress to promote sarcomere formation at terminal stages of differentiation.
authors.affiliation: 1 INSERM, UMR 1009, Institut Gustave Roussy , Villejuif, France .
authors.forename: Sofiane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamidi
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Letourneur
authors.forename: Rachida
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aid-Launais
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vainchenker
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Norol
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Visage
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C007789:fucoidan