title: A test house study of pesticides and pesticide degradation products following an indoor application.
abstract: Preexisting pesticide degradates are a concern for pesticide biomonitoring studies as exposure to them may result in overestimation of pesticide exposure. The purpose of this research was to determine whether there was significant formation and movement, of pesticide degradates over a 5-week period in a controlled indoor setting after insecticide application. Movement of the pesticides during the study was also evaluated. In a simulated crack and crevice application, commercially available formulations of fipronil, propoxur, cis/trans-permethrin, and cypermethrin were applied to a series of wooden slats affixed to the wall in one room of an unoccupied test house. Floor surface samples were collected through 35 days post-application. Concentrations of the pesticides and the following degradates were determined: 2-iso-propoxyphenol, cis/trans 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-3-3-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, fipronil sulfone, fipronil sulfide, and fipronil desulfinyl. Deltamethrin, which had never been applied, and chlorpyrifos, which had been applied several years earlier, and their degradation products, cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, respectively, were also measured. Propoxur was the only insecticide with mass movement away from the application site. There was no measurable formation or movement of the degradates. However, all degradates were present at low levels in the formulated product. These results indicate longitudinal repetitive sampling of indoor degradate levels during short-term studies, is unnecessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to preexisting pesticide degradates may inflate estimates of exposure in biomonitoring studies where these compounds are used as biomarkers. To date, there is no published information on formation of pesticide degradates following an indoor application. We found that the study pesticides have low rates of degradation and are unlikely to be a significant factor affecting results of short-term (weeks) biomonitoring studies. Therefore, relatively few indoor samples are needed to estimate background levels of degradation products resulting from a recent pesticide application.
authors.affiliation: Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gemma
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stout
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D057230:Limit of Detection; D026023:Permethrin / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D001074:Propoxur / Q000032:analysis; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000032:analysis; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; D026023:Permethrin; D001074:Propoxur; C082360:fipronil
keywords: Degradation; Fipronil; Indoor; Propoxur; Pyrethroids