title: Validation of a golden angle radial sequence (GOLD) for abdominal T1 mapping during free breathing: demonstrating clinical feasibility for quantifying gastric secretion and emptying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate a magnetic resonance imaging sequence suitable for quantitative assessment of acid suppression by a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) on gastric secretion and emptying in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A golden angle radial sequence (GOLD) was validated in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical feasibility was shown in two studies. The impact of free breathing and image plane orientation on T1 values was evaluated in a controlled in vivo experiment. The free-breathing GOLD sequence was compared against a standard breath-hold gradient echo sequence for gastric half emptying time in 23 subjects during a gastric emptying study. Pilot data from five subjects assessed the sensitivity of the GOLD sequence to detect changes in acid secretion volume produced by PPI treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The coronal free-breathing GOLD sequence and the axial breath-hold standard gradient echo sequence showed good agreement of the gastric half emptying time (6 ± 3 min, P = 0.053). The GOLD sequence demonstrated sensitivity to reduction of gastric secretion volumes induced by PPI treatment (55 ± 5 mL, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GOLD sequence allowed for free breathing, multislice, combined imaging and T1 mapping of the stomach content. GOLD presents a promising multipurpose, noninvasive imaging tool for monitoring gastric function in clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Curcic
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwizer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boesiger
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steingoetter
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000378:metabolism*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008536:Meglumine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012119:Respiration; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D008536:Meglumine; C072417:gadoterate meglumine
keywords: T1 mapping; gastric secretion; gastroesophageal reflux disease; golden angle; proton pump inhibitors