title: Inhibitory effects of wild blueberry anthocyanins and other flavonoids on biomarkers of acute and chronic inflammation in vitro.
abstract: Wild lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait) are a rich source of anthocyanins and other flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activities; however, their individual effects on cellular signaling remain to be elucidated. This study determined the capacity of blueberry bioactives to protect murine RAW 264.7 macrophages from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Fractionation of the crude extract (CE) into polyphenol-rich (PPR), anthocyanin-rich (ANC), and proanthocyanidin-rich (PAC) fractions and an ethyl acetate fraction (EA) revealed that PPR, ANC, and PAC components most effectively suppressed mRNA biomarkers of acute inflammation (Cox-2, iNOS, and IL-1β). Among major polyphenols found in the wild blueberries, malvidin-3-glucoside was significantly more effective than epicatechin or chlorogenic acid in reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University , 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States.
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: Slavko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komarnytsky
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lila
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D029798:Blueberry Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017931:DNA Primers; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D015415:Biomarkers; D017931:DNA Primers