title: Head-to-Head Comparison of Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation, Transcranial AC Stimulation, and Transcranial DC Stimulation for Tinnitus.
abstract: Tinnitus is the perception of a sound in the absence of an external sound stimulus. This phantom sound has been related to plastic changes and hyperactivity in the auditory cortex. Different neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been used in an attempt to modify local and distant neuroplasticity as to reduce tinnitus symptoms. Recently, two techniques of pulsed electrical stimulation using weak electrical currents - transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) - have also shown significant neuromodulatory effects. In the present study we conducted the first head-to-head comparison of three different transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques, namely tDCS, tACS, and tRNS in 111 tinnitus patients by placing the electrodes overlying the auditory cortex bilaterally. The results demonstrated that tRNS induced the larger transient suppressive effect on the tinnitus loudness and the tinnitus related distress as compared to tDCS and tACS. Both tDCS and tACS induced small and non-significant effects on tinnitus symptoms, supporting the superior effects of tRNS as a method for tinnitus suppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium ; Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas, TX , USA.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanneste
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Center for Clinical Research Learning, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Otago , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Ridder
keywords: distress; loudness; tACS; tDCS; tRNS; tinnitus