title: Subchronic oral toxicity of evodia fruit powder in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evodia, a fruit from Evodia rutaecarpa, has been used in oriental medicine, and since its various pharmaceutical actions, including anti-cancer activity, have become known, evodia has been widely used as a dietary supplement. However, information regarding its toxicity is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evodia fruit from Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. officinalis (Dode) Huang (0, 25, 74, 222, 667, and 2000 mg/kg) was administered orally five times per week for 13 weeks. Clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, vaginal cytology, sperm morphology, organ weight, and gross and histopathological findings were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary ketone body excretion was detected in males at 667 and 2000 mg/kg and in females at 2000 mg/kg. An increase in absolute/relative liver weight was observed in both sexes at 2000 mg/kg. Although levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly reduced in males and/or females at 200 and/or 667 and 2000 mg/kg, all values were within normal ranges and were considered non-adverse. In addition, no treatment-related differences in body weight, food consumption, hematology, vaginal cytology, sperm morphology, or gross and histopathological examination were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subchronic no-observable-adverse-effect level for evodia fruit powder following oral administration in rats is greater than 2000 mg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Duyeol
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Ju
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myoung Jun
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Song
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, 21 Maeju-ri, Seonghwan-eup, Cheonan, Chungnam 331-707, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 686-2 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Yeong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Hoseo Toxicity Research Center, Hoseo University Biomedical Laboratory Science, 79 Hoseo-ro BaeBang-Myeon, Asan, Chungnam 336-795, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Beom Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro-43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Research Divison, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Seok
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Research Divison, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Kwon
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Research Divison, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jayoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, 21 Maeju-ri, Seonghwan-eup, Cheonan, Chungnam 331-707, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kang@nsu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Animal medicine, College of Veterinary medicine, Chungbuk National University, 410 Naesudong-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jkkang@cbu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong-Koo
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D032086:Evodia; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D008297:Male; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000633:toxicity*; D011208:Powders; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D059550:Toxicity Tests, Subchronic
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations; D011208:Powders
keywords: Evodia fruit; Rat; Subchronic toxicity