title: Family planning and contraception in Islamic countries: a critical review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The population of the world reached seven billion in 2012. Pakistan's population stands at more than 180 million, is growing rapidly, and has the highest unmet need for family planning (FP) in isolated rural areas. The low usage of contraception in the rural areas of Pakistan correlates with the level of isolation, poverty, illiteracy, and to a large extent, religious misinterpretations/misconceptions. Almost 25% of couples who desired FP services were not receiving them for a variety of reasons of which religion could be one, especially in the rural remote areas where the media is still not reaching and influencing mind-sets. In this scenario, the role of social marketing in bringing about attitudinal and behavioural change among users in underserved areas and gatekeepers and opinion makers in society must not be neglected. The work in promoting FP, contraception and birth spacing requires authentic evidence from similar sociocultural contexts and this endeavour of compiling case studies from various Islamic countries on their FP initiatives is a good step. Governments around the world, including many in the Islamic world, support FP programmes to enable individuals and couples to choose the number and timing of their children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper is a review of secondary data accessed through PubMed and Google Scholar. It provides an overview of Islamic countries' policies on, and support for FP and modern contraception. For this purpose, literature from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are significant internal social and economic reasons to focus on FP in the Muslim world. Thus, arguments by religious scholars who see FP as an external western conspiracy aimed at curtailing the growth and strength of the Islamic world appear to be uninformed of both the socio-political and demographic realities in many Muslim countries, as well as the historical permissibility of contraception within the Islamic legacy. In fact, it can be argued that given the profound socio-economic and political difficulties in various parts of the Muslim world, a lack of FP and increasing populations would weaken and curtail the pace of overall development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Private institutions and the government must collaborate in leveraging initiatives and bridging gaps for more robust advocacy with clergymen and religious scholars to support the larger cause of FP and birth spacing i.e. improving infant and maternal health in Pakistan.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Academy, Islamabad. shaikh.babar@gmail.com
authors.forename: Babar Tasneem
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Marie Stopes Society, Karachi.
authors.forename: Syed Khurram
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Azmat
authors.affiliation: Health Services Academy, Islamabad.
authors.forename: Arslan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazhar
mesh_terms: D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D012736:Sex Education / Q000379:methods*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors