title: Dynamics of the HIV-1 latent reservoir after discontinuation of the intensification of antiretroviral treatment: results of two clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antiretroviral therapy (ART) intensification has been shown to reduce the reservoir of latently infected CD4 T cells. However, it is currently unknown whether this effect is maintained after discontinuation of the intensifying drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of ART intensification during 48 weeks with maraviroc or raltegravir in chronically HIV-1-infected patients was assessed in two previous clinical trials. In this study, we analysed this effect at week 24 after discontinuation of the intensifying drugs, at baseline and 48 weeks of intensification.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the latently infected memory CD4 T cells carrying replication-competent virus, 2-long terminal repeat (2-LTR) circles and CD4/CD8 T cells activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients were evaluated. After 48 weeks of intensification, HIV-1 reservoir size significantly decreased from 1.1 to 0.0 infectious units per million (IUPM) (P=0.004). After 24 weeks of drug discontinuation, the median size of the reservoir was still significantly lower than at baseline (P=0.008). 2-LTRs were undetectable in all individuals at baseline and after 48 weeks of intensification, continuing undetectable in all patients except two at week 24 after discontinuation (P=0.1). CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation significantly decreased at 48 weeks after intensification, without further increase after discontinuation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of ART intensification with maraviroc or raltegravir persist at least 24 weeks after discontinuation of the drug. In a global strategy, ART intensification should be considered as part of a combination approach to achieve a functional cure or HIV eradication.
authors.affiliation: aInfectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS bImmunobiology Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón cBiostatistics Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hernández-Novoa
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vallejo
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serrano-Villar
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abad-Fernández
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Madrid
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dronda
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: María Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Fernández
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D003510:Cyclohexanes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077592:Maraviroc; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000068898:Raltegravir Potassium; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017735:Virus Latency
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D003510:Cyclohexanes; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D014230:Triazoles; D000068898:Raltegravir Potassium; D000077592:Maraviroc