title: Neural correlates of performance monitoring in daily and intermittent smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite efforts that have increased smoking regulation, cigarette taxation, and social stigma, cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death worldwide, and a significant personal and public economic burden. In the U.S., intermittent smokers comprise approximately 22% of all smokers and represent a stable, non-dependent group that may possess protective factors that prevent the transition to dependence. One possibility is that intermittent smokers have intact CNS frontal regulatory and control mechanisms that enable resistance to nicotine-induced changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study measured inhibitory control using a flanker task and a go-nogo continuous performance tasks in daily dependent smokers, intermittent non-dependent smokers, and nonsmokers. Event-related potential (ERP) measures of were concurrently recorded to measure performance monitoring via Event-Related Negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) components during error trials for each task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both tasks, behavioral and ERN measures did not differ between groups; however, amplitude of the Pe component was largest among intermittent smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, intermittent smokers differed from both daily smokers and nonsmokers on error processing, potentially revealing neuroprotective cognitive processes in nicotine dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A better understanding of factors that mediate behavioral regulation may provide novel treatment approaches that help individuals achieve controlled smoking or cessation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Electronic address: orass1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rass
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. Electronic address: dfridber@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fridberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Electronic address: bodonnel@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Brian F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Error-related negativity; Event-related potentials; Performance monitoring; Smoking; Substance dependence