title: Global dynamic optimization approach to predict activation in metabolic pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the last decade, a number of authors have shown that the genetic regulation of metabolic networks may follow optimality principles. Optimal control theory has been successfully used to compute optimal enzyme profiles considering simple metabolic pathways. However, applying this optimal control framework to more general networks (e.g. branched networks, or networks incorporating enzyme production dynamics) yields problems that are analytically intractable and/or numerically very challenging. Further, these previous studies have only considered a single-objective framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work we consider a more general multi-objective formulation and we present solutions based on recent developments in global dynamic optimization techniques. We illustrate the performance and capabilities of these techniques considering two sets of problems. First, we consider a set of single-objective examples of increasing complexity taken from the recent literature. We analyze the multimodal character of the associated non linear optimization problems, and we also evaluate different global optimization approaches in terms of numerical robustness, efficiency and scalability. Second, we consider generalized multi-objective formulations for several examples, and we show how this framework results in more biologically meaningful results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed strategy was used to solve a set of single-objective case studies related to unbranched and branched metabolic networks of different levels of complexity. All problems were successfully solved in reasonable computation times with our global dynamic optimization approach, reaching solutions which were comparable or better than those reported in previous literature. Further, we considered, for the first time, multi-objective formulations, illustrating how activation in metabolic pathways can be explained in terms of the best trade-offs between conflicting objectives. This new methodology can be applied to metabolic networks with arbitrary topologies, non-linear dynamics and constraints.
authors.forename: Gundián M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: de Hijas-Liste
authors.forename: Edda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klipp
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering Group, Spanish National Research Council, IIM-CSIC, C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain. ebalsa@iim.csic.es.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balsa-Canto
authors.forename: Julio R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Banga
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D006019:Glycolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D016014:Linear Models; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism