title: Using ecological momentary assessment to test the effectiveness of a web-based brief alcohol intervention over time among heavy-drinking students: randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Web-based brief alcohol interventions are effective in reducing alcohol use among students when measured at limited follow-up time points. To date, no studies have tested Web-based brief alcohol intervention effectiveness over time by using a large number of measurements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Testing whether the What Do You Drink (WDYD) Web-based brief alcohol intervention can sustain a reduction in alcohol use among heavy-drinking students aged 18-24 years at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A purely Web-based, 2-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial applying an ecological momentary assessment approach with 30 weekly measurements was conducted in the Netherlands (2010-2011). Participants were recruited offline and online. A total of 907 participants were randomized into the experimental condition (n=456) including the single-session and fully automated WDYD intervention, or into the control condition (n=451) including assessment only. Weekly alcohol consumption and frequency of binge drinking were the self-assessed outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attrition rates of the 907 participants were 110 (12.1%), 130 (14.3%), and 162 (17.9%) at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up intervals, respectively. Latent growth curve analyses according to the intention-to-treat principle revealed that participants in the experimental condition had significantly lower weekly alcohol consumption compared to participants in the control condition that was sustained at 3-month follow-up (intercept=-2.60, P<.001; slope=0.16, P=.08). Additional linear regression analyses indicated that this intercept difference resulted from significantly higher levels of alcohol units per week for participants in the control condition compared to those in the experimental condition at 1-month (beta=-2.56, SE 0.74, Cohen's d=0.20, P=.001), 3-month (beta=-1.76, SE 0.60, Cohen's d=0.13, P=.003), and 6-month (beta=-1.21, SE 0.58, Cohen's d=0.09, P=.04) follow-up intervals. Latent growth curve analyses further indicated that participants in the experimental condition had a significantly lower frequency of binge drinking compared to participants in the control condition that was sustained at 6-month follow-up (intercept=-0.14, P=.01; slope=0.004, P=.19). This intercept difference resulted from higher levels in this outcome for participants in the control condition relative to participants in the experimental condition at 1-month (beta=-1.15, SE 0.06, Cohen's d=0.16, P=.01), 3-month (beta=-0.12, SE 0.05, Cohen's d=0.09, P=.01), and 6-month (beta=-0.09, SE 0.05, Cohen's d=0.03, P=.045) follow-up intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WDYD intervention was shown to be effective in preventing an increase in weekly alcohol consumption and frequency of binge drinking directly after the intervention. This effect was sustained 3 and 6 months after the intervention.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Netherlands Trial Register NTR2665; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2665 (Archived by WebCite at http://webcitation.org/6LuQVn12M).
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands. c.voogt@bsi.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Voogt
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuntsche
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinjan
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Poelen
authors.forename: Rutger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D009426:Netherlands; D013334:Students; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: drinking; intervention study; students