title: Evaluation of cytological alterations of oral mucosa in smokers and waterpipe users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral mucosal epithelia of smokers and waterpipe users are more susceptible to malignant alterations. The aim of this study was morphometric evaluation of the effects of using waterpipe on normal oral mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  IN A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY, CYTOLOGIC SMEAR SAMPLES FROM THE FOLLOWING THREE DIFFERENT AREAS: buccal mucosa, lateral surface of the tongue, and floor of the mouth (right) were taken from 40 smokers, 40 waterpipe users, and 40 normal individuals. They were then stained using Papanicolaou staining technique. Quantitative cytologic alterations such as nuclear and cytoplasmic size, nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, Feret ratio (FR), percent of karriorhexis, vacuolization of cytoplasm, two or multilobed nuclei, inflammation, and candida were evaluated. Quantitative evaluation was performed using MoticPlus 2 software, and 50 cells in each slide were studied. Practitioners were matched with age and sex in three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in nuclear size, the N/C ratio, and F.R, while a decrease in cytoplasm size were observed in lateral surface of the tongue, buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth of smokers, waterpipe users and normal individuals, respectively (p≤0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed in percent of karriorhexis, vacuolization of cytoplasm, and two or multilobed nuclei in oral mucosa of smokers, waterpipe users (p=0.8), and normal individuals (p=0.9) in buccal mucosa, tongue, and mouth floor areas. However, the percentage of inflammation and candida in smokers (p<0.001) and waterpipe users (p=0.002) were higher than normal individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking and using waterpipe are effective in creating some quantitative cytometric alterations in oral mucosa; however, smoking shows greater effect in the cytometric alterations than using waterpipe. Role of cytology in screening and detection of oral mucosa malignancies in smokers and waterpipe users needs further studies.
authors.affiliation: 1.Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Safoura
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seifi
authors.affiliation: 2.Department of Histology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Feizi
authors.affiliation: 3.Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehdizadeh
authors.affiliation: 4.Department of Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Soraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khafri
authors.affiliation: 5.Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Behrang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
keywords: Cigarette Smoking; Cytology; Cytometric; Oral Mucosa; Waterpipe