title: Primum non nocere (first do no harm): symptom worsening and improvement in female assault victims after prolonged exposure for PTSD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy is an efficacious treatment for PTSD; despite this, many clinicians do not utilize it due to concerns it could cause patient decompensation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were pooled from four published well-controlled studies of female assault survivors with chronic PTSD (n = 361) who were randomly assigned to PE, waitlist (WL), or another psychotherapy, including cognitive processing therapy (CPT), Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), or the combination of PE plus stress inoculation training (SIT) or PE plus cognitive restructuring. PTSD and depression severity scores were converted to categorical outcomes to evaluate the proportion of participants who showed reliable symptom change (both reliable worsening and reliable improvement).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of participants completing one of the active treatments showed reliable improvement on both PTSD and depression compared to WL. Among treatment participants in general, as well as those who received PE, reliable PTSD worsening was nonexistent and the rate of reliable worsening of depression was low. There were no differences on any outcome measures among treatments. By comparison, participants in WL had higher rates of reliable symptom worsening for both PTSD and depression. Potential alternative explanations were also evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PE and a number of other empirically supported therapies are efficacious and safe treatments for PTSD, reducing the frequency of which symptom worsening occurs in the absence of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: Nuwan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jayawickreme
authors.forename: Shawn P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: Sheila A M
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Resick
authors.forename: Barbara O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Rothbaum
authors.forename: Edna B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Foa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D010552:Personality Assessment; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D014850:Waiting Lists; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Depression; Exposure Therapy; PTSD; Trauma; Treatment Outcome