title: Cryopreservation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) primordial germ cells by vitrification of yolk-intact and yolk-depleted embryos using various cryoprotectant solutions.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of partial removal of yolk and cryoprotectant mixtures on the viability of cryopreserved primordial germ cells (PGCs) and elucidated the differentiation ability of cryopreserved PGCs in zebrafish. First, dechorionated yolk-intact and yolk-depleted (partially yolk removed) embryos, PGCs of which were labeled with green fluorescence protein (GFP), were vitrified after serial exposures to pretreatment solution (PS) and vitrification solution (VS) that contained ethylene glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) or propylene glycol at 3 and 5 M, respectively. Although partial removal of yolk improved the viability of cryopreserved PGCs, numbers of PGCs with pseudopodial movement were limited (0–2.6 cells/embryo). Next, yolk-depleted embryos were cryopreserved using mixtures of two types of cryoprotectants. The maximum survival rate of PGCs (81%; 9.6 cells/embryo) was obtained from the yolk-depleted embryos vitrified using PS containing 2 M EG + 1 M Me2SO and VS containing 3 M EG + 2 M Me2SO and 56% (5.3 cells/embryo) of PGCs showed pseudopodial movement. Finally, PGCs recovered from yolk-depleted embryos (wild-type) that were vitrified under the optimum condition were transplanted individually into 236 sterilized recipient blastulae (recessive light-colored). Seven recipients matured and generated progeny with characteristics inherited from the PGC donor. In conclusion, the authors confirmed the beneficial effects of partial removal of yolk on the viability of cryopreserved PGCs and that the viability of the PGCs was improved by using PS and VS that contained two types of cryoprotectants, especially PS containing 2 M EG + 1 M Me2SO and VS containing 3 M EG + 2 M Me2SO, and that recovered PGCs retained ability to differentiate into functional gametes.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamaha
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.forename: Tatsuyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002470:Cell Survival; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000378:metabolism; D058989:Vitrification; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide