title: [The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) in obesity and insulin resistance].
abstract: Obesity, defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation, is currently believed to be a major public health problem worldwide. Over the past 20 years, the prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly in both industrialized and developing countries, resulting in a considerably increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these diseases remain unclear, clinical and epidemiological studies support the existence of a relationship between obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance linked with the development and progression of metabolic diseases. Adipokines, produced and released by adipose tissue, are considered as factors linking obesity-induced inflammation with insulin resistance, and their regulation through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ also known as NR1C3) is essential in these processes. PPARγ are transcriptional factors belonging to the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily which directly regulate the expression of a large number of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as adipokine synthesis; thereby they are implicated in various metabolic disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. This review summarizes the current literature on a functional relationship of PPARγ with obesity and insulin resistance and, moreover, highlights the significance of synthetic ligands of these receptors in the mentioned metabolic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Zakład Biologii Strukturalnej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chmielewska-Kassassir
authors.affiliation: Zakład Biologii Strukturalnej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi.
authors.forename: Lucyna A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Woźniak
authors.affiliation: Zakład Biologii Strukturalnej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ogrodniczek
authors.affiliation: Zakład Biologii Strukturalnej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wójcik
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D047495:PPAR gamma; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors