title: Computed tomographic and radiographic examination of dental structures in South American camelid specimen of different ages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tooth root problems and periodontal diseases are common in South American camelids (SAC). The objective was to evaluate and optimize the imaging technique for dental radiography in SAC and to describe the radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) anatomy of normal teeth at different ages. In this study, the heads of 20 healthy SAC slaughtered for meat production or euthanized for reasons not related to dental problems included 7 female and 10 male llamas and 3 male alpacas. Using a standardized protocol, radiographs and CT scans of the 20 specimen were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most useful radiographic projections for mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth evaluation turned out to be lateral30°ventral-laterodorsal and lateral30°dorsal-lateroventral with slight separation of the dental arcades respectively. Digital radiographic and CT appearance of the mandibular and maxillary teeth were described from the beginning of mineralization till maturity. In addition the normal range of the CT radio density of different cheek teeth and different dental tissues were measured. Hounsfield units of different dental tissues of SAC turned out to be similar to equids. Deviation, shortening and partial destruction of the distal tooth root of mandibular 09's and 10's and of maxillary 09's was observed and the existence of a common pulp chamber in younger teeth was revealed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides information about the dental imaging morphology in clinically healthy SAC. This basic information provides fundamental knowledge for evaluating images and planning treatments in clinically affected animals.
authors.forename: Abdolrazagh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rostami
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Geissbühler
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schellenberger
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, PO Box 8466, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Berne 3001, Switzerland. patrik.zanolari@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zanolari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003817:Dentition; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary*