title: [Analysis of association of economic burden of hypertension with tobacco exposure in Luoping county of Yunnan province].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the association between hypertension and tobacco exposure Luoping county of Yunnan province and estimate the direct cost attributable to hypertension .
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling method, 5000 rural residents aged over 18 years were selected from 12 townships in Luoping county, Yunnan province in April 2011, from which 4611 subjects completed the survey. Self-designed questionnaires were used to collect general information, smoking status, costs for outpatient consultation, inpatient, treatment, medication, travel, accommodation and extra-nutrition caused by hypertension as well as the information of health-related behavior. Their height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure were measured. The direct economic burden of hypertension was calculated. Chi-square (χ(2)) test was used to compare gender differences of hypertension prevalence, smoking and passive smoking. And t test was used to compare the differences of direct economic burden of hypertension among different gender, smoking and passive smoking status. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence factors of hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 4611 subjects, the age was (46.90 ± 16.74) years old. Male accounted for 49.8% (2294/4611) and female 50.2% (2317/4611) . The smoking rate was higher in males (75.7% (1736/2294)) than in females(1.6% (38/2317)) (χ(2) = 2669.21, P < 0.01). The passive smoking rate was lower in males (10.0% (230/2294)) than in females (46.2% (1070/2317)) (χ(2) = 744.27, P < 0.05). Non-tobacco exposure rate in males (14.3% (328/1537)) was lower than in females (52.2% (1209/1537)) (χ(2) = 744.37, P < 0.05) . The risk of hypertension in smokers and passive smokers were higher than those without tobacco exposure, OR (95%CI) was 1.41 (1.15-1.71) (P < 0.05) and 1.31 (1.07-1.63) (P < 0.05) respectively. The per capita direct cost of hypertension was (3444.09 ± 3067.83) Yuan. Of this, tobacco exposure (4552.46 ± 3189.05) Yuan was higher than non-tobacco exposure (1907.71 ± 1383.94) Yuan (t = -3.81, P < 0.05) . Moreover, smokers were (6951.71 ± 3422.87) Yuan higher than passive smokers (3128.09 ± 2083.17) Yuan (t = 3.19, P < 0.05) and males (5827.39 ± 3240.50) Yuan were higher than females (2633.03 ± 2569.01) Yuan (t = 3.22, P < 0.05) . The total direct costs of hypertension attributable to smoking and SHS was 41 million and 38 million, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both smoking and SHS had significant impact on prevalence and economic burden of hypertension in Luoping county. Implementing effective strategies to control tobacco exposure is useful to reduce the economic burden of hypertension in the study region.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
authors.forename: Shu-juan
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Email: caile002@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Zhan-kun
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Ya-huai
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Wen-long
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jian-hui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution