title: Long-term evaluation of patients undergoing genitoplasty due to disorders of sex development: results from a 14-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the experience in treating patients with genitoplasty due to disorders of sex development in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  The operative procedures, gender of rearing, surgical outcome, and psychosocial and family adjustments of 262 patients were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At initial diagnosis, the mean age was 14.3 ± 2.8 years (range: 2-38 years). There were 96 children, 133 adolescents, and 33 adults. Follow-up was done every 6 months. Patients with female sex assignment had no urinary incontinence or voiding difficulty. Five patients underwent the second surgery (3%); vaginal dilation was performed in 35 patients with postoperative vaginal stenosis; 12 patients (7.4%) were unsatisfactory with the outcome. For patients with male sex assignment, the median length of penis was 2.2 cm in prepubertal patients, 4.2 cm in pubertal patients, and 5.0 cm in adults; 39 patients developed postvoid dribbling (39%); 21 patients underwent a second surgery (21%); urethral dilation was done in 28 patients (28%) due to urethral stricture; 38 patients were unsatisfactory with the outcome (38%). In addition, 136 patients (83%) with female sex assignment and 54 (54%) with male sex assignment had favorable psychosocial adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with male sex assignment have more surgical complications and difficulties in psychosocial adjustment as compared to those with female sex assignment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyanzheng Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyanzheng Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Jinhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyanzheng Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Huixiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyanzheng Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Yongquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyanzheng Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Wenhao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Limei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyanzheng Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Gensheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyanzheng Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Zhansong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D057829:Gender-Affirming Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*