title: Effect of smear layer on the push-out bond strength of two endodontic biomaterials to radicular dentin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This in vitro study was designed to evaluate the effect of smear layer removal on push-out bond strength of white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) and calcium-enriched mixture cement (CEM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dentin discs with 3 mm thicknesses were divided into 4 groups (n=15): group 1: irrigation of the canal with normal saline and filling with WMTA; group 2: irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and then filling with WMTA; group 3: same as group 1 but the lumens were filled with CEM; group 4: same as group 2 but the lumens filled with CEM. The samples were incubated at 37(°)C for 3 days after wrapping in gauze pieces moistened with distilled water. The push-out bond strengths were then measured by the universal testing machine and the failure modes were examined under a stereomicroscope at 40× magnification. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test for bond strength. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest and lowest mean standard deviation for push-out bond strength were observed for groups 4 (3.13±1.46 MPa) and group3 (1.44±0.96 MPa), respectively. The effect of smear layer removal on push-out bond strength of CEM was significant (P=0.01), however, it was not significant for WMTA (P=0.52). The failure mode for all the groups was of mixed type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the limitations of this study, smear layer removal is recommended for CEM in order to gain higher push-out strength.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,Tabriz, Iran ;
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lotfi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
authors.forename: Negin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghasemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of operative dentistry, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahari
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vosoughhosseini
authors.affiliation: Research Associated, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public health, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saghiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zand
keywords: Calcium-Enriched Mixture; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; Push-Out Bond Strength; Root Canal Preparation; Smear Layer