title: Plant movements and climate warming: intraspecific variation in growth responses to nonlocal soils.
abstract: Most range shift predictions focus on the dispersal phase of the colonization process. Because moving populations experience increasingly dissimilar nonclimatic environmental conditions as they track climate warming, it is also critical to test how individuals originating from contrasting thermal environments can establish in nonlocal sites. We assess the intraspecific variation in growth responses to nonlocal soils by planting a widespread grass of deciduous forests (Milium effusum) into an experimental common garden using combinations of seeds and soil sampled in 22 sites across its distributional range, and reflecting movement scenarios of up to 1600 km. Furthermore, to determine temperature and forest-structural effects, the plants and soils were experimentally warmed and shaded. We found significantly positive effects of the difference between the temperature of the sites of seed and soil collection on growth and seedling emergence rates. Migrant plants might thus encounter increasingly favourable soil conditions while tracking the isotherms towards currently 'colder' soils. These effects persisted under experimental warming. Rising temperatures and light availability generally enhanced plant performance. Our results suggest that abiotic and biotic soil characteristics can shape climate change-driven plant movements by affecting growth of nonlocal migrants, a mechanism which should be integrated into predictions of future range shifts.
authors.affiliation: Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium.|Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Frenne
authors.affiliation: Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Coomes
authors.affiliation: Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Schrijver
authors.affiliation: Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Staelens
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jake M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Schiller-University, Institute of Ecology, Dornburger Str. 159, DE-07743, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernhardt-Römermann
authors.affiliation: Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 49, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.affiliation: EDYSAN (FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, FR-80037, Amiens Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chabrerie
authors.affiliation: BIOCONNET, Biodiversity and Conservation Network, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, IT-53100, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiarucci
authors.affiliation: Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, NL-6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: den Ouden
authors.affiliation: Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, DE-35392, Gießen, Germany.
authors.forename: R Lutz
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Eckstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Bente J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Graae
authors.affiliation: Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruwez
authors.affiliation: Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Lidická 25/27, CZ-65720, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hédl
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, BE-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermy
authors.affiliation: Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, FB2, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., DE-28359, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolb
authors.affiliation: UR EFNO, Irstea, Domaine des Barres, FR-45290, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mårell
authors.affiliation: Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Samantha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mullender
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Siri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, ul. Bankowa 9, PL-40-007, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orczewska
authors.affiliation: Beechwood House, St Briavels Common, Lydney, GL15 6SL, UK.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peterken
authors.affiliation: Department of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petřík
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plue
authors.affiliation: Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Simonson
authors.affiliation: Forestry Faculty, Stefan cel Mare University, Str. Universităţii 19, RO-720229, Suceava, Romania.
authors.forename: Cezar V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Tomescu
authors.affiliation: Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium.|Unit Transition Energy and Environment, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vangansbeke
authors.affiliation: Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gorik
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verstraeten
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vesterdal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Land Use Systems, Leibniz-ZALF, Eberswalder Strasse 84, DE-15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wulf
authors.affiliation: Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verheyen
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D057232:Global Warming; D008027:Light; D063148:Plant Dispersal; D006109:Poaceae / Q000254:growth & development*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds; D012987:Soil; D013696:Temperature; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Milium effusum (millet grass); climate change; climate envelope; common garden experiment; forest understorey; intraspecific variation; range shifts; soil biota