title: Home processing of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum): effects on in vitro bioaccessibility of total lycopene, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to investigate the effect of home processing on the bioaccessibility of health-related constituents of tomatoes, total lycopene, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were determined from seven different tomato products using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Additionally, the changes in the contents of the major tomato phenolics were determined and compared for these different tomato products using HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that paste processing and drying significantly increased the bioaccessible total lycopene content (2.2- and 3.8-fold, respectively), total phenolic content (2.3- and 2.0-fold, respectively), total flavonoid content (9.0- and 2.5-fold, respectively) and total antioxidant capacity (6.3- and 8.0-fold for the DPPH assay, 26- and 33-fold for the CUPRAC assay, respectively) (P < 0.05) compared to fresh tomatoes. HPLC analysis revealed significantly lower (P < 0.05) rutin content in puree and juice. The loss of naringenin chalcone in some tomato products, as well as its conversion into naringenin in heat-treated products was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study provided valuable insights into the changes in the content and bioaccessibility of tomato antioxidants as a result of home processing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Senem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamiloglu
authors.forename: Melek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: Saniye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selen
authors.forename: Gamze
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Toydemir
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boyacioglu
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Capanoglu
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001682:Biological Availability; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D047188:Chalcones / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003890:Desiccation; D004032:Diet; D044950:Flavanones / Q000032:analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D012431:Rutin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D047188:Chalcones; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D002338:Carotenoids; D012431:Rutin; C027329:naringenin chalcone; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; C005273:naringenin; D000077276:Lycopene
keywords: domestic cooking; gastrointestinal digestion; in vitro bioaccessibility; polyphenols