title: Effects of neurosurgical treatment and severity of head injury on cognitive functioning, general health and incidence of mental disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurosurgical treatment and the severity of head injury (HI) can have remarkable effect on patients' neuropsychiatric outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This research aimed to study the effect of these factors on cognitive functioning, general health and incidence of mental disorders in patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this descriptive, longitudinal study, 206 TBI patients entered the study by consecutive sampling; they were then compared according to neurosurgery status and severity of their HI. Both groups underwent neurosurgical and psychological examinations. The mini mental state examination (MMSE) and general health questionnaire-28 items (GHQ-28) were administered to the study participants. At follow-up, four months later, the groups underwent a structured clinical interview by a psychiatrist based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria regarding the presence of mental disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were performed and adjusted for the effect of confounding variables (age, gender, Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) , and level of education). The severity of HI had the most significant effect for the following variables; cognitive functioning and physical symptoms (P < 0.05). The effect of the neurosurgical treatment factor was not significant; however, the interaction effect of the two variables on social dysfunction, and total score of the GHQ-28 questionnaire appeared to be significant (P < 0.05). Fisher's exact test indicated that after a four month follow-up period, no significant differences were seen between the two groups (with or without neurosurgery) in the incidence of mental disorders, while χ(2) Test showed that having a more severe HI is significantly correlated with the incidence of mental disorders (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implications of this study should be discussed with an emphasis on negative, effective factors on the cognitive - behavioral and neuropsychiatric outcomes of a TBI.
authors.affiliation: Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asgari
authors.affiliation: Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yousefzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Heshmat-Allah
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moosavi
authors.affiliation: Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kazemnejad
keywords: Brain Injury; Cognitive Aspect; Mental Health; Neurosurgery