title: Long-term effects of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on milk quality and hepatic gene expression in lactating goats fed a high-concentrate diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism underlying the decline in milk quality during periods of feeding high-concentrate diets to dairy ruminants is not well documented. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic changes in the liver that contribute to the input of substrate precursors to the mammary gland after feeding a high-concentrate diet to lactating goats for a long period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight mid-lactating goats with rumen cannulas were randomly assigned to two groups. For 9 weeks, the treatment group was fed a high-concentrate diet (60% concentrate of dry matter, HC) and the control group was fed a low-concentrate diet (40% concentrate of dry matter, LC). Ruminal fluid, plasma, and liver tissues were sampled, microarray techniques and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate metabolic parameters and gene expression in liver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feeding a 60%-concentrate diet for 9 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in rumen pH. Changes in fat and protein content also occurred, which negatively affected milk quality. Plasma levels of leptin (p = 0.058), non-esterified fatty acid (p = 0.071), and glucose (p = 0.014) increased markedly in HC group. Plasma cortisol concentration was significantly elevated in the treatment group (p<0.05). Expression of the glucocorticoid receptor protein gene was significantly down-regulated (p<0.05) in the liver. The expression of genes for interleukin 1β, serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, and haptoglobin mRNA was significantly increased (p<0.05) in the HC group. GeneRelNet analysis showed that gene expression involved in inflammatory responses and the metabolism of lipids, protein, and carbohydrate were significantly altered by feeding a high-concentrate diet for 9 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of the acute phase response and the inflammatory response may contribute to nutrient partitioning and re-distribution of energy in the liver, and ultimately lead to a decline in milk quality.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Shaoqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Yingdong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Yuanshu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Small Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Xiangzhen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Ruqian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006041:Goats; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007774:Lactation; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005227:Fatty Acids; D006242:Haptoglobins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D020738:Leptin; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D002097:C-Reactive Protein