title: ["Jump in at the deep end" : simulator-based learning in acute care].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With high-fidelity simulators in a modern blended learning setting, students are able to acquire knowledge and practical skills in acute medicine in realistic scenarios. However, it has not yet been clarified if the sequence of linking between knowledge and simulator-based training of practical skills plays an important role for increasing knowledge, for the self-concept and learning emotions of trainees.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In a pilot study the influence of the type of knowledge acquisition under two independent conditions was investigated in which the order of presenting the learning material (firstly theory and then simulation vs. simulation elements before the theory) was reversed. In addition the influence of individual attributes of personality on the construction of situated knowledge was correlated with these conditions in two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the outcome of simulator-based learning 20 students were randomly allocated to one of the two conditions and undertook two scenarios (anaphylactic shock and myocardial infarction), whereby the theoretical lessons were given either before or after the scenarios. Using standardized questionnaires and problem-centered semi-standardized interviews, the following variables of the participants were assessed: personality traits, current positive and negative feelings, professional self-concept, general self-efficacy and coping strategies for stress. Theoretical knowledge and practical skills were assessed using a knowledge test and standardized assessment questionnaires which also focused on performance and patient safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All together the results showed a slight advantage for the condition of theory before simulation which was not determined by the acquisition of knowledge but by a better performance of trainees as assessed by the trainers. Regarding knowledge acquisition, no statistically significant differences could be shown. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for negative feelings (very intense negative emotional state) and for the professional self-concept (perception of own professional skills) in favor of the theory then simulation condition. More extrovert participants showed poorer results which could not be attributed to one of the conditions. However, the participants always assessed the allocated learning condition as the best premise for effective learning outcome. Reaction to stress has been described as "jumping in at the deep end" as well as the lasting effect on learning from errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the context of simulation-based teaching, the learning outcome not only depends on knowledge, practical skills and motivational variables but also on the presence of negative feelings, ability self-concepts and various personality traits. There was a trend which showed that simulation in the field of anesthesiology and emergency medicine should be set up with the theoretical basis first in order to avoid negative feelings.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland, georg.breuer@kfa.imed.uni-erlangen.de.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüttler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiß
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vladut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult