title: Treatment of tuberculosis in South Kazakhstan: clinical and economical aspects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since 1990, the tuberculosis incidence rate in Eastern Europe and post-Soviet republics has been increasing in many countries including Kazakhstan. This problem is particularly important in Kazakhstan regions with limited financial resources, among them - in South Kazakhstan province. The aim of this study was to investigate the main clinical and antibiotic-related economic aspects of tuberculosis treatment in South Kazakhstan province.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 502 patients participated in the study. They were hospitalized to the tuberculosis dispensary of Sayram district (South Kazakhstan province) in 2007-2013. Statistical analysis included logistic regression for better treatment outcomes and analysis of antibiotic treatment costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-thirds of patients had infiltrative tuberculosis (67%). Positive treatment outcomes were determined in 85% of cases. The patients were mostly treated with cycloserine, protionamide, capreomycin, and ofloxacin. The majority of antibiotic costs were related to the treatment with capreomycin. In case of the positive results of the test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, antibiotic expenses were almost 3 times greater than in case of negative test results (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of patients had extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. The negative results of the test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at discharge were not related to pretreatment factors. Antibiotic-related costs were significantly higher in case of the positive results of the test of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but were not associated with gender, residence place, hospitalization recurrence, or main blood test results before treatment.
authors.forename: Talgat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maimakov
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sadykova
authors.forename: Zhanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kalmataeva
authors.forename: Kural
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurakpaev
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania. kastsmig@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kastytis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Šmigelskas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002207:Capreomycin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003523:Cycloserine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011515:Prothionamide / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D002207:Capreomycin; D011515:Prothionamide; D003523:Cycloserine; D015242:Ofloxacin