title: Biodosimetry and assessment of radiation dose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When investigating radiation accidents, it is very important to determine the exposition dose to the individuals. In the case of exposures over 1 Gy, clinicians may expect deterministic effects arising the following weeks and months, in these cases dose estimation will help physicians in the planning of therapy. Nevertheless, for doses below 1 Gy, biodosimetry data are important due to the risk of developing late stochastic effects. Finally, some accidental overexposures are lack of physical measurements and the only way of quantifying dose is by biological dosimetry.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The analysis of chromosomal aberrations by different techniques is the most developed method of quantifying dose to individuals exposed to ionising radiations.(1,2) Furthermore, the analysis of dicentric chromosomes observed in metaphases from peripheral lymphocytes is the routine technique used in case of acute exposures to assess radiation doses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solid stain of chromosomes is used to determine dicentric yields for dose estimation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for translocations analysis is used when delayed sampling or suspected chronically irradiation dose assessment. Recommendations in technical considerations are based mainly in the IAEA Technical Report No. 405.(2.)
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experience in biological dosimetry at Gregorio Marañón General Hospital is described, including own calibration curves used for dose estimation, background studies and real cases of overexposition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dose assessment by biological dosimeters requires a large previous standardization work and a continuous update. Individual dose assessment involves high qualification professionals and its long time consuming, therefore requires specific Centres. For large mass casualties cooperation among specialized Institutions is needed.
authors.affiliation: Radiopathology Centre and Radiotherapy Oncology Department, Gregorio Marañon University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael Herranz
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.affiliation: Biological Dosimetry Laboratory, Radiopathology Centre, Gregorio Marañon University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mercedes Moreno
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Domene
authors.affiliation: Biological Dosimetry Laboratory, Radiopathology Centre, Gregorio Marañon University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María Jesús Prieto
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
keywords: Biodosimetry; Dicentrics; FISH; Translocations