title: Prevalence and factors associated with low bone mineral density in Saudi women: a community based survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a public health issue in Saudi Arabia. This study measured the prevalence and factors associated with low BMD in Saudi women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study using two stage cluster sampling technique was conducted in Riyadh, 2009. Thirty clusters, each comprising of 300 houses were randomly chosen and from each cluster 38-40 households were selected to identify 1150 women of >40 years. Women were invited to primary health care center for filling of self-administered questionnaire (n = 1069) comprising of sociodemographic, health, diet and physical activity variables. 1008 women underwent screening for low BMD using the quantitative ultrasound technique. 535 (53%) women with positive screening test were referred to King Khalid Hospital for Dual X-ray Energy absorptiometry (DXA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  362 women underwent DXA and 212 (39.6%) were screened low BMD either at lumbar spine or femur neck. Mean age of women was 55.26(±8.84) years. Multivariate logistic analysis found; being aged 61 to 70 years (OR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.32-1.48), no literacy (OR 2.97, 95% CI:1.44 - 6.12) or primary education (OR 4.12, 95% CI:2.05-8.29), history of fractures (OR 2.20, 95% CI:1.03- 4.69) and not drinking laban(diluted yogurt) (OR 2.81, 95% CI:1.47- 5.37) significantly associated with low BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with low level of education, who do not drink laban and had history of fractures were at high risk of low BMD.
authors.forename: Aljohara M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: AlQuaiz
authors.affiliation: Princess Nora Bent Abdallah Women Health Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 231831, Riyadh 11321, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. akamran@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Ambreen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Salwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tayel
authors.forename: Shaffi Ahamed
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Sharif
authors.forename: Saleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.forename: Fawzia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fouda
authors.forename: Riad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sulaimani
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015014:Yogurt