title: Synergistic sub-lethal effects of a biocide mixture on the springtail Folsomia fimetaria.
abstract: The toxicity of three biocides, esfenvalerate, picoxystrobin and triclosan, on adult survival and recruitment of juveniles was studied in the springtail Folsomia fimetaria, both in single and mixture experiments. Recruitment of juveniles was more sensitive to biocide exposure than adult survival. The concepts of concentration addition and independent action returned almost identical toxicity predictions, though both models failed to predict the observed toxicity due to synergistic deviations at high exposure concentrations. A comparison with a similar study on earthworms showed that response-patterns were species-specific. Consequently, there is no single reference concept which is applicable for all species of one ecosystem, which in turn questions the usefulness of such mixture prediction concepts in ecological risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Frederik A. Dahl Vei 20, NO-1430 Ås, Norway; Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. Electronic address: lisbeth.schnug@bioforsk.no.
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schnug
authors.affiliation: University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Hans Petter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Leinaas
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014260:Triclosan / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D004202:Disinfectants; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D011725:Pyridines; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014260:Triclosan; C556557:picoxystrobin; C017690:fenvalerate
keywords: Collembola; Concentration addition; Independent action; Mixture toxicity; Recruitment