title: Task and crisis analysis during surgical training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design a surgical training environment based on task and crisis analysis of the surgical workflow.
  
  
  METHODS
  The environment consists of: (1) real surgical instruments that are augmented with realistic haptic feedback and VR capabilities, (2) human sensory channels such as tactile, auditory and visual in real time, and (3) the ability to facilitate deliberate exposure to adverse events enabling mediation of error recovery strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five surgeons were immersed in our medical simulation environment through task and crisis scenarios of a typical vertebroplasty workflow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on a five-point Likert-scale survey, the face validity of our simulation environment was confirmed by investigating surgeon behavior and workflow response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result of the conducted user-study corroborates our unique medical simulation concept of combining VR and human multisensory responses into surgical workflow.
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany, p.wucherer@mytum.de.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wucherer
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weidert
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallavollita
authors.forename: Nassir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Navab
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface