title: Thermodynamics constrains allometric scaling of optimal development time in insects.
abstract: Development time is a critical life-history trait that has profound effects on organism fitness and on population growth rates. For ectotherms, development time is strongly influenced by temperature and is predicted to scale with body mass to the quarter power based on 1) the ontogenetic growth model of the metabolic theory of ecology which describes a bioenergetic balance between tissue maintenance and growth given the scaling relationship between metabolism and body size, and 2) numerous studies, primarily of vertebrate endotherms, that largely support this prediction. However, few studies have investigated the allometry of development time among invertebrates, including insects. Abundant data on development of diverse insects provides an ideal opportunity to better understand the scaling of development time in this ecologically and economically important group. Insects develop more quickly at warmer temperatures until reaching a minimum development time at some optimal temperature, after which development slows. We evaluated the allometry of insect development time by compiling estimates of minimum development time and optimal developmental temperature for 361 insect species from 16 orders with body mass varying over nearly 6 orders of magnitude. Allometric scaling exponents varied with the statistical approach: standardized major axis regression supported the predicted quarter-power scaling relationship, but ordinary and phylogenetic generalized least squares did not. Regardless of the statistical approach, body size alone explained less than 28% of the variation in development time. Models that also included optimal temperature explained over 50% of the variation in development time. Warm-adapted insects developed more quickly, regardless of body size, supporting the "hotter is better" hypothesis that posits that ectotherms have a limited ability to evolutionarily compensate for the depressing effects of low temperatures on rates of biological processes. The remaining unexplained variation in development time likely reflects additional ecological and evolutionary differences among insect species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology & Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.affiliation: Pacific Coastal Ecology Branch, Western Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Newport, Oregon, United States of America.
authors.forename: Melanie R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Frazier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D007313:Insecta / Q000254:growth & development*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013997:Time Factors