title: Declines in swimming performance with age: a longitudinal study of Masters swimming champions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of its many participants and thorough records, competitive Masters swimming offers a rich data source for determining the rate of physical decline associated with aging in physically fit individuals. The decline in performance among national champion swimmers, both men and women and in short and long swims, is linear, at about 0.6% per year up to age 70-75, after which it accelerates in quadratic fashion. These conclusions are based primarily on cross-sectional studies, and little is known about individual performance declines with aging. Herein we present performance profiles of 19 male and 26 female national and international champion Masters swimmers, ages 25 to 96 years, participating in competitions for an average of 23 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Swimmers' longitudinal data were compared with the fastest times of world record holders across ages 35-100 years by two regression methods. Neither method proved to accurately model this data set: compared with the rates of decline estimated from the world record data, which represent the best recorded times at given ages, there was bias toward shallower rates of performance decline in the longitudinal data, likely owing to a practice effect in some swimmers as they began their Masters programs. In swimmers' later years, once maximum performance had been achieved, individual profiles followed the decline represented in the world records, and a few swimmers became the world record holders. In some instances, the individual profiles indicated performance better than the world record data; these swimmers achieved their times after the world record data were collected in 2005-2006.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Declining physiological functional capacity occurs with advancing age, and this is reflected in the performance decrements of aging Masters swimmers. Individual swimmers show different performance trajectories with aging, declines being mitigated by practice, which improves both physiological capacity and swimming technique, particularly in the early years of participation. The longitudinal data of this study indicate that individuals can participate in high-intensity swimming over several decades, competitively improving over those decades until, in some instances, they become world record holders for their age groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; UCLA Bruin Masters Swim Club, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.affiliation: Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Charlene
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Win
keywords: geriatric health; physiological functional capacity