title: Levels and distributions of hexachlorobutadiene and three chlorobenzenes in biosolids from wastewater treatment plants and in soils within and surrounding a chemical plant in China.
abstract: Although hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) was recently proposed as a candidate persistent organic pollutant (POP) under the Stockholm Convention, information about its environmental levels and distributions is still very limited. In this work, HCBD was determined in the sewage sludge from 37 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 23 cities and 17 soils near a chemical plant in China. Three chlorobenzenes (CBs) (1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene) were simultaneously studied to help better understand the environmental behavior of HCBD. Concentrations of HCBD in sludge samples ranged from <0.03 to 74.3 ng/g dry weight (dw) with a median value of 0.30 ng/g dw, which was lower than those of the three CBs. Levels of HCBD were not correlated with capacity of the WWTPs and total organic carbon. For soils, high level of HCBD was found in the sample within the plant, with a rapid decreasing concentration trend with the increase of distance from the plant. It was suspected that releasing as a byproduct during manufacturing of chlorinated chemicals was the primary source of HCBD in the studied location. Further risk assessment indicated that the environmental risk of HCBD to soil organisms and the health risk to employees were very low through soil exposure within the plant.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yawei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Thanh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jiyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guibin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D002070:Butadienes / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D062065:Wastewater; C036720:trichlorobenzene; C001335:hexachlorobutadiene