title: Assessment of the antigen-specific antibody response induced by mucosal administration of a GnRH conjugate entrapped in lipid nanoparticles.
abstract: Vaccines administered parenterally have been developed against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) for anti-fertility and anti-cancer purposes. The aim of this study was to demonstrate whether mucosal delivery using GnRH immunogens entrapped in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) could induce anti-GnRH antibody titers. Immunogens consisting of KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) conjugated to either GnRH-I or GnRH-III analogues were entrapped in LNP. Loaded non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NISVs) were administered subcutaneously, while nasal delivery was achieved using NISV in xanthan gum and oral delivery using NISV containing deoxycholate (bilosomes). NISV and bilosomes had similar properties: they were spherical, in the nanometre size range, with a slightly negative zeta potential and surface properties that changed with protein loading and inclusion of xanthan gum. Following immunization in female BALB/c mice, systemic antibody responses were similar for both GnRH-I and GnRH-III immunization. Only nasal delivery proved to be successful in terms of producing systemic and mucosal antibodies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The main research question addressed in this study was whether mucosal delivery using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone immunogens entrapped in lipid nanoparticles could induce anti-GnRH antibody titers. Only nasal delivery proved to be successful in terms of producing systemic and mucosal antibodies with this approach.
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya.
authors.forename: Ayman M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gebril
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Dimitrios A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lamprou
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Manal M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Alsaadi
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Stimson
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Alexander B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: v.a.ferro@strath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ferro
mesh_terms: D058956:Administration, Mucosal; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C448022:gonadotropin-releasing hormone-III; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
keywords: Atomic force microscopy; Bilosomes; Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone; Non-ionic surfactant vesicles