title: Genotyping Plasmodium vivax isolates from the 2011 outbreak in Greece.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasmodium vivax malaria was common in Greece until the 1950s with epidemics involving thousands of cases every year. Greece was declared free of malaria by the World Health Organization in 1974. From 1974 to 2010, an average of 39 cases per year were reported, which were mainly imported. However, in 2009 and 2010 six and one autochthonous cases were reported culminating with a total of 40 autochthonous cases reported in 2011, of which 34 originated from a single region: Laconia of Southern Peloponnese. In this study the genotypic complexity of the P. vivax infections from the outbreak in Greece during 2011 is described, to elucidate the possible origin and spread of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three polymorphic markers of P. vivax were used; Pvmsp-3α and the microsatellites m1501 and m3502 on P. vivax isolates sampled from individuals diagnosed in Greece. Thirty-nine isolates were available for this study (20 autochthonous and 19 imported), mostly from Evrotas municipality in Laconia region, in southern Greece, (n = 29), with the remaining representing sporadic cases originating from other areas of Greece.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotyping the Evrotas samples revealed seven different haplotypes where the majority of the P. vivax infections expressed two particular Pvmsp-3α-m1501-m3502 haplotypes, A10-128-151 (n = 14) and A10-121-142 (n = 7). These haplotypes appeared throughout the period in autochthonous and imported cases, indicating continuous transmission. In contrast, the P. vivax autochthonous cases from other parts of Greece were largely comprised of unique haplotypes, indicating limited transmission in these other areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that several P. vivax strains were imported into various areas of Greece in 2011, thereby increasing the risk of re-introduction of malaria. In the region of Evrotas ongoing transmission occurred exemplifying that further control measures are urgently needed in this region of southern Europe. In circumstances where medical or travel history is scarce, methods of molecular epidemiology may prove highly useful for the correct classification of the cases.
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Marousi, Greece. grspan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spanakos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alifrangis
authors.forename: Mette L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schousboe
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patsoula
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tegos
authors.forename: Helle H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Ib C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Bygbjerg
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Vakalis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tseroni
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kremastinou
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hadjichristodoulou
mesh_terms: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C089133:merozoite surface protein 3, Plasmodium