title: Recursive genomewide recombination and sequencing reveals a key refinement step in the evolution of a metabolic innovation in Escherichia coli.
abstract: Evolutionary innovations often arise from complex genetic and ecological interactions, which can make it challenging to understand retrospectively how a novel trait arose. In a long-term experiment, Escherichia coli gained the ability to use abundant citrate (Cit(+)) in the growth medium after ∼31,500 generations of evolution. Exploiting this previously untapped resource was highly beneficial: later Cit(+) variants achieve a much higher population density in this environment. All Cit(+) individuals share a mutation that activates aerobic expression of the citT citrate transporter, but this mutation confers only an extremely weak Cit(+) phenotype on its own. To determine which of the other >70 mutations in early Cit(+) clones were needed to take full advantage of citrate, we developed a recursive genomewide recombination and sequencing method (REGRES) and performed genetic backcrosses to purge mutations not required for Cit(+) from an evolved strain. We discovered a mutation that increased expression of the dctA C4-dicarboxylate transporter greatly enhanced the Cit(+) phenotype after it evolved. Surprisingly, strains containing just the citT and dctA mutations fully use citrate, indicating that earlier mutations thought to have potentiated the initial evolution of Cit(+) are not required for expression of the refined version of this trait. Instead, this metabolic innovation may be contingent on a genetic background, and possibly ecological context, that enabled citT mutants to persist among competitors long enough to obtain dctA or equivalent mutations that conferred an overwhelming advantage. More generally, refinement of an emergent trait from a rudimentary form may be crucial to its evolutionary success.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712.
authors.forename: Erik M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Quandt
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Deatherage
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ellington
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barrick
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D009154:Mutation; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C020723:citrate-binding transport protein
keywords: epistatic network; experimental evolution; genetic basis of adaptation