title: Conservation investment for rare plants in urban environments.
abstract: Budgets for species conservation limit actions. Expending resources in areas of high human density is costly and generally considered less likely to succeed. Yet, coastal California contains both a large fraction of narrowly endemic at-risk plant species as well as the state's three largest metropolitan regions. Hence understanding the capacity to protect species along the highly urbanized coast is a conservation priority. We examine at-risk plant populations along California's coastline from San Diego to north of San Francisco to better understand whether there is a relationship between human population density and: i) performance of at-risk plant populations; and ii) conservation spending. Answering these questions can help focus appropriate strategic conservation investment. Rare plant performance was measured using the annualized growth rate estimate between census periods using the California Natural Diversity Database. Human density was estimated using Census Bureau statistics from the year 2000. We found strong evidence for a lack of a relationship between human population density and plant population performance in California's coastal counties. Analyzing US Endangered Species expenditure reports, we found large differences in expenditures among counties, with plants in San Diego County receiving much higher expenditures than other locations. We found a slight positive relationship between expenditures on behalf of endangered species and human density. Together these data support the argument that conservation efforts by protecting habitats within urban environments are not less likely to be successful than in rural areas. Expenditures on behalf of federally listed endangered and threatened plants do not appear to be related to proximity to human populations. Given the evidence of sufficient performance in urban environments, along with a high potential to leverage public support for nature in urban environments, expenditures in these areas appear to be an appropriate use of conservation funds.
authors.affiliation: John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America ; Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lacy M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zachary L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Steel
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics*; D056727:Endangered Species / Q000191:economics*; D004777:Environment; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D007449:Investments; D010944:Plants; D011156:Population Density; D014505:Urban Population