title: Adhesive performance of a multi-mode adhesive system: 1-year in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the adhesive stability over time of a multi-mode one-step adhesive applied using different bonding techniques on human coronal dentine. The hypotheses tested were that microtensile bond strength (μTBS), interfacial nanoleakage expression and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activation are not affected by the adhesive application mode (following the use of self-etch technique or with the etch-and-rinse technique on dry or wet dentine) or by ageing for 24h, 6 months and 1year in artificial saliva.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human molars were cut to expose middle/deep dentine and assigned to one of the following bonding systems (N=15): (1) Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE) self-etch mode, (2) Scotchbond Universal etch-and-rinse technique on wet dentine, (3) Scotchbond Universal etch-and-rinse technique on dry dentine, and (4) Prime&Bond NT (Dentsply De Trey) etch-and-rinse technique on wet dentine (control). Specimens were processed for μTBS test in accordance with the non-trimming technique and stressed to failure after 24h, 6 months or 1 year. Additional specimens were processed and examined to assay interfacial nanoleakage and MMP expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, no differences between groups were found. After 1 year of storage, Scotchbond Universal applied in the self-etch mode and Prime&Bond NT showed higher μTBS compared to the other groups. The lowest nanoleakage expression was found for Scotchbond Universal applied in the self-etch mode, both at baseline and after storage. MMPs activation was found after application of each tested adhesive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study support the use of the self-etch approach for bonding the tested multi-mode adhesive system to dentine due to improved stability over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved bonding effectiveness of the tested universal adhesive system on dentine may be obtained if the adhesive is applied with the self-etch approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marchesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frassetto
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabianni
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Apolonio
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diolosà
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cadenaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Lenarda
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna and IGM-CNR, Unit of Bologna c/o IOR, Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: lorenzo.breschi@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Breschi
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental / Q000145:classification; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000145:classification; D003804:Dentin / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000295:instrumentation; D008422:Materials Testing; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000032:analysis; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C425843:Prime and Bond NT; D019279:Resin Cements; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C041330:Scotchbond; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
keywords: Dentine bonding systems; Durability; MMPs; Microtensile; Nanoleakage; One-step adhesive