title: The conundrum of calcaneal spurs: do they matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic plantar heel pain is a common and potentially debilitating condition, often caused by plantar fasciitis. Plantar calcaneal spurs were originally considered the cause of plantar fasciitis but are now regarded as an incidental finding by most authors. We aimed to test this hypothesis and to investigate predisposing factors for the development of spurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all lateral ankle X rays taken in our institution over a 6-month period and identified all X rays demonstrating calcaneal spurs. Then, we identified a similar number of age- and sex-matched controls without spurs. We contacted both groups by telephone and compared symptoms of heel pain, plantar fasciitis, associated comorbidities, and foot and ankle outcome scores (FAOSs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reviewed the X rays of 1103 consecutive patients and found a spur prevalence of 12.4%, more common in women and older patients. Questioning of the spur group and control group found a higher body mass index in the spur group. Patients with spurs were 4 times more likely to have diabetes mellitus and 10 times more likely to have lower-limb osteoarthritis. Patients with spurs had more foot pain and poorer FAOS than the control group, even when patients with plantar fasciitis were excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that the presence of a plantar calcaneal spur may be an indicator of foot pain independent of plantar fasciitis. Although spurs may not cause foot pain themselves, they may be an indication of other associated conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated the relevance of a radiographic finding once considered irrelevant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Moroney
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan-Bhambro
authors.forename: Shay J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: O'Flanagan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: Paddy J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kenny
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D036981:Fasciitis, Plantar / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D036982:Heel Spur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: ankle; bone (heel, toe) spurs; general disorders; heel; plantar fasciitis; rearfoot