title: Bilateral missing lower permanent incisors: a case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This case report describes the treatment of a patient of African descent with bilateral congenitally missing mandibular incisors and a 10 mm overjet.
  
  
  METHODS
  The article discusses the incidence of tooth agenesis and the different approaches to treating patients with bilateral congenitally missing lower incisors. The current treatment involved lower canine substitution for the lower lateral incisors and upper premolar extractions because of malformation. Temporary micro-implants were placed to augment anchorage and to resolve the excessive overjet by the retraction of the upper anterior teeth while preserving a Class I molar relationship.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Bolton disharmony created by the incisor agenesis and the extraction pattern proved to be a challenge and although an acceptable result was achieved, it was expectedly less than ideal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mohamed_masoud@hsdm.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Mohamed I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Masoud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000848:Anodontia / Q000628:therapy*; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000601:surgery; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008904:Miniaturization; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D057887:Overbite / Q000628:therapy*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants