title: 25 years after Vi typhoid vaccine efficacy study, typhoid affects significant number of population in Nepal.
abstract: Salmonella Typhi, first isolated in 1884, results in infection of the intestines and can end in death and disability. Due to serious adverse events post vaccination, whole cell killed vaccines have been replaced with new generation vaccines. The efficacy of Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) vaccine, a new generation, single-dose intramuscular typhoid vaccine was assessed in Nepal in 1987. However, despite the availability of ViPS vaccine for more than 25 years, Nepal has one of the highest incidence of typhoid fever. Therefore we collected information from hospitals in the Kathmandu Valley from over the past five years. There were 9901 enteric fever cases between January 2008 and July 2012. 1,881 of these were confirmed typhoid cases from five hospitals in the Kathmandu district. Approximately 70% of the cases involved children under 15 years old. 1281 cases were confirmed as S. Paratyphi. Vaccines should be prioritized for control of typhoid in conjunction with improved water and sanitation conditions in Nepal and in endemic countries of Asia and Africa.
authors.affiliation: MITRA Samaj Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal ; Group for Technical Assistance, Sanepa, Nepal.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bajracharya
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: M Imran
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pach
authors.affiliation: MITRA Samaj Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Parisha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: MITRA Samaj Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Nilesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Child Health Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Shyam R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Upreti
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wierzba
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sushant
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sahastrabuddhe
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: R Leon
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ochiai
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000276:immunology*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines