title: Household-level expenditure on protective measures against mosquitoes on the island of La Réunion, France.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For decades La Réunion has experienced a number of epidemics that have resulted in efforts to control the density of Aedes species on this Island. This study was conducted to assess household-level expenditure on protective measures against mosquito nuisance on the Island of La Réunion in 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data was collected during a cross-sectional survey of 1024 households and used to determine the relationship between the use of chemically-based protective measures and subjective and objective indicators of the density of Aedes albopictus. The average household expenditure in July 2012 was USD 9.86 and the total household-level expenditure over a one-year period was extrapolated to USD 28.05million (range: USD 25.58 million to USD 30.76 million). Much of this money was spent on measures thought to be relatively ineffective against Aedes mosquitoes. Expenditure on protective measures was not influenced by the level of knowledge on mosquitoes or by the visual nuisance they generated at home, but rather by the perception of risk related to a future epidemic of chikungunya and socioeconomic factors. Most importantly, household spending on protective measures was found to be influenced by a measure of zone-level mosquito density (the Breteau index), but not by objective indicators of the presence of mosquitoes within or around the house.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Household-level expenditure on chemically-based protective measures is high when compared to the investment made by public entities to achieve vector control, and it is differentially influenced by subjective and objective measures of mosquito density. The current situation could be improved, firstly by ensuring that the public is well-informed about mosquitoes and the effectiveness of various protective measures, and secondly by implementing interventions that could either complement current vector-control strategies and improve their effectiveness on a country-level, or that would steer the population toward the appropriate behaviours.
authors.affiliation: CES-CNRS, Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne, Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne, Maison des Sciences Economiques, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Josselin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thuilliez
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Parc Technologique Universitaire, BP172 - 97492 Sainte Clotilde Cedex, La Réunion, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellia
authors.affiliation: ARS Océan Indien, Saint-Denis, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Sébastien
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dehecq
authors.affiliation: ARS Océan Indien, Saint-Denis, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Reilhes
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000191:economics*; D017508:Reunion