title: Current approaches and challenges for monitoring treatment response in colon and rectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advent of multidisciplinary and multimodality approaches to the management of colorectal cancer patients, there is an increasing need to define how we monitor response to novel therapies in these patients. Several factors ranging from the type of therapy used to the intrinsic biology of the tumor play a role in tumor response. All of these can aid in determining the ideal course of treatment, and may fluctuate over time, pending down-staging or progression of disease. Therefore, monitoring how disease responds to therapy requires standardization in order to ultimately optimize patient outcomes. Unfortunately, how best to do this remains a topic of debate among oncologists, pathologists, and colorectal surgeons. There may not be one single best approach. The goal of the present article is to shed some light on current approaches and challenges to monitoring treatment response for colorectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted utilizing PubMed and the OVID library. Key-word combinations included colorectal cancer metastases, neoadjuvant therapy, rectal cancer, imaging modalities, CEA, down-staging, tumor response, and biomarkers. Directed searches of the embedded references from the primary articles were also performed in selected circumstances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pathologic examination of the post-treatment surgical specimen is the gold standard for monitoring response to therapy. Endoscopy is useful for evaluating local recurrence, but not in assessing tumor response outside of the limited information gained by direct examination of intra-lumenal lesions. Imaging is used to monitor tumors throughout the body for response, with CT, PET, and MRI employed in different circumstances. Overall, each has been validated in the monitoring of patients with colorectal cancer and residual tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is no imaging or serum test to precisely correlate with a tumor's response to chemo- or radiation therapy, these modalities, when used in combination, can aid in allowing clinicians to adjust medical therapy, pursue operative intervention, or (in select cases) identify complete responders. Improvements are needed, however, as advances across multiple modalities could allow appropriate selection of patients for a close surveillance regimen in the absence of operative intervention.
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Surgery, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Center, Tacoma, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Center, Tacoma, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Eric K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: 3. Division of Colorectal Surgery, UMass Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Justin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maykel
authors.affiliation: 4. Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stojadinovic
authors.affiliation: 5. Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Aviram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissan
authors.affiliation: 6. Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Avital
authors.affiliation: 6. Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Björn Ldm
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Brücher
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Center, Tacoma, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Steele
keywords: CEA; CT; ERUS; MRI; Neoadjuvant therapy; PET; colorectal cancer; down-staging; imaging modalities; treatment response