title: Limits on ecosystem trophic complexity: insights from ecological network analysis.
abstract: Articulating what limits the length of trophic food chains has remained one of the most enduring challenges in ecology. Mere counts of ecosystem species and transfers have not much illumined the issue, in part because magnitudes of trophic transfers vary by orders of magnitude in power-law fashion. We address this issue by creating a suite of measures that extend the basic indexes usually obtained by counting taxa and transfers so as to apply to networks wherein magnitudes vary by orders of magnitude. Application of the extended measures to data on ecosystem trophic networks reveals that the actual complexity of ecosystem webs is far less than usually imagined, because most ecosystem networks consist of a multitude of weak connections dominated by a relatively few strong flows. Although quantitative ecosystem networks may consist of hundreds of nodes and thousands of transfers, they nevertheless behave similarly to simpler representations of systems with fewer than 14 nodes or 40 flows. Both theory and empirical data point to an upper bound on the number of effective trophic levels at about 3-4 links. We suggest that several whole-system processes may be at play in generating these ecosystem limits and regularities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ulanowicz
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D020387:Food Chain; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: Connectivity; ecosystem roles; food chain length; network complexity; system flexibility; system roles; trophic breadth; trophic depth; window of vitality