title: Relevance of synovial fluid chondroitin sulphate as a biomarker to monitor polo pony joints.
abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the metacarpophalangeal joint is the most common articular disease in polo ponies leading to early retirement. A biomarker that would discriminate between pathological and physiological changes secondary to exercise could be helpful in OA prevention. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of polo training on synovial fluid biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage turnover in polo ponies of different skill levels. Synovial fluid samples were collected from metacarpophalangeal joints of polo ponies before and during the polo season (320 d). Nucleated cells, soluble protein, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), glycosaminoglycans (GAG), and urea were measured. The main synovial fluid GAG are chondroitin sulphate (CS, ~25 μg/mL) and hyaluronic acid (HA, ~400 μg/mL). After a polo match, a transitory increase in protein and PGE2, but not CS and HA, occurred (expressed as urea ratio), returning to basal levels in 24 h. During the polo season, the number of synovial fluid nucleated cells was always in the normal range. Increases in protein and HA occurred during the initial 40 to 80 d, returning to basal levels afterwards. In contrast, in polo prospects the concentration of CS steadily increased during the season. Long-term follow-up revealed that the synovial fluid CS was significantly higher in polo ponies that developed joint diseases within 24 months following our study. In conclusion, CS seems to be an early marker of articular cartilage damage.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo, SP, Brazil (Baccarin, Rasera, Machado); and Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo, SP, Brazil (Michelacci).
authors.forename: Raquel Y A
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Baccarin
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo, SP, Brazil (Baccarin, Rasera, Machado); and Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo, SP, Brazil (Michelacci).
authors.forename: Luciane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rasera
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo, SP, Brazil (Baccarin, Rasera, Machado); and Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo, SP, Brazil (Michelacci).
authors.forename: Thaís S L
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo, SP, Brazil (Baccarin, Rasera, Machado); and Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo, SP, Brazil (Michelacci).
authors.forename: Yara M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Michelacci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006736:Horses; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates