title: Modulation of formation of the 3'-end of the human argininosuccinate synthetase mRNA by GT-repeat polymorphism.
abstract: Microsatellites are abundant in the human genome and may acquire context-dependent functions. A highly polymorphic GT microsatellite is located downstream of the poly(A) signal of the human argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) gene. The ASS1 participates in urea and nitric oxide production and is a rate-limiting enzyme in arginine biosynthesis. To examine possible involvement of the GT microsatellite in ASS1 mRNA 3'-end formation, ASS1 minigene constructs were used in transient transfection for assessment of poly(A) site usage by S1 nuclease mapping. Synthesis of the major human ASS1 mRNA is found to be controlled by two consecutive non-canonical poly(A) signals, UAUAAA and AUUAAA, located 7 nucleotides apart where a U-rich sequence and the GU microsatellite serve as their respective downstream GU/U-rich elements. Moreover, AUUAAA utilization is affected by the GU-repeat number possibly leading to differential regulation of ASS1 polyadenylation in individuals with different repeat numbers. Interestingly, the less efficient UAUAAA motif is noted to be the major ASS1 poly(A) signal possibly as a result of an indispensable downstream U-rich element and restricted utilization of the AUUAAA motif by the presence of extended GU-repeats. The UAUAAA motif and the GT microsatellite are conserved only in primates whereas AUUAAA motif is present in all mammals analyzed. The suboptimal UAUAAA motif and the utilization of the polymorphic GT microsatellite as polyadenylation signal of the ASS1 gene may be used as a strategy in primates to modulate ASS1 level in response to interactions of genetic and environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Heng
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Miao-Zeng
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Yi
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsung-Sheng
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Su
keywords: Argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1); GT-repeat polymorphism; gene regulation; microsatellite; poly(A) downstream element; polyadenylation signal