title: Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils--to mobilize or to immobilize?
abstract: Unlike organic contaminants, metal(loid)s do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation and persist for a long time after their introduction. Bioavailability of metal(loid)s plays a vital role in the remediation of contaminated soils. In this review, the remediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils through manipulating their bioavailability using a range of soil amendments will be presented. Mobilizing amendments such as chelating and desorbing agents increase the bioavailability and mobility of metal(loid)s. Immobilizing amendments such of precipitating agents and sorbent materials decrease the bioavailabilty and mobility of metal(loid)s. Mobilizing agents can be used to enhance the removal of heavy metal(loid)s though plant uptake and soil washing. Immobilizing agents can be used to reduce the transfer to metal(loid)s to food chain via plant uptake and leaching to groundwater. One of the major limitations of mobilizing technique is susceptibility to leaching of the mobilized heavy metal(loid)s in the absence of active plant uptake. Similarly, in the case of the immobilization technique the long-term stability of the immobilized heavy metal(loid)s needs to be monitored.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia. Electronic address: Nanthi.Bolan@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nanthi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bolan
authors.affiliation: Chemical Safety Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunhikrishnan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Ramya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thangarajan
authors.affiliation: Waste Science and Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jurate
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumpiene
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
authors.forename: Jinhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Soil Environmental Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kirkham
authors.affiliation: National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA.
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scheckel
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001682:Biological Availability; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Bioavailability; Metalloids; Metals; Mobility; Soil amendments