title: Mammary inflammation around parturition appeared to be attenuated by consumption of fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mastitis endangers the health of domestic animals and humans, and may cause problems concerning food safety. It is documented that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play significant roles in attenuating saturated fatty acids (SFA)-induced inflammation. This study was therefore conducted to determine whether mammary inflammation could be affected by consumption of diets rich in n-3 PUFA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight rats after mating began to receive diets supplemented with 5% fish oil (FO) or 7% soybean oil (SO). Blood and mammary tissue samples (n = 6) at day 0 and 14 of gestation and day 3 postpartum were collected 9 hours after intramammary infusion of saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine free fatty acids (FFA) concentration and FA composition in plasma and inflammation mediators in mammary tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At day 14 of gestation and day 3 postpartum, the FO-fed rats had lower plasma concentrations of C18:2n6, C20:4n6, total n-6 PUFA and SFA, and higher plasma concentrations of C20:5n3 and total n-3 PUFA than the SO-fed rats. Plasma C22:6n3 concentration was also higher in the FO-fed than in the SO-fed rats at day 3 postpartum. Compared with the SO-fed rats, the FO-fed rats had lower mammary mRNA abundance of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and protein level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but had higher mammary mRNA abundances of interleukin (IL)-10 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ at day 14 of gestation. Following LPS infusion at day 3 postpartum, the SO-fed rats had increased plasma concentrations of FFA, C18:1n9, C18:3n3, C18:2n6 and total n-6 PUFA, higher mammary mRNA abundances of IL-1β, TNF-α and XOR but lower mammary mRNA abundance of IL-10 than the FO-fed rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mammary inflammation around parturition appeared to be attenuated by consumption of a diet rich in n-3 PUFA, which was associated with up-regulated expression of IL-10 and PPAR-γ.
authors.forename: Sen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lianqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shengyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Qiufeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Keying
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Daiwen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: De
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Ya'an 625014, China. fangzhengfeng@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhengfeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008413:Mastitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005395:Fish Oils; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D047495:PPAR gamma; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D013024:Soybean Oil; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase