title: Reductive metabolism of the sanguinarine iminium bond by rat liver preparations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sanguinarine (SA) is a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid that is mainly present in the Papaveraceae family. SA has been extensively studied because of its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antihypertensive, antiproliferative and antiplatelet activities. Metabolic studies demonstrated that SA bioavailability is apparently low, and the main pathway of SA metabolism is iminium bond reduction resulting in dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) formation. Nevertheless, the metabolic enzymes involved in SA reduction are still not known in detail. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the rat liver microsomes and cytosol-induced SA iminium bond reduction, and to examine the effects of cytosol reductase inhibitors on the reductive activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  DHSA formation was quantified by HPLC. The possible enzymes responsible for DHSA formation were examined using selective individual metabolic enzyme inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When SA was incubated with liver microsomes and cytosol in the absence of NAD(P)H, DHSA, the iminium bond reductive metabolite was formed. The reductase activity of the liver microsomes and cytosol was also enhanced significantly in the presence of NADH. The amount of DHSA formed in the liver cytosol was 4.6-fold higher than in the liver microsomes in the presence of NADH. The reductase activity in the liver cytosol was inhibited by the addition of flavin mononucleotide and/or riboflavin. Inhibition studies indicated that menadione, dicoumarol, quercetin and 7-hydroxycoumarin inhibited rat liver cytosol-mediated DHSA formation in the absence of NADH. However, only menadione and quercetin inhibited rat liver cytosol-mediated DHSA formation in the presence of NADH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the SA iminium bond reduction proceeds via two routes in the liver cytosol. One route is direct non-enzymatic reduction by NAD(P)H, and the other is enzymatic reduction by possible carbonyl and/or quinone reductases in the liver cytosol.
authors.affiliation: Hunan Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Drug, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China. sunzhiliang1965@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zhao-Ying
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xiao-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Zhi-Liang
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D053119:Benzophenanthridines / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007546:Isoquinolines; D009249:NADP; C005705:sanguinarine; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)