title: Time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling: basic properties and timing strategies for human applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te-pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra degree of freedom delivered by changing block durations is explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, the minimal duration of encoding blocks, the influence of cardiac triggering, and the effect of dividing the labeling period into blocks are evaluated. Two new strategies for timing the encoding blocks in te-pCASL are introduced: variable block duration to compensate for T1-decay and the free lunch approach that uses the postlabeling delay time that is idle in standard pCASL to acquire arterial transit time (ATT) information. Simulations are used to probe possible signal losses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No signal loss was found when dividing the labeling period into blocks with duration >50 ms. In time-encoded perfusion imaging, no cardiac triggering is required. Summation of results for individual blocks in te-pCASL postprocessing causes severe loss of temporal SNR. Quality of cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps was not affected by the encoding line order.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjusting the timing of encoding blocks in te-pCASL allows for tailoring the acquisition to specific applications. With the free lunch setup, te-pCASL delivers CBF and high resolution ATT maps within a single scan, with a small penalty in tSNR.
authors.affiliation: C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wouter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Teeuwisse
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Eidrees
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghariq
authors.forename: Ilya M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Veer
authors.forename: Matthias J P
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Osch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D013113:Spin Labels
keywords: Hadamard encoded; arterial spin labeling; arterial transit time; magnetic resonance imaging; time encoded