title: A novel decontaminant and wound healant formulation of N,N'-dichloro-bis[2,4,6-trichlorophenyl]urea against sulfur mustard-induced skin injury.
abstract: Sulfur mustard (SM)-induced dermatotoxicity can be prevented by an immediate use of decontamination agents. However, practically due to the time lapse between decontamination and exposure, there is always a possibility of wound formation. In view of this, a hydrophilic decontamination formulation of CC-2 (DRDE/WH-03) was fortified with Aloe vera gel and betaine (DRDE/WH-01) for improving its wound healing ability. Swiss albino mice were exposed to SM percutaneously (5 mg/kg) once, and after 24 hours, DRDE/WH-01, DRDE/WH-03, framycetin, and aloe gel were applied topically, daily for 7 days. Skin sections were subjected to histopathology, histomorphologic grading, tissue leukocytosis, and immunohistochemistry of inflammatory-reparative biomarkers on 3 and 7 days, respectively. DRDE/WH-01, framycetin, and aloe gel showed better reepithelialization, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia compared with DRDE/WH-03 and SM control. On the basis of histomorphologic scale, DRDE/WH-01, framycetin, and aloe gel were found to be equally efficacious. Up-regulation of interleukin-6 and infiltrating leukocytes, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and angiogenesis, fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor-alpha with fibroplasia and reepithelialization were well correlated at various stages of the healing process. DRDE/WH-01 was equally effective as framycetin and has shown improved wound healing efficacy compared with DRDE/WH-03. Thus, DRDE/WH-01 can be recommended as a universal decontaminant and wound healant against vesicant-induced skin injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence R&D Establishment, Gwalior, India.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lomash
authors.forename: Satish C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pant
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000504:Aloe; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001622:Betaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005601:Framycetin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005782:Gels; D051379:Mice; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000633:toxicity; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D005782:Gels; C466760:N,N'-dichlorobis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D028321:Plant Preparations; D001622:Betaine; D005601:Framycetin; D009151:Mustard Gas