title: Rapid analysis of effluents generated by the dairy industry for fat determination by preconcentration in nylon membranes and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy measurement.
abstract: This paper describes a new approach for the determination of fat in the effluents generated by the dairy industry which is based on the retention of fat in nylon membranes and measurement of the absorbances on the membrane surface by ATR-IR spectroscopy. Different options have been evaluated for retaining fat in the membranes using milk samples of different origin and fat content. Based on the results obtained, a method is proposed for the determination of fat in effluents which involves the filtration of 1 mL of the samples through 0.45 µm nylon membranes of 13 mm diameter. The fat content is then determined by measuring the absorbance of band at 1745 cm(-1). The proposed method can be used for the direct estimation of fat at concentrations in the 2-12 mg/L interval with adequate reproducibility. The intraday precision, expressed as coefficients of variation CVs, were ≤ 11%, whereas the interday CVs were ≤ 20%. The method shows a good tolerance towards conditions typically found in the effluents generated by the dairy industry. The most relevant features of the proposed method are simplicity and speed as the samples can be characterized in a few minutes. Sample preparation does not involve either additional instrumentation (such as pumps or vacuum equipment) or organic solvents or other chemicals. Therefore, the proposed method can be considered a rapid, simple and cost-effective alternative to gravimetric methods for controlling fat content in these effluents during production or cleaning processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moliner Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Ortuño
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: rosa.herraez@uv.es.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herráez-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campíns-Falcó
mesh_terms: D003612:Dairying; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009757:Nylons; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009757:Nylons
keywords: Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR); Cleaning in place (CIP); Dairy industry; Effluents; Fat; On-membrane measurement