title: Demographic variables for wild Asian elephants using longitudinal observations.
abstract: Detailed demographic data on wild Asian elephants have been difficult to collect due to habitat characteristics of much of the species' remaining range. Such data, however, are critical for understanding and modeling population processes in this endangered species. We present data from six years of an ongoing study of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Uda Walawe National Park, Sri Lanka. This relatively undisturbed population numbering over one thousand elephants is individually monitored, providing cohort-based information on mortality and reproduction. Reproduction was seasonal, such that most births occurred during the long inter-monsoon dry season and peaked in May. During the study, the average age at first reproduction was 13.4 years and the 50(th) percentile inter-birth interval was approximately 6 years. Birth sex ratios did not deviate significantly from parity. Fecundity was relatively stable throughout the observed reproductive life of an individual (ages 11-60), averaging between 0.13-0.17 female offspring per individual per year. Mortalities and injuries based on carcasses and disappearances showed that males were significantly more likely than females to be killed or injured through anthropogenic activity. Overall, however, most observed injuries did not appear to be fatal. This population exhibits higher fecundity and density relative to published estimates on other Asian elephant populations, possibly enhanced by present range constriction. Understanding the factors responsible for these demographic dynamics can shed insight on the future needs of this elephant population, with probable parallels to other populations in similar settings.
authors.affiliation: Colorado State University, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America ; Elephant, Forest and Environment Conservation Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka ; Trunks & Leaves Inc., Somerville, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shermin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Silva
authors.affiliation: Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C Elizabeth
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.affiliation: Elephant, Forest and Environment Conservation Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: U S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Weerathunga
authors.affiliation: Elephant, Forest and Environment Conservation Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Pushpakumara
authors.affiliation: University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Devaka K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Weerakoon
authors.affiliation: Colorado State University, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wittemyer
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000502:physiology*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003710:Demography; D004606:Elephants / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005843:Geography; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D036801:Parturition; D011891:Rain; D013188:Sri Lanka