title: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of extracapsular invasion and other staging parameters in patients with prostate cancer candidates for radical prostatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  the proper evaluation of the extracapsular extension (ECE), the invasion of seminal vesicles and regional lymph nodes are necessary to plan the treatment of localized prostate cancer. A model that assesses the risk of ECE in the specimen considering the clinical, histological and imaging findings is defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  prospective study in 85 patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. Prostate biopsy was performed 4 weeks before multiparametric study (mpMRI). mpMRI included T2-weighted endorectal magnetic resonance imaging (T2W-MRI), diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was also measured. A study of consistency (k) was assessed comparing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC), which were obtained in each case (Z). Finally, a regression model was performed to predict ECE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the mean age was 63.7 ± 6.9 years and the mean value of PSA 12.6 ± 13.8. In 31.7% of cases, digital rectal examination was suspicious for malignancy. Prostatectomy specimen showed pT2a in 12 cases (14%), pT2b in 3 (3%), pT2c in 37 (43%), pT3a in 19(22%) and pT3b 14 cases (17%). ECE was evidenced in 33 (39%) of the specimens, seminal vesicle invasion in 14 (16.5%) and pelvic node involvement in 5 patients (6%). The consistency in the evaluation of ECE (image and pathological studies) was .35 for MRI (sensitivity .33, specificity .96) and .62 for mpMRI (sensitivity .58, specificity .98). Mean value of ADC was .76 ± .2 in patients with ECE. This value was not associated with Gleason score (P = .2) or with PSA value (P = .6). AUC value as predictor of ECE was of 65% for MRI, 78% for mpMRI and 50% ADC (Z = .008). Univariate analysis demonstrated that ECE probability increases with each Gleason score point, whilst this probability increases 1.06 times with each PSA point, and decreases .3 times with each point of ADC. Multivariate analysis confirmed that ADC value is a slight protective factor against ECE (OR = .01; CI 95% .002-.14). The consistency in the evaluation of seminal vesicles was .43 for MRI and .67 for mpMRI. AUC was 69% and 82% respectively (Z = .02). The consistency in the evaluation of positive lymph nodes was .4 for MRI and .7 for mpMRI. AUC was 68% and 88% respectively (Z = .36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  multiparametric study allows to carry out a more proper preoperative evaluation of ECE than convectional MRI. The most reliable predictors of ECE are DW-MRI combined with DCE-MRI, ADC coefficient and Gleason score. The superiority of mpMRI is also demonstrated for detection of seminal vesicles invasion, but not for the evaluation of lymph nodes invasion.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Departamento Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Laureate International Universities, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lista
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Departamento Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Laureate International Universities, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gimbernat
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Departamento Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Laureate International Universities, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cáceres
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Barbero
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Departamento Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Laureate International Universities, Madrid, España. Electronic address: javier.angulo@salud.madrid.org.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Angulo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Apparent diffusion coefficient value; Extensión extracapsular; Extracapsular extension; Gleason; Magnetic resonance imaging; Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging; Resonancia magnética nuclear; Resonancia magnética nuclear multiparamétrica; Valor coeficiente de difusión aparente