title: A green recyclable SO(3)H-carbon catalyst derived from glycerol for the production of biodiesel from FFA-containing karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil in a single step.
abstract: Simultaneous esterification and transesterification method is employed for the preparation of biodiesel from 7.5% free fatty acid (FFA) containing karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil using water resistant and reusable carbon-based solid acid catalyst derived from glycerol in a single step. The optimum reaction parameters for obtaining biodiesel in >99% yield by simultaneous esterification and transesterification are: methanol (1:45 mole ratio of oil), catalyst 20wt.% of oil, temperature 160°C and reaction time of 4h. After the reaction, the catalyst was easily recovered by filtration and reused for five times with out any deactivation under optimized conditions. This single-step process could be a potential route for biodiesel production from high FFA containing oils by simplifying the procedure and reducing costs and effluent generation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India. Electronic address: prabhavathi@iict.res.in.
authors.forename: B L A
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Prabhavathi Devi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vijai Kumar Reddy
authors.affiliation: Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vijaya Lakshmi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: R B N
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Prasad
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels; D002244:Carbon / Q000494:pharmacology; D002384:Catalysis / Q000187:drug effects; D004951:Esterification / Q000187:drug effects; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism*; D000432:Methanol / Q000032:analysis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000378:metabolism*; D052596:Pongamia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D059027:Recycling; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D002244:Carbon; D005990:Glycerol; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Biodiesel; Karanja oil; SO(3)H-carbon catalyst; Simultaneous esterification; Transesterification