title: Mechanical effects of off-axis insertion of locking screws: should we do it?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to evaluate the cantilevered bending strength and failure modes of locking screws inserted at various angles in a plate with fully circumferential threaded holes. As an additional measure, the amount of screw head prominence at these angles was also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard 3.5-mm locking screws were inserted into round fully circumferential threaded holes through a standard straight 3.5-mm locking plate at various angles. The achieved angle of insertion and its prominence protruding from the far-bone side of the plate was measured using an optical luminescence technique. Each screw was then loaded at a constant rate until failure in a cantilevered bending scenario. The maximum cantilevered bending strength was measured, and the moment at failure was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a positive correlation between increasing insertion angle and increasing prominence; a higher screw insertion angle yielded greater prominence. Prominence values ranged from negligible to 2 mm. As screw insertion angle increased, the bending moment at failure decreased. Screws inserted to 3 degrees or below primarily failed through screw deformation at the minor diameter below the head, whereas screws inserted to greater than 3 degrees primarily failed through locking mechanism disengagement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that cross threading may not be biomechanically advantageous and may change screw mode of failure. Based on these findings, screws inserted to 3 degrees or higher would reduce the bending moment at failure to approximately 50% of an orthogonally inserted screw.
authors.affiliation: *Smith & Nephew, Memphis, TN; and the †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Boston Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Jacob L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cartner
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Petteys
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tornetta
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*