title: Genotypes and phenotypes of Staphylococcus lugdunensis isolates recovered from bacteremia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a member of coagulase-negative staphylococci, which has the potential to cause serious infections, such as endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and septicemia. Differences in phenotypic/genotypic characterization may be linked to different diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genotypes of 11 S. lugdunensis isolates from bacteremia were determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and accessory gene regulator (agr) typing. The SCCmec elements in two oxacillin-resistant isolates were sequenced. Phenotypes were tested by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, biofilm formation assessments, and virulence factor analysis (hemolytic and protease activities).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 11 isolates, six pulsotypes were found, and seven isolates belonged to two major pulsotypes. Two agr types (agr-1sl or agr-2sl) were found. The 11 isolates were susceptible to most antimicrobial agents tested. The SCCmec elements in two oxacillin-resistant isolates belonged to the SCCmec type V, but with additional ccrAB2 genes. The agr-2sl isolates (n = 7) displayed higher hemolytic and protease activities than the agr-1sl isolates. All isolates contained the icaA gene but with variable biofilm activities. The results suggest that protein might play an important part in S. lugdunensis biofilms, possibly through an ica-independent pathway. Of the 11 patients with S. lugdunensis bacteremia, one patient had a community-onset infection, and others had a hospital-acquired infection, which were mostly central venous catheter-related infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 11 S. lugdunensis bacteremia isolates displayed various genotypes and phenotypes. Two oxacillin-resistant isolates contained SCCmec type V and carried additional ccrAB2 genes. Correlation of genotypes and phenotypes with infections needs further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sung-Pin
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Tzu
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jui-Chang
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pi-Fang
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Ren
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: ljteng@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Lee-Jene
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Teng
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D056426:Genetic Loci; D005838:Genotype; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D058889:Molecular Typing; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D057787:Staphylococcus lugdunensis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases
keywords: Accessory gene regulator typing; Bacteremia; Biofilm; SCCmec; Staphylococcus lugdunensis