title: Effect of resistance-type exercise training with or without protein supplementation on cognitive functioning in frail and pre-frail elderly: secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: Physical activity has been proposed as one of the most effective strategies to prevent cognitive decline. Protein supplementation may exert an additive effect. The effect of resistance-type exercise training with or without protein supplementation on cognitive functioning in frail and pre-frail elderly people was assessed in a secondary analysis. Two 24-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention studies were carried out in parallel. Subjects performed a resistance-type exercise program of two sessions per week (n=62) or no exercise program (n=65). In both studies, subjects were randomly allocated to either a protein (2×15 g daily) or a placebo drink. Cognitive functioning was assessed with a neuropsychological test battery focusing on the cognitive domains episodic memory, attention and working memory, information processing speed, and executive functioning. In frail and pre-frail elderly, resistance-type exercise training in combination with protein supplementation improved information processing speed (changes in domain score 0.08±0.51 versus -0.23±0.19 in the non-exercise group, p=0.04). Exercise training without protein supplementation was beneficial for attention and working memory (changes in domain scores 0.35±0.70 versus -0.12±0.69 in the non-exercise group, p=0.02). There were no significant differences among the intervention groups on the other cognitive tests or domain scores.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Ondine.vandeRest@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Ondine
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: van de Rest
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nikita L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: van der Zwaluw
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tieland
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Communication Strategies; Communication, Technology and Philosophy - Centre for Integrative Development (CTP-CID), Social Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands; Manager Research Nutrition and Health, Dutch Dairy Association (NZO), P.O. Box 165, 2700 AD Zoetermeer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gert Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hiddink
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luc J C
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisette C P G M
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Groot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D012107:Research Design; D055070:Resistance Training
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Aging; Cognitive functioning; Exercise training; Frailty; Protein supplementation