title: Modified McKeown minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a 5-year retrospective study of 142 patients in a single institution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To achieve decreased invasiveness and lower morbidity, minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) was introduced in 1997 for localized esophageal cancer. The combined thoracoscopic-laparoscopic esophagectomy (left neck anastomosis, defined as the McKeown MIE procedure) has been performed since 2007 at our institution. From 2007 to 2011, our institution subsequently evolved as a high-volume MIE center in China. We aim to share our experience with MIE, and have evaluated the outcomes of 142 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 142 consecutive patients who had presented with esophageal cancer undergoing McKeown MIE from July 2007 to December 2011. The procedure, surgical outcomes, disease-free and overall survival of these cases were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average total procedure time was 270.5 ± 28.1 min. The median operation time for thoracoscopy was 81.5 ± 14.6 min and for laparoscopy was 63.8 ± 9.1 min. The average blood loss associated with thoracoscopy was 123.8 ± 39.2 ml, and for laparoscopic procedures was 49.9 ± 14.3 ml. The median number of lymph nodes retrieved was 22.8. The 30 day mortality rate was 0.7%. Major surgical complications occurred in 24.6% and major non-surgical complications occurred in 18.3% of these patients. The median DFS and OS were 36.0 ± 2.6 months and 43.0 ± 3.4 months respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical and oncological outcomes following McKeown MIE for esophageal cancer were acceptable and comparable with those of open-McKeown esophagectomy. The procedure was both feasible and safe - properties that can be consolidated by experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Baofu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Chengchu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Zhongrui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Chunguo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Dehua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Minhua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Chunlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Jiahong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Quanteng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003710:Demography; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D016896:Treatment Outcome