title: Determination of direct oral anticoagulants from human serum samples.
abstract: Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban are direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) inhibiting thrombin or factor Xa and effectively preventing thromboembolic complications using fixed doses without need for laboratory-guided dose adjustment. Plasma samples are needed to determine the actual concentration or activity of DOACs, which may be required for special patient populations such as those with acute deterioration of renal function due to any disease, before surgical interventions, during bleeding or thrombotic episodes while on therapy with DOACs, the elderly and youngest populations, unexpected pregnancy, suspicion of overdose and toxication, and to control adherence to therapy. Serum samples have several advantages over plasma samples such as no need of sampling with a specific coagulation tube, reduced pre-analytical errors, and longer storage stability. Determination of rivaroxaban and apixaban from serum samples of patients on treatment performed well and better than samples of patients treated with dabigatran compared with plasma samples. Specific adaption to automated coagulation platforms may improve the performance of the assays from serum samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Job
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giese
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry Institute, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biometry and Statistics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009025:Morpholines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011728:Pyridones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011728:Pyridones; D013876:Thiophenes; C522181:apixaban; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D013917:Thrombin