title: Aberrant development of functional connectivity among resting state-related functional networks in medication-naïve ADHD children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the compromised developmental trajectory of the functional connectivity among resting-state-related functional networks (RSFNs) in medication-naïve children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using both independent component analysis and dual regression, subject-specific time courses of 12 RSFNs were extracted from both 20 medication-naïve children with ADHD, and 20 age and gender-matched control children showing typical development (TDC). Both partial correlation coefficients among the 12 RSFNs and a resting-state resource allocation index (rsRAI) of the salience network (SN) were entered into multiple linear regression analysis to investigate the compromised, age-related change in medication-naïve ADHD children. Finally, correlation analyses were performed between the compromised RSFN connections showing significant group-by-age interaction and rsRAI of SN or clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medication-naïve ADHD subjects failed to show age-related increment of functional connectivity in both rsRAI of SN and two RSFN connections, SN-Sensory/motor and posterior default mode/precuneus network (pDMN/prec)--anterior DMN. Lower SN-Sensory/motor connectivity was related with higher scores on the ADHD Rating Scale, and with poor scores on the continuous performance test. The pDMN/prec-aDMN connectivity was positively related with rsRAI of SN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that medication-naïve ADHD subjects may have delayed maturation of the two functional connections, SN-Sensory/Motor and aDMN-pDMN/prec. Interventions that enhance the functional connectivity of these two connections may merit attention as potential therapeutic or preventive options in both ADHD and TDC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeewook
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and Development, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bumseok
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and Development, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Go
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009434:Neural Pathways; D012307:Risk Factors