title: Reninoma: the importance of renal vein renin ratios for lateralisation and diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reninomas are rare juxtaglomerular tumours which can cause severe hypertension and hypokalaemia. Diagnosis can be problematic and these tumours can be difficult to locate on imaging. In this report we aim to demonstrate the value of carefully performed renal vein renin ratios (RVRRs) to assist in locating these tumours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report on 3 patients diagnosed with reninoma in our unit. The patients were all female, young (17, 16 and 30 years), severely hypertensive and hypokalaemic (2.5, 2.5 and 3.1 mmol/l). Plasma renin activity (PRA) was elevated (31.9, 274 and 175 ng/ml/h), and aldosterone was high-normal (19.9 ng/dl) or elevated (207 and 109.3 ng/dl). Renal artery stenosis was excluded by renal artery Doppler, DTPA scan and angiography. Renal CT detected the lesion in 2 patients, with one lesion visible on pre- and post-contrast CT and the other on post-contrast CT only. RVRRs were performed several weeks after withdrawing interfering medications, maintaining a <40 mmol/day low-sodium diet and maintaining recumbency overnight the night before and during the procedure. Ratios before and after captopril or enalaprilat administration were obtained and lateralised the tumours in all 3 cases (dominant/non-dominant ratios of 2.3, 4.3 and 3.8). All of the patients underwent nephrectomy yielding a typical juxtaglomerular tumour and resulting in cure of hypertension and hypokalaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reninoma should be suspected in young hypertensives (especially females) with significant hypokalaemia and high PRA or direct renin concentration after renovascular hypertension has been excluded. CT imaging and carefully performed RVRRs provide the highest likelihood of locating these tumours.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Qld., Australia.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolley
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stowasser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002216:Captopril / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015773:Enalaprilat / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000150:complications; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009392:Nephrectomy; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000473:pathology; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000473:pathology*; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000450:Aldosterone; D002216:Captopril; D012083:Renin; D015773:Enalaprilat