title: Prevalence of depression symptoms and serum levels of interleukin-6 in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In hemodialysis patients, depression appears as the most common psychopathological condition. States of advanced chronic kidney disease and dialysis are associated with a state of chronic inflammation. Depression has been linked to activation of the immune system characterized by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we investigated the possible correlations between depression, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five hemodialysis patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study from September to November 2011 in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Demographic data were obtained from a questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to determine the presence or absence of depression symptoms. Biochemical parameters, dialysisdosage delivery, and IL-6 serum levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of depression among hemodialysis patients was 48% (BDI ≥ 14). In biochemical assessments, depressed patients showed a decrease in urea (P = 0.01) and increase of IL-6 (P = 0.04) levels. The correlation analysis between BDI scores and the biochemical variables showed that BDI was negatively correlated with urea (P = 0.03) and potassium (P = 0.04), but not with IL-6 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodialysis patients with depression showed higher levels of IL-6 but the severity of depressive symptoms was not correlated with levels of this cytokine.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center for Life Sciences and Health, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Berenice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knuth
authors.forename: Vinícius
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Radtke
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Kátia Sulenir
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dalsóglio
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gazal
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Diogo Onofre
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Luis Valmor
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Portela
authors.forename: Manuella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaster
authors.forename: Jean Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Oses
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6
keywords: biochemical markers; depressive symptoms; end-stage renal disease; hemodialysis; interleukin-6