title: Reinforcer magnitude and demand under fixed-ratio schedules with domestic hens.
abstract: This study compared three methods of normalizing demand functions to allow comparison of demand for different commodities and examined how varying reinforcer magnitudes affected these analyses. Hens responded under fixed-ratio schedules in 40-min sessions with response requirement doubling each session and with 2-s, 8-s, and 12-s access to wheat. Over the smaller fixed ratios overall response rates generally increased and were higher the shorter the magazine duration. The logarithms of the number of reinforcers obtained (consumption) and the fixed ratio (price) were well fitted by curvilinear demand functions (Hursh et al., 1988. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 50, 419-440) that were inelastic (b negative) over small fixed-ratios. The fixed ratio with maximal response rate (Pmax) increased, and the rate of change of elasticity (a) and initial consumption (L) decreased with increased magazine duration. Normalizing consumption using measures of preference for various magazine durations (3-s vs. 3-s, 2-s vs. 8-s, and 2-s vs. 12-s), obtained using concurrent schedules, gave useful results as it removed the differences in L. Normalizing consumption and price (Hursh and Winger, 1995. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 64, 373-384) unified the data functions as intended by that analysis. The exponential function (Hursh and Silberberg, 2008. Psychological Review, 115, 186-198) gave an essential value that increased (i.e., α decreased significantly) as magazine duration decreased. This was not as predicted, since α should be constant over variations in magazine duration, but is similar to previous findings using a similar procedure with different food qualities (hens) and food quantities (rats).
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Amber A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand. Electronic address: m.foster@waikato.ac.nz.
authors.forename: T Mary
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Surrey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kinloch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005518:Food Preferences; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward
keywords: Behavioral economics; Demand functions; Domestic hens; Fixed-ratio schedules; Magnitude-of-reinforcer; Normalization