title: Extraction optimization of Tinospora cordifolia and assessment of the anticancer activity of its alkaloid palmatine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To optimize the conditions for the extraction of alkaloid palmatine from Tinospora cordifolia by using response surface methodology (RSM) and study its anticancerous property against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of three independent variables, namely, extraction temperature, time, and cycles was investigated by using central composite design. A single topical application of DMBA (100 μg/100 μL of acetone), followed 2 weeks later by repeated application of croton oil (1% in acetone three times a week) for 16 weeks, exhibited 100 percent tumor incidence (Group 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest yield of alkaloid from Tinospora cordifolia could be achieved at 16 hours of extraction time under 40°C with 4 extraction cycles. Alkaloid administration significantly decreases tumor size, number, and the activity of serum enzyme when compared with the control (Group 2). In addition, depleted levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase and increased DNA damage were restored in palmatine treated groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data of the present study clearly indicate the anticancer potential of palmatine alkaloid in DMBA induced skin cancer model in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, MANIT, Bhopal, Madhya Pardesh, India.
authors.forename: Huma
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, MANIT, Bhopal, Madhya Pardesh, India.
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixit
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced; D018890:Chemoprevention; D003436:Croton Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D031610:Tinospora / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids; D002273:Carcinogens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D003436:Croton Oil; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; C005413:palmatine; D005978:Glutathione