title: Immune and endocrine function in patients with burning mouth syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research suggests that varied etiologic factors are responsible for burning mouth syndrome (BMS). We examined the role of immune and endocrine function in the pathology of BMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study to evaluate immune (lymphocyte subpopulations) and endocrine (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic-adrenomedullary system) function in 47 female BMS patients and 47 age-matched female controls presenting at an university clinic. Psychological state was assessed with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMS patients were significantly more anxious than controls (P=0.011). Plasma adrenaline level was significantly lower (P=0.020) in BMS patients than in controls, and linear regression analysis of all patients combined revealed that depression level was significantly positively associated with plasma noradrenaline and cortisol levels (P=0.002 and 0.001, respectively). However, as compared with controls, BMS patients had a significantly lower CD8(+) cell count (P<0.001) and a significantly higher CD4/CD8 ratio (P=0.002). Discriminant analysis revealed that CD8(+) cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio were independent variables that distinguished BMS patients from controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immunoendocrine system is substantially involved, and may have a key role, in the mechanism of chronic pain in BMS patients. Immune function was significantly and specifically suppressed in BMS, although the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system were predominantly activated by psychological stress that was not specific to BMS.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Oral Diagnostic Sciences ‡Pathology §Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry †Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan ∥Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Orofacial Pain, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ ¶Center for Neurosensory Disorders, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okada-Ogawa
authors.forename: Masatake
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eliav
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gracely
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imamura
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine