title: Ureteral injuries in colorectal surgery: an analysis of trends, outcomes, and risk factors over a 10-year period in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iatrogenic ureteral injuries during colorectal surgical procedures are rare. Little is known about their incidence, associated outcomes, and predisposing factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the trends of iatrogenic ureteral injuries in the United States over a decade, as well as their outcomes and risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nationwide inpatient sample from 2001 to 2010 was analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included were patients with colorectal cancer, benign polyps, diverticular disease, or inflammatory bowel disease undergoing colorectal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trends of iatrogenic ureteral injuries occurring in colon and rectal surgical procedures were examined over a 10-year period. Mortality, morbidity, length of stay and total charge associated with ureteral injuries were analyzed on multivariate analysis. Finally, a predictive model for ureteral injuries was built using patient, hospital, and operative variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 2,165,848 colorectal surgical procedures were performed in the United States over the study period, and 6027 ureteral injuries were identified (0.28%). The rate of ureteral injuries was higher in the second half of the decade (2006-2010) compared with the first half (2001-2005; 3.1/1000 vs 2.5/1000; p < 0.001). Ureteral injuries were independently associated with higher mortality (OR, 1.45; p < 0.05), morbidity (OR, 1.66; p < 0.001), longer length of stay (mean difference, 3.65 days; p < 0.001), and higher hospital charges by $31,497 (p< 0.001). Risk factors for ureteral injuries included rectal cancer (OR, 1.85), adhesions (OR, 1.83), metastatic cancer (OR, 1.76), weight loss/malnutrition (OR, 1.08), and teaching hospitals (OR, 1.05). Protective factors included the use of laparoscopy (OR, 0.91), transverse colectomy (OR, 0.90), and right colectomy (OR, 0.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was a retrospective study from an administrative database.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iatrogenic ureteral injuries are rare complications in colorectal surgery; however, their incidence appears to be rising. Ureteral injuries are associated with higher mortality, morbidity, hospital charge, and length of stay, and their incidence can be predicted by several factors.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California 2Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
authors.forename: Wissam J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Halabi
authors.forename: Mehraneh D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.forename: Vinh Q
authors.initials: VQ
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pigazzi
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stamos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003082:Colectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003108:Colonic Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*