title: Removal of Zn(II) from electroplating effluent using yeast biofilm formed on gravels: batch and column studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Present study deals with the removal of Zn(II) ions from effluent using yeast biofilm formed on gravels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biofilm forming ability of Candida rugosa and Cryptococcus laurentii was evaluated using XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay and monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Copious amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by yeast species was quantified and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yeast biofilm formed on gravels by C. rugosa and C. laurentii showed 88% and 74.2% removal of Zn(II) ions respectively in batch mode. In column mode, removal of Zn(II) ions from real effluent was found to be 95.29% by C. rugosa biofilm formed on gravels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study showed that there is a scope to develop a cost effective method for the efficient removal of Zn(II) from effluent using gravels coated with yeast biofilm.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Biotechnology Division, School of Bio- Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Geetanjali
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basak
authors.affiliation: Environmental Biotechnology Division, School of Bio- Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Lakshmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: V
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Preethy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.affiliation: Environmental Biotechnology Division, School of Bio- Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Nilanjana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Das