title: Assessing exposure to secondhand smoke in restaurants and bars 2 years after the smoking regulations in Beijing, China.
abstract: Field observation of patron smoking behaviors and multiple sampling approaches were conducted in 79 restaurants and bars in Beijing, 2010, 2 years after implementing the governmental smoking regulations. Smoking was observed in 30 visits to 22 of the 37 nominal non-smoking venues during peak patronage times and six visits to four of the 14 nominal non-smoking sections. The median area secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations during peak patronage time were 27, 15, 43, and 40 μg/m(3) in nominal non-smoking venues, non-smoking sections, smoking sections, and smoking venues, respectively, as indicated by the difference between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels; and 1.4, 0.6, 1.7, and 2.7 μg/m(3) , respectively, as indicated by airborne nicotine. In the 27 venues with sampling of different approaches and over different time periods, the median nicotine concentration was 1.8 μg/m(3) by one-hour peak patronage-time sampling, 1.1 μg/m(3) by 1-day active area sampling, 2.5 μg/m(3) by 1-day personal sampling, and 2.3 μg/m(3) by week-long passive sampling. No significant differences in nicotine levels were observed among venues/sections with different nominal smoking policies by all sampling approaches except during peak patronage time. This study showed that the 2008 Beijing governmental smoking restriction has been poorly implemented, and SHS exposures in Beijing restaurants and bars remain high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2008 Beijing governmental smoking restriction requires large restaurants to designate no less than 50% of their dining area as non-smoking, without defining ‘large’ or specifying how the designated smoking sections and non-smoking sections should be separated. Two years after its implementation, smoking is still commonly observed in nominally non-smoking restaurants and bars and in designated non-smoking sections, and both patrons and servers are exposed to high concentrations of secondhand smoke. These results indicate that the Beijing governmental regulation fails to protect the population from SHS exposure in restaurants and bars and that more efforts are needed to pass stronger smoking regulations and ensure better compliance in Beijing, China.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012147:Restaurants; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Airborne nicotine; PM
  2.5; Personal sampling; Restaurants and bars; Secondhand smoke; Smoking restriction