title: Race-related disparities in 5-year cognitive level and change in untrained ACTIVE participants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined a 5-year cognitive change in untrained African American and White participants from the Advanced Cognitive Training in Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five-year trajectories of memory, reasoning, visual processing speed/useful field of view, digit-symbol substitution, and vocabulary were investigated. Education, health, gender, age, and retest/practice effects were controlled for, and a missing data pattern mixture approach was used to adjust for dropout effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After considering age, education, health, and gender, being African American uniquely explained 2% to 7% of the variance in cognitive performance. There were virtually no significant race differences in the rates of change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Race-related results in the current study are consistent with previous research suggesting that social advantage factors such as education have a stronger influence on the level of performance than the rate of change. The small remaining effects of being African American on performance levels likely reflect uncontrolled variation in factors like literacy and financial advantage.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marsiske
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dzierzewski
authors.forename: Kelsey R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kasten
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Kathy E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Keith E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Whitfield
authors.forename: Karlene K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rebok
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: UFOV; aging; cognition; memory; race/ethnicity; reasoning; vocabulary