title: Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Brazil: a hierarchical model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is less frequent than Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) and is a secondary target for national TB control programs, its significance has increased worldwide during the HIV epidemic. The objective of this study was to examine the epidemiology of EPTB in Brazil between 2007 and 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study involving all cases of TB reported to the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (Sistema de Informações de Agravo de Notificação - SINAN) in Brazil between 2007 and 2011. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with exclusively PTB and exclusively EPTB were compared. Following analysis with Pearson's chi-square test, variables with p < 0.05 were included in a hierarchical regression model. Variables with p < 0.05 in the corresponding level were kept in the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 427,548 cases of TB were included. Of these, 356,342 cases (83.35%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 83.23% - 83.45%) were PTB, 57,217 (13.37%; 95% CI 13.28% - 13.48%) were EPTB, 13,989 (3.27%; 95% CI 3.21% - 3.32%) were concurrent pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. Patients with EPTB were mainly white (16.7%), and most (29.1%) patients had five to eight years of education. Among comorbidities, HIV infection was prominent (OR 2.15; 95% CI 2.09 - 2.21), although the proportion of cases awaiting test results or untested was high (39%). Ethanol use (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.43 - 0.46), diabetes mellitus (OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.51 - 0.57) and mental illness (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.82 - 0.95) were associated with PTB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thirteen percent of patients diagnosed with TB in Brazil have only EPTB. More effective diagnostic strategies and control measures are needed to reduce the number of cases of extrapulmonary TB in Brazil.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Bárbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reis-Santos
authors.forename: Adelmo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertolde
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Lee W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epidemiology, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil. ethel.maciel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ethel Leonor
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Maciel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult