title: Concurrent quantification of cellular and extracellular components of biofilms.
abstract: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a powerful tool for investigation of biofilms. Very few investigations have successfully quantified concurrent distribution of more than two components within biofilms because: 1) selection of fluorescent dyes having minimal spectral overlap is complicated, and 2) quantification of multiple fluorochromes poses a multifactorial problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Report a methodology to quantify and compare concurrent 3-dimensional distributions of three cellular/extracellular components of biofilms grown on relevant substrates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method consists of distinct, interconnected steps involving biofilm growth, staining, CLSM imaging, biofilm structural analysis and visualization, and statistical analysis of structural parameters. Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (strain UA159) were grown for 48 hr on sterile specimens of Point 4 and TPH(3) resin composites. Specimens were subsequently immersed for 60 sec in either Biotène PBF (BIO) or Listerine Total Care (LTO) mouthwashes, or water (control group; n=5/group). Biofilms were stained with fluorochromes for extracellular polymeric substances, proteins and nucleic acids before imaging with CLSM. Biofilm structural parameters calculated using ISA3D image analysis software were biovolume and mean biofilm thickness. Mixed models statistical analyses compared structural parameters between mouthwash and control groups (SAS software; α=0.05). Volocity software permitted visualization of 3D distributions of overlaid biofilm components (fluorochromes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mouthwash BIO produced biofilm structures that differed significantly from the control (p<0.05) on both resin composites, whereas LTO did not produce differences (p>0.05) on either product.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This methodology efficiently and successfully quantified and compared concurrent 3D distributions of three major components within S. mutans biofilms on relevant substrates, thus overcoming two challenges to simultaneous assessment of biofilm components. This method can also be used to determine the efficacy of antibacterial/antifouling agents against multiple biofilm components, as shown using mouthwashes. Furthermore, this method has broad application because it facilitates comparison of 3D structures/architecture of biofilms in a variety of disciplines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
authors.forename: Sharukh S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khajotia
authors.forename: Kristin H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: Mpala
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pilula
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D018441:Biofilms; D003470:Culture Media; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media