title: Implementing unpredictability in feeding enrichment for Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus).
abstract: Bears in the wild spend large proportions of time in foraging activities. In zoos their time budgets differ markedly from those of their wild counterparts. Feeding enrichment has been documented to increase foraging behavior and to reduce stereotypies. But in general these procedures have no long-term effects and result in habituation. As can be expected by the predictions of the optimal foraging theory, foraging activities are restricted as long as the availability of food is predictable. To quantify the effect of spatial unpredictability, three feeding methods have been designed to stimulate functional foraging behavior in captive Malayan sun bears in the long-term. In order to examine if habituation occurs, the most effective method was tested for 12 consecutive days. Activities of four adult sun bears at the Cologne Zoo were recorded by focal animal recording of foraging behaviors and time sampling of activities for a total of 360 hr. Implementing unpredictability significantly increased the time the bears spent foraging and led to a higher diversity of foraging behaviors. The effects lasted throughout the entire day and no habituation occurred in the course of 12 consecutive days. The study shows how functional species typical behavior in captive Malayan sun bears can be stimulated in the long-term by simulating natural characteristics of food availability.
authors.affiliation: Zoo Koeln, Koeln, Germany.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nogge
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kolter
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005248:Feeding Methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D001503:Ursidae / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: appetitive behavior; environmental enrichment; husbandry; optimal foraging theory; ursids