title: Health-related quality-of-life outcomes after thoracic (T1-T10) fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The thoracic spine exhibits a unique response to trauma as the result of recognized anatomical and biomechanical differences. Despite this response, clinical studies often group thoracic fractures (T1-T10) with more caudal thoracolumbar injuries. Subsequently, there is a paucity of literature on the functional outcomes of this distinct group of injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and identify predictors of health-related quality-of-life outcomes and re-employment status in patients with thoracic fractures who present to a spine injury tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ambispective cohort study with cross-sectional outcome assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospectively collected fully relational spine database was searched to identify all adult (>16 years) patients treated with traumatic thoracic (T1-T10) fractures with and without neurologic deficits, treated between 1995 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Short-Form-36, Oswestry Disability Index, and Prolo Economic Scale outcome instruments were completed at a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Preoperative and minimum 1-year postinjury X-rays were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to identify predictors of outcomes from a range of demographic, injury, treatment, and radiographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty-six patients, age 36±15 years (mean±SD), with 135 fractures were assessed at a mean follow-up of 6 years (range 1-15.5 years). Traffic accidents (45%) and translational injuries (54%) were the most common mechanism and dominant fracture pattern, respectively. Neurologic deficits were frequent-53% had complete (American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale [AIS] A) spinal cord deficits on admission. Operative management was performed in 78%. Patients who sustain thoracic fractures, but escaped significant neurologic injury (AIS D or E on admission) had SF-36 scores that did not differ significantly from population norms at a mean follow-up of 6 years. Eighty-eight percent of this cohort was re-employed. Interestingly, Oswestry Disability Index scores remained inferior to healthy subjects. In contrast, SF-36 scores in those with more profound neurologic deficits at presentation (AIS A, B, or C) remained inferior to normative data. Fifty-seven percent were re-employed, 25% in their previous job type. Using multiple regression analysis, we found that comorbidity status (measured by the Charlson Comorbidity index) was the only independent predictor of SF-36 scores. Neurologic impairment (AIS) and adverse events were independent predictors of the SF-36 physical functioning subscale. Sagittal alignment and number of fused levels were not independent predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At a mean follow-up of 6 years, patients who presented with thoracic fractures and AIS D or E neurologic status recovered a general health status not significantly inferior to population norms. Compared with other neurologic intact spinal injuries, patients with thoracic injuries have a favorable generic health-related quality-of-life prognosis. Inferior outcomes and re-employment prospects were noted in those with more significant neurologic deficits.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, Christchurch Hospital, Riccarton Ave., PO Box 4710, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rowan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 10, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Ory
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Keynan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, 818 West 10th Ave., Room 6196, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, 818 West 10th Ave., Room 6196, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Street
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, 818 West 10th Ave., Room 6196, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, 818 West 10th Ave., Room 6196, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Paquette
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, 818 West 10th Ave., Room 6196, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, 818 West 10th Ave., Room 6196, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Marcel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, 818 West 10th Ave., Room 6196, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada. Electronic address: Charles.Fisher@vch.ca.
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ambispective cohort; Health-related quality of life; Outcomes; Spine surgery; Spine trauma; Thoracic