title: Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on neurophysiological correlates of performance monitoring in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) would enhance attenuated amplitudes of event-related potentials (ERPs) indexing performance monitoring biomarkers of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty adult ADHD patients took part in a randomised controlled study investigating ERP and clinical measures pre-to-post MBCT. Twenty-six patients were randomly allocated to MBCT, 24 to a wait-list control. Main outcome measures included error processing (ERN, Pe), conflict monitoring (NoGo-N2), and inhibitory control (NoGo-P3) ERPs concomitant to a continuous performance task (CPT-X). Inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity ADHD symptoms, psychological distress and social functioning, and mindfulness skills were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MBCT was associated with increased Pe and NoGo-P3 amplitudes, coinciding with reduced 'hyperactivity/impulsivity' and 'inattention' symptomatology. Specific to the MBCT; enhanced Pe amplitudes correlated with a decrease in hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms and increased 'act-with-awareness' mindfulness skill, whereas, enhanced P3 correlated with amelioration in inattention symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MBCT enhanced ERP amplitudes associated with motivational saliency and error awareness, leading to improved inhibitory regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MBCT suggests having comparable modulation on performance monitoring ERP amplitudes as pharmacological treatments. Further study and development of MBCT as a treatment for ADHD is warranted, in addition to its potential scope for clinical applicability to broader defined externalising disorders and clinical problems associated with impairments of the prefrontal cortex.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Intelligent Systems, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: schoenberg@scientist.com.
authors.forename: Poppy L A
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sevket
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hepark
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Intelligent Systems, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Barendregt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne E M
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Speckens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064866:Mindfulness; D064926:Neurophysiological Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Event-related potential (ERP); Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT); Performance monitoring system