title: Visual and anatomic outcomes of golf ball-related ocular injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the characteristics and prognoses of golf ball-related ocular injuries (GROIs) using standardized terminology, classification, and scoring systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two GROI patients were assessed using the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology, Ocular Trauma Classification Group (OTCG) classification, and Ocular Trauma Score. Globe preservation and final visual acuity (FVA) were assessed according to the injury severity categorical designation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients were injured on golf courses and eight on driving ranges. Nine patients (40.9%) had open-globe injuries (five ruptures (22.7%), four penetrating injuries (18.2%)). All rupture cases required enucleation, whereas penetrating injury cases did not (the FVA ranged from 20/100 to no light perception). In open-globe injuries, wearing glasses protected against rupture (P=0.008). Thirteen patients sustained closed-globe injuries that were accompanied by lens subluxation (38.5%), choroidal rupture (30.8%), macular commotio retinae (38.5%), and traumatic optic neuropathy (7.7%). Twelve (54.5%) patients had orbital wall fractures. The mean number of related surgeries required was 1.5±1.7 across all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eyes with GROIs had devastating FVA and globe preservation status, especially those with open-globe injuries. Observing golf rules and improving driving-range facilities are essential for preventing GROIs. Protective eyewear may reduce ocular damage from GROIs, especially globe rupture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006055:Golf / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012421:Rupture; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*