title: Classification of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.
abstract: The global incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) have reached epidemic proportions. Estimates indicate that more than 360 million people will be affected by DM by 2030. All of these individuals will be at risk of developing diabetic retinopathy (DR). It is extremely important to categorize, classify and stage the severity of DR in order to establish adequate therapy. With proper management more than 90% of cases of visual loss can be prevented. The purpose of the current paper is to review the classification of DR with a special emphasis on the International Clinical Disease Severity Scale for DR. This new classification is simple to use, easy to remember and based on scientific evidence. It does not require specialized examinations such as optical coherence tomography or fluorescein angiography. It is based on clinical examination and applying the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study 4:2:1 rule.
authors.affiliation: Lihteh Wu, Erick Hernandez-Bogantes, Marissé Masis, Vitreoretinal Section, Instituto de Cirugía Ocular, San José 1225, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Lihteh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Lihteh Wu, Erick Hernandez-Bogantes, Marissé Masis, Vitreoretinal Section, Instituto de Cirugía Ocular, San José 1225, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Loaiza
authors.affiliation: Lihteh Wu, Erick Hernandez-Bogantes, Marissé Masis, Vitreoretinal Section, Instituto de Cirugía Ocular, San José 1225, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sauma
authors.affiliation: Lihteh Wu, Erick Hernandez-Bogantes, Marissé Masis, Vitreoretinal Section, Instituto de Cirugía Ocular, San José 1225, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Erick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Bogantes
authors.affiliation: Lihteh Wu, Erick Hernandez-Bogantes, Marissé Masis, Vitreoretinal Section, Instituto de Cirugía Ocular, San José 1225, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Marissé
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masis
keywords: Diabetic macular edema; Diabetic macular edema classification; Diabetic retinopathy; Diabetic retinopathy classification; International clinical disease severity scale