title: Urban-rural differences in coronary heart disease mortality in the United States: 1999-2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has declined in the past few decades; however, it is unclear whether the reduction in CHD deaths has been similar across urbanization levels and in specific racial groups. We describe the pattern and magnitude of urban-rural variations in CHD mortality in the U.S.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the National Center for Health Statistics, we examined trends in death rates from CHD from 1999 to 2009 among people aged 35-84 years, in each geographic region (Northeast, Midwest, West, and South) and in specific racial-urbanization groups, including black and white people in large and medium metropolitan (urban) areas and in non-metropolitan (rural) areas. We also examined deaths from early-onset CHD in females aged <65 years and males aged <55 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1999 to 2009, there was a 40% decline in age-adjusted CHD mortality. The trend was similar in black and white people but was more pronounced in urban than in rural areas, resulting in a crossover in 2007, when rural areas began showing a higher CHD mortality than urban areas. White people in large metropolitan areas had the largest decline (43%). Throughout the study period, CHD mortality remained higher in black people than in white people, and, in the South, it remained higher in rural than in urban areas. For early-onset CHD, the mortality decline was more modest (30%), but overall trends by urbanization and region were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Favorable national trends in CHD mortality conceal persisting disparities for some regions and population subgroups (e.g., rural areas and black people).
authors.affiliation: Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA ; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Ambar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulshreshtha
authors.affiliation: Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA ; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Abhinav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA ; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Kaustubh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dabhadkar
authors.affiliation: Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA ; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Emir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Veledar
authors.affiliation: Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA ; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population