title: Dosimetric properties of a proton beamline dedicated to the treatment of ocular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A commercial proton eyeline has been developed to treat ocular disease. Radiotherapy of intraocular lesions (e.g., uveal melanoma, age-related macular degeneration) requires sharp dose gradients to avoid critical structures like the macula and optic disc. A high dose rate is needed to limit patient gazing times during delivery of large fractional dose. Dose delivery needs to be accurate and predictable, not in the least because current treatment planning algorithms have limited dose modeling capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to determine the dosimetric properties of a new proton eyeline. These properties are compared to those of existing systems and evaluated in the context of the specific clinical requirements of ocular treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The eyeline is part of a high-energy, cyclotron-based proton therapy system. The energy at the entrance of the eyeline is 105 MeV. A range modulator (RM) wheel generates the spread-out Bragg peak, while a variable range shifter system adjusts the range and spreads the beam laterally. The range can be adjusted from 0.5 up to 3.4 g/cm(2); the modulation width can be varied in steps of 0.3 g/cm(2) or less. Maximum field diameter is 2.5 cm. All fields can be delivered with a dose rate of 30 Gy/min or more. The eyeline is calibrated according to the IAEA TRS-398 protocol using a cylindrical ionization chamber. Depth dose distributions and dose/MU are measured with a parallel-plate ionization chamber; lateral profiles with radiochromic film. The dose/MU is modeled as a function of range, modulation width, and instantaneous MU rate with fit parameters determined per option (RM wheel).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distal fall-off of the spread-out Bragg peak is 0.3 g/cm(2), larger than for most existing systems. The lateral penumbra varies between 0.9 and 1.4 mm, except for fully modulated fields that have a larger penumbra at skin. The source-to-axis distance is found to be 169 cm. The dose/MU shows a strong dependence on range (up to 4%/mm). A linear increase in dose/MU as a function of instantaneous MU rate is observed. The dose/MU model describes the measurements with an accuracy of ± 2%. Neutron dose is found to be 146 ± 102 μSv/Gy at the contralateral eye and 19 ± 13 μSv/Gy at the chest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements show the proton eyeline meets the requirements to effectively treat ocular disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, 2015 North Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, Florida 32205.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Slopsema
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, 2015 North Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, Florida 32205.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mamalui
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, 2015 North Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, Florida 32205.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, 2015 North Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, Florida 32205.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malyapa
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, 2015 North Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, Florida 32205.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009502:Neutrons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D061766:Proton Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage