title: Making an effort to feel positive: insecure attachment in infancy predicts the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation in adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal research indicates that the neural substrates of emotion regulation may be persistently altered by early environmental exposures. If similar processes operate in human development then this is significant, as the capacity to regulate emotional states is fundamental to human adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilised a 22-year longitudinal study to examine the influence of early infant attachment to the mother, a key marker of early experience, on neural regulation of emotional states in young adults. Infant attachment status was measured via objective assessment at 18-months, and the neural underpinnings of the active regulation of affect were studied using fMRI at age 22 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infant attachment status at 18-months predicted neural responding during the regulation of positive affect 20-years later. Specifically, while attempting to up-regulate positive emotions, adults who had been insecurely versus securely attached as infants showed greater activation in prefrontal regions involved in cognitive control and reduced co-activation of nucleus accumbens with prefrontal cortex, consistent with relative inefficiency in the neural regulation of positive affect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disturbances in the mother-infant relationship may persistently alter the neural circuitry of emotion regulation, with potential implications for adjustment in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moutsiana
authors.forename: Pasco
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fearon
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goodyer
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halligan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Emotion regulation; fMRI; infant attachment; longitudinal