title: Long noncoding RNA in prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genomic regions without protein-coding potential give rise to millions of protein-noncoding RNA transcripts (noncoding RNA) that participate in virtually all cellular processes. Research over the last 10 yr has accumulated evidence that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are often altered in human urologic cancers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review current progress in the biology and implication of lncRNAs associated with prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched for articles in the English language with combinations of the Medical Subject Headings terms long non coding RNA, long noncoding RNA, long untranslated RNA, cancer, neoplasms, prostate, bladder, and kidney.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We summarise existing knowledge on the systematics, biology, and function of lncRNAs, particularly these involved in prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer. We also discuss the possible utilisation of lncRNAs as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in urologic malignancies and portray the major challenges and future perspectives of ongoing lncRNA research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LncRNAs are important regulators of gene expression interacting with the major pathways of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Alterations in the function of lncRNAs promote tumour formation, progression, and metastasis of prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer. LncRNAs can be used as noninvasive tumour markers in urologic malignancies. Increased knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs perform their function in the normal and malignant cell will lead to a better understanding of tumour biology and could provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of urologic cancers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper we reviewed current knowledge of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) for the detection and treatment of urologic cancers. We conclude that lncRNAs can be used as novel biomarkers in prostate, kidney, or bladder cancer. LncRNAs hold promise as future therapeutic targets, but more research is needed to gain a better understanding of their biologic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.martens@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Elena S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Martens-Uzunova
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Bioinformatics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Böttcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Carlo M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Croce
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jenster
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Visakorpi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Calin
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D011544:Pseudogenes; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering
keywords: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome; Bladder cancer; Kidney cancer; Long noncoding RNA; Prostate cancer; Renal cell carcinoma; Urothelial carcinoma; Wilms tumour; lncRNA