title: Accuracy and safety of free-hand pedicle screw fixation in age less than 10 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pedicle screws are being used commonly in the treatment of various spinal disorders. However, use of pedicle screws in the pediatric population is not routinely recommended because of the risk of complications. The present study was to evaluate the safety of pedicle screws placed in children aged less than 10 years with spinal deformities and to determine the accuracy and complication (early and late) of pedicle screw placement using the postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty one patients (11 males and 20 females) who underwent 261 pedicle screw fixations (177 in thoracic vertebrae and 84 in lumbar vertebrae) for a variety of pediatric spinal deformities at a single institution were included in the study. The average age of patients was 7 years and 10 months. These patients underwent postoperative CT scan which was assessed by two independent observers (spine surgeons) not involved in the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breach rate was 5.4% (14/261 screws) for all pedicles. Of the 177 screws placed in the thoracic spine, 13 (7.3%) had breached the pedicle, that is 92.7% of the screws were accurately placed within pedicles. Seven screws (4%) had breached the medial pedicle wall, 4 screws (2.3%) had breached the lateral pedicle wall and 2 screws (1.1%) had breached the superior or inferior pedicle wall respectively. Of the 84 screws placed in the lumbar spine, 83 (98.8%) screws were accurately placed within the pedicle. Only 1 screw (1.2%) was found to be laterally displaced. In addition, the breach rate was found to be 4.2% (11/261 screws) with respect to the vertebral bodies. No neurological, vascular or visceral complications were encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accuracy of pedicle screw placement in pedicles and vertebral bodies were 94.6% and 95.8% respectively and there was no complication related to screw placement noted until the last followup. These results suggest that free-hand pedicle screw fixation can be safely used in patients younger than 10 years to treat a variety of spinal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoung Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gwangju Hyundae Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gwangju Hyundae Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Pil
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Abhishek S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Yoon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chung
keywords: Computed tomography; pediatric spine; pedicle screws