title: Synergistic effects of combining ultrasound with the Fenton process in the degradation of Reactive Blue 19.
abstract: The decoloration of reactive dye C.I. Reactive Blue 19 (RB 19) using combined ultrasound with the Fenton process has been investigated. The effect of varying the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and iron sulfate, initial pH, ultrasonic power, initial dye concentration and dissolved gas on the decoloration and degradation efficiencies was measured. Calibration of the ultrasound systems was performed using calorimetric measurements and oxidative species monitoring using the Fricke dosimeter and degradations were carried out with a 20 kHz probe type transducer at 2, 4, 6 and 8 W cm(-2) of acoustic intensity at 15, 25, 50 and 75 mg L(-1) initial dye concentrations. First order rate kinetics was observed. It was found that while the degradation rate due to ultrasound alone was slow, sonication significantly accelerated the Fenton reaction. While the results were similar to those reported for other dyes, the effects occurred at lower concentrations. The rate and extent of decoloration of RB 19 increased with rising hydrogen peroxide concentration, ultrasonic powers and iron sulfate concentration but decreased with increasing dye concentration. An optimum pH value of pH=3.5 was found. The rate of decoloration was higher when dissolved oxygen was present as compared with nitrogen and argon confirming the solution phase mechanism of the degradation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: maria@ciit.net.pk.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Robina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Price
keywords: Dissolved gases; Dye degradation; Ultrasonic cavitation; Ultrasound promoted Fenton process; Wastewater treatment