title: Fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of Salmonella enterica: detection of acquired resistance and selection of zone diameter breakpoints for levofloxacin and ofloxacin.
abstract: Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) have become a mainstay for treating severe Salmonella infections in adults. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella is mostly due to mutations in the topoisomerase genes, but plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanisms have also been described. In 2012, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) revised the ciprofloxacin interpretive criteria (breakpoints) for disk diffusion and MIC test methods for Salmonella. In 2013, the CLSI published MIC breakpoints for Salmonella to levofloxacin and ofloxacin, but breakpoints for assigning disk diffusion results to susceptible (S), intermediate (I), and resistant (R) categories are still needed. In this study, the MICs and inhibition zone diameters for nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin were determined for 100 clinical isolates of nontyphi Salmonella with or without resistance mechanisms. We confirmed that the new levofloxacin MIC breakpoints resulted in the highest category agreement (94%) when plotted against the ciprofloxacin MICs and that the new ofloxacin MIC breakpoints resulted in 92% category agreement between ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. By applying the new MIC breakpoints in the MIC zone scattergrams for levofloxacin and ofloxacin, the following disk diffusion breakpoints generated the least number of errors: ≥28 mm (S), 19 to 27 mm (I), and ≤18 mm (R) for levofloxacin and ≥25 mm (S), 16 to 24 mm (I), and ≤15 mm (R) for ofloxacin. Neither the levofloxacin nor the ofloxacin disk yielded good separation of isolates with and without resistance mechanisms. Further studies will be needed to develop a disk diffusion assay that efficiently detects all isolates with acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjölund-Karlsson
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Howie
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crump
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Whichard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D064704:Levofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin