title: Simultaneous interaction of bacteria and tissue cells with photocatalytically activated, anodized titanium surfaces.
abstract: Photocatalytic-activation of anodized TiO2-surfaces has been demonstrated to yield antibacterial and tissue integrating effects, but effects on simultaneous growth of tissue cells and bacteria in co-culture have never been studied. Moreover, it is unknown how human-bone-marrow-mesenchymal-stem (hBMMS) cells, laying the groundwork for integration of titanium implants in bone, respond to photocatalytic activation of anodized TiO2-surfaces. Photocatalytically-activated, anodized titanium and titanium-alloy surfaces achieved 99.99% killing of adhering Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, an effect that lasted for 30 days of storage in air. Surface coverage by osteoblasts was not affected by photocatalytic activation of anodized TiO2-surfaces. Co-cultures of osteoblasts with contaminating S. epidermidis however, enhanced surface coverage on photocatalytically-activated, anodized titanium-alloy surfaces. hBMMS cells grew less on photocatalytically-activated, anodized titanium surfaces, while not at all on photocatalytically-activated, anodized titanium-alloy surfaces and did not survive the presence of contaminating staphylococci. This reduced surface coverage by hBMMS cells disappeared when photocatalytically-activated, anodized titanium-alloy surfaces were exposed to buffer for 60 min, both in absence or presence of contaminating S. aureus. Consequently, it is concluded that photocatalytically-activated, anodized titanium and titanium-alloy surfaces will effectively kill peri-operatively introduced staphylococci contaminating an implant surface and constitute an effective means for antibiotic prophylaxis in cementless fixation of orthopaedic hardware.
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chongxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuijer
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kaper
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: h.c.van.der.mei@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Henny C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Mei
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002384:Catalysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014867:Water; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Anodized titanium and titanium alloy; Antibacterial effect; Co-culture; Photocatalytic activation; Stem cells; Tissue integration