title: Effects of prochloraz on DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in vitro.
abstract: Prochloraz is a broad-spectrum contact imidazol fungicide used against several diseases in wheat, barley and oleaginous plants but also for treatment of flower production. Although prochloraz has endocrine disrupting and hepatocarcinogenic effects, there is lack of data on toxic effects of prochloraz. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the DNA damage effects of prochloraz in NRK-52E cells by using Ames and Comet assay. By using a standard alkaline Comet assay procedure, there was no DNA damage observed after 24 h prochloraz exposure. It also showed that prochloraz caused neither base-pair substitution nor frame shift mutations by using TA98, TA100 strains, respectively, with/without metabolic activation in Ames assay. Both Comet and Ames assays, the exposure concentrations were 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µM. IC50 value of prochloraz was determined as 110.76 µM in NRK-52E cells by MTT cytotoxicity test. Also, we evaluated possible effects of prochloraz on lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd) in NRK-52E cells at 1-50 µM concentrations. Prochloraz induced lipid peroxidation and altered glutathione contents and antioxidant enzyme activities in NRK-52E cells. Our results indicated that prochloraz showed no evidence of mutagenicity and DNA damage; however, some alterations were observed on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in prochloraz treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Beyazıt, Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Buket
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alpertunga
authors.forename: Mehtap
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abudayyak
authors.forename: Ezgi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oztas
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozden
authors.forename: Gül
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozhan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; C045362:prochloraz; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005978:Glutathione