title: Public health implications of contamination of Franc CFA (XAF) circulating in Buea (Cameroon) with drug resistant pathogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies in different parts of the world have implicated money as a vehicle for transmission of pathogens. Such information which is necessary to facilitate infection control strategies is lacking in many sub-Saharan countries including Cameroon. This study analyzed the Franc de la Communauté Financiere d'Afrique (Franc CFA), the currency used in Cameroon and other countries in the Central African sub-region, as a potential vehicle for transmission of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, particularly drug-resistant strains, to generate findings which could create awareness on currency contamination and serve as a guide when formulating health policies on currency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirteen currency samples representing various denominations of notes and coins randomly collected from diverse sources in Buea, Cameroon were analyzed for bacteria and fungi. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates to antibiotics was tested using the disc diffusion method. The relationship between contamination and physical state, source or denomination of currency was assessed using the χ2 test. All statistics were discussed at 0.05 significance level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred (93.9%) samples were contaminated with notes (96.6%) showing higher contamination than coins (88.2%). Uncirculated (mint) samples showed no contamination. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in contamination with respect to currency denomination, physical state and source. All samples from butchers and patients/personnel in hospitals were contaminated. Lower denominations showed significantly higher (P = 0.008) levels of contamination than higher denominations. Dirty currency was more contaminated than clean currency. Nine bacterial species were isolated. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (54.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (20.1%) predominated. Among the fungi detected, Aspergillus sp (17.3%) and Penicillium sp (15.9%) showed higher frequency of occurrence. Bacteria were susceptible (100%) to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. Susceptibility to amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and cotrimoxazole was low. Staphylococci were resistant (100%) to vancomycin, penicillin G, and amoxicillin. CoNS in addition showed resistance (100%) to cotrimoxazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CFA franc circulating in Buea could serve as a vehicle for transmission of drug resistant pathogenic or potential organisms and contamination could be due to currency usage and handling as mint notes were not contaminated. Hygiene practices during or after handling currency is greatly encouraged to prevent infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. jakoachere@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jane-Francis Tatah Kihla
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Akoachere
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gaelle
authors.forename: Henry Meriki
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Dilonga
authors.forename: Theresa K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nkuo-Akenji
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002163:Cameroon; D003132:Commerce; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D050456:Fomites / Q000382:microbiology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D009790:Occupations
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents