title: Socioeconomic disparities in elementary school practices and children's physical activity during school.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine school socioeconomic status (SES) in relation to school physical activity-related practices and children's physical activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional design was used for this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was set in 97 elementary schools (63% response rate) in two U.S. regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the children taking part in this study, 172 were aged 10.2 (standard deviation (SD) = 1.5) years; 51.7% were girls, and 69.2% were White non-Hispanic.
  
  
  METHODS
  School physical education (PE) teachers or principals responded to 15 yes/no questions on school physical activity-supportive practices. School SES (low, moderate, high) was derived from the percent of students eligible for free and reduced-price lunch. Children's moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during school was measured with accelerometers.
  
  
  METHODS
  School level analyses involved linear and logistic regression; children's MVPA analyses used mixed effects regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-SES schools were less likely to have a PE teacher and had fewer physical activity-supportive PE practices than did high-SES schools (p < .05). Practices related to active travel to school were more favorable at low-SES schools (p < .05). Children attending high-SES schools had 4.4 minutes per day more of MVPA during school than did those at low-SES schools, but this finding was not statistically significant (p = .124).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that more low- and moderate-SES elementary schools need PE teachers in order to reduce disparities in school physical activity opportunities and that PE time needs to be supplemented by classroom teachers or other staff to meet guidelines.
authors.forename: Jordan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mignano
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Elva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Arredondo
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Madanat
authors.forename: Kelli L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Saelens
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sallis
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006284:Health Plan Implementation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012574:Schools / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012923:Social Class; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce