title: Carnitine modulates crucial myocardial adenosine triphosphatases and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities in choline-deprived rats.
abstract: Choline is an essential nutrient, and choline deficiency has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity. Choline is also the precursor of acetylcholine (cholinergic component of the heart's autonomic nervous system), whose levels are regulated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Cardiac contraction-relaxation cycles depend on ion gradients established by pumps like the adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase. This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary choline deprivation on the activity of rat myocardial AChE (cholinergic marker), Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and Mg(2+)-ATPase, and the possible effects of carnitine supplementation (carnitine, structurally relevant to choline, is used as an adjunct in treating cardiac diseases). Adult male albino Wistar rats were distributed among 4 groups, and were fed a standard or choline-deficient diet for one month with or without carnitine in their drinking water (0.15% w/v). The enzyme activities were determined spectrophotometrically in the myocardium homogenate. Choline deficiency seems to affect the activity of the aforementioned parameters, but only the combination of choline deprivation and carnitine supplementation increased myocardial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity along with a concomitant decrease in the activities of Mg(2+)-ATPase and AChE. The results suggest that carnitine, in the setting of choline deficiency, modulates cholinergic myocardial neurotransmission and the ATPase activity in favour of cardiac work efficiency.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens GR-11527, Greece.
authors.forename: Athina A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Strilakou
authors.forename: Stylianos T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tsakiris
authors.forename: Konstantinos G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Kalafatakis
authors.forename: Aikaterini T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Stylianaki
authors.forename: Petros L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Karkalousos
authors.forename: Andreas V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Koulouris
authors.forename: Iordanis S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Mourouzis
authors.forename: Charis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Liapi
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017301:Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood; D002796:Choline Deficiency / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D017301:Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D002794:Choline; D002331:Carnitine