title: Oral manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease: a review.
abstract: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, not only affect the intestinal tract but also have an extraintestinal involvement within the oral cavity. These oral manifestations may assist in the diagnosis and the monitoring of disease activity, whilst ignoring them may lead to an inaccurate diagnosis and useless and expensive workups. Indurated tag-like lesions, cobblestoning, and mucogingivitis are the most common specific oral findings encountered in CD cases. Aphthous stomatitis and pyostomatitis vegetans are among non-specific oral manifestations of IBD. In differential diagnosis, side effects of drugs, infections, nutritional deficiencies, and other inflammatory conditions should also be considered. Treatment usually involves managing the underlying intestinal disease. In severe cases with local symptoms, topical and/or systemic steroids and immunosuppressive drugs might be used.
authors.affiliation: Kamran B Lankarani, Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Fars, Iran.
authors.forename: Kamran B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lankarani
authors.affiliation: Kamran B Lankarani, Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Fars, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholam Reza
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sivandzadeh
authors.affiliation: Kamran B Lankarani, Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Fars, Iran.
authors.forename: Shima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassanpour
mesh_terms: D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Aphthous stomatitis; Cobblestoning; Crohn’s disease; Extra-intestinal manifestations; Inflammatory bowel disease; Mucogingivitis; Oral manifestation; Pyostomatitis vegetans; Ulcerative colitis