title: Autophagy, apoptosis and organelle features during cell exposure to cadmium.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) induces several effects in different tissues, but our knowledge of the toxic effects on organelles is insufficient. To observe the progression of Cd effects on organelle structure and function, HuH-7 cells (human hepatic carcinoma cell line) were exposed to CdCl2 in increasing concentrations (1 microM - 20 microM) and exposure times (2 h - 24 h). During Cd treatment, the cells exhibited a progressive decrease in viability that was both time- and dose-dependent. Cd treated cells displayed progressive morphological changes that included cytoplasm retraction and nuclear condensation preceding a total loss of cell adhesion. Treatment with 10 microM for 12 h led to irreversible damages. Before these drastic and irreparable damages, treated cells (5 microM for 12 h) presented a progressive loss of mitochondrial function and cytoplasm acidification as well as dysfunction and disorganization of microfilaments and endoplasmic reticulum. These damages led to the induction of apoptotic events and an increase in autophagic bodies in the cytoplasm. These results revealed that Cd affects multiple intra-cellular targets that induce alterations in the mitochondria, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum and acidic compartments, ultimately culminating in cell death via apoptotic and autophagic pathways.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brasil.
authors.forename: Cristiane dos Santos
authors.initials: Cdos S
authors.lastname: Vergilio
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brasil.
authors.forename: Edésio José Tenório
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: de Melo
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D015388:Organelles / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium