title: Neutralizing antibodies to botulinum neurotoxin type A in aesthetic medicine: five case reports.
abstract: Botulinum neurotoxin injections are a valuable treatment modality for many therapeutic indications as well as in the aesthetic field for facial rejuvenation. As successful treatment requires repeated injections over a long period of time, secondary resistance to botulinum toxin preparations after repeated injections is an ongoing concern. We report five case studies in which neutralizing antibodies to botulinum toxin type A developed after injection for aesthetic use and resulted in secondary treatment failure. These results add to the growing number of reports in the literature for secondary treatment failure associated with high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the aesthetic field. Clinicians should be aware of this risk and implement injection protocols that minimize resistance development.
authors.affiliation: Di Stefano Velona Clinic, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Face Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: EKLAN Co Ltd Medical Center for Aesthetic Correction, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sanches
authors.affiliation: Preventive Medicine Clinic "Vallex M", Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Polina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Starovatova
authors.affiliation: Preventive Medicine Clinic "Vallex M", Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gubanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reshetnikova
keywords: aesthetic medicine; botulinum neurotoxin type A; neutralizing antibody; secondary treatment failure