title: The "coagulation box" and a new hemoglobin-driven algorithm for bleeding control in patients with severe multiple traumas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extensive hemorrhage is the leading cause of death in the first few hours following multiple traumas. Therefore, early and aggressive treatment of clotting disorders could reduce mortality. Unfortunately, the availability of results from commonly performed blood coagulation studies are often delayed whereas hemoglobin (Hb) levels are quickly available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we evaluated the use of initial hemoglobin (Hb) levels as a guide line for the initial treatment of clotting disorders in multiple trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed an Hb-driven algorithm to initiate the initial clotting therapy. The algorithm contains three different steps for aggressive clotting therapy depending on the first Hb value measured in the shock trauma room, (SR) and utilizes fibrinogen, prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), factor VIIa, tranexamic acid and desmopressin. The above-mentioned drugs were stored in a special "coagulation box" in the hospital pharmacy, and this box could be immediately brought to the SR or operating room (OR) upon request. Despite the use of clotting factors, transfusions using red blood cells (RBC) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) were performed at an RBC-to-FFP ratio of 2:1 to 1:1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a 12-month investigation period, 123 severe multiple trauma patients needing intensive care therapy were admitted to our trauma center (mean age 48 years, mean ISS (injury severity score) 30). Fourteen (11%) patients died; 25 (mean age 51.5 years, mean ISS 53) of the 123 patients were treated using the "coagulation box," and 17 patients required massive transfusions. Patients treated with the "coagulation box" required an average dose of 16.3 RBC and 12.9 FFP, whereas 17 of the 25 patients required an average dose of 3.6 platelet packs. According to the algorithm, 25 patients received fibrinogen (average dose of 8.25 g), 24 (96%) received PCC (3000 IU.), 14 (56%) received desmopressin (36.6 µg), 13 (52%) received tranexamic acid (2.88 g), and 11 (44%) received factor VIIa (3.7 mg). The clotting parameters markedly improved between SR admission and ICU admission. Of the 25 patients, 16 (64%) survived. The revised injury severity classification (RISC) predicted a survival rate of 41%, which corresponds to a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 0.62, which implies a higher survival rate than predicted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An Hb-driven algorithm, in combination with the "coagulation box" and the early use of clotting factors, could be a simple and effective tool for improving coagulopathy in multiple trauma patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, BG-Kliniken Bergmannstrost, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hilbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, BG-Kliniken Bergmannstrost, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunther Olaf
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, BG-Kliniken Bergmannstrost, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teichmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Struck
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, BG-Kliniken Bergmannstrost, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stuttmann
keywords: Bleeding Control; Blood Coagulation Factors; Coagulation Disorder; Hemorrhage; Trauma