title: Electrochemical nanoprobes for single-cell analysis.
abstract: The measurement of key molecules in individual cells with minimal disruption to the biological milieu is the next frontier in single-cell analyses. Nanoscale devices are ideal analytical tools because of their small size and their potential for high spatial and temporal resolution recordings. Here, we report the fabrication of disk-shaped carbon nanoelectrodes whose radius can be precisely tuned within the range 5-200 nm. The functionalization of the nanoelectrode with platinum allowed the monitoring of oxygen consumption outside and inside a brain slice. Furthermore, we show that nanoelectrodes of this type can be used to impale individual cells to perform electrochemical measurements within the cell with minimal disruption to cell function. These nanoelectrodes can be fabricated combined with scanning ion conductance microscopy probes, which should allow high resolution electrochemical mapping of species on or in living cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Actis
authors.forename: Sergiy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokar
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clausmeyer
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Babakinejad
authors.forename: Sofya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mikhaleva
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cornut
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Ainara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López Córdoba
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Andrew I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Shevchuck
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dougan
authors.forename: Sergei G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kazarian
authors.forename: Petr V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Gorelkin
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Erofeev
authors.forename: Igor V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Yaminsky
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Unwin
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuhmann
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klenerman
authors.forename: Dmitri A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rusakov
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Sviderskaya
authors.forename: Yuri E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Korchev
mesh_terms: D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D049329:Nanostructures; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D059010:Single-Cell Analysis
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010100:Oxygen