title: Cortical glutamate levels decrease in a non-human primate model of dopamine deficiency.
abstract: While Parkinson's disease is the result of dopaminergic dysfunction of the nigrostriatal system, the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease are brought about by alterations in multiple neural components, including cortical areas. We examined how 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration affected extracellular cortical glutamate levels by comparing glutamate levels in normal and MPTP-lesioned nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta). Extracellular glutamate levels were measured using glutamate microelectrode biosensors. Unilateral MPTP-administration rendered the animals with hemiparkinsonian symptoms, including dopaminergic deficiencies in the substantia nigra and the premotor and motor cortices, and with statistically significant decreases in basal glutamate levels in the primary motor cortex on the side ipsilateral to the MPTP-lesion. These results suggest that the functional changes of the glutamatergic system, especially in the motor cortex, in models of Parkinson's disease could provide important insights into the mechanisms of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China.|Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 0098 USA.
authors.forename: X T
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 0098 USA.|Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069 China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 0098 USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 0098 USA.|Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098 USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 0098 USA.|Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098 USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 0098 USA.|Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098 USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 0098 USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536 0098 USA.|Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098 USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Quintero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002452:Cell Count; D004298:Dopamine / Q000172:deficiency*; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000201:enzymology; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000378:metabolism*; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Cortical; Glutamate; MPTP; Microelectrode array; Parkinson's