title: A high-temperature tolerant species in clade 9 of the genus Phytophthora: P. hydrogena sp. nov.
abstract: A previously unknown Phytophthora species was isolated from irrigation water in Virginia, USA. This novel species produces abundant noncaducous and nonpapillate sporangia in soil water extract solution. It sometimes produces chlamydospores and hyphal swellings in aged cultures and in Petri's solution. This species has optimum vegetative growth at 30 C and grows well at 35 C. The lowest and highest temperatures for growth are 5 and 40 C. All isolates examined in this study are compatibility type A1 and produce mostly plerotic oospores when paired with an A2 mating-type tester of P. cinnamomi. Sequence analyses of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox 1) gene placed this species in clade 9 of the genus Phytophthora. These characteristics support the description of this taxon as a new species for which we propose the name P. hydrogena sp. nov. Further phylogenetic and physiological investigations of clade 9 species revealed a high-temperature tolerant cluster including P. hydrogena, P. aquimorbida, P. hydropathica, P. irrigata, P. chrysanthemi, P. insolita, P. polonica and P. parsiana. These species all grow well at 35 C. The monophyly of the species in this heat-tolerant cluster except P. insolita and P. polonica is highly supported by the maximum-likelihood analyses of the ITS and cox 1 sequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23455.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mannon E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gallegly
authors.forename: Chuanxue
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Phytophthora hydrogena; clade 9; high-temperature tolerance; irrigation water