title: Morphometric analysis of brain shape in children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to test for differences in brain shape among children with cleft palate only (n = 22), children with cleft lip and palate (n = 35), and controls (n = 39) using Euclidean distance matrix analysis. Sixteen percent of interlandmark distances differed between children with cleft palate only and controls, 10% differed between children with cleft lip and palate and controls, and 10% differed between children with cleft palate only and children with cleft lip and palate. Major differences in brain shape associated with cleft lip and/or palate included posterior expansion of the occipital lobe, reorientation of the cerebellum, heightened callosal midbody, and posterior displacement of the caudate nucleus and thalamus. Differences in brain shape unique to cleft palate only and to cleft lip and palate were also identified. These results expand upon previous volumetric studies on brain morphology in individuals with cleft lip and/or palate and provide additional evidence that the primary defect in cleft lip and/or palate results in both facial and brain dysmorphology.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA cholletm@wusm.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Madeleine B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chollet
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Valerie B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: DeLeon
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Peg
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nopoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
keywords: brain morphology; geometric morphometrics; nonsyndromic orofacial clefting