title: Factors associated with chronic musculoskeletal pain in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic musculoskeletal (MS) pain is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing haemodialysis. However, epidemiological data for chronic MS pain and factors associated with chronic MS pain in patients with early- or late-stage CKD who are not undergoing dialysis are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study to evaluate the prevalence of chronic MS pain and factors associated with chronic MS pain in patients with early- and late-stage CKD who were not undergoing dialysis, was conducted. In addition, the distribution of pain severity among patients with different stages of CKD was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 456 CKD patients studied, 53.3% (n = 243/456) had chronic MS pain. Chronic MS pain was independently and significantly associated with hyperuricemia as co-morbidity, as well as with the calcium × phosphate product levels. In CKD patients with hyperuricemia, chronic MS pain showed a negative, independent significant association with diabetes mellitus as a co-morbidity (odds ratio: 0.413, p = 0.020). However, in the CKD patients without hyperuricemia as a co-morbidity, chronic MS pain showed an independent significant association with the calcium × phosphate product levels (odds ratio: 1.093, p = 0.027). Furthermore, stage-5 CKD patients seemed to experience more severe chronic MS pain than patients with other stages of CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic MS pain is common in CKD patients. Chronic MS pain was independently and significantly associated with hyperuricemia as co-morbidity, and with the calcium × phosphate product levels in early- and late-stage CKD patients who were not on dialysis.
authors.forename: Heng-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chiung-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Kuang-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: I-Wen
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chin-Chan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ming-Jui
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Chiao-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Chia-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Yung-Chih
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-Fang
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Chun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chiao-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chi-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan. maiszuwu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mai-Szu
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013624:Taiwan