title: Temporal specification and bilaterality of human neocortical topographic gene expression.
abstract: Transcriptional events involved in the development of human cerebral neocortex are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the temporal dynamics and laterality of gene expression in human and macaque monkey neocortex. We found that interareal differences exhibit a temporal hourglass pattern, dividing the human neocortical development into three major phases. The first phase, corresponding to prenatal development, is characterized by the highest number of differential expressed genes among areas and gradient-like expression patterns, including those that are different between human and macaque. The second, preadolescent phase, is characterized by lesser interareal expression differences and by an increased synchronization of areal transcriptomes. During the third phase, from adolescence onward, differential expression among areas increases again driven predominantly by a subset of areas, without obvious gradient-like patterns. Analyses of left-right gene expression revealed population-level global symmetry throughout the fetal and postnatal time span. Thus, human neocortical topographic gene expression is temporally specified and globally symmetric.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Mihovil
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pletikos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: André M M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sedmak
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Mingfeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Yuka Imamura
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kawasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Electronic address: nenad.sestan@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sestan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019579:Neocortex / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D059467:Transcriptome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins