title: Activities of the Bloomberg Philanthropies Global Road Safety Programme (formerly RS10) in Russia: promising results from a sub-national project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Russia, the high Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) rate has been attributed to two well-known risk factors - the low rates of seatbelt and child restraints use and speeding. Despite the importance of understanding both speeding and seatbelt use patterns for the purpose of direct interventions or monitoring road safety situation, no study has assessed the current status of speeding among all vehicles and seatbelt wearing rates among all vehicle occupants in Russia. We are aware that alcohol is a known risk factor for RTI in the country however the work focused on seat belts and speed. This research was conducted as part of the Bloomberg Philanthropies Global Road Safety Programme and focuses on observed speeding and seatbelt use in two Russian regions: Lipetskaya and Ivanovskaya Oblast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected through observational surveys on selected roads in the two interventions sites (Lipetskaya and Ivanovskaya Oblast) between October 2010 and March 2013. The percentage of seatbelt use by drivers and passengers and the percentage of speeding vehicles by speed limit and road types were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Observational studies on speeding show signs that drivers are speeding less from the first survey held in July 2011 in Lipetskaya Oblast and March 2012 in Ivanovksya Oblast. Overall the observational studies showed a consistent reduction in the proportion of vehicles exceeding the speed limit: from 54.7% (2012) to 40.1% (2013) in Ivanovskaya Oblast and from 47.0% (2011) to 26.1% (2013) in Lipetskaya Oblast. Observational studies on seatbelt use demonstrate an increase in seatbelt wearing rates from the first survey held in October 2010 in Lipetskaya Oblast and April 2011 in Ivanovskaya Oblast. The overall prevalence of seatbelt use increased from 52.4% (2010) to 73.5% (2013) amongst all occupants in Lipetskaya Oblast and from 47.5% (2011) to 88.8% (2013) in Ivanovskaya Oblast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary results show some promising signs that speeding and seatbelt use are moving in the right direction in both intervention sites subsequent to the various countermeasures being implemented under the Global Road Safety Programme. The study demonstrates the need for further targeted interventions to increase drivers' compliance with the speed limit and seatbelt use. However, it is too early to draw any definite conclusions or to fully attribute the effect to the interventions.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Electronic address: ekaterina.slyunkina@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Ekaterina S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Slyunkina
authors.affiliation: Lipetsk State University of Technology, the Federal State Institution of Higher Professional Education, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Kliavin
authors.affiliation: Ivanovo State University of Technology, the Federal State Institution of Higher Professional Education, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gritsenko
authors.affiliation: Ivanovo State University of Technology, the Federal State Institution of Higher Professional Education, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexandr B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Petruhin
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zambon
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Adnan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hyder
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D057207:Child Restraint Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006078:Government Programs; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Child restraints; Observational studies; Road safety interventions; Road traffic crashes; Road traffic injuries; Road traffic mortality; Russia; Seat belt use; Speeding