title: Inverse Z-spectrum analysis for spillover-, MT-, and T1 -corrected steady-state pulsed CEST-MRI--application to pH-weighted MRI of acute stroke.
abstract: Endogenous chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) effects are always diluted by competing effects, such as direct water proton saturation (spillover) and semi-solid macromolecular magnetization transfer (MT). This leads to unwanted T2 and MT signal contributions that lessen the CEST signal specificity to the underlying biochemical exchange processes. A spillover correction is of special interest for clinical static field strengths and protons resonating near the water peak. This is the case for all endogenous CEST agents, such as amide proton transfer, -OH-CEST of glycosaminoglycans, glucose or myo-inositol, and amine exchange of creatine or glutamate. All CEST effects also appear to be scaled by the T1 relaxation time of water, as they are mediated by the water pool. This forms the motivation for simple metrics that correct the CEST signal. Based on eigenspace theory, we propose a novel magnetization transfer ratio (MTRRex ), employing the inverse Z-spectrum, which eliminates spillover and semi-solid MT effects. This metric can be simply related to Rex , the exchange-dependent relaxation rate in the rotating frame, and ka , the inherent exchange rate. Furthermore, it can be scaled by the duty cycle, allowing for simple translation to clinical protocols. For verification, the amine proton exchange of creatine in solutions with different agar concentrations was studied experimentally at a clinical field strength of 3 T, where spillover effects are large. We demonstrate that spillover can be properly corrected and that quantitative evaluation of pH and creatine concentration is possible. This proves that MTRRex is a quantitative and biophysically specific CEST-MRI metric. Applied to acute stroke induced in rat brain, the corrected CEST signal shows significantly higher contrast between the stroke area and normal tissue, as well as less B1 dependence, than conventional approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ, German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaiss
authors.forename: Junzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goerke
authors.forename: Imad S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Gochberg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bachert
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides; D000818:Animals; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011522:Protons; D051381:Rats; D012996:Solutions; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013113:Spin Labels; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D011522:Protons; D012996:Solutions; D013113:Spin Labels; D003401:Creatine
keywords: CEST; MT; creatine; pH-weighted imaging; spillover; spin-lock; stroke