title: Cephalometric measurments of a Pakistani adult sample according to Jarabak's analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish cephalometric norms of Pakistani adults according to Jarabak's analysis and to evaluate whether a significant difference exists between Pakistani measurements and Jarabak's norms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cross-sectional study, was carried out at the Department of Orthodontics Dr. Ishratul Ebad Institute Of Oral Heath Sciences/Sindh Dental Hospital, Karachi from July to September 2012. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken of 50 selected Pakistanis within age range 18-23 years having normal occlusion. The database was developed in SPSS 12.0 for Windows.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A descriptive analysis and independent Student's test was used. A comparison of the angular and linear measurements according to the Jarabak's analysis in the Pakistani and Caucasian population describe that the Pakistani males had all of their angular as well as linear measurements significantly different then the Caucasian namely the saddle angle, gonial angle, articular angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle (p < 0.0001) and the anterior cranial base, posterior cranial base, ramus height, anterior facial height, posterior facial height and mandibular corpus (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pakistani males and females demonstrated a significant difference in saddle angle, gonial angle, articular angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle (p < 0.0001) as compared to the Caucasian norms. Pakistani females also had a difference in the upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle (p < 0.0001) and the anterior cranial base, posterior cranial base, ramus height, anterior facial height, posterior facial height and mandibular corpus measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Ishrat-ul-Ebad Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Karachi. aazmeer@gmail.com
authors.forename: Taskeen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Ishrat-ul-Ebad Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Karachi.
authors.forename: Imtiaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Ishrat-ul-Ebad Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Karachi.
authors.lastname: Gul-e-Erum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D002508:Cephalometry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D012016:Reference Values; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult