title: Cognitive reserve in young and old healthy subjects: differences and similarities in a testing-the-limits paradigm with DSST.
abstract: Cognitive reserve (CR) is understood as capacity to cope with challenging conditions, e.g. after brain injury or in states of brain dysfunction, or age-related cognitive decline. CR in elderly subjects has attracted much research interest, but differences between healthy older and younger subjects have not been addressed in detail hitherto. Usually, one-time standard individual assessments are used to characterise CR. Here we observe CR as individual improvement in cognitive performance (gain) in a complex testing-the-limits paradigm, the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), with 10 repeated measurements, in 140 younger (20-30 yrs) and 140 older (57-74 yrs) healthy subjects. In addition, we assessed attention, memory and executive function, and mood and personality traits as potential influence factors for CR. We found that both, younger and older subjects showed significant gains, which were significantly correlated with speed of information processing, verbal short-term memory and visual problem solving in the older group only. Gender, personality traits and mood did not significantly influence gains in either group. Surprisingly about half of the older subjects performed at the level of the younger group, suggesting that interindividual differences in CR are possibly age-independent. We propose that these findings may also be understood as indication that one-time standard individual measurements do not allow assessment of CR, and that the use of DSST in a testing-the-limits paradigm is a valuable assessment method for CR in young and elderly subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany ; Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zihl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pargent
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bühner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D058245:Cognitive Reserve / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D055815:Young Adult