title: The 'Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids' community randomized controlled trial: a community-based healthy lifestyle program for fathers and their children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of the 'Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids (HDHK)' program when delivered by trained facilitators in community settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-arm randomized controlled trial of 93 overweight/obese fathers (mean [SD] age=40.3 [5.3] years; BMI=32.5 [3.8] kg/m(2)) and their primary school-aged children (n=132) from the Hunter Region, Australia. In 2010-2011, families were randomized to either: (i) HDHK intervention (n=48 fathers, n=72 children) or (ii) wait-list control group. The 7-week intervention included seven sessions and resources (booklets, pedometers). Assessments were held at baseline and 14-weeks with fathers' weight (kg) as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes for fathers and children included waist, BMI, blood pressure, resting heart rate, physical activity (pedometry), and self-reported dietary intake and sedentary behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear mixed models (intention-to-treat) revealed significant between-group differences for fathers' weight (P<.001, d=0.24), with HDHK fathers losing more weight (-3.3 kg; 95%CI, -4.3, -2.4) than control fathers (0.1 kg; 95%CI, -0.9,1.0). Significant treatment effects (P<.05) were also found for fathers' waist (d=0.41), BMI (d=0.26), resting heart rate (d=0.59), energy intake (d=0.49) and physical activity (d=0.46) and for children's physical activity (d=0.50) and adiposity (d=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDHK significantly improved health outcomes and behaviors in fathers and children, providing evidence for program effectiveness when delivered in a community setting.
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: Philip.Morgan@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Plotnikoff
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Callister
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burrows
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Educational Research Institute and Faculty of Education, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Okely
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Myles D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Alyce T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cruickshank
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Kristen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lubans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003153:Community Health Services; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015444:Exercise; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010174:Pamphlets; D016730:Program Development; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Children; Fathers; Intervention; Men; Obesity; Translational research; Weight loss