title: Transient low back pain development during standing predicts future clinical low back pain in previously asymptomatic individuals.
abstract: METHODS
  Longitudinal, observational.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if development of transient low back pain (LBP) during prolonged standing in individuals without prior history of LBP predicts future clinical LBP development at higher rates than in individuals who do not develop LBP during prolonged standing.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Prolonged standing has been found to induce transient LBP in 40% to 70% of previously asymptomatic individuals. Individuals who develop pain during standing have been found to have altered neuromuscular profiles prior to the standing exposure compared with their pain free counterparts; therefore, it has been hypothesized that these individuals may have higher risk for LBP disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previously asymptomatic participants who had completed a biomechanical study investigating LBP development during standing and response to exercise intervention completed annual surveys regarding LBP status for a period of 3 years. χ2 analyses were performed to determine group differences in LBP incidence rates. Accuracy statistics were calculated for ability of LBP development during standing to predict future LBP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants who developed transient LBP during standing had significantly higher rates of clinical LBP during the 3-year follow-up period (35.3% vs. 23.1%) and were 3 times more likely to experience an episode of clinical LBP during the first 24 months than their non-pain developing counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transient LBP development during prolonged standing is a positive predictive factor for future clinical LBP in previously asymptomatic individuals. Individuals who experience transient LBP during standing may be considered a "preclinical" group who are at increased risk for future LBP disorders.
authors.affiliation: *School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, CO; and †Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nelson-Wong
authors.forename: Jack P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Callaghan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011187:Posture; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult