title: Bacteremia and empyema caused by Shewanella algae in a trauma patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the first reported case of bacteremia and empyema caused by Shewanella algae and summarize the existing literature on Shewanella human infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 25-year-old healthy male was shot through the chest into the abdomen and fled into an adjacent body of seawater. He underwent surgical repair of his injuries, including pleural decortication. Leukocytosis, bandemia, and copious yellow bronchorrhea led to cultures; piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin were started for broad-spectrum empiric management based on the local intensive care unit antibiogram. Blood and pleural fluid cultures revealed S algae. Sputum cultures grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. He was successfully managed with an empiric and then tailored antibiotic regimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shewanella algae is a rare Gram-negative bacillus that has infrequently been reported to cause infection. It is found predominantly in men. Shewanella algae infections span bacteremia to necrotizing soft tissue infection and are associated with injury and seawater exposure. Shewanella is susceptible to the majority of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, aztreonam, and fluoroquinolones, but are less predictably susceptible to tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and carbapenem agents. Shewanella infection is associated with medical comorbidities, in particular, renal failure and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first case report of bacteremia and empyema caused by S algae. Such a case involving a young healthy individual should encourage health care providers to be aware of the potential infections caused by unusual pathogens, and to employ appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy based on reported sensitivity profiles. Based on available susceptibilities, we recommend using a third or fourth-generation cephalosporin as first-line pharmacologic management with regimen de-escalation based on culture-derived data.
authors.affiliation: Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacob-Kokura
authors.forename: Claire Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D055370:Lung Injury; D008297:Male; D020592:Shewanella; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins
keywords: Achromobacter putrefaciens; Pseudomonas putrefaciens; Shewanella alga; Shewanella algae; Shewanella putrefaciens; bacteremia; clinical infections; empyema; pneumonia