title: Molecular polymorphism related to flowering trait variation in a Phaseolus vulgaris L. collection.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the flowering variation and the molecular polymorphism in key regulatory genes that control flowering in a Phaseolus vulgaris L. collection of 94 accessions from Europe and the Americas. The analysis of variance revealed that the difference in days-to-flowering between accessions was significant, with European accessions characterized by flowering precocity. Population structure analysis corroborated previous data on the genetic distinction between the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. A low level of admixture was detected. Genomic sequences of 15 gene fragments were obtained. About 7.0 kb per accession were sequenced and a total of 48 nucleotide substitutions identified. A Mixed Linear Model analysis, including population structure and kinship, was used to identify marker-trait associations. Haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) associated with the studied traits were detected: in PvVRN1 and PvPHYB with days-to-flowering, in PvMYB29 with number of flower buds per inflorescence and in PvTFL1z and PvFCA with inflorescence length. The two genes associated with days-to-flowering control belong to the photoperiod and vernalization pathways. In particular, the PvVRN1 gene appears to play an important role in regulating the adaptation process of common bean.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: lorenzo.raggi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: tissicarlo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tissi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy. Electronic address: mazz@unitus.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzucato
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: valeria.negri@unipg.it.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Negri
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas; D018744:DNA, Plant; D005060:Europe; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D056626:Inflorescence; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D017440:Photoperiod; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: AM; Association Mapping; BLASTn; Basic local alignment search tool nucleotide; Candidate genes; FDR; Flowering time; MLM; Marker-trait association; Mixed Linear Model; Phaseolus vulgaris L.; VRN1 gene; days; days-to-flowering; dd; dof; dtf; duration of flowering; false discovery rate; fbi; fbs; flower bud size; flower buds per inflorescence; growth habit; gwh; haplotype tagging SNP; htSNP; inflorescence length; inl; lat; latitude of origin; nms; nodes on the main stem