title: The effect of outcome monitoring feedback to clinicians and patients in short and long-term psychotherapy: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Outcome monitoring feedback has become popular, but its effect on treatment outcome has been mixed. Feedback seems most effective for patients who are not progressing well ("not on track" (NOT) cases). There are some indications that patient feedback has an additional effect and that feedback effects differentiate between short- and long-term therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of outcome monitoring feedback to therapists and patients on outcome in short- and long-term psychotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 475) were randomly assigned to three conditions: Feedback to therapist (FbT), feedback to therapist and patient (FbTP), and no feedback (NFb). Feedback consisted of progress charts based on the Outcome Questionnaire and a feedback message.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In short-term therapies (<35 weeks) FbT and FbTP was preventive of negative change for NOT cases. In long-term therapy only FbTP had a small positive effect on the rate of change. Feedback did not result in better outcomes at treatment ending, although there was a trend for FbTP to have fewer deteriorated cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benefits of feedback were strongest for cases that were not progressing well in short-term therapies when both the patient and therapist received feedback on the patients' progress. Contrary to previous findings, we also found a small effect of feedback to therapists and patients in long-term therapies. Feedback to both patients and therapists may be more effective than feedback to therapists alone due to implementation issues or empowerment of the patient.
authors.affiliation: a Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy , Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Jong
authors.forename: Reinier
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Timman
authors.forename: Leona
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hakkaart-Van Roijen
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kooiman
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Passchier
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Busschbach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: feedback; outcome monitoring; outpatients; psychotherapy research