title: Topical tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and transfusion rates associated with primary total hip arthroplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic tranexamic acid can decrease blood loss and rates of transfusion in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, the efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in THA has only recently been characterized in a small number of studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare (1) the greatest hemoglobin decrease after surgery; (2) transfusion rates; and (3) symptomatic thromboembolic events among patients undergoing THA who did and did not receive topical tranexamic acid.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively compared 135 patients (154 THAs) who received 10 mL 5% tranexamic acid added in a topical cocktail solution during surgery between January 2009 and July 2011 with 211 patients (234 THAs) who received only the topical cocktail solution (analgesic and antibiotic agent) between January 2005 and December 2008. Contraindications for the use of tranexamic acid included a documented history of a venous thromboembolic event, an allergy to tranexamic acid, thrombophilia, or a high risk of venous thromboembolism based on the guidelines of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; the 135 patients who received it during that period represented 99.4% of the patients undergoing THA during that time. We compared changes in Hb, transfusion rates, estimated blood loss, surgical results, and complications between the groups. The transfusion threshold was the same, when the Hb values were < 10 g/dL. Patients were screened for thromboembolic disease if symptoms or signs appeared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hb decreased less in the tranexamic acid group (1.87 ± 1.10 g/dL) than in the control group (2.2 ± 1.36 g/dL; p = 0.01) on the first postoperative day. The frequency of transfusion was lower in patients receiving tranexamic acid (17% as compared with 35% in the control group; p < 0.001). There was only one nonfatal pulmonary embolism in the control group during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of topical tranexamic acid in patients undergoing THA reduces postoperative bleeding and decreases blood transfusion rates. No increase in major complications was identified in patients managed with topical tranexamic acid. This retrospective study confirms the results of a smaller randomized trial on the same topic by another group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Hsin Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hsiang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yuhan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Dave W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Steve W N
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Ueng
authors.forename: Mel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014148:Tranexamic Acid