title: Adrenomedullin, periodontitis, diabetes-unraveling the equivocal relationship: A clinicobiochemical cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antimicrobial proteins and peptides constitute a diverse class of host-defense molecules that act early to combat invasion and infection with bacteria and other microorganisms. Among the various antimicrobial peptides in the oral cavity, adrenomedullin (ADM), a cationic peptide, is found in gingival crevicular fluids (GCFs) in amounts twice as high in periodontal disease sites as healthy sites. Studies have also shown that plasma levels of ADM increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as compared with controls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This clinico-biochemical study was undertaken to try to decipher the probable link between ADM, diabetes and periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised of 90 patients who were divided into three groups based on community periodontal index scores and diabetes status. Probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were measured in all subjects. GCF was collected from all the participants using micropipettes and blood samples were collected from subjects in Groups III, for analysis of glycated hemoglobin. ADM levels were measured in GCF samples by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance, Bonferroni test and Pearson's correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in GCF levels of ADM from periodontal health to disease and in periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increase in GCF levels of ADM from periodontal health to disease and in periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes reinforces the perio-systemic interlink concept.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suchetha
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Akanksha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lakshmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sapna
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Apoorva
keywords: Adrenomedullin; gingival crevicular fluid; periodontitis; type 2 diabetes