title: Neuroprotective effect of anthocyanins on acetylcholinesterase activity and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.
abstract: Anthocyanins are a group of natural phenolic compounds responsible for the color to plants and fruits. These compounds might have beneficial effects on memory and have antioxidant properties. In the present study we have investigated the therapeutic efficacy of anthocyanins in an animal model of cognitive deficits, associated to Alzheimer's disease, induced by scopolamine. We evaluated whether anthocyanins protect the effects caused by SCO on nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus (of rats. We used 4 different groups of animals: control (CTRL), anthocyanins treated (ANT), scopolamine-challenged (SCO), and scopolamine+anthocyanins (SCO+ANT). After seven days of treatment with ANT (200mgkg(-1); oral), the animals were SCO injected (1mgkg(-1); IP) and were performed the behavior tests, and submitted to euthanasia. A memory deficit was found in SCO group, but ANT treatment prevented this impairment of memory (P<0.05). The ANT treatment per se had an anxiolytic effect. AChE activity was increased in both in cortex and hippocampus of SCO group, this effect was significantly attenuated by ANT (P<0.05). SCO decreased Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase activities in hippocampus, and ANT was able to significantly (P<0.05) prevent these effects. No significant alteration was found on NOx levels among the groups. In conclusion, the ANT is able to regulate cholinergic neurotransmission and restore the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase activities, and also prevented memory deficits caused by scopolamine administration.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil. Electronic address: jessiegutierres@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jessié M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gutierres
authors.affiliation: Setor de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiano B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Rosa C
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schetinger
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Institute, University of Coimbra, 3004 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agostinho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Marisco
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliano M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michele M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Crystiani
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maribel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vera M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Morsch
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, Pelotas RS 96010-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roselia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spanevello
authors.affiliation: Setor de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil. Electronic address: cmelazzomazzanti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cinthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mazzanti
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000647:Amnesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000633:toxicity; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012601:Scopolamine; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Anthocyanins; Anxiety-like behavior; Memory; Scopolamine