title: Oral human papillomavirus infection in HIV-negative and HIV-infected MSM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with a subset of head and neck cancers. We compared prevalence of, and risk factors for, oral HPV infection among HIV-negative and HIV-infected MSM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of baseline data from a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSM aged 18 years or older were recruited from three study sites in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Participants completed a self-administered risk-factor questionnaire. Oral-rinse and gargle specimens were analyzed for HPV DNA and genotyped using a highly sensitive PCR and reverse line blot assay [short PCR fragment (SPF)10-PCR-DNA Enzyme Immuno Assay (DEIA)/LiPA25 system].
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2010-2011, 794 MSM were included, of whom 767 participants had sufficient data for analysis. Median age was 40.1 years [interquartile range (IQR) 34.8-47.5] and 314 men were HIV-infected (40.9%). Any of 25 typable HPV types was present in 24.4% of all oral samples. Oncogenic HPV types were detected in 24.8 and 8.8% of oral samples from HIV-infected and HIV-negative MSM, respectively (P < 0.001). Of these high-risk types, HPV-16 was the most common (overall 3.4%). Oral infection with high-risk HPV was associated with HIV infection in multivariable analysis (P < 0.001). Increasing age was significantly associated with oral HPV infection in HIV-negative, but not in HIV-infected MSM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral HPV infection is very common among MSM. HIV infection was independently associated with high-risk oral HPV infection, suggesting an important role of HIV in oral HPV infection.
authors.affiliation: aCluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service, Amsterdam bCentre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM)), Bilthoven cDepartment of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit-University Medical Center dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Jan van Goyen Medical Center eCenter for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam fDepartment of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam gDDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk hJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. †Our inspiring colleague Hein Boot died before publication of this article.
authors.forename: Sofie H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mooij
authors.forename: Hein J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Boot
authors.forename: Arjen G C L
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Speksnijder
authors.forename: Ineke G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Stolte
authors.forename: Chris J L M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Peter J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: Dominique W M
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Verhagen
authors.forename: Audrey J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Henry J C
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Wim G V
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.forename: Marianne A B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van der Sande
authors.forename: Maarten F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Schim van der Loeff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000821:virology; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D009426:Netherlands; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral