title: A primer on effectiveness and efficacy trials.
abstract: Although efficacy and effectiveness studies are both important when evaluating interventions, they serve distinct purposes and have different study designs. Unfortunately, the distinction between these two types of trials is often poorly understood. In this primer, we highlight several differences between these two types of trials including study design, patient populations, intervention design, data analysis, and result reporting.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA [2] Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Amit G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Singal
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Peter D R
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA [2] Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Akbar K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Waljee