title: Furazolidone in chicken: case study of an incident of widespread contamination.
abstract: 1. Furazolidone, a nitrofuran antibiotic, was prohibited from the use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) in 1997. In 2002, the EU restricted the import of poultry meat and aquaculture species from countries where furazolidone residues had been detected. 2. By 2004, however, residues of the side-chain metabolite, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) of furazolidone, were detected in chicken meat produced in Northern Ireland. 3. With the random spread of positive results across farms of a single integrated organisation, including organically reared flocks, it seemed unlikely that the source of residues was due to illegal use of the drug, but more likely caused by a source of contamination. 4. Potential sources investigated were as follows: furazolidone contamination of feedstuffs, a "hot spot" of furazolidone in poultry houses, contamination occurring within breeding stocks and transferred with the birds to broiler growing houses, and furazolidone contamination of the water supply. 5. Furazolidone contamination was associated with birds reared in houses more than 10 years old. 6. Contamination was traced to the water supply of poultry houses, where un-dissolved furazolidone, legally administered prior to 1997, had settled to the bottom of water storage tanks. It remained un-disturbed until 2004 when the integrator changed the procedure for cleaning water tanks between crops of birds. 7. The use of Proxitane, a hydrogen peroxide disinfectant, caused effervescence within the tank such that small quantities of furazolidone were dissolved, delivered to birds via drinkers and subsequently caused residues in the broiler meat. 8. The environmental impact of the contamination was investigated by testing soil and grass from land adjacent to an organic poultry house to which birds had access. 9. Mechanisms of contamination and how residues may be spread throughout a large integrated poultry system are not restricted to furazolidone. Incidents of contamination are even more likely when using licensed drugs where the drugs may be present on-farm in large quantities.
authors.affiliation: a Chemical Surveillance Branch , Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute , Stormont , Belfast , Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002645:Chickens; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005664:Furazolidone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D009660:Northern Ireland; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D005664:Furazolidone; C000209:3-amino-2-oxazolidinone