title: Elevated levels of mitochondrion-associated autophagy inhibitor LRPPRC are associated with poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autophagy has recently been found to play important roles in tumorigenesis and leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat motif-containing protein (LRPPRC) has been identified as an inhibitor that suppresses autophagy and mitophagy and maintains mitochondrial activity. The authors hypothesized that LRPPRC levels can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunochemistry analysis was performed to evaluate the levels of LRPPRC in 112 samples collected from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) and 38 samples from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who were enrolled in hospitals in Guangzhou City, China and were followed for 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher levels of LRPPRC were found in PCa samples compared with BPH samples. Greater than 75% of patients with PCa demonstrated high levels of LRPPRC whereas only 10% of patients with BPH were found to have similar levels of LRPPRC. The levels of LRPPRC were found to be positively correlated with tumor grade, metastasis, and serum prostate-specific antigen level, but were negatively correlated with hormone therapy sensitivity after 2 years of surgery and overall survival. The association between high levels of LRPPRC and late-stage PCa or hormone therapy insensitivity was confirmed in tissue samples collected from prostate-specific phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)(-/-) mice or hormone-dependent and hormone-independent PCa cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LRPPRC levels may be used as an independent biomarker for patients with PCa at a late stage with poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department, of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xianhan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Funeng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zhuoyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Huichan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Yanru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Yongzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Wenwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Weiqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Fen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Weide
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Leyuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000737:chemistry; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C087940:LRPPRC protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C487757:Pten protein, mouse
keywords: autophagy; benign prostatic hyperplasia; biomarker; cancer prognosis; leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat motif-containing protein (LRPPRC); mitochondria; phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN); prostate adenocarcinomas; prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia