title: Effects of acceleration level on lumbar spine injuries in military populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical studies have indicated that thoracolumbar trauma occurs in the civilian population at its junction. In contrast, injury patterns in military populations indicate a shift to the inferior vertebral levels of the lumbar spine. Controlled studies offering an explanation for such migrations and the associated clinical biomechanics are sparse in literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this study were to investigate the potential roles of acceleration loading on the production of injuries and their stability characteristics using a human cadaver model for applications to high-speed aircraft ejection and helicopter crashes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanical laboratory study using unembalmed human cadaver lumbar spinal columns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thoracolumbar columns from post-mortem human surrogates were procured, x-rays taken, intervertebral joints and bony components evaluated for degeneration, and fixed using polymethylmethacrylate. The inferior end was attached to a platform via a load cell and uniaxial accelerometer. The superior end was attached to the upper metal platform via a semi-circular cylinder. The pre-flexed specimen was preloaded to simulate torso mass. The ends of the platform were connected to the vertical post of a custom-designed drop tower. The specimen was dropped inducing acceleration loading to the column. Axial force and acceleration data were gathered at high sampling rates, filtered, and peak accelerations and inertia-compensated axial forces were obtained during the loading phase. Computed tomography images were used to identify and classify injuries using the three-column concept (stable vs. unstable trauma).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age, total body mass, and stature of the five healthy degeneration-free specimens were 42 years, 73 kg, and 167 cm. The first two specimens subjected to peak accelerations of approximately 200 m/sec(2) were classified as belonging to high-speed aircraft ejection-type and the other three specimens subjected to greater amplitudes (347-549 m/sec(2)) were classified as belonging to helicopter crash-type loadings. Peak axial forces for all specimens ranged from 4.8 to 7.2 kN. Ejection-type loaded specimens sustained single-level injuries to the L1 vertebra; one injury was stable and the other was unstable. Helicopter crash-type loaded specimens sustained injuries at inferior levels, including bilateral facet dislocation at L4-L5 and L2-L4 compression fractures, and all specimens were considered unstable at least at one spinal level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the severity of spinal injuries increase with increasing acceleration levels and, more importantly, injuries shift inferiorly from the thoracolumbar junction to lower lumbar levels. Acknowledging that the geometry and load carrying capacity of vertebral bodies increase in the lower lumbar spine, involvement of inferior levels in trauma sparing the superior segments at greater acceleration inputs agree with military literature of caudal shift in injured levels. The present study offers an experimental explanation for the clinically observed caudal migration of spinal trauma in military populations as applied to high-speed aircraft ejection catapult and helicopter crashes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. Electronic address: yoga@mcw.edu.
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Stemper
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Baisden
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pintar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Glenn R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Paskoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Shender
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D050815:Fractures, Compression / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D011859:Radiography; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Acceleration level; Axial loading; Drop tower technique; Lumbar spine; Stability