title: The adaptive metabolic response to exercise-induced weight loss influences both energy expenditure and energy intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A decline in resting energy expenditure (REE) beyond that predicted from changes in body composition has been noted following dietary-induced weight loss. However, it is unknown whether a compensatory downregulation in REE also accompanies exercise (EX)-induced weight loss, or whether this adaptive metabolic response influences energy intake (EI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty overweight and obese women (body mass index (BMI)=30.6±3.6 kg/m(2)) completed 12 weeks of supervised aerobic EX. Body composition, metabolism, EI and metabolic-related hormones were measured at baseline, week 6 and post intervention. The metabolic adaptation (MA), that is, difference between predicted and measured REE was also calculated post intervention (MApost), with REE predicted using a regression equation generated in an independent sample of 66 overweight and obese women (BMI=31.0±3.9 kg/m(2)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although mean predicted and measured REE did not differ post intervention, 43% of participants experienced a greater-than-expected decline in REE (-102.9±77.5 kcal per day). MApost was associated with the change in leptin (r=0.47; P=0.04), and the change in resting fat (r=0.52; P=0.01) and carbohydrate oxidation (r=-0.44; P=0.02). Furthermore, MApost was also associated with the change in EI following EX (r=-0.44; P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marked variability existed in the adaptive metabolic response to EX. Importantly, those who experienced a downregulation in REE also experienced an upregulation in EI, indicating that the adaptive metabolic response to EX influences both physiological and behavioural components of energy balance.
authors.affiliation: 1] Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Department of Sport, Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK [2] Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caudwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Näslund
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blundell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000628:therapy; D050177:Overweight / Q000628:therapy; D012146:Rest; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin