title: Factors influencing individual variation in perceptual directional microphone benefit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large variations in perceptual directional microphone benefit, which far exceed the variation expected from physical performance measures of directional microphones, have been reported in the literature. The cause for the individual variation has not been systematically investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors that are responsible for the individual variation in reported perceptual directional benefit.
  
  
  METHODS
  A correlational study. Physical performance measures of the directional microphones obtained after they had been fitted to individuals, cognitive abilities of individuals, and measurement errors were related to perceptual directional benefit scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine hearing-impaired adults with varied degrees of hearing loss participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants were bilaterally fitted with a Motion behind-the-ear device (500 M, 501 SX, or 501 P) from Siemens according to the National Acoustic Laboratories' non-linear prescription, version two (NAL-NL2). Using the Bamford-Kowal-Bench (BKB) sentences, the perceptual directional benefit was obtained as the difference in speech reception threshold measured in babble noise (SRTn) with the devices in directional (fixed hypercardioid) and in omnidirectional mode. The SRTn measurements were repeated three times with each microphone mode. Physical performance measures of the directional microphone included the angle of the microphone ports to loudspeaker axis, the frequency range dominated by amplified sound, the in situ signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the in situ three-dimensional, articulation-index weighted directivity index (3D AI-DI). The cognitive tests included auditory selective attention, speed of processing, and working memory. Intraparticipant variation on the repeated SRTn's and the interparticipant variation on the average SRTn were used to determine the effect of measurement error. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine the effect of other factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurement errors explained 52% of the variation in perceptual directional microphone benefit (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34-78%), while another 37% of variation was explained primarily by the physical performance of the directional microphones after they were fitted to individuals. The most contributing factor was the in situ 3D AI-DI measured across the low frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated SRTn measurements are needed to obtain a reliable indication of the perceptual directional benefit in an individual. Further, to obtain optimum benefit from directional microphones, the effectiveness of the microphones should be maximized across the low frequencies.
authors.affiliation: National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, Australia; HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Gitte
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keidser
authors.affiliation: National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, Australia; HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.affiliation: National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, Australia; HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Convery
authors.affiliation: National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, Australia; HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mejia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013017:Sound Localization / Q000502:physiology; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013069:Speech Reception Threshold Test / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*