title: Cephalometric norms for orthognathic surgery for North Indian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to establish the cephalometric hard tissue norm for orthognathic surgery for North Indian subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 young adults which consists of 46 males and 54 females with the age range of 14-24 years with balanced facial profile and minimum arch length discrepancies were chosen for the study. Lateral cephalograms with teeth in occlusion were recorded and analyzed manually to establish the norm. The mean values of various cephalometric hard tissue variables for North Indian males and females were compared with those Caucasians. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the cephalometric parameters for orthognathic surgery except mandibular length and lower incisor inclination were comparable among North Indian males and females. The mandibular length was significantly more among North Indian males than females (P < 0.05) and the inclination of lower incisors was significantly more among North Indian females than males (P < 0.05). However, many of the cephalometric parameters for orthognathic surgery were significantly different among North Indian and Caucasian males and females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cephalometric norms for orthognathic surgery were established for North Indians and many measurements were different from those for Caucasians.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Satinder Pal
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Unit of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Utreja
authors.affiliation: Unit of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jena
keywords: Cephalometric norms; North Indians; orthognathic surgery