title: Neurocognitive performance and symptom profiles of Spanish-speaking Hispanic athletes on the ImPACT test.
abstract: This study documented baseline neurocognitive performance of 23,815 athletes on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) test. Specifically, 9,733 Hispanic, Spanish-speaking athletes who completed the ImPACT test in English and 2,087 Hispanic, Spanish-speaking athletes who completed the test in Spanish were compared with 11,955 English-speaking athletes who completed the test in English. Athletes were assigned to age groups (13-15, 16-18). Results revealed a significant effect of language group (p < .001; partial η(2) = 0.06) and age (p < .001; partial η(2) = 0.01) on test performance. Younger athletes performed more poorly than older athletes, and Spanish-speaking athletes completing the test in Spanish scored more poorly than Spanish-speaking and English-speaking athletes completing the test in English, on all Composite scores and Total Symptom scores. Spanish-speaking athletes completing the test in English also performed more poorly than English-speaking athletes completing the test in English on three Composite scores. These differences in performance and reported symptoms highlight the need for caution in interpreting ImPACT test data for Hispanic Americans.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Summer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012016:Reference Values
keywords: Baseline testing; Concussion; ImPACT; Language; Neurocognitive performance; Spanish-speaking