title: Removal of xylenol orange from its aqueous solution using SDS self-microemulsifying systems: optimization by Box-Behnken statistical design.
abstract: The aim of present study was to develop and evaluate sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) self-microemulsifying systems (SMES) for the removal of an anionic dye xylenol orange (XO) from its bulk aqueous media via liquid-liquid adsorption. The composition of SDS SMES was optimized by Box-Behnken statistical design for the maximum removal of XO from its aqueous solution. Various SDS formulations were prepared by spontaneous emulsification method and characterized for thermodynamic stability, self-microemulsification efficiency, droplet size, and viscosity. Adsorption studies were conducted at 8, 16, and 24 h by mixing small amounts of SDS formulations with relatively large amounts of bulk aqueous solution of XO. Droplet size and viscosity of SDS formulations were significantly influenced by oil phase concentration (triacetin), while surfactant concentration had little impact on droplet size and viscosity. However, the percentage of removal of XO was influenced by triacetin concentration, surfactant concentration, and adsorption time. Based on lowest droplet size (35.97 nm), lowest viscosity (29.62 cp), and highest percentage of removal efficiency (89.77 %), formulation F14, containing 2 % w/w of triacetin and 40 % w/w of surfactant mixture (20 % w/w of SDS and 20 % w/w of polyethylene glycol 400), was selected as an optimized formulation for the removal of XO from its bulk aqueous media after 16 h. These results indicated that SDS SMES could be suitable alternates of solid-liquid adsorption for the removal of toxic dyes such as XO from its aqueous solution through liquid-liquid adsorption.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia, faiyazs@fastmail.fm.
authors.forename: Faiyaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shakeel
authors.forename: Nazrul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Fars K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Alanazi
authors.forename: Ibrahim A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Alsarra
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D008956:Models, Chemical; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D013454:Sulfoxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014783:Viscosity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C016833:xylenol orange