title: Pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of histamine on tissue factor and TNFα expression in monocytes of human blood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histamine is classified as an inflammatory mediator and has been reported to have anti- as well as pro-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to explore the role of histamine on the production of LPS-induced tissue factor (TF) activity and TNFα in monocytes of whole blood in the absence and presence of TNFα or PMA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human blood anticoagulated with Fragmin was subjected to stimulation by LPS in the presence and absence of TNFα or PMA and various concentrations of histamine. Tissue factor (TF) activity was measured in lyzed cells after isolation of mononuclear cells whereas TNFα was quantified in plasma after centrifugation of cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histamine gave a dose dependent inhibitory effect on LPS-induced TF activity in monocytes of whole blood, with a 50% reduction at 0.033 μM. A similar effect was seen when the blood cells were stimulated with the combination of LPS and TNFα although TNFα enhanced LPS-induced TF activity almost two fold. In contrast, when blood was incubated with LPS and PMA in whole blood, histamine gave a significant rise in TF activity at 0.01 μM and 0.33 μM histamine. The effect of histamine was less at 0.1 μM or higher concentrations giving a biphasic profile. Contrary to the effect of histamine on LPS plus PMA induced TF activity, histamine caused a significant reduction in TNFα albeit less than in the absence of PMA. Intake of aspirin caused a significant rise in LPS-induced TF activity that was almost abolished by histamine at 0.033 μM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that histamine has an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS and LPS/TNFα stimulated monocytes of whole blood. In contrast when blood cells are activated by a combination of LPS and PMA whereby PKC is activated, histamine has a procoagulant/pro-inflammatory effect through enhancement of TF activity expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. Electronic address: bjarne.osterud@uit.no.
authors.forename: Bjarne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Østerud
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan Ole
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006632:Histamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006632:Histamine; D013925:Thromboplastin; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
keywords: Histamine; Inflammation; Monocytes; PMA; TNFα; Tissue factor