title: Phytochemical and antibacterial investigations of the extracts and fractions from the stem bark of Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne and effect on ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus induced by hydroalcoholic extract.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of different extracts and fractions obtained from Hymenaea stigonocarpa stem barks. The cyclohexanic, ethyl acetate, ethanol, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained by maceration. The hydroalcoholic extract was partitioned, which resulted in the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. All extracts and fractions were subjected to phytochemical screening and evaluation of total phenol and tannin contents. An HPLC-DAD and ultrastructural alterations analysis were performed. Terpenes and coumarins were detected in the cyclohexanic extract. Flavonoids and condensed tannins were present in the other extracts and fractions. The extracts with the highest contents of tannins, ethanol (EE), hydroalcoholic (HE), and aqueous fraction (AF) showed also the highest antimicrobial activity. The MIC values ranged from 64 to 526 µg/mL. The chromatographic fingerprints suggest the presence of astilbin and other flavonoids in EE and HE. Presence of the thick cell wall, undulating outer layer, abnormal septa, and leakage of the cytoplasmic contents and absence of cell wall and cell lyses were the main alterations observed on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 after treatment with the Hymenaea stigonocarpa hydroalcoholic extract. The presence of phenolic compounds like flavonoids and tannins is possibly the reason for the antimicrobial activity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microorganismos, Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Santiago
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Dimech
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Alberto Lira
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Magda Assunção
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Ultraestrutura, Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste (CETENE), 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anne Gabrielle Vasconcelos
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Ultraestrutura, Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste (CETENE), 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria da Conceição
authors.initials: Mda C
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microorganismos, Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eulália Azevedo
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ximenes
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D052597:Hymenaea / Q000737:chemistry*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts