title: Use of stable isotope probing to assess the fate of emerging contaminants degraded by white-rot fungus.
abstract: The widespread of emerging contaminants in the environment and their potential impact on humans is a matter of concern. White-rot fungi are cosmopolitan organisms able to remove a wide range of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) through cometabolism (i.e. laccases and peroxidases) or detoxification mechanisms (i.e. cytochrome P450 system). However, the use of PPCP as carbon source for these organisms is largely unexplored. Here, we used carbon stable isotope tracer experiments to assess the fate of anti-inflammatory diclofenac (DCF) and UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP3) during degradation by Trametes versicolor. The comparison between carbon isotopic composition of emitted carbon dioxide from 13C-labelled DCF ([acetophenyl ring-13C6]-DCF) and 13C-BP3 ([phenyl-13C6]-BP3) versus their 12C-homologue compounds showed mineralization of about 45% and 10% of the 13C contained in their respective molecules after 9 days of incubation. The carbon isotopic composition of the bulk biomass and the application of amino acid-stable isotope probing (SIP) allowed distinguishing between incorporation of 13C from BP3 into amino acids, which implies the use of this emerging contaminant as carbon source, and major intracellular accumulation of 13C from DCF without implying the transformation of its labelled phenyl ring into anabolic products. A mass balance of 13C in different compartments over time provided a comprehensive picture of the fate of DCF and BP3 across their different transformation processes. This is the first report assessing biodegradation of PPCP by SIP techniques and the use of emerging contaminants as carbon source for amino acid biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Badia-Fabregat
authors.affiliation: Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosell
authors.affiliation: Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Glòria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caminal
authors.affiliation: Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vicent
authors.affiliation: Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: Ernest.Marco@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marco-Urrea
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000378:metabolism*; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D055454:Trametes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001577:Benzophenones; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D004008:Diclofenac; C005290:oxybenzone
keywords: Amino acids; Benzophenone-3; Diclofenac; Fungi; Mineralization; Stable isotope probing (SIP)