title: IL-17 and IL-4 producing CD8+ T cells in tumor draining lymph nodes of breast cancer patients: positive association with tumor progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been recently divided based on their cytokine expression profile.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the percentages of CD8+ lymphocytes and their effector subsets including Tc1, Tc2 and Tc17 in the tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of patients with breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single cell suspensions were obtained from TDLNs of 42 patients with breast cancer. Staining of the cell surface markers and intracellular cytokines was performed using appropriate fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies. The data was acquired on a four-color flow cytometer and was analyzed by CellQuestPro software package. The percentages of different CD8+ cell subtypes (Tc1, Tc2 and Tc17) were quantified in CD8+ T lymphocytes. The comparison was made between LN+ versus LN- patients, as well as patients in different clinico-pathological status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of Tc1, Tc2 and Tc17 subsets were not significantly different between LN+ and LN- patients. Despite no difference in the percentages of Tc1 cells in LN+ patients with infiltrative ductal carcinoma (IDC), the mean expression of IFN-γ by Tc1 cells decreased significantly in comparison to LN- patients. On the other hand, the percentages of Tc2 and Tc17 effector subsets were increased in advanced stages (p=0.018 and p=0.009, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the first study to investigate various effector subtypes of CD8+ lymphocytes in TDLNs of patients with breast cancer, our data collectively suggests a positive association between IL-17- and IL-4-producing CD8+ T cell percentages (Tc2 and Tc17) in TDLNs with breast cancer progression. Although the number of Tc1 cells seems not to be affected by cancer progression, down-regulation of IFN-γ by these cells seems to be associated with tumor metastasis to TDLNs. These findings may have implications in cancer immunotherapy based on CD8+ effector subsets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, e-mail: faghihz@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Faghih
authors.forename: Somayeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rezaeifard
authors.forename: Akbar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Safaei
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghaderi
authors.forename: Nasrollah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erfani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000276:immunology*; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018450:Disease Progression; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D020381:Interleukin-17; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma