title: In vitro vascularization of a combined system based on a 3D printing technique.
abstract: A vital challenge in complex organ manufacturing is to vascularize large combined tissues. The aim of this study is to vascularize in vitro an adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)/fibrin/collagen incorporated three-dimensional (3D) poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold (10 × 10 × 10 mm3) with interconnected channels. A low-temperature 3D printing technique was employed to build the PLGA scaffold. A step-by-step cocktail procedure was designed to engage or steer the ADSCs in the PLGA channels towards both endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages. The combined system had sufficient mechanical properties to support the cell/fibrin/collagen hydrogel inside the predefined PLGA channels. The ADSCs encapsulated in the fibrin/collagen hydrogel differentiated to endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineage, respectively, corresponding to their respective locations in the construct and formed vascular-like structures. This technique allows in vitro vascularization of the predefined PLGA channels and provides a choice for complex organ manufacture. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xinru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Libiao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jiayin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yufan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of BIN Fusion Technology and Department of Polymer Nano Science Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Gilson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wangxiaohong@tsinghua.edu.cn.|State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. wangxiaohong@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005337:Fibrin / Q000737:chemistry*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005337:Fibrin; D003094:Collagen
keywords: adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs); combined construct; endothelial cells; fibrin/collagen hydrogel; poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA); three-dimensional (3D) printing