title: Keystroke dynamics in the pre-touchscreen era.
abstract: Biometric authentication seeks to measure an individual's unique physiological attributes for the purpose of identity verification. Conventionally, this task has been realized via analyses of fingerprints or signature iris patterns. However, whilst such methods effectively offer a superior security protocol compared with password-based approaches for example, their substantial infrastructure costs, and intrusive nature, make them undesirable and indeed impractical for many scenarios. An alternative approach seeks to develop similarly robust screening protocols through analysis of typing patterns, formally known as keystroke dynamics. Here, keystroke analysis methodologies can utilize multiple variables, and a range of mathematical techniques, in order to extract individuals' typing signatures. Such variables may include measurement of the period between key presses, and/or releases, or even key-strike pressures. Statistical methods, neural networks, and fuzzy logic have often formed the basis for quantitative analysis on the data gathered, typically from conventional computer keyboards. Extension to more recent technologies such as numerical keypads and touch-screen devices is in its infancy, but obviously important as such devices grow in popularity. Here, we review the state of knowledge pertaining to authentication via conventional keyboards with a view toward indicating how this platform of knowledge can be exploited and extended into the newly emergent type-based technological contexts.
authors.affiliation: CICaSS Group (Concepts & Innovation in Cavitation and Sonoptic Sciences), Carnegie Physics Laboratory, University of Dundee Dundee, UK ; Division of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Nasir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: School of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Abertay Dundee Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szymkowiak
authors.affiliation: CICaSS Group (Concepts & Innovation in Cavitation and Sonoptic Sciences), Carnegie Physics Laboratory, University of Dundee Dundee, UK ; Division of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Campbell
keywords: authentication; identity; keystroke analysis; pre-touchscreen; security