title: Simple and rapid determination of PCDD/Fs in flue gases from various waste incinerators in China using DR-EcoScreen cells.
abstract: In developing countries such as China, there is a strong need for simple and rapid bioassays for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in environmental samples; i.e., flue gas and fly ash from waste incinerators. In this study, we applied the DR-EcoScreen cell (DR-cell) assay to determination of PCDD/Fs in 78 flue gas samples obtained from various waste incinerators in China between 2009 and 2011. The flue gas samples were obtained from four kinds of incinerators, classified into hazardous, medical and municipal-solid waste, and iron ore sintering, and the flue gas extracts were cleaned up using an SPD-600 automated-sample preparation device for DR-cell assay. The PCDD/Fs values obtained from the DR-cell assay were compared with those obtained from conventional high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) analysis. The bioanalytical equivalent (BEQ) values obtained from the DR-cell assay were very closely correlated with the international toxicity equivalent (I-TEQ) values from HRGC-HRMS analysis (r2=0.98, n=78), while the BEQ values were 5.52-fold higher than the I-TEQ values, as the PCDFs, which account for 80% of the total I-TEQ value, were overestimated by DR cell-assay. Therefore, we multiplied the BEQ values from the DR-cell assay by a conversion coefficient (0.181, the reciprocal of 5.52), and could approximate the TEQ values from the HRGC-HRMS analysis. These results suggest that the DR-cell assay combined with SPD-600 cleanup provides a promising method for the simple and rapid screening of PCDD/Fs levels in flue gas samples, such as those from various waste incinerators in China.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China. Electronic address: zzguang2004@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhiguang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Electronics Company, Ltd., 68 Ninodan-cho, Shinden, Kisshoin, Minami-Ku, Kyoto 601-8317, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Electronics Company, Ltd., 68 Ninodan-cho, Shinden, Kisshoin, Minami-Ku, Kyoto 601-8317, Japan.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tateishi
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tokushima 771-0195, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.affiliation: Japan Environment Sanitation Center, 1182 Sowa, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2144, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiozaki
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Pengjun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Sen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Aimin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Yeru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D002460:Cell Line; D002681:China; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D017745:Incineration; D051379:Mice; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004147:Dioxins; D005740:Gases; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; C023614:dibenzofuran; C020887:dibenzo(1,4)dioxin
keywords: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor; Flue gas; PCDD/Fs; Reporter gene assay