title: A usability study of a mobile health application for rural Ghanaian midwives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Midwives in rural Ghana work at the frontline of the health care system, where they have access to essential data about the patient population. However, current methods of data capture, primarily pen and paper, make the data neither accessible nor usable for monitoring patient care or program evaluation. Electronic health (eHealth) systems present a potential mechanism for enhancing the roles of midwives by providing tools for collecting, exchanging, and viewing patient data as well as offering midwives the possibility for receiving information and decision support. Introducing such technology in low-resource settings has been challenging because of low levels of user acceptance, software design that does not match the end-user environment, and/or unforeseen challenges such as irregular power availability. These challenges are often attributable to a lack of understanding by the software developers of the end users' needs and work environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mobile health (mHealth) application known as mClinic was designed to support midwife access to the Millennium Village-Global Network, an eHealth delivery platform that captures data for managing patient care as well as program evaluation and monitoring, decision making, and management. We conducted a descriptive usability study composed of 3 phases to evaluate an mClinic prototype: 1) hybrid lab-live software evaluation of mClinic to identify usability issues; 2) completion of a usability questionnaire; and 3) interviews that included low-fidelity prototyping of new functionality proposed by midwives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heuristic evaluation identified usability problems related to 4 of 8 usability categories. Analysis of usability questionnaire data indicated that the midwives perceived mClinic as useful but were more neutral about the ease of use. Analysis of midwives' reactions to low-fidelity prototypes during the interview process supported the applicability of mClinic to midwives' work and identified the need for additional functionality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  User acceptance is essential for the success of any mHealth implementation. Usability testing identified mClinic development flaws and needed software enhancements.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vélez
authors.forename: Portia Boakye
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Okyere
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kanter
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakken
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008880:Midwifery; D063731:Mobile Applications / Q000592:standards*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Ghana; cellular phones; eHealth; global health; international health; mHealth; midwifery; sub-Saharan Africa; telemedicine; usability