title: Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for kidney cancer death in a Japanese population: Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for evaluation of cancer risk (JACC study).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is the largest single recognized cause of human cancers. In Western countries, many epidemiologists have reported risk factors for kidney cancer including smoking. However, little is known about the Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the association of smoking with the risk of kidney cancer death in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Participants included 46,395 males and 64,190 females. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine age-and-sex adjusted relative risks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 62 males and 26 females died from kidney cancer during the follow-up of 707,136 and 1,025,703 person-years, respectively. Heavy smokers (Brinkman index >1200), fondness of fatty foods, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity were suggested to increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma while walking was suggested to decrease the risk. Even after controlling for age, sex, alcohol drinking and DM, heavy smoking significantly increased the risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that six factors including smoking may increase and/or reduce the risk of kidney cancer in the Japanese population. Because of the small number of outcomes, however, we did not evaluate these factors after adjusting for all possible confounding factors. Further studies may be needed to confirm the findings in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan E-mail : washio@st-mary.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Washio
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.forename: Tsuneharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozasa
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate