title: NCBI disease corpus: a resource for disease name recognition and concept normalization.
abstract: Information encoded in natural language in biomedical literature publications is only useful if efficient and reliable ways of accessing and analyzing that information are available. Natural language processing and text mining tools are therefore essential for extracting valuable information, however, the development of powerful, highly effective tools to automatically detect central biomedical concepts such as diseases is conditional on the availability of annotated corpora. This paper presents the disease name and concept annotations of the NCBI disease corpus, a collection of 793 PubMed abstracts fully annotated at the mention and concept level to serve as a research resource for the biomedical natural language processing community. Each PubMed abstract was manually annotated by two annotators with disease mentions and their corresponding concepts in Medical Subject Headings (MeSH®) or Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM®). Manual curation was performed using PubTator, which allowed the use of pre-annotations as a pre-step to manual annotations. Fourteen annotators were randomly paired and differing annotations were discussed for reaching a consensus in two annotation phases. In this setting, a high inter-annotator agreement was observed. Finally, all results were checked against annotations of the rest of the corpus to assure corpus-wide consistency. The public release of the NCBI disease corpus contains 6892 disease mentions, which are mapped to 790 unique disease concepts. Of these, 88% link to a MeSH identifier, while the rest contain an OMIM identifier. We were able to link 91% of the mentions to a single disease concept, while the rest are described as a combination of concepts. In order to help researchers use the corpus to design and test disease identification methods, we have prepared the corpus as training, testing and development sets. To demonstrate its utility, we conducted a benchmarking experiment where we compared three different knowledge-based disease normalization methods with a best performance in F-measure of 63.7%. These results show that the NCBI disease corpus has the potential to significantly improve the state-of-the-art in disease name recognition and normalization research, by providing a high-quality gold standard thus enabling the development of machine-learning based approaches for such tasks. The NCBI disease corpus, guidelines and other associated resources are available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Dogan/DISEASE/.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
authors.forename: Rezarta Islamaj
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Doğan
authors.affiliation: National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leaman
authors.affiliation: National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA. Electronic address: zhiyong.lu@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D019295:Computational Biology; D057225:Data Mining; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D051188:Knowledge Bases; D046650:Medical Subject Headings; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D009323:Natural Language Processing; D039781:PubMed; D012660:Semantics; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014481:United States; D018875:Vocabulary, Controlled
keywords: Corpus annotation; Disease name corpus; Disease name normalization; Disease name recognition; Named entity recognition