title: Stillbirth and infant death among generations of Pakistani immigrant descent: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk of stillbirth and infant death among offspring of Pakistani-born and Norwegian-born women of Pakistani immigrant descent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based study linking the Medical Birth Registry of Norway to immigration data from Statistics Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Births to women of Pakistani immigrant descent classified as Pakistani-born (n = 8814) or Norwegian-born (n = 1801), and to the host population of Norwegian descent (n = 712 430) from 1995 to 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relative risk of stillbirth and infant death by country of descent and birth was estimated by odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using logistic regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stillbirth and infant death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk of stillbirth was highest in the Pakistani-born group (7.4/1000, 95% CI 5.7-9.4) followed by the Norwegian-born group (5.0/1000, 95% CI 1.7-8.3) and finally the host population (3.5/1000, 95% CI 3.3-3.6). Relative to the host population, risk of stillbirth was higher in both Pakistani-born (odds ratios 2.8, 95% CI 2.2-3.6) and Norwegian-born (odds ratios 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.2) groups, after adjustment for year of birth, age, parity and residence. For infant death, absolute risks were 6.9/1000 (95% CI 5.2-8.8), 5.6/1000 (95% CI 2.7-10.2), and 2.9/1000 (95% CI 2.7-3.0), with adjusted odds ratios of 2.8 (95% CI 2.1-3.7) and 2.4 (95% CI 1.3-4.6), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An elevated risk of stillbirth and infant death persists across generations of Pakistani immigrant descent living in Norway. While translating into few excess deaths, the elevated risks should be taken into account by obstetric and pediatric care providers.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Resource Centre for Women's Health, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital.
authors.forename: Ingvil K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Sørbye
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stoltenberg
authors.forename: Johanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundby
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Daltveit
authors.forename: Siri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vangen
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003241:Consanguinity; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000639:trends; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000208:ethnology*
keywords: Pakistan; Stillbirth; country of birth; country of origin; generations; immigrants; infant death; neonatology