title: Neural basis of increased costly norm enforcement under adversity.
abstract: Humans are willing to punish norm violations even at a substantial personal cost. Using fMRI and a variant of the ultimatum game and functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated how the brain differentially responds to fairness in loss and gain domains. Participants (responders) received offers from anonymous partners indicating a division of an amount of monetary gain or loss. If they accept, both get their shares according to the division; if they reject, both get nothing or lose the entire stake. We used a computational model to derive perceived fairness of offers and participant-specific inequity aversion. Behaviorally, participants were more likely to reject unfair offers in the loss (vs gain) domain. Neurally, the positive correlation between fairness and activation in ventral striatum was reduced, whereas the negative correlations between fairness and activations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were enhanced in the loss domain. Moreover, rejection-related dorsal striatum activation was higher in the loss domain. Furthermore, the gain-loss domain modulates costly punishment only when unfair behavior was directed toward the participants and not when it was directed toward others. These findings provide neural and computational accounts of increased costly norm enforcement under adversity and advanced our understanding of the context-dependent nature of fairness preference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Rongjun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Zhiheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Yushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China, The China Academy of Corporate Governance and Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong Un
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011678:Punishment; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: computational modeling; costly norm enforcement; fMRI; fairness; ultimatum game