title: The treatment of depressive disorders in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive disorders are among the more common mental illnesses around the world. About 3% of prepubertal children and 6% of postpubertal children and adolescents are affected. Many physicians are unsure about which treatment approaches are effective and how the treatment should be planned.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was carried out in electronic databases and study registries and as a manual search. More than 450 studies (mostly randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) were identified and summarized in five evidence tables. The ensuing recommendations were agreed upon in a consensus conference in which 23 organizations were represented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recommended treatment of first choice for children from age 8 onward and for adolescents is either cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Cohen's d [effect strength]: 0.5-2) or interpersonal psychotherapy (Cohen's d: 0.5-0.6). Fluoxetine is recommended for drug treatment (Cohen's d: 0.3-5.6), either alone or in combination with CBT. The analysis revealed a lower level of evidence for psychodynamic or systemic psychotherapy or for drug treatment with escitalopram, citalopram, or sertraline. For mild or moderate depression, psychotherapy is recommended; for severe depression, combination therapy. Particularly for children, there is a lack of adequately informative comparative studies on these treatment approaches as well as on other, complementary interventions (e.g., art therapy, sleep deprivation, youth welfare services).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is adequate evidence to support some recommendations for the treatment of depressive disorders in adolescents, but evidence for children is lacking. There is a pressing need for intervention research in this area for both children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dolle
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulte-Körne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000592:standards*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012042:Registries; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents