title: Isolation and characterization of a type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus from environmental surveillance in China, 2012.
abstract: Environmental surveillance of poliovirus on sewage has been conducted in Shandong Province, China since 2008. A type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) with 7 mutations in VP1 coding region was isolated from the sewage collected in the city of Jinan in December 2012. The complete genome sequencing analysis of this isolate revealed 25 nucleotide substitutions, 7 of which resulted in amino acid alteration. No evidence of recombination with other poliovirus serotypes was observed. The virus did not lose temperature sensitive phenotype at 40°C. An estimation based on the evolution rate of the P1 coding region suggested that evolution time of this strain might be 160-176 days. VP1 sequence analysis revealed that this VDPV strain is of no close relationship with other local type 2 polioviruses (n=66) from sewage collected between May 2012 and June 2013, suggesting the lack of its circulation in the local population. The person who excreted the virus was not known and no closely related virus was isolated in local population via acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. By far this is the first report of VDPV isolated from sewage in China, and these results underscore the value of environmental surveillance in the polio surveillance system even in countries with high rates of OPV coverage.
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zexin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aiqiang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shuangli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Suting
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lizhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D023321:Poliovirus Vaccines; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology; D013696:Temperature; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D023321:Poliovirus Vaccines; D012722:Sewage