title: Biomechanical comparison of an all-soft suture anchor with a modified Broström-Gould suture repair for lateral ligament reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anatomic repair is indicated for patients who have recurrent lateral ankle instability despite nonoperative measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  There is no difference in repair stiffness, failure torque, or failure angle between specimens repaired with all-soft suture anchors versus the modified Broström-Gould technique with sutures only.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 matched pairs of human cadaveric ankles, the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) was incised from its origin on the fibula. After randomization, 1 ankle was repaired to its anatomic insertion using two 1.4-mm JuggerKnot all-soft suture anchors; the other ankle was repaired with a modified Broström-Gould technique using 2-0 FiberWire. All were augmented using the inferior extensor retinaculum. All ankles were mounted to the testing machine in 20° of plantar flexion and 15° of internal rotation and loaded to failure after the repair. Stiffness, failure torque, and failure angle were recorded and compared using a paired Student t test with a significance level set at P < .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in failure torque, failure angle, or stiffness. No anchors pulled out of bone. The primary mode of failure was pulling through the ATFL tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no statistical difference in strength or stiffness between a 1.4-mm all-soft suture anchor and a modified Broström-Gould repair with 2-0 FiberWire. The primary mode of failure was at the tissue level rather than knot failure or anchor pullout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The particular implant choice (suture only, tunnel, anchor) in repairing the lateral ligament complex may not be as important as the time to biological healing. The suture-only construct as described in the Broström-Gould repair was as strong as all-soft suture anchors, and the majority of the ankles failed at the tissue level. For those surgeons whose preference is to use anchor repair, this novel all-soft suture anchor may be an alternative to other larger anchors, as none failed by pullout.
authors.affiliation: Kenneth J. Hunt, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion C, MC 6342, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA. kjhunt@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hurwit
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Behn
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery*; D017844:Lateral Ligament, Ankle / Q000601:surgery*; D008022:Ligaments / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013536:Suture Techniques; D019415:Torque; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: anchor; lateral ankle instability; modified Broström-Gould repair