title: Associated factors with and genotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among clients seeking voluntary counseling and testing for HIV infection in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the genotype distribution of the strains among the clients seeking voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The VCT clients completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire interview to inquire into the risks for sexually transmitted diseases, followed by providing a 10-mL first-catch urine specimen to detect C. trachomatis with the use of polymerase-chain-reaction assays. The genotyping of C. trachomatis strains was performed by sequencing of omp1 gene. A case-control study was performed to identify factors associated with chlamydial infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2008 to 2011, 140 (4.2%) of the 3323 VCT clients tested positive for C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction assays of urine specimens. Compared with 280 control individuals without C. trachomatis infection, cases were more likely to be female (adjusted odds ratio, 3.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-6.90) and to report dysuria or urethral discharge (adjusted odds ratio, 2.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-4.61). Infections with genotypes Da and G were significantly more common in male than female individuals (genotype Da, 22.2% vs. 0%; and genotype G, 24.4% vs. 3.3%) and in men who have sex with men than heterosexuals (genotype Da, 22.2% vs. 0%; and genotype G, 24.4% vs. 3.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the VCT clients in Taiwan, female sex and presence of urethral symptoms were associated with C. trachomatis infection of the genitourinary tract. Homosexual male clients were more likely to be infected with genotypes Da and G than heterosexual clients were.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Jui
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sui-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection Control, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Ying
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Huei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Field Epidemiology Training Program, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: hcc0401@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chien-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018272:Porins / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018272:Porins; C071677:omp1 protein, Chlamydia trachomatis
keywords: Gonorrhea; Molecular epidemiology; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Nongonococcal urethritis; Sexually transmitted disease