title: Novel GAA sequence variant c.1211 A>G reduces enzyme activity but not protein expression in infantile and adult onset Pompe disease.
abstract: Pompe disease is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder caused by lysosomal acid α-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency. We report on two affected members of a non-consanguineous Caucasian family, including a classical infantile-onset patient with severe cardiomyopathy (IO) and his paternal grandmother with the adult-onset (AO) form. Two compound heterozygous sequence variants of the GAA gene were identified in each patient by mutation analyses (IO=c.1211A>G and c.1798C>T; AO=c.1211A>G and c.692+5G>T). For this study, the biochemical phenotype resulting from the missense mutation c.1211A>G in exon 8, which converts a highly conserved aspartate to glycine (p.Asp404Gly), was of specific interest because it had not been reported previously. Western blotting revealed a robust expression of all GAA isoforms in quadriceps muscle of both patients (fully CRIM positive), while enzymatic activity was 3.6% (IO) and 6.6% (AO) of normal controls. To further validate these findings, the c.1211A>G sequence variant was introduced in wild type GAA cDNA and over-expressed in HEK293T cells. Site-directed mutagenesis analyses confirmed that the mutation does not affect processing or expression of GAA protein, but rather impairs enzyme function. Similar results were reported for c.1798C>T (p.Arg600Cys), which further supports the biochemical phenotype observed in IO. The third mutation (c.692+5G>T, in intron 3) was predicted to affect normal splicing of the GAA mRNA, and qPCR indeed verified a 4-fold lower mRNA expression in AO. It is concluded that the novel sequence variant c.1211A>G results in full CRIM but significantly lower GAA activity, which in combination with c.1798C>T leads to infantile-onset Pompe disease. We surmise that the difference in disease severity between the two family members in this study is due to a milder effect of the intronic mutation c.692+5G>T (vs. c.1798C>T) on phenotype, partially preserving GAA activity and delaying onset in the proband (paternal grandmother).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8 3Z5.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Genetics and Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kroos
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Genetics and Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reuser
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8 3Z5.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8 3Z5.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8 3Z5.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McCready
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8 3Z5. Electronic address: tarnopol@mcmaster.ca.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tarnopolsky
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005087:Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006009:Glycogen Storage Disease Type II / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000201:enzymology; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D005087:Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase
keywords: 3’UTR; 4-MU; 4-methylumbelliferone; A; AO; Acid maltase; Acid α-glucosidase; Arg; Asp; C; CK; CON; CRIM; Cys; DNA complementary to RNA; ERT; Enzyme replacement therapy; FEV; FVC; G; GAA; GSD II; Gly; Glycogen storage disease type 2; HET; HRP; IO; IVS; Muscle; NaAc; PCR; RT; T; TRIS; WB; acid α-glucosidase (gene); acid α-glucosidase (protein); adenosine; adult onset; arginine; aspartic acid; cDNA; control(s); creatine kinase; cross-reactive immunologic material; cysteine; cytidine; enzyme replacement therapy; forced expiratory volume; forced vital capacity; glycine; glycogen storage disorder type II; guanosine; heterozygous; horseradish peroxidase; infantile onset; intervening sequence; kDa; kilodalton(s); polymerase chain reaction; room temperature; sodium acetate; three prime untranslated region; thymidine; tris-buffered saline; western blotting