title: Hospitalization, depression and dementia in community-dwelling older Americans: findings from the national health and aging trends study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to estimate the prevalence of both dementia and depression among community-dwelling older Americans and to determine if hospitalization is independently associated with dementia or depression in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study utilized data from a nationally representative, population-based sample of 7197 community-dwelling adults ≥ 65 years old interviewed in 2011 as part of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Information on hospitalizations was obtained from self- or proxy-report. Possible and probable dementia was assessed according to a validated algorithm. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 3.1 million community-dwelling older Americans may have dementia, and approximately 5.3 million may have substantial depressive symptoms. After adjusting for demographic and social characteristics, medical diagnoses, smoking history, serious falls and pain symptoms, being hospitalized in the previous year was independently associated with greater odds of probable dementia (odds ratio [OR]: 1.42, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.16-1.73) and substantial depressive symptoms (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.29-1.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dementia and depression are common in community-dwelling older Americans, and hospitalization is associated with these conditions. Additional research increasing understanding of the bidirectional relationship between hospitalizations, dementia and depression, along with targeted interventions to reduce hospitalizations, is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: ddavydo1@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Dimitry S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Davydow
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zivin
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Langa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Dementia; Depression; Hospitalization