title: Bladder preservation by concurrent chemoradiation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Applicability in low-income countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radical cystectomy is the standard treatment for patients with muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer; however, is associated with major treatment - related morbidity. Furthermore, a significant proportion of patients are deemed unsuitable for surgery due to inoperability, advanced age, and/or comorbid conditions. As such, several groups have explored effectiveness of less radical therapeutic strategies that aim at bladder preservation. Nonetheless, there is scarcity of reports assessing the applicability of urinary bladder-sparing outside developed countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the achievable outcomes for patients with muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer treated via bladder-sparing techniques in a low income country.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen consecutive patients with a diagnosis of muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer (clinical stage; T2-3N0M0) were treated via a bladder-sparing approach at King Hussein Cancer Center (Amman, Jordan) between 2005 and 2009. Records were electronically retrieved and retrospectively analyzed and included 11 males and 3 females from 41 to 74 years of age (median age, 61). Initial therapy consisted of trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by induction chemotherapy then irradiation (4500cGy) with concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. Urological evaluation directed additional therapy in a proportion of patients with irradiation (up to 6400 cGy) in patients who achieved CR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients were evaluable for pathological response at time of re-staging; of whom 8 (73%) achieved CR and 3 (27%) achieved partial response (PR). In all but one patient; combined-modality treatment was well tolerated. After a median follow-up of 18.5 months (range, 3-48 months); 5 of 8 (62.5%) patients with CR were alive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bladder-sparing strategies via concurrent chemoradiation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer results in an acceptable rate of complete pathological response with adequate short-term outcomes. This approach appears applicable in low-income countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, HM Queen Rania Street, P.O. Box 1269, Amman 11941, Jordan.
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khader
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urology, King Hussein Cancer Center, HM Queen Rania Street, P.O. Box 1269, Amman 11941, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Naim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, HM Queen Rania Street, P.O. Box 1269, Amman 11941, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salem
keywords: Bladder-preservation; CR, complete response; Cancer; Low-income; PR, partial response; TCCB, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder; TURBT; TURBT, transurethral resection of bladder tumor; Urinary bladder; cCRT, concurrent chemoradiation