title: Cortisol levels decrease after acute tobacco abstinence in regular smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute tobacco abstinence on cortisol levels in regular smokers, and whether abstinence-induced changes in cortisol levels are correlated with various signs and symptoms of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers (N = 77, ≥15 cigarettes/day) attended two counterbalanced sessions (avg = 1 h), one following 12-20 h of abstinence and the other following ad lib smoking. At both sessions, salivary cortisol levels were measured at three time points. Additionally, a battery of self-report questionnaires, physiological assessments, and cognitive performance tasks were administered to measure signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower during the abstinent session versus the non-abstinent session. No significant associations were found between abstinence-induced changes in cortisol and other tobacco withdrawal measures, although there was suggestive evidence that abstinence-induced changes in cortisol levels and hunger were inversely associated to a modest degree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute tobacco abstinence was associated with decreased cortisol levels. Cortisol dampening during acute tobacco abstinence may reflect nicotine-mediated modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, which may be relevant to the maintenance of tobacco dependence. Tobacco-withdrawal cortisol changes do not appear to be a cause or consequence of many manifestations of acute tobacco withdrawal with the possible exception of hunger.
authors.forename: Jordan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Wallace B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Pickworth
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: al'Absi
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone