title: Sap6, a secreted aspartyl proteinase, participates in maintenance the cell surface integrity of Candida albicans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The polymorphic species Candida albicans is the major cause of candidiasis in humans. The secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps) of C. albicans, encoded by a family of 10 SAP genes, have been investigated as the virulent factors during candidiasis. However, the biological functions of most Sap proteins are still uncertain. In this study, we applied co-culture system of C. albicans and THP-1 human monocytes to explore the pathogenic roles and biological functions of Sap proteinases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 1 hr of co-culture of C. albicans strains and THP-1 human monocytes at 37°C, more than 60% of the THP-1-engulfed wild type and Δsap5 Candida cells were developing long hyphae. However, about 50% of THP-1-engulfed Δsap6 Candida cells were generating short hyphae, and more dead Candida cells were found in Δsap6 strain that was ingested by THP-1 cells (about 15% in Δsap6 strain vs. 2 ~ 2.5% in SC5314 and Δsap5 strains). The immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that the Sap6 is the major hyphal tip located Sap protein under THP-1 phagocytosis. The sap6-deleted strains (Δsap6, Δsap4/6, and Δsap5/6) appeared slower growth on Congo red containing solid medium at 25°C, and the growth defect was exacerbated when cultured at 37°C in Congo red or SDS containing medium. In addition, more proteins were secreted from Δsap6 strain and the β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) extractable surface proteins from Δsap6 mutant were more abundant than that of extracted from wild type strain, which included the plasma membrane protein (Pma1p), the ER-chaperone protein (Kar2p), the protein transport-related protein (Arf1p), the cytoskeleton protein (Act1), and the mitochondrial outer membrane protein (porin 1). Moreover, the cell surface accessibility was increased in sap6-deleted strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From these results, we speculated that the cell surface constitution of C. albicans Δsap6 strain was defect. This may cause the more accessible of β-ME to disulfide-bridged cell surface components and may weaken the resistance of Δsap6 strain encountering phagocytosis of THP-1 cells. Sap6 protein displays a significant function involving in maintenance the cell surface integrity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, No, 62, Shenzhong Rd,, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82444, Taiwan. buulm@nknucc.nknu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Leh-Miauh
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Buu
authors.forename: Yee-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C582621:SAP6 protein, Candida albicans