title: Struvite precipitation and phosphorus removal using magnesium sacrificial anode.
abstract: Struvite precipitation using magnesium sacrificial anode as the only source of magnesium is presented. High-purity magnesium alloy cast anode was found to be very effective in recovery of high-quality struvite from water solutions and from supernatant of fermented waste activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant that does not practice enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Struvite purity was strongly dependent on the pH and the electric current density. Optimum pH of the 24 mM phosphorus and 46 mM ammonia solution (1:1.9 P:N ratio) was in the broad range between 7.5 and 9.3, with struvite purity exceeding 90%. Increasing the current density resulted in elevated struvite purity. No upper limits were observed in the studied current range of 0.05-0.2 A. Phosphorus removal rate was proportional to the current density and comparable for tests with water solutions and with the supernatant from fermented sludge. The highest P-removal rate achieved was 4.0 mg PO4-P cm(-2) h(-1) at electric current density of 45 A m(-2). Initial substrate concentrations affected the rate of phosphorus removal. The precipitated struvite accumulated in bulk liquid with significant portions attached to the anode surface from which regular detachment occurred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson St, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Electronic address: d_kruk@umanitoba.ca.
authors.forename: Damian J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kruk
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 Blvd de Maisonneuve W, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elektorowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson St, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oleszkiewicz
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D004566:Electrodes; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000069877:Struvite; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D010758:Phosphorus; D000069877:Struvite; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Electro-dissolution; Electrocoagulation; Magnesium anode; Nutrient recovery; Precipitation; Struvite