title: Diagnostic yield and safety of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for lung nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is an emerging endoscopic technique for the diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions. A thorough analysis of ENB's yield and safety is required for comparison to other sampling modalities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe ENB's yield and safety profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were systematically searched for studies reporting ENB's yield for peripheral lung lesions. Two independent investigators extracted data and rated each study on a scale of methodological quality. Clearly defined performance outcomes were reconstructed and meta-analyzed. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to identify possible sources of study heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15 trials were included (1,033 lung nodules). A positive and definitive diagnosis was obtained after 64.9% of all ENB procedures (95% CI 59.2-70.3). Overall diagnostic accuracy was 73.9% (95% CI 68.0-79.2). Sensitivity to detect cancer was 71.1% (95% CI 64.6-76.8), with a negative predictive value of 52.1% (95% CI 43.5-60.6). Pneumothorax occurred in 3.1% of patients, requiring chest tube drainage in 1.6% of these cases. Original trials identified 6 variables associated with higher ENB yields: nodule location in the upper or middle lobes, nodule size, lower registration error, presence of a bronchus sign on CT imaging, combined use of an ultrasonic radial probe, and catheter suctioning as a sampling technique. Heterogeneity exploration revealed that studies using general anesthesia or rapid on-site cytological evaluation reported better yields.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ENB is effective and particularly safe. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the role of several variables conditioning the yield of this technique.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medical Specializations, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gregoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gex
authors.forename: Jacques A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pralong
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Combescure
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seijo
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rochat
authors.forename: Paola M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Soccal
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis*