title: [Breeding system of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide the basic guidance for seed breeding and cross-breeding of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The floral behavior and pollinators were observed; 0.5% TTC solution was used for the pollen viability test and benzidine and -H2O2 was used for estimation of the stigma receptivity. The mating systems were tested by out crossing index (OC1), and pollination experiment was carried out by bagged and emasculated test in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Commonly, stigma lobes spread slightly, and anthers started presenting the pollen from the outer ring while the flower was just beginning to open. Consequently, the distance between the stigma and its own pollen was relatively far, this "floral behavior" may be conducive to outcrossing. Then the flower entered the later period, while the stigma lobes spread widely, anthers all split, and this "floral behavior" shortened the stigma and its own pollen's distance, which may be conducive to selfing. P. polyphylla was partly protogynous. Stigma life-span was about 10-12 d. After anther dehiscence, the pollen viability maintained about 10% within 2 days, and 20% within 10 days. The value of out crossing index (OC1) was 4. By pollination experiment and pollinators observed, P. polyphylla was self-compatible, but no capacity for autonomous self-fertilization; In natural circumstances, outcrossing fructification rate was low, and mainly anemophilous. Assisted selfing-fertilization fructification rate was higher, spider was the main pollinators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P. polyphylla has a mixed mating system with self-pollination and cross-pollination characteristics. Floral behavior has important adaptive significance in avoiding female and male interference, outcrossing, and delayed selfing. P. polyphylla is ambophily (a combination of both wind and insect pollination), pollinators changes due to environment. Pollen limitation is the main cause of low fructification rate under natural conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Yunnan Branch, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, China. wangyanfang528@sohu.com
authors.forename: Yan-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Yunnan Branch, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, China.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Yunnan Branch, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Yunnan Branch, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, China.
authors.forename: Rong-Ying
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Yunnan Branch, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Yong
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Yunnan Branch, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development; D055993:Germ Cells, Plant / Q000502:physiology; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination; D012098:Reproduction