title: Microbial release from seeded beach sediments during wave conditions.
abstract: Beach sands can sustain indigenous and introduced populations of enterococci. The objective of this study was to evaluate wave action in promoting the release of introduced bacteria. To accomplish this objective this study developed a method to assess attachment and identified conditions under which introduced bacteria are integrated into the sand. A new "shearing assay" showed that attachment of the introduced spike mimicked that of the natural sand when the spike was allowed to integrate into the sand for 24h at room temperature at a sand moisture content of 20%. Experiments in a wave flume showed that waves were capable of releasing about 60% of the total bacteria added. This suggests that for the range of wave conditions evaluated (height: 1.9-10.5 cm, period:1-2.7s), waves were incapable of releasing all of the bacteria. Further study is needed to evaluate bacteria attachment mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, FL 33149, United States; University of Miami, Department of Civil, Arch., and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, FL 33149, United States; University of Miami, Division of Applied Marine Physics, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL 33149, United States.
authors.forename: Zhixuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, FL 33149, United States; University of Miami, Department of Civil, Arch., and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, FL 33149, United States; University of Miami, Division of Applied Marine Physics, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL 33149, United States.
authors.forename: Ad J H M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reniers
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, FL 33149, United States; University of Miami, Division of Applied Marine Physics, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL 33149, United States.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Haus
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, FL 33149, United States; University of Miami, Department of Civil, Arch., and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
authors.forename: Amber A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Enns
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, FL 33149, United States; University of Miami, Department of Civil, Arch., and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, FL 33149, United States; University of Miami, Department of Civil, Arch., and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, FL 33149, United States; University of Miami, Department of Civil, Arch., and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States. Electronic address: hmsolo@miami.edu.
authors.forename: Helena M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Solo-Gabriele
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D001493:Bathing Beaches / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D055871:Tidal Waves; D014871:Water Microbiology
keywords: Attachment; Beach sand; Enterococci; Wave flume; Waves