title: Exhaled breath condensate in intubated neonates--a window into the lung's glutathione status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analysis of exhaled breath condensates (EBC) is a non-invasive technique to evaluate biomarkers such as antioxidants in the pediatric population, but limited data exists of its use in intubated patients, particularly newborns. Currently, tracheal aspirate (TA) serves as the gold standard collection modality in critically ill newborns, but this method remains invasive. We tested the hypothesis that glutathione status would positively correlate between EBC and TA collections in intubated newborns in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU). We also hypothesized that these measurements would be associated with alveolar macrophage (AM) glutathione status in the newborn lung.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reduced glutathione (rGSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and total GSH (rGSH + (2 X GSSG)) were measured in sequential EBC and TA samples from 26 intubated newborns via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, AM glutathione was evaluated via immunofluorescence. Pearson's correlation coefficient and associated 95% confidence intervals were used to quantify the associations between raw and urea-corrected concentrations in EBC and TA samples and AM staining. Statistical significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05 using two-tailed tests. The sample size was projected to allow for a correlation coefficient of 0.5, with 0.8 power and alpha of 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EBC was obtainable from intubated newborns without adverse clinical events. EBC samples demonstrated moderate to strong positive correlations with TA samples in terms of rGSH, GSSG and total GSH. Positive correlations between the two sampling sites were observed in both raw and urea-corrected concentrations of rGSH, GSSG and total GSH. AM glutathione staining moderately correlated with GSSG and total GSH status in both the TA and EBC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSH status in EBC samples of intubated newborns significantly correlated with the GSH status of the TA sample and was reflective of cellular GSH status in this cohort of neonatal patients. Non-invasive EBC sampling of intubated newborns holds promise for monitoring antioxidant status such as GSH in the premature lung. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the potential relationships between EBC biomarkers in the intubated premature newborn and respiratory morbidities.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roark
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: XiaoDu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.forename: Janine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.forename: Lou Ann S
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. tgauthi@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Theresa W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gauthier
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects
chemical_list: D005978:Glutathione