title: Functional brain imaging using near-infrared spectroscopy during actual driving on an expressway.
abstract: The prefrontal cortex is considered to have a significant effect on driving behavior, but little is known about prefrontal cortex function in actual road driving. Driving simulation experiments are not the same, because the subject is in a stationary state, and the results may be different. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is advantageous in that it can measure cerebral hemodynamic responses in a person driving an actual vehicle. We mounted fNIRS equipment in a vehicle to evaluate brain functions related to various actual driving operations while the subjects drove on a section of an expressway that was not yet open to the public. Measurements were recorded while parked, and during acceleration, constant velocity driving (CVD), deceleration, and U-turns, in the daytime and at night. Changes in cerebral oxygen exchange (ΔCOE) and cerebral blood volume were calculated and imaged for each part of the task. Responses from the prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex were highly reproducible in the daytime and nighttime experiments. Significant increases in ΔCOE were observed in the frontal eye field (FEF), which has not been mentioned much in previous simulation experiments. In particular, significant activation was detected during acceleration in the right FEF, and during deceleration in the left FEF. Weaker responses during CVD suggest that FEF function was increased during changes in vehicle speed. As the FEF contributes to control of eye movement in three-dimensional space, FEF activation may be important in actual road driving. fNIRS is a powerful technique for investigating brain activation outdoors, and it proved to be sufficiently robust for use in an actual highway driving experiment in the field of intelligent transport systems (ITS).
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain Environmental Research, KatoBrain Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain Environmental Research, KatoBrain Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment/Engineering, Tokyo Branch, Central Nippon Expressway Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment/Engineering, Central Nippon Expressway Co. Ltd. Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain Environmental Research, KatoBrain Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
keywords: U-turn; acceleration; constant velocity driving; deceleration; driving; fNIRS; frontal eye field; outdoor brain activation