title: Impact of breast-feeding and high- and low-protein formula on the metabolism and growth of infants from overweight and obese mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The combination of maternal obesity in early pregnancy and high protein intake in infant formula feeding might predispose to obesity risk in later life.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study assesses the impact of breast- or formula-feeding (differing in protein content by 1.65 or 2.7 g/100 kcal) on the metabolism of term infants from overweight and obese mothers. From birth to 3 mo of age, infants received exclusively either breast- or starter formula-feeding and until 6 mo, exclusively either a formula designed for this study or breast-feeding. From 6 to 12 mo, infants received complementary weaning food. Metabonomics was conducted on the infants' urine and stool samples collected at the age of 3, 6, and 12 mo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infant formula-feeding resulted in higher protein-derived short-chain fatty acids and amino acids in stools. Urine metabonomics revealed a relationship between bacterial processing of dietary proteins and host protein metabolism stimulated with increasing protein content in the formula. Moreover, formula-fed infants were metabolically different from breast-fed infants, at the level of lipid and energy metabolism (carnitines, ketone bodies, and Krebs cycle).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noninvasive urine and stool metabolic monitoring of responses to early nutrition provides relevant readouts to assess nutritional requirements for infants' growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomarkers, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: François-Pierre J
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Bioactives and Screening, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moco
authors.affiliation: Nestec, Nestle Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Montoliu
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomarkers, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Collino
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomarkers, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laeticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomarkers, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rezzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Molecular Biomarkers, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Faculty of Life Sciences, E´cole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland [3] Faculty of Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kussmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Genomics and Immunological Studies (Cegin), Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Inostroza
authors.affiliation: Nestec, Clinical Development Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steenhout
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055432:Metabolomics; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins