title: Thermic effect of a meal and appetite in adults: an individual participant data meta-analysis of meal-test trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thermic effect of a meal (TEF) has previously been suggested to influence appetite.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an association between appetite and TEF. Second, to examine whether protein intake is associated with TEF or appetite.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis on studies were performed at the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Five randomized meal-test studies, with 111 participants, were included. The included studies measured energy expenditure (EE) in respiration chambers and pre- and postprandial appetite sensations using Visual Analog Scales (VAS). The primary meta-analysis was based on a generic-inverse variance random-effects model, pooling individual study Spearman's correlation coefficients, resulting in a combined r-value with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The I (2) value quantifies the proportion (%) of the variation in point estimates due to among-study differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IPD meta-analysis found no association between satiety and TEF expressed as the incremental area under the curve (TEFiAUC) (r=0.06 [95% CI -0.16 to 0.28], P=0.58; I (2)=15.8%). Similarly, Composite Appetite Score (CAS) was not associated with TEFiAUC (r=0.08 [95% CI -0.12 to 0.28], P=0.45; I (2)=0%). Posthoc analyses showed no association between satiety or CAS and TEF expressed as a percentage of energy intake (EI) (P>0.49) or TEF expressed as a percentage of baseline EE (P>0.17). When adjusting for covariates, TEFiAUC was associated with protein intake (P=0.0085).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This IPD meta-analysis found no evidence supporting an association between satiety or CAS and TEF at protein intakes ∼15 E% (range 11-30 E%).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ravn
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nikolaj Ture
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Gregersen
authors.affiliation: The Parker Institute: Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lone Graasbøl
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: StatistiConsult, Ølstykke, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hels
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belza
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas Meinert
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Reduce APS - Research Clinic of Nutrition, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toubro
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
keywords: Composite Appetite Score; appetite; diet-induced thermogenesis; energy expenditure; satiety; thermic effect of a meal