title: Contribution of citrulline to the formation of ethyl carbamate during Chinese rice wine production.
abstract: Ethyl carbamate is a well-known carcinogen and widely occurs in Chinese rice wine. To provide more clues to minimise ethyl carbamate accumulation, the levels of possible precursors of ethyl carbamate in Chinese rice wine were investigated by HPLC. Studies of the possible precursors of ethyl carbamate in Chinese raw rice wine with various additives and treatments indicated that significant amounts of urea can account for ethyl carbamate formation. It was also recognised that citrulline is another important precursor that significantly affects ethyl carbamate production during the boiling procedure used in the Chinese rice wine manufacturing process. Besides urea and citrulline, arginine was also found to be an indirect ethyl carbamate precursor due to its ability to form urea and citrulline by microorganism metabolism.
authors.affiliation: a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.
authors.forename: Peihong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Junyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dianhui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guangfa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens; D002956:Citrulline / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005285:Fermentation; D005506:Food Contamination; D006358:Hot Temperature; D012275:Oryza; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry; D014520:Urethane / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D002956:Citrulline; D014520:Urethane; D000431:Ethanol; D014508:Urea
keywords: Chinese rice wine; citrulline; ethyl carbamate; precursor; urea