title: Denoising of 4D Cardiac Micro-CT Data Using Median-Centric Bilateral Filtration.
abstract: Bilateral filtration has proven an effective tool for denoising CT data. The classic filter utilizes Gaussian domain and range weighting functions in 2D. More recently, other distributions have yielded more accurate results in specific applications, and the bilateral filtration framework has been extended to higher dimensions. In this study, brute-force optimization is employed to evaluate the use of several alternative distributions for both domain and range weighting: Andrew's Sine Wave, El Fallah Ford, Gaussian, Flat, Lorentzian, Huber's Minimax, Tukey's Bi-weight, and Cosine. Two variations on the classic bilateral filter which use median filtration to reduce bias in range weights are also investigated: median-centric and hybrid bilateral filtration. Using the 4D MOBY mouse phantom reconstructed with noise (stdev. ~ 65 HU), hybrid bilateral filtration, a combination of the classic and median-centric filters, with Flat domain and range weighting is shown to provide optimal denoising results (PSNRs: 31.69, classic; 31.58 median-centric; 32.25, hybrid). To validate these phantom studies, the optimal filters are also applied to in vivo, 4D cardiac micro-CT data acquired in the mouse. In a constant region of the left ventricle, hybrid bilateral filtration with Flat domain and range weighting is shown to provide optimal smoothing (stdev: original, 72.2 HU; classic, 20.3 HU; median-centric, 24.1 HU; hybrid, 15.9 HU). While the optimal results were obtained using 4D filtration, the 3D hybrid filter is ultimately recommended for denoising 4D cardiac micro-CT data because it is more computationally tractable and less prone to artifacts (MOBY PSNR: 32.05; left ventricle stdev: 20.5 HU).
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Dept. of Radiology, Duke Univ. Med. Center, Durham, NC 27710.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Dept. of Radiology, Duke Univ. Med. Center, Durham, NC 27710.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Dept. of Radiology, Duke Univ. Med. Center, Durham, NC 27710.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Badea
keywords: 4D; bilateral filtration; cardiac imaging; denoising; in vivo; micro-CT; small animal