title: Effects of atorvastatin and insulin in vascular dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Atorvastatin and insulin have distinct mechanisms of action to improve endothelial function. Therefore, we hypothesized that atorvastatin and insulin therapies alone or in combination could have beneficial effects on endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity, oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic parameters in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes fed with atherogenic diet (GKAD). In parallel with the development of diabetes and lipid profile, the generation of oxidative stress was determined by measurement of lipid peroxides and oxidized proteins and the presence of inflammation was evaluated by assessing C-reactive protein (CRP). Additionally, endothelial dependent and independent vascular sensitivity to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were evaluated. GKAD showed increased carbonyl stress, inflammation, fasting glycemia, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction when compared to control GK rats. Noteworthy, supplementation with insulin deteriorated endothelial dysfunction while atorvastatin induced an improvement. Atorvastatin and insulin therapies in combination improved metabolic parameters, CRP levels and insulin resistance indexes and ameliorated endothelial dysfunction in GKAD rats while they were unable to reduce urinary 8-isoprostranes and plasma carbonyl compounds. The therapeutic association of atorvastatin and insulin provided a better metabolic control with a reduction in endothelial dysfunction in GKAD rats by a mechanism that involves an improvement in systemic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. csena@ci.uc.pt.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sena
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Matafome
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Louro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Seiça
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D011758:Pyrroles; D000069059:Atorvastatin