title: Towards the development of a wearable feedback system for monitoring the activities of the upper-extremities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body motion data registered by wearable sensors can provide objective feedback to patients on the effectiveness of the rehabilitation interventions they undergo. Such a feedback may motivate patients to keep increasing the amount of exercise they perform, thus facilitating their recovery during physical rehabilitation therapy. In this work, we propose a novel wearable and affordable system which can predict different postures of the upper-extremities by classifying force myographic (FMG) signals of the forearm in real-time.
  
  
  METHODS
  An easy to use force sensor resistor (FSR) strap to extract the upper-extremities FMG signals was prototyped. The FSR strap was designed to be placed on the proximal portion of the forearm and capture the activities of the main muscle groups with eight force input channels. The non-kernel based extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier with sigmoid based function was implemented for real-time classification due to its fast learning characteristics. A test protocol was designed to classify in real-time six upper-extremities postures that are needed to successfully complete a drinking task, which is a functional exercise often used in constraint-induced movement therapy. Six healthy volunteers participated in the test. Each participant repeated the drinking task three times. FMG data and classification results were recorded for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained results confirmed that the FMG data captured from the FSR strap produced distinct patterns for the selected upper-extremities postures of the drinking task. With the use of the non-kernel based ELM, the postures associated to the drinking task were predicted in real-time with an average overall accuracy of 92.33% and standard deviation of 3.19%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that the proposed wearable FSR strap was able to detect eight FMG signals from the forearm. In addition, the implemented ELM algorithm was able to correctly classify in real-time six postures associated to the drinking task. The obtained results therefore point out that the proposed system has potential for providing instant feedback during functional rehabilitation exercises.
authors.forename: Zhen G
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: MENRVA Group, School of Engineering Science, Faculty of Applied Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. cmenon@sfu.ca.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D004576:Electromyography; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult