title: The microstructural and biomechanical development of the condylar bone: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone constantly strives for optimal architecture. Mandibular condyle, which is subjected to various mechanical loads forcing it to be highly adaptive, has a unique structure and a relatively high remodelling rate. Despite the eminent clinical relevance of mandibular condyle, literature on its structural and biomechanical development and on the mechanical role of its mineralized and non-mineralized bone components is scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present review is to provide a brief introduction to basic bone mechanics and a synopsis of the growth and development of human mandibular condyle. Subsequently, the current ideas on the relationship between the structural and biomechanical properties of bone in general and of mandibular condyle in particular are reviewed. Finally, up-to-date knowledge from fundamental bone research will be blended with the current knowledge relevant to clinical dentistry, above all orthodontics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature study was performed with an emphasis on recent and innovative work focusing on the interaction between microarchitectural and micromechanical properties of bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mandibular condyle is a bone structure with a high bone turnover rate. Mechanical properties of mandibular condyle improve during adolescence and are optimal during adulthood. Local mineralization degree might not be a decisive determinant of the local bone tissue stiffness as was believed hitherto. Bone collagen and its cross links play a role in toughness and tensile strength of bone but not in its compressive properties. Clinical procedures might affect mandibular condyle, which is highly reactive to changes in its mechanical environment.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Orthodontics and**Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, MOVE Research Institute, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, the Netherlands nopwillems@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nop M B K
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: **Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, MOVE Research Institute, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Geerling E J
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Langenbach
authors.affiliation: **Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, MOVE Research Institute, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Everts
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Orthodontics and.
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zentner
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D003094:Collagen / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen