title: Primary obstructive megaureter: the role of high pressure balloon dilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a growing interest in minimally invasive treatment of primary obstructive megaureter (POM) in children. The absence of long-term follow-up data, however, makes it difficult to establish the indication for an endoscopic approach. The aim of our study is to determine the long-term efficacy of endourologic high-pressure balloon dilation of the vesicoureteral junction (VUJ) in children with POM that necessitates surgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records from children with POM who were treated with endourologic high-pressure balloon dilation of the VUJ from March 2003 to April 2010. To determine the long-term, a cohort study was conducted in November 2011. Endourologic dilation of the VUJ was performed with a semicompliant high-pressure balloon (2.7 FG) with a minimum balloon size of 3 mm, followed by placement of a Double-J stent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have treated 29 (32 renal units, left [n=16], right [n=10] and bilateral [n=3]) children with a diagnosis of POM within this period. The median age at the time of the endourologic treatment was 4.04 months (range 1.6-39 months). In three cases, an open ureteral reimplantation was needed, in two cases because of intraoperative technical failure and postoperative Double-J stent migration in one patient. The 26 children (29 renal units) who had a successful endourologic dilation of the VUJ were followed with ultrasonography and MAG-3-Lasix (furosemide) studies that showed a progressive improvement of both the ureterohydronephrosis and drainage in the first 18 months in 20 patients (23 renal units) (69%). In two patients who were treated with a 3 mm balloon, a further dilation was needed, with an excellent outcome. The cohort study (at a median follow-up of 47 months) showed that in all patients who had a good outcome at the 18-month follow-up after endourologic balloon dilation remained asymptomatic with resolution of ureterohydronephrosis on the US and good drainage on the renogram, in the children with some persistent hydronephrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that children with POM who were treated with high-pressure ballon dilation of the VUJ who have satisfactory appearance at 18 months maintain these results over time.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Urology Unit, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañon , Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Jose Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Angulo
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parente
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: Ana Rosa
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tardáguila
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004106:Dilatation / Q000379:methods*; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*