title: Sympatric incipient speciation of spiny mice Acomys at "Evolution Canyon," Israel.
abstract: Does the paucity of empirical evidence of sympatric speciation in nature reflect reality, despite theoretical support? Or is it due to inappropriate searches in nature with overly restrictive assumptions and an incorrect null hypothesis? Spiny mice, Acomys, described here at Evolution Canyon (EC) incipiently and sympatrically speciate owing to microclimatic interslope divergence. The opposite slopes at EC vary dramatically, physically and biotically, representing the dry and hot south-facing slope savannoid-African continent ["African" slope (AS)], abutting with the north-facing slope forested south-European continent ["European" slope (ES)]. African-originated spiny mice, of the Acomys cahirinus complex, colonized Israel 30,000 y ago based on fossils. Genotypically, we showed significantly higher genetic diversity of mtDNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism of Acomys on the AS compared with the ES. This is also true regionally across Israel. In complete mtDNA, 25% of the haplotypes at EC were slope-biased. Phenotypically, the opposite slope's populations also showed adaptive morphology, physiology, and behavior divergence paralleling regional populations across Israel. Preliminary tests indicate slope-specific mate choices. Colonization of Acomys at the EC first occurred on the AS and then moved to the ES. Strong slope-specific natural selection (both positive and negative) overrules low interslope gene flow. Both habitat slope selection and mate choices suggest ongoing incipient sympatric speciation. We conclude that Acomys at the EC is ecologically and genetically adaptively, incipiently, sympatrically speciating on the ES owing to adaptive microclimatic natural selection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel.
authors.forename: Yarin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hadid
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pavlícek
authors.forename: Avigdor
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beiles
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ianovici
authors.forename: Shmuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.forename: Eviatar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nevo
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D051456:Gene Flow; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D007557:Israel; D007621:Karyotyping; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051189:Murinae / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D061350:Sympatry
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: adaptation; ecological-speciation; microscale; rodents