title: Intestinal stem cell marker LGR5 expression during gastric carcinogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the differential expression of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) in gastric cancer tissues and its significance related to tumor growth and spread.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formalin-fixed biopsy specimens of intestinal metaplasia (n = 90), dysplasia (n = 53), gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 180), metastases in lymph nodes and the liver (n = 15), and lesion-adjacent normal gastric mucosa (controls; n = 145) were obtained for analysis from the Peking University Cancer Hospital's Department of Pathology and Gastrointestinal Surgery tissue archives (January 2003 to December 2011). The biopsied patients' demographic and clinicopathologic data were retrieved from the hospital's medical records database. Each specimen was subjected to histopathological typing to classify the tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage and to immunohistochemistry staining to detect the expression of the cancer stem cell marker LGR5. The intergroup differences in LGR5 expression were assessed by Spearman's rank correlation analysis, and the relationship between LGR5 expression level and the patients' clinicopathological characteristics was evaluated by the χ(2) test or Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly more gastric cancer tissues showed LGR5(+) staining than normal control tissues (all P < 0.01), with immunoreactivity detected in 72.2% (65/90) and 50.9% (27/53) of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia specimens, respectively, 52.8% (95/180) of gastric adenocarcinoma specimens, and 73.3%% (11/15) of metastasis specimens, but 26.9% (39/145) of lesion-adjacent normal gastric mucosa specimens. Comparison of the intensity of LGR5(+) staining showed an increasing trend that generally followed increasing dedifferentiation and tumor spread (normal tissue < dysplasia, < gastric adenocarcinoma <InvalidTagstasis; all P < 0.001), with the exception of expression level detected in intestinal metaplasia which was higher than that in normal gastric tissues (P < 0.001). Moreover, gastric cancer-associated enhanced expression of LGR5 was found to be signiﬁcantly associated with age, tumor differentiation, Lauren type and TNM stage (I + II vs III + IV) (all P < 0.05), but not with sex, tumor site, location, size, histology, lymphovascular invasion, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis. Patients with LGR5(+) gastric cancer specimens and without signs of metastasis from the original biopsy experienced more frequent rates of recurrence or metastasis during follow-up than patients with LGR5(-) specimens (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced LGR5 is related to progressive dedifferentiation and metastasis of gastric cancer, indicating the potential of this receptor as an early diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Xue
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Zhao-De
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Lian-Hai
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Ai-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jiang
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Xue Zheng, Zhao-De Bu, Lian-Hai Zhang, Zi-Yu Li, Ai-Wen Wu, Xiao-Jiang Wu, Jia-Fu Ji, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Fu
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001706:Biopsy; D054337:Cell Dedifferentiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008679:Metaplasia; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000032:analysis*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C116884:LGR5 protein, human; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
keywords: Cancer stem cell; Gastric cancer; Intestinal metaplasia; Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; Tumorigenesis