title: Underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks: advances and future trends in physical, MAC and routing layers.
abstract: This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on underwater wireless sensor networks, focusing on the lower layers of the communication stack, and envisions future trends and challenges. It analyzes the current state-of-the-art on the physical, medium access control and routing layers. It summarizes their security threads and surveys the currently proposed studies. Current envisioned niches for further advances in underwater networks research range from efficient, low-power algorithms and modulations to intelligent, energy-aware routing and medium access control protocols.
authors.affiliation: Institut ITACA, Universitat Politècnica de València, Edifici 8G, València 46022, Spain. scliment@itaca.upv.es.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Climent
authors.affiliation: Institut ITACA, Universitat Politècnica de València, Edifici 8G, València 46022, Spain. ansanma7@itaca.upv.es.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Institut ITACA, Universitat Politècnica de València, Edifici 8G, València 46022, Spain. jcapella@disca.upv.es.
authors.forename: Juan Vicente
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Capella
authors.affiliation: Institut ITACA, Universitat Politècnica de València, Edifici 8G, València 46022, Spain. n.meratnia@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Nirvana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meratnia
authors.affiliation: Institut ITACA, Universitat Politècnica de València, Edifici 8G, València 46022, Spain. jserrano@itaca.upv.es.
authors.forename: Juan Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Serrano
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000465:Algorithms; D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology; D014867:Water; D059015:Wireless Technology
chemical_list: D014867:Water