title: Smoky homes: gender, socioeconomic and housing disparities in second hand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure in a large population-based Australian cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although research suggests that socioeconomic status (SES) will be related to housing type with regard to second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, there has been no comprehensive examination of these relationships. This study aimed to explore associations between SHS exposure a) at home and b) at other places, and a number of SES, housing, and health factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the 45 and Up Study, a large cohort study with 266,848 adults in New South Wales, Australia, of which 160,824 participants aged 45-65years were included in this study. Associations between socio-demographic characteristics, smoking status, housing-type, SES, and exposure to SHS were explored initially using Chi-square tests. Ordinal logistic models were created with increasing exposure to SHS at home and at other places.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When measuring SHS exposure at home, being female (odds ratio (OR)=1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2, 1.3); being of lower age (45-49years vs 60-64years, OR=1.4, 95%CI=1.3, 1.5), being a current smoker of over 20 cigarettes per day (vs never smoked, OR=10.2, 95%CI=9.4,11); living in other types of dwelling compared to living at home (OR=1.3, 95%CI=1.1, 1.4), living with a partner (vs being single OR=2.3, 95%CI=2.1, 2.5), and low SES measures were associated with increased exposure. Increasing SHS exposure at other places was also related to low SES measures, however unlike SHS exposure at home, SHS exposure at other places was associated with being male (OR=1.5, 95%CI=1.5, 1.6); and greater paid hours of work (OR=1.3, 95%CI=1.2, 1.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved monitoring of SHS exposure in high risk environments is required. Tailoring SHS messages to environments may also be required, for example to women living in units, apartments and mobile homes and males in lower income workplaces.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia. Electronic address: billie.bonevski@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonevski
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), Australia, 153 Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo 2011, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bisquera
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Regan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006798:Housing / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Health; Housing social disparity; Second-hand smoke; Socioeconomic status