title: Toxicological assessment of combined lead and cadmium: acute and sub-chronic toxicity study in rats.
abstract: The exposure to chemical mixtures is a common and important determinant of toxicity and receives concern for their introduction by inhalation and ingestion. However, few in vivo mixture studies have been conducted to understand the health effects of chemical mixtures compared with single chemicals. In this study, the acute and 90day sub-chronic toxicity tests of combined Pb and Cd were conducted. In the acute toxicity test, the LD50 value of Pb(NO3)2 and CdCl2 mixture by the oral route was 2696.54mg/kg by Bliss method. The sub-chronic treatment revealed that the low-dose combination of Pb and Cd exposures can significantly change the physiological and biochemical parameters of the blood of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with dose-response relationship and causes microcytic hypochromic anemia and the damages of liver and kidney of the SD rats to various degrees. Histopathological exams showed that the target organs of Pb and Cd were testicle, liver, and kidneys. These observations suggest that Pb and Cd are practically additive-toxic for the SD rats in oral acute toxicity studies. The lowest observed adverse-effect level in rats may be lower than a dose of 29.96mg/(kgbwday) when administered orally for 90 consecutive days.
authors.affiliation: Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
authors.forename: Guiping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
authors.forename: Shujun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China. Electronic address: yinzhongq@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhongqiong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
authors.forename: Hongke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
authors.forename: Renyong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
authors.forename: Xinghong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D059550:Toxicity Tests, Subchronic
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead
keywords: Acute toxicity test; Pb and Cd; Sub-chronic toxicity test