title: Costs and utilization of public sector family planning services in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The public sector provides a third of family planning (FP) services in Pakistan. However, these services are viewed as being underutilized and expensive. We explored the utilization patterns and costs of FP services in the public sector.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used overall budgets and time allocation by health and population departments to estimate the total costs of FP by these departments, costs per woman served, and costs per couple-year of protection (CYP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The public sector is the predominant provider of FP to the poorest and is the main provider of female sterilization services. The overall costs of FP in the public sector are USD 55 per woman served, annually (USD 17 per CYP). Within the public sector, the population welfare departments provide services at USD 72 per woman served, annually (USD 17 per CYP) and the health departments at USD 39 per woman per year (USD 29 per CYP).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the public sector has a critical niche in serving the poor and providing female sterilization, its services are considerably more expensive compared to international and even some Pakistani non-government organization (NGO) costs. This reflects inefficiencies in services provided, client mistrust in the quality of services provided, and inadequate referrals, and will require specific actions for improving referrals and the quality of services.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Solutions, Islamabad.
authors.forename: Khadija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Solutions, Islamabad.
authors.forename: Adnan Ahmad
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Solutions, Islamabad.
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan; D017150:Public Sector / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies