title: Interrater agreement of an observational tool to code knockouts and technical knockouts in mixed martial arts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interrater agreement evaluation of a tool to document and code the situational factors and mechanisms of knockouts (KOs) and technical knockouts (TKOs) in mixed martial arts (MMA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Professional MMA matches from the Ultimate Fighting Championship-2006-2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two nonmedically trained independent raters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MMA Knockout Tool (MMA-KT) consists of 20 factors and captures and codes information on match characteristics, situational context preceding KOs and TKOs, as well as describing competitor states during these outcomes. The MMA-KT also evaluates the mechanism of action and subsequent events surrounding a KO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2 raters coded 125 unique events for a total of 250 events. The 8 factors of Part A had an average κ of 0.87 (SD = 0.10; range = 0.65-0.98); 7 were considered "substantial" agreement and 1 "moderate." Part B consists of 12 factors with an average κ of 0.84 (SD = 0.16; range = 0.59-1.0); 7 classified as "substantial" agreement, 4 "moderate," and 1 "fair." The majority of the factors in the MMA-KT demonstrated substantial interrater agreement, with an average κ of 0.86 (SD = 0.13; range = 0.59-1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MMA-KT is a reliable tool to extract and code relevant information to investigate the situational factors and mechanism of KOs and TKOs in MMA competitions.
authors.affiliation: *Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; †David L. MacIntosh Sport Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ‡Division of Neurosurgery, Injury Prevention Research Office, Keenan Research Centre, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and §University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cusimano
authors.forename: Tanveer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016139:Martial Arts / Q000293:injuries*; D015588:Observer Variation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000175:diagnosis*