title: Long-term monitoring of Dzanga Bai forest elephants: forest clearing use patterns.
abstract: Individual identification of the relatively cryptic forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) at forest clearings currently provides the highest quality monitoring data on this ecologically important but increasingly threatened species. Here we present baseline data from the first 20 years of an individually based study of this species, conducted at the Dzanga Clearing, Central African Republic. A total of 3,128 elephants were identified over the 20-year study (1,244 adults; 675 females, 569 males). It took approximately four years for the majority of elephants visiting the clearing to be identified, but new elephants entered the clearing every year of the study. The study population was relatively stable, varying from 1,668 to 1,864 individuals (including juveniles and infants), with increasingly fewer males than females over time. The age-class distribution for females remained qualitatively unchanged between 1995 and 2010, while the proportion of adult males decreased from 20% to 10%, likely reflecting increased mortality. Visitation patterns by individuals were highly variable, with some elephants visiting monthly while others were ephemeral users with visits separated by multiple years. The number of individuals in the clearing at any time varied between 40 and 100 individuals, and there was little evidence of a seasonal pattern in this variation. The number of elephants entering the clearing together (defined here as a social group) averaged 1.49 (range 1-12) for males and 2.67 (range 1-14) for females. This collation of 20 years of intensive forest elephant monitoring provides the first detailed, long term look at the ecology of bai visitation for this species, offering insight to the ecological significance and motivation for bai use, social behavior, and threats to forest elephants. We discuss likely drivers (rainfall, compression, illegal killing, etc.) influencing bai visitation rates. This study provides the baseline for future demographic and behavioral studies of this population.
authors.affiliation: The Wildlife Conservation Society, Africa Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America ; The Elephant Listening Project, Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrea K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Turkalo
authors.affiliation: The Elephant Listening Project, Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Wrege
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America ; Save The Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wittemyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002488:Central African Republic; D004606:Elephants / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D065928:Forests; D008297:Male; D011157:Population Dynamics