title: Hemodynamic and neuropathological analysis in rats with aluminum trichloride-induced Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemodynamic normality is crucial to maintaining the integrity of cerebral vessels and, therefore, preserving the cognitive functions of Alzheimer's disease patients. This study investigates the implications of the hemodynamic changes and the neuropathological diversifications of AlCl3-induced AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental animals were 8- to 12-wk-old male Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: a control group and a (+)control group. Food intake, water intake, and weight changes were recorded daily for 22 wk. Synchronously, the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of the rats with AlCl3-induced AD were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The hemorheological parameters were analyzed using a computerized auto-rotational rheometer. The brain tissue of the subjects was analyzed using immunohistological chemical (IHC) staining to determine the beta-amyloid (Aβ) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of hemodynamic analysis revealed that the whole blood viscosity (WBV), fibrinogen, plasma viscosity and RBC aggregation index (RAI) in (+)control were significantly higher than that of control group, while erythrocyte electrophoresis (EI) of whole blood in (+)control were significantly lower than that of control group. The results of acetylcholinesterase-RBC (AChE-RBC)in the (+)control group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The results also show that the reduction of rCBF in rats with AlCl3-induced AD was approximately 50% to 60% that of normal rats. IHC stain results show that significantly more Aβ plaques accumulated in the hippocampus and cortex of the (+)control than in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results accentuate the importance of hemorheology and reinforce the specific association between hemodynamic and neuropathological changes in rats with AlCl3-induced AD. Hemorheological parameters, such as WBV and fibrinogen, and AChE-RBC were ultimately proven to be useful biomarkers of the severity and progression of AD patients. In addition, the parameters can be substituted for invasive inspection in therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Szu-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan ; Department of Physiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary MRI/MRS Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Shiuan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chiue
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary MRI/MRS Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jyh-Horng
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ruey-Shyang
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hseu
mesh_terms: D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002712:Chlorides; D004777:Environment; D004924:Escape Reaction; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D008568:Memory; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D002712:Chlorides; D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase