title: RNA sequencing identifies dysregulation of the human pancreatic islet transcriptome by the saturated fatty acid palmitate.
abstract: Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and death are central in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Saturated fatty acids cause β-cell failure and contribute to diabetes development in genetically predisposed individuals. Here we used RNA sequencing to map transcripts expressed in five palmitate-treated human islet preparations, observing 1,325 modified genes. Palmitate induced fatty acid metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Functional studies identified novel mediators of adaptive ER stress signaling. Palmitate modified genes regulating ubiquitin and proteasome function, autophagy, and apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagic flux and lysosome function contributed to lipotoxicity. Palmitate inhibited transcription factors controlling β-cell phenotype, including PAX4 and GATA6. Fifty-nine T2D candidate genes were expressed in human islets, and 11 were modified by palmitate. Palmitate modified expression of 17 splicing factors and shifted alternative splicing of 3,525 transcripts. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of modified transcripts and genes confirmed that top changed functions related to cell death. Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) analysis of transcription factor binding sites in palmitate-modified transcripts revealed a role for PAX4, GATA, and the ER stress response regulators XBP1 and ATF6. This human islet transcriptome study identified novel mechanisms of palmitate-induced β-cell dysfunction and death. The data point to cross talk between metabolic stress and candidate genes at the β-cell level.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium mcnop@ulb.ac.be.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cnop
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Baroj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abdulkarim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bottu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Igoillo-Esteve
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masini
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean-Valery
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Turatsinze
authors.affiliation: Functional Bioinformatics, Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmica, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Thasso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Griebel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Olatz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Villate
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Izortze
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Santin
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bugliani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ladriere
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marselli
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K.Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K.Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.affiliation: Functional Bioinformatics, Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmica, Barcelona, SpainLaboratório Nacional de Computação Cientifica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sammeth
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Décio L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Eizirik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010168:Palmitates / Q000378:metabolism*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D015398:Signal Transduction; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D010168:Palmitates