title: Lifestyle factors associated with the risk of prostate cancer among Pakistani men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-adjusted incidence of prostate cancer in Pakistan is 5.3 per 100,000 which is relatively low as compared to other Asian countries, but increasing numbers of cases are being reported. Data on risk factors associated with prostate cancer risk among Pakistani men are sparse. The objective of this study was to identify lifestyle factors associated with the risk of prostate cancer in Pakistani men.
  
  
  METHODS
  An unmatched case-control study was conducted in Lahore from February to October 2011. The study enrolled 195 histologically confirmed cases of adenocarcinoma of prostate from Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL) and Lady Reading Hospital. Peshawar, using purposive sampling technique. A total of 390 hospital controls were selected using convenient sampling technique from different teaching hospitals of Lahore after screening with prostate specific antigen levels. A semi-structured interview form was used to collect data through face-to-face interviews. Odds ratio was used as a measure of strength of association and was calculated using unconditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Farmers were found to be at higher odds of prostate cancer (OR 19.76; 95% CI 5.51-70.80; p < 0.001). No significant association was found with marital status, ethnic background, religious affiliation and consanguineous marriages. Level of physical activity was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (OR 0.05; 95% CI 0.01-0.26; p < 0.001). Positive association was found with increased red meat consumption (OR 11.82; 95% CI 2.88-48.54; p = 0.001) and dairy products intake (11.76; 95% CI 4.23-32.67; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Red meat consumption, higher dairy products intake and working as farmers are strongly associated with increased odds of prostate cancer among Pakistani men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Fatima Jinnah Medical College Lahore, Paksitan. shahidsethi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Fatima Jinnah Medical College Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ghazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qasmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ashfaq
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farkhanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kokab
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Fatima Jinnah Medical College Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Farhan
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.affiliation: Children Hospital Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Imtiaz
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Anjum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Razzaq
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors