title: Brazilian Medical Association guidelines for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of panic disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the most relevant findings regarding the Brazilian Medical Association guidelines for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of panic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the methodology proposed by the Brazilian Medical Association for the Diretrizes Project. The MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS online databases were queried for articles published from 1980 to 2012. Searchable questions were structured using the PICO format (acronym for "patient" [or population], "intervention" [or exposure], "comparison" [or control], and "outcome").
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present data on clinical manifestations and implications of panic disorder and its association with depression, drug abuse, dependence and anxiety disorders. In addition, discussions were held on the main psychiatric and clinical differential diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The guidelines are proposed to serve as a reference for the general practitioner and specialist to assist in and facilitate the diagnosis of panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michelle Nigri
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Levitan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão PretoSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chagas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão PretoSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ila M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Linares
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão PretoSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine: Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto AlegreRS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauro B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Terra
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos Jose de Barros Falcão, Porto AlegreRS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alcir T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Giglio
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão PretoSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joana L C
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão PretoSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovana J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Associação Brasileira de Neurologia, Associação Brasileira de NeurologiaBrazil, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Associação Médica Brasileira, Associação Médica BrasileiraBrazil, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nathalia C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Andrada
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nardi
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001938:Brazil; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010300:Parkinson Disease; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D012955:Societies, Medical