title: Effects of fluoride concentration on enamel demineralization kinetics in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to measure the effects of fluoride concentration on the real-time in vitro demineralization of enamel during exposure to caries-simulating conditions using Scanning Microradiography (SMR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Enamel blocks obtained from non-carious human molars were fixed in SMR environmental cells, through which acidic solutions (0.1M acetic acid, pH 4.0) were circulated for periods of 48h. SMR was used to quantitatively measure continuous mineral mass loss. Subsequently, the effects of sequentially increasing fluoride concentration (0.1-4500mg/L [F(-)]) in the acidic solutions were measured on the rate of enamel demineralization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data shows a log-linear relationship between [F(-)] and reduction in demineralization up to 135mg/L [F(-)]. Above 135mg/L, no further significant decrease in demineralization occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimum range of local fluoride concentration for reducing enamel demineralization was in the range 0.1-135mg/L [F(-)] under the conditions studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatively low [F(-)] can exhibit near-optimum protection. Increasing the fluoride concentrations above 135mg/L may not necessarily give an increased cariostatic benefit. Improving the means of delivery of relatively low fluoride concentrations to the oral fluids through slow releasing mechanisms, such as the oral fluoride reservoirs, is the more appropriate way forward for sustaining long-term clinical efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Centre for Oral Growth and Development, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom. Electronic address: n.mohammed@qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nasrine R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St. George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 0DE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Centre for Oral Growth and Development, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008852:Microradiography / Q000379:methods; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013997:Time Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D008903:Minerals; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D019342:Acetic Acid; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Caries; Demineralization; Fluoride(s); Mineralized tissue; Scanning Microradiography