title: Use of urinary biomarkers of ovarian function and altrenogest supplementation to enhance captive breeding success in the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis).
abstract: Urinary hormone analysis was conducted on two adult female Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) that exhibited minimal or no estrual behaviors traditionally used to time breeding. Urine was collected throughout two consecutive estrous cycles to establish preliminary data on each individual's pattern and concentration of estrogen conjugates (EC) and progesterone metabolites (PdG) during follicular and luteal phases. Following preliminary endocrine analysis, urine samples were shipped on a frequent basis to verify when each female was off baseline in EC. Estrus and breeding dates were then predicted. Females were introduced to fresh male rhinoceros fecal samples daily throughout the follicular phase to potentially stimulate estrous behaviors. Despite successful assessment of follicular phase dynamics, females sometimes failed to exhibit estrus. Both females conceived following mating introductions that were timed using hormone analysis. Pregnancy was diagnosed either by endocrine analysis or rectal ultrasonography. Progestational support (altrenogest) occurred after pregnancy confirmation and varied for each female (21 and 66 days post-breeding). One female experienced early pregnancy loss and the other successfully completed a term pregnancy. These results demonstrate that a science based management strategy that relies on urinary biomarkers of ovarian function can facilitate naturally breeding captive Indian rhinoceroses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Monica A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stoops
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Nancy P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism*; D010527:Perissodactyla / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D011374:Progesterone / Q000652:urine; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins; C023445:altrenogest; D011374:Progesterone; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate
keywords: estrogen conjugates; estrous cycle; pregnancy; progesterone metabolites; progesterone supplementation; silent estrus