title: Determination of bioequivalence for drugs with narrow therapeutic index: reduction of the regulatory burden.
abstract: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently suggested that the bioequivalence (BE) for products of drugs with narrow therapeutic indices (NTI) be assessed by the approach of reference-scaled average BE (SABE). Subsequently, in December, 2012, the FDA issued draft guidances for the comparison of products of warfarin sodium and of tacrolimus. The guidances expect that 4-period studies be performed, that the results be evaluated by SABE, and that the analysis include also unscaled average BE as well as the comparison of the estimated within-subject variations (sW) of the test and reference drug products. This communication discusses the new guidances and suggests considerations to reduce the regulatory burden. It is demonstrated that SABE could be applied when the within-subject variation of the reference product is not higher than 21.42%. Beyond this variation, the BE limits would remain 80% to 125%, as usual. No further testing by unscaled average BE is needed. It is also suggested that a comparison of the within-subject variations of the two drug products although interesting for both NTI and other drugs, is not essential for the determination of BE. In addition, when the within-subject variabilities are low then their ratio depends mainly on the non-product dependent factors. Moreover, introduction of an additional test would affect the probabilities involved in the primary comparison of the two means. Therefore, the test of comparing variances is not needed and replicate measurements of the test formulation need not be performed. Alternative considerations and approaches, including the use of partial AUC's, are suggested for the determination of BE for NTI drugs.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto.
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Endrenyi
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tothfalusi
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D014859:Warfarin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin