title: Association of dietary factors and other coronary risk factors with social class in women in five Indian cities.
abstract: The association between social classes, food intake and coronary risk factors was determined. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 6-12 urban streets in each of five cities, each one from five different regions of India using similar methods of dietary intakes and criteria of diagnosis. We randomly selected 3257 women aged 25-64 years inclusive, from Moradabad (n = 902), Trivandrum (n = 760), Calcutta (n = 410), Nagpur (n = 405) and Bombay (n = 780). All subjects, after pooling of data, were divided into social class 1 (n = 985), class 2 (n = 790), class 3 (n = 774), class 4 (n = 602) and class 5 (n = 206) based on various attributes of socioeconomic status. Social class 1 was the highest and 5 was the lowest social class. Social classes 1-3 had greater intake of pro-atherogenic foods; total visible fat, milk and milk products, meat and eggs, as well as sugar and confectionery, compared to social classes 4 and 5. The consumption of wheat, rice, millets, fruits, vegetables and legume/total visible fat ratio were inversely associated with social class. Mean body mass index (BMI), obesity, overweight, central obesity and sedentary lifestyle were also significantly more common among subjects from higher social classes. Spearman's rank correlation showed that bodyweight, BMI, wheat, rice, millets, total visible fat, milk and milk products, meat, eggs, sugar and jaggery intakes were significantly correlated with social class. Social class 5 subjects had a lower intake of all foods and a lower BMI, suggestive of a higher rate of undernutrition among them. The findings indicate that the consumption of pro-atherogenic foods and other coronary risk factors are more common in higher social classes compared to lower social classes.
authors.affiliation: Preventive Cardiology and Nutrition, Heart Research Laboratory MHRC Civil Lines, Moradabad-10 (UP) 244001, India.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beegom
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kundu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Simhadri
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Paranjpe
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agarwal