title: The impact of spectral resolution on the mismatch response to Mandarin Chinese tones: an ERP study of cochlear implant simulations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the impact of spectral resolution on the processing of lexical tones and the number of frequency channels required for a cochlear implant (CI) to transmit Chinese tonal information to the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  ERPs were recorded in an auditory oddball task. Normal-hearing participants listened to speech sounds of two tones and their CI simulations in 1, 4, 8, or 32 channels. The mismatch response elicited by speech sounds and CI simulations in different numbers of channels were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mismatch negativity (MMN) was observed for speech sounds. For the 1-channel CI simulations, deviants elicited a more positive waveform than standard stimuli. No MMN response was observed with the 4-channel simulations. A reliable MMN response was observed for the 8- and 32-channel simulations. The MMN responses elicited by the 8- and 32-channel simulations were equivalent in magnitudes and smaller than that elicited by speech sounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than eight frequency channels are required for a CI to transmit Chinese tonal information. The presence of both positive and negative mismatch responses suggests multiple mechanisms underlying auditory mismatch responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings of spectral resolution constraints on the transmission of tonal information should be taken into account in the design of the CI devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Education, University of Taipei, Taiwan; Program of Speech & Language Pathology, University of Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taiwan; Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Education, University of Taipei, Taiwan; Program of Speech & Language Pathology, University of Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Man-Chun
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Ling
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taiwan; Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan. Electronic address: skcheng@cc.ncu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shih-Kuen
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People / Q000145:classification*; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003142:Communication; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010700:Phonetics; D010897:Pitch Discrimination; D013067:Speech Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cochlear implant simulations; Cochlear implants; ERPs; MMN; Mandarin tone; P-MMR