title: Equilibrium gel filtration to measure plasma protein binding of very highly bound drugs.
abstract: For very highly bound drugs (fu < 2%), the determination of the unbound fraction in plasma (fu) and a reliable estimation of protein-binding differences across species, populations, or concentrations is challenging. The difficulty is not mostly assay sensitivity but rather experimental bias. In equilibrium gel filtration (EGF)--opposite to the commonly used methods--the amount bound at a set-free concentration is determined. Therefore, signals and differences are bigger for more highly protein-bound drugs. We describe here a new experimental set-up developed to investigate binding in plasma and compare results with those obtained with standard methods for nine Novartis compounds. The method was then applied for two drugs for which it was challenging to obtain precise data with standard methods: midostaurin and siponimod. Despite the very high binding (fu ≤ 0.1%), precise estimation of up to 10-fold species differences relevant for safety assessments was possible. Evidence for the correctness of the data by comparison with other pharmacokinetics parameters is provided. Sensitivity to potential sources of experimental bias is compared with standard methods and advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed. In conclusion, EGF allows accurate determination of fu for very highly bound drugs and differentiation even above 99.9% of binding.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Institutes for Bio Medical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H Markus
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gatlik
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002850:Chromatography, Gel / Q000379:methods*; D003956:Dialysis; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000097:blood*; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D012015:Reference Standards; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014461:Ultracentrifugation; D014462:Ultrafiltration
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: albumin; alpha 1-acid glycoprotein; clinical pharmacokinetics; distribution; protein binding; toxicokinetics