title: Detection of atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) confers a high risk of recurrent stroke, although detection methods and definitions of paroxysmal AF during screening vary. We therefore undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the frequency of newly detected AF using noninvasive or invasive cardiac monitoring after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational studies or randomized controlled trials of patients with ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or both, who underwent any cardiac monitoring for a minimum of 12 hours, were included after electronic searches of multiple databases. The primary outcome was detection of any new AF during the monitoring period. We prespecified subgroup analysis of selected (prescreened or cryptogenic) versus unselected patients and according to duration of monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 32 studies were analyzed. The overall detection rate of any AF was 11.5% (95% confidence interval, 8.9%-14.3%), although the timing, duration, method of monitoring, and reporting of diagnostic criteria used for paroxysmal AF varied. Detection rates were higher in selected (13.4%; 95% confidence interval, 9.0%-18.4%) than in unselected patients (6.2%; 95% confidence interval, 4.4%-8.3%). There was substantial heterogeneity even within specified subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detection of AF was highly variable, and the review was limited by small sample sizes and marked heterogeneity. Further studies are required to inform patient selection, optimal timing, methods, and duration of monitoring for detection of AF/paroxysmal AF.
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke and Vascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (A.K., P.J.T., C.J.S.) and Centre for Biostatistics (A.V.), University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom; Greater Manchester Comprehensive Stroke Centre, Department of Medical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (A.K., A.M., P.J.T., C.J.S.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.D., K.R.L.).
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishore
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vail
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majid
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Kennedy R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Pippa J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018401:Sample Size; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: atrial fibrillation; ischemic attack, transient; stroke