title: Genotoxic response and oxidative stress induced by diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen in Daphnia magna.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used pharmaceuticals in Mexico, but there is not proper regulation on the sale, use and disposal. These drugs can enter water bodies by diverse pathways, attaining significant concentrations and inducing damage on hydrobionts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the oxidative stress and consequent damage to genetic material induced by DCF, IBP and NPX on Daphnia magna.
  
  
  METHODS
  The acute toxicity assays were performed to 48-h by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs evaluated. A sublethal assay were done after 48 h of exposure to DCF, IBP and NPX added to water with the concentration equivalent to the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), 9.7 mg/L for DCF, 2.9 mg/L for IBP and 0.017 mg/L for NPX. The DNA damage (comet assay) was evaluated at 12, 48 and 96 h. The oxidative biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation; protein carbonyl content; activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  D. magna exposed to DCF, IBP and NPX showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) with respect to controls in LPX. PCC was increased in IBP exposure. SOD and CAT activity were increased by exposure to IBP and NPX. GPX shows a significant increase with respect to control in IBP and DCF exposure and significant decrease by NPX exposure. DNA damage was observed in 48 and 96 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCF, IBP and NPX were responsible of alterations in biochemical biomarkers evaluated and DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México , Toluca, State of Mexico , Mexico and.
authors.forename: Leobardo Manuel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Oliván
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
authors.forename: Analleli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valdés-Alanís
authors.forename: Hariz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Islas-Flores
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neri-Cruz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008800:Mexico; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009288:Naproxen / Q000633:toxicity; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D009288:Naproxen; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Catalase; DNA damage; NSAID; glutation peroxidase; lipid peroxidation; protein carbonyl; superoxide dismutase