title: Formation and toxicity of brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination of water: a review.
abstract: Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water exhibit considerable adverse health effects; recent focus is on the brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). The chlorination and chloramination of bromide ion containing water produce reactive bromo species, which subsequently react with natural organic matter (NOM) to yield Br-DBPs. The possible reactions involved in generating DBPs are presented. Identified Br-DBPs include bromomethanes, bromoacetic acid, bromoacetamides, bromoacetonitriles, and bromophenols. Mixed chloro- and bromo-species have also been identified. Pathways of the formation of Br-DBPs have been described. The concentration of Br- ion, pH, reaction time, and the presence of Cu(II) influence the yield of DBPs. The effects of water conditions on the production of Br-DBPs are presented. The epidemiological studies to understand the potential toxic effects of DBPs including Br-DBPs are summarized. Brominated DBPs may have higher health risks than their corresponding chlorinated DBPs. A potential role of an emerging alternate disinfectant, ferrate (FeV)O(2-)4), in minimizing DBPs is briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Virender K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Radek
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zboril
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D054879:Halogenation; D006801:Humans; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical