title: A new classification system for chronic lung allograft dysfunction.
abstract: Although survival after lung transplantation has improved significantly during the last decade, chronic rejection is thought to be the major cause of late mortality. The physiologic hallmark of chronic rejection has been a persistent fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second associated with an obstructive ventilatory defect, for which the term bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) was defined to allow a uniformity of description and grading of severity throughout the world. Although BOS was generally thought to be irreversible, recent evidence suggests that some patients with BOS may respond to azithromycin with > 10% improvement in their forced expiratory volume in 1 second. In addition, a restrictive form of chronic rejection has recently been described that does not fit the strict definition of BOS as an obstructive defect. Hence, the term chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) has been introduced to cover all forms of graft dysfunction, but CLAD has yet to be defined. We propose a definition of CLAD and a flow chart that may facilitate recognition of the different phenotypes of CLAD that can complicate the clinical course of lung transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Lung Transplantation Unit, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: geert.verleden@uzleuven.be.
authors.forename: Geert M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Verleden
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raghu
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: The Lung Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia.
authors.forename: Allan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Glanville
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Transplantation and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Corris
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001989:Bronchiolitis Obliterans / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000145:classification* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D010641:Phenotype; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D017963:Azithromycin
keywords: ARAD; BOS; CLAD; Lung transplantation; RAS; classification system