title: High proportion of patients with end-stage heart failure regardless of aetiology demonstrates anti-cardiac antibody deposition in failing myocardium: humoral activation, a potential contributor of disease progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various reports have raised the possibility of humoral immune responses as contributors for the progression of heart failure. Previous studies, however, have focused on the analysis of serum and documented circulating antibodies against a variety of cardiac proteins. However, there is little evidence on whether anti-cardiac antibodies are deposited in end-stage failing myocardium. Our objective was to determine whether or not there was evidence of deposition of anti-cardiac antibodies and/or activated complement components in end-stage failing human myocardium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial samples were obtained from 100 end-stage heart failure patients and 40 donor control biopsies. Sections were cut and stained using standard fluorescent immunohistochemistry techniques with anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG3, and C3c. Gel electrophoresis and protein identification by mass spectrometry were used to confirm the presence of IgG and its antigen. Immunoglobulin G was localized to the sarcolemma in 71% of patients, 48% of those being positive for the subtype IgG3. The proportion of patients with ischaemic heart disease that was positive for IgG was 65% and among those with non-ischaemic aetiologies was 76%. In a subgroup analysis, the presence of IgG and its subunits were confirmed by mass spectrometry and adenosine triphosphate synthase β subunit identified as an antigen. Complement was activated in 31% of all patients. The presence of IgG, IgG3, and C3c was directly correlated with the length of disease (r = 0.451, P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence of anti-cardiac antibodies and complement activation was found in a large number of patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy regardless of the aetiology. Adenosine triphosphate synthase appears to be a new prominent antigenic stimulus; but more interestingly, the simultaneous co-existence of activated complement components suggests that this humoral mechanism may participate in disease progression.
authors.affiliation: The Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite 1901, Houston, TX 77494, USA.
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Youker
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Assad-Kottner
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cordero-Reyes
authors.forename: Alejandro R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Trevino
authors.forename: Jose H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Flores-Arredondo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrios
authors.forename: Evaristo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Sada
authors.forename: Jerry D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Estep
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhimaraj
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torre-Amione
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000276:immunology; D000906:Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D000941:Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases
keywords: ATP synthase; Antibodies; Autoimmunity; Heart failure; Myocardium