title: Anterior-posterior dissociation of the default mode network in dogs.
abstract: The default mode network (DMN) in humans has been extensively studied using seed-based correlation analysis (SCA) and independent component analysis (ICA). While DMN has been observed in monkeys as well, there are conflicting reports on whether they exist in rodents. Dogs are higher mammals than rodents, but cognitively not as advanced as monkeys and humans. Therefore, they are an interesting species in the evolutionary hierarchy for probing the comparative functions of the DMN across species. In this study, we sought to know whether the DMN, and consequently its functions such as self-referential processing, are exclusive to humans/monkeys or can we also observe the DMN in animals such as dogs. To address this issue, resting state functional MRI data from the brains of lightly sedated dogs and unconstrained and fully awake dogs were acquired, and ICA and SCA were performed for identifying the DMN. Since anesthesia can alter resting state networks, confirming our results in awake dogs was essential. Awake dog imaging was accomplished by training the dogs to keep their head still using reinforcement behavioral adaptation techniques. We found that the anterior (such as anterior cingulate and medial frontal) and posterior regions (such as posterior cingulate) of the DMN were dissociated in both awake and anesthetized dogs.
authors.affiliation: AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Sreenath P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kyathanahally
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Oleg M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Pustovyy
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Waggoner
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beyers
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Nouha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salibi
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Denney
authors.forename: Vitaly J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Vodyanoy
authors.forename: Gopikrishna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deshpande
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003243:Consciousness; D004285:Dogs; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives