title: The effect of moderate gestational alcohol consumption during pregnancy on speech and language outcomes in children: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consensus has not been reached on safe alcohol consumption recommendations during pregnancy. The National Institutes for Care and Health Excellence (NICE) in the UK suggest that one to two drinks not more than twice per week is safe. However, the speech and language effects of even low levels of alcohol use among offspring are unknown. The aim of this study was to review systematically the evidence on studies of the effect of low to moderate levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy (up to 70 grams of alcohol per week) compared to abstinence on speech and language outcomes in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using medical subject headings, PubMed, Web of knowledge, Scopus, Embase, Cinahl and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception up to March 2012. Case control and cohort studies were included. Two assessors independently reviewed titles, abstracts and full articles, extracted data and assessed quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,397 titles and abstracts were reviewed of which 51 full texts were retrieved. Three cohort studies totaling 10,642 women met the inclusion criteria. All three studies, (United States (2) and Australia (1)) indicated that language was not impaired as a result of low to moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Two studies were judged to be of low quality based on a six-item bias classification tool. Due to heterogeneity, results could not be meta-analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies included in this review do not provide sufficient evidence to confirm or refute an association between low to moderate alcohol use during pregnancy and speech and language outcomes in children. High quality, population based studies are required to establish the safety of low to moderate levels of alcohol use such as those set out by the NICE guidelines in the UK.
authors.affiliation: National Perinatal Epidemiology Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland. l.okeeffe@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kearney
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*