title: Prevalence, knowledge, attitude and practice of speeding in two districts in Kenya: Thika and Naivasha.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Kenya, RTIs had the second highest increase in disability-adjusted life years between 1990 and 2010, compared to other conditions. This study aims to determine the prevalence, knowledge, attitudes and practices for speeding in Thika and Naivasha districts in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct observations of vehicle speed were conducted at various times during the day and different days of the week on six roads selected based on a multi-stage sampling method in two districts to determine the prevalence of speeding. Roadside KAP interviews were administered to drivers, at motorcycle bays, petrol stations, and rest areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight rounds of speed observations and four rounds of KAP interviews were conducted between July 2010 and November 2012. Results from the speeding observational studies show an overall high proportion of vehicles speeding above posted limits in both districts, with an average of 46.8% in Thika and 40.2% in Naivasha. Trend analysis revealed a greater decline in this prevalence in Thika (OR: 0.804, 95% CI: 0.793-0.814) than in Naivasha (OR: 0.932, 95% CI: 0.919-0.945) over the study period. On average, 58.8% of speeding vehicles in Thika and 57.2% of speeding vehicles in Naivasha travelled at 10 km/h or higher above speed limit. While the majority of respondents agreed that speeding is a cause of road traffic crashes in both Thika (70.3%) and Naivasha (68.7%), knowledge of speed limits at the location of the interview was limited. Enforcement levels also remained low, but subsequent rounds of data collection showed improvement, especially in Thika.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates an improvement in the prevalence of speeding in two districts of Kenya over 2010-2012. It also highlights the need for further action to be taken to address the problem, and represents new data on speeding in Kenya and Africa.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: abachani@jhsph.edu.
authors.forename: Abdulgafoor M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bachani
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Yuen Wai
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Roless Media Management Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mogere
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Akungah
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jackim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nyamari
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kent A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Adnan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hyder
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles; D015995:Prevalence; D016730:Program Development; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Kenya; Low- and middle-income countries; Road safety; Road traffic injuries; Speed