title: Age-related macular degeneration and 5-year incidence of impaired activities of daily living.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to assess the prospective association between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and impaired activities of daily living (ADL) among a large cohort of older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional status was determined by the Older Americans Resources and Services ADL scale from 2002-2004 to 2007-2009 among 761 participants aged 60+ years. AMD was assessed from retinal photographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, sex, living status, self-rated poor health, smoking, body mass index, visual impairment, hypertension, diabetes, hospital admissions in the past year, walking disability, probable depression, mini-mental state examination scores, having any AMD or late AMD increased the risk of incident impaired total ADL 5 years later, odds ratio, OR 2.87 (95% confidence intervals, CI 1.44-5.71) and OR 12.95 (95% CI 3.78-44.35), respectively. Having any AMD increased the risk of developing instrumental ADL disability over the 5 years, multivariable-adjusted OR 2.06 (95% CI 1.11-3.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the presence of AMD could independently signal an increased risk of functional disability, particularly in performing instrumental ADL tasks.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: bamini.gopinath@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Bamini
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gopinath
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burlutsky
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Activities of daily living; Age-related macular degeneration; Blue Mountains Eye Study; Older adults