title: Endoscopic tools for the diagnosis and evaluation of celiac disease.
abstract: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease of the small bowel induced by ingestion of wheat, rye and barley. Current guidelines indicate histological analysis on at least four duodenal biopsies as the only way to diagnose CD. These indications are based on the conception of the inability of standard endoscopy to make diagnosis of CD and/or to drive biopsy sampling. Over the last years, technology development of endoscopic devices has greatly ameliorated the accuracy of macroscopic evaluation of duodenal villous pattern, increasing the diagnostic power of endoscopy of CD. The aim of this paper is to review the new endoscopic tools and procedures proved to be useful in the diagnosis of CD, such as chromoendoscopy, Fujinon Intelligent Chromo Endoscopy, Narrow Band Imaging, Optical Coherence Tomography, Water-Immersion Technique, confocal laser endomicroscopy, high-resolution magnification endoscopy, capsule endoscopy and I-Scan technology.
authors.affiliation: Gianluca Ianiro, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Cammarota, Gastroenterology Unit, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, IT-00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ianiro
authors.affiliation: Gianluca Ianiro, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Cammarota, Gastroenterology Unit, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, IT-00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasbarrini
authors.affiliation: Gianluca Ianiro, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Cammarota, Gastroenterology Unit, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, IT-00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cammarota
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D053704:Capsule Endoscopy; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D004384:Duodenoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004386:Duodenum / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D062048:Narrow Band Imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: D002863:Chromogenic Compounds
keywords: Capsule endoscopy; Celiac disease; Chromoendoscopy; Confocal laser endomicroscopy; Diagnostic techniques and procedures; Duodenum; Endoscopy; Fujinon intelligent chromo endoscopy; High-resolution magnification endoscopy; I-scan technology; Malabsorption syndrome; Narrow band imaging; Optical coherence tomography; Water-immersion technique