title: Inhibition of melanin content by Punicalagins in the super fruit pomegranate (Punica granatum).
abstract: Current efforts to develop effective skin lightening products through the inhibition of melanin production have focused on compounds that inhibit the function and activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the melanin biosynthesis pathway. Synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors, such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin, have been reported to cause skin irritation or acute dermatitis, raising concerns about the safety of these compounds. As a result, there is a need for safe natural ingredients that show effective skin lightening. In this report, we have identified a natural ingredient, pomegranate fruit extract, that inhibits melanin production in melanocytes and shows potential for use as a cosmetic skin lightening agent. In addition, we have identified a polyphenolic compound, punicalagins, as the active melanin inhibitor in pomegranate fruit extract based on its capacity to directly inhibit melanin production.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI 49355 (J.R., G.D., J.D.S., T.M.), and Nutrilite Division of Amway, Concentrate Development, Lakeview, CA 92567 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Jatinder
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI 49355 (J.R., G.D., J.D.S., T.M.), and Nutrilite Division of Amway, Concentrate Development, Lakeview, CA 92567 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diwakar
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI 49355 (J.R., G.D., J.D.S., T.M.), and Nutrilite Division of Amway, Concentrate Development, Lakeview, CA 92567 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI 49355 (J.R., G.D., J.D.S., T.M.), and Nutrilite Division of Amway, Concentrate Development, Lakeview, CA 92567 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Scholten
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI 49355 (J.R., G.D., J.D.S., T.M.), and Nutrilite Division of Amway, Concentrate Development, Lakeview, CA 92567 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mulder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008543:Melanins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D008543:Melanins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations; D004610:Ellagic Acid; C115642:punicalagin; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase