title: Physiological disturbance may contribute to neurodegeneration induced by isoflurane or sevoflurane in 14 day old rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volatile anesthetics are widely used in pediatric anesthesia but their potential neurotoxicity raise significant concerns regarding sequelae after anesthesia. However, whether physiological disturbance during anesthetic exposure contributes to such side effects remains unknown. The aim of the current study is to compare the neurotoxic effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in 14 day old rat pups under spontaneous breathing or ventilated conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postnatal 14 day rats were assigned to one of five groups: 1) spontaneous breathing (SB) + room air (control, n = 17); 2) SB + isoflurane (n = 35); 3) SB + sevoflurane (n = 37); 4) mechanical ventilation (MV) + isoflurane (n = 29); 5) MV + sevoflurane (n = 32). Anesthetized animal received either 1.7% isoflurane or 2.4% seveoflurane for 4 hours. Arterial blood gases and blood pressure were monitored in the anesthetized groups. Neurodegeneration in the CA3 region of hippocampus was assessed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated DNA nick-end labeling immediately after exposure. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated with the Morris water maze in other cohorts 14 days after experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most rats in the SB groups developed physiological disturbance whereas ventilated rats did not but become hyperglycemic. Mortality from anesthesia in the SB groups was significantly higher than that in the MV groups. Cell death in the SB but not MV groups was significantly higher than controls. SB + anesthesia groups performed worse on the Morris water maze behavioral test, but no deficits were found in the MV group compared with the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings could suggest that physiological disturbance induced by isoflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia may also contribute to their neurotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Binbin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zipu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of General surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yihu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yajing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qingquan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lian
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D056654:CA3 Region, Hippocampal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane