title: Pharmacotherapy of overactive bladder in adults: a review of efficacy, tolerability, and quality of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent condition that has a significant impact on quality of life. The usual treatment approach is both behavioral and pharmacological. The first-line pharmacological treatment commonly utilizes anticholinergic agents, which may be limited by their tolerability, efficacy, and long-term compliance. Developments in elucidating the pathophysiology of OAB and alternative targets for pharmacological therapy have led to newer agents being developed to manage this condition. These agents include mirabegron and botulinum toxin, which have alternate mechanism of action and avoid the anticholinergic side effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an update for clinicians managing OAB with an overview of the existing and newer medical options for OAB, including pharmacology, efficacy, side-effect profile, tolerability, and impact on patient quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and Medline were searched for randomized controlled drug trials in adults with OAB, meta-analyses of medical therapy for OAB, and individual drug names, including the keywords efficacy, tolerability, quality of life, and compliance. Nonhuman studies, pediatric trials, and those involving patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction (with the exception of studies involving botulinum toxin A) were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is level 1, Grade A evidence to support the efficacy of anticholinergic drugs, botulinum toxin, and mirabegron for OAB. Long-term compliance with anticholinergic medications is limited. The mechanism of action, effectiveness, and side effects of these drugs are discussed, and where the data are available compared with other OAB medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the anticholinergic agents have comparative efficacies and core side-effect profiles, with individual variations relating to their muscarinic receptor selectivity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism. Newer agents, with alternative sites of action, such as mirabegron and botulinum toxin, provide additional treatment options for patients intolerant to or inadequately treated with anticholinergics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital (University Health Network), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jyotsna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jayarajan
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital (University Health Network), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sidney B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Radomski
keywords: antimuscarinics; botulinum toxin; incontinence; mirabegron