title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transcranial magnetic stimulations (TMS) have been used for many years as a diagnostic tool to explore changes in cortical excitability, and more recently as a tool for therapeutic neuromodulation. We are interested in their applications following brain injury: stroke, traumatic and anoxic brain injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following brain injury, there is decreased cortical excitability and changes in interhemispheric interactions depending on the type, the severity, and the time-lapse between the injury and the treatment implemented. rTMS (repetitive TMS) is a therapeutic neuromodulation tool which restores the interhemispheric interactions following stroke by inhibiting the healthy cortex with frequencies ≤1Hz, or by exciting the lesioned cortex with frequencies between 3 and 50Hz. Results in motor recovery are promising and those in improving aphasia or visuospatial neglect are also encouraging. Finally, the use of TMS is mainly limited by the risk of seizure, and is therefore contraindicated for many patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMS is a useful non-invasive brain stimulation tool to diagnose the effects of brain injury, to study the mechanisms of recovery and a non-invasive neuromodulation promising tool to influence the post-lesional recovery.
authors.affiliation: Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, CHU Rangueil, 1, avenue Jean-Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Inserm U 825, CHU Purpan, pavillon Baudot, place du Dr-Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France. Electronic address: castel-lacanal.e@chu-toulouse.fr.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castel-Lacanal
authors.affiliation: Inserm U 825, CHU Purpan, pavillon Baudot, place du Dr-Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarri
authors.affiliation: Inserm U 825, CHU Purpan, pavillon Baudot, place du Dr-Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Loubinoux
authors.affiliation: Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, CHU Rangueil, 1, avenue Jean-Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Inserm U 825, CHU Purpan, pavillon Baudot, place du Dr-Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gasq
authors.affiliation: Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, CHU Rangueil, 1, avenue Jean-Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Inserm U 825, CHU Purpan, pavillon Baudot, place du Dr-Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: de Boissezon
authors.affiliation: Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, CHU Rangueil, 1, avenue Jean-Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Inserm U 825, CHU Purpan, pavillon Baudot, place du Dr-Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marque
authors.affiliation: Inserm U 825, CHU Purpan, pavillon Baudot, place du Dr-Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France; Service de neurologie, CHU Purpan, pavillon Riser, place du Dr-Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simonetta-Moreau
mesh_terms: D001037:Aphasia / Q000628:therapy; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D000075202:Contraindications; D020833:Diffuse Axonal Injury / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000628:therapy; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: AVC; Stimulations magnétiques transcrâniennes; Stroke; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Traumatic brain injury; Traumatisme crânien