title: Particular adaptations to potentially slippery surfaces: the effects of friction on consecutive postural adjustments (CPA).
abstract: This research deals with the postural adjustments that occur after the end of voluntary movement ("consecutive postural adjustments": CPAs). The influence of a potentially slippery surface on CPA characteristics was considered, with the aim of exploring more deeply the postural component of the task-movement. Seven male adults were asked to perform a single step, as quickly as possible, to their own footprint marked on the ground. A force plate measured the resultant reaction forces along the antero-posterior axis (R(x)) and the centre of pressure (COP) displacements along the antero-posterior and lateral axes (Xp and Yp). The velocity of the centre of gravity (COG) along the antero-posterior axis and the corresponding impulse (∫R(x)dt) were calculated; the peak velocity (termed "progression velocity": V(xG)) was measured. The required coefficient of friction (RCOF) along the progression axis (pμ(x)) was determined. Two materials, differing by their COF, were laid at foot contact (FC), providing a rough foot contact (RoFC), and a smooth foot contact (SmFC) considered to be potentially slippery. Two step lengths were also performed: a short step (SS) and a long step (LS). Finally, the subjects completed four series of ten steps each. These were preceded by preliminary trials, to allow them to acquire the necessary adaptation to experimental conditions. The antero-posterior force time course presented a positive phase, that included APAs ("anticipatory postural adjustments") and step execution (STEP), followed by a negative one, corresponding to CPAs. The backward impulse (CPI) was equal to the forward one (BPI), independently of friction and progression velocity. Moreover, V(xG) did not differ according to friction, but was faster when the step length was greater. Last CPA peak amplitudes (pCPA) were significantly greater and CPA durations (dCPA) shorter for RoFC and conversely for SmFC, contrary to APA. Finally, the results show a particular adaptation to the potentially slippery surface (SmFC). They suggest that adherence modulation at foot contact could be one of the rules for controlling COG displacement in single stepping. Consequently, the actual coefficient of friction value might be implemented in the motor programme at a higher level than the voluntary movement specific parameters.
authors.affiliation: Complexité, Innovation, Activités Motrices et Sportives (CIAMS), Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Sahel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Memari
authors.affiliation: Complexité, Innovation, Activités Motrices et Sportives (CIAMS), Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France. Electronic address: serge.le-bozec@u-psud.fr.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Bozec
authors.affiliation: Physiologie du Mouvement, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouisset
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D004856:Postural Balance; D011187:Posture
keywords: Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs); Consecutive postural adjustments (CPAs); Postural control; Required coefficient of friction (RCOF); Single stepping; Slippery surface