title: Surface coating-dependent cytotoxicity and degradation of graphene derivatives: towards the design of non-toxic, degradable nano-graphene.
abstract: With the increasing interests of using graphene and its derivatives in the area of biomedicine, the systematic evaluation of their potential risks and impacts to biological systems is becoming critically important. In this work, we carefully study how surface coatings affect the cytotoxicity and extracellular biodegradation behaviors of graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives. Although naked GO could induce significant toxicity to macrophages, coating those two-dimensional nanomaterials with biocompatible macromolecules such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) could greatly attenuate their toxicity, as independently evidenced by several different assay approaches. On the other hand, although GO can be gradually degraded through enzyme induced oxidization by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), both PEG and BSA coated GO or reduced GO (RGO) are rather resistant to HRP-induced biodegradation. In order to obtain biocompatible functionalized GO that can still undergo enzymatic degradation, we conjugate PEG to GO via a cleavable disulfide bond, obtaining GO-SS-PEG with negligible toxicity and considerable degradability, promising for further biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou, Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
authors.forename: Yingjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Liangzhu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Xiaoze
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Xiaojing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yinlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guangbao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhuang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D058726:Nanoconjugates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D058726:Nanoconjugates; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D006108:Graphite; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase
keywords: biodegradation; cytotoxicity; functionalization; graphene derivatives; peroxidase