title: A typology of primary care workforce innovations in the United States since 2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Innovative workforce models are being developed and implemented to meet the changing demands of primary care. A literature review was conducted to construct a typology of workforce models used by primary care practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovid Medline, CINAHL, and PsycInfo were used to identify published descriptions of the primary care workforce that deviated from what would be expected in the typical practice in the year 2000. Expert consultants identified additional articles that would not show up in a regular computerized search. Full texts of relevant articles were read and matrices for sorting articles were developed. Each article was reviewed and assigned to one of 18 cells in the matrices. Articles within each cell were then read again to identify patterns and develop an understanding of the full spectrum of workforce innovation within each category.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This synthesis led to the development of a typology of workforce innovations represented in the literature. Many workforce innovations added personnel to existing practices, whereas others sought to retrain existing personnel or even develop roles outside the traditional practice. Most of these sought to minimize the impact on the existing practice roles and functions, particularly that of physicians. The synthesis also identified recent innovations which attempted to fundamentally transform the existing practice, with transformation being defined as a change in practice members' governing variables or values in regard to their workforce role.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most conceptualizations of the primary care workforce described in the literature do not reflect the level of innovation needed to meet the needs of the burgeoning numbers of patients with complex health issues, the necessity for roles and identities of physicians to change, and the call for fundamentally redesigned practices. However, we identified 5 key workforce innovation concepts that emerged from the literature: team care, population focus, additional resource support, creating workforce connections, and role change.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE †Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, NJ ‡Department of Family Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University-MCV Campus; West Hospital, Richmond, VA §Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, FCI, Fort Dix, NJ ∥Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA ¶Center for Research Strategies, Denver, CO #Department of Family and Community Medicine and Research to Address Community Health (REACH) Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX **Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah Campus, Savannah, GA.
authors.forename: Asia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Karissa A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Etz
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rehwinkel-Morfe
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Nutting
authors.forename: Carlos R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jaén
authors.forename: Eric K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Benjamin F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Crabtree
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce