title: Efficient amide bond formation through a rapid and strong activation of carboxylic acids in a microflow reactor.
abstract: The development of highly efficient amide bond forming methods which are devoid of side reactions, including epimerization, is important, and such a method is described herein and is based on the concept of rapid and strong activation of carboxylic acids. Various carboxylic acids are rapidly (0.5 s) converted into highly active species, derived from the inexpensive and less-toxic solid triphosgene, and then rapidly (4.3 s) reacted with various amines to afford the desired peptides in high yields (74%-quant.) without significant epimerization (≤3%). Our process can be carried out at ambient temperature, and only CO2 and HCl salts of diisopropylethyl amine are generated. In the long history of peptide synthesis, a significant number of active coupling reagents have been abandoned because the highly active electrophilic species generated are usually susceptible to side reactions such as epimerization. The concept presented herein should renew interest in the use of these reagents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 (Japan) http://www.apc.titech.ac.jp/∼htanaka/index.html. sfuse@apc.titech.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuse
authors.forename: Yuto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mifune
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D010705:Phosgene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000596:Amino Acids; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D010455:Peptides; D012997:Solvents; D010705:Phosgene; C111044:bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate
keywords: amides; amino acids; continuous flow; natural products; peptides