title: Cost of poor adherence to anti-hypertensive therapy in five European countries.
abstract: The financial burden for EU health systems associated with cardiovascular disease (CV) has been estimated to be nearly €110 billion in 2006, corresponding to 10% of total healthcare expenditure across EU or a mean €223 annual cost per capita. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the costs related to hypertension and the economic impact of increasing adherence to anti-hypertensive therapy in five European countries (Italy, Germany, France, Spain and England). A probabilistic prevalence-based decision tree model was developed to estimate the direct costs of CV related to hypertension (CV defined as: stroke, heart attack, heart failure) in five European countries. Our model considered adherence to hypertension treatment as a main driver of blood pressure (BP) control (BP < 140/90 mmHg). Relative risk of CV, based on controlled or uncontrolled BP group, was estimated from the Framingham Heart Study and national review data. Prevalence and cost data were estimated from national literature reviews. A national payer (NP) perspective for 10 years was considered. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed in order to evaluate uncertainty around the results (given as 95% confidence intervals). The model estimated a total of 8.6 million (1.4 in Italy, 3.3 in Germany, 1.2 in Spain, 1.8 in France and 0.9 in England) CV events related to hypertension over the 10-year time horizon. Increasing the adherence rate to anti-hypertensive therapy to 70% (baseline value is different for each country) would lead to 82,235 fewer CV events (24,058 in Italy, 7,870 in Germany, 18,870 in Spain, 24,855 in France and 6,553 in England). From the NP perspective, the direct cost associated with hypertension was estimated to be <euro>51.3 billion (8.1 in Italy, 17.1 in Germany, 12.2 in Spain, 8.8 in France and 5.0 in England). Increasing adherence to anti-hypertensive therapy to 70% would save a total of <euro>332 million (CI 95%: €319-346 million) from the NPs perspective. This study is the first attempt to estimate the economic impact of non-adherence amongst patients with diagnosed hypertension in Europe, using data from five European countries (Italy, France, Germany, Spain and England).
authors.affiliation: Economic Evaluation and HTA (EEHTA), CEIS, Faculty of Economics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Columbia 2, 00133, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Mennini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcellusi
authors.forename: J M Graf
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: von der Schulenburg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sciattella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Staffiero
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeidler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Schmieder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics; D003663:Decision Trees; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D015995:Prevalence; D013222:State Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents