title: Effects of cold modality application with static and intermittent pneumatic compression on tissue temperature and systemic cardiovascular responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the therapeutic setting, cryotherapy with varying levels of intermittent cyclical compression often replaces an ice bag and elastic wrap. However, little is known about the cardiovascular strain and tissue temperature decreases associated with cooling and intermittent compression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors hypothesized that higher levels of intermittent compression will result in greater reductions of tissue temperature and that all cold modalities will cause acute increases in cardiovascular strain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental crossover repeated measure design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy subjects (23 ± 3 years) volunteered for 4 cryotherapy sessions (30-minute treatments with 30-minute passive recovery). Treatments included ice with elastic wrap and Game Ready (GR) with no, medium (5-50 mmHg), and high compression (5-75 mmHg). Throughout the experiment, oral, skin surface, and intramuscular quadriceps temperatures were measured along with mean arterial pressure, heart rate, rate pressure product, forearm blood flow, and forearm vascular conductance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean arterial pressure increased up to 5 minutes (P < 0.05). Forearm blood flow and forearm vascular conductance decreased after baseline (P < 0.05), but there were no differences between treatments. Peak intramuscular changes from baseline were -14 ± 2°C (ice), -11 ± 6°C (GRHIGH), -10 ± 5°C (GRMED), and -7 ± 3°C (GRNO). Ice cooled the muscle the most, while GR with medium and high compression cooled more than GR without compression (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of cold and intermittent pneumatic compression using GR did not produce acute cardiovascular strain that exceeded the strain produced by standard ice bags/elastic wrap treatment. Greater temperature decreases are achieved with medium- and high-pressure settings when using the GR system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type of cold and amount of compression affect tissue cooling in healthy lean subjects. All tested cold modalities caused acute increases in cardiovascular strain; however, these increases are no more than what healthy subjects experience with the onset of exercise.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: Seth W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Holwerda
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas.
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Trowbridge
authors.affiliation: Baylor SportsCare, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Kathryn S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Womochel
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Keller
keywords: blood flow; blood pressure; cryotherapy