title: Immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.
abstract: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is on the rise, and the prognosis for patients with recurrent or metastatic disease is extremely poor. Although chemotherapy and radiation therapy can improve survival rates, it is imperative to integrate alternative strategies such as immunotherapy to improve outcomes for patients with advanced CRC. In this review, we will discuss the effect of immunotherapy for inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the major immunotherapeutic approaches for CRC that are currently in clinical trials, including peptide vaccines, dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines, whole tumor cell vaccines, viral vector-based cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer therapy, antibody-based cancer immunotherapy, and cytokine therapy. The possibility of combination therapies will also be discussed along with the challenges presented by tumor escape mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koido
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkusa
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Sadamu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Namiki
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Zensho
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kajihara
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arihiro
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Jianlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tajiri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Colorectal cancer; Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; Dendritic cell; Immunotherapy; Vaccine