title: Galantamine reverses scopolamine-induced behavioral alterations in Dugesia tigrina.
abstract: In planaria (Dugesia tigrina), scopolamine, a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, induced distinct behaviors of attenuated motility and C-like hyperactivity. Planarian locomotor velocity (pLMV) displayed a dose-dependent negative correlation with scopolamine concentrations from 0.001 to 1.0 mM, and a further increase in scopolamine concentration to 2.25 mM did not further decrease pLMV. Planarian hyperactivity counts was dose-dependently increased following pretreatment with scopolamine concentrations from 0.001 to 0.5 mM and then decreased for scopolamine concentrations ≥ 1 mM. Planarian learning and memory investigated using classical Pavlovian conditioning experiments demonstrated that scopolamine (1 mM) negatively influenced associative learning indicated by a significant decrease in % positive behaviors from 86 % (control) to 14 % (1 mM scopolamine) and similarly altered memory retention, which is indicated by a decrease in % positive behaviors from 69 % (control) to 27 % (1 mM scopolamine). Galantamine demonstrated a complex behavior in planarian motility experiments since co-application of low concentrations of galantamine (0.001 and 0.01 mM) protected planaria against 1 mM scopolamine-induced motility impairments; however, pLMV was significantly decreased when planaria were tested in the presence of 0.1 mM galantamine alone. Effects of co-treatment of scopolamine and galantamine on memory retention in planaria via classical Pavlovian conditioning experiments showed that galantamine (0.01 mM) partially reversed scopolamine (1 mM)-induced memory deficits in planaria as the % positive behaviors increased from 27 to 63 %. The results demonstrate, for the first time in planaria, scopolamine's effects in causing learning and memory impairments and galantamine's ability in reversing scopolamine-induced memory impairments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Engineering, 373 Wick Science Building, 720 4th Ave S, Saint Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, MN, 56301, USA, lramakrishnan@stcloudstate.edu.
authors.forename: Latha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amatya
authors.forename: Cassie J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: DeSaer
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dalhoff
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Eggerichs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005702:Galantamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010932:Planarians / Q000187:drug effects; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019956:Stereotypic Movement Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D005702:Galantamine; D012601:Scopolamine