title: Biological variation of β-sitosterol, campesterol, and lathosterol as cholesterol absorption and synthesis biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The analysis of blood for β-sitosterol and campesterol is the measures of cholesterol absorption while lathosterol is a measure of cholesterol synthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biological variability of β-sitosterol, campesterol, and lathosterol was measured using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry from a cohort of 25 apparently healthy subjects, where blood was taken once every weeks for 6 weeks. The analytical, intra-individual, and group inter-individual variations (CVA, CV(I), and CV(G), respectively) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using absolute values, the CVI for β-sitosterol, campesterol, and lathosterol was 11.8%, 11.8%, and 22.5%, respectively, and the CV(G) was 28.5%, 28.8%, and 52.0%, respectively. This produced reference change values of about 24-36% for declining values and 32-47% for increasing values. The index of individuality was between 0.41 and 0.58, indicating that population based reference values are of little use for these biomarkers. The number of points needed for a homeostatic setpoint was 5 samples for β-sitosterol and campesterol, and 19 samples for lathosterol. Similar findings were observed for values when normalized to total cholesterol. These results were higher than the biological variation for total, low density and high density cholesterol obtained from the literature. Results were essentially identical when sterol values were corrected to their respective total cholesterol concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The establishment of the biological variation for these biomarkers enables their use in the interpretation of results from clinical trials and lipid lowering treatment of patients at risk for cardiovascular disease in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States. Electronic address: wualan@labmed2.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Alan H B
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Singluex Inc., Alameda, CA, United States.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.affiliation: Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Kara L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000097:blood*; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010840:Phytosterols; D012855:Sitosterols; C021273:campesterol; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; C001521:lathosterol; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Biological variation; Campesterol; Lathosterol; β-Sitosterol