title: Exogenous nitric oxide potentiate DNA damage and alter DNA repair in cells exposed to ionising radiation.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate impact of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on generation of different types of DNA damages, their transformation, and specificity of DNA repair in cells treated with ionizing radiation (IR).
  
  
  METHODS
  levels of single-strand and double-strand breaks assessed in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from healthy humans and treated in vitro with NO donor -- S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and IR. The rate of DNA repair estimated after 30 and 60 min of PBL treatment. The visualization and measuring the number of prompt and delayed DNA damages, including strand breaks, apurinic and thermolabile sites performed with single-cell gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IR caused dose-dependent generation of single strand breaks (SSBs), double strand breaks (DSBs), and heat-labile sites (HLS) in cell DNA. However, particularly destructive was combined treatment IR with GSNO as NO donor that leads to a significant increase of DNA damage and a dose-dependent inhibition of the DNA repair rate. Obtained data proofs the ability of NO to inhibit fast and slow stages of SSBs, DSBs, and HLS repair resulting in significant growth of genotoxic effect. DNA breaks generation from HLS is able to affect DSBs yields especially in cells with altered DNA repair. The process of DNA repair of delayed DSBs formed from HLS was quite different from removal of DNA damages occurring immediately after treatment and was characterized by IR dose dependent inhibition of DNA repair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High level of DNA strand breaks, that are generated after the combined treatment with NO and IR, are accumulated for quite a long time after exposure due to altered DNA repair, indicating the development of genetic instability and increase of carcinogenic risk for organism exposed to combination of harmful environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Mikhailenko
authors.affiliation: R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine.
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Muzalov
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053960:DNA Breaks / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione