title: Clinical, biological, and imaging features of monogenic Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: The discovery of monogenic forms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) associated with mutations within PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP genes is giving a big contribution in the understanding of the underpinning mechanisms of this complex disorder. Compared with sporadic form, the phenotype associated with monogenic cases is somewhat broader including behavioural disturbances, epilepsy, myoclonus, and focal presentations. Structural and functional imaging show typical early changes also in presymptomatic monogenic carriers. Amyloid imaging and CSF tau/A β ratio may be useful in the differential diagnosis with other neurodegenerative dementias, especially, in early onset cases. However, to date any specific biomarkers of different monogenic cases have been identified. Thus, in clinical practice, the early identification is often difficult, but the copresence of different elements could help in recognition. This review will focus on the clinical and instrumental markers useful for the very early identification of AD monogenic cases, pivotal in the development, and evaluation of disease-modifying therapy.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Pza Spedali Civili, 1-25100 Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pilotto
authors.affiliation: Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Pza Spedali Civili, 1-25100 Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Padovani
authors.affiliation: Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Pza Spedali Civili, 1-25100 Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borroni
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000235:genetics; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D053764:Presenilin-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D053766:Presenilin-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: C545487:APP protein, human; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D015415:Biomarkers; C508853:PSEN1 protein, human; C508861:PSEN2 protein, human; D053764:Presenilin-1; D053766:Presenilin-2; D016875:tau Proteins