title: Difference in effects of cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption on serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels is related to mitochondrial DNA 5178 C/A polymorphism in middle-aged Japanese men: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitochondrial DNA 5178 cytosine/adenosine (Mt5178 C/A) polymorphism is associated with longevity in the Japanese. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Mt5178 C/A polymorphism modifies the effects of habitual smoking or habitual drinking on serum non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol levels in middle-aged Japanese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 394 male subjects (age 53.9 ± 7.9 years; mean ± SD) were selected from among individuals visiting the hospital for regular medical check-ups. After Mt5178 C/A genotyping, a cross-sectional study assessing the joint effects of Mt5178 C/A polymorphism and cigarette smoking or alcohol drinking on serum non-HDL cholesterol levels was conducted. High levels of serum non-HDL cholesterol were defined as serum non-HDL cholesterol levels ≥160 mg/dl or ≥190 mg/dl.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For men with Mt5178A, cigarette smoking may increase serum non-HDL cholesterol levels (P for trend < 0.001), as well as the risk of high levels of non-HDL cholesterol (serum non-HDL cholesterol levels ≥160 mg/dl, P for trend < 0.001; serum non-HDL cholesterol levels ≥190 mg/dl, P for trend = 0.004). On the other hand, for men with Mt5178C, after adjusting for age and body mass index, alcohol consumption may decrease serum non-HDL cholesterol levels (P for trend = 0.043) and the risk of high levels of non-HDL cholesterol (serum non-HDL cholesterol level ≥160 mg/dl, P for trend = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These gene-environment interactions on serum non-HDL cholesterol levels may contribute to the establishment of individualized prevention of the risk of high levels of serum non-HDL cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, 142-8555 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan. akokaze@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akatsuki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kokaze
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Kanae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karita
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Tadahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohtsu
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirasawa
authors.forename: Hinako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nanri
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takashima
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics*; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL