title: Comparative immediate functional outcomes among cryotherapeutic interventions at the ankle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a lack of evidence detailing the immediate effects of different cryotherapy interventions at the ankle on functional outcomes such as balance and jumping tasks in a physically active population; therefore, the purpose of the present study is to compare the immediate effects of varied modes of cryotherapy applications to the ankle joint on Star Excursion Balance Test and vertical jump height performance. The authors hypothesized that cryotherapy would acutely decrease performance when compared to a control, and that concomitant compression would further hinder outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A crossover study was conducted in a controlled laboratory setting. Thirty (9 men, 21 women) participants (20.6 ± 1.0 years, 1.7 ± 0.1 m, 67.5 ± 11.7 kg) were enrolled. The independent variable was treatment mode; no ice, ice without compression and ice with compression. Dependent variables included center of pressure (COP) excursions, dynamic balance reach distances and vertical jump height for the dominant leg. Participants underwent three separate testing sessions separated by 72-hour rest intervals. The order of treatment and performance measures was randomized to prevent order effects. Normalized dynamic balance reach distances were assessed using the reliable modified Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Center of pressure path length was assessed via a force platform during a single-legged static balance task under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Relative vertical jump height was assessed using a single-legged vertical hop test. Group means and standard deviations were calculated by treatment mode. One-way analyses of variance with Tukey's post hoc test were used to calculate differences among treatment modes. p < 0.05 denoted statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences existed for all the performance measures among treatment modes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest no immediate differences in lower extremity performance outcome measures between the respective treatment modes applied to the ankle in a young, healthy and physically active population. Additional investigation is warranted to study the related delayed effects of these interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Emily E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Sayers J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Penn State Hershey Bone and Joint Institute, State College, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sebastianelli
authors.forename: Giampietro L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Vairo
keywords: Ankle; balance; cryotherapy; functional performance