title: Typology of public outreach for biodiversity conservation projects in Spain.
abstract: Conservation education and outreach programs are a key approach to promote public understanding of the importance of biodiversity conservation. We reviewed 85 biodiversity conservation projects supported by the Spanish Ministry of Environment's Biodiversity Foundation. Through content analysis and descriptive statistics, we examined how the projects carried out communication, education, and public awareness and participation (CEPA) actions. We also used multivariate statistical analysis to develop a typology of 4 classes of biodiversity conservation projects on the basis of CEPA implementation. The classifications were delineated by purpose of CEPA, level of integration of CEPA actions, type of CEPA goals, main CEPA stakeholders, and aim of conservation. Our results confirm the existence of 2 key positions: CEPA has intrinsic value (i.e., they supposed the implementation of any CEPA action indirectly supported conservation) and CEPA is an instrument for achieving conservation goals. We also found that most CEPA actions addressed general audiences and school children, ignored minority groups and women, and did not include evaluation. The characteristics of the 4 types of projects and their frequency of implementation in the sample reflect the need for better integration of different types of actions (communication, education, and participation) and improved fostering of participation of multiple stakeholders in developing policy and implementing management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, c. Darwin, 2, Edificio Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iniesta-Arandia
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Santos
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martín-López
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benayas
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D003142:Communication; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D013030:Spain
keywords: Comunicación; communication; conservation policy; divulgación; educación; education; inversión pública; outreach; participación; participation; políticas de conservación; public investment; tipología; typology