title: Clinical diagnosis of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza in children with negative rapid influenza diagnostic test by lymphopenia and lower C-reactive protein levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sensitivity of rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) of children with influenza-like illness (ILI) remains low.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compare the parameters between pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza with negative RIDT and ILI not H1N1 for improving the low sensitivity of RIDT for children with ILI.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort of consecutive laboratory-confirmed H1N1 influenza, we identified 150 H1N1 children with positive RIDT, 152 H1N1 children with negative RIDT, and 75 children with ILI not H1N1. Viral load in throat, complete blood count (CBC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels between H1N1 children with negative RIDT and children with ILI not H1N1 were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnostic sensitivity of the RIDT was 45·5%. An analysis of CBC and CRP levels indicated that H1N1 children with negative RIDT had lower total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and basophil counts, and serum CRP levels (P < 0·01). Lymphocyte counts less than 1500 cells/mm(3) and CRP levels <15 mg/l, determined by a receiver operating characteristic curve, showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 52·5% and 80·7%, respectively. Combining the lymphocyte counts and CRP levels provided a diagnostic sensitivity of 91·5%. Moreover, H1N1 children with negative RIDT had a lower viral load than those with positive RIDT (3·33 versus 4·48 log10  copies/ml, P < 0·001); the viral load was negatively correlated to the lymphocyte count (P < 0·001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of a low lymphocyte count and a low CRP level could, in the early disease phase, provide a useful screening for H1N1 children with false-negative RIDT, potentially facilitating differential diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine (KCGMH-CGU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ling-Sai
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ing-Kit
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kuo-Shu
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Chung-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hock-Liew
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: Huey-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Kuender D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D008231:Lymphopenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000821:virology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Children; diagnostic tests; pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza; sensitivity and specificity