title: Protective effects of raw and cooked blackcurrant extract on DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human lymphoblastoid cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) is a classical fruit that has long been used to make juice, liqueur and sometimes medicines in Europe. The beneficial effects of blackcurrant, which are inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory, anticarcinogenesis and other health effects, have been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Previously, we reported the antimutagenic activities of blackcurrant using a yeast gene mutation assay. In this study, we investigated whether this antimutagenicity of blackcurrant was confirmed in human cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prepared four types of aqueous blackcurrant extracts (BCE) from mature and premature with or without heat treatment by microwave. Antioxidant activities of BCE were measured by the DPPH radical scavenger assay. In the DPPH radical scavenger assay, the maximum concentration of BCE was 1.6 mg/reaction. We investigated the antigenotoxic activities of BCE by the comet assay and micronucleus test using the human lymphoblastoid cell line TK6. In the comet assay, TK6 was treated with 300 μM H2O2 without or with BCE at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/mL. In the micronucleus test, TK6 was treated with 1 mg/mL BCE without or with H2O2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All BCEs exhibited more than 90% of inhibition rates of DPPH radicals at the maximum concentration of BCE. DNA damage and micronuclei induced by H2O2 significantly decreased in the each BCE-treated condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that BCE treatment can reduce the genomic instability induced by H2O2 in human cells. We consider that these antigenotoxic effects are related to polyphenols, l-ascorbic acid and other antioxidant compounds.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hachinohe National College of Technology , Aomori , Japan .
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawamorita
authors.forename: Atena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamitai
authors.forename: Yoji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031965:Ribes
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Antigenotoxicity; antioxidative activity; oxidative stress