title: Urinary fumonisin B1 and estimated fumonisin intake in women from high- and low-exposure communities in Guatemala.
abstract: METHODS
  Fumonisin (FB) intake can be high when maize is a dietary staple. We determined (i) urinary FB (UFB) in women consuming maize in high- and low-exposure communities in Guatemala, (ii) the FB levels in maize, (iii) the relationship between UFB and FB intake, and (iv) the relative excretion of UFB1 , UFB2 , and UFB3 .
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urine and maize were analyzed for FB for 1 year in three departments. Maize consumption was estimated by an interview questionnaire. Fumonisin B1 , B2 , and B3 (FB1 , FB2 and FB3 ), were detected in 100% of maize samples. FB1 in maize and urine was significantly higher in Jutiapa compared to Chimaltenango or Escuintla. The FB intake paralleled UFB1 in a dose-dependent manner but UFB1 was present in much higher levels than UFB2 or UFB3 compared to maize.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Jutiapa, agroecological conditions favored FB production. UFB1 mirrored the estimated FB intake. UFB1 > 0.1 ng/mL resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the risk of exceeding FB intake of 2 μg/kg b.w./day compared to women with no detectable UFB1 . More than 50% exceeded 2 μg/kg b.w./day when UFB1 was >0.5 ng/mL. UFB2 and UFB3 were rarely detected confirming that FB1 is either absorbed better or preferentially excreted in urine.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones en Nutrición y Salud, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matute
authors.forename: Janee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelineau-van Waes
authors.forename: Joyce R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Maddox
authors.forename: Simon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Allison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ashley-Koch
authors.forename: Jency L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Showker
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Zitomer
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Ronald T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine*; D006166:Guatemala; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D037341:Fumonisins; C056934:fumonisin B2; C073063:fumonisin B3; C056933:fumonisin B1
keywords: Estimated fumonisin intake; Fumonisin; Fusarium verticillioides; Maize consumption; Urinary fumonisin B1