title: Green aspects, developments and perspectives of liquid phase microextraction techniques.
abstract: Determination of analytes at trace levels in complex samples (e.g. biological or contaminated water or soils) are often required for the environmental assessment and monitoring as well as for scientific research in the field of environmental pollution. A limited number of analytical techniques are sensitive enough for the direct determination of trace components in samples and, because of that, a preliminary step of the analyte isolation/enrichment prior to analysis is required in many cases. In this work the newest trends and innovations in liquid phase microextraction, like: single-drop microextraction (SDME), hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) have been discussed, including their critical evaluation and possible application in analytical practice. The described modifications of extraction techniques deal with system miniaturization and/or automation, the use of ultrasound and physical agitation, and electrochemical methods. Particular attention was given to pro-ecological aspects therefore the possible use of novel, non-toxic extracting agents, inter alia, ionic liquids, coacervates, surfactant solutions and reverse micelles in the liquid phase microextraction techniques has been evaluated in depth. Also, new methodological solutions and the related instruments and devices for the efficient liquid phase micoextraction of analytes, which have found application at the stage of procedure prior to chromatographic determination, are presented.
authors.affiliation: Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza Street 11/12, Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spietelun
authors.affiliation: Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza Street 11/12, Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Marcinkowski
authors.affiliation: University of Valencia, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Building, 50th Dr. Moliner Street, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de la Guardia
authors.affiliation: Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza Street 11/12, Gdansk 80-233, Poland. Electronic address: chemanal@pg.gda.pl.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Namieśnik
mesh_terms: D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents
keywords: AALLME; BSED; BTEX; CAE; CE; CIAME; CPE; D-μ-SPE; DD-SDME; DLLME; DLLME-SFO; DLPNE; DSDME; DSSBME; Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; EME; EMI; GC; Green solvent; HF; HF-LPME; HF-SLPME; HFM-LLLME; HPLC; HS-SDME; Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction; IL-DMME; IL-USA-DLLME; IL-USAEME; IP-SAME; ISFME; LLE; LLLME; LPME; Liquid extraction technique; MADLLME; MS; MWCNT; PAH; SA-DLLME; SBME; SC-DHF-LPME; SD-DLLME; SDCME; SDME; SFOD; SFOME; SFVCDME; SI-DLLME; SM-DLLME; SM-LLME; SPME; SPMTE; SS-BVMME; ST-DLLME; SUSME; Sample preparation; Single-drop microextraction; Solvent microextraction; TILDLME; UA-IL-DLLME; UA-IL-DLPME; UASEME; US-DLLME; USAEME; USAEME-SFO; VALLME; VSLLME; VSLLME-SFO; air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction; bell-shaped extraction device; benzene toluene ethylbenzene and xylene; capillary electrophoresis; cloud point extraction; coacervative extraction; cold-induced aggregation microextraction; directly suspended droplet microextraction; dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of a floating organic drop; dispersive micro solid-phase extraction; drop to drop-single drop microextraction; dual solvent-stir bars microextraction; dynamic liquid phase nanoextraction; electro membrane extraction; electro membrane isolation; gas chromatography; headspace single drop microextraction; high performance liquid chromatography; hollow fiber; hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction; hollow fiber membrane liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction; hollow fiber solid–liquid phase microextraction; in situ solvent-formation microextraction; ion pair based surfactant assisted microextraction; ionic liquid based ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction; ionic liquid-linked dual magnetic microextraction; liquid phase microextraction; liquid–liquid extraction; liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction; mass spectrometry; microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; multi-walled carbon nanotube; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; sequential injection dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; single drop microextraction; single-drop coacervative microextraction; solid phase membrane tip extraction; solid-phase microextraction; solidification of a floating organic drop; solidified floating organic drop microextraction; solidified floating vesicular coacervative drop microextraction; solvent bar microextraction; solvent cooling assisted dynamic hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction; solvent demulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; solvent terminated dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; stir membrane liquid–liquid microextraction; supramolecular based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; supramolecular solvent-based microextraction; supramolecular solvent-based vortex-mixed microextraction; surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase micro-extraction; ultrasound dispersion liquid–liquid microextraction; ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplet; ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction; ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction; ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction; vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction; vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction; vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplet