title: Fullerene-biomolecule conjugates and their biomedicinal applications.
abstract: Fullerenes are among the strongest antioxidants and are characterized as "radical sponges." The research on biomedicinal applications of fullerenes has achieved significant progress since the landmark publication by Friedman et al in 1993. Fullerene-biomolecule conjugates have become an important area of research during the past 2 decades. By a thorough literature search, we attempt to update the information about the synthesis of different types of fullerene-biomolecule conjugates, including fullerene-containing amino acids and peptides, oligonucleotides, sugars, and esters. Moreover, we also discuss in this review recently reported data on the biological and pharmaceutical utilities of these compounds and some other fullerene derivatives of biomedical importance. While within the fullerene-biomolecule conjugates, in which fullerene may act as both an antioxidant and a carrier, specific targeting biomolecules conjugated to fullerene will undoubtedly strengthen the delivery of functional fullerenes to sites of clinical interest.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Xinlin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA ; School of Materials Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Quanjun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001704:Biopolymers; D037741:Fullerenes; D053769:Nanocapsules
keywords: amino acid; ester; fullerene; oligonucleotide; peptide; sugar