title: The association between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there are studies evaluating the effects of periodontal health on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the effects of COPD - a systemic disease, on periodontal tissue is unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of COPD on periodontal tissues by comparing COPD patients and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two COPD patients and 38 non-COPD controls were included in this case-control study. Number of teeth, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level and probing depth were included in the periodontal examination. In addition to clinical evaluations, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1 beta (IL-lb) and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), and serum hs-CRP levels were measured in COPD patients and the controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of teeth was significantly lower while PI and GI were significantly higher in COPD patients when compared to the controls. As well as serum hs-CRP levels, the GCF levels of hs-CRP, IL-1b and PGE2 were significantly higher in COPD patients than the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that COPD may be associated with periodontal disease as manifested by lower number of teeth and higher levels of inflammatory mediators especially CRP in GCF. This finding may be a reflection of systemic effects of COPD on periodontal tissues. Poor oral health behavior of COPD patients have to be considered in larger size group studies in the future.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Görkem
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Öztekin
authors.forename: Ulku
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baser
authors.forename: Meric
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kucukcoskun
authors.forename: Sevda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanrikulu-Kucuk
authors.forename: Evin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ademoglu
authors.forename: Gulden
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isik
authors.forename: Gulcihan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Funda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yalcin
authors.forename: Esen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kiyan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D019229:Dentition, Permanent; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: C-reactive protein; chronic obstructive; interleukin-1beta; periodontal disease; periodontitis; pulmonary disease