title: Feasibility of asymmetric stretch assessment in the ascending aortic wall with DENSE cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vessel diameter is the principal imaging parameter assessed clinically for aortic disease, but adverse events can occur at normal diameters. Aortic stiffness has been studied as an additional imaging-based risk factor, and has been shown to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality. Reports suggest that some aortic pathology is asymmetric around the vessel circumference, a feature which would not be identified with current imaging approaches. We propose that this asymmetry may be revealed using Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE). The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of assessing asymmetric stretch in healthy and diseased ascending aortas using DENSE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aortic wall displacement was assessed with DENSE cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in 5 volunteers and 15 consecutive patients. Analysis was performed in a cross-sectional plane through the ascending aorta at the pulmonary artery. Displacement data was used to determine the wall stretch between the expanded and resting states of the aorta, in four quadrants around the aortic circumference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance (ANOVA) did not only show significant differences in stretch between groups of volunteers (p<0.001), but also significant differences in stretch along the circumference of the aorta (p<0.001), indicating an asymmetric stretch pattern. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in the asymmetry between volunteers and different groups of patients (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of asymmetric stretch is feasible in the ascending aorta with DENSE CMR. Clear differences in stretch are seen between patients and volunteers, with asymmetric patterns demonstrated around the aortic circumference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Henrik.Haraldsson@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haraldsson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Acevedo-Bolton
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Frederick H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saloner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004548:Elasticity; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D059289:Vascular Stiffness