title: Toxicity evaluation of pharmaceutical wastewaters using the alga Scenedesmus obliquus and the bacterium Vibrio fischeri.
abstract: The toxicity of pharmaceutical wastewaters has recently been the focus of the public in China. This study aimed to evaluate the conventional pollution parameters and toxicities of different raw and treated pharmaceutical wastewaters to algae Scenedesmus obliquus and bacteria Vibrio fischeri. Wastewater samples were collected from 16 pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants in China. The results of the conventional parameters analysis indicated that the total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia (NH3-N), and total phosphorus (TP) were largely removed after treatment. Pharmaceutical effluents were mainly polluted with organics and phosphorus as indicated by the average COD (388 mg/L) and TP (3.16 mg/L) concentrations. The toxicity test results indicated that the influent samples were toxic to both test species. Although the toxicities could be remarkably reduced after treatment, 10 out of the 16 effluent samples exceeded the acute toxicity discharge limit of the Chinese national standards. Spearman rank correlation coefficients indicated a significantly positive correlation between the toxicity values of S. obliquus and V. fischeri. Compared with S. obliquus, V. fischeri detected more pharmaceutical effluent samples with toxicities. Meanwhile, the toxicity indicators were significantly and positively correlated with the COD and NH3-N concentrations based on a Spearman rank correlation analysis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: jiane.zuo@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jiane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Xinyao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Ruixia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
authors.forename: Zaixing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D004345:Drug Industry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D049449:Luminescence; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D044444:Scenedesmus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D010758:Phosphorus; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Pharmaceutical wastewater; Scenedesmus obliquus; Toxicity; Vibrio fischeri