title: Prevalence and risk factors of five most common upper extremity disorders in diabetics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In addition to macrovascular and along with other microvascular complications, diabetic patients suffer from some common musculoskeletal complications. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of five musculoskeletal disorders of upper extremity including shoulder capsulitis (SC), limited joint mobility (LJM), Dupuytren's contracture (DC), carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), and trigger finger (TF) as well as identify their related risk factors in diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 432 types 1 or 2 diabetic patients and evaluated them for the presence of musculoskeletal disorders and their-related risk factors in 2012-13. The patients were examined by an endocrinologist and then suspected subjects evaluated by a rheumatologist for defining final diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder of upper extremity was SC (8.79%), followed by CTS (8.56%), LJM (6.94%), DC (7.4%), and TF (6.71%). Advanced age, female sex, smoking, and duration of diabetes were associated with the appearance of SC; female sex and duration of diabetes with CTS; advanced age and smoking with LJM; advanced age, duration of diabetes and history of foot ulcer with DC; and history of laser photocoagulation was associated with TF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show lower prevalence of upper musculoskeletal disorders and different associated risk factors in our diabetic population in comparison with previous studies on other populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. javadkeyani@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiani
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goharifar
authors.affiliation: Modeling of Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moghimbeigi
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Homeyra
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azizkhani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002062:Bursitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004387:Dupuytren Contracture / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D052582:Trigger Finger Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D034941:Upper Extremity
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Musculoskeletal disorder; Prevalence; Upper extremity