title: Protection of ornamental gold fish Carassius auratus against Aeromonas hydrophila by treating Ixora coccinea active principles.
abstract: Herbals such as Ixora coccinea, Daemia extensa and Tridax procumbens were selected to screen in vitro antibacterial and immunostimulant activity against the freshwater fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila using different organic polar and non-polar solvents. Initial screening results revealed that, ethyl acetate extracts and its purified fraction of I. coccinea was able to suppress the A. hydrophila strains at more than 15 mm of zone of inhibition and positive immunostimulant activity. The purified active fraction, which eluted from H40: EA60 mobile phase was structurally characterized by GC-MS analysis. Two compounds such as Diethyl Phthalate (1,2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid, monobutyl ester) and Dibutyl Phthalate were characterized using NIST database search. In order to study the in vivo immunostimulant influence of the compounds, the crude extracts (ICE) and purified fractions (ICF) were incorporated to the artificial diets at the concentration of 400 mg kg⁻¹ and fed to the ornamental gold fish Carassius auratus for 30 days. After termination of feeding experiment, they were challenged with highly virulent A. hydrophila AHV-1 which was isolated from infected gold fish and studied the survival, specific bacterial load reduction, serum biochemistry, haematology, immunology and histological parameters. The control diet fed fishes succumbed to death within five days at 100% mortality whereas ICE and ICF fed groups survived 60 and 80% respectively after 10 days. The diets also helped to decrease the Aeromonas load after challenge and significantly (P ≤ 0.01) improved the serum albumin, globulin and protein. The diets also helped to increase the RBC and haemoglobin level significantly (P ≤ 0.05) from the control group. Surprisingly the immunological parameters like phagocytic activity, serum bactericidal activity and lysozyme activity were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.001) in the experimental diets. Macrophages and erythrocytes were abundantly expressed in the treated groups and the present work concluded that, the Phthalate derivatives from I. coccinea helps to stimulate the immune system against A. hydrophila challenge in C. auratus.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629502 Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Paulraj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anusha
authors.affiliation: Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629502 Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Vijayaragavan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thangaviji
authors.affiliation: Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629502 Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Subramanian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Velmurugan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629502 Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Mariavincent
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michaelbabu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629502 Tamilnadu, India. Electronic address: citarasu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thavasimuthu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Citarasu
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D029062:Apocynaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D006054:Goldfish; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019666:Rubiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila; Antibacterial; Carassius auratus; Immunostimulants; Ixora coccinea