title: Anxiety and depression propensities in patients with acute toxic liver injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate anxiety and depression propensities in patients with toxic liver injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were divided into three groups: a healthy control group (Group 1, n = 125), an acute non-toxic liver injury group (Group 2, n = 124), and a group with acute toxic liver injury group caused by non-commercial herbal preparations (Group 3, n = 126). These three groups were compared and evaluated through questionnaire surveys and using the Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale (HADS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the hypochondriasis scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HADS anxiety subscale was 4.9 ± 2.7, 5.0 ± 3.0 and 5.6 ± 3.4, in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The HADS depression subscale in Group 3 showed the most significant score (5.2 ± 3.2, 6.4 ± 3.4 and 7.2 ± 3.4 in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) (P < 0.01 vs Group 1, P < 0.05 vs Group 2). The BAI and BDI in Group 3 showed the most significant score (7.0 ± 6.3 and 6.9 ± 6.9, 9.5 ± 8.6 and 8.8 ± 7.3, 10.7 ± 7.2 and 11.6 ± 8.5 in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) (BAI: P < 0.01 vs Group 1, P < 0.05 vs Group 2) (BDI: P < 0.01 vs Group 1 and 2). Group 3 showed a significantly higher hypochondriasis score (8.2 ± 6.0, 11.6 ± 7.5 and 13.1 ± 6.5 in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) (P < 0.01 vs Group 1, P < 0.05 vs Group 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological factors that present vulnerability to the temptation to use alternative medicines, such as herbs and plant preparations, are important for understanding toxic liver injury.
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Ill
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sakong
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Kook
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Bae
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Joon
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yeon Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Dong
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soon Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Heon Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: In Hee
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Joo Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Yeob
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Jeong Ill Suh, Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Min
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D006998:Hypochondriasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D056910:Republic of Korea; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Herb; Liver injury; Toxic