title: DOI Determination by Rise Time Discrimination in Single-Ended Readout for TOF PET Imaging.
abstract: Clinical TOF PET systems achieve detection efficiency using thick crystals, typically of thickness 2-3cm. The resulting dispersion in interaction depths degrades spatial resolution for increasing radial positions due to parallax error. Furthermore, interaction depth dispersion results in time pickoff dispersion and thus in degraded timing resolution, and is therefore of added concern in TOF scanners. Using fast signal digitization, we characterize the timing performance, pulse shape and light output of LaBr3:Ce, CeBr3and LYSO. Coincidence timing resolution is shown to degrade by ~50ps/cm for scintillator pixels of constant cross section and increasing length. By controlling irradiation depth in a scintillator pixel, we show that DOI-dependence of time pickoff is a significant factor in the loss of timing performance in thick detectors. Using the correlated DOI-dependence of time pickoff and charge collection, we apply a charge-based correction to the time pickoff, obtaining improved coincidence timing resolution of <200ps for a uniform 4×4×30mm3LaBr3pixel. In order to obtain both DOI identification and improved timing resolution, we design a two layer LaBr3[5%Ce]/LaBr3[30%Ce] detector of total size 4×4×30mm3, exploiting the dependence of scintillator rise time on [Ce] in LaBr3:Ce. Using signal rise time to determine interaction layer, excellent interaction layer discrimination is achieved, while maintaining coincidence timing resolution of <250ps and energy resolution <7% using a R4998 PMT. Excellent layer separation and timing performance is measured with several other commercially-available TOF photodetectors, demonstrating the practicality of this design. These results indicate the feasibility of rise time discrimination as a technique for measuring event DOI while maintaining sensitivity, timing and energy performance, in a well-known detector architecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Wiener
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Surti
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Department of Radiology at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Karp
keywords: PET; depth-of-interaction; lanthanum bromide; time-of-flight