title: Associations of leisure time, commuting, and occupational physical activity with physical fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in young men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim was to study the relationships between different domains of physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors and physical fitness.
  
  
  METHODS
  781 young men participated. Self-reported leisure-time (LTPA), commuting (CPA) and occupational (OPA) activity were determined. Blood pressure, s-HDL-cholesterol, s-triglycerides and s-LDL-cholesterol, and glucose were measured. The continuous cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor score was calculated from the z-score mean of each cardiovascular risk factor. The cutpoint was defined as 1 standard deviation above the mean. Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The likelihood of CVD risk factor score was higher in moderate [OR 1.99 (95% CI 1.21-3.28)] and low [1.87 (1.16-3.02)] CPA groups compared with the high group, whereas neither low nor moderate LTPA or OPA groups showed similar associations after adjustments. Low OPA combined either with low LTPA [2.01 (1.08-3.74)] or low CPA [1.90 (1.05-3.44)] had a higher likelihood for CVD risk factor compared with combined moderate-high categories after adjustments. LTPA was positively associated with all physical fitness parameters, CPA with cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular endurance, and OPA with grip strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results emphasize the beneficial role of CPA regarding CVD risk factor score and stress the avoidance of low physical activity in its different domains.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jani P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vaara
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kyröläinen
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fogelholm
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santtila
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
authors.forename: Keijo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
authors.forename: Tommi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vasankari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides