title: Comparative assessment of soft-tissue changes in Class II Division 1 patients following extraction and non-extraction treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extraction of teeth for orthodontic purpose has always been a controversial subject in the speciality. The aesthetics impact of the soft-tissue profile might play a key role in deciding on premolar extraction or non-extraction (NE) treatment, particularly in borderline patients. The purpose of this cephalometric study was to examine the soft-tissue treatment effects of Class II Division 1 malocclusion undergoing extraction of all first premolars in comparison with patients undergoing treatment with a NE approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hundred post-pubertal female patients of Class II Division 1 malocclusion were selected. Group 1, treated with four first premolar extractions, consisted of 50 female patients with a mean age of 14 years 1 month. Group 2, treated without extractions, consisted of 50 patients with a mean age of 13 years 5 months. Pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of the patients were obtained. The pre-treatment and post-treatment stage comparison and the intergroup comparison of the treatment changes were conducted between extraction and NE groups of Class II malocclusion samples with t tests. The levels of significance tested were P < 0.05 and P < 0.01.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main soft-tissue differences between the groups at the end of treatment were a more retruded lower lip and a more pronounced lower labial sulcus in those patients subjected to extraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Class II Division 1 patients, the extraction or NE decision, if based on sound diagnostic criteria, seems to have no systematic detrimental effects on the facial profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, B.B.D. College of Dental Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sneh Lata
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Chandra Dental College and Hospital, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vijay Prakash
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj Medical University (Earstwhile K.G.M.C.), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Gyan Prakash
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, B.B.D. College of Dental Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sachan
keywords: Borderline extraction- NE subjects and standard edgewise mechanics; dentoskeletal changes; extraction- NE subjects and Class II Division 1; soft-tissue profile