title: Vital dyes in ophthalmology: a chemical perspective.
abstract: Vital dyes have advanced diagnosis and surgical technique in various specialties, including oncology, gastroenterology and ophthalmology. Intra-operative and diagnostic dyes are finding uses in all areas of ophthalmology, including cornea, cataract, retina, glaucoma, orbit and conjunctiva. We provide a summary of current knowledge of the chemical concepts of vital dyes in ophthalmology. We review the properties of dyes, techniques of application, indications and complications in ocular surgery. Vital dyes represent an expanding area of research, and novel dyes deserve further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Paulista School of Medicine, Vision Institute, Federal University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Emmerson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Badaro
authors.forename: Eduardo Amorim
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Novais
authors.forename: Fernando Marcondes
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Penha
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.forename: Michel Eid
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.forename: Eduardo Buchele
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents
keywords: Chromovitrectomy; indocyanine green; staining; trypan blue; vital dye