title: Azole-synergistic anti-candidal activity of altenusin, a biphenyl metabolite of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata isolated from Terminalia chebula Retz.
abstract: In this study, a tropical endophytic fungus, Alternaria alternata Tche-153 was isolated from a Thai medicinal plant Terminalia chebula Rezt. The ethyl acetate extract prepared from the fermentation broth exhibited significant ketoconazole-synergistic activity against Candida albicans. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract led to the isolation of altenusin (1), isoochracinic acid (2), and altenuic acid (3) together with 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone (4). Using the disc diffusion method and the microdilution chequerboard technique, only altenusin (1) in combination with each of three azole drugs, ketoconazole, fluconazole or itraconazole at their low sub-inhibitory concentrations exhibited potent synergistic activity against C. albicans with the fractional inhibitory concentration index range of 0.078 to 0.188. This first discovery of altenusin (1) as a new azole-synergistic prototype possessing a biphenyl structure is of significance for further development of new azole-synergists to treat invasive candidiasis.
authors.affiliation: Center of Bioactive Natural Products from Marine Organisms and Endophytic Fungi (BNPME), Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jatuporn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phaopongthai
authors.forename: Suthep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiyakrutta
authors.forename: Duangdeun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meksuriyen
authors.forename: Nongluksna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sriubolmas
authors.forename: Khanit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suwanborirux
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001393:Azoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D060026:Endophytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010802:Phylogeny; D029766:Terminalia / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001393:Azoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; C095643:altenusin