title: Hand-held high-resolution fluorescence imaging system for fluorescence-guided surgery of patient and cell-line pancreatic tumors growing orthotopically in nude mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we investigated the advantages of fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) in mice of a portable hand-sized imaging system compared with a large fluorescence imaging system or a long-working-distance fluorescence microscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse models of human pancreatic cancer for FGS included the following: (1) MiaPaCa-2-expressing green fluorescent protein, (2) BxPC3 labeled with Alexa Fluor 488-conjucated anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody, and (3) patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) labeled with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-carbohydrate antigen 19-9 antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each device could clearly detect the primary MiaPaCa-2-green fluorescent protein tumor and any residual tumor after FGS. In the BxPC3 model labeled with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-CEA, each device could detect the primary tumor, but the MVX10 could not clearly detect the residual tumor remaining after FGS whereas the other devices could. In the PDOX model labeled with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-carbohydrate antigen 19-9, only the portable hand-held device could distinguish the residual tumor from the background, and complete resection of the residual tumor was achieved under fluorescence navigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results described in the present report suggest that the hand-held mobile imaging system can be applied to the clinic for FGS because of its convenient size and high sensitivity which should help make FGS widely used.
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiroshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maawy
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Sho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Fuminari
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Shuya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Momiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chishima
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kuniya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California. Electronic address: mbouvet@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouvet
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Itaru
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate / Q000276:immunology; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C578959:carbohydrate antigen 199, human; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins
keywords: CA19-9; CEA; Cell line; Fluorescence-guided surgery; Fluorescent proteins; In vivo imaging; Mouse model; Pancreatic cancer; Patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX(®))