title: Effective dose in percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage examination using PCXMC2.0 and MCNP5 Monte Carlo codes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the organ equivalent doses and the effective doses (E) in patient undergoing percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) examinations, using the MCNP5 and PCXMC2 Monte Carlo-based codes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The purpose of this study is to estimate the organ doses to patients undergoing PTBD examinations by clinical measurements and Monte Carlo simulation. Dose area products (DAP) values were assessed during examination of 43 patients undergoing PTBD examination separated into groups based on the gender and the dimensions and location of the beam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monte Carlo simulation of photon transport in male and female mathematical phantoms was applied using the MCNP5 and PCXMC2 codes in order to estimate equivalent organ doses. Regarding the PTBD examination the organ receiving the maximum radiation dose was the lumbar spine. The mean calculated HT for the lumbar spine using the MCNP5 and PCXMC2 methods respectively, was 117.25 mSv and 131.7 mSv, in males. The corresponding doses were 139.45 mSv and 157.1 mSv respectively in females. The HT values for organs receiving considerable amounts of radiation during PTBD examinations were varied between 0.16% and 73.2% for the male group and between 1.10% and 77.6% for the female group. E in females and males using MCNP5 and PCXMC2.0 was 5.88 mSv and 6.77 mSv, and 4.93 mSv and 5.60 mSv.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The doses remain high compared to other invasive operations in interventional radiology. There is a reasonable good coincidence between the MCNP5 and PCXMC2.0 calculation for most of the organs.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: stratoskaravasilis@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karavasilis
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimitriadis
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Laiko Hospital of Athens, 17 Ag. Thoma Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gonis
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Laiko Hospital of Athens, 17 Ag. Thoma Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yakoumakis
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000601:surgery*; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: Dose assessment; Modeling; Monte Carlo; Radiology