title: Stressors impair odor recognition memory via an olfactory bulb-dependent noradrenergic mechanism.
abstract: Non-associative habituation and odor recognition tasks have been widely used to probe questions of social recognition, odor memory duration, and odor memory specificity. Among others, these paradigms have provided valuable insight into how neuromodulation, and specifically norepinephrine/noradrenaline (NE) influences odor memory. In general, NE levels are modulated by arousal, stress, and behavioral state, but there is sparse evidence of a direct relationship between NE and odor memory in adult rodents. The present study uses simple mild psychological stressors (bright light and sound) to modulate NE levels physiologically in order to probe stressors NE-dependent effect on odor recognition memory. In rats with bilateral bulbar cannulations, we show that these stressors modulate olfactory memory and that this effect is at least partially mediated by the olfactory bulb. Specifically, we show that the presence of stressors during the acquisition of odor memory suppresses memory for an odor when tested 30 min after familiarization to that odor. This suppression is blocked by infusing NE antagonists into the olfactory bulb prior to odor acquisition. Additionally, we find that infusion of bulbar NE is sufficient to suppress odor memory in a manner mimicking that of our stressors. These effects are unlikely to be solely mediated by locomotor/exploratory changes produced by stressors, although these stressors influence certain behaviors not directly related to odor investigation. This study provides important information about how behaviorally relevant changes in NE can influence top-down sensory processing and odor memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Manella
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alperin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linster
keywords: arousal; locus coeruleus; noradrenaline; norepinephrine; odor memory; olfactory bulb; stress