title: The ethical dimension in published animal research in critical care: the public face of science.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ethical quality of animal research is important for many reasons, including for maintaining public support. We aimed to determine the reported attention to the ethical dimensions of the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement) in critical care animal research published in 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  A data-collection form and instruction manual were created based on published recommendations, and completed for all consecutive critical care animal research (using mammals) publications from January to June 2012 in three critical care journals. Predefined subgroups were by journal, sepsis model, and animal age, compared by using the χ2 statistic, with statistical significance accepted at P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 77 consecutive animal research publications were reviewed. Most studies did not report monitoring the level of anesthesia during invasive procedures, even when muscle paralytics were used, nor monitoring or treatment of expected pain. When euthanasia was used, the method was often not stated, and when stated, most methods were not appropriate for the species. A sample-size calculation was rarely used, and animal numbers were often poorly described. No studies performed a systematic review to ensure that the animal research would be useful and not simple repetition. Seventeen (22%) publications met the composite outcome of, if indicated, using anesthesia and pain control, and stating the method of euthanasia. Most studies were funded with public funds (foundation or government funding). Sepsis models less often met the composite outcome of, if indicated, using anesthesia and pain control, and stating the method of euthanasia (2 (7%) of 27 versus 15 (30%) of 50; P = 0.023). No other statistically significant differences were found in reporting of any criterion by animal age, sepsis model, or journal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reported (although not necessarily actual) ethical quality of animal research in three high-impact critical care journals during 6 months of 2012 was poor. This has important implications for the practice of critical care animal research.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bara
authors.forename: Ari R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Joffe
mesh_terms: D032761:Animal Experimentation / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D003422:Critical Care / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards