title: Milk consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in older Chinese: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dairy products consumption is increasingly common globally. Most of the evidence concerning dairy products comes from observational studies in western populations which are inevitably open to confounding. To triangulate the evidence concerning dairy products, we examined the associations of whole cow's milk consumption with cardiovascular risk factors in a non-Western setting with a different pattern of milk consumption and cardiovascular diseases from Western populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multivariable censored linear or logistic regression to examine cross-sectionally the adjusted associations of whole cow's milk consumption (none (n = 14892), 1-3/week (n = 2689) and 3+/week (n = 2754)) with cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese (≥50 years) in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole cow's milk consumption was negatively associated with systolic blood pressure (3+/week compared to none -2.56 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.63 to -1.49), diastolic blood pressure (-1.32 mmHg, 95% CI -1.87 to -0.77) and triglycerides (-0.06 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.11 to -0.002), but was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol (0.02 mmol/L,95% CI 0.01 to 0.04) and fasting glucose (0.08 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.16) adjusted for age, sex, phase of study, socio-economic position, lifestyle (smoking, alcohol use and physical activity) and adiposity, but had no obvious association with LDL-cholesterol or the presence of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole cow's milk consumption had heterogeneous associations with cardiovascular risk factors. Higher whole cow's milk consumption was associated with lower levels of specific cardiovascular risk factors which might suggest risk factor specific biological pathways with different relations to blood pressure and lipids than glucose.
authors.affiliation: Lifestyle and Lifecourse Epidemiology Group, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yangbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Number 12 Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chaoqiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kar Keung
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Number 12 Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Weisen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Lifestyle and Lifecourse Epidemiology Group, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Gabriel M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Lifestyle and Lifecourse Epidemiology Group, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Tai Hing
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Lifestyle and Lifecourse Epidemiology Group, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, SAR, China ; School of Public Health, CUNY, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: C Mary
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schooling
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002417:Cattle; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D017678:Sex Distribution