title: In vitro characterization of a stem-cell-seeded triple-interpenetrating-network hydrogel for functional regeneration of the nucleus pulposus.
abstract: Intervertebral disc degeneration is implicated as a major cause of low-back pain. There is a pressing need for new regenerative therapies for disc degeneration that restore native tissue structure and mechanical function. To that end we investigated the therapeutic potential of an injectable, triple-interpenetrating-network hydrogel comprised of dextran, chitosan, and teleostean, for functional regeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc in a series of biomechanical, cytotoxicity, and tissue engineering studies. Biomechanical properties were evaluated as a function of gelation time, with the hydrogel reaching ∼90% of steady-state aggregate modulus within 10 h. Hydrogel mechanical properties evaluated in confined and unconfined compression were comparable to native human NP properties. To confirm containment within the disc under physiological loading, toluidine-blue-labeled hydrogel was injected into human cadaveric spine segments after creation of a nucleotomy defect, and the segments were subjected to 10,000 cycles of loading. Gross analysis demonstrated no implant extrusion, and further, that the hydrogel interdigitated well with native NP. Constructs were next surface-seeded with NP cells and cultured for 14 days, confirming lack of hydrogel cytotoxicity, with the hydrogel maintaining NP cell viability and promoting proliferation. Next, to evaluate the potential of the hydrogel to support cell-mediated matrix production, constructs were seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cultured under prochondrogenic conditions for up to 42 days. Importantly, the hydrogel maintained MSC viability and promoted proliferation, as evidenced by increasing DNA content with culture duration. MSCs differentiated along a chondrogenic lineage, evidenced by upregulation of aggrecan and collagen II mRNA, and increased GAG and collagen content, and mechanical properties with increasing culture duration. Collectively, these results establish the therapeutic potential of this novel hydrogel for functional regeneration of the NP. Future work will confirm the ability of this hydrogel to normalize the mechanical stability of cadaveric human motion segments, and advance the material toward human translation using preclinical large-animal models.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Lachlan J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gorth
authors.forename: Brent L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Showalter
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chiaro
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mauck
authors.forename: Weiliam
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007267:Injections; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003470:Culture Media; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate