title: Nature and impact of interruptions on clinical workflow of medical residents in the inpatient setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical officers (trainees) in their first to third postgraduate years (PGY-1-3s) work in complex, busy environments, performing tasks that require concentration and application of learned skills. There are frequently competing demands, and being paged is among the most common.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We quantified and described the effect of interruptions that paging created on the clinical workflow of PGY-1-3s during ward duties.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted at 2 teaching hospitals in Sydney, Australia. Medical students were recruited as observers to log interruptions of PGY-1-3s' workflow arising from pages from other members of the hospital team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two pairs consisting of a PGY-1-3 trainee and an observer were recruited, with 24 proceeding to data collection. Nursing was the most frequent source of pages (47%); other medical staff accounted for 16% of pages, allied health for 12%, and others for 24% (with pharmacy the most common). Pages commonly involved direct patient care (46%), followed by medication issues (21%). Tasks interrupted by pages encompassed direct patient care (37%), indirect patient care (15%), and documentation (12%). Only 27% of pages were assessed as appropriate and urgent, while 58% were considered appropriate but not urgent, and 16% were not appropriate. Only 38% of pages were judged to be clinically more important than the task they interrupted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pages frequently interrupted direct patient care activities for PGY-1-3 trainees, and a significant proportion of pages were identified as either not requiring immediate attention or not appropriate, resulting in potentially avoidable interruptions to clinical workflow. Alternate means of alerting trainees to nonurgent tasks may reduce interruptions and facilitate patient care.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.forename: Cameron S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Korb-Wells
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sumpton
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barnsley