title: Remineralizing efficacy of different calcium-phosphate and fluoride based delivery vehicles on artificial caries like enamel lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess enamel remineralization of different calcium-phosphate and fluoride delivery systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Artificial caries lesions were created on 115 extracted human molars. Specimens were assigned according to remineralizing agent into five groups: G1: Control (artificial saliva), G2: Clinpro™ white varnish, G3: Relief, G4: Tooth Mousse Plus, G5: Vanish™XT. Surface micro-hardness (SMH), surface roughness (Ra) and surface topography by scanning electron microscope (SEM) were evaluated at baseline, after demineralization, after 2 and 4 weeks remineralization and after acid challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demineralized enamel showed the lowest SMH. By 2 weeks remineralization, SMH were ranked as follows: G2 (282.14±6.82)>G3 (269.37±7.25)>G5 (263.00±6.49)=G4 (251.83±8.26)>G1 (226.5±9.34). However, 4 weeks remineralization showed the following: G2 (304.09±6.65)>G3 (293.1±5.24)=G4 (285±7.29)>G5 (272.43±4.89)>G1 (233.33±9.12). By exposure to acid challenge, groups presented order of: G2 (279.71±5.99)=G3 (275.51±5.59)>G4 (262.29±6.65)>G5 (245.43±6.43)>G1 (190.27±8). Surface roughness showed the following mattress after 2 weeks remineralization: G1 (0.2488±0.0016)=G2 (0.2487±0.0007)=G3 (0.2476±0.0006)>G4 (0.2442±0.0004)>G5 (0.2396±0.0009). After 4 weeks remineralization: G1 (0.2469±0.0017)>G4 (0.244±0.0004)>G5 (0.2413±0.0008)=G3 (0.2405±0.0007)=G2 (0.2399±0.0006). After acid challenge; G1 (0.2582±0.0027)>G5 (0.2556±0.0007)>G4 (0.2484±0.0009)>G3 (0.2463±0.0007)>G2 (0.2443±0.0004). SEM revealed mineralized coating on the surfaces which resists dissolution by acid challenge at variable degrees according to remineralization regimen applied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remineralizing agents containing different calcium-phosphate formulas and fluoride have increased remineralization potential compared to artificial saliva. Clinpro™ varnish presented the highest remineralization tendency with greatest resistance for acid challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This in vitro study imitated the application of different calcium phosphorous and fluoride based delivery vehicles to enamel tooth surfaces in the mouth. The new therapeutic techniques based on different calcium phosphate formulas containing fluoride provide a new avenue for remineralization of non-cavitated and early carious lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elkassas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University, Egypt. Electronic address: ablaarafa@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Abla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arafa
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000473:pathology; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003747:Dental Enamel Solubility / Q000187:drug effects; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011897:Random Allocation; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000473:pathology; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D002364:Caseins; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D019279:Resin Cements; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C519480:amorphous calcium phosphate; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex; C020243:calcium phosphate; C018392:tricalcium phosphate; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Acid challenge; Calcium-phosphate-based systems; Microhardness; Remineralization; Scanning electron microscopy; Surface roughness