title: Current concepts in examination and treatment of elbow tendon injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injuries to the tendons of the elbow occur frequently in the overhead athlete, creating a significant loss of function and dilemma to sports medicine professionals. A detailed review of the anatomy, etiology, and pathophysiology of tendon injury coupled with comprehensive evaluation and treatment information is needed for clinicians to optimally design treatment programs for rehabilitation and prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched in January 2012 for English-language articles pertaining to elbow tendon injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Detailed information on tendon pathophysiology was found along with incidence of elbow injury in overhead athletes. Several evidence-based reviews were identified, providing a thorough review of the recommended rehabilitation for elbow tendon injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Humeral epicondylitis is an extra-articular tendon injury that is common in athletes subjected to repetitive upper extremity loading. Research is limited on the identification of treatment modalities that can reduce pain and restore function to the elbow. Eccentric exercise has been studied in several investigations and, when coupled with a complete upper extremity strengthening program, can produce positive results in patients with elbow tendon injury. Further research is needed in high-level study to delineate optimal treatment methods.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Associates, Scottsdale Sports Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
authors.forename: Todd S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ellenbecker
authors.affiliation: Nirschl Orthopaedic Center for Sports Medicine and Joint Reconstruction, Arlington, Virginia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nirschl
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports Trauma Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Renstrom
keywords: elbow tendon injury; humeral epicondylitis; rehabilitation