title: Overdose prevention in injecting opioid users: the role of substance abuse treatment and training programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opioid overdose is still the first cause of preventable death among young men in Barcelona. Sound knowledge of opioid overdose prevention is important to avoid complications and deaths. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with limited knowledge of overdose prevention and to assess the possible effect of treatment and overdose prevention training programs on this variable.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 2008 to March 2009, current injecting opioid users attending harm reduction centers in Catalonia (Spain) were interviewed. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of limited knowledge about overdose prevention were calculated by adjusting Poisson regression models with a robust variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this sample, 28.7% of clients had limited knowledge of overdose prevention. Factors associated with limited knowledge were country of origin, never having received treatment for drug dependency, having a low educational level, and never having experienced an overdose. In contrast, treatment at the time of the interview was not associated with a lower prevalence of limited knowledge about overdose prevention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that preventive programs would benefit from accounting for linguistic and educational limitations and from participation in every treatment episode. Comprehensiveness and broad coverage of such programs could help to maximize their impact.
authors.affiliation: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, España; Programa de Epidemiología Aplicada y de Campo (PEAC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarasa-Renedo
authors.affiliation: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Departament de Psicobiologia y Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), España. Electronic address: aespelt@aspb.cat.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espelt
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT); Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya (ASPC), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: Cinta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Folch
authors.affiliation: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vecino
authors.affiliation: Subdirecció General de Drogodependències, Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Majó
authors.affiliation: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT); Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya (ASPC), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Casabona
authors.affiliation: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España.
authors.forename: M Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Brugal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Analgesics; Analgésicos; Centros de tratamiento por uso de sustancias; Heroin; Heroína; Intravenous injection; Inyección intravenosa; Opioid; Opioides; Overdose; Preventive health services; Servicios preventivos; Sobredosis; Substance abuse treatment centers