title: The Development of Comorbid Conduct Problems in Children With ADHD: An Example of an Integrative Developmental Psychopathology Perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe interactions among factors that contribute to the development of conduct problems among children with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  An integrative developmental psychopathology analysis combines various approaches and posits one model of how diverse risk factors operate together to contribute to the development of conduct problems among children with ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial genetic risk increases covariation between ADHD and conduct problems. Candidate genes are associated with CNS monoaminergic neurotransmission. Subsequent neurodevelopmental impairment interferes with executive function, with impaired verbal working memory playing an important role. Parent/child bi-directional influences exacerbate the risk for conduct problems when ADHD symptoms increase the likelihood of a coercive parenting style. Parent stress in reaction to child comorbid ADHD and conduct problems, and parent attribution for the child's conduct problem behavior, add to the potential for coercion and reduce constructive parent-child interaction that might otherwise enhance the development of verbal working memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an integrated manner, these variables increase the risk that a child with ADHD will subsequently develop conduct problems.
authors.affiliation: Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, USA danforthj@easternct.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Danforth
authors.affiliation: University of CT Medical School, Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.affiliation: Assumption College, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Doerfler
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D011599:Psychopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment
keywords: ADHD; comorbid psychopathology; conduct problems; development