title: A green and efficient procedure for the preconcentration and determination of cadmium, nickel and zinc from freshwater, hemodialysis solutions and tuna fish samples by cloud point extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
abstract: Cloud point extraction (CPE) was used to simultaneously preconcentrate trace-level cadmium, nickel and zinc for determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). 1-(2-Pyridilazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) was used as a complexing agent, and the metal complexes were extracted from the aqueous phase by the surfactant Triton X-114 ((1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol). Under optimized complexation and extraction conditions, the limits of detection were 0.37μgL(-1) (Cd), 2.6μgL(-1) (Ni) and 2.3μgL(-1) (Zn). This extraction was quantitative with a preconcentration factor of 30 and enrichment factor estimated to be 42, 40 and 43, respectively. The method was applied to different complex samples, and the accuracy was evaluated by analyzing a water standard reference material (NIST SRM 1643e), yielding results in agreement with the certified values.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia 166, 09.210-170 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galbeiro
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia 166, 09.210-170 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia 166, 09.210-170 Santo André, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: ivanise.gaubeur@ufabc.edu.br.
authors.forename: Ivanise
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gaubeur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis*; D017830:Octoxynol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012015:Reference Standards; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*; D014413:Tuna / Q000378:metabolism*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D007477:Ions; D002104:Cadmium; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D009532:Nickel; D017830:Octoxynol; C010615:Nonidet P-40; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Cloud point extraction; Freshwater; Hemodialysis solutions; Metals ions; Tuna fish samples