title: Bookmarking target genes in mitosis: a shared epigenetic trait of phenotypic transcription factors and oncogenes?
abstract: The regulatory information for phenotype, proliferation, and growth of normal and tumor cells must be maintained through genome replication in the S phase and cell division during mitosis. Epigenetic mechanisms that include DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications of histones, selective utilization of histone variants, and inheritable RNA molecules play pivotal roles in maintaining cellular identity through mitotic divisions. Recent studies demonstrate that mitotic occupancy of genes, which are determinants of cell fate, growth, and proliferation, by lineage-restricted transcription factors is a key epigenetic mechanism for retention and transmission of cellular expression memory. Evidence is emerging for the presence of distinct transcriptional regulatory microenvironments in mitotic chromosomes in which the genes bookmarked for reactivation postmitotically reside. Importantly, some oncoproteins are present in mitotic microenvironments where they occupy target genes during mitosis and may contribute to perpetuating the transformed phenotype. We discuss emerging regulatory implications of epigenetically bookmarking genes during mitosis for physiologic control as well as for the onset and progression of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Vermont Cancer Center, College of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Center for Biomedical Research; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Sayyed K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Grandy
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopez-Camacho
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montecino
authors.forename: Andre J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Wijnen
authors.forename: Jane B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018450:Disease Progression; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008938:Mitosis; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097722:Cohesins
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D006657:Histones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000097722:Cohesins