title: A portable multi-flash kinetic fluorimeter for measurement of donor and acceptor reactions of Photosystem 2 in leaves of intact plants under field conditions.
abstract: A newly-developed field-portable multi-flash kinetic fluorimeter for measuring the kinetics of the microsecond to millisecond reactions of the oxidizing and reducing sides of photosystem 2 in leaves of intact plants is described and demonstrated. The instrumental technique is a refinement of that employed in the 'double-flash' kinetic fluorimeter (Joliot 1974 Biochim Biophys Acta 357: 439-448) where a low-intensity short-duration light pulse is used to measure the fluorescence yield changes following saturating single-turnover light pulses. The present instrument uses a rapid series of short-duration (2 μs) pulses to resolve a complete microsecond to millisecond time-scale kinetic trace of fluorescence yield changes after each actinic flash. Differential optics, using a matrix of optical fibers, allow very high sensitivity (noise levels about 0.05% Fmax) thus eliminating the need for signal averaging, and greatly reducing the intensity of light required to make a measurement. Consequently, the measuring pulses have much less actinic effect and an entire multi-point trace (seven points) excites less than 1% of the reaction centers in a leaf. In addition, bu combining the actinic and measuring pulse light in the optical fiber network, the tail of the actinic flash can be compensated for, allowing measurements of events as rapidly as 20 μs after the actinic flash. This resolution makes practical the routine measurement of the microsecond turnover kinetics of the oxygen evolving complex in leaves of intact plants in the field. The instrument is demonstrated by observing flash number dependency and inhibitor sensitivity of the induction and decay kinetics of flash-induced fluorescence transients in leaves of intact plants. From these traces the period-two oscillations associated with the turnover of the two-electron gate and the period-four oscillations associated with the turnover of the oxygen evolving complex can be observed. Applications of the instrument to extending our knowledge of chloroplast function to the whole plant, the effects on plants of environmental stress, herbicides, etc, and possible applications to screening of mutants are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biophysics Division, University of Illinois, 156 Davenport Hall, 607 S. Mathews, 61801, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Crofts