title: The role of high-frequency oscillations in epilepsy surgery planning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epilepsy is a serious brain disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Approximately two-thirds of seizures can be controlled with antiepileptic medications (Kwan 2000). For some of the others, surgery can completely eliminate or significantly reduce the occurrence of disabling seizures. Localization of epileptogenic areas for resective surgery is far from perfect, and new tools are being investigated to more accurately localize the epileptogenic zone (the zone of the brain where the seizures begin) and improve the likelihood of freedom from postsurgical seizures. Recordings of pathological high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) may be one such tool.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ability of HFOs to improve the outcomes of epilepsy surgery by helping to identify more accurately the epileptogenic areas of the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register (15 April 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library (2013, Issue 3), MEDLINE (Ovid) (1946 to 15 April 2013), CINAHL (EBSCOhost) (15 April 2013), Web of Knowledge (Thomson Reuters) (15 April 2013), www.clinicaltrials.gov (15 April 2013), and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (15 April 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  We included studies that provided information on the outcomes of epilepsy surgery at at least six months and which used high-frequency oscillations in making decisions about epilepsy surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome of the review was the Engel Class Outcome System. Secondary outcomes were responder rate, International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) epilepsy surgery outcome, frequency of adverse events from any source and quality of life outcomes. We intended to analyse outcomes via an aggregated data fixed-effect model meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two studies met the inclusion criteria. Both studies were small non-randomised trials, with no control group and no blinding. The quality of evidence for all outcomes was very low. The combination of these two studies resulted in 11 participants who prospectively used ictal HFOs for epilepsy surgery decision making. Results of the postsurgical seizure freedom Engel class I to IV outcome were determined over a period of 12 to 38 months (average 23.4 months) and indicated that six participants had an Engel class I outcome (seizure freedom), two had class II (rare disabling seizures), three had class III (worthwhile improvement). No adverse effects were reported. Neither study compared surgical results guided by HFOs versus surgical results guided without HFOs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No reliable conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficacy of using HFOs in epilepsy surgery decision making at present.
authors.affiliation: Neurology MC14-05, 100 N Academy Ave, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, USA, PA 17821.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gloss
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Staba
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D012640:Seizures / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome