title: Central adiposity and the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to cognitive challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive adipose tissue, particularly with a centralized distribution, propagates hormonal and metabolic disturbance. The detrimental effects of adiposity may extend beyond the periphery and target the central nervous system, increasing vulnerability to cognitive decline. The aim of the current study was to determine how central adiposity impacts the brain at midlife by examining the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response to a challenging cognitive task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three adults, aged 40-60 years, completed a 2-back verbal working memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Central adiposity was assessed with waist circumference. The association between waist circumference and task-related activation in a priori regions of interest was modeled using bootstrapping regression models corrected for multiple-comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Larger waist circumference was associated with diminished working-memory-related BOLD response in the right superior frontal gyrus (β=-0.008, P=0.001, 95% CI: -0.012 to -0.004) and left middle frontal gyrus (β=-0.009, P=0.002, 95% CI: -0.015 to -0.003), statistically adjusting for age, sex, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol. Reduced task-related activation in the right superior frontal gyrus (r=-0.369, P=0.002) and left middle frontal gyrus (r=-0.266, P=0.025) were related to slower reaction time on the task, controlling for age and education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larger waist circumference predicted alterations in the BOLD response that coupled with decrements in task performance. While future studies are necessary, the results suggest that similar to its role in the periphery, central adiposity may be a robust predictor of metabolic and hormonal alterations that impinge upon central nervous system functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Eagan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goudarzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pasha
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA [2] University of Texas Imaging Research Center, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Haley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen