title: Reprogramming and carcinogenesis--parallels and distinctions.
abstract: Rapid progress made in various areas of regenerative medicine in recent years occurred both at the cellular level, with the Nobel prize-winning discovery of reprogramming (generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells) and also at the biomaterial level. The use of four transcription factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 (called commonly "Yamanaka factors") for the conversion of differentiated cells, back to the pluripotent/embryonic stage, has opened virtually endless and ethically acceptable source of stem cells for medical use. Various types of stem cells are becoming increasingly popular as starting components for the development of replacement tissues, or artificial organs. Interestingly, many of the transcription factors, key to the maintenance of stemness phenotype in various cells, are also overexpressed in cancer (stem) cells, and some of them may find the use as prognostic factors. In this review, we describe various methods of iPS creation, followed by overview of factors known to interfere with the efficiency of reprogramming. Next, we discuss similarities between cancer stem cells and various stem cell types. Final paragraphs are dedicated to interaction of biomaterials with tissues, various adverse reactions generated as a result of such interactions, and measures available, that allow for mitigation of such negative effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agata M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wasik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grabarek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, and Clinic of Neurology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pantovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cieślar-Pobuda
authors.affiliation: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Asgari
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Caspar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bundgaard-Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafat
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, St. Boniface Research Centre, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Ian M C
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, St. Boniface Research Centre, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghavami
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; BioApplications Enterprises, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Electronic address: marek.los@liu.se.
authors.forename: Marek J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Łos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000473:pathology*; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4
keywords: Bioglass; Senescence; Transdifferentiation; Yamanaka factor; iPS cells; p53