title: Sex biased spatial strategies relying on the integration of multimodal cues in a rat model of schizophrenia: impairment in predicting future context?
abstract: Male and female Wistar rats were treated postnatally (PND 5-16) with BSO (l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine) to provide a rat model of schizophrenia based on transient glutathione deficit. In the watermaze, BSO-treated male rats perform very efficiently in conditions where a diversity of visual information is continuously available during orientation trajectories [1]. Our hypothesis is that the treatment impairs proactive strategies anticipating future sensory information, while supporting a tight visual adjustment on memorized snapshots, i.e. compensatory reactive strategies. To test this hypothesis, BSO rats' performance was assessed in two conditions using an 8-arm radial maze task: a semi-transparent maze with no available view on the environment from maze centre [2], and a modified 2-parallel maze known to induce a neglect of the parallel pair in normal rats [3-5]. Male rats, but not females, were affected by the BSO treatment. In the semi-transparent maze, BSO males expressed a higher error rate, especially in completing the maze after an interruption. In the 2-parallel maze shape, BSO males, unlike controls, expressed no neglect of the parallel arms. This second result was in accord with a reactive strategy using accurate memory images of the contextual environment instead of a representation based on integrating relative directions. These results are coherent with a treatment-induced deficit in proactive decision strategy based on multimodal cognitive maps, compensated by accurate reactive adaptations based on the memory of local configurations. Control females did not express an efficient proactive capacity in the semi-transparent maze, neither did they show the significant neglect of the parallel arms, which might have masked the BSO induced effect. Their reduced sensitivity to BSO treatment is discussed with regard to a sex biased basal cognitive style.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University, Hospital, CH-1008 Prilly, Switzerland. Electronic address: lea.bertholet@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Léa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertholet
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University, Hospital, CH-1008 Prilly, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meunier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University, Hospital, CH-1008 Prilly, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Preissmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University, Hospital, CH-1008 Prilly, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schenk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003463:Cues; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine
keywords: Neurodevelopmental; Radial maze ;Glutathione; Schizophrenia; Sex differences; Spatial map