title: Intra-cyclic phases of arm-leg movement and index of coordination in relation to sprint breaststroke swimming in young swimmers.
abstract: Despite the limitations set by FINA regulations, execution technique in breaststroke swimming is being improved thanks to more and more advanced analyses of the efficiency of the swimmer's movements. The aim of this study was to detect the parameters of the time structure of the cycle correlated with the maximal swimming speed at the of 50 meters distance, in order to focus to specific technical aspects in the breaststroke training. In the group of 23 participants, between the age of 15.0 ± 1.17, the breaststroke cycle movement of the arms and legs was divided into two phases: propulsive or non-propulsive. In addition, indices characterizing the temporal coordination of movements of the upper limbs in relation to the lower limbs were distinguished: 1) Arm-Leg Lag - determines the interval between the phases of propulsion generated by upper and lower limbs; 2) Glide or Overlap - the inter-cyclic glide or overlap of the propulsive movement of the upper on lower limbs. Significant dependence was noted between the swim speed (V50surface breast) and the percentage of time of the arm propulsive in-sweep phase 0.64, p < 0.01. A significant correlation was observed between the V50surface breast with the percentage of partially surfaced hand phase of arm recovery 0.54, p < 0.01. Correlation between total leg propulsion and non-propulsion phases with V50surface breast was 0.49 and -0.49 respectively, both p < 0.01. The Glide or Overlap index was significantly related to the swimming speed V50surface breast 0.48, p < 0.05. This type of analysis suggests how to refine the swimming technique, with the goal to improve the current speed capabilities; furthermore the results also indicate the direction of its development in the future swimmers of the group studied. Key PointsThis study investigated the influence of the inter- and intra-cyclic time structure of the movements in sprint breaststroke swimming.The distinction of the operations phases of the upper limbs in the propulsive movement shows significant correlation 0.64, p <0.01 between the swimming speed V50surface breast and the execution time of the in-sweep phase in the movement cycle. Significant relationship was noted between minimizing the first non-propulsive phase of arm recovery with higher contribution of the next, partially immersed sliding phase of arm recovery.The specification of the inter-cyclic coordination index of the upper and lower limbs during the movement cycle shows influence of the overlap of the propulsive movement of the upper limbs on the propulsive movement of the lower limbs on V50surface breast with correlation 0.48, p <0.05 for young swimmers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Theory and Methodology of Water Sports, University School of Physical Education , Cracow, Poland ;
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strzala
authors.affiliation: Movement Analysis Laboratory in the Department of Physiotherapy Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education , Cracow, Poland ;
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krezalek
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education , Cracow, Poland ;
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glab
authors.affiliation: Department of Theory and Methodology of Water Sports, University School of Physical Education , Cracow, Poland ;
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaca
authors.affiliation: Department of Theory and Methodology of Water Sports, University School of Physical Education , Cracow, Poland ;
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education , Katowice, Poland ;
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stanula
authors.affiliation: Department of Recreation and Biological Regeneration, University School of Physical Education , Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tyka
keywords: Swimming technique; propulsion efficiency; video analysis