title: Quinapyramine sulfate-loaded sodium alginate nanoparticles show enhanced trypanocidal activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reduce the dose, toxic effects and to ensure sustained release of quinapyramine sulfate (QS), a highly effective drug against Trypanosoma evansi.
  
  
  METHODS
  QS-loaded sodium alginate nanoparticles (QS-NPs) were formed by emulsion-crosslinking technology using dioctyl-sodium-sulfosuccinate and sodium alginate. The formulation was characterized for size, stability, morphology and functional groups by a zetasizer, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In vitro safety and toxicity studies were performed by metabolic assay in Vero cell lines, and in vivo efficacy was evaluated in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QS-NPs were <60 nm with 96.48% entrapment efficiency and 3.70% drug loading. The formulation showed an initial burst effect followed by slow drug release in accordance with quasi-Fickian Higuchi diffusion mechanism. QS-NPs were much less toxic and able to clear the parasite at a much lower concentration than QS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The QS-NPs synthesized are safe, less toxic and highly effective compared with QS.
authors.affiliation: National Research Center on Equines, Sirsa road, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manuja
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dilbaghi
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhanjana
authors.forename: Meenu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Harmanmeet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Rajender
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Balvinder K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Manuja
authors.forename: Shailendra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Suresh C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yadav
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D050997:Nanomedicine; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011806:Quinolinium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000187:drug effects; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011108:Polymers; D011806:Quinolinium Compounds; D013431:Sulfates; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C005707:quinapyramine
keywords: Trypanosoma evansi; nanoparticle; quinapyramine sulfate; sodium alginate