title: Tree nuts are inversely associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity: the Adventist health study-2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationships of nut consumption, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and obesity in the Adventist Health Study-2, a relatively healthy population with a wide range of nut intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis was conducted on clinical, dietary, anthropometric, and demographic data of 803 adults. MetS was defined according to the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute diagnostic criteria. We assessed intake of total nuts, tree nuts and peanuts, and also classified subjects into low tree nut/low peanut (LT/LP), low tree/high peanut (LT/HP), high tree nut/high peanut (HT/HP), and high tree/low peanut (HT/LP) consumers. Odds ratios were estimated using multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  32% of subjects had MetS. Compared to LT/LP consumers, obesity was lower in LT/HP (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.53, 1.48), HT/HP (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.40, 0.99) and HT/LP (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.34, 0.88) consumers, p for trend = 0.006. For MetS, odds ratios (95% CI) were 0.77 (0.47, 1.28), 0.65 (0.42, 1.00) and 0.68 (0.43, 1.07), respectively (p for trend = 0.056). Frequency of nut intake (once/week) had significant inverse associations with MetS (3% less for tree nuts and 2% less for total nuts) and obesity (7% less for tree nuts and 3% less for total nuts).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tree nuts appear to have strong inverse association with obesity, and favorable though weaker association with MetS independent of demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America ; Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaceldo-Siegl
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America ; Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America ; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sabaté
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D010367:Arachis; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009754:Nuts; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D033303:Protestantism / Q000523:psychology*