title: Oxidative stress is responsible for genotoxicity of camphorquinone in primary human gingival fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The photoinitiator camphorquinone (CQ), used in dental restorative materials, was found to be cytotoxic in cell cultures. Previously, we have shown that CQ induces alkali labile sites and DNA strand breaks in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) associated with an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the objective of our study was to evaluate if DNA damage in HGF cells is caused by the generation of ROS.
  
  
  METHODS
  HGF cells were treated with different concentrations (0.5-2.5 mM) of CQ. The cell viability was assessed using propidium iodide (PI) assay. Oxidative DNA damage was evaluated by an enzyme-modified comet assay using human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase 1 (hOGG1), which converts oxidized 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoguanine) into DNA strand breaks and functions as a marker for oxidative modified DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that CQ induced DNA damage in HGF cells without cytotoxic effects for the chosen treatment time. CQ treatment led to the generation of 8-oxoguanine in DNA, which can be shown by a significant increase in tail moment after CQ treatment by the enzyme-modified comet assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be concluded that DNA damage due to CQ is caused by oxidative stress in gingival fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A more detailed insight into genotoxic mechanisms in oral cells can be of great importance for a better understanding of the biocompatibility of CQ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany, wessels.miriam@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wessels
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leyhausen
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Geurtsen
mesh_terms: D002164:Camphor / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D002164:Camphor; C553149:camphorquinone