title: Upper limb ischaemia after formation of dialysis fistula.
abstract: Limb ischaemia caused by formation of dialysis fistula is rare but serious complication. The severity of symptoms may vary but rest pains and necrotic lesions are observed in most advance cases. In these patients different invasive procedures for treatment are performed - from simplest dialysis fistula ligation to complicated vascular reconstructions. The aim of the study was to evaluate treatment results of upper limb ischaemia triggered by dialysis fistula.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have analysed methods and results of treatment of 14 patients with symptomatic upper limb ischaemia caused by dialysis fistula treated in our department between 1st January, 2006 and 30th June, 2013. Treatment was subject to anatomical situation and clinical symptoms. In three patients the ligation of dialysis fistula was performed, four patients underwent inflow reconstruction - in one case by ligation of ligation of vein branch, in three patients by cephalic transfer of arterial anastomosis. In 2 patients hyperkinetic fistula aneurysm was excised and replaced by PTFE bypass, in three patients fistula reconstruction with DRIL method (distal revascularization - interval ligation) was performed, in one patient surgical operation of brachial artery stenosis was conducted. One patient underwent brachial artery angioplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rest pains occurred in all patients (100%), regressive changes in 10 patients (71.4%). Eight patients (57.2%) had concomitant diabetes, seven (50%) ischaemic heart disease, five (35.5%) chronic lower limb ischemia and hyperparathyroidism was observed in fivepatients (35.5%). The imaging studies in all patients revealed pathological steal syndrome (stealing blood to the fistula), in majority concurrent with other pathologies - obstruction stenosis of peripheral artery, defects in blood out flow from the limb. As a result of the surgical treatment, symptoms of limb ischaemia subsided in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critical limb ischaemia caused by dialysis fistula is a dangerous complication. In most cases there are several causes of ischaemia. Treatment methods should be selected individually for each patient and clinical situation. Clinical symptoms should subside as a result of optimal choice of treatment and, if possible, maintaining of dialysis access.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bojakowski
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Góra
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jodkowski
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andziak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply*; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005402:Fistula / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult