title: Simultaneous characterization of somatic events and HPV-18 integration in a metastatic cervical carcinoma patient using DNA and RNA sequencing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Integration of carcinogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) into the host genome is a significant tumorigenic factor in specific cancers including cervical carcinoma. Although major strides have been made with respect to HPV diagnosis and prevention, identification and development of efficacious treatments for cervical cancer patients remains a goal and thus requires additional detailed characterization of both somatic events and HPV integration. Given this need, the goal of this study was to use the next generation sequencing to simultaneously evaluate somatic alterations and expression changes in a patient's cervical squamous carcinoma lesion metastatic to the lung and to detect and analyze HPV infection in the same sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed tumor and normal exome, tumor and normal shallow whole-genome sequencing, and RNA sequencing of the patient's lung metastasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We generated over 1.2 billion mapped reads and identified 130 somatic point mutations and indels, 21 genic translocations, 16 coding regions demonstrating copy number changes, and over 36 genes demonstrating altered expression in the tumor (corrected P < 0.05). Sequencing also revealed the HPV type 18 (HPV-18) integration in the metastasis. Using both DNA and RNA reads, we pinpointed 3 major events indicating HPV-18 integration into an intronic region of chromosome 6p25.1 in the patient's tumor and validated these events with Sanger sequencing. This integration site has not been reported for HPV-18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that DNA and RNA sequencing can be used to concurrently characterize somatic alterations and expression changes in a biopsy and delineate HPV integration at base resolution in cervical cancer. Further sequencing will allow us to better understand the molecular basis of cervical cancer pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: *Translational Genomics Research Institute; †Comprehensive Cancer Care, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix; ‡Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale; §Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, and ∥Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Creighton University School of Medicine, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: Winnie S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Jessica
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authors.lastname: Aldrich
authors.forename: Sara
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authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: Ahmet
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authors.lastname: Kurdoglu
authors.forename: Lori
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authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Rebecca
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authors.lastname: Reiman
authors.forename: Jacquelyn
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authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Tyler
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authors.lastname: Izatt
authors.forename: Alexis
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authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Christine
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authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Jan B
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authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: Alan H
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authors.lastname: Bryce
authors.forename: A Keith
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authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Mitesh J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Borad
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Carpten
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Monk
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000556:secondary / Q000821:virology*; D059472:Exome; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005814:Genes, Viral; D015894:Genome, Human; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000821:virology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D016662:Virus Integration