title: Comparing the preventive effect of 2 percent topical lidocaine and intravenous atropine on oculocardiac reflex in ophthalmological surgeries under general anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study aimed to determine preventive effect of 2 percent topical xylocaine on oculocardiac reflex in ophthalmological surgeries except strabismus, including retinal detachment and vitrectomy with scleral buckling under general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out on 150 patients aged 18-90 years undergoing ophthalmological surgeries under general anesthesia. Samples randomly divided into the experimental group (received four drops of 2 percent topical xylocaine instilled in desired eye) and control group (received 0.5 mg atropine sulfate injection). Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure of patients and baseline heart rate were recorded. They were compared regarding the incidence of bradycardia, heart rate less than 60 beats/minute, hypotension and blood pressure less than 90 mm/Hg. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 20 using Chi-square and ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference between two groups was not statistically significant regarding demographic and basic variables. The incidence of bradycardia in both groups was respectively (90.7 percent vs. 17.3 percent), heart rate less than 60 beats/minute (40 percent vs. 13.3 percent), hypotension (76 percent vs. 32 percent) and blood pressure less than 90 mmHg was (28 percent vs. 8 percent). Accordingly, the differences between both groups were statistically significant (P > 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preventive impact of topical xylocaine upon oculocardiac reflex in ophthalmological surgeries such as retinal detachment and vitrectomy with scleral buckling under general anesthesia was less effective than that of atropine injection. Therefore, to avoid this reflex in high-risk patients, injecting atropine would be safer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sajedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam Soleymani
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Montazeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Operating Room, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Elahe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baloochestani
keywords: Anesthetics; atropine; oculocardiac reflex; ophthalmologic surgical procedures; topical; xylocaine