title: Combined multi-nozzle deposition and freeze casting process to superimpose two porous networks for hierarchical three-dimensional microenvironment.
abstract: An engineered three-dimensional scaffold with hierarchical porosity and multiple niche microenvironments is produced using a combined multi-nozzle deposition-freeze casting technique. In this paper we present a process to fabricate a scaffold with improved interconnectivity and hierarchical porosity. The scaffold is produced using a two-stage manufacturing process which superimposes a printed porous alginate (Alg) network and a directionally frozen ceramic-polymer matrix. The combination of two processes, multi-nozzle deposition and freeze casting, provides engineering control of the microenvironment of the scaffolds over several length scales; including the addition of lateral porosity and the ratio of polymer to ceramic microstructures. The printed polymer scaffold is submerged in a ceramic-polymer slurry and subsequently, both structures are directionally frozen (freeze cast), superimposing and patterning both microenvironments into a single hierarchical architecture. An optional additional sintering step removes the organic material and densifies the ceramic phase to produce a well-defined network of open pores and a homogenous cell wall material composition. The techniques presented in this contribution address processing challenges, such as structure definition, reproducibility and fine adjustments of unique length scales, which one typically encounters when fabricating topological channels between longitudinal and transverse porous networks.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Philipp M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hunger
authors.forename: Chengyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qudus
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: Ulrike G K
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Wegst
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D005615:Freezing; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011108:Polymers