title: Dental and oral diseases in Medieval Persia, lessons from Hedayat Akhawayni.
abstract: Persian physicians had a great role in assimilation and expansion of medical sciences during the medieval period and Islamic golden age. In fact the dominant medical figures of that period were of Persian origin such as Avicenna and Razes, but their works have been written in Arabic that was the lingua franca of the period. Undoubtedly the most substantial medical book of that period that has been written in Persian belongs to Abubakr Rabi ibn Ahmad al-Akhawayni al-Bokhari and his book, Hidayat al-Mutallimin fi-al-Tibb (Learner's Guide to Medicine).There are two chapters related to oral and dental diseases in the Hidayat, a chapter on dental pain and a chapter on bouccal pain. Akhawayni's views on dental diseases and treatments are mainly based on anatomical principles and less influenced by humeral theory and no mention about the charms, magic and amulets. False idea of dental worm cannot be seen among his writings. Cutting of the dental nerve for relieving the pain, using the anesthetizing fume, using the natural antiseptic and keeping the tooth extraction as the last recourse deserves high praise.
authors.affiliation: PhD, Philosophy and History of Medicine Research Center and Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
authors.forename: Kazem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khodadoust
authors.affiliation: Professor, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ardalan
authors.affiliation: Professor, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pourabbas
authors.affiliation: Researcher, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdolrahimi
keywords: Akhawayni; Persian; dental diseases; history of medicine; medieval period