title: A prospective randomized controlled blinded study to evaluate the effect of short-term focused training program in laparoscopy on operating room performance of surgery residents (CTRI /2012/11/003113).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic surgery requires certain specific skills. There have been several attempts to minimize the learning curve with training outside the operation room. Although simulators have been well validated as tools to teach technical skills, their integration into comprehensive curricula is lacking. Several randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews have demonstrated that the technical skills learned on these simulators transfer to the operating room. Currently, however, the integration of these simulated models into formal residency training curricula is lacking. In our institute, we have adopted the Tuebingen Trainer devised by Professor GF Buess from Germany. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the training of surgical residents on an ex vivo phantom model for basic laparoscopic skill acquisition and its transferability to the OR performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen general surgery residents were randomized into 2 groups: Laparoscopic Training Group (n = 9, Group A) and Standard Training Group (n = 8, Group B). Group A underwent training in the Minimally Invasive Surgery Training Centre on the porcine phantom model and did 10 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, whereas Group B did not undergo training in the Minimally Invasive Surgery Training Centre. All the participants performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the operation theater in the presence of a consultant who was blinded to the training status of the participants. The performance of the residents in both groups in the operation theater was assessed using GOALS criteria, surgical performance assessment parameters, task-specific checklists, and visual analog scale for gallbladder perforation difficulty and overall competence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Laparoscopic Training Group had better performance than the Standard Training Group regarding operation time, GOALS criteria, and Task-specific checklists. Although the surgical performance assessments, i.e. cystic duct and artery identification scores, gallbladder perforation scores, and liver injury scores, were better in the Laparoscopic Training Groups, they were not statistically significant. The overall difficulty of the surgery was comparable in both the groups. The Laparoscopic Training Group exhibited significant overall competence on visual analog scale scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study has clearly shown that training on the Tuebingen Trainer with integrated porcine organs results in a statistically significant improvement in the operating room performance of surgical residents as compared with the nontrained residents, thereby indicating a transfer of skills from training to the operating room.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Electronic address: drvkbansal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Virinder K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raveendran
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Mahesh C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Hemanga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Asuri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Subodh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000193:education; D002983:Clinical Competence; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009873:Operating Rooms; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014163:Transfer, Psychology
keywords: Medical Knowledge; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Systems-Based Practice; laparoscopy; simulation; technical skill; transfer of skill to the operation room