title: Protective effect of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid isolated from Cladophora wrightiana Harvey against ultraviolet B radiation-induced cell damage in human HaCaT keratinocytes.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to elucidate the protective properties of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DBA) isolated from Cladophora wrightiana Harvey (a green alga) against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced damage to human HaCaT keratinocytes. DBA exhibited scavenging actions against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, the superoxide anion, and the hydroxyl radical. Furthermore, DBA decreased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by hydrogen peroxide or UVB treatment of the cells. DBA also decreased the UVB-augmented levels of phospho-histone H2A.X and the extent of comet tail formation, which are both indications of DNA damage. In addition, the compound safeguarded keratinocytes from UVB-induced injury by reversing the production of apoptotic bodies, overturning the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, increasing the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma 2, and decreasing the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2-associated X and cleaved caspase-3. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DBA isolated from a green alga protects human keratinocytes against UVB-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Mei Jing
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.forename: Ki Cheon
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Cheng Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Chang Lim
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: Hee Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Eun Sook
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Young Sang
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Nam Ho
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mi Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Jin Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hyun
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D010851:Picrates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006657:Histones; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010851:Picrates; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D013481:Superoxides; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; C009091:protocatechuic acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D053148:Caspase 3