title: The relation between student motivation and student grades in physical education: A 3-year investigation.
abstract: Enhancing students' academic engagement is the key element of the educational process; hence, research in this area has focused on understanding the mechanisms that can lead to increased academic engagement. The present study investigated the relation between motivation and grades in physical education (PE) employing a 3-year longitudinal design. Three hundred fifty-four Greek high school students participated in the study. Students completed measures of motivation to participate in PE on six occasions; namely, at the start and the end of the school year in the first, second, and third year of junior high school. Students' PE grades were also recorded at these time points. The results of the multilevel growth models indicated that students' PE grades increased over the 3 years and students had better PE grades at the end of each year than at the beginning of the subsequent year. In general, students and classes with higher levels of controlling motivation achieved lower PE grades, whereas higher levels of autonomous motivation were associated with higher PE grades. These findings provide new insight on the associations between class- and individual-level motivation with objectively assessed achievement in PE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barkoukis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chanal
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ntoumanis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Motivational regulations; achievement; grades; longitudinal; multilevel modeling; physical education