title: Minimally invasive method for determining the effective lymphatic pumping pressure in rats using near-infrared imaging.
abstract: The ability to quantify collecting vessel function in a minimally invasive fashion is crucial to the study of lymphatic physiology and the role of lymphatic pump function in disease progression. Therefore, we developed a highly sensitive, minimally invasive research platform for quantifying the pumping capacity of collecting lymphatic vessels in the rodent tail and forelimb. To achieve this, we have integrated a near-infrared lymphatic imaging system with a feedback-controlled pressure cuff to modulate lymph flow. After occluding lymphatic flow by inflating a pressure cuff on the limb or tail, we gradually deflate the cuff while imaging flow restoration proximal to the cuff. Using prescribed pressure applications and automated image processing of fluorescence intensity levels in the vessels, we were able to noninvasively quantify the effective pumping pressure (P(eff), pressure at which flow is restored after occlusion) and vessel emptying rate (rate of fluorescence clearance during flow occlusion) of lymphatics in the rat. To demonstrate the sensitivity of this system to changes in lymphatic function, a nitric oxide (NO) donor cream, glyceryl trinitrate ointment (GTNO), was applied to the tails. GTNO decreased P(eff) of the vessels by nearly 50% and the average emptying rate by more than 60%. We also demonstrate the suitability of this approach for acquiring measurements on the rat forelimb. Thus, this novel research platform provides the first minimally invasive measurements of P(eff) and emptying rate in rodents. This experimental platform holds strong potential for future in vivo studies that seek to evaluate changes in lymphatic health and disease.
authors.affiliation: Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Tyler S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Ryan E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kassis
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kornuta
authors.forename: J Brandon
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005246:Feedback; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009824:Ointments; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D009824:Ointments; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin
keywords: lymphatic diagnostic; lymphatic pumping pressure; near-infrared imaging; nitric oxide; rat tail model