title: Biomarkers of liver cell death.
abstract: Hepatocyte cell death during liver injury was classically viewed to occur by either programmed (apoptosis), or accidental, uncontrolled cell death (necrosis). Growing evidence from our increasing understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in cell demise has provided an expanding view of various modes of cell death that can be triggered during both acute and chronic liver damage such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagic cell death. The complexity of non-invasively assessing the predominant mode of cell death during a specific liver insult in either experimental in vivo models or in humans is highlighted by the fact that in many instances there is significant crosstalk and overlap between the different cell death pathways. Nevertheless, the realization that during cell demise triggered by a specific mode of cell death certain intracellular molecules such as proteins, newly generated protein fragments, or MicroRNAs are released from hepatocytes into the extracellular space and may appear in circulation have spurred a significant interest in the development of non-invasive markers to monitor liver cell death. This review focuses on some of the most promising markers, and their potential role in assessing the presence and severity of liver damage in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wree
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States. Electronic address: afeldstein@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Ariel E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Feldstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000473:pathology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D053538:Keratin-18 / Q000097:blood; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D053538:Keratin-18; D035683:MicroRNAs; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019014:fas Receptor
keywords: Acute liver injury; Biomarker; Cell death; Chronic liver injury