title: Should general surgery residents be taught laparoscopic pyloromyotomies? An ethical perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors examine the ethical implications of teaching general surgery residents laparoscopic pyloromyotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the authors' previously presented ethical framework, and examining survey data of pediatric surgeons in the United States and Canada, a rigorous ethical argument is constructed to examine the question: should general surgery residents be taught laparoscopic pyloromyotomies?
  
  
  RESULTS
  A survey was constructed that contained 24 multiple-choice questions. The survey included questions pertaining to surgeon demographics, if pyloromyotomy was taught to general surgery and pediatric surgery residents, and management of complications encountered during pyloromyotomy. A total of 889 members of the American Pediatric Surgical Association and Canadian Association of Paediatric Surgeons were asked to participate. The response rate was 45% (401/889). The data were analyzed within the ethical model to address the question of whether general surgery residents should be taught laparoscopic pyloromyotomies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From an ethical perspective, appealing to the ethical model of a physician as a fiduciary, the answer is no.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We previously proposed an ethical model based on 2 fundamental ethical principles: the ethical concept of the physician as a fiduciary and the contractarian model of ethics. The fiduciary physician practices medicine competently with the patient’s best interests in mind. The role of a fiduciary professional imposes ethical standards on all physicians, at the core of which is the virtue of integrity, which requires the physician to practice medicine to standards of intellectual and moral excellence. The American College of Surgeons recognizes the need for current and future surgeons to understand professionalism, which is one of the 6 core competencies specified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Contracts are models of negotiation and ethically permissible compromise. Negotiated assent or consent is the core concept of contractarian bioethics. Nonnegotiable goods are goals for residency training that should never be sacrificed or negotiated away. Fiduciary responsibility to the patient, regardless of level of training, should never be compromised, because doing so violates the professional virtue of integrity. The education of the resident is paramount to afford him or her the opportunity to provide competent care without supervision to future patients. Such professional competence is the intellectual and clinical foundation of fiduciary responsibility, making achievement of educational goals during residency training another nonnegotiable good.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Pediatric Surgical Services, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital & Health Center, Tacoma, Washington. Electronic address: mauricio.escobar@multicare.org.
authors.forename: Mauricio A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hartin
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Laurence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: McCullough
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D046248:Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic / Q000601:surgery*; D011708:Pylorus / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Medical Knowledge; Patient Care; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Professionalism; Systems-Based Practice; ethics; laparoscopic pyloromyotomy; minimally invasive surgery in infants and children; surgery resident education; work-hour restrictions