title: Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) Analysis of Skin Metabolome Changes in the Ultraviolet B-Induced Mice.
abstract: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major environmental factor that leads to acute and chronic reactions in the human skin. UV exposure induces wrinkle formation, DNA damage, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most mechanistic studies of skin physiology and pharmacology related with UV-irradiated skin have focused on proteins and their related gene expression or single- targeted small molecules. The present study identified and analyzed the alteration of skin metabolites following UVB irradiation and topical retinyl palmitate (RP, 5%) treatment in hairless mice using direct analysis in real time (DART) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) with multivariate analysis. Under the negative ion mode, the DART ion source successfully ionized various fatty acids including palmitoleic and linolenic acid. From DART-TOF-MS fingerprints measured in positive mode, the prominent dehydrated ion peak (m/z: 369, M+H-H2O) of cholesterol was characterized in all three groups. In positive mode, the discrimination among three groups was much clearer than that in negative mode by using multivariate analysis of orthogonal partial-least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). DART-TOF-MS can ionize various small organic molecules in living tissues and is an efficient alternative analytical tool for acquiring full chemical fingerprints from living tissues without requiring sample preparation. DART-MS measurement of skin tissue with multivariate analysis proved to be a powerful method to discriminate between experimental groups and to find biomarkers for various experiment models in skin dermatological research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul 143-701.
authors.forename: Hye Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701 ; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701.
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701 ; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701.
authors.forename: Young Pyo
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799 ; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799 ; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Inchon 405-760, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Yeou
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Cholesterol; DART-TOF-MS; Fatty acids; Retinyl palmitate; Skin photoaging; Ultraviolet B