title: Identifying contributing factors to fatal and serious injury motorcycle collisions involving children in Malaysia.
abstract: In Malaysia, motorcycle crashes constitute approximately 60 percent of all road trauma, and a substantial proportion involve children 16 years and younger. There are, however, many gaps in our knowledge on contributing factors to crashes and injury patterns amongst children killed and seriously injured in motorcycle crashes. The aim of this study was to examine fatal and serious injury motorcycle-related collisions to identify contributing factors and injury patterns amongst child motorcyclists. All identified motorcyclist fatal crashes between 2007 and 2011 (inclusive) were extracted from the national Police-reported crash database (M-ROADS) and a range of variables were selected for examination. A total of 17,677 crashes were extracted where a rider or pillion was killed and of these crashes 2,038 involved children, equating to 12 percent. Examination of crashes involving children revealed that some crashes involved more than two children on the motorcycle, therefore, overall children constituted 9.5% of fatal and 18.4% of serious injury collisions. A high proportion of child fatal or serious injury collisions involved the child as the rider (62%), and this was most common for children aged between 10 and 16 years. The majority of collisions occurred on rural roads, in speed limit zones of 50-70km/h, and approximately one-third occurred at an intersection. Collisions involving another motorcycle or a passenger vehicle contributed to 41% and 53% of the total fatalities and severe injuries, respectively. A high proportion (43.9%) of the children (25.5% riders and 18.8% pillion) sustained head injuries with 37.7% being in the 10-16 age group. Furthermore, 52.4% of the children sustaining head injuries did not wear a helmet. The implications of these findings for countermeasures within a Safe System framework, particularly interventions aimed at reducing the rate of unlicensed riding and helmet wearing, and infrastructure countermeasures are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oxley
authors.affiliation: Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Mano Deepa
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.affiliation: Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Effie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoareau
authors.affiliation: Malaysian Institute for Road Safety Research (MIROS), Kajang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hizal Hanis
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hashim