title: Procedural sedation by pediatric hospitalists: analysis of the nature and incidence of complications during ketamine and nitrous oxide sedation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to determine the nature and rate of complications during procedural sedation by pediatric hospitalists (PH) using ketamine and nitrous oxide (N2O).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a retrospective review and analysis of a quality improvement database for sedations performed by PH at St Louis Children's Hospital from February 2007 to February 2013. Information was obtained on sedations performed and reported in the quality improvement database by PH over this time period using ketamine and N2O.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PH performed 8870 sedations from 2007 to 2013, 60.2% using ketamine and 39.8% using N2O. Procedural completion rates were >99%; 0.12% of sedations were not completed due to inadequate sedation, and sedation level was not achieved in 1.71% of sedations. There were no occurrences of death, need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, unplanned intubation, or emergency anesthesia consultation. The only major complications were 4 unplanned admissions, 2 each with ketamine and N2O. With ketamine, the 2 highest rates of complications were airway repositioning (3.99%) and nausea and/or vomiting (2.98%). With N2O, the 2 highest complication rates were nausea and/or vomiting (8.50%) and airway repositioning (1.10%). Respiratory and cardiovascular events were more frequently encountered with ketamine, whereas nausea/vomiting, sedation level not achieved, and inadequate sedation resulting in procedure not completed occurred more frequently with N2O.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PH at St Louis Children's Hospital successfully provided sedation by using ketamine and N2O with low rates of complications for a variety of procedures.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine/St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Mythili
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Carlson
keywords: ketamine; nitrous oxide; pediatric hospitalists; procedural sedation