title: Determination of hepatotoxic indospicine in Australian camel meat by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Indospicine is a hepatotoxic amino acid found in Indigofera plant spp. and is unusual in that it is not incorporated into protein but accumulates as the free amino acid in the tissues (including muscle) of animals consuming these plants. Dogs are particularly sensitive to indospicine, and secondary poisoning of dogs has occurred from the ingestion of indospicine-contaminated horse meat and more recently camel meat. In central Australia, feral camels are known to consume native Indigofera species, but the prevalence of indospicine residues in their tissues has not previously been investigated. In this study, a method was developed and validated with the use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to determine the level of indospicine in camel meat samples using isotopically labeled indospicine as an internal standard. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the method is reproducible, with high recovery efficiency and a quantitation limit of 0.1 mg/kg. Camel meat samples from the Simpson Desert were largely contaminated (≈50%) by indospicine with levels up to 3.73 mg/kg (fresh weight) determined. However, the majority of samples (95%) contained less than 1 mg/kg indospicine.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, QLD 4108 Australia.
authors.forename: Eddie T T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Ken W L
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: D'Arcy
authors.forename: Rafat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al Jassim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D002162:Camelus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D029883:Indigofera / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009646:Norleucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D009646:Norleucine; C058318:indospicine