title: Effect of integrated capacity-building interventions on malaria case management by health professionals in Uganda: a mixed design study with pre/post and cluster randomized trial components.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Integrated Infectious Diseases Capacity Building Evaluation (IDCAP) designed two interventions: Integrated Management of Infectious Disease (IMID) training program and On-Site Support (OSS). We evaluated their effects on 23 facility performance indicators, including malaria case management.
  
  
  METHODS
  IMID, a three-week training with two follow-up booster courses, was for two mid- level practitioners, primarily clinical officers and registered nurses, from 36 primary care facilities. OSS was two days of training and continuous quality improvement activities for nine months at 18 facilities, to which all health workers were invited to participate. Facilities were randomized as clusters 1∶1 to parallel OSS "arm A" or control "arm B". Outpatient data on four malaria case management indicators were collected for 14 months. Analysis compared changes before and during the interventions within arms (relative risk = RR). The effect of OSS was measured with the difference in changes across arms (ratio of RR = RRR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of patients with suspected malaria for whom a diagnostic test result for malaria was recorded decreased in arm B (adjusted RR (aRR) = 0.97; 99%CI: 0.82,1.14) during IMID, but increased 25% in arm A (aRR = 1.25; 99%CI:0.94, 1.65) during IMID and OSS relative to baseline; (aRRR = 1.28; 99%CI:0.93, 1.78). The estimated proportion of patients that received an appropriate antimalarial among those prescribed any antimalarial increased in arm B (aRR = 1.09; 99%CI: 0.87, 1.36) and arm A (aRR = 1.50; 99%CI: 1.04, 2.17); (aRRR = 1.38; 99%CI: 0.89, 2.13). The proportion of patients with a negative diagnostic test result for malaria prescribed an antimalarial decreased in arm B (aRR = 0.96; 99%CI: 0.84, 1.10) and arm A (aRR = 0.67; 99%CI: 0.46, 0.97); (aRRR = 0.70; 99%CI: 0.48, 1.00). The proportion of patients with a positive diagnostic test result for malaria prescribed an antibiotic did not change significantly in either arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of IMID and OSS was associated with statistically significant improvements in malaria case management.
authors.affiliation: Training Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Martin Kayitale
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mbonye
authors.affiliation: Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.affiliation: Management Sciences for Health, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Aldomoro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burua
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colebunders
authors.affiliation: Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Crozier
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Services, University Research Co., LLC, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America ; Fio Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Kinoti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ronald
authors.affiliation: Training Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naikoba
authors.affiliation: Training Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rubashembusya
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Van Geertruyden
authors.affiliation: Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kelly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.affiliation: Departments of Global Health and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marcia R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057191:Capacity Building / Q000379:methods*; D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials