title: Electrospray synthesis of monodisperse polymer particles in a broad (60 nm-2 μm) diameter range: guiding principles and formulation recipes.
abstract: This study reports on a methodology to control the size of polymer particles generated by the electrospray (ES) drying route, with emphasis on the generation of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles that are well suited for biomedical applications. The ability to produce spherical poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles with and without encapsulated active agent, with relative standard deviation not exceeding 15%, was demonstrated over a remarkably broad (60 nm-2 μm) diameter range. By judiciously choosing ES parameters and solution properties, we can control the monodispersity and the size of the obtained particles, tailoring it to a specific application. The main parameters affecting particle size include solution electrical conductivity, flow rate and initial polymer volume fraction. Quasi-monodispersity at both the micro- and the more challenging nano-scale was achieved by avoiding Coulomb fission in the spray droplets, via entanglement of the polymer chains within the droplets rather than by charge neutralization. Guiding principles in the formulation of the solutions to satisfy a multiplicity of constraints are provided along with an extensive database of "recipes".
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA.
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Almería
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA. Electronic address: alessandro.gomez@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000737:chemistry; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D007700:Kinetics; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000737:chemistry; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004337:Drug Carriers; D012235:Rhodamines; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D004317:Doxorubicin; C029773:rhodamine B
keywords: Controlled drug delivery; Coulomb fission; Electrospray; Microparticles; Nanoparticles; PLGA; Polymer