title: Prevention of UVA-induced oxidative damage in human dermal fibroblasts by new UV filters, assessed using a novel in vitro experimental system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  UVA rays present in sunlight are able to reach the dermal skin layer generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for oxidative damage, alterations in gene expression, DNA damage, leading to cell inflammation, photo-ageing/-carcinogenesis. Sunscreens contain UV filters as active ingredients that absorb/reflect/dissipate UV radiation: their efficiency depends on their spectral profile and photostability which should then be reflected in biological protection of underlying skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A set of new UV filters was synthesized, and the most photostable one was compared to BMDBM, a widely used UVA filter. Cultured human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to UVA radiation which was filtered by a base cream containing or not UV filters placed above cell culture wells. The endpoints measured were: cell viability (MTT assay), ROS generation (DCFH-DA assay), mitochondrial function (JC-1 assay), DNA integrity (Comet assay) and gene expression (MMP-1, COL1A1) by RT-qPCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new UV filter resulted more efficient than BMDBM in preserving cell viability, mitochondrial functionality and oxidative DNA damage, despite similar inhibition levels of intracellular ROS. Moreover, expression of genes involved in dermal photoageing were positively affected by the filtering action of the tested molecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental model proposed was able to validate the efficacy of the new UV filter, taking into account important cellular events related to UV-induced intracellular oxidative stress, often underestimated in the assessments of these compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model may be used to compare the actual biological protection of commercial sunscreens and suncare products aside from their SPF and UVA-PF values.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brugè
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tiano
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell'Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Astolfi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emanuelli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Damiani
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species