title: Short-term inhalation of cadmium oxide nanoparticles alters pulmonary dynamics associated with lung injury, inflammation, and repair in a mouse model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs) are employed in optoelectronic devices and as a starting material for generating quantum dots as well as for medical imaging and targeting of pharmaceutical agents to disease sites. However, there are lack of data concerning short- and long-term effects of CdO NPs on the lungs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of inhaled CdO NPs at an occupationally relevant concentration on pulmonary injury and repair, and on systemic immunity in adult male mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were exposed to 240 μg CdO NPs/m(3) for seven days (3 h/d) and lavage levels of pulmonary injury/inflammatory markers, bacterial uptake by circulating phagocytes, and lung histology examined either one or seven days following the final exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of total protein, lactate dehydrogenase activity, cytokine markers of inflammation (i.e. interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ), tissue remodeling matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 activity, and phagocytic activity of circulating phagocytes were significantly increased one day after the final exposure. By seven days post-exposure, MMP-2 activity decreased to control levels, while MMP-9 activity remained significantly above control values, although dropping by about half from day one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that short-term inhalation exposure to CdO NPs can stimulate pathways in the lungs associated with inflammation, cell injury, and tissue remodeling as well as alter immune function. Findings here demonstrate that even short-term inhalation exposure to CdO NPs in the workplace could lead to deleterious pulmonary effects in exposed workers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , Tuxedo, NY , USA and.
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Lauren K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grunig
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.forename: Judy Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Judith T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Zelikoff
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004926:Escherichia coli; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000276:immunology; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000276:immunology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D016207:Cytokines; D010087:Oxides; C029663:cadmium oxide; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C522362:Mmp2 protein, mouse; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C501830:Mmp9 protein, mouse