title: Inducing transient language disruptions by mapping of Broca's area with modified patterned repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Until now there has been no reliable stimulation protocol for inducing transient language disruptions while mapping Broca's area. Despite the promising data of only a few studies in which speech arrest and language disturbances have been induced, certain concerns have been raised. The purpose of this study was to map Broca's area by using event-related navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) to generate a modified patterned nTMS protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven right-handed subjects underwent nTMS to Broca's area while engaged in a visual object-naming task. Navigated TMS was triggered 300 msec after picture presentation. The modified patterned nTMS protocol consists of 4 stimuli with an interstimulus interval of 6 msec; 8 or 16 of those bursts were repeated with a burst repetition rate of 12 Hz. Prior to mapping of Broca's area, the primary motor cortices (M1) for hand and laryngeal muscles were mapped. The Euclidian distance on MRI was measured between cortical points eliciting transient language disruptions and M1 for the laryngeal muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On stimulating Broca's area, transient language disruptions were induced in all subjects. The mean Euclidian distance between cortical spots inducing transient language disruptions and M1 for the laryngeal muscle was 17.23 ± 4.73 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stimulation paradigm with the modified patterned nTMS protocol was shown to be promising and might gain more widespread use in speech localization in clinical and research applications.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia;
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rogić
authors.forename: Vedran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Deletis
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fernández-Conejero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*