title: Automatic heart sound detection in pediatric patients without electrocardiogram reference via pseudo-affine Wigner-Ville distribution and Haar wavelet lifting.
abstract: Having in mind the availability of electronic stethoscopes, phonocardiograms (PCGs) have become popular for cardiovascular functionality monitoring and signal processing applications. Detection of fundamental heart sounds (HSs), S1s and S2s, is considered to be a crucial step in PCG analysis. Electrocardiogram (ECG), noted as a reference signal, is often synchronously recorded in order to simplify the S1/S2 detection process. Nevertheless, electronic stethoscopes are frequently used without additional ECG equipment. We propose a new algorithm for automatic fundamental HSs detection via: joint time-frequency representation based on pseudo affine Wigner-Ville distribution (PAWVD), Haar wavelet lifting scheme (Haar-LS), normalized average Shannon energy (NASE) and autocorrelation. The performance of the proposed algorithm was calculated on both normal (50) and pathological (75) PCG recordings, eight seconds long each, contributed by 125 different pediatric patients. The algorithm showed relatively high recall (90.41%) and precision (96.39%) rates of S1/S2 detection procedure in a variety of PCG signals, without ECG as a reference. Furthermore, it indicated the ability to overcome splitting within the S1/S2 heart sounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Telecommunications, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia; Innovation Center of the School of Electrical Engineering in Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: anaga777@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gavrovska
authors.affiliation: Health Center "Zvezdara", Olge Jovanovic 11, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: vesna.bogdanovic54@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bogdanović
authors.affiliation: Department of Telecommunications, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: irini@etf.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Irini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reljin
authors.affiliation: Innovation Center of the School of Electrical Engineering in Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: reljinb@etf.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Branimir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reljin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010701:Phonocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: Detection; Heart sounds; Monitoring; Phonocardiogram; Primary health care