title: Bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of pharmaceuticals with a focus to the aquatic environment.
abstract: Pharmaceuticals, among the emerging contaminants, are one of the most relevant groups of substances in aquatic ecosystems due to universal use, their chemico-physical properties and known mode of action in aquatic organisms at low concentrations. After administration many drugs and their transformation products are only retained to some extent in wastewater treatment plants therefore entering the aquatic environment in considerable high amounts. The yearly consumption to treat human and animal diseases, also in livestock and aquaculture was estimated to be hundred thousands tons per year leading to high concentrations in surface water of developed countries. Mostly, pharmaceutical residues in effluents of wastewater treatment plants or in the water column of surface waters have been reported, but data about concentrations in the aquatic biota, partitioning of pharmaceuticals to biosolids, soils, and sediments and the bioaccumulation properties are often lacking. Chronic and subtle effects can be expected when aquatic organisms are long term exposed by pseudo-persistent, persistent and accumulative compounds. This review aims to summarize the current state of research about the fate of pharmaceuticals regarding bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and potential biomagnification in aquatic ecosystems. More comprehensive approaches for the evaluation of environmental (ERA) and human health risk assessment (HRA) are included and analytical methods required to detect bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship - Switzerland, Gruendenstrasse, 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zenker
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention - Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Rita
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cicero
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention - Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prestinaci
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention - Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bottoni
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention - Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: mario.carere@iss.it.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carere
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Aquatic ecosystems; Bioaccumulation; Biomagnification; Human health; Pharmaceuticals