title: Biomedical research: increasing value, reducing waste.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Department of Neurology, NHS Forth Valley, Larbert, UK. Electronic address: malcolm.macleod@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Malcolm R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michie
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dirnagl
authors.affiliation: James Lind Initiative, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Statistics, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John P A
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Rustam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Shahi Salman
authors.affiliation: Women's College Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: An-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glasziou
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D004526:Efficiency; D010380:Peer Review; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000639:trends*