title: Organizational readiness for implementing change: a psychometric assessment of a new measure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organizational readiness for change in healthcare settings is an important factor in successful implementation of new policies, programs, and practices. However, research on the topic is hindered by the absence of a brief, reliable, and valid measure. Until such a measure is developed, we cannot advance scientific knowledge about readiness or provide evidence-based guidance to organizational leaders about how to increase readiness. This article presents results of a psychometric assessment of a new measure called Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC), which we developed based on Weiner's theory of organizational readiness for change.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted four studies to assess the psychometric properties of ORIC. In study one, we assessed the content adequacy of the new measure using quantitative methods. In study two, we examined the measure's factor structure and reliability in a laboratory simulation. In study three, we assessed the reliability and validity of an organization-level measure of readiness based on aggregated individual-level data from study two. In study four, we conducted a small field study utilizing the same analytic methods as in study three.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Content adequacy assessment indicated that the items developed to measure change commitment and change efficacy reflected the theoretical content of these two facets of organizational readiness and distinguished the facets from hypothesized determinants of readiness. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in the lab and field studies revealed two correlated factors, as expected, with good model fit and high item loadings. Reliability analysis in the lab and field studies showed high inter-item consistency for the resulting individual-level scales for change commitment and change efficacy. Inter-rater reliability and inter-rater agreement statistics supported the aggregation of individual level readiness perceptions to the organizational level of analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article provides evidence in support of the ORIC measure. We believe this measure will enable testing of theories about determinants and consequences of organizational readiness and, ultimately, assist healthcare leaders to reduce the number of health organization change efforts that do not achieve desired benefits. Although ORIC shows promise, further assessment is needed to test for convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB # 7411, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. chris_shea@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Sara R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Esserman
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Bryan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult