title: Changes of T-helper type 1/2 cell balance by anticholinergic treatment in allergic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anticholinergic drugs or vidian neurectomy can alleviate the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To show that inhibition of the cholinergic nerve influences the balance of T-helper type 1 and 2 cells in allergic rhinitis mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four mice were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 groups: control, model, model with ipratropium bromide treatment, and model with 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Allergic model-treated mice were sensitized with ovalbumin. Evaluation of allergic symptoms was recorded according to a symptom score. Ovalbumin serum IgE was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of interleukin-4, interferon-γ, forkhead box P3, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptides was detected by immunohistochemistry and imaging analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms in allergic mice were significantly alleviated by ipratropium bromide. Ovalbumin serum IgE and eosinophils of nasal mucosa were significantly decreased. Interleukin-4 expression level was significantly higher in the allergic model group than in the control group and significantly decreased by ipratropium bromide (P < .05). In contrast, the expression of forkhead box P3 was lower in the allergic model group than in the control group and increased with treatment by ipratropium bromide (P < .05). Conversely, interferon-γ expression was not changed by anticholinergic treatment in the nasal mucosa of allergic mice. Expression of substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide was significantly increased in allergic mice and decreased by ipratropium bromide. Sympathetic denervation did not change the expression of interleukin-4, interferon-γ, forkhead box P3, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  inhibition of the cholinergic nerve not only alleviated symptoms of allergic rhinitis by inhibiting the impulse of the parasympathetic nerve but also modulated the T-helper type 2-predominant immune reaction, expression of neuropeptides, and related inflammation factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daoud
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Zuozheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Yanhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Tiansheng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. Electronic address: guolintan@xysm.net.
authors.forename: Guolin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059329:Cholinergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D016627:Oxidopamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D013373:Substance P / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance / Q000187:drug effects*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D015847:Interleukin-4; D013373:Substance P; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016627:Oxidopamine; D010047:Ovalbumin; D009241:Ipratropium