title: Academic performance, educational aspiration and birth outcomes among adolescent mothers: a national longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal educational attainment has been associated with birth outcomes among adult mothers. However, limited research explores whether academic performance and educational aspiration influence birth outcomes among adolescent mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from Waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were used. Adolescent girls whose first pregnancy occurred after Wave I, during their adolescence, and ended with a singleton live birth were included. Adolescents' grade point average (GPA), experience of ever skipping a grade and ever repeating a grade, and their aspiration to attend college were examined as predictors of birth outcomes (birthweight and gestational age; n = 763). Univariate statistics, bivariate analyses and multivariable models were run stratified on race using survey procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among Black adolescents, those who ever skipped a grade had higher offspring's birthweight. Among non-Black adolescents, ever skipping a grade and higher educational aspiration were associated with higher offspring's birthweight; ever skipping a grade was also associated with higher gestational age. GPA was not statistically significantly associated with either birth outcome. The addition of smoking during pregnancy and prenatal care visit into the multivariable models did not change these associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some indicators of higher academic performance and aspiration are associated with better birth outcomes among adolescents. Investing in improving educational opportunities may improve birth outcomes among teenage mothers.
authors.forename: Yiqiong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St, SL-18, New Orleans, LA, 70114, USA. eharvill@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Emily Wheeler
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Harville
authors.forename: Aubrey Spriggs
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Madkour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001240:Aspirations, Psychological; D001724:Birth Weight; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D050498:Live Birth; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000523:psychology*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking