title: An evaluation of pharmacogenomic information provided by five common drug information resources.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated whether pharmacogenomic information contained in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved package inserts of sixty-five drugs was present in five drug information resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study searched for biomarkers from the FDA package inserts in 5 drug information sources: American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information (AHFS), Facts & Comparisons 4.0 (Facts), ePocrates Online Free (ePocrates Free), Lexicomp Online (Lexicomp), and Micromedex 2.0. Each resource had the opportunity to present biomarker information for 65 drugs, a total of 325 opportunities. A binary system was used to indicate presence or absence of the biomarker information. A sub-analysis was performed on the 13 most frequently prescribed drugs in the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Package insert biomarker information was available, on average, for 81.5% of the 65 FDA-listed drugs in 2011. Percent availability for the individual resources was: Lexicomp, 95.3%; Micromedex 2.0, 92.3%; Facts, 76.9%; AHFS, 75.3%; and ePocrates Free, 67.7%. The sub-analysis of the 13 top drugs showed Lexicomp and Micromedex 2.0 had the most mentions, 92.3%; ePocrates Free had the least, 53.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strongest resource for pharmacogenomic information was Lexicomp. The gap between Lexicomp and ePocrates Free is concerning. Clinicians would miss pharmacogenomic information 6.6 times more often in ePocrates Free than in Lexicomp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health sciences librarians should be aware of the variation in biomarker availability when recommending drug resources for licensing and use. Librarians can also use this study to encourage publishers to include pharmacogenomics information from the package insert as a minimum standard.
authors.affiliation: (corresponding author), vaughakt@jmu.edu , Director, Rose Library Services, University Libraries, James Madison University, 1251 Carrier Drive, MSC 4601, Harrisonburg, VA 22807; kelly_scolaro@unc.edu , Clinical Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 204 A Beard Hall, CB #7574, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; heidi_anksorus@unc.edu , Clinical Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 204 C Beard Hall, CB #7574, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; williamsmaryk@hotmail .com , Adjunct Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 30085 Britt, Chapel Hill, NC 27517.
authors.forename: K T L
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.affiliation: (corresponding author), vaughakt@jmu.edu , Director, Rose Library Services, University Libraries, James Madison University, 1251 Carrier Drive, MSC 4601, Harrisonburg, VA 22807; kelly_scolaro@unc.edu , Clinical Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 204 A Beard Hall, CB #7574, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; heidi_anksorus@unc.edu , Clinical Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 204 C Beard Hall, CB #7574, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; williamsmaryk@hotmail .com , Adjunct Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 30085 Britt, Chapel Hill, NC 27517.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Scolaro
authors.affiliation: (corresponding author), vaughakt@jmu.edu , Director, Rose Library Services, University Libraries, James Madison University, 1251 Carrier Drive, MSC 4601, Harrisonburg, VA 22807; kelly_scolaro@unc.edu , Clinical Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 204 A Beard Hall, CB #7574, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; heidi_anksorus@unc.edu , Clinical Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 204 C Beard Hall, CB #7574, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; williamsmaryk@hotmail .com , Adjunct Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 30085 Britt, Chapel Hill, NC 27517.
authors.forename: Heidi N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Anksorus
authors.affiliation: (corresponding author), vaughakt@jmu.edu , Director, Rose Library Services, University Libraries, James Madison University, 1251 Carrier Drive, MSC 4601, Harrisonburg, VA 22807; kelly_scolaro@unc.edu , Clinical Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 204 A Beard Hall, CB #7574, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; heidi_anksorus@unc.edu , Clinical Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 204 C Beard Hall, CB #7574, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; williamsmaryk@hotmail .com , Adjunct Assistant Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 30085 Britt, Chapel Hill, NC 27517.
authors.forename: Mary W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Roederer
mesh_terms: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D004346:Drug Information Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004348:Drug Labeling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics
chemical_list: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological