title: Genes showing altered expression in the medial preoptic area in the highly social maternal phenotype are related to autism and other disorders with social deficits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mother-child relationship is the most fundamental social bond in mammals, and previous studies indicate that the medial preoptic area (MPOA) contributes to this increase in sociability. It is possible that the same genes that lead to elevated sociability in one condition (the maternal state) might also be dysregulated in some disorders with social deficits (e.g. autism). In this study, we examined whether there was enrichment (greater than chance overlap) for social deficit disorder related genes in MPOA microarray results between virgin and postpartum female mice. We utilized microarrays to assess large scale gene expression changes in the MPOA of virgin and postpartum mice. The Modular Single Set Enrichment Test (MSET) was used to determine if mental health disorder related genes were enriched in significant microarray results. Additional resources, such as ToppCluster, NIH DAVID, and weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to analyze enrichment for specific gene clusters or indirect relationships between significant genes of interest. Finally, a subset of microarray results was validated using quantitative PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant postpartum MPOA microarray results were enriched for multiple disorders that include social deficits, including autism, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia. Together, 98 autism-related genes were identified from the significant microarray results. Further, ToppCluser and NIH DAVID identified a large number of postpartum genes related to ion channel activity and CNS development, and also suggested a role for microRNAs in regulating maternal gene expression. WGCNA identified a module of genes associated with the postpartum phenotype, and identified indirect links between transcription factors and other genes of interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transition to the maternal state involves great CNS plasticity and increased sociability. We identified multiple novel genes that overlap between the postpartum MPOA (high sociability) and mental health disorders with low sociability. Thus, the activity or interactions of the same genes may be altering social behaviors in different directions in different conditions. Maternity also involves elevated risks for disorders, including depression, psychosis, and BPD, so identification of maternal genes common to these disorders may provide insights into the elevated vulnerability of the maternal brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. tdriessen@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Terri M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Driessen
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Eisinger
authors.forename: Changjiu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Saul
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gammie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D011301:Preoptic Area / Q000378:metabolism*; D012919:Social Behavior; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins