title: Genetic variation at aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) loci in populations of Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting polluted and reference habitats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The non-migratory killifish Fundulus heteroclitus inhabits clean and polluted environments interspersed throughout its range along the Atlantic coast of North America. Several populations of this species have successfully adapted to environments contaminated with toxic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Previous studies suggest that the mechanism of resistance to these and other "dioxin-like compounds" (DLCs) may involve reduced signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway. Here we investigated gene diversity and evidence for positive selection at three AHR-related loci (AHR1, AHR2, AHRR) in F. heteroclitus by comparing alleles from seven locations ranging over 600 km along the northeastern US, including extremely polluted and reference estuaries, with a focus on New Bedford Harbor (MA, USA), a PCB Superfund site, and nearby reference sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 98 single nucleotide polymorphisms within three AHR-related loci among all populations, including synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions. Haplotype distributions were spatially segregated and F-statistics suggested strong population genetic structure at these loci, consistent with previous studies showing strong population genetic structure at other F. heteroclitus loci. Genetic diversity at these three loci was not significantly different in contaminated sites as compared to reference sites. However, for AHR2 the New Bedford Harbor population had significant FST values in comparison to the nearest reference populations. Tests for positive selection revealed ten nonsynonymous polymorphisms in AHR1 and four in AHR2. Four nonsynonymous SNPs in AHR1 and three in AHR2 showed large differences in base frequency between New Bedford Harbor and its reference site. Tests for isolation-by-distance revealed evidence for non-neutral change at the AHR2 locus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these data suggest that F. heteroclitus populations in reference and polluted sites have similar genetic diversity, providing no evidence for strong genetic bottlenecks for populations in polluted locations. However, the data provide evidence for genetic differentiation among sites, selection at specific nucleotides in AHR1 and AHR2, and specific AHR2 SNPs and haplotypes that are associated with the PCB-resistant phenotype in the New Bedford Harbor population. The results suggest that AHRs, and especially AHR2, may be important, recurring targets for selection in local adaptation to dioxin-like aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reitzel
authors.forename: Sibel I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Karchner
authors.forename: Diana G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: Brad R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nacci
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Champlin
authors.forename: Verónica M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 45 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02568, USA. mhahn@whoi.edu.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017753:Ecosystem; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D023781:Fundulidae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D056426:Genetic Loci; D009656:North America; D010641:Phenotype; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls