title: Generation of SNP datasets for orangutan population genomics using improved reduced-representation sequencing and direct comparisons of SNP calling algorithms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-throughput sequencing has opened up exciting possibilities in population and conservation genetics by enabling the assessment of genetic variation at genome-wide scales. One approach to reduce genome complexity, i.e. investigating only parts of the genome, is reduced-representation library (RRL) sequencing. Like similar approaches, RRL sequencing reduces ascertainment bias due to simultaneous discovery and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and does not require reference genomes. Yet, generating such datasets remains challenging due to laboratory and bioinformatical issues. In the laboratory, current protocols require improvements with regards to sequencing homologous fragments to reduce the number of missing genotypes. From the bioinformatical perspective, the reliance of most studies on a single SNP caller disregards the possibility that different algorithms may produce disparate SNP datasets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present an improved RRL (iRRL) protocol that maximizes the generation of homologous DNA sequences, thus achieving improved genotyping-by-sequencing efficiency. Our modifications facilitate generation of single-sample libraries, enabling individual genotype assignments instead of pooled-sample analysis. We sequenced ~1% of the orangutan genome with 41-fold median coverage in 31 wild-born individuals from two populations. SNPs and genotypes were called using three different algorithms. We obtained substantially different SNP datasets depending on the SNP caller. Genotype validations revealed that the Unified Genotyper of the Genome Analysis Toolkit and SAMtools performed significantly better than a caller from CLC Genomics Workbench (CLC). Of all conflicting genotype calls, CLC was only correct in 17% of the cases. Furthermore, conflicting genotypes between two algorithms showed a systematic bias in that one caller almost exclusively assigned heterozygotes, while the other one almost exclusively assigned homozygotes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our enhanced iRRL approach greatly facilitates genotyping-by-sequencing and thus direct estimates of allele frequencies. Our direct comparison of three commonly used SNP callers emphasizes the need to question the accuracy of SNP and genotype calling, as we obtained considerably different SNP datasets depending on caller algorithms, sequencing depths and filtering criteria. These differences affected scans for signatures of natural selection, but will also exert undue influences on demographic inferences. This study presents the first effort to generate a population genomic dataset for wild-born orangutans with known population provenance.
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Genetics Group, Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. maja.greminger@aim.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Maja P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Greminger
authors.forename: Kai N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Stölting
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nater
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruggmann
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patrignani
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nussberger
authors.forename: Reeta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Robert H S
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Laurentius N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Ambu
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.forename: Lounes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chikhi
authors.forename: Carel P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Schaik
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krützen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005787:Gene Frequency; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D057080:Pongo abelii / Q000235:genetics*; D012984:Software