title: Effect of a walnut meal on postprandial oxidative stress and antioxidants in healthy individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vitro studies rank walnuts (Juglans regia) among the plant foods high in antioxidant capacity, but whether the active constituents of walnuts are bioavailable to humans remains to be determined. The intention of this study was to examine the acute effects of consuming walnuts compared to refined fat on meal induced oxidative stress. At issue is whether the ellagitannins and tocopherols in walnuts are bioavailable and provide postprandial antioxidant protection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, crossover, and controlled-feeding study was conducted to evaluate a walnut test meal compared to one composed of refined ingredients on postprandial serum antioxidants and biomarkers of oxidative status in healthy adults (n = 16) with at least 1 week between testing sessions. Following consumption of a low phenolic diet for one day and an overnight fast, blood was sampled prior to the test meals and at intervals up to 24 hours post ingestion and analyzed for total phenols, malondiadehyde (MDA), oxidized LDL, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydrophilic and lipophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), uric acid, catechins and urinary excretion of phenylacetate metabolites and of urolithin A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed linear models demonstrated a diet effect (P < 0.001) for plasma γ-tocopherol but not for α-tocopherol with the walnut meal. Following the walnut test meal, the incremental 5 hour area under the curve (AUC(0-5h)) was reduced 7.4% for MDA, increased 7.5% for hydrophilic and 8.5% for lipophilic ORAC and comparable for total phenols, FRAP and uric acid. Oxidized LDL was reduced at 2 hours after the walnut meal. Plasma concentrations of gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epicallocatechin gallate (EGCG) increased significantly at 1 hour after the walnut test meal. Quantities of urolithin-A excreted in the urine were significantly higher following the walnut meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to the refined control meal, the walnut meal acutely increased postprandial γ-tocopherol and catechins and attenuated some measures of oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. ehaddad@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Ella H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gaban-Chong
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sabaté
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D003374:Coumarins / Q000652:urine; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D031324:Juglans / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009754:Nuts; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D019518:Postprandial Period; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003374:Coumarins; D008055:Lipids; C026423:3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol