title: Moderators of two indicated cognitive-behavioral depression prevention approaches for adolescents in a school-based effectiveness trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to identify moderators of the effects of a cognitive behavioral group-based prevention program (CB group) and CB bibliotherapy, relative to an educational brochure control condition and to one another, in a school-based effectiveness randomized controlled prevention trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  378 adolescents (M age = 15.5, 68% female) with elevated depressive symptoms were randomized in one of three conditions and were assessed at pretest, posttest, and 6-month follow-up. We tested the moderating effect of three individual (baseline depressive symptoms, negative attributional style, substance use), three environmental (negative life events, parental support, peer support), and two sociodemographic (sex, age) characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline depressive symptoms interacted with condition and time. Decomposition indicated that elevated baseline depressive symptoms amplified the effect of CB bibliotherapy at posttest (but not 6-month follow-up) relative to the control condition, but did not modify the effect of CB group relative to the control condition or relative to bibliotherapy. Specifically, CB bibliotherapy resulted in lower posttest depressive symptoms than the control condition in individuals with elevated, but not average or low baseline symptoms. We found no interaction effect for other putative moderators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that bibliotherapy is effective only in participants who have elevated depressive symptoms at baseline. The fact that no study variable moderated the effects of CB group, which had a significant main effect in reducing depressive symptoms relative to the control condition, suggests that this indicated prevention intervention is effective for a wide range of adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Université de Montréal, 90 Vincent d'Indy Avenue, H2V 2S9 Québec, Canada; School Environment Research Group, 7101 ave du Parc, H3N 1X7 Québec, Canada. Electronic address: frederic.nault-briere@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Frédéric N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Brière
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Dr., 97403 Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Dr., 97403 Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Dr., 97403 Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001638:Bibliotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D012307:Risk Factors; D012572:School Health Services; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACSQ; Adolescence; Bibliotherapy; CB; CES-D; Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression; Cognitive-behavioral; Depression; ICC; K-SADS; MDD; Moderators; NRI; Network of Relationship Inventory; Prevention; SD; adolescent cognitive style questionnaire; cognitive-behavioral; intra-class correlation; major depressive disorder; schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children; standard deviation