title: Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from slaughter pigs in northeast China.
abstract: To describe the prevalence and population structure of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that colonize pigs at slaughterhouses in northeastern China, nose swabs were collected from pigs in two slaughterhouses in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China in 2009. S. aureus isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, SCCmec typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pvl gene detection. A total of 200 S. aureus isolates were collected from 590 pigs (33.9%, 200/590), of which 162 (81%, 162/200) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 38 (19%, 38/200) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Ninety-nine of the MSSA isolates (99/162, 61.1%) were ST398, which represented the dominant sequence type overall. Eighty-seven isolates were ST9 (87/200, 43.5%), and all MRSA belonged to that sequence type which consisted of the spa types t899 and t2922. Among the MSSA strains, t034, t899 and t4358 were the most dominant spa types (139/162, 85.8%). All MRSA isolates harbored SCCmec type IVb. The pvl gene was only detected in 3 ST7/t2119 MSSA isolates. All MRSA but more importantly also 82.7% (134/162) of the MSSA isolates were resistant to six or more antibiotics. Moreover, a novel resistance determinant-lsa(E) was identified among 22% (44/200) of all isolates. In conclusion, pigs in northeast China are frequently colonized with ST398 MSSA. MRSA with this sequence type, typically associated with pigs in Europe, was not found. High levels of multiple antibiotic resistance among MRSA isolates as well as MSSA isolates are a public health concern.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Binghua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Chengyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: h.grundmann@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Hajo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grundmann
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. Electronic address: zhangjianzhong@icdc.cn.
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D007956:Leukocidins / Q000235:genetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058889:Molecular Typing; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D005098:Exotoxins; D007956:Leukocidins; C078284:Panton-Valentine leukocidin
keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Livestock; Molecular epidemiology; ST398; Staphylococcus aureus