title: An experimental model to investigate the targeting accuracy of MR-guided focused ultrasound ablation in liver.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnetic Resonance-guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (MRgHIFU) is a hybrid technology that aims to offer non-invasive thermal ablation of targeted tumors or other pathological tissues. Acoustic aberrations and non-linear wave propagating effects may shift the focal point significantly away from the prescribed (or, theoretical) position. It is therefore mandatory to evaluate the spatial accuracy of ablation for a given HIFU protocol and/or device. We describe here a method for producing a user-defined ballistic target as an absolute reference marker for MRgHIFU ablations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigated method is based on trapping a mixture of MR contrast agent and histology stain using radiofrequency (RF) ablation causing cell death and coagulation. A dedicated RF-electrode was used for the marker fixation as follows: a RF coagulation (4 W, 15 seconds) and injection of the mixture followed by a second RF coagulation. As a result, the contrast agent/stain is encapsulated in the intercellular space. Ultrasonography imaging was performed during the procedure, while high resolution T1w 3D VIBE MR acquisition was used right after to identify the position of the ballistic marker and hence the target tissue. For some cases, after the marker fixation procedure, HIFU volumetric ablations were produced by a phased-array HIFU platform. First ex vivo experiments were followed by in vivo investigation on four rabbits in thigh muscle and six pigs in liver, with follow-up at Day 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of the procedure, no ultrasound indication of the marker's presence could be observed, while it was clearly visible under MR and could be conveniently used to prescribe the HIFU ablation, centered on the so-created target. The marker was identified at Day 7 after treatment, immediately after animal sacrifice, after 3 weeks of post-mortem formalin fixation and during histology analysis. Its size ranged between 2.5 and 4 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental validation of this new ballistic marker method was performed for liver MRgHIFU ablation, free of any side effects (e.g. no edema around the marker, no infection, no bleeding). The study suggests that the absolute reference marker had ultrasound conspicuity below the detection threshold, was irreversible, MR-compatible and MR-detectable, while also being a well-established histology staining technique.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Lorena.Petrusca@unige.ch.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petrusca
authors.forename: Magalie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viallon
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Breguet
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terraz
authors.forename: Gibran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manasseh
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Auboiroux
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goget
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baboi
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: K Michael
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sekins
authors.forename: Christoph D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Rares
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salomir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D023421:Models, Animal; D011817:Rabbits; D011846:Radio Waves; D013010:Sonication; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014463:Ultrasonography