title: Functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity analyses reveal efference-copy to primary somatosensory area, BA2.
abstract: Some theories of motor control suggest efference-copies of motor commands reach somatosensory cortices. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test these models. We varied the amount of efference-copy signal by making participants squeeze a soft material either actively or passively. We found electromyographical recordings, an efference-copy proxy, to predict activity in primary somatosensory regions, in particular Brodmann Area (BA) 2. Partial correlation analyses confirmed that brain activity in cortical structures associated with motor control (premotor and supplementary motor cortices, the parietal area PF and the cerebellum) predicts brain activity in BA2 without being entirely mediated by activity in early somatosensory (BA3b) cortex. Our study therefore provides valuable empirical evidence for efference-copy models of motor control, and shows that signals in BA2 can indeed reflect an input from motor cortices and suggests that we should interpret activations in BA2 as evidence for somatosensory-motor rather than somatosensory coding alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arnstein
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rajat Mani
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Natasha M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maurits
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keysers
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gazzola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult