title: Role of curli and plant cultivation conditions on Escherichia coli O157:H7 internalization into spinach grown on hydroponics and in soil.
abstract: Contamination of fresh produce could represent a public health concern because no terminal kill step is applied during harvest or at the processing facility to kill pathogens. In addition, once contaminated, pathogens may internalize into produce and be protected from disinfectants during the postharvest processing step. The objective of the current study was to determine the potential internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into spinach roots and subsequent transfer to the edible parts. Because curli are involved in biofilm formation, we investigated whether their presence influence the internalization of E. coli O157:H7 into spinach. Further, the effect of the spinach cultivar on E. coli O157:H7 internalization was evaluated. Spinach plants were grown in contaminated soil as well as hydroponically to prevent mechanical wounding of the roots and inadvertent transfer of pathogens from the contamination source to the non-exposed plant surfaces. Results showed that E. coli O157:H7 could internalize into hydroponically grown intact spinach plants through the root system and move to the stem and leaf level. The incidence of internalization was significantly higher in hydroponically grown plants when roots were exposed to 7 log CFU/mL compared to those exposed to 5 log CFU/mL. The effect of cultivar on E. coli O157:H7 internalization was not significant (P>0.05) for the analyzed spinach varieties, internalization incidences showing almost equal distribution between Space and Waitiki, 49.06% and 50.94% respectively. Wounding of the root system in hydroponically grown spinach increased the incidence of E. coli O157:H7 internalization and translocation to the edible portions of the plant. Experimental contamination of the plants grown in soil resulted in a greater number of internalization events then in those grown hydroponically, suggesting that E. coli O157:H7 internalization is dependent on root damage, which is more likely to occur when plants are grown in soil. Curli expression by E. coli O157:H7 had no significant effect on its root uptake by spinach plants.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg 201, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors.forename: Dumitru
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macarisin
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg 201, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Electronic address: jitu.patel@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Jitendra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS-NADC, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Bldg 24, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D018527:Hydroponics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012987:Soil; C077481:Crl protein, Bacteria
keywords: Escherichia coli O157:H7; Internalization; Produce contamination; Spinach