title: Further exploration of MRI techniques for liver T1rho quantification.
abstract: With biliary duct ligation and CCl4 induced rat liver fibrosis models, recent studies showed that MR T1rho imaging is able to detect liver fibrosis, and the degree of fibrosis is correlated with the degree of elevation of the T1rho measurements, suggesting liver T1rho quantification may play an important role for liver fibrosis early detection and grading. It has also been reported it is feasible to obtain consistent liver T1rho measurement for human subjects at 3 Tesla (3 T), and preliminary clinical data suggest liver T1rho is increased in patients with cirrhosis. In these previous studies, T1rho imaging was used with the rotary-echo spin-lock pulse for T1rho preparation, and number of signal averaging (NSA) was 2. Due to the presence of inhomogeneous B0 field, artifacts may occur in the acquired T1rho-weighted images. The method described by Dixon et al. (Magn Reson Med 1996;36:90-4), which is a hard RF pulse with 135° flip angle and same RF phase as the spin-locking RF pulse is inserted right before and after the spin-locking RF pulse, has been proposed to reduce sensitivity to B0 field inhomogeneity in T1rho imaging. In this study, we compared the images scanned by rotary-echo spin-lock pulse method (sequence 1) and the pulse modified according to Dixon method (sequence 2). When the artifacts occurred in T1rho images, we repeated the same scan until satisfactory. We accepted images if artifact in liver was less than 10% of liver area by visual estimation. When NSA =2, the breath-holding duration for data acquisition of one slice scanning was 8 sec due to a delay time of 6,000 ms for magnetization restoration. If NSA =1, the duration was shortened to be 2 sec. In previous studies, manual region of interest (ROI) analysis of T1rho map was used. In this current study, histogram analysis was also applied to evaluate liver T1rho value on T1rho maps. MRI data acquisition was performed on a 3 T clinical scanner. There were 29 subjects with 61 examinations obtained. Liver T1rho values obtained by sequence 1 (NSA =2) and sequence 2 (NSA =2) showed similar values, i.e., 43.1±2.1 ms (range: 38.6-48.0 ms, n=40 scans) vs. 43.5±2.5 ms (range: 39.0-47.7 ms,  n=12 scans, P=0.74) respectively. For the six volunteers scanned with both sequences in one session, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.939. Overall, the success rate of obtaining satisfactory images per acquisition was slightly over 50% for both sequence 1 and sequence 2. Satisfactory images can usually be obtained by asking the volunteer subjects to better hold their breath. However, sequence 2 did not increase the scan success rate. For the nine subjects scanned by sequence 2 with both NSA =2 and NSA =1 during one session, the ICC was 0.274, demonstrated poor agreement. T1rho measurement by ROI method and histogram had an ICC of 0.901 (P>0.05), demonstrated very good agreement. We conclude that by including 135° flip angle before and after the spin-locking RF pulse, the rate of artifacts occurring did not decrease. On the other hand, sequence 1 and sequence 2 measured similar T1rho value in healthy liver. While reducing the breath-holding duration significantly, NSA =1 did not offer satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio. Histogram measurement can be adopted for future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China;
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China; ; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China;
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China;
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Pu-Xuan
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China;
authors.forename: Anil T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China;
authors.forename: Yi-Xiang J
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging; T1rho; liver; quantification