title: Memory consolidation in children with epilepsy: does sleep matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with epilepsy have frequent sleep disturbance and challenges in learning and memory. There is little research on the consolidation of memory during sleep in this population. The goal of this pilot study was to determine whether children with epilepsy are able to consolidate memories better after a sleep versus wake period as has been demonstrated in typically developing children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a prospective evaluation of children with epilepsy to determine if sleep improved episodic memory (using word lists) as compared with memory following a wake period of similar duration. The study was conducted in patients in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at a single academic health science center. In the sleep recall condition, the learning trials were presented in the evening, and delayed recall of the words was tested in the morning. In the wake condition, the learning took place in the morning, and the delayed recall took place later in the day. Subjects wore an actigraph to evaluate sleep/wake patterns. Data regarding the children's epilepsy, antiepileptic medications, and frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges were also documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten children (agd 8-17years) participated in the study. For the entire sample, recall after sleep was better than recall after awake (p=0.03), and 7 of the 10 children showed this effect. However, reanalyses removing an outlier showed no difference between the two recall conditions. The mean number of interictal epileptiform discharges was 8.8 during the recall after sleep and 7.8 during the recall after awake. Three children had seizures during the evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study, we demonstrated that a small cohort of children with epilepsy, with similar interictal epileptiform discharges during sleep and wake, showed no advantage in memory for a word list after a period of sleep than after a period of being awake. This finding requires further study in a larger cohort. Poor memory consolidation during sleep may contribute to the cognitive deficits in children with epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada. Electronic address: Shama.sud@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Shama
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sud
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Unit, Ben Gurion University, Soroka Medical Center of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84101 Israel. Electronic address: Yair.sadaka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sadaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada. Electronic address: Colin.massicotte@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Massicotte
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychology, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada. Electronic address: marylou.smith@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Mary Lou
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada. Electronic address: Laura.bradbury@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada. Electronic address: cristina.go@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Go
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada. Electronic address: Shelly.weiss@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Shelly K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Actigraphy; Epilepsy monitoring unit; Memory consolidation; Pediatric epilepsy; Sleep