title: Dietary thylakoids suppress blood glucose and modulate appetite-regulating hormones in pigs exposed to oral glucose tolerance test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary chloroplast thylakoids have previously been found to reduce food intake and body weight in animal models, and to change metabolic profiles in humans in mixed-food meal studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulatory effects of thylakoids on glucose metabolism and appetite-regulating hormones during an oral glucose tolerance test in pigs fed a high fat diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pigs were fed a high fat diet (36 energy% fat) for one month before oral glucose tolerance test (1 g/kg d-glucose) was performed. The experiment was designed as a cross-over study, either with or without addition of 0.5 g/kg body weight of thylakoid powder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The supplementation of thylakoids to the oral glucose tolerance test resulted in decreased blood glucose concentrations during the first hour, increased plasma cholecystokinin concentrations during the first two hours, and decreased late postprandial secretion of ghrelin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary thylakoids may be a novel agent in reducing the glycaemic responses to high carbohydrate and high glycaemic index foods. Thylakoids may in the future be promising for treatment and prevention of diabetes, overweight and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Appetite Regulation Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden. Electronic address: caroline.montelius@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montelius
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szwiec
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Department of Technology and Food Quality Evaluation, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University in Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kardas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Liudmyla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lozinska
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Appetite Regulation Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erlanson-Albertsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pierzynowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rehfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weström
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D038321:Glycemic Index; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine; D020524:Thylakoids / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D002766:Cholecystokinin; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Appetite; Cholecystokinin; Ghrelin; High-fat diet; OGTT; Thylakoids