title: Combination of probiotics and antibiotics in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the preventive effect of probiotic and antibiotics versus antibiotics alone, in children with recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) in a preliminary randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 2007 and April 2011, children with the history of RUTI and unilateral vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were randomly assigned to receive concomitant probiotic and antibiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium lactis, 10(7)/ml, as 0.25 ml/kg three times a day regimen in addition to Nitrofurantoin, 1mg/kg daily (group I). In group II, all children received conventional prophylactic antibiotics alone (Nitrofurantoin, 1 mg/kg daily). Randomization was performed via using the random numerals table in a 1:1 manner with stratification by sex, age and grade of reflux. The urine examinations were done monthly and the incidence of UTI was evaluated in these two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one children (age: 8.3±3.1 years) in group I and 44 children (age: 8.0±3.0 years) in group II were compared. During the course of three years, 39% in group I and 50% of participants in group II experienced RUTIs (P=0.4). Incidences of UTI - febrile and afebrile - reduced in both groups without any significant differences after two years of prophylaxis. Also, incidence of afebrile UTIs did not significantly differ (0.51±1.30 and 0.81±1.41 respectively, P =0.3); however, the incidence of febrile UTIs in particular were lower in group I (0.00±0.00 versus 0.13±0.40, P =0.03) in the last year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consumption of probiotic and antibiotics in children with RUTI is safe and more effective in reducing the incidence of febrile UTI in comparison to prophylactic antibiotics alone.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Pediatric Center of excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Javad
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mohseni
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Pediatric Center of excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aryan
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Pediatric Center of excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sahra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emamzadeh-Fard
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Pediatric Center of excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Koosha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paydary
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Laboratory of Pegah Milk Industry, Iran Dairy Industries Company, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mofid
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Laboratory of Pegah Milk Industry, Iran Dairy Industries Company, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joudaki
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Pediatric Center of excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdol-Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kajbafzadeh
keywords: Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Bifidobacterium Lactis; Lactobacillus Acidophilus; Urinary Tract Infection; Vesicoureteral Reflux