title: Self-assembly, DNA binding and cytotoxicity trends of ether functionalized gemini pyridinium amphiphiles.
abstract: Six new ether functionalized gemini pyridinium amphiphiles have been synthesized having dodecyl, tetradecyl alkyl chain lengths and three different spacers (i.e. -(CH2)n-, where n is 4, 5 and 6) and investigated for their self-assembling behavior by state of the art techniques such as tensiometry, conductivity and spectrofluorometry. These new pyridinium gemini surfactants exhibit lower cmc values as compared to other gemini surfactants reported in literature. These amphiphiles form stable complexes with DNA as established by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide exclusion experiments. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was carried out in vitro on C6 glioma cell line for cytotoxicity assessment of new pyridinium geminis. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to measure the micellar size of gemini surfactants. Further, thermal stability of these amphiphiles has been evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dependence of self-assembly behavior and other properties on spacer as well as alkyl chain length has been established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India. Electronic address: sukhprit@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sukhprit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamboj
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
authors.forename: Rachana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
authors.forename: Gurcharan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaur
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D004996:Ethidium; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D008823:Micelles; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D008823:Micelles; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D004247:DNA; D004996:Ethidium
keywords: Cytotoxicity; DNA binding; DNase sensitivity; Gemini pyridinium amphiphiles; Micelle size; Self-assembly; Thermal properties