title: Toxicity of gutkha, a smokeless tobacco product gone global: is there more to the toxicity than nicotine?
abstract: The popularity of smokeless tobacco (ST) is growing rapidly and its prevalence of use is rising globally. Consumption of Gutkha, an addictive form of ST, is particularly common amongst South Asian communities throughout the World. This includes within the US, following large-scale immigration into the country. However, there exists a lack of knowledge concerning these alternative tobacco products. To this end, a study was carried out to determine the toxicity of gutkha, and what role, if any, nicotine contributes to the effects. Adult male mice were treated daily for 3-week (5 day/week, once/day), via the oral mucosa, with equal volumes (50 μL) of either sterile water (control), a solution of nicotine dissolved in water (0.24 mg of nicotine), or a solution of lyophilized guthka dissolved in water (21 mg lyophilized gutkha). Serum cotinine, measured weekly, was 36 and 48 ng/mL in gutkha- and nicotine-treated mice, respectively. Results demonstrated that exposure to nicotine and gutkha reduced heart weight, while exposure to gutkha, but not nicotine, decreased liver weight, body weight, and serum testosterone levels (compared to controls). These findings suggest that short-term guhtka use adversely impacts growth and circulating testosterone levels, and that gutkha toxicity may be driven by components other than nicotine. As use of guthka increases worldwide, future studies are needed to further delineate toxicological implications such that appropriate policy decisions can be made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd., Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA. Daniel.willis@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd., Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA. marusia.popovech@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Popovech
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd., Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA. ganyf@mskcc.org.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gany
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd., Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA. carol.hoffman@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd., Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA. jason.blum@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd., Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA. judith.zelikoff@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Judith T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Zelikoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D003367:Cotinine