title: Age and educational track influence adolescent discounting of delayed rewards.
abstract: This study examined age-related changes in a specific aspect of adolescent decision-making, namely the preference for future versus immediate outcomes. A sample of 622 Dutch adolescents aged 12-17 years completed a temporal discounting task. Participants were asked to choose between a delayed reward of €50 or an immediate reward of lower value. The delay interval was varied in three blocks (1 week, 1 month, 6 months). Results showed that preferences for large delayed rewards over smaller immediate rewards increased with age: late adolescents made more long-term decisions than early adolescents. This change was related to educational track. In the lower educational track, an age-related decrease in discounting was found for all three delay intervals. In the higher educational track this decrease only occurred for the 6 month delay interval. However, across all delay intervals enrolment in a higher level educational track was associated with an increased preference for long-term rewards. These results suggest that late adolescents are less susceptible than early adolescents to the competing presence of an immediate reward when making long-term decisions, a skill which becomes increasingly important as they transition into adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nikki C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands ; Centre for Learning Sciences and Technologies, Open University Heerlen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Renate H M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boschloo
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krabbendam
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolles
keywords: adolescence; age; development; educational track; temporal discounting