title: Effect of subject restraint and resistance pad placement on isokinetic knee flexor and extensor strength: implications for testing and rehabilitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In clinical practice, several subject restraint and resistance pad placement variations are used when an isokinetic knee flexion/extension test is performed. However, it is unknown if these variations affect the outcome measures. The aims of this study were to determine if these setup variations affect isokinetic outcomes and to establish the smallest detectable difference for these setup variations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Variation in isokinetic setup affects outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional repeated-measures crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten recreationally active adult men were examined with isokinetic dynamometry on 4 separate days. In the first 3 days, fully strapped and trunk-unstrapped testing was conducted with the resistance pad placed distally on the shin. On days 1 and 3, the unstrapped condition was performed first, followed by the strapped condition. On day 4, the resistance pad was placed proximal on the shin (anterior cruciate ligament testing).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no within-condition differences for days 1, 2, or 3 for the strapped and unstrapped conditions (P > 0.05). Between-condition comparisons were significant (eg, quadriceps peak torque, P < 0.001; hamstring peak torque, P = 0.043) for the strapped, unstrapped, and proximal resistance pad placement conditions. The strapped condition generally showed the largest torques, and the unstrapped, the least. The smallest detectable differences were relatively large (eg, quadriceps peak torque strapped = 20.6%). The greatest intraclass correlation values were found when strapped.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subject setup significantly influences isokinetic outcome measures at the knee. Since the strapped condition demonstrated the greatest repeatability, it is recommended. The smallest detectable differences were relatively high for all variables and should be considered in the interpretation of the effect size of interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subject setup strapping must be considered when investigating test-retest values or when comparing subjects after isokinetic testing at the knee. The fully strapped condition has the best repeatability and highest torque values.
authors.affiliation: Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Roald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.affiliation: Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar ; Physiotherapy Department, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whiteley
authors.affiliation: Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitchell
keywords: hamstrings; minimal detectable change; minimum clinically important change; mixed ratio; smallest detectable change