title: The release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances animal tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the release of metal ions from an orthodontic appliance in tests on animals (pigs).
  
  
  METHODS
  An animal test was conducted on 24 pigs divided equally into an experimental and a control group. In total, 12 sets of experimental orthodontic plates were surgically inserted into pig snouts in the experimental group for 6 months. Noninvasive matrices (hair [0, 3, and 6 months]) and invasive matrices (kidneys, liver, lungs, aorta, and oral mucosa) were collected for multi-elemental analysis (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) from the experimental and control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest differences in the content of toxic metals were found in the aorta (Ni level was 4.8 times higher in experimental than in the control group), in the cheek (Ni 3.5 times higher), and in the hair sampled after 3 months (Cr 3.4 times higher).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained data indicate that the products of corrosion have passed into selected tissues of pigs; however, the doses of toxic metal ions released from the appliance did not reach toxic levels.
authors.affiliation: a  Assistant Professor, Department of Dentofacial Orthopeadics and Orthodontics, Medical University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikulewicz
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wołowiec
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janeczek
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gedrange
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chojnacka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000737:chemistry; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D002610:Cheek / Q000601:surgery; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D003343:Corrosion; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000032:analysis; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D008670:Metals; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D013193:Stainless Steel; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D008982:Molybdenum; D007501:Iron
keywords: In vivo experiment; Metal ions release; Orthodontic appliances; Pigs; Tests on animals