title: Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic metabolites in Anacardiaceae species from northwest Argentina: isolation, identification and potential for control of Fusarium species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this research was to identify antifungal compounds from leaves of Schinus and Schinopsis species useful for the control of toxigenic Fusarium species responsible of ear rot diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leaves of Schinopsis (S. lorentzii and S. haenkeana) and Schinus (S. areira, S. gracilipes and S. fasciculatus) were sequentially extracted with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antifungal activity of the fraction soluble in methanol of these extracts (fCH2Cl2, fAcEt and fMeOH, respectively) was determined by the broth microdilution method and the disc-diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory dose (MID), the diameter of growth inhibition (DGI) and the minimum concentration for 50% inhibition of fungal growth (MIC50) were calculated. The fCH2Cl2 and fAcEt of the Schinopsis species had the lowest MID and MIC50 values and the highest DGI. The antifungal compounds were identified as lupeol and a mix of phenolic lipids. The last one had the highest antifungal activity with MIC50 31-28 μg g(-1) and 165-150 μg g(-1) on Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides, respectively. The identified metabolites completely inhibited fumonisin and deoxynivalenol production at lower concentrations than ferulic acid, a natural antimycotoxigenic compound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was proven that lupeol and phenolic lipids were inhibitors of both fungal growth and mycotoxin production of toxigenic Fusarium species. This fact is specially interesting in the control of the toxigenic Fusarium species because several commercial antifungals showed to stimulate mycotoxin biosynthesis at sublethal concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Control of toxigenic Fusarium species requires compounds able to inhibit both fungal growth and mycotoxin production. Our results suggest that the use of lupeol as food preservative and the phenolic lipids as fungal growth inhibitors of F. verticillioides and F. graminearum did not imply an increase in mycotoxin accumulation.
authors.affiliation: LABIFITO, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; INQUINOA - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Aristimuño Ficoseco
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vattuone
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Audenaert
authors.forename: C A N
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Catalán
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sampietro
mesh_terms: D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001118:Argentina; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000378:metabolism; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000094042:Lupanes
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D037341:Fumonisins; D009183:Mycotoxins; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014255:Trichothecenes; C004999:ferulic acid; C007262:deoxynivalenol; C010480:lupeol; D000094042:Lupanes
keywords: Fusarium; alkylcatechols; deoxynivalenol; fumonisins; lupeol