title: Validity of salt intake assessment system based on a 24-h dietary recall method using a touch panel computer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An electronic system for salt intake assessment using a 24-h dietary recall method has been developed in Japan. We evaluated the validity of this salt intake system for assessing salt intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively obtained data on estimated salt intake using 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24-hUNaCl) and salt intake by the salt intake assessment system from 203 consecutive outpatients with essential hypertension (age: 67.8 ± 10.7 years; 53.7% men).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values were 9.7 ± 2.9 g/day for 24-hUNaCl and 9.1 ± 2.9 g/day for the salt intake assessment system before corrections. The salt intake estimated by the present system was significantly correlated with 24-hUNaCl (r = 0.66, p < 0.0001). After corrections for habitual use of discretionary seasonings, habitual intake of salty foods, and physical activity, correlation coefficients between salt intake and 24-hUNaCl increased from 0.60 to 0.66 in men <65 years, from 0.80 to 0.81 in men ≥ 65 years, from 0.64 to 0.75 in women <65 years, and from 0.52 to 0.59 in women ≥ 65 years. After further correction for regional differences in average salt intake, the correlation coefficient reached 0.72 in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After correction for dietary habits, lifestyle factors, and differences in average salt intake by region, this system may be a useful tool in Japan to encourage salt restriction in the clinical treatment of hypertension and improve public health in terms of salt restriction overall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation , and.
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosaka
authors.forename: Noha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elnagar
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuchihashi
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Futoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ebara
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchiba
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Mitsutoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Hareaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hatori
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsuya
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yatagai
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015930:Diet Records; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D000075222:Essential Hypertension; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000652:urine; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D008875:Middle Aged; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000652:urine; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Nutrition survey; salt intake; urinary salt excretion; validation