title: Indications and limits for associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS). Lessons Learned from 15 cases at a single centre.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ALPSS procedure has been recently introduced as an alternative to PVE for liver volume augmentation in cases of planned right trisectionectomy with small future RLV and high risk of PHLF. We retrospectively analysed our single centre experience with 15 ALPPS procedures in order to better assess the limits and indications of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following volumetric parameters were evaluated: total liver volume (TLV), remnant liver volume (RLV), remnant liver volume to total liver volume ratio (RLV/TLV), remnant liver volume to body weight ratio (RLV/BWR) and median volume gain. The ALPPS procedure was usually considered when RLV/TLV < 25 % or RLV/BWR < 0.5. The ALPPS procedure consisted of phase 1 (in situ splitting of the liver), interphase (waiting for liver regeneration) and phase 2 (completion of right trisectionectomy). Postoperative complications were reported according to the Dindo-Clavien classification. Patient survival, late complications and tumour recurrence were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between November 2010 and September 2013, we performed 15 ALPPS procedures in 10 patients with primary liver tumours (5 h-CCA, 4 i-CCA and 1 HCC) and in 5 with CRLM. The preoperative RLV/TLV ratio was 22.6 % (15.7 - 29.2) and the RLV/BWR 0.46 (0.22 - 0.66). After 10 days (range 8 - 16) the RLV/TLV ratio and RLV/BWR increased up to 36.3 % (30 - 59.2 %) and 0.67 (0.5 - 1.2) respectively, with a median volume gain of 87.2 % (23.8 - 161 %). The time interval between phases 1 and 2 was 13 days (9 - 18). An R0 status was reached in 13 patients and R1 in 2. The overall postoperative morbidity was 66.7 %. After phase 1, 8 patients experienced 19 complications and 7 none. After phase 2, 11 patients experienced 36 complications and 4 none. Four patients died postoperatively after 22 days (9 - 36 days) resulting in a postoperative mortality of 28.7 %. After a median follow-up of 17 months (1 - 33), 10 out of 15 patients are still alive (survival rate 66.6 %). Four patients (2 i-CCA, 1 CRLM, 1 HCC) developed tumour recurrences (2 intrahepatic and 2 extrahepatic). One patient with i-CCA died at POM 4 secondary to peritoneal carcinosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The actual high morbidity and mortality rates related to the ALPPS procedure should lead us to a more cautious selection of the candidates for this operation and restriction of the indications through an accurate work-up based on interdisciplinary cooperation among hepatologists, oncologists, radiologists and surgeons.
authors.affiliation: General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadalin
authors.affiliation: General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Capobianco
authors.affiliation: Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girotti
authors.affiliation: General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Königsrainer
authors.affiliation: General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Königsrainer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome