title: Indian Ocean tsunami: relationships among posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth, resource loss, and coping at 3 and 15 months.
abstract: This study examines variables associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) and posttraumatic growth among 2 independent samples of survivors following the Indian Ocean tsunami in Khao Lak, Thailand. Participants were exposed to unprecedented horror and loss of life and property. At 3 months participants (N = 248) were living in temporary shelters, and at 15 months a second sample (N = 255) was living in homes built after the tsunami. Prior traumatic experiences, life threat, loss of personal characteristic resources and condition resources, somatic problems, and social support accounted for close to half of the variance in PTS in each sample. At 3 months, emotion-focused coping and concerns about government favoritism also contributed to PTS. At 15 months, lack of prior disaster experience and loss of energy resources also contributed to PTS. Distress was higher among participants surveyed at 3 months than among those surveyed at 15 months. Posttraumatic growth was positively associated with social support and problem-focused coping in both samples. The findings support conservation of resources stress theory ( Hobfoll, 2012 ) and underscore how systemic issues affect mental health. The implications of the findings are discussed, as is the educational International Tsunami Museum designed by the first author to address systemic stressors.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Western Washington University , Bellingham , Washington , USA.
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Sattler
authors.forename: Sawitri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Assanangkornchai
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Moller
authors.forename: Wiworn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kesavatana-Dohrs
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004190:Disasters / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006798:Housing / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D019156:Indian Ocean; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013785:Thailand; D057192:Tsunamis / Q000191:economics; D055815:Young Adult