title: Replenish the source within: Rescuing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by double checkpoint blockade.
abstract: We have recently reported that the PD-1 and CTLA4 signaling pathways are active in both effector and regulatory T cells, causing profound immune dysfunctions in the tumor microenvironment. In line with this notion, the dual blockade of PD-1- and CTLA4-conveyed signals may exert robust therapeutic effects. Here, we discuss the mechanisms possibly underlying such a synergic interaction.
authors.affiliation: Ovarian Cancer Research Center; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA.
authors.forename: Jaikumar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duraiswamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Ovarian Cancer Research Center; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA ; Department of Oncology and Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; University Hospital of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coukos
keywords: CTLA4; PD-1; regulatory T cells; tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; vaccine