title: Titania nanotubes with adjustable dimensions for drug reservoir sites and enhanced cell adhesion.
abstract: This study aims to generate a bactericidal agent releasing surface via nanotube layer on titanium metal and to investigate how aspect ratio of nanotubes affects drug elution time and cell proliferation. Titania nanotube layers were generated on metal surfaces by anodic oxidation at various voltage and time parameters. Gentamicin loading was carried out via simple pipetting and the samples were tested against S. aureus for the efficacy of the applied modification. Drug releasing time and cell proliferation were also tested in vitro. Titania nanotube layers with varying diameters and lengths were prepared after anodization and anodizing duration was found as the most effective parameter for amount of loaded drug and drug releasing time. Drug elution lasted up to 4 days after anodizing for 80 min of the samples, whereas release completed in 24 h when the samples were anodized for 20 min. All processed samples had bactericidal properties against S. aureus organism except unmodified titanium, which was also subjected to drug incorporation step. The anodization also enhanced water wettability and cell adhesion results. Anodic oxidation is an effective surface modification to enhance tissue-implant interactions and also resultant titania layer can act as a drug reservoir for the release of bactericidal agents. The use of implants as local drug eluting devices is promising but further in vivo testing is required.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Institute of Science and Technology, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nazlı
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Çalışkan
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Institute of Science and Technology, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bayram
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Institute of Science and Technology, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdal
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Institute of Science and Technology, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Karahaliloğlu
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Institute of Science and Technology, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: denkbas@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Emir Baki
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Denkbaş
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004343:Drug Implants; D005839:Gentamicins; D053769:Nanocapsules; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Anodic oxidation; Drug eluting implant; Drug release; Gentamicin; Implant infection; Titania nanotube