title: Revisiting the therapeutic effect of rTMS on negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.
abstract: This study sought to determine the moderators in the treatment effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on negative symptoms in schizophrenia. We performed a meta-analysis of prospective studies on the therapeutic application of rTMS in schizophrenia assessing the effects of both low-frequency and high-frequency rTMS on negative symptoms. Results indicate that rTMS is effective in alleviating negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The effect size was moderate (0.63 and 0.53, respectively). The effect size of rTMS on negative symptoms in sham-controlled trials was 0.80 as measured by the SANS and 0.41 as measured by the PANSS. A longer duration of illness was associated with poorer efficacy of rTMS on negative symptoms. A 10 Hz setting, at least 3 consecutive weeks of treatment, treatment site at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and a 110% motor threshold (MT) were found to be the best rTMS parameters for the treatment of negative symptoms. The results of our meta-analysis suggest that rTMS is an effective treatment option for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The moderators of rTMS on negative symptoms included duration of illness, stimulus frequency, duration of illness, position and intensity of treatment as well as the type of outcome measures used.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
authors.forename: Eric F C
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Basis of Health Research Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
authors.forename: David H K
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shum
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: rckchan@psych.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Raymond C K
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009341:Negativism; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Intervention; Meta-analysis; Negative symptoms; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; Schizophrenia