title: Sodium excretion and risk of developing coronary heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite compelling evidence for sodium's adverse effects on blood pressure, it remains uncertain whether excess sodium intake is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in the overall population and in potentially more susceptible subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We prospectively followed 7543 adults aged 28 to 75 years and free of cardiovascular and kidney disease in 1997/1998 of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease (PREVEND) study. Sodium excretion was measured in two 24-hour urine collections at baseline. Potential susceptibility factors were blood pressure and plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Median 24-hour sodium excretion was 137 mmol (Q1-Q3, 106-171 mmol). During a median follow-up of 10.5 (Q1-Q3: 9.9-10.8) years, 452 CHD events occurred. In the entire cohort, there was no association between each 1-g/d (43 mmol/24 h) increment in sodium excretion and CHD risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.18; P=0.15). However, the association of sodium excretion with CHD risk tended to be modified by mean arterial pressure (Pinteraction=0.08) and was modified by NT-proBNP (Pinteraction=0.002). When stratified, each 1-g/d increment in sodium excretion was associated with an increased risk for CHD in subjects with hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.28; n=2363) and in subjects with NT-proBNP concentrations above the sex-specific median (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.30; n=3771).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, there was no association between sodium excretion and risk of CHD. The association between sodium excretion and CHD risk was modified by NT-proBNP. Higher sodium excretion was associated with an increased CHD risk among subjects with increased NT-proBNP concentrations or with hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (M.M.J., J.M.G., E.J.M.F., S.J.L.B.); University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands (M.M.J., R.T.G., G.N., S.J.L.B.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA (M.M.J.,K.J.M.); University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands (H.J.L.H.); and Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.M.G., E.J.M.F.).
authors.forename: Michel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.forename: Ron T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gansevoort
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mukamal
authors.forename: Hiddo J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lambers Heerspink
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Geleijnse
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.forename: Gerjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Navis
authors.forename: Stephan J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D012964:Sodium
keywords: diet; epidemiology; heart diseases; natriuretic peptides; nutrition assessment; sodium; urine specimen collection