title: Acute Q fever in Portugal. Epidemiological and clinical features of 32 hospitalized patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii. The main characteristic of acute Q fever is its clinical polymorphism, usually presenting as a febrile illness with varying degrees of hepatitis and/or pneumonia. Q fever is endemic in Portugal, and it is an obligatory notifiable disease since 1999. However, its epidemiological and clinical characteristics are still incompletely described.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective study of 32 cases admitted in the Infectious Diseases Department, Santa Maria's University Hospital, from January 2001 to December 2010, in whom acute Q fever was diagnosed by the presence of antibodies to phase II Coxiella burnetii antigens associated with a compatible clinical syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 32 cases recorded, 29 (91%) were male, with a male:female ratio of 9.7:1. Individuals at productive age were mainly affected (88%, n=28, with ages between 25 and 64 years). Clinically, the most common manifestation of acute Q fever was hepatic involvement (84%, n=27), which occurred isolated in 53% (n=17) of the cases. Hepatitis was more severe, presenting with higher values of liver function tests, in patients presenting both pulmonary and hepatic involvement. Additionally, we report one case of myocarditis and another one with neurological involvement. Empiric but appropriate antibiotic therapy was given in 66% (n=21) of the cases. There was a complete recovery in 94% (n=30) of the patients, and one death. We confirmed the sub-notification of this disease in Portugal, with only 47% (n=15) of the cases notified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Portugal further studies are needed to confirm our results. From the 32 cases studied, acute Q fever presented more frequently as a febrile disease with hepatic involvement affecting mainly young male individuals. Furthermore, acute Q fever is clearly underdiagnosed and underreported in Portugal, which suggests that an increased awareness of the disease is needed, together with a broader use of serological testing.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Portugal;
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palmela
authors.affiliation: MD, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases University Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Santa Maria's University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal;
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Badura
authors.affiliation: PhD, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases University Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Santa Maria's University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Emília
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valadas
keywords: Coxiella burnetii; Portugal; acute Q fever; cholestasis; epidemiology; hepatitis; pneumonia