title: Associations between cytokine gene variations and severe persistent breast pain in women following breast cancer surgery.
abstract: Persistent pain following breast cancer surgery is a significant clinical problem. Although immune mechanisms may play a role in the development and maintenance of persistent pain, few studies have evaluated for associations between persistent breast pain following breast cancer surgery and variations in cytokine genes. In this study, associations between previously identified extreme persistent breast pain phenotypes (ie, no pain vs severe pain) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 15 cytokine genes were evaluated. In unadjusted analyses, the frequency of 13 SNPs and 3 haplotypes in 7 genes differed significantly between the no pain and severe pain classes. After adjustment for preoperative breast pain and the severity of average postoperative pain, 1 SNP (ie, interleukin [IL] 1 receptor 2 rs11674595) and 1 haplotype (ie, IL10 haplotype A8) were associated with pain group membership. These findings suggest a role for cytokine gene polymorphisms in the development of persistent breast pain following breast cancer surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study evaluated for associations between cytokine gene variations and the severity of persistent breast pain in women following breast cancer surgery. Variations in 2 cytokine genes were associated with severe breast pain. The results suggest that cytokines play a role in the development of persistent postsurgical pain.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Christina R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Baggott
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Merriman
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhruva
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Kord M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Dale J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leutwyler
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Luce
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.affiliation: Redwood Regional Medical Group, Santa Rosa, California.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elboim
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamolsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Electronic address: bradley.aouizerat@nursing.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Bradley E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Aouizerat
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000601:surgery*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D053574:Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type II / Q000235:genetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508592:IL1R2 protein, human; D053574:Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type II; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Cytokines; breast cancer surgery; candidate genes; persistent pain; polymorphism