title: Accurate determination of ultra-trace levels of Ti in blood serum using ICP-MS/MS.
abstract: Ti is frequently used in implants and prostheses and it has been shown before that the presence of these in the human body can lead to elevated Ti concentrations in body fluids such as serum and urine. As identification of the exact mechanisms responsible for this increase in Ti concentrations, and the risks associated with it, are not fully understood, it is important to have sound analytical methods that enable straightforward quantification of Ti levels in body fluids (for both implanted and non-implanted individuals). Until now, only double-focusing sector field ICP-mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) offered limits of detection that are good enough to deal with the very low basal levels of Ti in human serum. This work reports on the development of a novel method for the accurate and precise determination of trace levels of Ti in human serum samples, based on the use of ICP-MS/MS. O2 and NH3/He have been compared as reaction gases. While the use of O2 did not enable to overcome all spectral interferences, it has been shown that conversion of Ti(+) ions into Ti(NH3)6(+) cluster ions by using NH3/He as a reaction gas in an ICP-QQQ-MS system, operated in MS/MS mode, provided interference-free conditions and sufficiently low limits of detection, down to 3 ng L(-1) (instrumental detection limit obtained for the most abundant Ti isotope). The accuracy of the method proposed was evaluated by analysis of a Seronorm Trace Elements Serum L-1 reference material and by comparing the results obtained with those achieved by means of SF-ICP-MS. As a proof-of-concept, the newly developed method was successfully applied to the determination of Ti in serum samples obtained from individuals with and without Ti-based implants. All results were found to be in good agreement with those obtained by means of SF-ICP-MS. The typical basal Ti level in human serum was found to be <1 μg L(-1), while values in the range of 2-6 μg L(-1) were observed for implanted patients.
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281-S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: Lieve.Balcaen@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Lieve
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Balcaen
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281-S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: Eduardo.BoleaFernandez@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bolea-Fernandez
authors.affiliation: University of Zaragoza, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address: mresano@unizar.es.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Resano
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281-S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: Frank.Vanhaecke@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vanhaecke
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014025:Titanium / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium
keywords: Blood serum; Implants; Reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Titanium