title: Genetic Analysis of the Neuraminidase (NA) Gene of Equine Influenza Virus (H3N8) from Epizootic of 2008-2009 in India.
abstract: The neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences of four Indian equine influenza viruses (EIVs) isolated from epizootic in 2008 and 2009 were analyzed. The phylogenetic relationship and selection pressure of NA genes were established in comparison to other EIVs circulating worldwide along with the domains and motifs of the encoded protein to find out the significance of mutational changes. Among Indian isolates, two amino acid (aa) changes each in Mysore/12/08 (Asn67Tyr & Asp396Gly), Gopeshwar/1/09 (Ile49Val & Asp396Gly), and Uttarkashi/1/09 (Ile49Val & Asp396Gly) isolates were observed in respect to Jammu-Katra/06/08 isolate. Amino acid (aa) sequence analysis also revealed five consistent aa residue changes viz, Gly/Arg40Glu, Tyr66His, Val191Ile, Val209Ile and Asp235Asn in Asian including Indian isolates, Spain/07 and Spain/09 isolates in comparison to other EIVs circulating worldwide. The topology of the phylogenetic tree revealed that the Indian, Chinese, Mongolian and Kazakhstan isolates together formed a subgroup with Yokohama/10 isolate. Spain/07 & Spain/09 isolates showed closest clustering with Asian isolates. This indicates that non-synonymous mutations in Asian isolates with temporal pattern originating from Spain/07, led to the subgroup of the Asian isolates within Florida clade 2 sublineage. The analysis of the predicted secondary structure has not shown any significant difference in the NA proteins of all Indian isolates. Fixed-effects likelihood (FEL) analysis of the selection pressure revealed three codons (43, 355 & 434) under positive selection pressure. The overall evolutionary changes (ω value) of 3.4 indicates NA gene to be under strong selection pressure. Further, seven putative N-glycosylation sites were observed in the NA protein. The mapping of specific aa changes, their mutational and functional analysis need to be carried out to ascertain their role in pathogenecity of the virus.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Bera
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Virmani
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shanmugasundaram
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Vaid
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barua
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Equine influenza virus; H3N8; Horse; Neuraminidase; Phylogeny