title: Efficacy and safety of duloxetine 60 mg once daily in major depressive disorder: a review with expert commentary.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant public health concern and challenges health care providers to intervene with appropriate treatment. This article provides an overview of efficacy and safety information for duloxetine 60 mg/day in the treatment of MDD, including its effect on painful physical symptoms (PPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted for articles and pooled analyses reporting information regarding the use of duloxetine 60 mg/day in placebo-controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Placebo-controlled, active-comparator, short- and long-term studies were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult (≥18 years) patients with MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effect sizes for continuous outcome (change from baseline to endpoint) and categorical outcome (response and remission rates) were calculated using the primary measures of 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score. The Brief Pain Inventory and Visual Analogue Scales were used to assess improvements in PPS. Glass estimation method was used to calculate effect sizes, and numbers needed to treat (NNT) were calculated based on HAMD-17 and MADRS total scores for remission and response rates. Safety data were examined via the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events and by mean changes in vital-sign measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with duloxetine was associated with small-to-moderate effect sizes in the range of 0.12 to 0.72 for response rate and 0.07 to 0.65 for remission rate. NNTs were in the range of 3 to 16 for response and 3 to 29 for remission. Statistically significant improvements (p≤0.05) were observed in duloxetine-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients in PPS and quality of life. The safety profile of the 60-mg dose was consistent with duloxetine labeling, with the most commonly observed significant adverse events being nausea, dry mouth, diarrhea, dizziness, constipation, fatigue, and decreased appetite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reinforce the efficacy and tolerability of duloxetine 60 mg/day as an effective short- and long-term treatment for adults with MDD. The evidence of the independent analgesic effect of duloxetine 60 mg/day supports its use as a treatment for patients with PPS associated with depression. This review is limited by the fact that it included randomized clinical trials with different study designs. Furthermore, data from randomized controlled trials may not generalize well to real clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA;
authors.forename: Susan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA;
authors.forename: Durisala
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Desaiah
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA;
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA;
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, UK; ; The Gordon Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: David G S
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Perahia
keywords: duloxetine; effect size; major depressive disorder; painful physical symptoms; quality of life; safety and tolerability