title: "Phloem sap analysis of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken, Butea monosperma (Lam) Taub. and Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam) and hemolymph of Kerria lacca (Kerr) using HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry".
abstract: Females of lac insects especially of Kerria lacca (Kerr) secret a resin known as lac for their own protection, which has tremendous applications. Lac insect completes its lifecycle on several host taxa where it exclusively feeds on phloem sap but Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Butea monosperma (Lam.) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam.) are its major hosts. Analysis of phloem sap constituents as well as hemolymph of lac insect is important because it ultimately gets converted into lac by insect intervention. Main phloem sap constituent's viz. sugars and free amino acids and hemolymph of lac insect were analyzed using HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The results were transformed to relative percentage of the total sugars and free amino acids analyzed in each sample for comparison among lac insect hemolymph and the phloem sap of the three different host taxa. Sucrose (58.9 ± 3.6-85.6 ± 0.9) and trehalose (62.3 ± 0.4) were the predominant sugars in phloem sap of three taxa and hemolymph of lac insect, respectively. Glutamic acid (33.1 ± 1.4-39.8 ± 1.4) was found to be main amino acid among the phloem sap of three taxa while tyrosine (61 ± 2.6) was the major amino acid in hemolymph of lac insect. The relative percentage of non-essential amino acids (60.8 %-69.9 %) was found to be more in all the three host taxa while essential amino acids (30.1 %-35.4 %) were present at a lower relative percentage. In contrast to this, the relative percentage of essential amino acids (81.9 %) was observed to be higher as compared to non-essential amino acids (17.7 %) in lac insect hemolymph. These results led to the detection of lac insect's endosymbionts. Moreover, this study revealed a clue regarding the importance of development of a synthetic diet for this insect so that a precise pathway of lac biosynthesis could be investigated for thorough understanding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India ; Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021 India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vashishtha
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021 India.
authors.forename: Brijesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute of Natural Resin and Gum (IINRG), Namkum, Ranchi 834010 India.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India.
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lakhanpaul
keywords: Butea monosperma; HPLC; Kerria lacca; Phloem sap; Schleichera oleosa; Tandem mass spectrometry; Ziziphus mauritiana