title: Deficits in startle-evoked arm movements increase with impairment following stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The startle reflex elicits involuntary release of planned movements (startReact). Following stroke, startReact flexion movements are intact but startReact extension movements are impaired by task-inappropriate flexor activity impeding arm extension. Our objective was to quantify deficits in startReact elbow extension movements, particularly how these deficits are influenced by impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in 8 stroke survivors performing elbow extension following two non-startling acoustic stimuli representing "get ready" and "go", respectively. Randomly, the "go" was replaced with a startling acoustic stimulus. We hypothesized that task-inappropriate flexor activity originates from unsuppressed classic startle reflex. We expected that increasing damage to the cortex (increasing impairment) would relate to increasing task-inappropriate flexor activity causing poor elbow extension movement and target acquisition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Task-inappropriate flexor activity increased with impairment resulting in larger flexion deflections away from the subjects' intended target corresponding to decreased target acquisition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the task-inappropriate flexor activity likely results from cortical or corticospinal damage leading to an unsuppressed or hypermetric classic startle reflex that interrupts startReact elbow extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given startReact's functional role in compensation during environmental disturbances, our results may have important implications for our understanding deficits in stroke survivor's response to unexpected environmental disturbances.
authors.affiliation: Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: claire.honeycutt@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Claire Fletcher
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Honeycutt
authors.affiliation: Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Eric Jon
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Perreault
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004550:Elbow / Q000503:physiopathology; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Reaching; StartReact; Startle; Stroke