title: Management of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe swallowing management in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson' disease (PD), to investigate whether physiopathology determines the choice of therapeutic approaches, and to investigate whether the disease duration modifies the therapeutic approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a long-term study comprising 24 patients with idiopathic PD and 27 patients with ALS. The patients were followed-up in a dysphagia outpatient clinic between 2006 and 2011. The patients underwent clinic evaluation and Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing, Functional Oral Intake Scale, and therapeutic intervention every 3 months. The swallowing management was based on orientation about the adequate food consistency and volume, besides the necessary maneuvers or exercises to improve swallowing functionality. An exploratory analysis of data was used to investigate associations between the groups of disease (PD or ALS) and clinic aspects and to know about the association between the groups of diseases and the application of maneuver or exercises over the follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent recommended maneuvers in PD were bolus effect (83.3%), bolus consistency (79.2%), and swallowing frequency (79%). To patients with ALS, the bolus consistency (92%) and the bolus effect (74.1%) were more recommended. Strengthening-tongue (p=0.01), tongue control (p=0.05), and vocal exercises (p<0.001) were significantly more recommended in PD than in ALS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compensatory and sensorial maneuvers are more recommended to rehabilitee program in both diseases. The physiopathology of the diseases determined the choice of therapeutic approaches. The disease duration of the patients did not interfere directly in the therapeutic approaches.
authors.forename: Karen Fontes
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Luchesi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Lucia Figueiredo
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Mourão
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D014059:Tongue