title: A comprehensive review on the quasi-induced exposure technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal is to comprehensively examine the state-of-the-art applications and methodological development of quasi-induced exposure and consequently pinpoint the future research directions in terms of implementation guidelines, limitations, and validity tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper conducts a comprehensive review on approximately 45 published papers relevant to quasi-induced exposure regarding four key topics of interest: applications, responsibility assignment, validation of assumptions, and methodological development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific findings include that: (1) there is no systematic data screening procedure in place and how the eliminated crash data will impact the responsibility assignment is generally unknown; (2) there is a lack of necessary efforts to assess the validity of assumptions prior to its application and the validation efforts are mostly restricted to the aggregated levels due to the limited availability of exposure truth; and (3) there is a deficiency of quantitative analyses to evaluate the magnitude and directions of bias as a result of injury risks and crash avoidance ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper points out the future research directions and insights in terms of the validity tests and implementation guidelines.
authors.affiliation: School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. Electronic address: ejiang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xinguo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. Electronic address: lyles@egr.msu.edu.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Lyles
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Runhua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D016365:Liability, Legal; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012449:Safety / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012941:Social Responsibility; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Exposure measurements; Quasi-induced exposure; Responsibility assignment; Underlying assumptions; Validation