title: Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenolyxacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide in the aqueous phase using modified granular activated carbon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low cost 2,4-Dichlorophenolyxacetic acid (2,4-D) widely used in controlling broad-leafed weeds is frequently detected in water resources. The main objectives of this research were focused on evaluating the feasibility of using granular activated carbon modified with acid to remove 2,4-D from aqueous phase, determining its removal efficiency and assessing the adsorption kinetics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study was conducted at bench-scale method. The influence of different pH (3-9), the effect of contact time (3-90 min), the amount of adsorbent (0.1-0.4 g), and herbicide initial concentration (0.5-3 ppm) on 2,4-D removal efficiency by the granular activated carbon were investigated. Based on the data obtained in the present study, pH of 3 and contact time of 60 min is optimal for 2,4-D removal. 2,4-D reduction rate increased rapidly by the addition of the adsorbent and decreased by herbicide initial concentration (63%). The percent of 2,4-D reduction were significantly enhanced by decreasing pH and increasing the contact time. The adsorption of 2,4-D onto the granular activated carbon conformed to Langmuir and Freundlich models, but was best fitted to type II Langmuir model (R2 = 0.999). The second order kinetics was the best for the adsorption of 2,4-D by modified granular activated carbon with R2 > 0.99. Regression analysis showed that all of the variables in the process have been statistically significant effect (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, granular activated carbon modified with acid is an appropriate method for reducing the herbicide in the polluted water resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. mdehghany@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mansooreh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dehghani
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nasseri
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karamimanesh