title: Mortality from diseases, conditions and injuries where alcohol is a necessary cause in the Americas, 2007-09.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe mortality from diseases, conditions and injuries where alcohol was a necessary cause in selected countries in the Americas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive, population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data come from 16 countries in North, Central and South America for the triennium 2007-09 (latest available data).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 238 367 deaths were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated age-adjusted and age-specific mortality rates by sex and country using the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) mortality database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual average of deaths where alcohol was a necessary cause in the 16 countries was 79, 456 (men comprised 86% and women 14%). People aged 40-59 years represented 55% overall. Most deaths were due to liver diseases (63% overall) and neuropsychiatric disorders (32% overall). Overall age-adjusted rates/100,000 were higher in El Salvador (27.4), Guatemala (22.3), Nicaragua (21.3) and Mexico (17.8) and lower in Colombia (1.8), Argentina (4.0) and Canada (5.7). The age groups at the highest risk were 54-59 to 64-69 years in most countries. In Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua the rates increased earlier, among those aged 30-49 years. Male rates were higher than female rates in all countries, but the male : female ratio varied widely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diseases, conditions or injuries where alcohol is a necessary cause are an important cause of premature mortality in the Americas, especially among men. Some countries show high risk of dying from this group of causes.
authors.affiliation: Health Analysis and Information Unit, Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Vilma Pinheiro
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Gawryszewski
authors.forename: Maristela G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Monteiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020751:Alcohol-Induced Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002489:Central America / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D013020:South America / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality*
keywords: Alcohol consumption; alcohol-induced disorders; death rate; inequity; mortality