title: Patients' perceived purpose of clinical informed consent: Mill's individual autonomy model is preferred.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although informed consent is an integral part of clinical practice, its current doctrine remains mostly a matter of law and mainstream ethics rather than empirical research. There are scarce empirical data on patients' perceived purpose of informed consent, which may include administrative routine/courtesy gesture, simple honest permission, informed permission, patient-clinician shared decision-making, and enabling patient's self decision-making. Different purposes require different processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed 488 adults who were planning to undergo or had recently undergone written informed consent-requiring procedures. Perceptions of informed consent purpose (from norm and current practice perspectives) were explored by asking respondents to rank (1 = most reflective) 10 randomly-presented statements: "meaningless routine", "courtesy gesture" "litigation protection", "take away compensation rights", "inform patient', "make sure patient understand", "document patient's decision", "discover patient's preferences", "have shared decision", and "help patient decide".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents' mean (SD) age was 38.3 (12.5); 50.4% were males, 56.8% had ≥ college education, and 37.3% had undergone a procedure. From the norm perspective, the least reflective statement was "meaningless routine" (ranked 1-3 by 2.6% of respondents) and the most reflective statements were "help patient decide", "make sure patient understand", and "inform patient" (ranked 1-3 by 65%, 60%, and 48% of respondents with median [25%,75%] ranking scores of 2 [1,5], 3 [2,4], and 4 [2,5], respectively). Compared to their counterparts, males and pre-procedure respondents ranked "help patient decide" better, whereas females and post-procedure respondents ranked "inform patient" better (p = 0.007 to p < 0.001). Age was associated with better ranking of "help patient decide" and "make sure patient understand" statements (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively), which were ranked 1-3 by only 46% and 42% of respondents from the current practice perspective (median ranking score 4 [2,6], p < 0.001 vs. norm perspective for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) the informed consent process is important to patients, however, patients vary in their views of its purpose with the dominant view being enabling patients' self decision-making, 2) males, pre-procedure, and older patients more favor a self decision-making purpose, whereas females and post-procedure patients more favor an information disclosure purpose, and 3) more self decision-making and more effective information disclosure than is currently practiced are desired. An informed consent process consistent with Mill's individual autonomy model may be suitable for most patients.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Studies and Empirical Ethics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P O Box # 3354 (MBC 03), Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia. muhammad@kfshrc.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Muhammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hammami
authors.forename: Eman A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Al-Gaai
authors.forename: Yussuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Al-Jawarneh
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.forename: Muhammad B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hammami
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.forename: Mohammad Al
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Qadire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D032882:Comprehension; D003657:Decision Making; D030881:Disclosure / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008297:Male; D057240:Patient Preference / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D011050:Policy Making; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires