title: Intraoperative high-dose epinephrine infiltration in cleft palate repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Local infiltration of epinephrine before surgical procedures is a well-accepted technique to promote vasoconstriction. Typically, the dose of epinephrine is limited by the co-administration of local anesthetic as well as the risk for arrhythmogenesis and hemodynamic changes. In addition, some controversy exists regarding the acceptable dose of epinephrine given to children. This retrospective review examines the use and safety of "high-dose" epinephrine in palatoplasty at our cleft-craniofacial center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of epinephrine use in primary palatoplasty at a tertiary children's hospital from 2003 to 2007 was performed. Operative and anesthetic records were reviewed for hypertension (systolic blood pressure, >120 or diastolic blood pressure, >70) and tachycardia (>190 beats per min) as defined by the American Heart Association guidelines, as well as dysrhythmias, intraoperative complications, and postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 102 patients who underwent consecutive primary palatoplasties performed by a single surgeon were identified. After the induction of anesthesia and before incision, the patients received an initial epinephrine infiltration (without local anesthetic) up to a maximum 10 μg/kg. The average total dose of epinephrine administered during palatoplasty was 12.8 μg/kg (range, 3.2-75.0 μg/kg). Doses up to a maximum of 10 μg/kg were administered as needed at 30-minute intervals. No instances of clinically unstable tachycardia or hypertension occurred. A total of 21.6% of the patients (22/102) experienced an instance of hypertension, and only 13.7% of these (14/102) were related to epinephrine administration. One (1%) postoperative fistula was identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Locally infiltrated high-dose epinephrine during palatoplasty can be safely used as a means of vasoconstriction. Doses reaching a maximum of 10 μg/kg, administered as needed at 30-minute intervals, do not seem to be a significant risk for hemodynamic instability, intraoperative complications, or postoperative complications.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of *Plastic Surgery, and†Anesthesia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kinsella
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naran
authors.forename: Darren M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: DeCesare
authors.forename: Franklyn P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cladis
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vecchione
authors.forename: Shao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Losee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004837:Epinephrine