title: Drug use as a driver of HIV risks: re-emerging and emerging issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the studies published in 2012-2013 that focused on re-emerging and emerging injection and noninjection drug use trends driving HIV risk behaviors and transmission in some parts of the world.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although HIV incidence has declined in many countries, HIV epidemics remain at troubling levels among key drug-using populations, including females who inject drugs (FWIDs), FWIDs who trade sex, sex partners of people who inject drugs, young people who inject drugs, and people who use noninjection drugs in a number of low-income and middle-income countries such as in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV epidemics occur within the contexts of global economic and political forces, including poverty, human rights violations, discrimination, drug policies, trafficking, and other multilevel risk environments. Trends of injection and noninjection drug use and risk environments driving HIV epidemics in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa call for political will to improve HIV and substance use service delivery, access to combination HIV prevention, and harm reduction programs.
authors.affiliation: aGlobal Health Research Center of Central Asia, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, New York bDepartment of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California cJoint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Global Health), San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nabila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Bassel
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Anindita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.forename: Steffanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strathdee
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D060386:Sex Workers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology