title: Salivary cytokines and the association between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and periodontal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A higher prevalence of periodontal disease has been reported in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and these two chronic conditions may be linked via inflammatory pathways. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the salivary interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-21, IL-33, and pentraxin-3 (PTX3) concentrations in patients with and without OSAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 52 patients were included in the study. Thirteen individuals were in the control (non-OSAS) group, 17 were in the mild/moderate OSAS group, and 22 were in the severe OSAS group. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded, and saliva samples were obtained before initiation of periodontal intervention. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine salivary cytokine concentrations. Data were statistically analyzed using D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus normality, Spearman ρ rank, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salivary IL-6 and IL-33 concentrations were similar in the two OSAS groups (P >0.05), which were statistically higher than the control group (P <0.05). IL-1β, IL-21, and PTX3 concentrations were similar in the study groups. The only significant correlation between clinical periodontal parameters and salivary cytokines was found between clinical attachment level (CAL) and IL-21 (P = 0.02). Highly significant correlations were found between probing depth, CAL measures, and indicators of OSAS severity (P <0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that OSAS may have an increasing effect on salivary IL-6 and IL-33 concentrations regardless of OSAS severity. Additional investigation is required to elucidate a potential bidirectional relationship between OSAS and periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nejat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nizam
authors.forename: Ozen K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Basoglu
authors.forename: Mehmet S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tasbakan
authors.forename: Ayşe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nalbantsoy
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buduneli
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000276:immunology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000276:immunology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology*; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component / Q000032:analysis*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D012907:Smoking; D012913:Snoring / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult; D000098546:Interleukin-21; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007378:Interleukins; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component; D000098546:Interleukin-21; D000099153:Pentraxins; C506536:IL33 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human
keywords: Cytokines; inflammation; pathogenesis; periodontal disease; saliva; sleep apnea syndromes