title: Phenotypic & genotypic characterization of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus isolates from clinical specimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enterococci have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens and emergence of resistance to many of the antimicrobials used for Gram-positive organisms has made the management of infections due to Enterococcus species difficult. Resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics, especially vancomycin is of special concern. This study was undertaken to perform a phenotypic and genotypic characterization of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) isolates obtained from clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital in southern India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Susceptibility testing was performed for Enterococcus isolates collected over a period of one year (November 2008-October 2009). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of vancomycin and teicoplanin were determined for the isolates by the agar dilution method. Genotypic characterization of VRE isolates was done by performing multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting the various vancomycin resistance genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 367 isolates of Enterococcus species isolated, 32 were found to be resistant to vancomycin after MIC testing. VanA was the commonest phenotype of vancomycin resistance and the commonest genotype was vanA. Among the other important findings of the study was the presence of heterogeneity in isolates of VRE with the vanA gene cluster with regards to resistance to teicoplanin and the coexistence of vanA and vanC1 gene clusters in an isolate of E. gallinarum which conferred high level glycopeptide resistance to the isolate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enterococcus species have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens in our patients with a capacity to cause a variety of infections. The vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus isolates was 8.7 per cent in our study which was high compared to other Indian studies. VanA was the commonest phenotype of glycopeptide resistance and vanA was the commonest vancomycin resistance gene. The study also demonstrates phenotypic as well as genotypic heterogeneity among isolates of VRE from clinical specimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Praharaj
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sujatha
authors.forename: Subhash Chandra
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Parija
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019729:Carbon-Oxygen Ligases / Q000235:genetics; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010453:Peptide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D017334:Teicoplanin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D065507:Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C071437:VanA ligase, Bacteria; D017334:Teicoplanin; D014640:Vancomycin; D019729:Carbon-Oxygen Ligases; D010453:Peptide Synthases; C108395:VanC protein, Enterococcus