title: Absence of differences between male and female adolescents with prior sport concussion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sex differences following concussion are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether male and female adolescent athletes with prior concussions differ regarding neurocognitive function and symptom reporting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based hockey teams.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 615 elite hockey players 13 to 17 years old (mean = 15.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 15.4-15.6). There were 517 males and 98 females. Players with English as a second language, attention or learning problems, a concussion within 6 months of baseline, or suspected invalid test profiles were excluded from these analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Domain scores and symptom ratings from the ImPACT computerized battery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant neurocognitive differences between males and females with (F5,227 = 1.40, P = .227) or without (F5,376 = 1.33, P = 0.252) a prior history of concussion. Male and female athletes with a history of concussion reported higher raw symptom scores than those without a prior concussion; however, sex differences disappear when symptom scores are adjusted for known sex differences in controls (total score, F2,230 = 0.77, P = .46; Cohen d = 0.01 or domain scores (F4,227 = 1.52, P = .197; Cohen d = 0.07-0.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although those with prior concussions report more symptoms (but do not differ on neurocognition), this study does not support sex differences with cognition or symptoms in adolescent athletes with prior concussions.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences (Brain Injury and Rehabilitation programs), Alberta Children's Hospital, Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Dr Brooks); Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Dr Mrazik); Paediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Neurosciences (Brain Injury and Rehabilitation programs), Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Dr Barlow); Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Dr McKay); Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Dr Meeuwisse); and Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Dr Emery).
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mrazik
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Carly D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: Willem H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Meeuwisse
authors.forename: Carolyn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Emery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012737:Sex Factors