title: Imaging patterns of brain development and their relationship to cognition.
abstract: We present a brain development index (BDI) that concisely summarizes complex imaging patterns of structural brain maturation along a single dimension using a machine learning methodology. The brain was found to follow a remarkably consistent developmental trajectory in a sample of 621 subjects of ages 8-22 participating in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, reflected by a cross-validated correlation coefficient between chronologic age and the BDI of r = 0.89. Critically, deviations from this trajectory related to cognitive performance. Specifically, subjects whose BDI was higher than their chronological age displayed significantly superior cognitive processing speed compared with subjects whose BDI was lower than their actual age. These results indicate that the multiparametric imaging patterns summarized by the BDI can accurately delineate trajectories of brain development and identify individuals with cognitive precocity or delay.
authors.affiliation: Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, Department of Radiology, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics.
authors.forename: Guray
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Erus
authors.affiliation: Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, Department of Radiology, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics.
authors.forename: Harsha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Battapady
authors.affiliation: Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, Department of Radiology, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Theodore D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Satterthwaite
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Hakon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakonarson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Raquel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.affiliation: Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, Department of Radiology, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davatzikos
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Ruben C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: DTI; MRI; SVR; age prediction; brain development index