title: In situ forces and length patterns of the fibular collateral ligament under controlled loading: an in vitro biomechanical study using a robotic system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the in situ forces and length patterns of the fibular collateral ligament (FCL) and kinematics of the knee under various loading conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were used (mean age 46 ± 14.4 years; range 20-58). In situ forces and length patterns of FCL and kinematics of the knee were determined under the following loading conditions using a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system: no rotation, varus (10 Nm), external rotation (5 Nm), and internal rotation (5 Nm) at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60º, 90°, and 120° of flexion, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under no rotation loading, the distances between the centres of the FCL attachments decreased as the knee flexed. Under varus loading, the force in FCL peaked at 15° of flexion and decreased with further knee flexion, while distances remained nearly constant and the varus rotation increased with knee flexion. Using external rotation, the force in the FCL also peaked at 15° flexion and decreased with further knee flexion, the distances decreased with flexion, and external rotation increased with knee flexion. Using internal rotation load, the force in the FCL was relatively small across all knee flexion angles, and the distances decreased with flexion; the amount of internal rotation was fairly constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FCL has a primary role in preventing varus and external rotation at 15° of flexion. The FCL does not perform isometrically following knee flexion during neutral rotation, and tibia rotation has significant effects on the kinematics of the FCL. Varus and external rotation laxity increased following knee flexion. By providing more realistic data about the function and length patterns of the FCL and the kinematics of the intact knee, improved reconstruction and rehabilitation protocols can be developed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jianquan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yingfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012371:Robotics; D012399:Rotation; D055815:Young Adult