title: Improvement of the safety of the red pepper spice with FMEA and post processing EWMA quality control charts.
abstract: Although there are numerous decades-old studies drawing attention to the presence of aflatoxins in spices, and particularly in red pepper spice, the problem has not been eradicated. In the present study, information presented in the literature, about production method of red pepper spice, its contamination with aflatoxin, and the uncertainty about the data are assessed to find out the points where improvement may be achieved. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) are performed to assess the risk. The highest total risk attributable to chemical plus physical plus biological causes is associated with the washing stage (RPN=363), which is followed by the receiving (RPN=342) and the storage (RPN=342) stages. The highest risk attributable to biological causes (RPN=180) is associated with microbial growth and aflatoxin production due to insufficient control of drying conditions. The highest chemical risk (RPN=144) is found for the presence of unintentional food additives, such as pesticides, herbicides, hormones, and heavy metals in fresh red pepper fruits. EWMA (exponentially weighted average) charts are employed to monitor aflatoxin production during storage. They successfully distinguished between the batches, which turned to be unsafe. Risk associated with unintentional additives may be reduced by using certified additives only. Better drying control will definitely reduce the risk associated with the drying process. Codex Alimentarius plan has worldwide acceptance for assessing safety of the nuts. Risk of accepting the batches contaminated with aflatoxin may be eliminated by applying the Codex Alimentarius sampling plan before putting the dry pulverized red pepper into the storage facility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul Turkey.
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozilgen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul Turkey.
authors.forename: Seyda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bucak
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozilgen
keywords: Accelerated spoilage; Aflatoxin; Codex Alimentarius sampling plan; EWMA chart; FMEA analysis; Pulverized red pepper