title: The Thai DMS Diabetes Complications (DD.Comp.) project: prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Thailand and their associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, multi-sites, hospital-based study was carried out between June and December 2006. Diabetic patients from the outpatient department of seven public hospitals (3 tertiary, 2 secondary and 2 community hospital) in Thailand were performed by retinal specialist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand seven of 1,120 diabetic patients received retinal examination using indirect ophthalmoscope. Patients were divided into two groups (absent and present DR). Most patients in both groups were female (72.7 and 68.0%). The prevalence of DR was 24.0% (n = 242), mild NPDR 9.4% (n = 95), moderate NPDR 10.5% (n = 106), severe NPDR 1.3% (n = 13), and proliferative (PDR) 2.8% (n = 28). Age at onset, duration of DM, systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, Triglyceride (TG), alcohol consumption, foot ulcer, and proteinuria were recorded. Metformin and insulin taking were statistically, significantly different among these groups. There is more prevalent NPDR and PDR in insulin-taking than non-insulin-taking groups. The grading of diabetic retinopathy is associated with the duration of diabetes. In multivariate regression analysis, associated risk factors of DR patients were the duration of DM, HbA1c levels, and proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic retinopathy was present in about one fourth of type 2 diabetic patients in this study. Associated risk factors of DR were the duration of DM, HbA1c levels, and proteinuria. Regular screening for DR especially in T2DM with associated risk factor should be done for early treatment.
authors.affiliation: Prasat Neurological Institute, Department of Medical Services, MOPH, Bangkok, Thailand. ampornj@gmail.com
authors.forename: Amporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jongsareejit
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Research and Technology Assessment, Department of Medical Services, MOPH, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Somkiat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Potisat
authors.affiliation: Rajavithi Hospital, Department of Medical Services, MOPH, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Udom
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krairittichai
authors.affiliation: Lerdsin Hospital, Department of Medical Services, MOPH, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Charnvate
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sattaputh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Research and Technology Assessment, Department of Medical Services, MOPH, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Woranut
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Arunratanachote
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin