title: Preparation and characterisation of nanophase Sr, Mg, and Zn substituted hydroxyapatite by aqueous precipitation.
abstract: Hydroxyapatite (HA) substituted with 2 mol% Sr, 10 mol% Mg, and 2 mol% Zn were precipitated under identical alkaline conditions (pH 11) at 20°C from an aqueous solution. As-synthesised materials were confirmed to be phase pure by XRD and samples prepared in air contained surface adsorbed CO2 as observed by FTIR. SEM studies revealed a globular morphology and agglomeration behaviour, typical of precipitated nHA. EDS spectra confirmed nominal compositions and substitution of Sr, Mg and Zn. At the levels investigated cationic doping was not found to radically influence particle morphology. An indication of the potential in-vivo bioactivity of samples was achieved by analysing samples immersed in SBF for up to 28 days by interferometry and complementary SEM micrographs. Furthermore, a live/dead assay was used and confirmed the viability of seeded MC3T3 osteoblast precursor cells on HA and substituted HA substrates up to 7 days of culture.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Sophie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Parastoo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jamshidi
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Liam M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.affiliation: Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. Electronic address: k.k.mallick@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kajal K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Mallick
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D010316:Particle Size; D044367:Phase Transition; D013324:Strontium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D014867:Water; D017886:Durapatite; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc; D013324:Strontium
keywords: Aqueous precipitation; Bioceramics; Osteoblasts; Simulated body fluid; Substituted hydroxyapatite