title: The role of SATB2 in skeletogenesis and human disease.
abstract: Since the discovery of SATB2 (special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2) a decade ago, its pivotal roles in development and tissue regeneration have emerged, particularly in craniofacial patterning and development, palate formation, and osteoblast differentiation and maturation. As a member of the special AT-rich binding proteins family that bind to nuclear matrix-attachment regions (MAR), it also displays functional versatility in central nervous development, especially corpus callosum and pons formation, cancer development and prognosis, as well as in immune regulation. At the molecular level, Satb2 gene expression appears to be tissue and stage-specific, and is regulated by several cytokines and growth factors, such as BMP2/4/7, insulin, CNTF, and LIF via ligand receptor signaling pathways. SATB2 mainly performs a twofold role as a transcription regulator by directly binding to AT-rich sequences in MARs to modulate chromatin remodeling, or through association with other transcription factors to modulate the cis-regulation elements and thus to regulate the expression of down-stream target genes and a wide range of biological processes. This contemporary review provides an exploration of the molecular characteristics and function of SATB2; including its expression and cytokine regulation, its involvement in human disease, and its potential roles in skeletogenesis.
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Zhihu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tickner
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. Electronic address: jiake.xu@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jiake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors.forename: Kerong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China. Electronic address: xlzhang@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D036961:Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D036961:Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins; C521297:SATB2 protein, human; C501473:SATB2 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Application in disease-therapies; Expression; Function; SATB2; Skeletogenesis