title: Cadmium phytoavailability to rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in representative Chinese soils. A model to improve soil environmental quality guidelines for food safety.
abstract: Food chain contamination by cadmium (Cd) is globally a serious health concern resulting in chronic abnormalities. Rice is a major staple food of the majority world population, therefore, it is imperative to understand the relationship between the bioavailability of Cd in soils and its accumulation in rice grain. Objectives of this study were to establish environment quality standards for seven different textured soils based on human dietary toxicity, total Cd content in soils and bioavailable portion of Cd in soil. Cadmium concentrations in polished rice grain were best related to total Cd content in Mollisols and Udic Ferrisols with threshold levels of 0.77 and 0.32mgkg(-1), respectively. Contrastingly, Mehlich-3-extractable Cd thresholds were more suitable for Calcaric Regosols, Stagnic Anthrosols, Ustic Cambosols, Typic Haplustalfs and Periudic Argosols with thresholds values of 0.36, 0.22, 0.17, 0.08 and 0.03mgkg(-1), respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that phytoavailability of Cd to rice grain was strongly correlated with Mehlich-3-extractable Cd and soil pH. The empirical model developed in this study explains the combined effects of soil properties and extractable soil Cd content on the phytoavailability of Cd to polished rice grain. This study indicates that accumulation of Cd in rice is influenced greatly by soil type, which should be considered in assessment of soil safety for Cd contamination in rice. This investigation concluded that the selection of proper soil type for food crop production can help us to avoid the toxicity of Cd in our daily diet.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rafiq
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Rukhsanda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Wendan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Range Management and Forestry, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad 44500, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rafiq
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Basharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. Electronic address: litq@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tingqiang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D018533:Biomass; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D002681:China; D059022:Food Safety; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Cadmium pollution; Human dietary toxicity; Oryza sativa L; Phytoavailability; Soil properties