title: Early-age clinical and developmental features associated to Substance Use Disorders in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective was to explore early-age conditions associated to Substance Use Disorders (SUD) in adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); secondly, to determine which of those conditions are specific to ADHD subjects; and finally, to compare ADHD and non-ADHD subjects in terms of SUD lifetime prevalence and professional, social and personal adjustment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison between ADHD adults with (n=236) and without lifetime SUD (n=309) regarding clinical characteristics of ADHD, externalization disorders, temperamental traits, environmental factors, academic history and family psychiatric history; secondly, ADHD subjects were compared to a non-ADHD group (n=177) concerning those variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following variables were found to be positively associated to SUD in ADHD subjects: ADHD severity, CD and ODD comorbidities, temperamental characteristics ("fearful", "accident prone" and "frequent temper tantrums"), "sexual abuse", "be suspended from school", family history of SUD and ADHD, and male gender; ADHD inattentive subtype and "fearful" were inversely associated to SUD. From those variables, "frequent temper tantrums" was also associated to SUD in non-ADHD subjects. ADHD subjects had higher prevalence of lifetime SUD and greater professional, social and personal impairment than non-ADHD subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest a significant association between ADHD, SUD and early-age conditions, such as CD and ODD comorbidity; other variables from childhood, namely, ADHD subtype, temper characteristics ("fearful", "accident prone"), "sexual abuse", "be suspended from school" and family history of ADHD are associated to SUD in ADHD subjects, but not in non-ADHD subjects. Moreover, this study confirms both the higher prevalence of lifetime SUD and greater professional, social and personal impairment in ADHD subjects than in non-ADHD subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gómez-Barros
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palomar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Richarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corrales
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nasillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: jaramos@vhebron.net.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramos-Quiroga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012917:Social Adjustment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult