title: Development and psychometric properties of the Maastricht Personal Autonomy Questionnaire (MPAQ) in older adults with a chronic physical illness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and test the Maastricht Personal Autonomy Questionnaire (MPAQ), an instrument measuring personal autonomy of older adults with a chronic physical illness in accordance with their experience of autonomy. Achievement of personal autonomy is conceptualized as correspondence between the way people's lives are actually arranged and the way people want to arrange their lives.
  
  
  METHODS
  A field test was conducted in three waves (n = 412, n = 125 and n = 244) among a random sample of people older than 59 years with either chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or diabetes mellitus. Construct validity, reproducibility and responsiveness were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MPAQ entailing 16 items consists of three scales: degree of (personal) autonomy, working on autonomy and dilemmas. Construct validity was largely supported by confirmatory factor analysis and correlations between the MPAQ and other instruments. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.61 to 0.80 and SRDsgroup from 0.10 to 0.13. Mean change was larger (0.54) than was SRDgroup (0.11) in patients who had deteriorated, but smaller in patients who had improved (0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MPAQ has good content and construct validity and moderate reproducibility. Responsiveness is weak, although better for deterioration than for improvement.
authors.affiliation: CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Godelief M J
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mars
authors.forename: Jacques Th M
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Eijk
authors.forename: Marcel W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Ireen M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Proot
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mesters
authors.forename: Gertrudis I J M
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Kempen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome