title: Impact of interventions targeting unhealthy alcohol use in Kenya on HIV transmission and AIDS-related deaths.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV remains a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in Kenya. The effects of behaviors that accompany unhealthy alcohol consumption are a pervasive risk factor for HIV transmission and progression. Our objective was to estimate the portion of HIV infections attributable to unhealthy alcohol use and to evaluate the impact of hypothetical interventions directed at unhealthy alcohol use on HIV infections and deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated outcomes over a time horizon of 20 years using a computer simulation of the Kenyan population. This computer simulation integrates a compartmental model of HIV transmission with a mechanistic model of HIV progression that was previously validated in sub-Saharan Africa. Integration of the transmission and progression models allows simultaneous consideration of alcohol's effects on HIV transmission and progression (e.g., lowering antiretroviral adherence may increase transmission risk by elevating viral load, and may simultaneously increase progression by increasing the likelihood of AIDS). The simulation considers important aspects of heterogeneous sexual mixing patterns, including assortativeness of partners by age and activity level, age-discordant relationships, and high activity subgroups. Outcomes included number of new HIV infections, number of AIDS deaths, and infectivity (number of new infections per infected person per year).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our model estimated that the effects of behaviors accompanying unhealthy alcohol consumption are responsible for 13.0% of new HIV infections in Kenya. An alcohol intervention with effectiveness similar to that observed in a published randomized controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioral therapy-based intervention in Kenya (45% reduction in unhealthy alcohol consumption) could prevent nearly half of these infections, reducing their number by 69,858 and reducing AIDS deaths by 17,824 over 20 years. Estimates were sensitive to assumptions with respect to the magnitude of alcohol's underlying effects on condom use, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and sexually transmitted infection prevalence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial number of new HIV infections in Kenya are attributable to unhealthy alcohol use. An alcohol intervention with the effectiveness observed in a published randomized controlled trial has the potential to reduce infections over 20 years by nearly 5% and avert nearly 18,000 deaths related to HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Braithwaite
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Nucifora
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toohey
authors.forename: Sherry M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mentor
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Uhler
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Kendall
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bryant
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000401:mortality* / Q000635:transmission*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission
keywords: HIV Prevention; HIV/AIDS; Sub-Saharan Africa; Unhealthy Alcohol Use