title: Phonological awareness and the working memory of children with and without literacy difficulties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate phonological awareness and working memory skills as well as their influence on the literacy process in a group of intellectually normal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty intellectually normal children (7.6-8.0 years) from the second and third grades of elementary school participated. Children were organized in two groups (20 children each): one with and another without literacy difficulties. These participants underwent RAVEN's intelligence quotient test, audiometric assessment, CONFIAS test of phonological awareness, written spelling task, and working memory test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the alphabetic phase presented a good development of phonological awareness, and 85% of them showed a high-performance working memory. Children in the syllabic-alphabetic phase had changes in phonological awareness, and 91.6% of them showed an average working memory performance. The subjects at pre-syllabic and syllabic phases demonstrated more difficulties in phonological awareness than those at syllabic-alphabetic and had a poor working memory performance. Between-group differences were observed for CONFIAS and working memory tests (p<0.0001). There was also a significant correlation (r=0.78, p=0.01) between the skills of phonological awareness and working memory for the total sample of individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results, it was found that as phonological awareness and working memory levels increased, the literacy phase also advanced, therefore showing that these are directly proportional measures.
authors.forename: Andreia Martins de Souza
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Mônica Marins da
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Mônica Medeiros de Britto
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014956:Writing