title: Identification and functional characterization of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) chromatin-binding protein.
abstract: We report on the identification and functional characterization of HMGB1 of the goldfish. Quantitative analysis indicated the highest expression of goldfish HMGB1 in the brain, with lower mRNA levels in spleen, intestine, kidney, gill and heart. HMGB1 was also differentially expressed in goldfish immune cell populations with highest mRNA levels present in splenocytes and neutrophils. We generated and functionally characterized the recombinant HMGB1 (rgHMGB1). The rgHMGB1 primed the respiratory burst response in monocytes and induced nitric oxide production of primary goldfish macrophages. Treatment of goldfish macrophages with heat-killed Mycobacterium marinum and Aeromonas salmonicida elevated the expression of HMGB1 and resulted in higher HMGB1 protein levels. The rgHMGB1 induced a dose-dependent production of TNFα-2 and IL-1β1 of goldfish macrophages. Furthermore, the dual luciferase reporter assay revealed that goldfish HMGB1 induced the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our results indicate that goldfish HMGB1 is a critical regulatory cytokine of inflammatory and antimicrobial response of the goldfish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jiasong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jordan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hodgkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Nikolina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kovacevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: mike.belosevic@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Miodrag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belosevic
mesh_terms: D048409:Aeromonas salmonicida / Q000276:immunology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006054:Goldfish / Q000276:immunology*; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019910:Mycobacterium marinum / Q000276:immunology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D029941:Fish Proteins; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Fish; Gene expression; HMGB1; Macrophages; Nitric oxide; Respiratory burst