title: Evaluation of cellular influences caused by calcium carbonate nanoparticles.
abstract: The cellular effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) nanoparticles were evaluated. Three kinds of CaCO₃ nanoparticles were employed in our examinations. One of the types of CaCO₃ nanoparticles was highly soluble. And solubility of another type of CaCO₃ nanoparticle was lower. A stable CaCO₃ nanoparticle medium dispersion was prepared and applied to human lung carcinoma A549 cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Then, mitochondrial activity, cell membrane damage, colony formation ability, DNA injury, induction of oxidative stress, and apoptosis were evaluated. Although the influences of CaCO₃ nanoparticles on mitochondrial activity and cell membrane damage were small, "soluble" CaCO₃ nanoparticles exerted some cellular influences. Soluble CaCO₃ nanoparticles also induced a cell morphological change. Colony formation was inhibited by CaCO₃ nanoparticle exposure. In particular, soluble CaCO₃ nanoparticles completely inhibited colony formation. The influence on intracellular the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was small. Soluble CaCO₃ nanoparticles caused an increase in C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) expression and the activation of caspase-3. Moreover, CaCO₃ exposure increased intracellular the Ca²⁺ level and activated calpain. These results suggest that cellular the influences of CaCO₃ nanoparticles are mainly caused by intracellular calcium release and subsequently disrupt the effect of calcium signaling. In conclusion, there is possibility that soluble CaCO₃ nanoparticles induce cellular influences such as a cell morphological change. Cellular influence of CaCO₃ nanoparticles is caused by intracellular calcium release. If inhaled CaCO₃ nanoparticles have the potential to influence cellular events. However, the effect might be not severe because calcium is omnipresent element in cell.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan; Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan. Electronic address: masa-horie@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.affiliation: Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.affiliation: National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigehisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endoh
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), AIST, 16-1, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinugasa
authors.affiliation: Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hagihara
authors.affiliation: Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasukazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwahashi
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004355:Drug Stability; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014867:Water; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D053148:Caspase 3; D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: Calcium carbonate; Cellular influence; Culture cell; Nanoparticle