title: Development and validation of the Spanish Hazard Perception Test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current study is to develop and obtain valid evidence for a hazard perception test suitable for the Spanish driving population. To obtain valid evidence to support the use of the test, the effect of hazardous and quasi-hazardous situations on the participants' hazard prediction is analyzed and the pattern of results for drivers with different driving experience--that is, learner, novice, and expert drivers and reoffender vs. nonoffender drivers--is compared. Potentially hazardous situations are those that develop without involving any real hazard (i.e., the driver did not actually have to decelerate or make any evasive maneuver to avoid a potential collision). The current study analyzed repeat offender drivers attending compulsory reeducation programs as a result of reaching the maximum number of penalty points on their driving license due to repeated violations of traffic laws.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new video-based hazard perception test was developed, using a total of 20 hazardous situation videos plus 8 quasi-hazardous situation videos. They were selected from 167 recordings of natural hazards in real Spanish driving settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The test showed adequate psychometric properties and evidence of validity, distinguishing between different types of drivers. Psychometric results confirm a final version of the hazard perception test composed of 11 video clips of hazards and 6 video clips of quasi-hazards, for which an overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient of.77 was obtained. A lack of ability to detect quasi-hazards and distinguish them from hazardous situations was also found for learner, novice, and reoffender drivers. Learner drivers obtained lower average scores than novice and experienced drivers with the hazardous situation videos, and learner drivers obtained lower average scores than experienced drivers with the quasi-hazardous situation videos, suggesting that the ability to correctly identify hazardous traffic situations may develop early by accumulating initial driving experience. However, the ability to correctly identify quasi-hazardous situations may develop later with the accumulation of further driving experience. Developing this ability is also difficult for reoffender drivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The test has adequate psychometric properties and is useful in distinguishing between learner, novice, and expert drivers. In addition, it is useful in that it analyzes the performance of both safe and unsafe drivers (reoffenders who have already lost their driving license).
authors.affiliation: a Cimcyc-Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, Faculty of Psychology , University of Granada . Granada , Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Benítez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: García-Fernández
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Estévez
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: López-Ramón
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crundall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001333:Automobile Driver Examination; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012449:Safety; D013030:Spain; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: driving offenders; driving safely; experienced drivers; hazard perception; nonoffenders; novice drivers