title: Comparative genome analysis of Campylobacter fetus subspecies revealed horizontally acquired genetic elements important for virulence and niche specificity.
abstract: Campylobacter fetus are important animal and human pathogens and the two major subspecies differ strikingly in pathogenicity. C. fetus subsp. venerealis is highly niche-adapted, mainly infecting the genital tract of cattle. C. fetus subsp. fetus has a wider host-range, colonizing the genital- and intestinal-tract of animals and humans. We report the complete genomic sequence of C. fetus subsp. venerealis 84-112 and comparisons to the genome of C. fetus subsp. fetus 82-40. Functional analysis of genes predicted to be involved in C. fetus virulence was performed. The two subspecies are highly syntenic with 92% sequence identity but C. fetus subsp. venerealis has a larger genome and an extra-chromosomal element. Aside from apparent gene transfer agents and hypothetical proteins, the unique genes in both subspecies comprise two known functional groups: lipopolysaccharide production, and type IV secretion machineries. Analyses of lipopolysaccharide-biosynthesis genes in C. fetus isolates showed linkage to particular pathotypes, and mutational inactivation demonstrated their roles in regulating virulence and host range. The comparative analysis presented here broadens knowledge of the genomic basis of C. fetus pathogenesis and host specificity. It further highlights the importance of surface-exposed structures to C. fetus pathogenicity and demonstrates how evolutionary forces optimize the fitness and host-adaptation of these pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria ; Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America ; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kienesberger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria ; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sprenger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolfgruber
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria ; Core Facility Bioinformatics, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halwachs
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria ; Core Facility Bioinformatics, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Gerhard G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Thallinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America ; Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Guillermo I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Perez-Perez
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America ; Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America ; Medical Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blaser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Ellen L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Zechner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gorkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D002168:Campylobacter fetus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002417:Cattle; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D058507:Host Specificity; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D026801:Synteny; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides