title: Sinonasal alterations in computed tomography scans in cystic fibrosis: a literature review of observational studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Almost all cystic fibrosis (CF) patients reveal upper airway involvement in computed tomography (CT) scans. Sinonasal pathology has become a challenging issue because there are few studies to guide appropriate management. The objective of this study was to provide information about paranasal sinus CT manifestations in CF patients, mainly in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature review of descriptive studies about CT sinonasal findings in CF patients using the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, Scielo, and Cochrane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen articles were included in this review. There was a high variability in methodological aspects for most of the studies. The most prevalent findings reported were opacification of sinuses, presence of frontal and sphenoidal aplasia or hypoplasia, underdevelopment of paranasal sinuses, and medial bulging of the lateral nasal wall in CT scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are few studies in the CF adult population regarding sinonasal CT alterations. Many studies report specific pathological features in CF upper airways that could help in the diagnosis of doubtful cases.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suzie Hyeona
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Otávio Bejzman
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Piltcher
authors.forename: Paulo de Tarso Roth
authors.initials: Pde T
authors.lastname: Dalcin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: computed tomography; cystic fibrosis; paranasal sinus disease; rhinosinusitis; upper airway