title: Partial nephrectomy using radiofrequency incremental bipolar generator with multi electrode probe: experimental study in bench pig kidneys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this research project was the realization of an incremental bipolar radiofrequency generator with inline 4-electrode probe for partial renal resection without clamping of the vessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimentation was carried out across two phases: the preliminary realization of a specific generator and an inline multielectrode probe for open surgery (Phase 1); system testing on 27 bench kidneys for a total of 47 partial resection (Phase 2). The parameters evaluated were: power level, generator automatisms, parenchymal coagulation times, needle caliber, thickness of the coagulated tissue "slice", charring, ergonomy, feasibility of the application of "bolster" stitches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of the results referred to the homogeneity and thickness of coagulation, energy supply times with reference to the power level and caliber of the needles. The optimal results were obtained by using needles of 1.5 mm caliber at power level 5, and with coagulation times of 54 seconds for the first insertion and 30 seconds for the second.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimentation demonstrated that the apparatus, consisting of a generator named "LaparoNewPro" and fitted with a dedicated probe for open surgery, is able to carry out a coagulation of the line of resection of the renal parenchyma in a homogeneous manner, in short times, without tissue charring, and with the possibility of stitching both on coagulated tissue and the caliceal system. The generator automatism based on the flow of the current supplied by each electrode is reliable, and the cessation of energy supply coincides with optimal coagulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. Piero.rossi.box@alice.it.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bove
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montuori
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Majo
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mattei
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.forename: Luigino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calzetta
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mauti
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Intini
authors.forename: Valentino
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Quattrini
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiaramonte
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vespasiani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome