title: Medication among patients with type 1 diabetes and predialytic renal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine use and changes of medication in the three years before start of chronic renal replacement therapy (RRT) among patients with type 1 diabetes, and the association between predialytic medication and survival on RRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded medication of 496 patients with type 1 diabetes before and after start of RRT in 2000-2006 and followed up until death or end of 2009. Data were retrieved from the Finnish Registry for Kidney Diseases and from the FinDM diabetes database. We evaluated the use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, statins, vitamin D, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and phosphate binders over three years. The association between predialytic medication and survival was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medication increased markedly with progressing renal insufficiency. Almost 70% of the patients used calcium channel blockers and β-blockers before initiating RRT. Use of calcium channel blockers (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53-0.95) and vitamin D (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.94) at start of RRT were associated with better survival when adjusted for age and sex, but after further adjustment the association lost statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among type 1 diabetes patients in the predialysis phase, use of medication is abundant. Use of medication appears to keep patients at an equal survival level to those without the same medication. However, due to the observational nature of our study, conclusions regarding the effect of medication on survival must be made with caution.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Registry for Kidney Diseases, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: Jaakko.Helve@Helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helve
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Service Systems Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Reijo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sund
authors.affiliation: Helsinki University Central Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapio
authors.affiliation: Helsinki University Central Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland; Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Per-Henrik
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.affiliation: Finnish Registry for Kidney Diseases, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grönhagen-Riska
authors.affiliation: Finnish Registry for Kidney Diseases, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Finne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D003956:Dialysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers
keywords: Medication; Predialysis phase; Renal replacement therapy; Survival; Type 1 diabetes mellitus