title: Learning confounds algometric assessment of mechanical thresholds in normal dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform algometric readings in normal dogs in a design that would assess possible confounding factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skeletally mature spayed female, intact male and castrated male retriever or retriever mix dogs without orthopedic or neurologic disease (n = 19).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve common surgical sites were selected for algometric pressure testing. Threshold response was defined as a conscious recognition of the stimulus, and recorded in Newtons. Sites were tested in the same order, and the testing sequence repeated 3 times on each side of the dog. Dogs were tested in the morning and evening of the same day and was repeated 10-14 days later, allowing 4 separate data collections for each dog.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were analyzed using ANOVA or ANCOVA. When all the data were included in the analysis, dog (P < .0001), order (P < .0001), site (P < .0001), site order (P = .0217), time (P < .0001), day (P < .0001) and repetition (P < .0001) all significantly affected the algometer readings. When only the first reading for each site was included in the analysis, dog (P < .0001), site (P < .0001) and sex (P < .0001) all significantly affected algometer readings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that learning occurred over repeated collection time points, with dogs anticipating the stimulus and reacting at lower thresholds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Chad W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schmiedt
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kirkby
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Sheilah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hash
authors.forename: B Duncan X
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lascelles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000662:veterinary; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects