title: Testing the effects of message framing, kernel state, and exercise guideline adherence on exercise intentions and resolve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of framed messages on exercise intention and resolve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two (type of frame: gain or loss) × 2 (type of kernel state: desirable or undesirable outcome) post-test study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited online and questioned about their previous exercise behaviour and their exercise risk perception. After this, they were randomly allocated to one of four messages that were different in terms of positive or negative outcomes (type of frame) and in terms of attained or avoided outcomes (type of kernel state). After reading the message, participants indicated their intention and resolve to engage in sufficient exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No effects were found for intention. For resolve, there was a significant interaction between type of frame, type of kernel state, and exercise adherence. Those who did not adhere to the exercise guideline and read the loss-framed message with attained outcomes reported significantly higher resolve than all other participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates the relevance of including attained outcomes in message framing exercise interventions as well as a focus on exercise resolve.
  What is already known on this subject? Message framing is commonly used to increase exercise intentions and behaviour. Meta-analyses do not provide consistent support for this theory. Very little attention has been paid to resolve and message factors on framing effects. What does this study add? Framed messages have an effect on exercise resolve, but not on intention. Loss-framed messages with attained outcomes are most persuasive for those who do not adhere to exercise guidelines. Exercise framing studies should include behavioural resolve next to intention. .
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Out
authors.forename: Ryan E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Rhodes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: exercise; intentions; kernel state; message framing; resolve