title: Sidestepping the combinatorial explosion: an explanation of n-gram frequency effects based on naive discriminative learning .
abstract: Arnon and Snider ((2010). More than words: Frequency effects for multi-word phrases. Journal of memory and language, 62, 67-82) documented frequency effects for compositional four-grams independently of the frequencies of lower-order n-grams. They argue that comprehenders apparently store frequency information about multi-word units. We show that n-gram frequency effects can emerge in a parameter-free computational model driven by naive discriminative learning, trained on a sample of 300,000 four-word phrases from the British National Corpus. The discriminative learning model is a full decomposition model, associating orthographic input features straightforwardly with meanings. The model does not make use of separate representations for derived or inflected words, nor for compounds, nor for phrases. Nevertheless, frequency effects are correctly predicted for all these linguistic units. Naive discriminative learning provides the simplest and most economical explanation for frequency effects in language processing, obviating the need to posit counters in the head for, and the existence of, hundreds of millions of n-gram representations.
authors.affiliation: University of Tuibingen, Germany. harald.baayen@gmail.com
authors.forename: R Harald
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Baayen
authors.affiliation: University of Tuibingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hendrix
authors.affiliation: University of Tuibingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramscar
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007858:Learning; D008962:Models, Theoretical