title: Psychometric evaluation of the French version of the questionnaire attitudes towards morphine use; a cross-sectional study in Valais, Switzerland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Switzerland, nurses are allowed to prescribe and administer morphine in emergency situations without a doctor. Still, nurses and other health professionals are often reluctant to prescribe and administer morphine for pain management in patients. No valid French-speaking instrument is available in Switzerland to assess the attitudes of nurses and other health professionals towards the prescription and administration of morphine. In this study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the French version of the questionnaire "Attitudes towards morphine use".
  
  
  METHODS
  The instrument was derived from an Italian version. Forward and back translations of the questionnaire were performed. Item analysis and construct validity were assessed between April and December 2010 in a cross sectional study including five Swiss hospitals in a sample of 588 health professionals (533 nurses, mean age 38.3 ± 10.2 years). Thirty subjects participated in test-retest reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time to complete the instrument ranged between 12 and 15 minutes and neither floor nor ceiling effect were found. The initial 24-item instrument showed an intraclass correlation (ICC) of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.64 to 0.73, P < 0.001), and a Cronbach's α of 0.700. Factor analysis led to a six-component solution explaining 52.4% of the total variance. After excluding five items, the shortened version showed an ICC of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.77, P < 0.001) and a Cronbach's α of 0.741. Factor analysis led to a five-component solution explaining 54.3% of the total variance. The five components were named "risk of addiction/dependence"; "operational reasons for not using morphine"; "risk of escalation"; "other (non-dependence) risks" and "external (non-operational) reasons". In test-retest, the shortened instrument showed an ICC of 0.797 (95% CI, 0.630 to 0.911, P < 0.001) and a Cronbach's α of 0.797.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 19-item shortened instrument assessing attitudes towards the prescription and administration of morphine showed adequate content and construct validity.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital de Sion, Avenue Grand-Champsec 80, Case Postale 736, Sion, 1951, Switzerland. Maria_Ferreira77@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verloo
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mabire
authors.forename: Margarida Maria S
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal