title: CD4+ cell count at antiretroviral therapy initiation and economic restoration in rural Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with better economic outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of HIV-positive patients on ART in rural Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients initiating ART at a regional referral clinic in Uganda were enrolled in the Uganda AIDS Rural Treatment Outcomes study starting in 2005. Data on labor force participation and asset ownership were collected on a yearly basis, and CD4 cell counts were collected at pre-ART baseline. We fitted multivariable regression models to assess whether economic outcomes at baseline and in the 6 years following ART initiation varied by baseline CD4 cell count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred and five individuals, followed up to 6 years, formed the estimation sample. Participants initiating ART at CD4 cell count at least 200 cells/μl were 13 percentage points more likely to be working at baseline (P < 0.01, 95% confidence interval 0.06-0.21) than those initiating below this threshold. Those in the latter group achieved similar labor force participation rates within 1 year of initiating ART (P < 0.01 on the time indicators). Both groups had similar asset scores at baseline and demonstrated similar increases in asset scores over the 6 years of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ART helps participants initiating therapy at CD4 cell count below 200 cells/μl rejoin the labor force, though the findings for participants initiating with higher CD4 cell counts suggests that pretreatment declines in labor supply may be prevented altogether with earlier therapy. Baseline similarities in asset scores for those with early and advanced disease suggest that mechanisms other than morbidity may help drive the relationship between HIV infection and economic outcomes.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Medicine bCenter for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts cDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA dMédecins Sans Frontières Epicentre eMbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda fUniversity of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California gRagon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University hDepartment of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health iDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital jRobert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Atheendar S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Venkataramani
authors.forename: Harsha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thirumurthy
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Haberer
authors.forename: Yap Boum
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Ii
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Siedner
authors.forename: Annet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kembabazi
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bangsberg
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012423:Rural Health; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014454:Uganda; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents