title: A history of childhood maltreatment among spouses predicts violence against women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Violence against women (VAW) is a worldwide problem that adversely affects women physically, psychologically, sexually, and financially. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) the rate of self-reported physical violence from husbands among women who presented to outpatient clinics of a major teaching hospital (2) the variables associated with VAW and (3) the pattern and the consequences of abuse on the victims' health.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted over a 6-month period, commencing in December 2009 at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women attending outpatient clinics regularly at KKUH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were eligible for the study. The WHO VAW Instrument was used with some modifications to accommodate for the local culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 222 Saudi women whose age ranged from 15 to 70 years were enrolled in the study. The rate of physical violence in the current study was 12.2%. Statistically significant associations were found between the self-reporting of VAW and the physical abuse of their husbands during childhood (odds ratio [OR]=8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2, 28.5, P=.002). Similarly living in rented houses resulted in higher likelihood of the wife being abused (OR=4.23, CI: 1.706, 10.49, P=.002). The likelihood increased if there was a history of wives being abused as a child (OR=3.563, CI: 1.438, 8.824, P=.008) and if their husbands were unemployed (OR=5.29, CI: 1.6, 17.57, P=.012). Furthermore, women who described family life as bad or disastrous were found more likely to be physically abused (OR=5.8, CI: 2.3, 14.5, P=.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VAW is a significant social and public health problem in the Saudi society. Health professionals may need to consider the diagnosis, when the risk factors identified in the current study are found.
authors.forename: Heba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Faris
authors.forename: Huda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Faris
authors.forename: Eiad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Al-Faris
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naghma
authors.affiliation: Amr Ahmed Jamal, Medical Education Department,, Medical Informatics and e-Learning Unit (MIELU),, College of Medicine,, King Saud University,, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, T: 966-11-469-0822, F: 966-11-469-0821, amrjamal@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.forename: Aljoharah Mohammed
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: AlQuaiz
authors.forename: Rasha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Thebaity
authors.forename: Monira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Zahrani
authors.forename: Noor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qusti
authors.forename: Rawan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Ahmadi
authors.forename: Salha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hakami
authors.forename: Sara Ghazi
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Al-Mutairi
authors.forename: Maha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Moneef
authors.forename: Shorooq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Osaimi
authors.forename: Toka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Al-Sulaim
authors.forename: Riaz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Farhana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Irfan
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feeley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult