title: Alterations in hepatic miRNA expression during negative energy balance in postpartum dairy cattle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Negative energy balance (NEB), an altered metabolic state, occurs in early postpartum dairy cattle when energy demands to support lactation exceed energy intake. During NEB the liver undergoes oxidative stress and increased breakdown of fatty acids accompanied by changes in gene expression. It is now known that micro RNAs (miRNA) can have a role in mediating such alterations in gene expression through repression or degradation of target mRNAs. miRNA expression is known to be altered by metabolism and environmental factors and miRNAs are implicated in expression modulation of metabolism related genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  miRNA expression was profiled in the liver of moderate yielding dairy cattle under severe NEB (SNEB) and mild NEB (MNEB) using the Affymetrix Gene Chip miRNA_2.0 array with 679 probe sets for Bos-taurus miRNAs. Ten miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed using the 'samr' statistical package (delta = 0.6) at a q-value FDR of < 12%. Five miRNAs including miR-17-5p, miR-31, miR-140, miR-1281 and miR-2885 were validated using RT-qPCR, to be up-regulated under SNEB. Liver diseases associated with these miRNAs include non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-140 and miR-17-5p are known to show differential expression under oxidative stress. A total of 32 down-regulated putative target genes were also identified among 418 differentially expressed hepatic genes previously reported for the same animal model. Among these, GPR37 (G protein-coupled receptor 37), HEYL (hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif-like), DNJA1, CD14 (Cluster of differentiation 14) and GNS (glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase) are known to be associated with hepatic metabolic disorders. In addition miR-140 and miR-2885 have binding sites on the most down-regulated of these genes, FADS2 (Fatty acid desaturase 2) which encodes an enzyme critical in lipid biosynthesis. Furthermore, HNF3-gamma (Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma), a hepatic transcription factor (TF) that is involved in IGF-1 expression regulation and maintenance of glucose homeostasis is a putative target of miR-31.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that SNEB affects liver miRNA expression and these miRNAs have putative targets in hepatic genes down-regulated under this condition. This study highlights the potential role of miRNAs in transcription regulation of hepatic gene expression during SNEB in dairy cattle.
authors.forename: Attia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fatima
authors.forename: Sinead
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Padraig
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Boyle
authors.forename: Cathal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seoighe
authors.affiliation: Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co,, Galway, Ireland. dermot.morris@teagasc.ie.
authors.forename: Dermot G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002417:Cattle; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051543:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D035683:MicroRNAs; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D051543:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-gamma; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases