title: Hemophagocytic Syndrome and Critical Illness: New Insights into Diagnosis and Management.
abstract: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases that are characterized by a hyperinflammatory state due to uncontrolled T cell, macrophage, and histiocyte activation, accompanied by excessive cytokine production. This rare condition is almost uniformly fatal unless promptly recognized and treated. Much progress has been made in the last two decades in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying familial, and to a lesser extent, acquired cases of HLH. Recurrent mutations in more than 10 different genes have now been identified, involving biological pathways converging on intracellular vesicle trafficking and cytolytic granule exocytosis. Mechanisms underlying the majority of patients with acquired HLH, however, remain elusive, hampering both diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of these patients. Given that the majority of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis or multiorgan failure share many features of HLH, it is especially critical for pediatric and adult intensivists to be able to recognize patients with bona fide HLH and initiate treatment without delay. In this article, we review our current understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical testing, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with HLH, especially as it pertains to the care of critically ill patients in pediatric and medical ICUs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tothova
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA nancy_berliner@dfci.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berliner
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003422:Critical Care; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D051359:Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016879:Salvage Therapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: HPS; ferritin; hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; hemophagocytic syndrome