title: Environmental sound recognition by timbre in children with Williams syndrome.
abstract: Anecdotal reports have described children with Williams syndrome (WS) as presenting outstanding skills for recognizing environmental sounds by their timbre. This has led to suggest that the skills for environmental sound recognition by timbre are highly developed in WS. Furthermore, the term hypertimbria has been proposed to refer to this feature. However, no academic research has assessed these skills in WS. This study therefore aimed to contrast the reports on the highly developed skills for environmental sound recognition by timbre in children with WS. An environmental sound recognition task was administered to children with WS, children with Down syndrome of the same chronological age and cognitive level, and chronological age-matched typically developing children. Participants with WS performed significantly lower than their typically developing peers and no significant differences were found between the WS and Down syndrome groups. Unlike previous reports, this study points out that in WS environmental sound recognition by timbre does not constitute a phenotypic strength either in absolute or relative terms. Results suggest that children with WS do not present hypertimbria or preserved skills for timbre recognition. We discuss the implications of these results for theories of cognitive modularity.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Pastora
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martínez-Castilla
authors.forename: Ma Ángeles
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: García-Nogales
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D001307:Auditory Perception; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Environmental sound recognition; Modularity; Phenotypic profile; Timbre; Williams syndrome