title: Comparison of the free and bound phenolic profiles and cellular antioxidant activities of litchi pulp extracts from different solvents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of fruits could be underestimated if the bound phenolic compounds are not considered. In the present study, the extraction efficiencies of various solvents were investigated in terms of the total content of the free and bound phenolic compounds, as well as the phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of the extracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five different solvent mixtures were used to extract the free phenolic compounds from litchi pulp. Alkaline and acidic hydrolysis methods were compared for the hydrolysis of bound phenolic compounds from litchi pulp residue. The phenolic compositions of the free and bound fractions from the litchi pulp were identified using HPLC-DAD. The antioxidant activities of the litchi pulp extracts were determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the solvents tested, aqueous acetone extracted the largest amount of total free phenolic compounds (210.7 mg GAE/100 g FW) from litchi pulp, followed sequentially by aqueous mixtures of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate, and water itself. The acid hydrolysis method released twice as many bound phenolic compounds as the alkaline hydrolysis method. Nine phenolic compounds were detected in the aqueous acetone extract. In contrast, not all of these compounds were found in the other four extracts. The classification and content of the bound phenolic compounds released by the acid hydrolysis method were higher than those achieved by the alkaline hydrolysis. The aqueous acetone extract showing the highest ORAC value (3406.9 μmol TE/100 g FW) for the free phenolic extracts. For the CAA method, however, the aqueous acetone and methanol extracts (56.7 and 55.1 μmol QE/100 g FW) showed the highest levels of activity of the five extracts tested. The ORAC and CAA values of the bound phenolic compounds obtained by acid hydrolysis were 2.6- and 1.9-fold higher than those obtained using the alkaline hydrolysis method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The free and bound phenolic contents and profiles and antioxidant activities of the extracts were found to be dependent on the extraction solvent used. Litchi exhibited good cellular antioxidant activity and could be a potentially useful natural source of antioxidants.
authors.forename: Dongxiao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Ruifen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fangli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, P,R, China. mwzhh@vip.tom.com.
authors.forename: Mingwei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jinxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Zhencheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000737:chemistry; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D032125:Litchi / Q000737:chemistry*; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D000096:Acetone; D000432:Methanol