title: Sleep disordered breathing in chronic spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with 2-5 times greater prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) than the general population. The contribution of SCI on sleep and breathing at different levels of injury using two scoring methods has not been assessed. The objectives of this study were to characterize the sleep disturbances in the SCI population and the associated physiological abnormalities using quantitative polysomnography and to determine the contribution of SCI level on the SDB mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 26 consecutive patients with SCI (8 females; age 42.5 ± 15.5 years; BMI 25.9 ± 4.9 kg/m2; 15 cervical and 11 thoracic levels) by spirometry, a battery of questionnaires and by attended polysomnography with flow and pharyngeal pressure measurements. Inclusion criteria for SCI: chronic SCI (> 6 months post injury), level T6 and above and not on mechanical ventilation. Ventilation, end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2), variability in minute ventilation (VI-CV) and upper airway resistance (RUA) were monitored during wakefulness and NREM sleep in all subjects. Each subject completed brief history and exam, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Berlin questionnaire (BQ) and fatigue severity scale (FSS). Sleep studies were scored twice, first using standard 2007 American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) criteria and second using new 2012 recommended AASM criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean PSQI was increased to 10.3 ± 3.7 in SCI patients and 92% had poor sleep quality. Mean ESS was increased 10.4 ± 4.4 in SCI patients and excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS ≥ 10) was present in 59% of the patients. Daytime fatigue (FSS > 20) was reported in 96% of SCI, while only 46% had high-risk score of SDB on BQ. Forced vital capacity (FVC) in SCI was reduced to 70.5% predicted in supine compared to 78.5% predicted in upright positions (p < 0.05). Likewise forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) was 64.9% predicted in supine compared to 74.7% predicted in upright positions (p < 0.05). Mean AHI in SCI patients was 29.3 ± 25.0 vs. 20.0 ± 22.8 events/h using the new and conventional AASM scoring criteria, respectively (p < 0.001). SCI patients had SDB (AHI > 5 events/h) in 77% of the cases using the new AASM scoring criteria compared to 65% using standard conventional criteria (p < 0.05). In cervical SCI, VI decreased from 7.2 ± 1.6 to 5.5 ± 1.3 L/min, whereas PETCO2 and VI-CV, increased during sleep compared to thoracic SCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of SCI survivors have symptomatic SDB and poor sleep that may be missed if not carefully assessed. Decreased VI and increased PETCO2 during sleep in patients with cervical SCI relative to thoracic SCI suggests that sleep related hypoventilation may contribute to the pathogenesis SDB in patients with chronic cervical SCI.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Laboratory, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Abdulghani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sankari
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Laboratory, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bascom
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Laboratory, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Sowmini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oomman
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Laboratory, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: M Safwan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Badr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013147:Spirometry / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Sleep; central apnea; spinal cord injury; tetraplegia