title: Association between blood cadmium levels and malnutrition in peritoneal dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malnutrition is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death and may cause protein-energy wasting in individuals with chronic kidney disease. A previous study demonstrated that blood cadmium levels (BCLs) were associated with malnutrition in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, the correlation between cadmium exposure and malnutrition remains unclear in chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients. This study examined the possible adverse effects of environmental cadmium exposure in CPD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 301 CPD patients were enrolled and divided into 3 study groups based on the following BCL tertiles: low (<0.19 μg/L), middle (0.19-0.39 μg/L), and high (>0.39 μg/L). Demographic, hematological, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained for analysis. The analysis also included values of nutritional and inflammatory markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BCLs of CPD patients were lower than those of MHD patients. At baseline, patients in the high BCL group were older and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus but lower serum albumin, creatinine, and phosphate levels than the patients in the other 2 groups. After adjusting for potential variables, stepwise backward multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age and alanine aminotransferase levels were positively associated with logarithmic transformation of BCLs (log BCLs), while serum albumin levels were negatively associated with log BCLs in CPD patients. The log BCLs were a significant determinant (beta coefficient ± standard error = -0.185 ± 0.074; P = 0.013) of nutritional status and significantly associated with the presence of malnutrition (odds ratio = 2.64; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-6.48; P = 0.035) in CPD patients after adjustment for related variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCL is significantly associated with nutritional status and malnutrition in CPD patients. Therefore, it is important for CPD patients to avoid environmental exposure to cadmium such as through smoking and consumption of cadmium-rich foods.
authors.forename: Ching-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Division of Clinical Toxicology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199, Tung-Hwa North Road, Taipei, Taiwan. tzunghaiyen@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ja-Liang
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Dan-Tzu
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lin-Tan
authors.forename: Wen-Hung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kuan-Hsing
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tzung-Hai
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002104:Cadmium