title: Anthropometric, hemodynamic, metabolic, and renal responses during 5 days of food and water deprivation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there is considerable research in the field of fasting and fluid restriction, little is known about the impact of food and water deprivation (FWD) on body circumferences and vital parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 5 days of FWD in 10 healthy adults, hemodynamic, metabolic, and renal parameters, such as weight, 5 circumferences at neck, waist, hip, chest at axilla, chest at nipples, and 1 new oblique hip circumference were measured daily. For each circumference, new quotients of daily circumference-to-weight decrease were calculated. The set of employed parameters quantified and monitored dieting persons' compliance and efficacy of the method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values of blood pressure, heart rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, glucose, K(+), Na(+), Cl(-), urea, creatinine, and serum osmolality proved to be stable. The mean creatinine clearance increased up to 167%. The mean daily weight decrease (1,390 ± 60 g) demonstrated the effectiveness of FWD in weight reduction. The daily decrease of all measured circumferences and the values of the corresponding circumference-to-weight decrease quotients reflected considerable volume decrease in all measured body parts per day and kg of weight loss during FWD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention of 5 FWD days in 10 healthy adults was found to be safe, decreased weight and all measured circumferences, and improved renal function considerably.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ioannis A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Papagiannopoulos
authors.forename: Vassilis I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Sideris
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boschmann
authors.forename: Olga S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Koutsoni
authors.forename: Eleni N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Dotsika
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D014868:Water Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine