title: Expanding the Universal Medication Schedule: a patient-centred approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improved drug labelling for chronic pill-form medications has been shown to promote patient comprehension, adherence and safety. We extended health literacy principles and included patients' perspectives to improve instructions for: (1) non-pill form, (2) short term, (3) 'as needed,' (4) tapered and (5) escalating dose medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited via convenience sampling from primary care clinics in Chicago, Illinois and San Francisco, California, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 adult, English-speaking participants who reported taking at least one prescription drug in the past 12 months were enrolled in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participant opinions, preferences and comprehension of standard and improved medication instructions were assessed during four iterative waves of discussion groups. Brief interviews preceding the discussion groups measured individuals' literacy skills, sociodemographic and health characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, participants were 46 years old, took four medications and reported two chronic health conditions. Patients varied sociodemographically; 40% were men and 33% had limited literacy skills. Patients agreed on the need for simpler terminology and specificity in instructions. Discussions addressed optimal ways of presenting numeric information, indication and duration of use information to promote comprehension and safe medication use. Consensus was reached on how to improve most of the instructions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through this patient-centred approach, we developed a set of health literacy-informed instructions for more challenging medications. Findings can inform current drug labelling initiatives and promote safe and appropriate medication use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Stacy Cooper
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Alice Hm
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schillinger
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moy
authors.forename: Urmimala
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sarkar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D032882:Comprehension; D004348:Drug Labeling / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: GENERAL MEDICINE (see Internal Medicine); PRIMARY CARE; THERAPEUTICS