title: Mucosal innate immune cells regulate both gut homeostasis and intestinal inflammation.
abstract: Continuous exposure of intestinal mucosal surfaces to diverse microorganisms and their metabolites reflects the biological necessity for a multifaceted, integrated epithelial and immune cell-mediated regulatory system. The development and function of the host cells responsible for the barrier function of the intestinal surface (e.g., M cells, Paneth cells, goblet cells, and columnar epithelial cells) are strictly regulated through both positive and negative stimulation by the luminal microbiota. Stimulation by damage-associated molecular patterns and commensal bacteria-derived microbe-associated molecular patterns provokes the assembly of inflammasomes, which are involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. Mucosal immune cells located beneath the epithelium play critical roles in regulating both the mucosal barrier and the relative composition of the luminal microbiota. Innate lymphoid cells and mast cells, in particular, orchestrate the mucosal regulatory system to create a mutually beneficial environment for both the host and the microbiota. Disruption of mucosal homeostasis causes intestinal inflammation such as that seen in inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we review the recent research on the biological interplay among the luminal microbiota, epithelial cells, and mucosal innate immune cells in both healthy and pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan; Division of Infectious Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurashima
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyono
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology*; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D019879:Paneth Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Epithelial cells; Homeostasis; Inflammation; Intestinal immunity; Mast cells