title: Labouring women who used a birthing pool in obstetric units in Italy: prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For women at low risk of childbirth complications, water immersion during labour is a care option in many high income countries. Our aims were (a) to describe maternal characteristics, intrapartum events, interventions, maternal and neonatal outcomes for all women who used a birthing pool during labour who either had a waterbirth or left the pool and had a landbirth, and for the subgroup of women who had a waterbirth in 19 obstetric units, and (b) to compare maternal characteristics, intrapartum events, interventions, and maternal and neonatal outcomes for women who used a birthing pool with a control group of women who did not use a birthing pool for whom we prospectively collected data in a single centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study in 19 Italian obstetric units 2002-2005. Participants were: (a) 2,505 women in labour using a birthing pool in 19 obstetric units; and (b) 114 women in labour using a birthing pool and 459 women who did not use a birthing pool in one obstetric unit. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the sample as a whole and, separately, for those women who gave birth in water. Categorical data were compared using Chi square statistics and continuous data by T-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 95.6% of women using a birthing pool had a spontaneous vertex delivery, 63.9% of which occurred in water. Half of nulliparas and three quarters of multiparas delivered in water. Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were rare. There were two cases of umbilical cord snap with waterbirth. Compared with controls, significantly more women who used a birthing pool adopted an upright birth position, had hands off delivery technique, and a physiological third stage. Significantly fewer nulliparas had an episiotomy, and more had a second degree perineal tear, with no evidence of a difference for extensive perineal tears.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Birthing pool use was associated with spontaneous vaginal birth. The increase in second degree tears was balanced by fewer episiotomies. Undue umbilical cord traction should be avoided during waterbirth.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Ethel E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Regalia
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casarico
authors.forename: Mary G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Boulton
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Jack Straws Lane, Oxford OX3 0FL, UK. lesleysmith@brookes.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lesley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016550:Birthing Centers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004841:Episiotomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D007558:Italy; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D009321:Natural Childbirth / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010298:Parity; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries; D011187:Posture; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water