title: Intranasal insulin suppresses systemic but not subcutaneous lipolysis in healthy humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin infused into the central nervous system of rats suppresses lipolysis in white adipose tissue, indicating a role of brain insulin in regulating systemic lipid metabolism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether central nervous insulin delivery suppresses lipolysis in healthy humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Placebo-controlled, balanced within-subject comparisons were performed in both a main and an independent corroborative experiment. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/INTERVENTION: Two groups of healthy volunteers were examined at the German University Clinics of Lübeck and Tübingen, respectively, with molecular analyses taking place at Mt Sinai School of Medicine (New York, New York). The 14 healthy male subjects of the main study and the 22 women and 5 men of the corroborative study each received 160 IU of human insulin intranasally.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the main study, we measured systemic levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), triglycerides, and glycerol and the rate of appearance of deuterated glycerol as an estimate of lipolysis before and after intranasal insulin administration. We also analyzed the expression of key lipolytic enzymes in sc fat biopsies and measured blood glucose and glucoregulatory hormones. In the corroborative study, FFA concentrations were assessed before and after intranasal insulin administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the main experiment, intranasal insulin suppressed circulating FFA concentrations and lipolysis (rate of appearance of deuterated glycerol) in the absence of significant changes in circulating insulin levels. Lipolytic protein expression in sc adipose tissue was not affected. The corroborative study confirmed that intranasal insulin lowers systemic FFA concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that brain insulin controls systemic lipolysis in healthy humans by predominantly acting on non-sc adipose tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I (K.A.I., F.S., T.W., F.M., H.L.), Section of Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (DOMI) (T.S., C.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Internal Medicine III (T.S.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry (M.He., H.-U.H., A.F.), Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM) (M.He., H.P., H.-U.H., A.F., M.Ha.), fMEG (Fetal Magnetoencephalography) Center (H.P.), and Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology (M.Ha.), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) (M.He., H.P., H.-U.H., A.F., M.Ha.), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: K Alexander
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Iwen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heni
authors.forename: Friedhelm
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sayk
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wellnitz
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Machleidt
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Preissl
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Häring
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lehnert
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buettner
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallschmid
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin