title: The Impact of Exercise, Cognitive Activities, and Socialization on Cognitive Function: Results From the National Long-Term Care Survey.
abstract: Currently, there are no effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders and age continues to be a robust risk factor. Thus, population aging in the United States may have catastrophic results if interventions are not found and implemented. This study examines possible associations between cognitive impairment and exercise, cognitive activities, and socialization. Cognitive activities, socialization, and exercise were assessed at baseline, and cognitive function was measured at baseline, 5-year, and 10-year follow-up. Controlling for baseline cognitive function, age, sex, education, diabetes, and hypertension, linear regression was performed. Engagement in cognitive activities was inversely associated with the onset of cognitive impairment at 5-year follow-up but was no longer significant at 10-year follow-up. Exercise was associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment at 10-year follow-up but was not significant at 5-year follow-up. Associations with socialization were not statistically significant at either follow-up.
authors.affiliation: The Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Marian S. Ware Alzheimer Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA jedrzmk@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: M Kathryn
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jedrziewski
authors.affiliation: Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ewbank
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Marian S. Ware Alzheimer Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: John Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Trojanowski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D011998:Recreation; D012951:Socialization; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: cognitive activities; cognitive impairment; dementia; exercise; socialization