title: Fixation locus in patients with bilateral central scotomas for targets that perceptually fill in.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this experiment, we investigated whether target type affects the retinal fixation location and stability in patients with bilateral central scotomas and, specifically, whether targets expected to perceptually fill in are imaged at or near the vestigial fovea.
  
  
  METHODS
  The retinal location and stability of fixation were measured using the Nidek MP-1 microperimeter in 12 patients with bilateral central scotomas for six types of fixation target, three expected to fill in and three that included letters. The approximate position of the vestigial fovea was delineated in 10 of the patients either by using residual retinal landmarks or by locating the residual foveal pit in a dense macular scan obtained with a Spectralis optical coherence tomographer. Fixation location and stability were compared for the different target types and referenced to the position of the vestigial fovea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the subjects except one fixated consistently on targets that included a letter using peripheral retinal locations outside of the central scotoma. Eleven of the 12 subjects used a retinal location closer to the vestigial fovea to fixate targets expected to fill in compared with letters. Although four of the subjects imaged the filled-in targets at or within a half degree of the vestigial fovea, six other subjects imaged the filled-in targets at a retinal locus removed from the vestigial fovea. Target type produced no overall significant difference in fixation stability, specified in terms of bivariate contour ellipse area. However, in some individual subjects, fixation tended to be more stable on letter targets than on filled-in targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with central field loss, letter targets generate more consistent fixation behavior than filled-in targets and should be used for eccentric viewing training and perimetry.
authors.affiliation: *OD, PhD †OD ‡OD, MS, FAAO §PhD, FAAO University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas (all authors).
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Joy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: Stanley Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Harold E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Bedell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010466:Perceptual Closure / Q000502:physiology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology; D012607:Scotoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult