title: Remotely piloted aircraft systems as a rhinoceros anti-poaching tool in Africa.
abstract: Over the last years there has been a massive increase in rhinoceros poaching incidents, with more than two individuals killed per day in South Africa in the first months of 2013. Immediate actions are needed to preserve current populations and the agents involved in their protection are demanding new technologies to increase their efficiency in the field. We assessed the use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) to monitor for poaching activities. We performed 20 flights with 3 types of cameras: visual photo, HD video and thermal video, to test the ability of the systems to detect (a) rhinoceros, (b) people acting as poachers and (c) to do fence surveillance. The study area consisted of several large game farms in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The targets were better detected at the lowest altitudes, but to operate the plane safely and in a discreet way, altitudes between 100 and 180 m were the most convenient. Open areas facilitated target detection, while forest habitats complicated it. Detectability using visual cameras was higher at morning and midday, but the thermal camera provided the best images in the morning and at night. Considering not only the technical capabilities of the systems but also the poacherś modus operandi and the current control methods, we propose RPAS usage as a tool for surveillance of sensitive areas, for supporting field anti-poaching operations, as a deterrent tool for poachers and as a complementary method for rhinoceros ecology research. Here, we demonstrate that low cost RPAS can be useful for rhinoceros stakeholders for field control procedures. There are, however, important practical limitations that should be considered for their successful and realistic integration in the anti-poaching battle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mulero-Pázmány
authors.affiliation: Department of Sensor Science Technology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stolper
authors.affiliation: Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: van Essen
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.affiliation: Department of Sensor Science Technology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Tyrell
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sassen
mesh_terms: D000401:Aircraft / Q000191:economics; D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D010527:Perissodactyla / Q000502:physiology*; D010781:Photography; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013019:South Africa; D014741:Video Recording