title: Validation of a novel method to identify in utero ethanol exposure: simultaneous meconium extraction of fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl glucuronide, and ethyl sulfate followed by LC-MS/MS quantification.
abstract: Presence of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), ethyl glucuronide (EtG), and ethyl sulfate (EtS) in meconium, the first neonatal feces, identifies maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Current meconium alcohol marker assays require separate analyses for FAEE and EtG/EtS. We describe development and validation of the first quantitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for 9 FAEEs, EtG, and EtS in 100 mg meconium. For the first time, these alcohol markers are analyzed in the same meconium aliquot, enabling comparison of the efficiency of gestational ethanol exposure detection. 100 mg meconium was homogenized in methanol and centrifuged. The supernatant was divided, and applied to two different solid phase extraction columns for optimized analyte recovery. Limits of quantification for ethyl laurate, myristate, linolenate, palmitoleate, arachidonate, linoleate, palmitate, oleate, and stearate ranged from 25-50 ng/g, with calibration curves to 2,500-5,000 ng/g. EtG and EtS linear dynamic ranges were 5-1,000 and 2.5-500 ng/g, respectively. Mean bias and between-day imprecision were <15 %. Extraction efficiencies were 51.2-96.5 %. Matrix effects ranged from -84.7 to 16.0 %, but were compensated for by matched deuterated internal standards when available. All analytes were stable (within ±20 % change from baseline) in 3 authentic positive specimens, analyzed in triplicate, after 3 freeze/thaw cycles (-20 °C). Authentic EtG and EtS also were stable after 12 h at room temperature and 72 h at 4 °C; some FAEE showed instability under these conditions, although there was large inter-subject variability. This novel method accurately detects multiple alcohol meconium markers and enables comparison of markers for maternal alcohol consumption.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Himes
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Concheiro
authors.forename: Karl B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Scheidweiler
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huestis
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005965:Glucuronates; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; C093924:ethyl glucuronide; D000431:Ethanol; C011612:diethyl sulfate