title: Snoring during pregnancy and its relation to sleepiness and pregnancy outcome - a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of snoring and sleepiness is known to increase during pregnancy, and this might impact maternal health and obstetric outcome. However, the association between snoring and sleepiness during pregnancy is not fully understood. This study was aimed at investigating the development of snoring during pregnancy and prospectively assessing if there is an association between snoring and sleepiness or adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia, mode of delivery, and fetal complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutively recruited pregnant women (n = 500) received a questionnaire concerning snoring and sleep at the 1st and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The women who had rated their frequency of snoring at both occasions (n = 340) were divided into subgroups according to the development of snoring they reported and included in the subsequent analyses. Additional medical data were collected from the medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of snoring was 7.9% in the 1st trimester and increased to 21.2% in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The women who snored already in early pregnancy had significantly higher baseline BMI (p = 0.001) than the women who never snored, but snoring was not associated with the magnitude of weight gain during pregnancy. Snoring women were more likely to experience edema in late pregnancy than the non-snorers. Women who started to snore during pregnancy had higher Epworth Sleepiness Scores than the non snorers in both early and late pregnancy. No significant association between obstetric outcome and snoring was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Snoring does increase during pregnancy, and this increase is associated with sleepiness, higher BMI at the start of pregnancy and higher prevalence of edema, but not with weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Linköping, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. maria.sarberg@lio.se.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarberg
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svanborg
authors.forename: Ann-Britt
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Wiréhn
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Josefsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004487:Edema / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult