title: Differences in exosome populations in human breast milk in relation to allergic sensitization and lifestyle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast-feeding has many beneficial effects on the developing immune system of the newborn. Breast milk contains immunoregulatory factors, such as nano-sized vesicles named exosomes. This study aimed at characterizing breast milk exosomes from human early milk and mature milk and to investigate whether allergic sensitization and an anthroposophic lifestyle could influence the exosome profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast milk was collected from 22 mothers at day 3-8 and from 61 mothers at 2 months postpartum, all part of the ALADDIN birth cohort. Isolated exosomes were captured on anti-MHC-class II- or anti-CD63 beads and analyzed by flow cytometry. Exosomal phenotype was related to lifestyle and allergic sensitization of the mothers, and sensitization of the child at 2 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a higher content of exosomes in early milk compared with mature milk. Early milk exosomes were enriched in HLA-DR molecules and displayed significantly lower levels of HLA-ABC compared with those in mature milk. Phenotypically different subpopulations of exosomes were found in mature milk. Significantly lower levels of MUC1 were detected on CD63-enriched exosomes from sensitized mothers compared with nonsensitized. Furthermore, women with an anthroposophic lifestyle had significantly lower MUC1 expression on their HLA-DR-enriched milk exosomes and up-regulated levels of CD63 on CD63-enriched exosomes compared with nonanthroposophic mothers. Notably, mothers whose children developed sensitization had an increased amount of HLA-ABC on their milk exosomes enriched for CD63.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phenotype of exosomes in breast milk varies with maternal sensitization and lifestyle, which might influence allergy development in the child.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Solna, Translational Immunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torregrosa Paredes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutzeit
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Admyre
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stenius
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheynius
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabrielsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055354:Exosomes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology*; D008019:Life Style; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D060149:Tetraspanin 30 / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018396:Mucin-1; D060149:Tetraspanin 30
keywords: allergic sensitization; anthroposophic lifestyle; breast milk; exosomes