title: Immune response to influenza A(H1N1)v in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV infection is considered a risk factor for severe outcomes of influenza A(H1N1)v infection. However, data on immune response against influenza A(H1N1)v virus in HIV-infected patients are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from seven HIV-positive and 14 HIV-negative patients infected with A(H1N1)v and from 23 HIV-positive and six HIV-negative asymptomatic controls were analyzed to evaluate the clinical picture, A(H1N1)v viral shedding, and the immune response against the virus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients displayed mainly upper respiratory tract diseases (57.1%), while pneumonia was diagnosed only in HIV-negative patients (23.8% of subjects, of which 4.8% required intensive care unit admission). At day seven, 29% of HIV-infected patients were still positive for A(H1N1)v by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs. Interestingly, a persistence of CXCL10 secretion at high level and lower IL-6 levels was observed in HIV-positive subjects. The geometric mean haemagglutination inhibition titer (HI-GMT) and anti-influenza IgM levels were lower in HIV-positive individuals while anti-influenza IgG levels remained similar in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immune impairment due to HIV infection could affect A(H1N1)v clearance and could lead to a lower antibody response and a persistent secretion of CXCL10 at high levels. However, the lower IL-6 secretion and treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) could result in a milder clinical picture.
authors.affiliation: Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. paolasansonett9@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sansonetti
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sali
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabbiani
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martucci
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danesh
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delogu
authors.forename: Jesus F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bermejo-Martin
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanguinetti
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kelvin
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cauda
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fadda
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D015850:Interleukin-6