title: Simultaneous removal of perchlorate and energetic compounds in munitions wastewater by zero-valent iron and perchlorate-respiring bacteria.
abstract: Ammonium perchlorate is one of the main constituents in Army's insensitive melt-pour explosive, PAX-21 in addition to RDX and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). The objective of this study is to develop an innovative treatment process to remove both perchlorate and energetic compounds simultaneously from PAX-21 production wastewater. It was hypothesized that the pretreatment of PAX-21 wastewater with zero-valent iron (ZVI) would convert energetic compounds to products that are more amenable for biological oxidation and that these products serve as electron donors for perchlorate-reducing bacteria. Results of batch ZVI reduction experiments showed that DNAN was completely reduced to 2,4-diaminoanisole and RDX was completely reduced to formaldehyde. Anaerobic batch biodegradation experiments showed that perchlorate (30 mg L(-1)) in ZVI-treated PAX-21 wastewater was decreased to an undetectable level after 5 days. Batch biodegradation experiments also confirmed that formaldehyde in ZVI-treated wastewater was the primary electron donor for perchlorate-respiring bacteria. The integrated iron-anaerobic bioreactor system was effective in completely removing energetic compounds and perchlorate from the PAX-21 wastewater without adding an exogenous electron donor. This study demonstrated that ZVI pretreatment not only removed energetic compounds, but also transformed energetic compounds to products that can serve as the source of electrons for perchlorate-respiring bacteria.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware , USA.
authors.forename: Se Chang
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Byung J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents; D007501:Iron; D010472:Perchlorates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D062065:Wastewater; C053506:ammonium perchlorate