title: Aetiology of oral cancer in the Sudan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the studied risk factors that linked to aetiology of oral cancer in the Sudan. There have been numerous reports in the increase in the incidence of oral cancer from various parts of the world. A recent trend for a rising incidence of oral cancer, with the absence of the well established risk factors, has raised concern. Although, there are inconsistent data on incidence and demographical factors, studies suggest that the physiologic response to risk factors by men and women vary in different populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review principally examines 33 publications devoted to aetiology of oral cancer in the Sudan, in addition to some risk factors that are commonly practiced in the Sudan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several studies examining risk factors for oral cancer include tobacco use (Smoked and Smokeless), alcohol consumption, occupational risk, familial risk, immune deficits, virus infection and genetic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toombak use and infection with high risk Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) were extensively investigated and linked to the aetiology of oral cancer in Sudan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, KSA, University of Khartoum Sudan.
authors.forename: Hussain Gadelkarim
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ahmed
keywords: HPV DNA Probes; etiology.; mandibleoral cancer; nicotine; tobacco