title: African-American and Hispanic perceptions of HIV vaccine clinical research: a qualitative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine perceptions of phase-I human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trial participation among African-Americans and Hispanics in San Francisco, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative, semistructured interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  San Francisco Department of Health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six African-American and Hispanic men and women, 18 to 50 years of age, residing in the San Francisco Bay Area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purposive sampling using advertisements, community-based organization rosters, and snowball referrals. Thematic analysis of transcripts identified salient themes and patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants viewed participation in HIV research as important; however, they held that HIV was not a health priority given limited awareness about HIV research or beliefs that only infected or high-risk persons were eligible for participation. Altruism and personal gain, trustworthy trial staff, convenient schedules and facilities, and involvement of trusted community groups in recruitment were perceived to motivate participants. Concerns about the social consequences of participating in HIV research and product-related side effects were seen as discouraging participation. Limitations include the possibility that participants in interview research have more favorable views of biomedical research than those who refuse to participate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Historically, African-Americans and Hispanics in the United States have had limited participation in HIV trials. Understanding their perceptions of HIV biomedical research, identifying facilitators and barriers to participation, addressing misinformation about HIV, distorted risk perceptions, HIV stigma, and providing accessible opportunities to participate are imperative to ensure health equity and generalizability of findings.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McLellan-Lemal
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arreola
authors.forename: Chadwick
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Madeline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sutton
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000523:psychology*; D012495:San Francisco; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines
keywords: AIDS Vaccine; African-Americans; Biomedical Research; Clinical Trials; Health focus: medical self-care; Hispanic Americans; Manuscript format: research; Outcome measure: behavioral; Prevention Research; Research purpose: descriptive; Setting: clinical/health care; Strategy: behavior change; Study design: qualitative; Target population age: adults; Target population circumstances: geographic location, race/ethnicity