title: The effect of recent bereavement on outcomes in a primary care depression intervention study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although bereavement and depression are both common in older primary care patients, the effect of bereavement on depression intervention outcomes is unknown. We examined whether standard interventions for depression in primary care were as effective for bereaved as for non-bereaved depressed patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty community-based primary care practices in New York City, greater Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. Randomization to either intervention or usual care occurred by practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged 60 years or older who met criteria for major depression or clinically significant minor depression (N = 599). Patients who did not complete the bereavement measure or who were missing 4-month data were excluded (final N = 417).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study-trained depression care managers offered guideline-concordant recommendations to primary care physicians at intervention sites and assisted patients with treatment adherence. Patients who did not wish to take antidepressants could receive interpersonal psychotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bereavement was captured using the Louisville Older Persons Events Schedule. Depression severity was assessed using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Outcomes at 4 months were remission (HDRS ≤7) and response (HDRS reduction ≥50% from baseline).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regressions indicated that, for non-bereaved participants, response and remission were higher in intervention than usual care. However, recently bereaved older adults were less likely to achieve response or remission at 4 months if treated in the intervention condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standard depression care management appears to be ineffective among recently bereaved older primary care patients. Greater attention should be paid in primary care to emotional distress in the context of bereavement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY. Electronic address: ang2042@med.cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Angela R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ghesquiere
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Mijung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Hillary R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY.
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bruce
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001601:Bereavement; D019090:Case Management / Q000592:standards*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Depression; bereavement; case management; clinical trial; primary care