title: Health literacy among insulin-taking African Americans: a need for tailored intervention in clinical practice.
abstract: To determine the levels of functional health literacy (FHL) among insulin-taking African Americans with diabetes from an urban medical practice and to determine if associations exist between FHL levels and glycemic control.
  
  
  
  Seventy insulin-taking African Americans seen for diabetes management comprised the analysis cohort. Patients were 18 years or older, African American, had diabetes, and currently using insulin via syringe, pen, or insulin pump. All participants completed a one-time assessment of FHL levels, using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS). Scores ranged from 0 to 6 (0-1 = high likelihood of limited FHL; 2-3 = possibility of limited FHL; 4-6 = adequate FHL). A combination of t tests, Pearson's chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine associations between glycemic control and FHL.
  
  
  
  Average age was 58.7, 59.1% were female, 90.8% with type 2 diabetes, and 15.1% using an insulin pump. Glycemic control was: A1C < 7%: 22.9%, A1C < 8%: 47.1%. Of participants, 47.1% had adequate FHL, 31.4% had possible limited FHL, and 21.4% had a high likelihood of limited FHL. Also, 67.7% of participants with A1C ≥ 8% had a high likelihood of limited FHL. After adjusting for age and gender, participants with a high likelihood of limited FHL were 6.2 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-28.3) more likely to have A1C ≥ 8%.
  
  
  
  Insulin-taking African Americans with a high likelihood of limited FHL are approximately 6 times more likely to have an A1C ≥ 8% compared to patients with a possibility of limited FHL, or adequate FHL, demonstrating the need for focused interventions tailored to FHL needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Dr Piatt, Ms Nwankwo, Ms Funnell)
authors.forename: Gretchen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Piatt
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas (Dr Valerio)
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Valerio
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Dr Piatt, Ms Nwankwo, Ms Funnell)
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nwankwo
authors.affiliation: Center for Preventative Medicine, Beaumont Health System, St. Clair Shores, Michigan (Dr Lucas)
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Dr Piatt, Ms Nwankwo, Ms Funnell)
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Funnell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D057220:Health Literacy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012648:Self Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human