title: Risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds.
abstract: Chlamydia psittaci is the aetiological agent of chlamydiosis in birds, especially Psittaciformes. The objective of the present study was to detect C. psittaci by means of semi-nested PCR among psittacine birds sold at pet markets and kept as pet birds in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Questionnaires were used to identify risk factors involved in the epidemiology of the disease. In addition, the management of birds and cages was observed at each location studied. The frequency of C. psittaci infection was 10.6% (33/311) in the psittacine birds studied. Birds kept in households were less frequently positive (3.4%; 5/148) than those at pet markets (17.2%; 28/163). Among the several factors analysed in the epidemiology of the disease, only population density (P = 0.001) and cage hygiene (P = 0.041) in birds at pet markets were significantly associated with C. psittaci infection. These results demonstrate the presence of C. psittaci infection in Psittaciformes kept as pets and held at pet markets in Salvador, Bahia, showing that this micro-organism is a public health concern. Control measures should be encouraged to prevent the spread of the agent among birds, as well as among employees and customers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, FMVZ, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Raso
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology (BIOMOL), EMEVZ, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: B M P S
authors.initials: BMPS
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: V H R
authors.initials: VHR
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Clinical Practice, EMEVZ, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.|Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Barrouin-Melo
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Production, EMEVZ, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.|Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Franke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002691:Chlamydophila psittaci / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002988:Cloaca / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D057805:Pets; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011563:Psittaciformes; D009956:Psittacosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial