title: Zinc deficiency-associated dermatitis in infants during a nationwide shortage of injectable zinc - Washington, DC, and Houston, Texas, 2012-2013.
abstract: Injectable zinc, a vital component of parenteral nutrition (PN) formulations, has been in short supply in the United States since late 2012. In December 2012, three premature infants with cholestasis hospitalized in Washington, DC, experienced erosive dermatitis in the diaper area and blisters on their extremities, a condition that can be associated with zinc deficiency. All three infants were receiving PN because they had extreme cholestasis and were unable to be fed by mouth or tube. The PN administered to each infant was zinc deficient. Injectable zinc normally is added to PN for premature or medically compromised infants (e.g., those with cholestasis) by the hospital pharmacy because the amount of zinc needed by each patient differs; however, the pharmacy had run out of injectable zinc. No alternatives were available; other preparations of parenteral trace elements either contained insufficient zinc to meet infants' requirements or had the potential to cause trace element toxicity in infants with cholestasis (2). The dermatitis of one infant resolved after the patient was able to take nutrition by mouth. The other two infants were found to have low serum zinc levels. In January 2013, CDC was notified of four additional cases of zinc deficiency among infants with cholestasis who received zinc-deficient PN in a hospital in Houston, Texas. In collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the two hospitals obtained emergency shipments of injectable zinc. No additional cases were reported. Current injectable zinc supplies have been increasing as FDA collaborates with pharmaceutical companies to import emergency supplies. FDA is working to establish temporary backup sources should future shortages occur.
authors.forename: Duke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruktanonchai
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Tiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Garret
authors.forename: Lamia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soghier
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lapinski
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barfield
mesh_terms: D002779:Cholestasis; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D004219:District of Columbia; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D013781:Texas; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000600:supply & distribution*
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc