title: Effect of experimental silane-based primers with various contents of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate on the bond strength of orthodontic adhesives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in vitro the effect of different concentrations of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in experimental silane-based primers on shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different volume percentages of HEMA were tested in four experimental silane-based primer solutions (additions of HEMA: 0, 5.0 vol%, 25.0 vol% and 50.0 vol%). An experimental silane blend (primer) of 1.0 vol% 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane (ICMS) + 0.5% bis-1,2-(triethoxysilyl) ethane (BTSE) was prepared and used. The experimental primers together with the control group were applied onto acid-etched premolars for attachment of orthodontic brackets. After artificial aging by thermocycling the shear-bond strength was measured. The fractured surfaces of all specimens were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the failure mode on the enamel surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental primers showed the highest shear-bond strength of 21.15 MPa (SD ± 2.70 MPa) and with 25 vol% showed a highly significant increase (P < 0.05) in bond strength. The SEM images showed full penetration of adhesive agents when using silane-based primers. In addition, the SEM images suggested that the predominant failure type was not necessarily the same as for the failure propagation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary study suggested that nonacidic silane-based primers with HEMA addition might be an alternative to for use as adhesion promoting primers.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Materials Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ammar A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Materials Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Jukka P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Matinlinna
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Biomaterials and Technology Unit, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Aziz A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Razak
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Akbar S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hussin
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D017953:Isocyanates / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D033081:Shear Strength; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C514436:3-isocyanatopropyl trimethoxysilane; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003738:Dental Cements; D017953:Isocyanates; D008689:Methacrylates; D012821:Silanes; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; C515211:1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane
keywords: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; adhesion promotion; orthodontic adhesives; silane coupling agents; silane-based primers