title: In vitro and ex vivo analyses of co-infections with swine influenza and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses.
abstract: Viral respiratory diseases remain problematic in swine. Among viruses, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SIV), alone or in combination, are the two main known contributors to lung infectious diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that experimental dual infections of pigs with PRRSV followed by SIV can cause more severe disease than the single viral infections. However, our understanding of the impact of one virus on the other at the molecular level is still extremely limited. Thus, the aim of the current study was to determine the influence of dual infections, compared to single infections, in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and precision cut lung slices (PCLS). PAMs were isolated and PCLS were acquired from the lungs of healthy 8-week-old pigs. Then, PRRSV (ATCC VR-2385) and a local SIV strain of H1N1 subtype (A/Sw/Saskatchewan/18789/02) were applied simultaneously or with 3h apart on PAMs and PCLS for a total of 18 h. Immuno-staining for both viruses and beta-tubulin, real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA assays targeting various genes (pathogen recognition receptors, interferons (IFN) type I, cytokines, and IFN-inducible genes) and proteins were performed to analyze the cell and the tissue responses. Interference caused by the first virus on replication of the second virus was observed, though limited. On the host side, a synergistic effect between PRRSV and SIV co-infections was observed for some transcripts such as TLR3, RIG-I, and IFNβ in PCLS. The PRRSV infection 3h prior to SIV infection reduced the response to SIV while the SIV infection prior to PRRSV infection had limited impact on the second infection. This study is the first to show an impact of PRRSV/SIV co-infection and superinfections in the cellular and tissue immune response at the molecular level. It opens the door to further research in this exciting and intriguing field.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dobrescu
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levast
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: INRA, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), 37380 Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37000 Tours, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado-Ortega
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banman
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Zoopôle Les Croix, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gerdts
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Electronic address: fmeurens@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meurens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060085:Coinfection / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007372:Interferons / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D019318:Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D019316:Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007372:Interferons
keywords: Co-infection; Interference; PRRSV; Pig; SIV; Superinfection