title: Influence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene polymerase chain reaction and sequencing on antibiotic management of bone and joint infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amplification of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by analysis of generated sequences can be an important adjunct to conventional cultures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how the results of this approach influence physicians' decisions regarding the management of bone and joint infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and laboratory findings of patients seen at the Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre (Halifax, Nova Scotia) between December 2005 and September 2009 were reviewed. Patients who had negative cultures but likely or possible bone and joint infections were further evaluated using 16S rRNA PCR. The impact of the 16S rRNA PCR result on antibiotic management was evaluated and it was assessed whether untreated patients with negative 16S rRNA PCR subsequently presented with infections, suggesting a false-negative result.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 36 patients (mean age 62 years) were reviewed. Thirty-two patients were evaluated by infectious disease consultants; of these, 20 were considered likely to have infections. Seventeen patients were admitted with suspected prosthetic joint infections. Twenty-nine patients received antimicrobial treatment before the sample for the 16S rRNA PCR assay was obtained. Of the 36 patients, 26 (72.2%) were treated appropriately with modifications to their antibiotic regimen in response to the 16S rRNA PCR assay results. Antimicrobials were discontinued for 19 patients based on negative PCR assay and, in seven patients, antibiotics were changed based on a positive result. There were no relapses among patients with negative PCR assay in whom antibiotics were discontinued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR and sequencing is a valuable tool in the guidance of antimicrobial therapy for bone and joint infections.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alraddadi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia ; Division of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Azri
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia ; Division of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: Kr
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Forward
keywords: 16S PCR; Prosthetic joint infections; rDNA