title: Weight gain and increased central obesity in the early phase of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Weight loss is strongly associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and impacts symptoms and disease progression. The aim of this study was to describe changes in body composition and to explore how body weight (BW), relates to disease progression and medication in the early phase of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in a prospective community-based case-control study of PD were followed-up three years after initial diagnosis. Anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) measurements were used together with Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), a 24-h recall (24-HR) and a 3-day food registration (3-DFR) to complete the evaluation of nutritional status. Disease severity was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score (UPDRS III), and the Hoehn and Yahr rating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PD patients' BW gained 1.62 kg (±4.60, P = 0.009), an increase that significantly correlated with fat mass (FM) (r = 0.74), waist size (r = 0.65), waist/height ratio (r = 0.64), and total skin fold (r = 0.77). Linear regression showed an association between change in BW and physical activity level (PAL) (B = -8.554; P = 0.025) confirmed by the multiple linear regression. Linear regression also revealed an association between change in FM and MMSE (B = 0.654; P = 0.027).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In early PD, weight gain was revealed over three years accompanied by an increase in FM and waist circumference. An inverse relation was revealed between change in BW and PAL. The MMSE, UPDRS III, and Hoehn and Yahr rating were unchanged. Medication and swallowing difficulties were not associated with change in BW.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: magdalena.vikdahl@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vikdahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Forsgren
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Håglin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Anthropometry; Body composition; Body weight; Nutrition; Parkinson's disease