title: Tunable sustained intravitreal drug delivery system for daunorubicin using oxidized porous silicon.
abstract: Daunorubicin (DNR) is an effective inhibitor of an array of proteins involved in neovascularization, including VEGF and PDGF. These growth factors are directly related to retina scar formation in many devastating retinal diseases. Due to the short vitreous half-life and narrow therapeutic window, ocular application of DNR is limited. It has been shown that a porous silicon (pSi) based delivery system can extend DNR vitreous residence from a few days to 3months. In this study we investigated the feasibility of altering the pore size of the silicon particles to regulate the payload release. Modulation of the etching parameters allowed control of the nano-pore size from 15nm to 95nm. In vitro studies showed that degradation of pSiO2 increased with increasing pore size and the degradation of pSiO2 was approximately constant for a given particle type. The degradation of pSiO2 with 43nm pores was significantly greater than the other two particles with smaller pores, judged by observed and normalized mean Si concentration of the dissolution samples (44.2±8.9 vs 25.7±5.6 or 21.2±4.2μg/mL, p<0.0001). In vitro dynamic DNR release revealed that pSiO2-CO2H:DNR (porous silicon dioxide with covalent loading of daunorubicin) with large pores (43nm) yielded a significantly higher DNR level than particles with 15 or 26nm pores (13.5±6.9ng/mL vs. 2.3±1.6ng/mL and 1.1±0.9ng/mL, p<0.0001). After two months of in vitro dynamic release, 54% of the pSiO2-CO2H:DNR particles still remained in the dissolution chamber by weight. In vivo drug release study demonstrated that free DNR in the vitreous at post-injection day 14 was 66.52ng/mL for 95nm pore size pSiO2-CO2H:DNR, 10.76ng/mL for 43nm pSiO2-CO2H:DNR, and only 1.05ng/mL for 15nm pSiO2-CO2H:DNR. Pore expansion from 15nm to 95nm led to a 63 fold increase of DNR release (p<0.0001) and a direct correlation between the pore size and the drug levels in the living eye vitreous was confirmed. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of regulating DNR release from pSiO2 covalently loaded with DNR by engineering the nano-pore size of pSi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retina Center at Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
authors.forename: Huiyuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retina Center at Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retina Center at Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
authors.forename: Feiyan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retina Center at Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sailor
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retina Center at Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA. Electronic address: cheng@eyecenter.ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D016062:Porosity; D011817:Rabbits; D012825:Silicon / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D012825:Silicon; D003630:Daunorubicin
keywords: 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane; Controlled drug release; Daunorubicin; Daunorubicin hydrochloride; Ethanol; Hydrofluoric acid; Intravitreal drug delivery; N,N-dimethylformamide; N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; Nitrogen; Porous silicon; Rabbit eye; Silicon; Silicon dioxide; Succinic anhydride