title: Micronutrient intakes from food and supplements in Australian adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low micronutrient intakes in adolescents are frequently reported. We assessed micronutrient intakes in adolescents to determine whether supplement use optimises intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire in 17 year old participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study (n=991). We calculated median daily micronutrient intakes in supplement users and non-users (from food sources only and from food and supplements), along with the percentage of adolescents meeting the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) or Adequate Intake (AI) where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intakes of calcium, magnesium, folate and vitamins D and E from food only were low. Although supplements significantly increased micronutrient intakes in supplement users, more than half of supplement users failed to meet the EAR or AI for some key micronutrients. Compared with non-users, supplement users had higher micronutrient intakes from food sources with the exception of vitamins D and B12 and were more likely to achieve the EAR or AI for many micronutrients from food only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intakes of some key micronutrients were low in this population, even among supplement users. Those facing the greatest risk of micronutrient deficiencies were less likely to use supplements.
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia. cgallagher@ichr.uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia. lblack@ichr.uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lucinda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia. wendyo@ichr.uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Wendy H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oddy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia; D015992:Body Mass Index; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009043:Motor Activity; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients