title: The angel flap for nipple reconstruction.
abstract: Creation of an aesthetically pleasing nipple plays a significant role in breast reconstruction as a determining factor in patient satisfaction. The goals for nipple reconstruction include minimal donor site morbidity and appropriate, long-lasting projection. Currently, the most popular techniques used are associated with a significant loss of projection postoperatively. Accordingly, the authors introduce the angel flap, which is designed to achieve nipple projection with lasting results. The lateral edges of the flap and the area surrounding the top of the nipple are de-epithelialized and the flaps are wrapped to create a nipple mound composed primarily of dermis. Decreasing the amount of fat within core of the nipple and enhancing dermal content promotes long-lasting projection. Furthermore, the incision pattern fits within a desired areolar size, preventing unnecessary superfluous extension of the incisions. Thus, the technique described herein achieves the goals of nipple reconstruction, including adequate and long-lasting projection, without extension of the lateral limb scars.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hiersche
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Martin
keywords: Angel flap; Breast reconstruction; Dermal flap; Long-lasting projection; Nipple reconstruction