title: All-Wales licensed premises intervention (AWLPI): a randomised controlled trial to reduce alcohol-related violence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol-related violence in and in the vicinity of licensed premises continues to place a considerable burden on the United Kingdom's (UK) health services. Robust interventions targeted at licensed premises are therefore required to reduce the costs of alcohol-related harm. Previous evaluations of interventions in licensed premises have a number of methodological limitations and none have been conducted in the UK. The aim of the trial was to determine the effectiveness of the Safety Management in Licensed Environments intervention designed to reduce alcohol-related violence in licensed premises, delivered by Environmental Health Officers, under their statutory authority to intervene in cases of violence in the workplace.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national randomised controlled trial, with licensed premises as the unit of allocation. Premises were identified from all 22 Local Authorities in Wales. Eligible premises were those with identifiable violent incidents on premises, using police recorded violence data. Premises were allocated to intervention or control by optimally balancing by Environmental Health Officer capacity in each Local Authority, number of violent incidents in the 12 months leading up to the start of the project and opening hours. The primary outcome measure is the difference in frequency of violence between intervention and control premises over a 12 month follow-up period, based on a recurrent event model. The trial incorporates an embedded process evaluation to assess intervention implementation, fidelity, reach and reception, and to interpret outcome effects, as well as investigate its economic impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the trial will be applicable to all statutory authorities directly involved with managing violence in the night time economy and will provide the first formal test of Health and Safety policy in this environment. If successful, opportunities for replication and generalisation will be considered.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  UKCRN 14077; ISRCTN78924818.
authors.affiliation: Violence & Society Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK. mooresc2@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Mohammed Fasihul
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Kerenza
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Playle
authors.forename: Vaseekaran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sivarajasingam
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spasic
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shepherd
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D016495:Police; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014852:Wales