title: MicroRNA-20b and ERK1/2 pathway independently regulate the expression of tissue factor in hematopoietic and trophoblastic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue factor (TF) is expressed in various types of cells. TF expression is essential for many biological processes, such as blood coagulation and embryonic development, while its high expression in stem cells often leads to failure of transplantation. In this study, we used the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) culture system to understand the molecular mechanisms by which TF expression is regulated in hESC-derived hematopoietic and trophoblastic cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  hESCs were induced in vitro to differentiate into hematopoietic and trophoblastic cells. TF expression in various types of cells during these differentiation processes was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blot analysis. The regulatory mechanisms of TF expression were investigated by miRNA expression analysis, luciferase report assay, TF mRNA and protein analysis, and pathway phosphorylation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We first found that TF was expressed only in trophoblasts and granulocyte-monocyte (G-M) cells differentiated from hESCs; and then demonstrated that miR-20b downregulated and Erk1/2 signaling pathway upregulated the TF expression in trophoblasts and G-M cells. Finally, we found that miR-20b downregulated the TF expression independently of the Erk1/2 signaling pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The miR-20b and Erk1/2 pathway independently regulate expression of TF in trophoblasts and G-M cells differentiated from hESCs. These findings will open an avenue to further illustrate the functions of TF in various biological processes.
authors.forename: Yan-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Deng-Shu
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Fang-Fang
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lin-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hui-En
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Min-Yuan
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Fang-Ping
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C534451:MIRN20a microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D009570:Nitriles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C113580:U 0126; D013925:Thromboplastin; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3