title: Efficacy of bone healing in calvarial defects using piezoelectric surgical instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared bone healing following the use of 2 piezoelectric surgery units or conventional mechanical cutting with carbide and diamond drills to explore their future applications for bone surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subcritical-size (approximately 1.5-2 mm) calvarial defects were created in the parietal bones of adult mice. Following defect standardization, a full-thickness semicircular defect was created on the parietal bones of 12 mice divided into 4 groups: carbide bur, Surgystar, diamond bur, and Piezoelectric System. Hard tissue healing was assessed using micro-computed tomography at 1 day, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 4 weeks, the Surgystar group and Piezoelectric System group showed a significant difference from the carbide group. The Surgystar and Piezoelectric System groups did differ from the diamond group. At 8 weeks, the Surgystar and Piezoelectric System groups differed significantly from the carbide and diamond groups. The fraction of healing results over the 8 weeks demonstrated that the Surgystar group had a significantly higher bone healing percentage than did the carbide group (P = 0.001) and the diamond group (P = 0.026), but it did not differ significantly from the Piezoelectric System group (P = 0.420).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Surgystar and Piezoelectric System are suitable for bone osteotomy and provide faster bone healing in comparison with mechanical instrumentation.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyounggido, Korea; and †Oral Medicine & Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Byoung-Eun
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girod
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D059745:Piezosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography