title: Morphometric analysis of small arteries in the human retina using adaptive optics imaging: relationship with blood pressure and focal vascular changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR) of retinal arteries is a recognized surrogate of end-organ damage due to aging and/or arterial hypertension. However, parietal morphometry remains difficult to assess in vivo. Recently, it was shown that adaptive optics retinal imaging can resolve parietal structures of retinal arterioles in humans in vivo. Here, using adaptive optics retinal imaging, we investigated the variations of parietal thickness of small retinal arteries with blood pressure and focal vascular damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adaptive optics imaging of the superotemporal retinal artery was done in 49 treatment-naive individuals [mean age (±SD) 44.9 years (±14); mean systolic pressure 132  mmHg (±22)]. Semi-automated segmentation allowed extracting parietal thickness and lumen diameter. In a distinct cohort, adaptive optics images of arteriovenous nicking (AVN; n = 12) and focal arteriolar narrowing (FAN; n = 10) were also analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cohort of treatment-naive individuals, by multiple regression taking into account age, body mass index, mean, systolic, diastolic and pulse blood pressure, the WLR was found positively correlated to mean blood pressure and age which in combination accounted for 43% of the variability of WLR. In the cohort of patients with focal vascular damage, neither FANs or AVNs showed evidence of parietal growth; instead, at sites of FANs, decreased outer diameter suggestive of vasoconstriction was consistently found, while at sites of AVNs venous narrowing could be seen in the absence of arteriovenous contact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High resolution imaging of retinal vessels by adaptive optics allows quantitative microvascular phenotyping, which may contribute to a better understanding and management of hypertensive retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: aClinical Investigation Center 503, Centre Hospitalier National des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6 bPreventive Cardiovascular Unit, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris cUniversité Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, dInstitut Supérieur d'Electronique de Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Edouard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brolly
authors.forename: José-Alain
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sahel
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaumet-Riffaud
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Girerd
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossant
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paques
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D012161:Retinal Artery; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels