title: Affective temperament and attachment in adulthood in patients with Bipolar Disorder and Cyclothymia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine attachment and affective temperament in patients who have been diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder and to investigate possible differences in both variables among Bipolar I Disorder (BD-I), Bipolar II Disorder (BD-II), and cyclothymic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety (45 male and 45 female) outpatients with bipolar or cyclothymic disorder between the ages of 18 and 65years were recruited consecutively between September 2010 and December 2011 at the Bipolar Disorder Unit of the Psychiatry Day Hospital affiliated with the University General Hospital "A. Gemelli" in Rome, Italy. Patients were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Young Mania Rating Scale, the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego-auto-questionnaire version, and the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) questionnaire applied by trained interviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3 groups of patients differed only on the ECR Anxiety scores with BD-I patients having the highest anxiety levels, followed by the BD-II patients, and the patients with cyclothymic disorder reporting the lowest level of anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding suggests that bipolar disorder (type I, type II) and cyclothymic/dysthymic temperament are more strongly associated with insecure attachment style as compared to the general population.
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorders Unit, Psychiatric Day Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Policlinico Gemelli, Rome.
authors.forename: Désirée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harnic
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma. Electronic address: maurizio.pompili@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences Division of Psychiatry, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innamorati
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erbuto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Dorian A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lamis
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorders Unit, Psychiatric Day Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Policlinico Gemelli, Rome.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bria
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorders Unit, Psychiatric Day Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Policlinico Gemelli, Rome.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Janiri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult