title: Albumin acts like transforming growth factor β1 in microbubble-based drug delivery.
abstract: Unlike lipid-shelled microbubbles (MBs), albumin-shelled microbubbles (MBs) have not been reported to be actively targeted to cells without the assistance of antibodies. Recent studies indicate that the albumin molecule is similar to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) both structurally and functionally. The TGF-β superfamily is important during early tumor outgrowth, with an elevated TGF-β being tumor suppressive; at later stages, this switches to malignant conversion and progression, including breast cancer. TGF-β receptors I and II play crucial roles in both the binding and endocytosis of albumin. However, until now, no specific albumin receptor has been found. On the basis of the above-mentioned information, we hypothesized that non-antibody-conjugated albumin-shelled MBs can be used to deliver drugs to breast cancer cells. We also studied the possible roles of TGF-β1 and radiation force in the behavior of cells and albumin-shelled MBs. The results indicate that albumin-shelled MBs loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) induce breast cancer cell apoptosis without the specific targeting produced by an antibody. Applying either an acoustic radiation force or cavitation alone to cells with PTX-loaded albumin MBs increased the apoptosis rate to 23.2% and 26.3% (p < 0.05), respectively. We also found that albumin-shelled MBs can enter MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and remain there for at least 24 h, even in the presence of PTX loading. Confocal micrographs revealed that 70.5% of the breast cancer cells took up albumin-shelled MBs spontaneously after 1 d of incubation. Applying an acoustic radiation force further increased the percentage to 91.9% in our experiments. However, this process could be blocked by TGF-β1, even with subsequent exposure to the radiation force. From these results, we conclude that TGF-β1 receptors are involved in the endocytotic process by which albumin-shelled MBs enter breast cancer cells. The acoustic radiation force increases the contact rate between albumin-shelled MBs and tumor cells. Combining a radiation force and cavitation yields an apoptosis rate of 31.3%. This in vitro study found that non-antibody-conjugated albumin-shelled MBs provide a useful method of drug delivery. Further in vivo studies of the roles of albumin MBs and TGF-β in different stages of cancer are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yueh-Hsun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Hsin
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tien-Kuei
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: paichi@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Pai-Chi
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002214:Capsules / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D006801:Humans; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002214:Capsules; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D017239:Paclitaxel
keywords: Albumin-shelled microbubbles; Cavitation; Paclitaxel; Radiation force; Transforming growth factor β(1)