title: Update: the status of clinical trials with kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid cancer is usually cured by timely thyroidectomy; however, the treatment of patients with advanced disease is challenging because their tumors are mostly unresponsive to conventional therapies. Recently, the malignancy has attracted much interest for two reasons: the dramatic increase in its incidence over the last three decades, and the discovery of the genetic mutations or chromosomal rearrangements causing most histological types of thyroid cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This update reviews the molecular genetics of thyroid cancer and the clinical trials evaluating kinase inhibitors (KIs) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. The update also reviews studies in other malignancies, which have identified mechanisms of efficacy, and also resistance, to specific KIs. This information has been critical both to the development of effective second-generation drugs and to the design of combinatorial therapeutic regimens. Finally, the update addresses the major challenges facing clinicians who seek to develop more effective therapy for patients with thyroid cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PubMed was searched from January 2000 to November 2013 using the following terms: thyroid cancer, treatment of thyroid cancer, clinical trials in thyroid cancer, small molecule therapeutics, kinase inhibitors, and next generation sequencing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new era in cancer therapy has emerged based on the introduction of KIs for the treatment of patients with liquid and solid organ malignancies. Patients with thyroid cancer have benefited from this advance and will continue to do so with the development of drugs having greater specificity and with the implementation of clinical trials of combined therapeutics to overcome drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Genetics Branch (S.A.W.), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (M.S.), Universita' di Napoli "Federico II," 80131 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santoro
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors