title: Quantification of facial movements by optical instruments: surface laser scanning and optoelectronic three-dimensional motion analyzer.
abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of displacements of tracing landmarks in standardized facial movements. Forty healthy persons were evaluated in 2 different groups (20 men and 20 women, aged 18-30 years) with optoelectronic motion analyzer and surface laser scanning. The displacements of tracing landmarks in brow lift and smile were calculated, and the 2 methods (optoelectronic motion analyzer and surface laser scanning) were compared in healthy persons. Side-related differences were found in the tracing landmark (superciliare) during brow lift movements between both methods (the largest movements were found on the right side, P = 0.044), whereas in smile movements the tracing landmark cheilion did not show significant differences between the 2 sides. In both movements, the differences of the tracing landmark displacements between the 2 systems and sexes were on average less than 2 mm, without statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). In conclusion, normal young adult men and women had similar standardized facial movements. The 2 analyzed movements can be measured by both optical instruments with comparable results.
authors.affiliation: From the *Functional Anatomy Research Center, Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic Apparatus, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Faculty of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; †Department of Science of Public Health and Pediatrics, Legal Medicine Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and §Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Fernanda Vincia
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Sidequersky
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verzé
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mapelli
authors.forename: Guglielmo Amedeo
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ramieri
authors.forename: Chiarella
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sforza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000502:physiology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D012904:Smiling; D055815:Young Adult