title: The national response for preventing healthcare-associated infections: system capacity and sustainability for improvement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strengthening capacity across the healthcare system for improvement is critical to ensuring that past efforts and investments establish a foundation for sustaining progress in patient safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this analysis was to identify key system capacity issues for sustainability from evaluation of the Action Plan to prevent healthcare-associated infections, a major national initiative launched by the US Department of Health and Human Services in 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis involves the review and synthesis of results across the components of a 3-year evaluation of the Action Plan, as described in the evaluation framework and detailed in separate analyses elsewhere in this special issue. Data collection methods included interviews with government and private stakeholders, document and literature reviews, and observations of meetings and conferences at multiple time points.
  
  
  METHODS
  Key developments in healthcare-associated infection prevention system capacity were extracted on the basis of "major activities" identified through multiple methods and organized into the level of progress based on perspectives of multiple stakeholders. Activities within each level were then examined and compared according to our evaluation's framework of 4 system functions and 5 system properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Key system capacity and sustainability issues for the Action Plan to be addressed centered on coordination and alignment (among participating agencies, with other federal initiatives, and across levels of healthcare), infrastructure for data and accountability (including more efficient technologies and unintended consequences), cultural embedding of prevention practices, and uncertainty and variability in resources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustainability depends on improvements across system functions and properties and how they reinforce each other. Change is more robust if different system elements support and incentivize behavior in similar directions.
authors.affiliation: *RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA †IMPAQ International, Columbia, MD ‡Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mendel
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: Kristin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Leuschner
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014481:United States; D014483:United States Dept. of Health and Human Services / Q000458:organization & administration