title: Glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia: a review of proton MRS findings.
abstract: The last fifteen years have seen a great increase in our understanding of the role of glutamate in schizophrenia (SCZ). The glutamate hypothesis focuses on disturbances in brain glutamatergic pathways and impairment in signaling at glutamate receptors. Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is an MR-based technique that affords investigators the ability to study glutamate function by measuring in vivo glutamatergic indices in the brains of individuals with SCZ. (1)H-MRS studies have been performed comparing glutamatergic levels of individuals with SCZ and healthy control subjects or studying the effect of antipsychotic medications on glutamatergic levels. In this article we summarize the results of these studies by brain region. We will review the contribution of (1)H-MRS studies to our knowledge about glutamatergic abnormalities in the brains of individuals with SCZ and discuss the implications for future research and clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Eline M P
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Poels
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kegeles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kantrowitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Javitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Anissa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abi-Dargham
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: rg2290@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Ragy R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Girgis
mesh_terms: D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011522:Protons; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D018698:Glutamic Acid
keywords: Glutamate; Glutamine; Glx; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS); NMDA; Schizophrenia