title: Nasal swab samples and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays in community-based, longitudinal studies of respiratory viruses: the importance of sample integrity and quality control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carefully conducted, community-based, longitudinal studies are required to gain further understanding of the nature and timing of respiratory viruses causing infections in the population. However, such studies pose unique challenges for field specimen collection, including as we have observed the appearance of mould in some nasal swab specimens. We therefore investigated the impact of sample collection quality and the presence of visible mould in samples upon respiratory virus detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anterior nasal swab samples were collected from infants participating in an ongoing community-based, longitudinal, dynamic birth cohort study. The samples were first collected from each infant shortly after birth and weekly thereafter. They were then mailed to the laboratory where they were catalogued, stored at -80°C and later screened by PCR for 17 respiratory viruses. The quality of specimen collection was assessed by screening for human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using endogenous retrovirus 3 (ERV3). The impact of ERV3 load upon respiratory virus detection and the impact of visible mould observed in a subset of swabs reaching the laboratory upon both ERV3 loads and respiratory virus detection was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 4933 nasal swabs were received in the laboratory. ERV3 load in nasal swabs was associated with respiratory virus detection. Reduced respiratory virus detection (odds ratio 0.35; 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.44) was observed in samples where the ERV3 could not be identified. Mould was associated with increased time of samples reaching the laboratory and reduced ERV3 loads and respiratory virus detection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suboptimal sample collection and high levels of visible mould can impact negatively upon sample quality. Quality control measures, including monitoring human DNA loads using ERV3 as a marker for epithelial cell components in samples should be undertaken to optimize the validity of real-time PCR results for respiratory virus investigations in community-based studies.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4029, Australia. a.alsaleh@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Asma N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Alsaleh
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Whiley
authors.forename: Seweryn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bialasiewicz
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Nissen
authors.forename: Theo P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Sloots
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grimwood
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses; D005658:Fungi; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011786:Quality Control; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000821:virology*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000592:standards*; D014780:Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA