title: Anatomy of the veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the anatomy of the veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb, particularly the calf pump, the most powerful of the lower limb, and to confirm its crucial importance in venous return.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 400 cadaveric limbs were injected with green Neoprene latex followed by an anatomical dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The foot pump is the starter of the venous return. The calf pump can be divided into two anatomical parts: the leg pump located in the veins of the soleus muscle and the popliteal pump ending in the popliteal vein with the unique above-knee collector of the medial gastrocnemial veins. At the leg level, the lateral veins of the soleus are the bigger ones. They drain vertically into the fibular veins. The medial veins of the soleus, smaller, join the posterior tibial veins horizontally. At the popliteal level, medial gastrocnemial veins are the largest veins, which end uniquely as a large collector into the popliteal vein above the knee joint. This explains the power of the gastrocnemial pump: during walking, the high speed of the blood ejection during each muscular systole acts like a nozzle creating a powerful jet into the popliteal vein. This also explains the aspiration (Venturi) effect on the deep veins below. Finally, the thigh pump of the semimembranosus muscles pushes the blood of the deep femoral vein together with the quadriceps veins into the common femoral vein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb create a chain of events by their successive activation during walking. They play the role of a peripheral heart, which combined with venous valves serve to avoid gravitational reflux during muscular diastole. A stiffness of the ankle or/and the dispersion of the collectors inside the gastrocnemius could impair this powerful pump and so worsen venous return, causing development of severe chronic venous insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: URDIA Anatomy Research Unit, Paris Descartes University, Paris jeanfrancois.uhl@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.affiliation: URDIA Anatomy Research Unit, Paris Descartes University, Paris.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gillot
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply*; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: CVD; Venous anatomy; calf pump; gastrocnemial veins; semimembranosus; soleus veins; veno-muscular pumps