title: Induction of apoptosis in hormone refractory breast cancer: horizontal modulation is superior to vertical.
abstract: Women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer receive treatment with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant hormone therapy, but their tumors frequently exhibit de novo or acquired resistance. Current strategies being developed to overcome resistance involve a combination of growth factor pathway inhibitors in addition to hormone therapy. Unfortunately, prolongation of responses with these new approaches is measured only in months. We reasoned that a pro-apoptotic strategy would be preferable since cell death would abrogate the process of adaptive reprogramming and eliminate the resistant cells rather than inhibiting their growth. Our hypothesis was that combinations of pro-apoptotic agents could be designed that would act synergistically as opposed to a merely additively. We examined two model strategies to determine which would result in the greatest synergy: a vertical approach that involved the targeting of two or more steps in a single pathway and a horizontal one, targeting steps in more than one parallel pathway. We found that combinations involving horizontal activation resulted in greater synergy than vertical. Combination index and isobologram analyses revealed that the horizontal combination of the small molecule 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide (CMH) along with T-DM1 displayed the strongest synergy for inducing apoptosis in hormone refractory breast cancer cells. Both the reprogrammed, hormone resistant cells and the wild type responded to certain combinations with synergistic enhancement of apoptosis. These data suggest that combinations using T-DM1 are promising for further in vivo studies both in xenografts and in patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Ji-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Weitao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Santen
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Aiyar
mesh_terms: D000080044:Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008453:Maytansine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009934:Organization and Administration; D000068878:Trastuzumab
chemical_list: C554680:4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D008453:Maytansine; D004958:Estradiol; D000068878:Trastuzumab; D000080044:Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine