title: Emergency department waiting times: Do the raw data tell the whole story?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there are real differences in emergency department (ED) performance between Australian states and territories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of 2009-10 attendances at an ED contributing to the Australian non-admitted patient ED care database. The main outcome measure was difference in waiting time across triage categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were more than 5.8 million ED attendances. Raw ED waiting times varied by a range of factors including jurisdiction, triage category, geographic location and hospital peer group. All variables were significant in a model designed to test the effect of jurisdiction on ED waiting times, including triage category, hospital peer group, patient socioeconomic status and patient remoteness. When the interaction between triage category and jurisdiction entered the model, it was found to have a significant effect on ED waiting times (P<0.001) and triage was also significant (P<0.001). Jurisdiction was no longer statistically significant (P=0.248 using all triage categories and 0.063 using only Australian Triage Scale 2 and 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the Council of Australian Governments has adopted raw measures for its key ED performance indicators, raw waiting time statistics are misleading. There are no consistent differences in ED waiting times between states and territories after other factors are accounted for. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE TOPIC? The length of time patients wait to be treated after presenting at an ED is routinely used to measure ED performance. In national health agreements with the federal government, each state and territory in Australia is expected to meet waiting time performance targets for the five ED triage categories. The raw data indicate differences in performance between states and territories. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD? Measuring ED performance using raw data gives misleading results. There are no consistent differences in ED waiting times between the states and territories after other factors are taken into account. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTITIONERS? Judgements regarding differences in performance across states and territories for triage waiting times need to take into account the mix of patients and the mix of hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Australian Health Services Research Institute, Sydney Business School, iC Enterprise 1, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: , .
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Australian Health Services Research Institute, Sydney Business School, iC Enterprise 1, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: , .
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dawber
authors.affiliation: Australian Health Services Research Institute, Sydney Business School, iC Enterprise 1, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: , .
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masso
authors.affiliation: Australian Health Services Research Institute, Sydney Business School, iC Enterprise 1, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: , .
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eagar
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013997:Time Factors; D061665:Time-to-Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*