title: Global mercury emissions from combustion in light of international fuel trading.
abstract: The spatially resolved emission inventory is essential for understanding the fate of mercury. Previous global mercury emission inventories for fuel combustion sources overlooked the influence of fuel trading on local emission estimates of many countries, mostly developing countries, for which national emission data are not available. This study demonstrates that in many countries, the mercury content of coal and petroleum locally consumed differ significantly from those locally produced. If the mercury content in locally produced fuels were used to estimate emission, then the resulting global mercury emissions from coal and petroleum would be overestimated by 4.7 and 72%, respectively. Even higher misestimations would exist in individual countries, leading to strong spatial bias. On the basis of the available data on fuel trading and an updated global fuel consumption database, a new mercury emission inventory for 64 combustion sources has been developed. The emissions were mapped at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution for 2007 and at country resolution for a period from 1960 to 2006. The estimated global total mercury emission from all combustion sources (fossil fuel, biomass fuel, solid waste, and wildfires) in 2007 was 1454 Mg (1232-1691 Mg as interquartile range from Monte Carlo simulation), among which elementary mercury (Hg(0)), divalent gaseous mercury (Hg(2+)), and particulate mercury (Hg(p)) were 725, 548, and 181 Mg, respectively. The total emission from anthropogenic sources, excluding wildfires, was 1040 Mg (886-1248 Mg), with coal combustion contributing more than half. Globally, total annual anthropogenic mercury emission from combustion sources increased from 285 Mg (263-358 Mg) in 1960 to 1040 Mg (886-1248 Mg) in 2007, owing to an increased fuel consumption in developing countries. However, mercury emissions from developed countries have decreased since 2000.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yilin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Huizhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yuanchen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bengang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xilong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wenxin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Raymond M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Coveney
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis; D003132:Commerce; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000032:analysis; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D056804:Biofuels; D003031:Coal; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D008628:Mercury