title: How to explain exercise-induced phenotype from molecular data: rethink and reconstruction based on AMPK and mTOR signaling.
abstract: During endurance and resistance exercise training, AMPK and mTOR signaling were known as selective pathways implicating the differentiation of exercise-induced phenotype in skeletal muscle. Among the previous studies, however, the differences in exercise protocol, the individuality and the genetic heterogeneity within species make it difficult to reach a consistent conclusion in the roles of AMPK and mTOR signaling. In this review, we aim not to reanalyze the previous articles and present the research progress of AMPK and mTOR signaling in exercise, but to propose an abstract general hypothesis for exercise-induced phenotype. Generally, exercise- induced skeletal muscle phenotype is independent of one and a few genes, proteins and signaling pathways. Convergent adaptation will better summarize the specificity of skeletal muscle phenotype in response to a single mode of exercise. Backward adaptation will open a new concept to illustrate the process of exercise-induced adaptation, such as mitochondrial quality control and muscle mass homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China ; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China.
authors.forename: Zhengtang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200438 China.
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China ; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China.
authors.forename: Shuzhe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ding
keywords: AMPK; Endurance; Exercise; Phenotype; Resistance; Skeletal muscle; mTOR