title: Percutaneous microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to large vessels: a long-term follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) adjacent to large vessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 2006 to February 2013, 452 patients with 605 HCC nodules were treated with US-guided percutaneous MWA. Into large vessels group (Group L), 139 patients with 163 lesions (diameter, 1.0-7.0 cm; mean, 2.5±1.1 cm) located less than 5mm away from large vessels were enrolled. And 313 patients with 442 lesions (diameter, 1.0-8.0 cm; mean, 2.5±1.2 cm) located more than 5mm away from hepatic surface, large vessels, gallbladder and gastrointestinal tract were included in control group (Group C). During the ablation, the temperature of marginal ablation tissues was monitored and controlled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up time was 24.5 months (range 2.1-87.7 months) in Group L, and 25.7 months (range 1.6-93.9 months) in Group C. Technical effectiveness was achieved in 157 of 163 (96.3%) tumors in Group L and 429 of 442 (97.1%) tumors in Group C, respectively (p>0.05). The 1-, 3- and 5-year local tumor progression rates and the 1-, 3- and 5-year accumulative survival rates in the two groups have no significantly statistical differences. In addition, no immediate or periprocedural major complications, no delayed complication of vessels or bile ducts injury were found in both of the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With strict temperature monitoring, US-guided percutaneous MWA is an efficient and safe technology in treating hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to large vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China. Electronic address: huangshijia715@163.com.
authors.forename: Shijia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China. Electronic address: yu-jie301@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China. Electronic address: liangping301@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China. Electronic address: dyuxl301@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China. Electronic address: qlczg@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China. Electronic address: hanzhiyu301@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhiyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: No. 135, Shengli East Road, Huanglong District, Puyang City, Henan Province 475000, China. Electronic address: Lqy9915@163.com.
authors.forename: Qinying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries
keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Large vessels; Microwave ablation; Percutaneous ethanol injection; Radiofrequency; Ultrasound