title: Coil design considerations for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the field characteristics and design tradeoffs of coils for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We simulated parametrically two dTMS coil designs on a spherical head model using the finite element method, and compare them with five commercial TMS coils, including two that are FDA approved for the treatment of depression (ferromagnetic-core figure-8 and H1 coil).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smaller coils have a focality advantage over larger coils; however, this advantage diminishes with increasing target depth. Smaller coils have the disadvantage of producing stronger field in the superficial cortex and requiring more energy. When the coil dimensions are large relative to the head size, the electric field decay in depth becomes linear, indicating that, at best, the electric field attenuation is directly proportional to the depth of the target. Ferromagnetic cores improve electrical efficiency for targeting superficial brain areas; however magnetic saturation reduces the effectiveness of the core for deeper targets, especially for highly focal coils. Distancing winding segments from the head, as in the H1 coil, increases the required stimulation energy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among standard commercial coils, the double cone coil offers high energy efficiency and balance between stimulated volume and superficial field strength. Direct TMS of targets at depths of ~4 cm or more results in superficial stimulation strength that exceeds the upper limit in current rTMS safety guidelines. Approaching depths of ~6 cm is almost certainly unsafe considering the excessive superficial stimulation strength and activated brain volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coil design limitations and tradeoffs are important for rational and safe exploration of dTMS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Zhi-De
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lisanby
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: angel.peterchev@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Angel V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Peterchev
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design / Q000592:standards; D004869:Equipment Safety / Q000592:standards*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards
keywords: Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation; Electric field; Energy; Focality; Model