title: The locust genome provides insight into swarm formation and long-distance flight.
abstract: Locusts are one of the world's most destructive agricultural pests and represent a useful model system in entomology. Here we present a draft 6.5 Gb genome sequence of Locusta migratoria, which is the largest animal genome sequenced so far. Our findings indicate that the large genome size of L. migratoria is likely to be because of transposable element proliferation combined with slow rates of loss for these elements. Methylome and transcriptome analyses reveal complex regulatory mechanisms involved in microtubule dynamic-mediated synapse plasticity during phase change. We find significant expansion of gene families associated with energy consumption and detoxification, consistent with long-distance flight capacity and phytophagy. We report hundreds of potential insecticide target genes, including cys-loop ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors and lethal genes. The L. migratoria genome sequence offers new insights into the biology and sustainable management of this pest species, and will promote its wide use as a model system.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Xianhui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Pengcheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Xuanting
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Dejian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Bolei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Jianing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Yundan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Xuesong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Meiling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Shuguang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Zongyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Yabing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Dingding
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Yuanxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Junwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Guanxing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Jinmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Qiye
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Guojie
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Yingrui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Baoli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005426:Flight, Animal; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D049750:Genome, Insect / Q000235:genetics*; D048188:Locusta migratoria / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements