title: Virus-specific antibody secreting cell, memory B-cell, and sero-antibody responses in the human influenza challenge model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibodies play a major role in the protection against influenza virus in human. However, the antibody level is usually short-lived and the cellular mechanisms underlying influenza virus-specific antibody response to acute infection remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the kinetics and magnitude of influenza virus-specific B-cell and serum antibody responses in relation to virus replication during the course of influenza infection in healthy adult volunteers who were previously seronegative and experimentally infected with seasonal influenza H1N1 A/Brisbane/59/07 virus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data demonstrated a robust expansion of the virus-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and memory B cells in the peripheral blood, which correlated with both the throat viral load and the duration of viral shedding. The ASC response was obviously detected on day 7 post-infection when the virus was completely cleared from nasal samples, and serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies were still undetectable. On day 28 postinfection, influenza virus-specific B cells were further identified from the circulating compartment of isotype-switched B cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virus-specific ASCs could be the earliest marker of B-cell response to a new flu virus infection, such as H7N9 in humans.
authors.affiliation: Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kuan-Ying Arthur
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chris Ka-Fai
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clutterbuck
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chui
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oxford
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lambkin-Williams
authors.forename: Tzou-Yien
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McMichael
authors.forename: Xiao-Ning
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D018448:Models, Immunological; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7 / Q000276:immunology; D019562:Viral Load / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7
keywords: B cells; human challenge model; influenza A virus