title: Survey and Systematic Literature Review of Probiotics Stocked in Academic Medical Centers within the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Probiotics have a wide variation in their effectiveness in preventing or treating conditions due to the varying beneficial effects of specific probiotic strains. In other words, there is no "generic equivalency" between different probiotic species. However, it is has been noted that many practitioners consider probiotics in generic terms and may not realize the impact of these differences between probiotics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to identify probiotics used in US academic medical centers and to determine whether those probiotics were supported by a reliable evidence base.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phone survey of 126 inpatient pharmacies in US academic medical centers was conducted to determine which probiotics were stocked. A systematic search was conducted to identify relevant studies that were then critically evaluated to determine whether the identified probiotics are supported by a reliable evidence base.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 90.5% (114/126) response rate of academic medical centers that were contacted through the phone survey. Ten probiotic products were identified through the phone survey. The probiotic most often stocked in academic medical centers was Culturelle (27.2%) followed by Lactinex (25.4%). The systematic search identified evidence that evaluated Culturelle, Florastor, Lactinex, and VSL #3. Of those 4 probiotics, none were supported by a strong evidence base. However, the results suggested that both Culturelle and Florastor appear to be supported by more evidence compared to other probiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A majority of academic medical centers did not stock a probiotic that was supported by a reliable evidence base.
authors.affiliation: Fellow, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice, Instructor of Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska;
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Pharmacy Practice, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice, Creighton University;
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: Fellow, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice, Instructor of Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska;
authors.forename: Darren J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Pharmacy Practice, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice, Creighton University;
authors.forename: Zara Risoldi
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.affiliation: Director, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice, Associate Professor, Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University. Corresponding author: Andrew M. Abe, PharmD, School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178; e-mail: abemasator@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amy F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Wilson
keywords: dietary supplements; health care survey; hospital formularies; probiotics