title: Sodium intake in a cross-sectional, representative sample of New York City adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We estimated sodium intake, which is associated with elevated blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and assessed its association with related variables among New York City adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2010 we conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey of 1656 adults, the Heart Follow-Up Study, that collected self-reported health information, measured blood pressure, and obtained sodium, potassium, and creatinine values from 24-hour urine collections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean daily sodium intake was 3239 milligrams per day; 81% of participants exceeded their recommended limit. Sodium intake was higher in non-Hispanic Blacks (3477 mg/d) and Hispanics (3395 mg/d) than in non-Hispanic Whites (3066 mg/d; both P < .05). Higher sodium intake was associated with higher blood pressure in adjusted models, and this association varied by race/ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher sodium intake among non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics than among Whites was not previously documented in population surveys relying on self-report. These results demonstrate the feasibility of 24-hour urine collection for the purposes of research, surveillance, and program evaluation.
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, Sonia Y. Angell, Stella Yi, Christine J. Curtis, and Lynn D. Silver were with the Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention; Donna Eisenhower, Bonnie D. Kerker, and Katherine Bartley were with the Bureau of Epidemiology Services; and Thomas A. Farley was with the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Sonia Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Angell
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eisenhower
authors.forename: Bonnie D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kerker
authors.forename: Christine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bartley
authors.forename: Lynn D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Farley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D003404:Creatinine; D011188:Potassium