title: The national response for preventing healthcare-associated infections: research and adoption of prevention practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have long been the subject of research and prevention practice. When findings show potential to significantly impact outcomes, clinicians, policymakers, safety experts, and stakeholders seek to bridge the gap between research and practice by identifying mechanisms and assigning responsibility for translating research to practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes progress and challenges in HAI research and prevention practices, as explained through an examination of Health and Human Services (HHS) Action Plan's goals, inputs, and implementation in each area.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Context-Input-Process-Product evaluation model, together with an HAI prevention system framework, to assess the transformative processes associated with HAI research and adoption of prevention practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since the introduction of the Action Plan, HHS has made substantial progress in prioritizing research projects, translating findings from those projects into practice, and designing and implementing research projects in multisite practice settings. Research has emphasized the basic science and epidemiology of HAIs, the identification of gaps in research, and implementation science. The basic, epidemiological, and implementation science communities have joined forces to better define mechanisms and responsibilities for translating HAI research into practice. Challenges include the ongoing need for better evidence about intervention effectiveness, the growing implementation burden on healthcare providers and organizations, and challenges implementing certain practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although these HAI research and prevention practice activities are complex spanning multiple system functions and properties, HHS is making progress so that the right methods for addressing complex HAI problems at the interface of patient safety and clinical practice can emerge.
authors.affiliation: *RAND Corporation, Santa Monica †David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA ‡IMPAQ International, Columbia, MD.
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mendel
authors.forename: Kristin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Leuschner
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hiatt
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Weinberg
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006291:Health Policy; D006292:Health Priorities; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D016730:Program Development; D014481:United States; D014483:United States Dept. of Health and Human Services / Q000458:organization & administration