title: The link between intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor injections and glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the reports of both transient and sustained elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP) associated with intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents and to review the possible mechanisms for these findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient elevation in IOP is common after intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents. Sustained IOP elevation is less commonly seen but can require medical and/or surgical intervention. The mechanism for sustained IOP elevation is not well understood but has been attributed to trabecular meshwork injury from repeated injections, a potential toxic or inflammatory reaction after exposure to the biologic agents and/or vehicle, or mechanical blockade of the trabecular meshwork by protein aggregates or contaminant particles associated with packaging and injection techniques, among other potential causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections are commonly used to treat neovascular diseases of the eye. Although they have a favorable side-effect profile, their use can be associated with both transient and sustained elevation in IOP. Further research is necessary to determine the cause of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: SooHoo
authors.forename: Leonard K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Seibold
authors.forename: Malik Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kahook
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A