title: Vanishing clams on an Iberian beach: local consequences and global implications of accelerating loss of shells to tourism.
abstract: Multi-decadal increase in shell removal by tourists, a process that may accelerate degradation of natural habitats, was quantified via two series of monthly surveys, conducted thirty years apart (1978-1981 and 2008-2010) in one small embayment on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Over the last three decades, the local tourist arrivals have increased almost three-fold (2.74), while the area has remained unaffected by urban encroachment and commercial fisheries. During the same time interval the abundance of mollusk shells along the shoreline decreased by a comparable factor (2.62) and was significantly and negatively correlated with tourist arrivals (r = -0.52). The strength of the correlation increased when data were restricted to months with high tourist arrivals (r = -0.72). In contrast, the maximum monthly wave energy (an indirect proxy for changes in rate of onshore shell transport) was not significantly correlated with shell abundance (r = 0.10). Similarly, rank dominance of common species, drilling predation intensity, and body size-frequency distribution patterns have all remained stable over recent decades. A four-fold increase in global tourist arrivals over the last 30 years may have induced a comparable worldwide acceleration in shell removal from marine shorelines, resulting in multiple, currently unquantifiable, habitat changes such as increased beach erosion, changes in calcium carbonate recycling, and declines in diversity and abundance of organisms, which are dependent on shell availability.
authors.affiliation: Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kowalewski
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat and Departament d'Estratigrafia, Paleontologia i Geociències Marines, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Domènech
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat and Departament d'Estratigrafia, Paleontologia i Geociències Marines, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinell
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005843:Geography; D038622:Internationality; D009929:Organ Size; D012621:Seasons; D013030:Spain; D013045:Species Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014195:Travel; D014872:Water Movements