title: Semi-automated left ventricular segmentation based on a guide point model approach for 3D cine DENSE cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most time consuming and limiting step in three dimensional (3D) cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) MR image analysis is the demarcation of the left ventricle (LV) from its surrounding anatomical structures. The aim of this study is to implement a semi-automated segmentation algorithm for 3D cine DENSE CMR using a guide point model approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3D mathematical model is fitted to guide points which were interactively placed along the LV borders at a single time frame. An algorithm is presented to robustly propagate LV epicardial and endocardial surfaces of the model using the displacement information encoded in the phase images of DENSE data. The accuracy, precision and efficiency of the algorithm are tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model-defined contours show good accuracy when compared to the corresponding manually defined contours as similarity coefficients Dice and Jaccard consist of values above 0.7, while false positive and false negative measures show low percentage values. This is based on a measure of segmentation error on intra- and inter-observer spatial overlap variability. The segmentation algorithm offers a 10-fold reduction in the time required to identify LV epicardial and endocardial borders for a single 3D DENSE data set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A semi-automated segmentation method has been developed for 3D cine DENSE CMR. The algorithm allows for contouring of the first cardiac frame where blood-myocardium contrast is almost nonexistent and reduces the time required to segment a 3D DENSE data set significantly.
authors.affiliation: MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. daniel.auger@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Auger
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Frederick H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Ernesta M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Meintjes
authors.forename: Bruce S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Spottiswoode
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D055815:Young Adult