title: Predictors of minor versus major stroke during carotid artery stenting: results from the carotid artery stenting (CAS) registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhausärzte (ALKK).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient outcome, quality of life as well as health care costs differ between patients with minor versus major stroke during carotid artery stenting. Evaluation of predictors for both subtypes of strokes is of paramount importance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed data from the prospective, web-based German carotid artery stenting (CAS) registry. All patients entered in this registry were included as of January 2011. During the periprocedural period (until patient discharge or transfer) 1.5 % of the patients (85/5,794) sustained a major and 1.3 % (75/5,784) a minor stroke (total periprocedural stroke rate 2.8 %). Mean age of all patients was 71 years, 72 % were male and 50 % had a symptomatic carotid stenosis. Regression analysis identified age (OR 1.44; 95 % CI 1.05-1.98), symptomatic stenosis (OR 3.17; 95 % CI 1.74-5.76) and procedural duration per 10 min (OR 1.22; 95 % CI 1.13-1.31) as independent predictors for major strokes. Age (OR 1.43; 95 % CI 1.03-1.98), diabetes (OR 1.75; 95 % CI 1.04-2.94), and procedural duration (OR 1.17; 95 % CI 1.08-1.27) predicted for minor strokes. The use of an embolic protection device significantly prevented both type of strokes (OR 0.31; 95 % CI 0.15-0.62 for major strokes; OR 0.40; 95 % CI 0.18-0.91 for minor strokes), female patients suffered less major strokes (OR 0.47; 95 % CI 0.24-0.92). Moreover, minor and major strokes were associated with death, contralateral embolism and a longer hospital stay more frequently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with one or more risk factors for periprocedural stroke seem to require special attention in terms of optimal preprocedural assessment of the carotid stenosis and vascular anatomy, as well as adequate patient preparation. Identifying these risk factors may help in patient selection, encourage further refinement in carotid artery stenting technique and avoid procedural complications. The use of an embolic protection device system was associated with less periprocedural minor and major strokes.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kardiologie, Pneumologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Neuperlach, Oskar-Maria-Graf-Ring 51, 81737, Munich, Germany, stephan.staubach@klinikum-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Staubach
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hein-Rothweiler
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hochadel
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Segerer
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zahn
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Gotthard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riess
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seggewiss
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fürste
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gottkehaskamp
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mudra
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014463:Ultrasonography