title: Imaging dynamic redox processes with genetically encoded probes.
abstract: Redox signalling plays an important role in many aspects of physiology, including that of the cardiovascular system. Perturbed redox regulation has been associated with numerous pathological conditions; nevertheless, the causal relationships between redox changes and pathology often remain unclear. Redox signalling involves the production of specific redox species at specific times in specific locations. However, until recently, the study of these processes has been impeded by a lack of appropriate tools and methodologies that afford the necessary redox species specificity and spatiotemporal resolution. Recently developed genetically encoded fluorescent redox probes now allow dynamic real-time measurements, of defined redox species, with subcellular compartment resolution, in intact living cells. Here we discuss the available genetically encoded redox probes in terms of their sensitivity and specificity and highlight where uncertainties or controversies currently exist. Furthermore, we outline major goals for future probe development and describe how progress in imaging methodologies will improve our ability to employ genetically encoded redox probes in a wide range of situations. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Redox Signalling in the Cardiovascular System."
authors.affiliation: Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ezeriņa
authors.affiliation: Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: t.dick@dkfz.de.
authors.forename: Tobias P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Dick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Genetically encoded redox probes; Hydrogen peroxide; Superoxide; cpYFP; roGFP