title: Genomic architecture of HIV-1 infection: current status & challenges.
abstract: Studies on host genomics have revealed the existence of identifiable HIV-1 specific protective factors among infected individuals who remain naturally resistant viraemia controllers with little or no evidence of virus replication. These factors are broadly grouped into those that are immune associated (MHC, chemokines, cytokines, CTLs and others), linked to viral entry (chemokine co-receptors and ligands), act as post-entry restriction elements (TRIM5a, APOBEC3) and those associated with viral replication (cytokines and others). These features have been identified through multiple experimental approaches ranging from candidate gene approaches, genome wide association studies (GWAS), expression analysis in conjunction with functional assays in humans to primate based models. Several studies have highlighted the individual and population level gross differences both in the viral clade sequences as well as host determined genetic associations. This review collates current information on studies involving major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as well as non MHC genes in the context of HIV-1 infection and AIDS involving varied ethnic groups. Special focus of the review is on the genetic studies carried out on the Indian population. Further challenges with regard to therapeutic interventions based on current knowledge have been discussed along with discussion on documented cases of stem cell therapy and very early highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplant Immunology & Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Gurvinder
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Mrinali H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: Rhea A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Madhu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vajpayee
authors.forename: Naveet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wig
authors.forename: Surender K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Narinder K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Mehra
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D014766:Viremia / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines