title: Antifungal effect and mode of action of glochidioboside against Candida albicans membranes.
abstract: Glochidioboside was obtained from Sambucus williamsii and its biological effect has not been reported. Its antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi and the mode of action involved in its effect were examined. Glochidioboside exerted antifungal effect with almost no hemolytic effect against human erythrocytes. To understand its antifungal mechanisms, membrane studies were done. Using two dyes, 3,3'-dipropylthiacarbocyanine iodide [DiSC3(5)] and propidium iodide, membrane depolarization and permeabilization by glochidioboside were confirmed. Furthermore, the membrane-active mechanism was proven by synthesizing a model membrane, calcein-encapsulating large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), and also by observing the influx of different sized fluorescent dyes, such as calcein, FD4 and FD10, into the fungal cells. The membrane-active action was pore-forming action with radii between 1.4 and 2.3 nm. Finally, three dimensional (3D) flow cytometric analysis showed the shrinkage of the fungal cells from the membrane damage. In conclusion, this study suggests that glochidioboside exerts an antifungal activity through a membrane-disruptive mechanism.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heejeong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyemin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hae Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Rhan
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dglee222@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dong Gun
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D017705:Lignans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D027923:Sambucus / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005960:Glucosides; D017705:Lignans; D064209:Phytochemicals; C587819:glochidioboside
keywords: Antifungal activity; Glochidioboside; Membrane-disruptive action; Phytochemical