title: Quality Pain Management in Adult Hospitalized Patients: A Concept Evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the concept of quality pain management (QPM) in adult hospitalized patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pain is common in hospitalized patients, and pain management remains suboptimal in some settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A concept evaluation based on Morse et al.'s method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of more than 5,000 articles found, data were restricted to 37 selected key articles published in peer-reviewed journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from the selected articles and then synthesized according to the following: definition, characteristics, boundaries, preconditions, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QPM relates to the Structure: organizationally supported evidence-based policies, competent staff, interprofessional and specialized care, and staff accountability;
  
  
  METHODS
  screening, assessment/reassessment and communication of pain and its treatment, patient/family education, individualized evidence-based treatment, embedded in safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable services; and
  
  
  RESULTS
  reduced pain severity and functional interference, decreased prevalence/severity of adverse consequences from pain or pain treatment, and increase in patient satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QPM is a multifaceted concept that remains poorly defined in the literature. Studies should aim to develop valid, reliable, and operational measures of the pillars of QPM and to look at the relationship among these factors. Authors need to state how they define and what aspects of QPM they are measuring.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.|Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Sigridur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zoëga
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.|Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Sigridur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdottir
authors.affiliation: Medical Center, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Debra B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D059408:Pain Management / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011788:Quality of Life; D009626:Terminology as Topic
keywords: Pain management; quality improvement; quality indicator; quality of health care; quality of pain management; quality pain management