title: Plasma and vitreous fluid levels of Dickkopf-1 in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) is a secreted inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which plays a pathogenic role in diabetic retinopathy (DR). We aimed to investigate whether DKK-1 levels in the plasma and the vitreous are associated with DR in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study: plasma samples were collected from 125 type 2 DM including 81 DR (29 non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and 52 proliferative DR (PDR)), 44 non-DR patients (NDR), and 100 non-diabetic controls. Undiluted vitreous fluid samples were obtained from 30 PDR and 25 non-diabetic patients. DKK-1 concentrations in samples were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Variables were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and χ(2)-test, when appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma DKK-1 levels were significantly lower in DR patients (median: 465.77 pg/ml, range: 137.11-1190.31) than in non-diabetic controls (656.83 pg/ml, 171.63-1795.08; P<0.001) and NDR patients (693.04 pg/ml, 305.43-1218.35; P<0.001). Furthermore, DKK-1 levels were lower in PDR patients (425.21 pg/ml, 137.10-1077.32) compared with NPDR patients (594.86 pg/ml, 256.36-1393.27; P=0.003). Vitreous absolute DKK-1 levels in PDR patients (259.04 pg/ml, 104.44-596.96) were higher than in non-diabetic controls (138.26 pg/ml, 18.69-239.52; P<0.001). After normalizing by total vitreous protein concentrations, however, there was no significant difference between the groups. DKK-1 levels in vitreous were lower than those in plasma in both groups (P<0.001 for controls; P=0.002 for PDR patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased plasma DKK-1 levels, which may contribute to the Wnt pathway activation, are associated with the presence and progression of DR, and have potential to become a biomarker for DR.
authors.affiliation: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: 1] Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China [2] Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Xiamen Eye Center Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Xiamen Eye Center Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Xiamen Eye Center Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: J-X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C501126:DKK1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins