title: Botulinum toxin type a for the treatment of hyperkinetic lines of the face.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study sought to determine the efficacy of Botulinum toxin A (BTA) for the treatment of hyperkinetic lines of the face. Twenty three patients who were concerned for facial wrinkles and desiring correction are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  This clinical study evaluated the postoperative results of 23 patients who underwent treatment for facial wrinkles with BTA. Among the patients included in the study, 20 were males and remaining 3 were females. The age of the patients ranged from 27 to 46 years (mean 34.69 years) and the treatment was done in three different sessions and divided into 3 treatment subgroups of forehead, crow's feet, and glabellar wrinkles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the patients were followed up for a period of at least 6 months and graded for the response to treatment with BTA by the operator, observer and the patient independently using the facial wrinkle scale. The patient's satisfaction to the treatment was also noted on all the follow-up visits on the satisfaction scale and the results were subjected to statistical analysis using Kappa analysis, Chi-square test and T test. The results showed that the treatment of facial hyperkinetic lines with BTA is associated with few adverse events like pain on injection, transient headache, and mild change in facial appearance in subjects with high hair line which are not serious and thus safe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study support the use of BTA for the treatment of hyperkinetic lines of the face although further studies with more sample size are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, AME'S Dental College Hospital & Research Centre, Raichur, 584103 Karnataka India.
authors.forename: Dinesh Singh
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cariappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, AME'S Dental College Hospital & Research Centre, Raichur, 584103 Karnataka India.
authors.forename: Yadavalli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guruprasad
keywords: Botulinum toxin A; Face; Hyperkinetic lines