title: Transport of estradiol-17β-glucuronide, estrone-3-sulfate and taurocholate across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane: evidence for different transport systems.
abstract: Important reactions of drug metabolism, including UGT mediated glucuronidation and steroidsulfatase mediated hydrolysis of sulfates, take place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. Consequently, UGT generated glucuronides, like estradiol-17β-glucuronide, have to be translocated back into the cytoplasm to reach their site of excretion. Also steroidsulfatase substrates, including estrone-3-sulfate, have to cross the ER membrane to reach their site of hydrolysis. Based on their physicochemical properties such compounds are not favored for passive diffusion and therefore likely necessitate transport system(s) to cross the ER membrane in either direction. The current study aims to investigate the transport of taurocholate, estradiol-17β-glucuronide, and estrone-3-sulfate in smooth (SER) and rough (RER) endoplasmic reticulum membrane vesicles isolated from Wistar and TR(-) rat liver. Time-dependent and bidirectional transport was demonstrated for taurocholate, showing higher uptake rates in SER than RER vesicles. For estradiol-17β-glucuronide a fast time-dependent efflux with similar efficiencies from SER and RER but no clear protein-mediated uptake was shown, indicating an asymmetric transport system for this substrate. Estrone-3-sulfate uptake was time-dependent and higher in SER than in RER vesicles. Inhibition of steroidsulfatase mediated estrone-3-sulfate hydrolysis decreased estrone-3-sulfate uptake but had no effect on taurocholate or estradiol-17β-glucuronide transport. Based on inhibition studies and transport characteristics, three different transport mechanisms are suggested to be involved in the transport of taurocholate, estrone-3-sulfate and estradiol-17β-glucuronide across the ER membrane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: katrin@schlink.at.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wlcek
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: lia.hofstetter@usz.ch.
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: bstieger@kpt.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stieger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D018870:Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough / Q000378:metabolism; D018871:Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013656:Taurocholic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020719:Glucuronides; C025483:estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide; D004958:Estradiol; D013656:Taurocholic Acid
keywords: Biotransformation; Endoplasmic reticulum; Estradiol-17β-glucuronide; Estrone-3-sulfate; Liver; Transport