title: Detailed assessment of nutritional status and eating patterns in children with gastrointestinal diseases attending an outpatients clinic and contemporary healthy controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the era of modern multidisciplinary clinical management, very little is known about the prevalence and presentation of malnutrition in children with gastrointestinal disorders (GastroD) particularly employing composite, global measures of nutritional status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometry, body composition, dietary intake, eating habits and grip strength were assessed with bedside methods in 168 patients from outpatient gastroenterology clinics (n, median (IQR) years; Crohn's disease (CD): n=53, 14.2 (11.6:15.4); ulcerative colitis (UC): n=27, 12.2 (10.7:14.2); coeliac disease: n=31, 9.3 (7.5:13.6); other GastroD: n=57, 9.8 (7.2:13.8)) and compared with 62 contemporary healthy controls (n, median (IQR): 9.8 (6.9:13.8)) and the results of the recent UK, National Diet and Nutritional Survey (NDNS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with CD had lower BMI z-scores than controls (median (IQR): -0.3 (-0.9:0.4) vs 0.3 (-0.6:1.4); P=0.02) but only 2% were classified as thin (BMI z-score <-2 s.d.). The prevalence of obesity in children with UC was 19%, 6% in CD, 11% in children with other GastroD and 15% in controls. No difference was found in grip strength measurement between groups. Except for CD children, the proportion of patients with suboptimal micronutrient intake was similar to that of controls and the cohort of children from the latest NDNS. A higher proportion of children with CD had suboptimal intake for riboflavin, vitamin B6 and calcium and consumed significantly more meat products, juices (including carbonated drinks), spreads/jams and crisps and savoury snacks and significantly fewer portions of dairy, fish, fruits and vegetables compared with healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GastroD affect children's body composition, growth, strength, dietary intake and eating habits, particularly CD, but to a lesser extent than expected.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsiountsioura
authors.affiliation: 1] Human Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK [2] School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dimakou
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cardigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGrogan
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gerasimidis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D013851:Thinness / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients