title: A model of organisational dysfunction in the NHS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper explores the reasons for the sometimes seemingly irrational and dysfunctional organisational behaviour within the NHS. It seeks to provide possible answers to the persistent historical problem of intimidating and negative behaviour between staff, and the sometimes inadequate organisational responses. The aim is to develop a model to explain and increase understanding of such behaviour in the NHS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper is conceptual in nature based upon a systematic literature review. The concepts of organisational silence, normalised organisational corruption, and protection of image, provide some possible answers for these dysfunctional responses, as does the theory of selective moral disengagement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NHS exhibits too high a level of collective ego defences and protection of its image and self-esteem, which distorts its ability to address problems and to learn. Organisations and the individuals within them can hide and retreat from reality and exhibit denial; there is a resistance to voice and to "knowing". The persistence and tolerance of negative behaviour is a corruption and is not healthy or desirable. Organisations need to embrace the identity of a listening and learning organisation; a "wise" organisation. The "Elephant in the room" of persistent negative behaviour has to be acknowledged; the silence must be broken. There is a need for cultures of "respect", exhibiting "intelligent kindness".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A model has been developed to increase understanding of dysfunctional organisational behaviour in the NHS primarily for leaders/managers of health services, health service regulators and health researchers/academics. Research, with ethical approval, is currently being undertaken to test and develop the conceptual model to further reflect the complexities of the NHS culture.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. rachael.popel@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008503:Medical Staff / Q000523:psychology*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015279:Organizational Culture; D013222:State Medicine