title: Effect of different spectral transmittances through tinted animal cages on circadian metabolism and physiology in Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is synchronized by the light:dark cycle and is the master biologic clock that serves as a pacemaker to regulate circadian rhythms. We explored the hypothesis that spectral transmittance (tint) of light through caging alters circadian rhythms of endocrine and metabolic plasma constituents in nonpigmented Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (Crl:SD; n = 12 per group) were housed in a 12:12-h light:dark environment (300 lx; 123.0 μ W/cm(2); lights on, 0600) in either clear-, amber-, blue-, or red-tinted rodent cages. Blood was collected at 0400, 0800, 1200, 1600, 2000, and 2400 and measured for melatonin, total fatty acids, pH, glucose, lactic acid, corticosterone, insulin, and leptin. As expected, plasma melatonin levels were low during the light phase but higher during the dark phase in all groups; however, when compared with the clear-cage group, rats in amber-, blue-, and red-tinted cages had 29%, 74%, and 48%, respectively, greater total daily melatonin levels due to an increased duration and, in some cases, amplitude of the nocturnal melatonin signal. No differences were found in dietary and water intake, body growth rates, total fatty acids, pH, or glucose among groups. Disruptions in circadian rhythms, manifesting as alterations in phase timing, amplitude, or duration, occurred in the melatonin, lactic acid, corticosterone, insulin, and leptin levels of rats in tinted compared with clear cages. Therefore, the use of variously tinted animal cages significantly alters circadian rhythms in plasma measures of metabolism and physiology in laboratory rats, thus potentially altering the outcomes of scientific investigations.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Comparative Medicine, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA. mwren@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.affiliation: Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Dauchy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hanifin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jablonski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Warfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Brainard
authors.affiliation: Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Blask
authors.affiliation: Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Section of Laboratory Animal Medicine, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Tara G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Ooms
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Rudolf P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bohm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D008550:Melatonin; D003345:Corticosterone