title: Dose evaluation for skin and organ in hepatocellular carcinoma during angiographic procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the radiation dose in patients undergoing liver angiographic procedure and verify the usefulness of different dose measurements to prevent deterministic effects. Gafchromic film, MicroMOSFET data and DIAMENTOR device of the X-ray system were used to characterize the examined interventional radiology (IR) procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A liver embolization procedure, the SIRT (Selective Internal Radiation Therapy), was investigated. The exposure parameters from the DIAMENTOR as well as patient and geometrical data were registered. Entrance skin dose map obtained using Gafchromic film (ESDGAF) in a standard phantom as well as in 12 patients were used to calculate the maximum skin dose (MSDGAF). MicroMOSFETs were used to assess ESD in relevant points/areas. Moreover, the maximum value of five MicroMOSFETs array, due to the extension of treated area and to the relative distance of 2-3 cm of two adjacent MicroMOSFETs, was useful to predict the MSD without interfering with the clinical practice. PCXMC vers.1.5 was used to calculate effective dose (E) and equivalent dose (H).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean dose-area product (DAPDIAMENTOR) for SIRT procedures was 166 Gycm2, although a wide range was observed. The mean MSDGAF for SIRT procedures was 1090 mGy, although a wide range was experienced. A correlation was found between the MSDGAF measured on a patient and the DAPDIAMENTOR value for liver embolizations. MOSFET and Gafchromic data were in agreement within 5% in homogeneous area and within 20% in high dose gradient regions. The mean equivalent dose in critical organs was 89.8 mSv for kidneys, 22.9 mSv for pancreas, 20.2 mSv for small intestine and 21.0 mSv for spleen. Whereas the mean E was 3.7 mSv (range: 0.5-13.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gafchromic films result useful to study patient exposure and determine localization and amplitude of high dose skin areas to better predict the skin injuries. Then, DAPDIAMENTOR or MOSFET data could offer real-time methods, as on-line dose alert, to avoid any side effects during liver embolization with prolonged duration.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Alessio
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giliberti
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soriani
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carpanese
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pizzi
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vallati
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strigari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001918:Brachytherapy; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*