title: Optimization of the production of solid Witepsol nanoparticles loaded with rosmarinic acid.
abstract: During the last decade there has been a growing interest in the formulation of new food and nutraceutical products containing compounds with antioxidant activity. Unfortunately, due to their structure, certain compounds such as polyphenols, in particular rosmarinic acid (RA) are not stable and may interact easily with matrices in which they are incorporated. To overcome such limitations, the formulation of loaded polyphenols nanoparticles can offer an efficient solution to protect such compounds. Based on this rationale, the aim of this study was to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with RA using a hot melt ultrasonication method, where Witepsol H15 was used as lipid and Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) as surfactant, following a 3(2) fractional factorial design, resulting in the use of 3 different percentages of surfactant (viz. 1, 2 and 3%, v/v) and lipid (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, w/v). The stability of the nanoparticles systems were tested during 28 d in aqueous solution stored at refrigeration temperature (ca. 5 °C), tracking the mean particle size of different formulations by photon correlation spectroscopy. To confirm RA entrapment, thermal analyses of the nanoparticles by DSC and FTIR were performed. The association efficiencies percentages (AE%) were determined using HPLC to quantitatively assess the RA in supernatants. Results showed that Witepsol H15 produced nanoparticles with initial mean diameters between 270 and 1000 nm, yet over time, a slight increase occurred, but without occurrence of aggregation. The AE% showed a high percentage of encapsulation (ca. 99%), which reveals low polyphenol releases from SLNs throughout storage time. In general, results showed a successful production of SLNs with properties that can be used to food applications.
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Débora A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: rmadureira@porto.ucp.pt.
authors.forename: Ana Raquel
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Madureira
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, NewTherapies Group, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; CICS - Health Sciences Reseach Center, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde - Norte, Gandra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarmento
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: mpintado@porto.ucp.pt.
authors.forename: Maria Manuela
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pintado
mesh_terms: D002934:Cinnamates / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D053630:Depsides / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D055672:Static Electricity; D013696:Temperature; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid
chemical_list: D002934:Cinnamates; D053630:Depsides; D014280:Triglycerides; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid; C009683:witepsol
keywords: Optimization; Rosmarinic acid; SLNs; Witepsol