title: Safety, tolerability, and short-term efficacy of intravenous lidocaine infusions for the treatment of chronic pain in adolescents and young adults: a preliminary report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide pediatric care providers with insight into lidocaine infusions for analgesia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective review was conducted to describe lidocaine infusions for chronic refractory pain within the adolescent and young adult pain population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Although lidocaine infusions have been used for pain management in adults, their analgesic utility in the adolescent and young adult population is limited and so is the evidence for their efficacy and safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  After Institutional Board Review approval, a retrospective review of efficacy and safety data for analgesic use of lidocaine was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients received 58 infusions with 76% receiving relief where maximum relief was seen among patients with starting pain scores ≥6/10 (mean reduction 2.3 vs. 0.5, P value = 0.006) and when a patient had three or more infusions (mean reduction 1.7 compared with 1.2). No serious side effects were encountered, but only mild or moderate side effects that did not require any intervention. Incidence of tingling or numbness and nausea or vomiting seemed to correlate with total dose of lidocaine per kilogram body weight. Patients reported reduced pain scores (6.3 ± 2.3 to 4.6 ± 2.5 before compared with after the infusion [as mean ± standard deviation]) during 80% of infusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our limited experience suggests that lidocaine infusions are well tolerated in the adolescent and young adult pain population, with side effects resolving quickly with interruption or discontinuation of the infusion if necessary. Future studies are warranted to examine safety, efficacy, mechanism of actions, and its long-term impact on a developing central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Pagel
authors.forename: Anjana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kundu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001416:Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D002648:Child; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine
keywords: Adolescent; Chronic Pain; Local Anesthetics; Miscellaneous Pain; Morbidity; Outpatient