title: National pediatric anesthesia safety quality improvement program in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As pediatric anesthesia has become safer over the years, it is difficult to quantify these safety advances at any 1 institution. Safety analytics (SA) and quality improvement (QI) are used to study and achieve high levels of safety in nonhealth care industries. We describe the development of a multiinstitutional program in the United States, known as Wake-Up Safe (WUS), to determine the rate of serious adverse events (SAE) in pediatric anesthesia and to apply SA and QI in the pediatric anesthesia departments to decrease the SAE rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  QI was used to design and implement WUS in 2008. The key drivers in the design were an organizational structure; an information system for the SAE; SA to characterize the SAE; QI to imbed high-reliability care; communications to disseminate the learnings; and engaged leadership in each department. Interventions for the key drivers, included Participation Agreements, Patient Safety Organization designation, IRB approval, Data Management Co., membership fee, SAE standard templates, SA and QI workshops, and department leadership meetings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WUS has 19 institutions, 39 member anesthesiologists, 734 SAE, and 736,365 anesthetics as of March, 2013. The initial members joined at year 1, and initial SAE were recorded by year 2. The SAE rate is 1.4 per 1000 anesthetics. Of SAE, respiratory was most common, followed by cardiac arrest, care escalation, and cardiovascular, collectively 76% of SAE. In care escalation, medication errors and equipment dysfunction were 89%. Of member anesthesiologists, 70% were trained in SA and QI by March 2013; virtually, none had SA and QI expertise before joining WUS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WUS documented the incidence and types of SAE nationally in pediatric anesthesiology. Education and application of QI and SA in anesthesia departments are key strategies to improve perioperative safety by WUS.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Anesthesiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
authors.forename: C Dean
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Eugenie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heitmiller
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tosone
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jayant K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Deshpande
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D061214:Patient Safety; D010372:Pediatrics; D058996:Quality Improvement; D014481:United States