Dermal exposure to methamphetamine hydrochloride contaminated residential surfaces II. Skin surface contact and dermal transfer relationship.
This in vitro investigation evaluated [(14)C] - d-methamphetamine hydrochloride ([(14)C]-meth HCl) transfer from contaminated vinyl tile (non-porous and smooth) and upholstery fabric (rough and loose) to human skin. (14)C-Meth HCl transfer rate from vinyl to skin was rapid; a contact duration as brief as 15s resulted in measurable radioactivity in the skin and receptor fluid samples. In contrast, the transfer from fabric occurred more slowly: the amount of [(14)C]-meth HCl that was transferred from dry fabric after 2-h skin contact was one-fifth the amount transferred from vinyl after 5-min contact time. With moistened fabric, the transfer efficiency to skin after 2-h contact was seven times greater than that of dry fabric. While the duration of surface-skin contact appeared to affect the total dermal absorption of [(14)C]-meth HCl, it had little effect on the time point of maximum transdermal absorption. [(14)C]-meth HCl retained in skin continued to be absorbed after the contaminated material was removed. Mass balance in these studies was approximately 96%. In conclusion, [(14)C]-meth HCl penetrates into/through human skin quickly following skin contact with contaminated materials. The porosity of the contact surface and the moisture content appears to alter the degree of transfer and dermal penetration.
California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Integrated Risk Assessment Branch, P.O. Box 4010, Mail Stop 12-B, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States.
Charles B
CB
Salocks
University of California San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, Surge 110, Box 0989, 90 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
Xiaoying
X
Hui
University of California San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, Surge 110, Box 0989, 90 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
Sonia
S
Lamel
University of California San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, Surge 110, Box 0989, 90 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
Farhaan
F
Hafeez
University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321, United States.
Peter
P
Qiao
California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Integrated Risk Assessment Branch, P.O. Box 4010, Mail Stop 12-B, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States.
James R
JR
Sanborn
University of California San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, Surge 110, Box 0989, 90 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States. Electronic address: MaibachH@derm.ucsf.edu.
Howard I
HI
Maibach
D006801:Humans; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*
D008694:Methamphetamine
Contaminated surface; In vitro skin penetration; Methamphetamine; Surface roughness; Surface transfer; Volatility