Self-reported physiological and psychological side-effects of an acute alcohol and energy drink dose.
OBJECTIVE
There have been repeated calls from health professionals and policy-makers to clarify the side-effects of the increasingly popular consumption trend of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED). There is a dearth of research assessing the differential effects of AmED relative to alcohol by comparing self-reported psychological and physiological outcomes whilst under the influence of these substances. The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effects of a moderate alcohol and energy drink (ED) dose on self-reported psychological and physiological outcomes.


METHODS
Using a single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 28 adults completed four sessions where they were administered: (i) 0.50g/kg alcohol, (ii) 3.57mL/kg ED, (iii) AmED, and (iv) placebo. Participants independently completed the Profile of Mood States and a Somatic Symptom Scale at baseline and at 30 and 125min after beverage administration.


RESULTS
Breath alcohol concentration peaked at .068% and .067% in the alcohol and AmED conditions, respectively. There were no interactive alcohol and ED effects on self-reported psychological outcomes. Treatment effects for physiological outcomes generally only related to alcohol or ED administration, with the exception of a moderate magnitude decrease in heart palpitation ratings following alcohol relative to AmED. Decreased muscular tension ratings were evident when the two constituents were consumed separately relative to placebo.


CONCLUSIONS
The results provide evidence of few subjective changes in physiological and psychological state after consuming AmED relative to alcohol. The majority of treatment-based changes arose from the independent effects of alcohol or ED, rather than being modified by their interaction. However, research extending into higher dosage domains is required to increase outcome generalisability for consumers in the night-time economy.
School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. Electronic address: Amy.Peacock@utas.edu.au.
Amy
A
Peacock
School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
Raimondo
R
Bruno
School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales 2258, Australia.
Frances H
FH
Martin
School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
Andrea
A
Carr
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D061215:Energy Drinks; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009129:Muscle Tonus; D057566:Self Report; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
Alcohol; Caffeine; Energy drink; Harm; Intoxication