Widening rural-urban disparities in life expectancy, U.S., 1969-2009.
BACKGROUND
There is limited research on rural-urban disparities in U.S. life expectancy.


OBJECTIVE
This study examined trends in rural-urban disparities in life expectancy at birth in the U.S. between 1969 and 2009.


METHODS
The 1969-2009 U.S. county-level mortality data linked to a rural-urban continuum measure were analyzed. Life expectancies were calculated by age, gender, and race for 3-year time periods between 1969 and 2004 and for 2005-2009 using standard life-table methodology. Differences in life expectancy were decomposed by age and cause of death.


RESULTS
Life expectancy was inversely related to levels of rurality. In 2005-2009, those in large metropolitan areas had a life expectancy of 79.1 years, compared with 76.9 years in small urban towns and 76.7 years in rural areas. When stratified by gender, race, and income, life expectancy ranged from 67.7 years among poor black men in nonmetropolitan areas to 89.6 among poor Asian/Pacific Islander women in metropolitan areas. Rural-urban disparities widened over time. In 1969-1971, life expectancy was 0.4 years longer in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan areas (70.9 vs 70.5 years). By 2005-2009, the life expectancy difference had increased to 2.0 years (78.8 vs 76.8 years). The rural poor and rural blacks currently experience survival probabilities that urban rich and urban whites enjoyed 4 decades earlier. Causes of death contributing most to the increasing rural-urban disparity and lower life expectancy in rural areas include heart disease, unintentional injuries, COPD, lung cancer, stroke, suicide, and diabetes.


CONCLUSIONS
Between 1969 and 2009, residents in metropolitan areas experienced larger gains in life expectancy than those in nonmetropolitan areas, contributing to the widening gap.
USDHHS (Singh), Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Rockville, Maryland. Electronic address: gsingh@hrsa.gov.
Gopal K
GK
Singh
Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health (Siahpush), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
Mohammad
M
Siahpush
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D055815:Young Adult