Automated bone age assessment: motivation, taxonomies, and challenges.
Bone age assessment (BAA) of unknown people is one of the most important topics in clinical procedure for evaluation of biological maturity of children. BAA is performed usually by comparing an X-ray of left hand wrist with an atlas of known sample bones. Recently, BAA has gained remarkable ground from academia and medicine. Manual methods of BAA are time-consuming and prone to observer variability. This is a motivation for developing automated methods of BAA. However, there is considerable research on the automated assessment, much of which are still in the experimental stage. This survey provides taxonomy of automated BAA approaches and discusses the challenges. Finally, we present suggestions for future research.
Department of Information System, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Marjan
M
Mansourvar
Department of Information System, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Maizatul Akmar
MA
Ismail
Department of Information System, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Tutut
T
Herawan
Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Ram Gopal
RG
Raj
Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Sameem Abdul
SA
Kareem
Department of Information System, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Fariza Hanum
FH
Nasaruddin
D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D001331:Automation; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006225:Hand / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D015588:Observer Variation; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D014965:X-Rays