Differences in amyloid-β clearance across mouse and human blood-brain barrier models: kinetic analysis and mechanistic modeling.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a characteristic hallmark of amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain. This accumulation of Aβ has been related to its faulty cerebral clearance. Indeed, preclinical studies that used mice to investigate Aβ clearance showed that efflux across blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain degradation mediate efficient Aβ clearance. However, the contribution of each process to Aβ clearance remains unclear. Moreover, it is still uncertain how species differences between mouse and human could affect Aβ clearance. Here, a modified form of the brain efflux index method was used to estimate the contribution of BBB and brain degradation to Aβ clearance from the brain of wild type mice. We estimated that 62% of intracerebrally injected (125)I-Aβ40 is cleared across BBB while 38% is cleared by brain degradation. Furthermore, in vitro and in silico studies were performed to compare Aβ clearance between mouse and human BBB models. Kinetic studies for Aβ40 disposition in bEnd3 and hCMEC/D3 cells, representative in vitro mouse and human BBB models, respectively, demonstrated 30-fold higher rate of (125)I-Aβ40 uptake and 15-fold higher rate of degradation by bEnd3 compared to hCMEC/D3 cells. Expression studies showed both cells to express different levels of P-glycoprotein and RAGE, while LRP1 levels were comparable. Finally, we established a mechanistic model, which could successfully predict cellular levels of (125)I-Aβ40 and the rate of each process. Established mechanistic model suggested significantly higher rates of Aβ uptake and degradation in bEnd3 cells as rationale for the observed differences in (125)I-Aβ40 disposition between mouse and human BBB models. In conclusion, current study demonstrates the important role of BBB in the clearance of Aβ from the brain. Moreover, it provides insight into the differences between mouse and human BBB with regards to Aβ clearance and offer, for the first time, a mathematical model that describes Aβ clearance across BBB.
Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA.
Hisham
H
Qosa
Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA.
Bilal S
BS
Abuasal
The Open University, Life Sciences, Milton Keynes, UK.
Ignacio A
IA
Romero
Weill Medical College, Medicine/Heme-Onc, New York, NY, USA.
Babette
B
Weksler
INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.
Pierre-Oliver
PO
Couraud
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
Jeffrey N
JN
Keller
Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA. Electronic address: kaddoumi@ulm.edu.
Amal
A
Kaddoumi
D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007700:Kinetics; D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; C475476:LRP1 protein, human; D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1; C486645:Lrp1 protein, mouse; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C078592:amyloid beta-protein (1-40)
Amyloid-β; Blood–brain barrier; Clearance; Mechanistic model