Prevalence of plasma lipid abnormalities and its association with glucose metabolism in Spain: the di@bet.es study.
BACKGROUND
Dyslipidemia is a significant contributor to the elevated CVD risk observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with glucose metabolism status in a representative sample of the adult population in Spain and the percentage of subjects at guideline-recommended LDL-C goals.


METHODS
The di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional population-based survey of 5728 adults.


RESULTS
A total of 4776 subjects were studied. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed in 56.8% of subjects; only 13.2% of subjects were treated with lipid lowering drugs. Lipid abnormalities were found in 56.8% of Spanish adults: 23.3% with high LDL-C, 21.5% high TG, 35.8% high non-HDL-C, and 17.2% low HDL-C. Most normal subjects showed an LDL-C ≤ 3.36 mmol/l. Pre-diabetics presented similar proportion when considering a goal of 3.36 mmol/l, but only 35% of them reached an LDL-C goal ≤ 2.6 mmol/l. Finally, 45.3% of diabetics had an LDL-C ≤ 2.6 mmol/l, and only 11.3% achieved an LDL-C ≤ 1.8 mmol/l.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in the adult Spanish population, and a low use of lipid-lowering drugs. Moreover, the number of subjects achieving their corresponding LDL-C goal is small, particularly in subjects at high cardiovascular risk, such as diabetics.
Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain. Electronic address: Sergio.martinez@uv.es.
Sergio
S
Martinez-Hervas
Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
Rafael
R
Carmena
Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
Juan F
JF
Ascaso
Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
Jose T
JT
Real
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
Luis
L
Masana
Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
Miguel
M
Catalá
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
Joan
J
Vendrell
Diabetes National Plan, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
José Antonio
JA
Vázquez
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain.
Sergio
S
Valdés
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain.
Inés
I
Urrutia
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain.
Federico
F
Soriguer
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Lipids and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Universitario S. Carlos de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Manuel
M
Serrano-Rios
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain.
Gemma
G
Rojo-Martínez
Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
Gemma
G
Pascual-Manich
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Canarian Health Service, Tenerife, Spain.
Emilio
E
Ortega
Canarian Health Service, Tenerife, Spain.
Inmaculada
I
Mora-Peces
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
Edelmiro
E
Menéndez
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Lipids and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Universitario S. Carlos de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Maria T
MT
Martínez-Larrad
Spanish Diabetes Society, Madrid, Spain.
Alfonso
A
López-Alba
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
Ramón
R
Gomis
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
Albert
A
Goday
Diabetes Unit, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain.
Juan
J
Girbés
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain.
Sonia
S
Gaztambide
EAP Raval Sud, Institut Català de la Salut, Red GEDAPS, Primary Care, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca (IDIAP-Fundació Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain.
Josep
J
Franch
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
Elías
E
Delgado
Public Health Division, Department of Health, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
Conxa
C
Castell
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain.
Luis
L
Castaño
CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Biomedic Diagnostic Centre University, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
Roser
R
Casamitjana
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
Alfonso
A
Calle-Pascual
Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario S. Carlos de Madrid, Spain.
Elena
E
Bordiú
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D005947:Glucose
Diabetes; Dislipidemia; Dyslipidemia; LDL-C goal; Objetivo de cLDL