Epidemiological Analysis of Influenza A Infection in Cambodian Pigs and Recommendations for Surveillance Strategies.
This study analysed the available data of seroprevalence to human influenza viruses in pigs in Cambodia using generalized linear mixed models in order to improve understanding of factors underlying the spread of human influenza viruses in Cambodian pigs. The associations between seroprevalence against seasonal H1N1 influenza virus in pigs and the population density of humans and pigs were not significant. However, a positive association between anti-H3 antibodies in pigs and the human population density was identified. In contrast, there was a negative association between seroprevalence of H3N2 in pigs and the pig population density. Our study has highlighted the difficulty in identifying epidemiological risk factors when a limited data set is used for analyses. We therefore provide recommendations on data collection for future epidemiological analyses that could be improved by collecting metadata related to the animals sampled. In addition, serosurveillance for influenza A viruses in pigs in high-risk areas or at slaughterhouses is recommended in resource-limited countries.
College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
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Netrabukkana
French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), Montpellier, France.|Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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Cappelle
French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), Montpellier, France.|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
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Trevennec
French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), Montpellier, France.|Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Roger
French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), Montpellier, France.|Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Goutard
Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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Buchy
College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
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Robertson
College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
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Fenwick
D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016014:Linear Models; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D011156:Population Density; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*
D000914:Antibodies, Viral
Cambodia; influenza viruses; pigs; risk factors; seroprevalence; surveillance