Brain structure in different psychosis risk groups in the Northern Finland 1986 birth cohort.
We tested the hypothesis that family risk for psychosis (FR) and clinical risk for psychosis (CR) are associated with structural brain abnormalities, with increased deficits in those at both family risk and clinical risk for psychosis (FRCR). The study setting was the Oulu Brain and Mind Study, with subjects drawn from the Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort (n=9479) using register and questionnaire based screening, and interviews using the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms. After this procedure, 172 subjects were included in the study, classified as controls (n=73) and three risk groups: FR excluding CR (FR, n=60), CR without FR (CR, n=26), and individuals at both FR and CR (FRCR, n=13). T1-weighted brain scans were acquired and processed in a voxel-based analysis using permutation-based statistics. In the comparison between FRCR versus controls, we found lower grey matter volume (GMV) in a cluster (1689 voxels at -4.00, -72.00, -18.00mm) covering both cerebellar hemispheres and the vermis. This cluster was subsequently used as a mask to extract mean GMV in all four groups: FR had a volume intermediate between controls and FRCR. Within FRCR there was an association between cerebellar cluster brain volume and motor function. These findings are consistent with an evolving pattern of cerebellar deficits in psychosis risk with the most pronounced deficits in those at highest risk of psychosis.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Andres
A
Roman-Urrestarazu
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: gm285@cam.ac.uk.
Graham K
GK
Murray
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Anna
A
Barnes
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Jouko
J
Miettunen
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Erika
E
Jääskeläinen
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Pirjo
P
Mäki
Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Juha
J
Nikkinen
Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Jukka
J
Remes
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Sari
S
Mukkala
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Jenni
J
Koivukangas
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Markus
M
Heinimaa
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Irma
I
Moilanen
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
John
J
Suckling
Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Vesa
V
Kiviniemi
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Peter B
PB
Jones
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Juha
J
Veijola
D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Cerebellum; Clinical risk; Family risk; MRI; Prodrome; Schizophrenia