Predictive validity of 4 risk assessment scales for prediction of pressure ulcer development in a hospital setting.
OBJECTIVE
The aims of this study were to examine and compare the predictive validity of 4 risk assessment scales used for the prediction of pressure ulcer (PrU) development and to identify risk factors.


METHODS
Cross-sectional descriptive study.


METHODS
A general hospital in Sweden.


METHODS
Patients (all aged ≥18 years) admitted to medical, surgical, orthopedic, oncology, and rehabilitation wards. Of 412 patients available, a total of 346 patients participated in the study.


METHODS
Data were collected using the Swedish version of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel minimum data set as well as the Norton, Modified Norton, Braden, and Risk Assessment Pressure Sore (Ulcer) (RAPS) scales. The predictive validity was estimated by measuring sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with PrUs.


RESULTS
The RAPS scale reached best balance between sensitivity and specificity at the recommended cutoff level of ≤29, followed by the Braden scale and the Norton scale at recommended cutoff levels ≤18 versus ≤16, respectively. The modified Norton scale also reached an acceptable balance between sensitivity and specificity but at the cutoff level of ≤23, which is a higher cutoff level than recommended. General physical condition, physical activity, moisture, friction, and shear emerged as significant risk factors.


CONCLUSIONS
The results support that the recommended cutoff levels of the RAPS, Norton, and Braden scales are valid in a general hospital setting. However, the recommended cutoff level of the modified Norton scale (≤20) has to be increased when used in this care context.
Ulrika Källman, RN, is a PhD student, Department of Medicine and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, and Registered Nurse, Department of Dermatology, Södra Älsvorgs Hospital, Borås Sweden. Margareta Lindgren, PhD, RN, is Associate Professor, Department of Medicine and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University.
Ulrika
U
Källman
Margareta
M
Lindgren
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome