Isolation of cultivable microorganisms from Polish notes and coins.
The potential role of currency in the spread of pathogenic microflora has been evaluated in many countries. In this study Polish paper notes and the coins in general circulation were assayed for the presence of cultivable bacteria and fungi. Bacterial isolates identification was based on cultural and biochemical characters and by comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Fungal isolates were recognized with biochemical and morphological criteria. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, (43.6% of the total bacterial count) including Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, and S. hominis, and Enteroccus spp. (30.8% of the total bacterial count), i.e. E.faecalis, E.faecium and E. durans, were the most numerous bacterial contamination. Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were the most frequently detected moulds whereas Candida spp. was the most frequent yeast isolated from currency. A visible dependence between the banknote denomination, the physical condition of paper currency, and the number of bacteria and fungi was found. The overall count of bacteria isolated from currency was thousand-fold higher than that of fungal isolates. The total amount of bacteria and fungi recovered from the coins was approximately 2.7-fold lower than that isolated from the notes. In summary, the Polish currency notes were found to be contaminated mainly with commensal bacteria and fungi while the opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas stutzeri and C. albicans were detected at a low frequency.
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
Michal
M
Kalita
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
Marta
M
Palusińska-Szysz
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
Anna
A
Turska-Szewczuk
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
Sylwia
S
Wdowiak-Wróbel
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
Teresa
T
Urbanik-Sypniewska
D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010209:Paper; D010802:Phylogeny; D011044:Poland