Toxicity assessment of air-delivered particle-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers.
Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can occur via ingestion of indoor dust, inhalation of PBDE-contaminated air and dust-bound PBDEs. However, few studies have examined the pulmonary toxicity of particle-bound PBDEs, mainly due to the lack of an appropriate particle-cell exposure system. In this study we developed an in vitro exposure system capable of generating particle-bound PBDEs mimicking dusts containing PBDE congeners (BDEs 35, 47 and 99) and delivering them directly onto lung cells grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI). The silica particles and particles-coated with PBDEs ranged in diameter from 4.3 to 4.5 μm and were delivered to cells with no apparent aggregation. This experimental set up demonstrated high reproducibility and sensitivity for dosing control and distribution of particles. ALI exposure of cells to PBDE-bound particles significantly decreased cell viability and induced reactive oxygen species generation in A549 and NCI-H358 cells. In male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed via intratracheal insufflation (0.6 mg/rat), particle-bound PBDE exposures induced inflammatory responses with increased recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs compared to sham-exposed rats. The present study clearly indicates the potential of our exposure system for studying the toxicity of particle-bound compounds.
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA. Electronic address: jskim@dal.ca.
Jong Sung
JS
Kim
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA.
Johannes
J
Klösener
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA.
Susanne
S
Flor
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA.
Thomas M
TM
Peters
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA.
Gabriele
G
Ludewig
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA.
Peter S
PS
Thorne
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA. Electronic address: larry-robertson@uiowa.edu.
Larry W
LW
Robertson
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA. Electronic address: g.luthe@saxion.nl.
Gregor
G
Luthe
D000336:Aerosols; D056809:Alveolar Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007327:Insufflation; D008297:Male; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D013499:Surface Properties
D000336:Aerosols; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D052638:Particulate Matter; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C086401:pentabromodiphenyl ether
Air–liquid interface; Cytotoxicity; In vitro toxicity testing; Lung cells; Particle-bound PBDEs