Securing of naso-gastric tubes in adult patients: a review.
OBJECTIVE
To establish the most effective securing devices and techniques for preventing nasogastric tube displacement or inadvertent extubation, mucosa and skin lesions, discomfort, and complications (ab ingestis pneumonia, reduced caloric intake, mortality) in adult patients.


METHODS
Systematic review of published and unpublished reports in any language, identified by searching 5 electronic databases, websites, reference lists, and existing systematic reviews and papers identified by experts in the field.


METHODS
Systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials, and comparative studies that compared ≥2 techniques or devices to secure nasogastric tubes in patients 18 years old or older.


RESULTS
Five studies (of which two were randomised controlled trials) were included. Four studies reported on bridle versus the tape technique (unbridled). The studies' population was comprised of mostly Intensive Care Unit patients. Four studies measured unintentional dislodgement or removal and found a statistically significant advantage in favour of the bridle. Three studies measured time until failure: two studies compared the bridle versus tape technique whereas the other compared different types of tape. One study did not find any significant difference between the two groups of patients whereas the second demonstrated a significantly longer time until failure in the bridled patients. Three studies comparing bridled and unbridled patients measured adverse events such as external nasal ulceration, epistaxis and sinusitis, and there was no agreement between their results. One study measured caloric intake and found that bridled patients received a higher percentage of their caloric goal than unbridled patients. Only one study analysed the cost-effectiveness of the bridle versus the tape technique and found a cost saving by implementing routine bridling of nasoenteric feeding tubes. Discomfort was not measured in the included studies.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite the large number of patients receiving this intervention, there is insufficient evidence to suggest one securing technique or device over another. Data are lacking on the beneficial effects of the various methods or systems. There is little or no statistically significant evidence regarding bridling of nasogastric tubes but more research is needed. There is a need for more well-designed studies conducted in various clinical settings.
Centre of Higher Education for Health Sciences, Trento, Italy. Electronic address: Anna.Brugnolli@apss.tn.it.
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Brugnolli
Doctoral Program in Education and Lifelong Learning Science, University of Verona, Italy.
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Ambrosi
Doctoral Program in Education and Lifelong Learning Science, University of Verona, Italy.
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Canzan
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Italy.
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Saiani
D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D061214:Patient Safety
Nasogastric tube; Nasogastric tube placement; Patient safety; Securing device; Systematic review