Transgenderism and reproduction.
OBJECTIVE
The development of new reproductive medicine techniques creates opportunities for preserving fertility in transgender persons. Before, losing fertility was accepted as the price to pay for transitioning.


RESULTS
The desire for children is present in many trans persons, as in the general population. Ethical concerns are sometimes raised against the preservation of fertility; however, the only unique aspect of this group is the gender transition of one of the parents. All other elements such as same sex parenthood, use of donor gametes, social stigma, etc., can be found in other groups of parents. Not all reproductive options for all trans persons are equal because not only the gametes are of importance, but also the sex of the (future) partner. In trans women, the best option to preserve gametes is cryopreservation of sperm by preference initiated before starting hormonal therapy. In trans men, donor sperm is most often used, but in theory, there are three options available to preserve fertility: oocyte banking, embryo banking and banking of ovarian tissue.


CONCLUSIONS
Fertility is possible for both trans men and women, but it requires timely cryopreservation of gametes or stopping cross-sex hormones and possible fertility treatments which are costly and may be unpleasant. Centers should elucidate their policy and inform trans persons on the possibilities and limitations.
aDepartment of Endocrinology bCenter for Sexology and Gender problems, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
Guy
G
TʼSjoen
Eva
E
Van Caenegem
Katrien
K
Wierckx
D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D062985:Health Services for Transgender Persons / Q000941:ethics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009865:Oocytes; D010053:Ovary; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011300:Preoperative Care; D046269:Reproductive Rights / Q000941:ethics*; D012099:Reproductive Techniques; D057829:Gender-Affirming Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013094:Spermatozoa; D014015:Tissue Banks; D063106:Transgender Persons / Q000523:psychology