How do people attribute income-related inequalities in health? A cross-sectional study in Ontario, Canada.
BACKGROUND
Substantive equity-focused policy changes in Ontario, Canada have yet to be realized and may be limited by a lack of widespread public support. An understanding of how the public attributes inequalities can be informative for developing widespread support. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to examine how Ontarians attribute income-related health inequalities.


METHODS
We conducted a telephone survey of 2,006 Ontarians using random digit dialing. The survey included thirteen questions relevant to the theme of attributions of income-related health inequalities, with each statement linked to a known social determinant of health. The statements were further categorized depending on whether the statement was framed around blaming the poor for health inequalities, the plight of the poor as a cause of health inequalities, or the privilege of the rich as a cause of health inequalities.


RESULTS
There was high agreement for statements that attributed inequalities to differences between the rich and the poor in terms of employment, social status, income and food security, and conversely, the least agreement for statements that attributed inequalities to differences in terms of early childhood development, social exclusion, the social gradient and personal health practices and coping skills. Mean agreement was lower for the two statements that suggested blame for income-related health inequalities lies with the poor (43.1%) than for the three statements that attributed inequalities to the plight of the poor (58.3%) or the eight statements that attributed inequalities to the privilege of the rich (58.7%).


CONCLUSIONS
A majority of this sample of Ontarians were willing to attribute inequalities to the social determinants of health, and were willing to accept messages that framed inequalities around the privilege of the rich or the plight of the poor. These findings will inform education campaigns, campaigns aimed at increasing public support for equity-focused public policy, and knowledge translation strategies.
Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; St. Michael's Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Aisha
A
Lofters
St. Michael's Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Morgan
M
Slater
Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Maritt
M
Kirst
Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Ketan
K
Shankardass
Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Carlos
C
Quiñonez
D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000191:economics; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires