Salivary biomarkers of bacterial burden, inflammatory response, and tissue destruction in periodontitis.
OBJECTIVE
Chronic periodontitis has an episodic and multifactorial character, with fluctuations in bacterial burden, inflammatory response, and tissue destruction. We investigated the association of selected salivary biomarkers with periodontal parameters and validated the use of a novel salivary diagnostic approach, the cumulative risk score (CRS), in detection of periodontitis in subjects with angiographically verified coronary artery disease diagnosis.


METHODS
The concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, interleukin (IL)-1β, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were analysed from saliva of 493 subjects. The subjects participated in a detailed clinical and radiographic oral examination. The CRS index, combining the three salivary biomarkers, was calculated for each subject.


RESULTS
High salivary concentrations of MMP-8, IL-1β, and P. gingivalis were associated with deepened periodontal pockets and alveolar bone loss, and MMP-8 and IL-1β with bleeding on probing. The CRS index had a stronger association with moderate to severe periodontitis (OR 6.13; 95% CI 3.11-12.09) than any of the markers alone.


CONCLUSIONS
Salivary concentrations of MMP-8, IL-1β, and P. gingivalis are associated with various clinical and radiographic measures of periodontitis. The CRS index, combining the three salivary biomarkers, is associated with periodontitis more strongly than any of the markers alone regardless of the coronary artery disease status of the patients.
Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
Aino
A
Salminen
Ulvi K
UK
Gursoy
Susanna
S
Paju
Kati
K
Hyvärinen
Päivi
P
Mäntylä
Kåre
K
Buhlin
Eija
E
Könönen
Markku S
MS
Nieminen
Timo
T
Sorsa
Juha
J
Sinisalo
Pirkko J
PJ
Pussinen
D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D058491:Bacterial Load; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003778:Dentures; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D012907:Smoking; D014086:Tooth Mobility / Q000175:diagnosis
D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8
Porphyromonas gingivalis; coronary artery disease; interleukin-1β; matrix metalloproteinase 8; proinflammatory biomarkers; risk score; saliva; salivary diagnostics