Applications of Hadamard transform-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to the detection of acetone in healthy human and diabetes mellitus patient breath.
The Hadamard transform-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HT-GC/MS) technique was successfully employed to detect acetone, a biomarker for diabetes mellitus (DM) prediction, in human breath. Samples of exhaled breath were collected from four DM patients (one type-I and three type-II) and eight volunteers (nondiabetic healthy subjects), respectively. The gas samples, without any pretreatment, were simultaneously injected into a GC column through a Hadamard-injector based on Hadamard codes. Under optimized conditions, when cyclic S-matrix orders of 255, 1023 and 2047 were used, the S/N ratios of the acetone signals were substantially improved by 8.0-, 16.0- and 22.6-fold, respectively; these improvements are in good agreement with theoretically calculated values. We found that the breath acetone concentration levels in the four DM patients and the eight volunteers ranged from 1 to 10 ppmv and 0.1 to 1 ppmv, respectively.
Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Section 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
Gang-Ting
GT
Fan
Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Section 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chien-Lin
CL
Yang
Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Section 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: chenglin@cc.ntnu.edu.tw.
Cheng-Huang
CH
Lin
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chien-Chung
CC
Chen
School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: chshih43@tmu.edu.tw.
Chung-Hung
CH
Shih
D000096:Acetone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004867:Equipment Design; D045853:Exhalation; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis
D000096:Acetone
Acetone; Diabetes mellitus (DM); Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Glycohemoglobin A1c (HbA1c); Hadamard transform; Human breath