Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia.
Sarcopenia, a newly recognized geriatric syndrome, is characterized by age-related decline of skeletal muscle plus low muscle strength and/or physical performance. Previous studies have confirmed the association of sarcopenia and adverse health outcomes, such as falls, disability, hospital admission, long term care placement, poorer quality of life, and mortality, which denotes the importance of sarcopenia in the health care for older people. Despite the clinical significance of sarcopenia, the operational definition of sarcopenia and standardized intervention programs are still lacking. It is generally agreed by the different working groups for sarcopenia in the world that sarcopenia should be defined through a combined approach of muscle mass and muscle quality, however, selecting appropriate diagnostic cutoff values for all the measurements in Asian populations is challenging. Asia is a rapidly aging region with a huge population, so the impact of sarcopenia to this region is estimated to be huge as well. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) aimed to promote sarcopenia research in Asia, and we collected the best available evidences of sarcopenia researches from Asian countries to establish the consensus for sarcopenia diagnosis. AWGS has agreed with the previous reports that sarcopenia should be described as low muscle mass plus low muscle strength and/or low physical performance, and we also recommend outcome indicators for further researches, as well as the conditions that sarcopenia should be assessed. In addition to sarcopenia screening for community-dwelling older people, AWGS recommends sarcopenia assessment in certain clinical conditions and healthcare settings to facilitate implementing sarcopenia in clinical practice. Moreover, we also recommend cutoff values for muscle mass measurements (7.0 kg/m(2) for men and 5.4 kg/m(2) for women by using dual X-ray absorptiometry, and 7.0 kg/m(2) for men and 5.7 kg/m(2) for women by using bioimpedance analysis), handgrip strength (<26 kg for men and <18 kg for women), and usual gait speed (<0.8 m/s). However, a number of challenges remained to be solved in the future. Asia is made up of a great number of ethnicities. The majority of currently available studies have been published from eastern Asia, therefore, more studies of sarcopenia in south, southeastern, and western Asia should be promoted. On the other hand, most Asian studies have been conducted in a cross-sectional design and few longitudinal studies have not necessarily collected the commonly used outcome indicators as other reports from Western countries. Nevertheless, the AWGS consensus report is believed to promote more Asian sarcopenia research, and most important of all, to focus on sarcopenia intervention studies and the implementation of sarcopenia in clinical practice to improve health care outcomes of older people in the communities and the healthcare settings in Asia.
Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: lkchen2@vghtpe.gov.tw.
Liang-Kung
LK
Chen
Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Li-Kuo
LK
Liu
The S H Ho Centre for Gerontology and Geriatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Jean
J
Woo
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Prasert
P
Assantachai
The S H Ho Centre for Gerontology and Geriatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Tung-Wai
TW
Auyeung
Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Kamaruzzaman Shahrul
KS
Bahyah
Geriatric Medicine Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Ming-Yueh
MY
Chou
Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Liang-Yu
LY
Chen
Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan.
Pi-Shan
PS
Hsu
Department of Internal Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Orapitchaya
O
Krairit
The S H Ho Centre for Gerontology and Geriatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Jenny S W
JS
Lee
Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Yuanshan Branch, I-Land, Taiwan.
Wei-Ju
WJ
Lee
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
Yunhwan
Y
Lee
Geriatric Medicine Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Chih-Kuang
CK
Liang
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Panita
P
Limpawattana
Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
Chu-Sheng
CS
Lin
Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Li-Ning
LN
Peng
Department of Comprehensive Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.
Shosuke
S
Satake
Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.
Takao
T
Suzuki
Department of Family Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Chang Won
CW
Won
Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.
Chih-Hsing
CH
Wu
Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
Si-Nan
SN
Wu
Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
Teimei
T
Zhang
Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
Ping
P
Zeng
Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Masahiro
M
Akishita
Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: harai@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Hidenori
H
Arai
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D044466:Asian People; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy
D000596:Amino Acids; D004044:Dietary Proteins
Sarcopenia; frailty; muscle mass; muscle quality; muscle strength; physical performance