Discovery of a novel target for the dysglycemic chromogranin A fragment pancreastatin: interaction with the chaperone GRP78 to influence metabolism.
BACKGROUND
The chromogranin A-derived peptide pancreastatin (PST) is a dysglycemic, counter-regulatory peptide for insulin action, especially in liver. Although previous evidence for a PST binding protein has been reported, such a receptor has not been identified or sequenced.


RESULTS
We used ligand affinity to purify the PST target, with biotinylated human PST (hCHGA273-301-amide) as "bait" and mouse liver homogenate as "prey", and identified GRP78 (a.k.a. "78 kDa Glucose Regulated Protein", HSPA5, BIP) as a major interacting partner of PST. GRP78 belongs to the family of heat shock proteins (chaperones), involved in several cellular processes including protein folding and glucose metabolism. We analyzed expression of GRP78 in the absence of PST in a mouse knockout model lacking its precursor CHGA: hepatic transcriptome data revealed global over-expression of not only GRP78 but also other heat shock transcripts (of the "adaptive UPR") in CHGA(-/-) mice compared to wild-type (+/+). By contrast, we found a global decline in expression of hepatic pro-apoptotic transcripts in CHGA(-/-) mice. GRP78's ATPase enzymatic activity was dose-dependently inhibited by PST (IC50∼5.2 µM). PST also inhibited the up-regulation of GRP78 expression during UPR activation (by tunicamycin) in hepatocytes. PST inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes, and increased hepatic expression of G6Pase (the final step in gluconeogenesis/glycogenolysis). In hepatocytes not only PST but also other GRP78-ATPase inhibitors (VER-155008 or ADP) increased G6Pase expression. GRP78 over-expression inhibited G6Pase expression in hepatocytes, with partial restoration by GRP78-ATPase inhibitors PST, VER-155008, or ADP.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that an unexpected major hepatic target of PST is the adaptive UPR chaperone GRP78. PST not only binds to GRP78 (in pH-dependent fashion), but also inhibits GRP78's ATPase enzymatic activity, and impairs its biosynthetic response to UPR activation. PST decreases insulin-stimulated cellular glucose uptake, and PST as well as other chaperone ATPase activity inhibitors augment expression of G6Pase; GRP78 over-expression antagonizes this PST action. Analysis of the novel PST/GRP78 interaction may provide a new avenue of investigation into cellular glycemic control as well as dysglycemia.
Departments of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
Nilima
N
Biswas
Departments of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
Ryan S
RS
Friese
Departments of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
Jiaur R
JR
Gayen
Departments of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
Gautam
G
Bandyopadhyay
Departments of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America ; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America.
Sushil K
SK
Mahata
Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America ; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America ; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America.
Daniel T
DT
O'Connor
D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D011485:Protein Binding; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
D053379:Chromogranin A; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C000717248:Hspa5 protein, mouse