Resurrecting social infrastructure as a determinant of urban tuberculosis control in Delhi, India.
BACKGROUND
The key to universal coverage in tuberculosis (TB) management lies in community participation and empowerment of the population. Social infrastructure development generates social capital and addresses the crucial social determinants of TB, thereby improving program performance. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the concept of social infrastructure development for TB control in developing countries. This study aims to revive this concept and highlight the fact that documentation on ways to operationalize urban TB control is required from a holistic development perspective. Further, it explains how development of social infrastructure impacts health and development outcomes, especially with respect to TB in urban settings.


METHODS
A wide range of published Government records pertaining to social development parameters and TB program surveillance, between 2001 and 2011 in Delhi, were studied. Social infrastructure development parameters like human development index along with other indicators reflecting patient profile and habitation in urban settings were selected as social determinants of TB. These include adult literacy rates, per capita income, net migration rates, percentage growth in slum population, and percentage of urban population living in one-room dwelling units. The impact of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program on TB incidence was assessed as an annual decline in new TB cases notified under the program. Univariate linear regression was employed to examine the interrelationship between social development parameters and TB program outcomes.


RESULTS
The decade saw a significant growth in most of the social development parameters in the State. TB program performance showed 46% increment in lives saved among all types of TB cases per 100,000 population. The 7% reduction in new TB case notifications from the year 2001 to 2011, translates to a logarithmic decline of 5.4 new TB cases per 100,000 population. Except per capita income, literacy, and net migration rates, other social determinants showed significant correlation with decline in new TB cases per 100,000 population.


CONCLUSIONS
Social infrastructure development leads to social capital generation which engenders positive growth in TB program outcomes. Strategies which promote social infrastructure development should find adequate weightage in the overall policy framework for urban TB control in developing countries.
Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) Representative to India, WHO Country Office, New Delhi 110011, India. chandras@rntcp.org.
Shivani
S
Chandra
Nandini
N
Sharma
Kulanand
K
Joshi
Nishi
N
Aggarwal
Anjur Tupil
AT
Kannan
D004493:Education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D058735:Environmental Policy; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012922:Social Change; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019472:Universal Health Insurance; D014504:Urban Health; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*