A 10-year randomized controlled trial of the Early Risers conduct problems preventive intervention: effects on externalizing and internalizing in late high school.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of the Early Risers "Skills for Success" Conduct Problems Prevention Program (ER; August, Bloomquist, Realmuto, & Hektner, 2007), a multifaceted program targeting social, emotional, behavioral, and academic risk and protective factors to promote adaptive psychological development.


METHODS
Based on the random assignment of their school, 245 kindergartners (mean age = 6.6 years, SD = 0.57; 68.6% male) with elevated teacher-rated aggressive behavior either participated in ER for 3 intensive years plus 2 booster years or served as controls. Participants were assessed annually during the intervention with teacher and parent reports and at 2 follow-up points. In the current study, 129 of the original participants were reassessed with diagnostic interviews in late high school (mean age = 16.3, SD = 0.52), and multiple imputation was used to deal appropriately with missing data.


RESULTS
Program participants had significantly fewer symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and major depressive disorder than did controls. The program's effect on increasing social skills and parent discipline effectiveness by Grade 3 mediated these effects.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study provide further evidence of the long-term positive effects of multicomponent, elementary-age, targeted conduct problems prevention programs. Training children in social skills and parents in effective discipline are possible mechanisms to divert maladaptive developmental cascades.
Department of Human Development and Family Science, North Dakota State University.
Joel M
JM
Hektner
Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota.
Gerald J
GJ
August
Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota.
Michael L
ML
Bloomquist
Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota.
Susanne
S
Lee
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota.
Bonnie
B
Klimes-Dougan
D000124:Achievement; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools