Why the MDGs need good governance in pharmaceutical systems to promote global health.
BACKGROUND
Corruption in the health sector can hurt health outcomes. Improving good governance can in turn help prevent health-related corruption. We understand good governance as having the following characteristics: it is consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, equitable and inclusive, effective and efficient, follows the rule of law, is participatory and should in theory be less vulnerable to corruption. By focusing on the pharmaceutical system, we explore some of the key lessons learned from existing initiatives in good governance. As the development community begins to identify post-2015 Millennium Development Goals targets, it is essential to evaluate programs in good governance in order to build on these results and establish sustainable strategies. This discussion on the pharmaceutical system illuminates why.


CONCLUSIONS
Considering pharmaceutical governance initiatives such as those launched by the World Bank, World Health Organization, and the Global Fund, we argue that country ownership of good governance initiatives is essential but also any initiative must include the participation of impartial stakeholders. Understanding the political context of any initiative is also vital so that potential obstacles are identified and the design of any initiative is flexible enough to make adjustments in programming as needed. Finally, the inherent challenge which all initiatives face is adequately measuring outcomes from any effort. However in fairness, determining the precise relationship between good governance and health outcomes is rarely straightforward.


CONCLUSIONS
Challenges identified in pharmaceutical governance initiatives manifest in different forms depending on the nature and structure of the initiative, but their regular occurrence and impact on population-based health demonstrates growing importance of addressing pharmaceutical governance as a key component of the post-2015 Millennium Development Goals. Specifically, these challenges need to be acknowledged and responded to with global cooperation and innovation to establish localized and evidence-based metrics for good governance to promote global pharmaceutical safety.
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto M5S 3 M2, ON, Canada. jillian.kohler@utoronto.ca.
Jillian Clare
JC
Kohler
Tim Ken
TK
Mackey
Natalia
N
Ovtcharenko
D004345:Drug Industry / Q000458:organization & administration; D014943:Global Health; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D040361:Healthy People Programs / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D014480:United Nations
D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations