Oxytocin and vasopressin systems in genetic syndromes and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are two small, related neuropeptide hormones found in many mammalian species, including humans. Dysregulation of these neuropeptides have been associated with changes in behavior, especially social interactions. We review how the OT and AVP systems have been investigated in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), Williams Syndrome (WS) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS). All of these neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are marked by social deficits. While PWS, WS and FXS have identified genetic mutations, ASD stems from multiple genes with complex interactions. Animal models of NDD are invaluable for studying the role and relatedness of OT and AVP in the developing brain. We present data from a FXS mouse model affecting the fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) gene, resulting in decreased OT and AVP staining cells in some brain regions. Reviewing the research about OT and AVP in these NDD suggests that altered OT pathways may be downstream from different etiological factors and perturbations in development. This has implications for ongoing studies of the therapeutic application of OT in NDD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin and Social Behav.
University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
S M
SM
Francis
University of California at Irvine, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, USA.
A
A
Sagar
University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
T
T
Levin-Decanini
Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
W
W
Liu
University of North Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
C S
CS
Carter
University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Electronic address: sjacob@umn.edu.
S
S
Jacob
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D011218:Prader-Willi Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*
D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D014667:Vasopressins; D010121:Oxytocin
Autism; Fragile X; Oxytocin; Prader–Willi; Vasopressin; Williams