Effectiveness, safety and acceptability of Sino-implant (II) during the first year of use: results from Kenya and Pakistan.
BACKGROUND
Sino-implant (II) is a two-rod subcutaneous contraceptive implant used up to 4 years, containing 150 mg of levonorgestrel. We conducted two observational studies of Sino-implant (II) to evaluate its performance in routine service delivery settings.


METHODS
We enrolled 1326 women age 18-44 who had Sino-implant (II) inserted at clinics in Pakistan and Kenya. Women were followed-up using either an active or passive follow-up scheme in each study. Study outcomes were: one-year cumulative pregnancy and discontinuation rates; rates of insertion and removal complications; adverse event and side effect rates; reasons for discontinuation; and implant acceptability and satisfaction with clinic services.


RESULTS
A total of 754 women returned for at least one follow-up visit. The overall Pearl pregnancy rate was 0.4 per 100 woman-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1, 0.9] resulting from 1 confirmed post-insertion pregnancy in Kenya and 4 in Pakistan. Country-specific Pearl rates were 0.2 (95% CI 0.0, 0.9) in Kenya and 0.6 (95% CI 0.2, 1.6) in Pakistan. The total cumulative 12-month probability of removal was 7.6% (95% CI 6.1, 9.1), with country-specific removal probabilities of 3.7% in Kenya (95% CI 2.1, 5.3) and 10.8% in Pakistan (95% CI 8.5, 13.2). Four serious adverse events occurred in Kenya and none occurred in Pakistan; one SAE (an ectopic pregnancy) was possibly related to Sino-implant (II). Most women in both countries said they would recommend the implant to others.


CONCLUSIONS
The results from these studies reveal high effectiveness and favorable safety and acceptability during the first year of use of Sino-implant.


CONCLUSIONS
The favorable Sino-implant (II) findings from Kenya and Pakistan provide further evidence from disparate regions that Sino-implant (II) is safe, effective and acceptable during routine service delivery.
FHI 360, Durham, NC 27713, USA. Electronic address: alendvay@fhi360.org.
Anja
A
Lendvay
FHI 360, Nairobi, Kenya.
Rose
R
Otieno-Masaba
Marie Stopes Society, DHA-II, Karachi, Pakistan.
Syed Khurram
SK
Azmat
FHI 360, Durham, NC 27713, USA.
Angie
A
Wheeless
Marie Stopes Society, DHA-II, Karachi, Pakistan.
Waqas
W
Hameed
Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Babar Tasneem
BT
Shaikh
Division of Reproductive Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Shiphrah
S
Kuria
FHI 360, Durham, NC 27713, USA.
Markus J
MJ
Steiner
FHI 360, Durham, NC 27713, USA.
Mario
M
Chen
FHI 360, Durham, NC 27713, USA.
Paul J
PJ
Feldblum
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010154:Pakistan; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004343:Drug Implants; D016912:Levonorgestrel
Acceptability; Effectiveness; Implant; Safety