Mindfulness based interventions in multiple sclerosis--a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a stressful condition; depression, anxiety, pain and fatigue are all common problems. Mindfulness based interventions (MBIs) mitigate stress and prevent relapse in depression and are increasingly being used in healthcare. However, there are currently no systematic reviews of MBIs in people with MS. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of MBIs in people with MS.


METHODS
Systematic searches were carried out in seven major databases, using both subject headings and key words. Papers were screened, data extracted, quality appraised, and analysed by two reviewers independently, using predefined criteria. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Perceived stress was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include mental health, physical health, quality of life, and health service utilisation. Statistical meta-analysis was not possible. Disagreements were adjudicated by a third party reviewer.


RESULTS
Three studies (n = 183 participants) were included in the final analysis. The studies were undertaken in Wales (n = 16, randomised controlled trial - (RCT)), Switzerland (n = 150, RCT), and the United States (n = 17, controlled trial). 146 (80%) participants were female; mean age (SD) was 48.6 (9.4) years. Relapsing remitting MS was the main diagnostic category (n = 123, 67%); 43 (26%) had secondary progressive disease; and the remainder were unspecified. MBIs lasted 6-8 weeks; attrition rates were variable (5-43%); all employed pre- post- measures; two had longer follow up; one at 3, and one at 6 months. Socio-economic status of participants was not made explicit; health service utilisation and costs were not reported. No study reported on perceived stress. All studies reported quality of life (QOL), mental health (anxiety and depression), physical (fatigue, standing balance, pain), and psychosocial measures. Statistically significant beneficial effects relating to QOL, mental health, and selected physical health measures were sustained at 3- and 6- month follow up.


CONCLUSIONS
From the limited data available, MBIs may benefit some MS patients in terms of QOL, mental health, and some physical health measures. Further studies are needed to clarify how MBIs might best serve the MS population.
General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 9LX, Scotland, UK. Robert.Simpson@glasgow.ac.uk.
Robert
R
Simpson
Jo
J
Booth
Maggie
M
Lawrence
Sharon
S
Byrne
Frances
F
Mair
Stewart
S
Mercer
D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D064866:Mindfulness / Q000379:methods*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods