Aerodynamic characteristics of a feathered dinosaur measured using physical models. Effects of form on static stability and control effectiveness.
We report the effects of posture and morphology on the static aerodynamic stability and control effectiveness of physical models based on the feathered dinosaur, [Formula: see text]Microraptor gui, from the Cretaceous of China. Postures had similar lift and drag coefficients and were broadly similar when simplified metrics of gliding were considered, but they exhibited different stability characteristics depending on the position of the legs and the presence of feathers on the legs and the tail. Both stability and the function of appendages in generating maneuvering forces and torques changed as the glide angle or angle of attack were changed. These are significant because they represent an aerial environment that may have shifted during the evolution of directed aerial descent and other aerial behaviors. Certain movements were particularly effective (symmetric movements of the wings and tail in pitch, asymmetric wing movements, some tail movements). Other appendages altered their function from creating yaws at high angle of attack to rolls at low angle of attack, or reversed their function entirely. While [Formula: see text]M. gui lived after [Formula: see text]Archaeopteryx and likely represents a side experiment with feathered morphology, the general patterns of stability and control effectiveness suggested from the manipulations of forelimb, hindlimb and tail morphology here may help understand the evolution of flight control aerodynamics in vertebrates. Though these results rest on a single specimen, as further fossils with different morphologies are tested, the findings here could be applied in a phylogenetic context to reveal biomechanical constraints on extinct flyers arising from the need to maneuver.
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Dennis
D
Evangelista
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Griselda
G
Cardona
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Eric
E
Guenther-Gleason
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Tony
T
Huynh
Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Austin
A
Kwong
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Dylan
D
Marks
Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Neil
N
Ray
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Adrian
A
Tisbe
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Kyle
K
Tse
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Mimi
M
Koehl
D000818:Animals; D025061:Dinosaurs; D005241:Feathers; D008954:Models, Biological