Which specimens from a museum collection will yield DNA barcodes? A time series study of spiders in alcohol.
We report initial results from an ongoing effort to build a library of DNA barcode sequences for Dutch spiders and investigate the utility of museum collections as a source of specimens for barcoding spiders. Source material for the library comes from a combination of specimens freshly collected in the field specifically for this project and museum specimens collected in the past. For the museum specimens, we focus on 31 species that have been frequently collected over the past several decades. A series of progressively older specimens representing these 31 species were selected for DNA barcoding. Based on the pattern of sequencing successes and failures, we find that smaller-bodied species expire before larger-bodied species as tissue sources for single-PCR standard DNA barcoding. Body size and age of oldest successful DNA barcode are significantly correlated after factoring out phylogenetic effects using independent contrasts analysis. We found some evidence that extracted DNA concentration is correlated with body size and inversely correlated with time since collection, but these relationships are neither strong nor consistent. DNA was extracted from all specimens using standard destructive techniques involving the removal and grinding of tissue. A subset of specimens was selected to evaluate nondestructive extraction. Nondestructive extractions significantly extended the DNA barcoding shelf life of museum specimens, especially small-bodied species, and yielded higher DNA concentrations compared to destructive extractions. All primary data are publically available through a Dryad archive and the Barcode of Life database.
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands ; Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA ; Plazi, Zinggstrasse 16, Bern, Switzerland.
Jeremy A
JA
Miller
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.
Kevin K
KK
Beentjes
European Invertebrate Survey - Nederland, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.
Peter
P
van Helsdingen
Gabriel Metzustraat 1, 2316 AJ Leiden, the Netherlands.
Steven
S
Ijland
DNA concentration; DNA degradation; DNA extraction; DNA preservation; independent contrasts; museum