Impact of R&D expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among European countries.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to compare the impact of Research&Development (R&D) expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among European countries.


METHODS
In this study, 47 European countries were included. The information regarding European countries, their per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), R&D spending, number of universities, indexed scientific journals, high technology exports and number of patents were collected. We recorded the total number of research documents in various science and social sciences subjects during the period 1996-2011. The main source for information was World Bank, Web of Science, Thomson Reuters and SCImago/Scopus.


RESULTS
The mean GDP per capita for all the European countries is 23372.64 ± 3588.42 US$, yearly per capita spending on R&D 1.14 ± 0.13 US$, number of universities 48.17 ± 10.26, mean number of Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) indexed journal per country 90.72 ± 38.47, high technology exports 12.86 ± 1.59 and number of patent applications 61504.23 ± 22961.85. The mean of research documents published in various science and social science subjects among all the European countries during the period 1996-2011 is 213405.70 ± 56493.04. Spending on R&D, number of universities, indexed journals, high technology exports and number of patents have a positive correlation with number of published documents in various science and social science subjects. We found a positive correlation between patent application and high-tech exports. However, there was no association between GDP per capita and research outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that, the most important contributing factors towards a knowledge based economy are spending on R&D, number of universities, scientific indexed journals and research publications, which in turn give a boast to patents, high technology exports and ultimately GDP.
Department of Physiology and University Diabetes Centre, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. sultanmeo@hotmail.com  
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D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics*; D003132:Commerce; D005060:Europe; D059066:Gross Domestic Product; D010330:Patents as Topic; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013672:Technology; D014495:Universities