Advances in noninvasive functional imaging of bone.
The demand for functional imaging in clinical medicine is comprehensive. Although the gold standard for the functional imaging of human bones in clinical settings is still radionuclide-based imaging modalities, nonionizing noninvasive imaging technology in small animals has greatly advanced in recent decades, especially the diffuse optical imaging to which Britton Chance made tremendous contributions. The evolution of imaging probes, instruments, and computation has facilitated exploration in the complicated biomedical research field by allowing longitudinal observation of molecular events in live cells and animals. These research-imaging tools are being used for clinical applications in various specialties, such as oncology, neuroscience, and dermatology. The Bone, a deeply located mineralized tissue, presents a challenge for noninvasive functional imaging in humans. Using nanoparticles (NP) with multiple favorable properties as bioimaging probes has provided orthopedics an opportunity to benefit from these noninvasive bone-imaging techniques. This review highlights the historical evolution of radionuclide-based imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, diffuse optics-enabled in vivo technologies, vibrational spectroscopic imaging, and a greater potential for using NPs for biomedical imaging.
Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan.
Sheng-Min
SM
Lan
Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701, Taiwan.
Ya-Na
YN
Wu
Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701, Taiwan.
Ping-Ching
PC
Wu
Molecular Imaging Center, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chi-Kuang
CK
Sun
Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701, Taiwan; Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Electronic address: dshieh@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
Dar-Bin
DB
Shieh
Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Division of Spinal Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Electronic address: linrm@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
Ruey-Mo
RM
Lin
D000818:Animals; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
Bone; diffuse optics; functional imaging; molecular imaging; nanoparticles