30 Years of sodium/X-nuclei magnetic resonance imaging.
In principle, all nuclei with nonzero spin can be employed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Special scanner hardware and MR sequences are required to select the nucleus-specific frequency and to enable imaging with "sufficient" signal-to-noise ratio. This Special Issue starts with an overview of different nuclei that can be used for MRI today, followed by a review article about techniques required for imaging of quadrupolar nuclei with short relaxation times. Sequence developments to improve image quality and applications on different organs and diseases are presented for different nuclei ((23)Na, (35)Cl, (17)O, and (19)F), with a focus on imaging at natural abundance.
Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany, Simon.Konstandin@MedMa.Uni-Heidelberg.de.
Simon
S
Konstandin
Lothar R
LR
Schad
D000818:Animals; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D005461:Fluorine / Q000737:chemistry; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D007554:Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods*; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry*; D012975:Sodium Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry
D007477:Ions; D007554:Isotopes; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D012975:Sodium Isotopes; D005461:Fluorine; D002713:Chlorine; D012964:Sodium