Variable criteria for patellofemoral bracing among sports medicine professionals.
OBJECTIVE
To examine whether the frequency of bracing, geographic region, clinical specialty, or percentage of practice devoted to knee pain influences the criteria used by sports medicine professionals to determine whether a brace should be prescribed for treating patients with nontraumatic patellofemoral pain syndrome.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study.


METHODS
Sports medicine practices in the United States.


METHODS
A total of 1307 athletic trainers, physical therapists, and sports medicine physicians recruited from the e-mail listings of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, the American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine, the American Physical Therapy Association Sports Physical Therapy Section, the International Patellofemoral Study Group, the International Patellofemoral Retreat list, and National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 athletic team registries.


METHODS
Not applicable.


METHODS
Thirty-seven potential patellofemoral bracing criteria encompassing history and function, alignment, physical examination, previous treatments, and radiographic evidence.


RESULTS
A total of 1307 of 7999 providers replied (response rate, 16.3%). Mean bracing frequencies were 19.8% for athletic trainers, 13.4% for physical therapists, and 25.1% for physicians. The mean number of total bracing criteria used was 10.5. The 10 most commonly cited criteria for prescribing a patellofemoral brace in descending order of frequency were: (1) hypermobile patella on physical examination; (2) positive J sign on physical examination; (3) failure of previous rehabilitation; (4) pain when performing squats or going up/down stairs on history; (5) success with previous taping; (6) pain with running activities on history; (7) pain with jumping activities on history; (8) increased dynamic Q angle; (9) vastus medialis oblique deficiency in timing or strength; and (10) positive apprehension sign on physical examination. No statistically significant trends were noted with regard to experience or percentage of practice devoted to knee pain. Increased bracing frequency was significantly associated with an increased number of bracing criteria (r = 0.89, P < .0001).


CONCLUSIONS
This study identified little overall consensus and showed that significant differences exist in the criteria used to prescribe a brace for patellofemoral pain syndrome among specialties and in relation to bracing frequency.
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, 325 Ninth Ave, Box 359612, Seattle, WA 98195-6490∗. Electronic address: ryanjs2@uw.edu.
Ryan
R
Solinsky
Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA(†).
Gary S
GS
Beaupre
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA(‡).
Michael
M
Fredericson
D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001915:Braces / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010810:Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States