Effect of secular trends on age-related trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors: the Whitehall II longitudinal study 1985-2009.
BACKGROUND
Secular trends in cardiovascular risk factors have been described, but few studies have examined simultaneously the effects of both ageing and secular trends within the same cohort.


METHODS
Development of cardiovascular risk factors over the past three decades was analysed using serial measurements from 10 308 participants aged from 35 to 80 years over 25 years of follow-up from five clinical examination phases of the Whitehall II study. Changes of body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol distribution characteristics were analysed with quantile regression models in the 57-61 age group. Age-related trajectories of risk factors were assessed by fitting mixed-effects models with adjustment for year of birth to reveal secular trends.


RESULTS
Average body mass index and waist circumference increased faster with age in women than in men, but the unfavourable secular trend was more marked in men. Distributions showed a fattening of the right tail in each consecutive phase, meaning a stronger increase in higher percentiles. Despite the higher obesity levels in younger birth cohorts, total cholesterol decreased markedly in the 57-61 age group along the entire distribution rather than in higher extremes only.


CONCLUSIONS
The past three decades brought strong and heterogeneous changes in cardiovascular risk factor distributions. Secular trends appear to modify age-related trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors, which may be a source of bias in longitudinal analyses.
Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg hulman.adam@med.u-szeged.hu.
Adam
A
Hulmán
Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, LuxembourgDepartment of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg.
Adam G
AG
Tabák
Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg.
Tibor A
TA
Nyári
Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg.
Dorte
D
Vistisen
Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg.
Mika
M
Kivimäki
Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg.
Eric J
EJ
Brunner
Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg.
Daniel R
DR
Witte
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
D008055:Lipids
Obesity; ageing; blood pressure; cholesterol; quantile regression; secular trend