Maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status during early pregnancy and children's risk of problem behavior at age 5-6 years.
OBJECTIVE
To prospectively investigate the association between maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) status and ratio during pregnancy and children's risk of problem behavior at 5 years of age.


METHODS
Maternal LCPUFA status in plasma phospholipids during pregnancy (M = 13.3, SD = 3 weeks) was available for 4336 women. Children's behavior was rated by their mother (n = 2502) and teacher (n = 2061).


RESULTS
When using multivariate logistic regression analyses, we found that greater concentrations of omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.56-0.99; P = .05) decreased children's risk for emotional symptoms. Although lower eicosapentaenoic acid and a greater omega-6:omega-3 LCPUFA (ie, arachidonic acid/[docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid]) tended to increase the risk for emotional symptoms and the risk of hyperactivity/inattention problems for the omega-6:omega-3 LCPUFA, the results were nonsignificant (P = .07). No evidence was found for mediation by preterm birth and being small for gestational age. The child's sex and infant feeding pattern did not modify the associations.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest long-term developmental programming influences of maternal LCPUFA status during pregnancy and stress the importance of an adequate and balanced supply of fatty acids in pregnant women for optimal fetal brain development and subsequent long-term behavioral outcomes.
Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.m.loomans@gmail.com.
Eva M
EM
Loomans
Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Department of Welfare, Public Health & Family, Flemish Government, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Bea R H
BR
Van den Bergh
Department of Epidemiology, and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Maaike
M
Schelling
Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Tanja G M
TG
Vrijkotte
Department of Epidemiology, and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Health Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Manon
M
van Eijsden
D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated