Occurrence of xenobiotic ligands for retinoid X receptors and thyroid hormone receptors in the aquatic environment of Taiwan.
Various synthetic compounds are frequently discharged into the environment via human activities. Among them, certain contaminants may disrupt normal physiological functions of wildlife and humans via interactions with nuclear receptors. To protect human health and the environment, it is important to detect environmental ligands for human nuclear receptors. In this study, yeast-based reporter gene assays were used to investigate the occurrence of xenobiotic ligands for retinoid X receptors (RXR) and thyroid hormone receptors (TR) in the aquatic environment of Taiwan. Experimental results revealed that RXR agonist/antagonist activity was detected in river water and sediment samples. In particular, high RXR agonist/antagonist activity was found in the samples collected near river mouths. Additionally, few samples also elicited significant TR antagonist activity. Our findings show that the aquatic environment of Taiwan was contaminated with RXR and TR ligands. Further study is necessary to identify these xenobiotic RXR and TR agonists and antagonists.
Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan.
Chien-Hsun
CH
Chen
Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan. Electronic address: phchou@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
Pei-Hsin
PH
Chou
Graduate School of Science and Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
Masanobu
M
Kawanishi
Graduate School of Science and Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
Takashi
T
Yagi
D001681:Biological Assay; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D013624:Taiwan; D014162:Transfection; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015003:Yeasts / Q000235:genetics
D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D008024:Ligands; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015262:Xenobiotics
Bioassays; Retinoid X receptors; River water; Sediment; Thyroid hormone receptors