An exploration of EEG features during recovery following stroke - implications for BCI-mediated neurorehabilitation therapy.
BACKGROUND
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) can potentially be used to aid in the recovery of lost motor control in a limb following stroke. BCIs are typically used by subjects with no damage to the brain therefore relatively little is known about the technical requirements for the design of a rehabilitative BCI for stroke.


METHODS
32-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during a finger-tapping task from 10 healthy subjects for one session and 5 stroke patients for two sessions approximately 6 months apart. An off-line BCI design based on Filter Bank Common Spatial Patterns (FBCSP) was implemented to test and compare the efficacy and accuracy of training a rehabilitative BCI with both stroke-affected and healthy data.


RESULTS
Stroke-affected EEG datasets have lower 10-fold cross validation results than healthy EEG datasets. When training a BCI with healthy EEG, average classification accuracy of stroke-affected EEG is lower than the average for healthy EEG. Classification accuracy of the late session stroke EEG is improved by training the BCI on the corresponding early stroke EEG dataset.


CONCLUSIONS
This exploratory study illustrates that stroke and the accompanying neuroplastic changes associated with the recovery process can cause significant inter-subject changes in the EEG features suitable for mapping as part of a neurofeedback therapy, even when individuals have scored largely similar with conventional behavioural measures. It appears such measures can mask this individual variability in cortical reorganization. Consequently we believe motor retraining BCI should initially be tailored to individual patients.
National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co,, Kildare, Ireland. dleamy@eeng.nuim.ie.
Darren J
DJ
Leamy
Juš
J
Kocijan
Katarina
K
Domijan
Joseph
J
Duffin
Richard Ap
RA
Roche
Sean
S
Commins
Ronan
R
Collins
Tomas E
TE
Ward
D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*; D010291:Paresis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation