The transition to motherhood: towards a broader understanding of perinatal distress.
BACKGROUND
A substantial body of research has focused on maternal perinatal mood and wellbeing, with the focus predominantly being on depression, and to a lesser extent, anxiety. Perinatal maternal stress has also been investigated recently, but to a far lesser extent. The present paper questions whether the term 'perinatal distress' accurately captures the range of challenges experienced by women during the perinatal period, when the scope of 'distress' is limited to the experience of depression and anxiety alone.


METHODS
A review of the perinatal literature was conducted using several databases, to identify studies that have focused on the experience of stress as a distinct affective state in the perinatal period.


RESULTS
The findings of two recent studies which have employed a broader conceptualisation of perinatal distress to encompass the experience of stress as well as depression and anxiety are outlined. These recent studies have identified the experience of stress both in conjunction with and independent of depression and anxiety.


CONCLUSIONS
It is argued that future studies should investigate the concept of stress as a separate affective state throughout the perinatal period, in order to further assess how it differs from depression and/or anxiety. A more comprehensive understanding of women's experiences during their transition to motherhood, and whether 'stress' plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of perinatal anxiety and/or depression is needed.
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: sofia.rallis@deakin.edu.au.
Sofia
S
Rallis
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: helen.skouteris@deakin.edu.au.
Helen
H
Skouteris
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
Marita
M
McCabe
Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Jeannette
J
Milgrom
D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D018743:Perinatal Care; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*
Anxiety; Depression; Perinatal; Postpartum; Stress