Testosterone replacement therapy following the diagnosis of prostate cancer: outcomes and utilization trends.
BACKGROUND
Late-onset hypogonadism may impair quality of life and contribute to metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidity in aging men. Testosterone replacement therapy is effective in treating hypogonadism. However, for the millions of men with a history of prostate cancer, exogenous testosterone has long been considered contraindicated, even though little data in such men are available. Clarification of this safety issue could allow treatment to be considered for a sizeable segment of the aging male population.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to examine population-based utilization and impact of testosterone replacement therapy in men with prostate cancer.


METHODS
Using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we identified 149,354 men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1992 to 2007. Of those, 1181 (0.79%) men received exogenous testosterone following their cancer diagnosis. We used propensity scoring analysis to examine the effect of testosterone replacement on the use of salvage hormone therapy and overall and prostate cancer-specific mortality.


METHODS
We assessed overall mortality, cancer-specific mortality, and the use of salvage hormone therapy.


RESULTS
Following prostate cancer diagnosis, testosterone replacement was directly related to income and educational status and inversely related to age (all P < 0.001). Men undergoing radical prostatectomy and men with well-differentiated tumors were more likely to receive testosterone (all P < 0.001). On adjusted analysis, testosterone replacement therapy was not associated with overall or cancer-specific mortality or with the use of salvage hormone therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
In this population-based observational study of testosterone replacement therapy in men with a history of prostate cancer, treatment was not associated with increased overall or cancer-specific mortality. These findings suggest testosterone replacement therapy may be considered in men with a history of prostate cancer, but confirmatory prospective studies are needed.
Department of UrologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA. Electronic address: alkaplan@mednet.ucla.edu.
Alan L
AL
Kaplan
Center for Surgery and Public HealthDivision of Urologic SurgeryBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMAUSA.
Quoc-Dien
QD
Trinh
Cancer Prognostics Health Outcomes UnitUniversity of Montreal Health CentreMontrealQCCanada.
Maxine
M
Sun
Department of UrologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA.
Stacey C
SC
Carter
Department of Radiation OncologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMAUSA.
Paul L
PL
Nguyen
Section of Hospital MedicineDepartment of Medicine Program in the Economics of CancerUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA.
Ya-Chen Tina
YT
Shih
Department of UrologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA.
Leonard S
LS
Marks
Department of UrologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA.
Jim C
JC
Hu
D000368:Aged; D000728:Androgens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000401:mortality; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000401:mortality; D013739:Testosterone / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D000728:Androgens; D013739:Testosterone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
Androgen Replacement; Late-Onset Hypogonadism; Prostate Cancer; Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome; Testosterone Replacement Therapy