Persistence of infectious Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages after disinfection treatments.
In Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), induction of Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages (Stx phages) causes the release of free phages that can later be found in the environment. The ability of Stx phages to survive different inactivation conditions determines their prevalence in the environment, the risk of stx transduction, and the generation of new STEC strains. We evaluated the infectivity and genomes of two Stx phages (Φ534 and Φ557) under different conditions. Infectious Stx phages were stable at 4, 22, and 37°C and at pH 7 and 9 after 1 month of storage but were completely inactivated at pH 3. Infective Stx phages decreased moderately when treated with UV (2.2-log10 reduction for an estimated UV dose of 178.2 mJ/cm(2)) or after treatment at 60 and 68°C for 60 min (2.2- and 2.5-log10 reductions, respectively) and were highly inactivated (3 log10) by 10 ppm of chlorine in 1 min. Assays in a mesocosm showed lower inactivation of all microorganisms in winter than in summer. The number of Stx phage genomes did not decrease significantly in most cases, and STEC inactivation was higher than phage inactivation under all conditions. Moreover, Stx phages retained the ability to lysogenize E. coli after some of the treatments.
Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Anna
A
Allué-Guardia
Alexandre
A
Martínez-Castillo
Maite
M
Muniesa
D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003090:Coliphages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D022621:Shiga Toxin / Q000235:genetics*; D054323:Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000821:virology*; D013696:Temperature; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D038301:Virus Inactivation
D004202:Disinfectants; D002713:Chlorine; D022621:Shiga Toxin