Studies on the metabolism and the detectability of 4-methyl-amphetamine and its isomers 2-methyl-amphetamine and 3-methyl-amphetamine in rat urine using GC-MS and LC-(high-resolution)-MSn.
4-Methyl-amphetamine (1-(4-methylphenyl)propane-2-amine; 4-MA) and its isomers 2-methyl-amphetamine (2-MA) and 3-methyl-amphetamine (3-MA) belong to the group of amphetamine-type stimulants and of new psychoactive substances. Several studies showed similar potencies in releasing noradrenalin and dopamine, but higher potencies in releasing serotonin than amphetamine. In March 2013, the EU Council decided on an EU-wide control based on the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction risk assessment report documenting that 4-MA was sold as amphetamine on the illicit market and detected in several fatal cases. Therefore, 4-MA and its isomers should be covered by drug testing in clinical and forensic toxicology. The aims of the presented work were to study the metabolism and detectability of each isomer in urine samples. For metabolism studies, rat urine samples were isolated by solid-phase extraction without and after enzymatic cleavage of conjugates. The phase I metabolites were separated and identified after acetylation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or liquid chromatography-high resolution-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS(n)) and the phase II metabolites by LC-HR-MS(n). From the identified phase I and II metabolites, the following main metabolic pathways were deduced: aromatic hydroxylation, hydroxylation of the phenylmethyl group followed by oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid, hydroxylation of the side chain, and glucuronidation and/or sulfation of the hydroxy and carboxy groups. CYP2D6 was involved in the aromatic hydroxylation. Finally, the intake of a commonly used dose of the MAs could be confirmed in rat urine using the authors' GC-MS and the LC-MS(n) standard urine screening approaches. Differentiation of the isomers to confirm the intake of a specific isomer was possible with an additional workup in rat urine.
Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
Jessica
J
Welter
Markus R
MR
Meyer
Pierce
P
Kavanagh
Hans H
HH
Maurer
D000662:Amphetamines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D008297:Male; D050216:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I; D050217:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
C000592890:3-methylamphetamine; D000662:Amphetamines; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C000592889:1-(4-methylphenyl)propane-2-amine; C000592891:2-methylamphetamine