Cationorm shows good tolerability on human HCE-2 corneal epithelial cell cultures.
Preservatives have been for a long time known to cause detrimental effects on ocular surface. Cationorm, a preservative-free compound with electrostatic properties is a novel way to solve the problems encountered with traditional benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-containing eye drops. The aim of this study was to evaluate tolerability of the preservative-free cationic emulsion Cationorm in vitro on corneal epithelial cells. The human corneal epithelial cell (HCE-2) culture line was used to study cellular morphology, cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses after Cationorm diluted 1/10 exposure for 5, 15 and 30 min. Exposures to Systane diluted 1/10 with polyquaternium-1/polidronium chloride 0.001% as preservative, BAK 0.001% or C16 (0.0002%) and normal cell culture medium served as positive and negative references. Cell viability was determined by measuring the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The possible induction of apoptosis was analyzed by measuring the activity of caspase-3, and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to evaluate the number of viable cells after the exposure to test compounds. Furthermore, the tendency of the test compounds to produce inflammatory reaction was determined by analyzing the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, and DNA binding of the p65 subunit of transcription factor NF-κB was measured from cell lysates. HCE-2 cells showed no morphological changes after the exposure to Cationorm, but in cells exposed to BAK, clear cytoplasm vacuolization and loose cell-cell contacts were observed in transmission (TEM) or scanning (SEM) electron microscopic analyses. Cell viability, as measured with the release of LDH, indicated a time dependent increase in LDH expression after exposure to all test compounds but especially with BAK. Moreover, Cationorm and BAK time-dependently decreased the mitochondrial metabolism to 73% with Cationorm and 53% with BAK from that of the control cells after 30 min exposure in MTT assay. BAK was the only test compound having clear adverse effects on the cell number and metabolism in CCK-8 assay. The activity of caspase-3 did not show significant differences between the groups. Inflammatory response after exposure to Cationorm was significantly lower than after exposure to BAK. There were no significant differences in NF-κB activity between the groups. Diluted Cationorm and Systane with polyquaternium-1/polidronium chloride 0.001% showed good tolerability on HCE-2 cells and thereby provide a clear improvement when compared to BAK-containing eye drop formulations.
Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: kati.kinnunen@uef.fi.
Kati
K
Kinnunen
Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Anu
A
Kauppinen
Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Niina
N
Piippo
Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Arto
A
Koistinen
Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Elisa
E
Toropainen
Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
Kai
K
Kaarniranta
D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004655:Emulsions / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000494:pharmacology; D011205:Povidone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000494:pharmacology; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; C000598600:Cationorm; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004655:Emulsions; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011108:Polymers; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C058655:polyquaternium 1; C012817:cetalkonium chloride; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D053148:Caspase 3; D011205:Povidone
cationic emulsion; corneal epithelium; dry eye syndrome; preservatives