Evaluation of a near-infrared-type contrast medium extravasation detection system using a swine model.
OBJECTIVE
To refine the development and evaluate the near-infrared (NIR) extravasation detection system and its ability to detect extravasation during a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examination.


METHODS
The NIR extravasation detection system projects the NIR light through the surface of the human skin then, using its sensory system, will monitor the changes in the amount of NIR that reflected, which varies based on absorption properties.Seven female pigs were used to evaluate the contrast media extravasation detection system, using a 20-gauge intravenous catheter, when injected at a rate of 1 mL/s into 4 different locations just under the skin in the thigh section. Using 3-dimensional CT images, we evaluated the extravasations between time and volume, depth and volume, and finally depth and time to detect.


RESULTS
We confirmed that the NIR light, 950-nm wavelength, used by the extravasation detection system is well absorbed by contrast media, making changes easy to detect. The average time to detect an extravasation was 2.05 seconds at a depth of 2.0 mm below the skin with a volume of 1.3 mL, 2.57 seconds at a depth between 2.1 and 5 mm below the skin and a volume of 3.47 mL, 10.5 seconds for depths greater than 5.1 mm and a volume of 11.1 mL. The detection accuracy was significantly deteriorated when the depth exceeded 5.0 mm (Tukey-Kramer, P < 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: The extravasation system detection system that is using NIR has a high level of detection sensitivity. The sensitivity enables the system to detect extravasation at depths less than 2 mm with a volume of 1.5 mL and at depths less than 5 mm with a volume of 3.5 mL. The extravasation detection system could be suitable for use during examinations.
From the *Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East; †Graduate School of Functional Systems Engineering, The University of Tokushima; ‡Nemoto Kyorindo Co., Ltd.; and §Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Japan.
Toshihiro
T
Ishihara
Tatsushi
T
Kobayashi
Naoya
N
Ikeno
Takayuki
T
Hayashi
Masahiro
M
Sakakibara
Noboru
N
Niki
Mitsuo
M
Satake
Noriyuki
N
Moriyama
D000818:Animals; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed