Molecular evolution of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene in human parainfluenza virus type 3 isolates from children with acute respiratory illness in Yamagata prefecture, Japan.
We conducted detailed genetic analyses of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene in 272 human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) isolates from children with acute respiratory illness during the period 2002-2009 in Yamagata prefecture, Japan. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method showed that the strains diversified at around 1946 and that the rate of molecular evolution was 1.10×10(-3) substitutions per site per year. Identity was high among the present strains (<90 %) and the pairwise-distances were short. Furthermore, we found four positive selection sites and some key amino acid substitutions in active/catalytic sites of the HN protein. The results suggest that the HN gene of HPIV3 in the present strains evolved rapidly, similarly to other virus genes such as the G gene of respiratory syncytial virus. However, the biological functions and detailed structures of the HN glycoprotein in some of these strains may have been altered.
Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan.
Katsumi
K
Mizuta
Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan.
Hiroyuki
H
Tsukagoshi
Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan.
Tatsuya
T
Ikeda
Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan.
Yoko
Y
Aoki
Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan.
Chieko
C
Abiko
Yamanobe Pediatric Clinic, 2908-14 Yamanobe-machi, Higashimurayama-gun, Yamagata 990-0301, Japan.
Tsutomu
T
Itagaki
Technical Support, Life Technologies Japan Ltd, 4-2-8 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan.
Manami
M
Nagano
Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
Masahiro
M
Noda
Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
Hirokazu
H
Kimura
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D059645:Mutation Rate; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000235:genetics*; D010224:Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
D009439:Neuraminidase