Seasonal levels of the Vibrio predator bacteriovorax in atlantic, pacific, and gulf coast seawater.
Bacteriovorax were quantified in US Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific seawater to determine baseline levels of these predatory bacteria and possible seasonal fluctuations in levels. Surface seawater was analyzed monthly for 1 year from Kailua-Kona, Hawaii; the Gulf Coast of Alabama; and four sites along the Delaware Bay. Screening for Bacteriovorax was performed on lawns of V. parahaemolyticus host cells. Direct testing of 7.5 mL portions of seawater from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts gave mean annual counts ≤12.2 PFU. Spikes in counts were observed at 3 out of 4 sites along the Delaware Bay 1 week after Hurricane Sandy. A comparison of summer versus winter counts showed significantly more Bacteriovorax (P ≤ 0.0001) in the Delaware Bay during the summer and significantly more (P ≤ 0.0001) in the Gulf during the winter, but no significant seasonal differences (P > 0.05) for Hawaiian seawater. Bacteriovorax counts only correlated with seawater salinity and temperature at one Delaware site (r = 0.79 and r = 0.65, resp.). There was a relatively strong negative correlation between temperature and Bacteriovorax levels (r = -0.585) for Gulf seawater. Selected isolates were sequenced and identified by phylogenetic analysis as Bacteriovorax clusters IX, X, XI, and XII.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
Gary P
GP
Richards
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
Michael A
MA
Watson
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
E Fidelma
EF
Boyd
United States Food and Drug Administration, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA.
William
W
Burkhardt
Kona Coast Shellfish LLC, Kailua-Kona, HI 96740, USA.
Ronald
R
Lau
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
Joseph
J
Uknalis
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
Johnna P
JP
Fay