Development and validation of highly selective screening and confirmatory methods for the qualitative forensic analysis of organic explosive compounds with high performance liquid chromatography coupled with (photodiode array and) LTQ ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometric detections (HPLC-(PDA)-LTQOrbitrap).
An LTQ-Orbitrap FTMS is a new (hybrid) mass spectrometric (MS) analyzer. It allows for the acquisition of full scan MS(n) (n-stage fragmentations, n=1-n) spectra with the linear ion trap detector (LTQ) at high speed and/or with the Fourier Transform-detector (Orbitrap) with ultra high mass resolution (>60,000 at m/z<400amu) and high mass accuracy (≤1ppm with internal calibration). In addition it may be coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) with photo diode array (PDA) detection. Two methods for the forensic screening and confirmation of all common trace explosives in post-blast residues have been developed on this instrument using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). In one run, the nitrogen-containing explosives are analyzed with the combination of "LC-(PDA)-APCI(-)-LTQ MS(2)/Orbitrap FTMS" (Method 1). In another run, peroxide explosives are analyzed with "LC-APCI(+)-LTQ MS(2)/Orbitrap FTMS" (Method 2). The performance of both methods has been validated according to procedures defined in the EU COMMISSION DECISION implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results (DC 2002/657/EC) and other standards (NEN 17025 and NEN 7777). The methods are highly selective due to the simultaneous utilization of the Orbitrap FTMS and LTQ MS(2), both of which are highly selective detectors Tested explosive compounds can be detected in the molecular ion form by the Orbitrap analyzer with minimal mass interference in different matrices when using an extremely narrow mass tolerance detection window (≤2ppm). The identification of a detected compound follows an identification point system. Experimental results show that almost all explosive compounds meet the confirmation criteria (minimum 4 points) required for the positive identification by the DC 2002/657/EC.
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, Den Haag, The Netherlands. Electronic address: x.xu@nfi.minvenj.nl.
Xiaoma
X
Xu
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, Den Haag, The Netherlands.
Mattijs
M
Koeberg
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, Den Haag, The Netherlands.
Chris-Jan
CJ
Kuijpers
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, Den Haag, The Netherlands.
Eric
E
Kok
Explosive screening; Explosives; Forensic science; Identification criteria; LC-MS; Orbitrap