Anti-inflammatory effect of Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice on dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice and LPS-activated macrophages.
OBJECTIVE
Phellinus linteus is a herb used in traditional Asian medicine to treat stomachache, inflammation, and tumors. Recent studies show that the extract of Phellinus linteus has anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. However, Phellinus linteus extract has limitation of high cost and limited availability because of supply shortage. Here, we grew Phellinus linteus on germinated brown rice to address the issue of supply shortage and investigated anti-inflammatory effect in vivo as well as in vitro.


METHODS
Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice (PBR) were extracted using filtration steps, which included γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The PBR (200, 500mg/kg/day) was applied into the mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. We used sulfasalazine as a reference drug. In addition, mechanism related to anti-inflammatory was investigated by Western blotting.


RESULTS
In the mouse model of DSS-induced colitis, PBR ameliorated the pathological characteristics of colitis such as shortening of colon length and improved the disease activity index score. In addition, we showed that PBR reduced the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in colitis. Western blotting showed that PBR decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) proteins. Further, PBR treatment reduced the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (e.g., extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38) in the mouse model of DSS-induced colitis.


CONCLUSIONS
Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with a combination of PBR and LPS showed a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. In addition, we determined the ability of PBR to reduce the iNOS and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression. PBR inhibited the expression of iNOS, NF-κB, and Cox-2 proteins in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. This study presents the potential use of PBR as a drug candidate against colitis.
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Achasan-rho 263, Seoul, South Korea.
Minjung
M
Song
Department of Food science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano technology, Gachon University, Sungnam 461-701, South Korea. Electronic address: nimpi79@hanmail.net.
Hye-Jin
HJ
Park
D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005260:Female; D018525:Germination; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D012275:Oryza / Q000382:microbiology*; D000084682:Phellinus; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016328:NF-kappa B; C526145:Phellinus linteus extract; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
Acute colitis; Anti-inflammatory; Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS); Macrophages; Phellinus linteus; Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice