Hydroalcoholic extract of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and its constituent carnosol inhibit formalin-induced pain and inflammation in mice.
The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (ROL) extract and its major constituent, carnosol in male NMRI mice (W:25-30 g) have been evaluated in the present study. Formalin (2%, 20 microL) was injected into the plantar portion of the hind paw and resulting pain and inflammation was studied for 60 min. The plant extract, carnosol and other drugs were administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously 30 min before formalin injection. In a separate experiment, the effects of the extract and carnosol on plasma corticosterone levels and activity of the enzymes cyclooxygenase type 1 and 2 (COX1 and COX2) were investigated. Injection of different doses of ROL and carnosol reduced pain in the phase 2 of the formalin test, which was not inhibited by naloxone and/or memantine. In addition, pretreatment of the animals with ROL and/or carnosol reduces the formalin-induced inflammation. Furthermore, the extract and carnosol did not affect plasma corticosterone levels compared with the control group. Interestingly, both the extract and carnosol inhibited COX1 and COX2 activity. It could be concluded that ROL extract and carnosol suppressed pain and inflammation induced by formalin injection, which may be due to inhibition of COX1 and COX2 enzymes activity.
Department of Biology, School of Science, Tehran North branch, Azad Islamic University, Tehran, Iran.
F
F
Emami
Department of Biology, School of Science, Tehran North branch, Azad Islamic University, Tehran, Iran.
H
H
Ali-Beig
Department of Biology, School of Science, Tehran North branch, Azad Islamic University, Tehran, Iran.
S
S
Farahbakhsh
Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
N
N
Mojabi
Department of Biology, School of Science, Tehran North branch, Azad Islamic University, Tehran, Iran.
B
B
Rastegar-Moghadam
Department of Biology, School of Science, Tehran North branch, Azad Islamic University, Tehran, Iran.
S
S
Arbabian
Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
M
M
Kazemi
Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
E
E
Tekieh
Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
L
L
Golmanesh
Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
M
M
Ranjbaran
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
C
C
Jalili
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
A
A
Noroozzadeh
Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
H
H
Sahraei
D045784:Abietanes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000438:Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D027542:Rosmarinus; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*
D045784:Abietanes; D000438:Alcohols; D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D005557:Formaldehyde; C068623:carnosol; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; D003345:Corticosterone