Perceptions of successful cues to action and opportunities to augment behavioral triggers in diabetes self-management: qualitative analysis of a mobile intervention for low-income Latinos with diabetes.
BACKGROUND
The increasing prevalence of diabetes and the associated cost of managing this complicated disease have a significant impact on public health outcomes and health expenditures, especially among resource-poor Latino patients. Mobile health (mHealth) may be the solution to reaching this group and improving their health.


OBJECTIVE
In this qualitative study, we examined nuances of motivation, intention, and triggers to action effected by TExT-MED (Trial to Examine Text Messaging for Emergency Department patient with Diabetes), an mHealth intervention tailored to low-income, urban Latinos with diabetes. TExT-MED is a fully-automated, text message-based program designed to increase knowledge, self-efficacy, and subsequent disease management and glycemic control.


METHODS
We conducted 5 focus group interviews with 24 people who participated in TExT-MED. We employed a modified grounded theory analytic approach-an iterative process of coding and immersion in the data used to recognize the patterns and links between concepts voiced by the participants. We coded data to identify themes of participant experiences, motivations, and responses to the program. We organized themes into a theory of TExT-MED's action.


RESULTS
Participants enjoyed their experience with TExT-MED and believed it improved their diabetes management. Through analysis of the transcripts, we identified that the strengths of the program were messages that cued specific behaviors such as medication reminders and challenge messages. Our analysis also revealed that increasing personalization of message delivery and content could augment these cues.


CONCLUSIONS
This in-depth qualitative analysis of TExT-MED shows that low-income Latino patients will accept text messages as a behavioral intervention. This mHealth intervention acts as a behavioral trigger rather than an education platform. Personalization is an opportunity to enhance these cues to action and further research should be conducted on the ideal forms of personalization.
Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States. eburner@usc.edu.
Elizabeth R
ER
Burner
Michael D
MD
Menchine
Katrina
K
Kubicek
Marisela
M
Robles
Sanjay
S
Arora
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015438:Health Behavior; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D011203:Poverty; D012648:Self Care
Latinos; cellular phone; diabetes