Decellularized scaffolds as a platform for bioengineered organs.
OBJECTIVE
Patients suffering from end-stage organ failure requiring organ transplantation face donor organ shortage and adverse effect of chronic immunosuppression. Recent progress in the field of organ bioengineering based on decellularized organ scaffolds and patient-derived cells holds great promise to address these issues.


RESULTS
Perfusion-decellularization is the most consistent method to obtain decellularized whole-organ scaffolds to serve as a platform for organ bioengineering. Important advances have occurred in organ bioengineering using decellularized scaffolds in small animal models. However, the function exhibited by bioengineered organs has been rudimentary. Pluripotent stem cells seem to hold promise as the ideal regenerative cells to be used with this approach but the techniques to effectively and reliably manipulate their fate are still to be discovered. Finally, this technology needs to be scaled up to human size to be of clinical relevance.


CONCLUSIONS
The search for alternatives to allogeneic organ transplantation continues. Important milestones have been achieved in organ bioengineering with the use of decellularized scaffolds. However, many challenges remain on the way to producing an autologous, fully functional organ that can be transplanted similar to a donor organ.
aDivision of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital bHarvard Medical School cCenter for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital dHarvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Luis F
LF
Tapias
Harald C
HC
Ott
D000818:Animals; D021522:Bioartificial Organs; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D006801:Humans; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D014019:Tissue Donors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds