Uroflowmetric assessment in participants with Angelman syndrome.
OBJECTIVE
To asses possible bladder dysfunctions and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in individuals with Angelman syndrome (AS), since remarkable voiding characteristics were found in previous studies on toilet training and incontinence in AS.


METHODS
Uroflowmetric analysis, a non-invasive technique to assess the voiding pattern, was conducted in six participants with AS.


RESULTS
Pathological uroflow patterns were found in five participants; staccato flows in three participants, interrupted flows in one and both interrupted and staccato flows in another participant. Small quantities or urine were found in four participants, large amounts in one and one participant had normal voided volumes.


CONCLUSIONS
Results indicate that different conditions such as dysfunctional voiding are present in AS and future studies should further assess these in greater detail. Possible treatment of LUTS and incontinence includes adequate liquid intake, timed voidings, treatment of constipation, and allowing enough time on toilet to stimulate relaxation.
a Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands .|b Department of Child and Youth , Daelzicht , Heel , The Netherlands .
Maartje
M
Radstaake
a Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands .|c Trajectum , Zwolle , the Netherlands .
Robert
R
Didden
d Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Saarland University Hospital , Homburg , Germany , and.
Alexander
A
von Gontard
e Department of Special Education , University of Maastricht , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
Leopold M G
LM
Curfs
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017204:Angelman Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D014554:Urination
Angelman syndrome; bladder dysfunction; dysfunctional voiding; lower urinary tract symptoms; uroflowmetric assessment