Dose equivalents for second-generation antipsychotics: the minimum effective dose method.
BACKGROUND
Clinicians need to know the right antipsychotic dose for optimized treatment, and the concept of dose equivalence is important for many clinical and scientific purposes.


METHODS
We refined a method presented in 2003, which was based on the minimum effective doses found in fixed-dose studies. We operationalized the selection process, updated the original findings, and expanded them by systematically searching more recent literature and by including 13 second-generation antipsychotics. To qualify for the minimum effective dose, a dose had to be significantly more efficacious than placebo in the primary outcome of at least one randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose trial. In a sensitivity analysis, 2 positive trials were required. The minimum effective doses identified were subsequently used to derive olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine equivalents.


RESULTS
We reviewed 73 included studies. The minimum effective daily doses/olanzapine equivalents based on our primary approach were: aripiprazole 10 mg/1.33, asenapine 10 mg/1.33, clozapine 300 mg/40, haloperidol 4 mg/0.53, iloperidone 8 mg/1.07, lurasidone 40 mg/5.33, olanzapine 7.5 mg/1, paliperidone 3 mg/0.4, quetiapine 150 mg/20, risperidone 2 mg/0.27, sertindole 12 mg/1.60, and ziprasidone 40 mg/5.33. For amisulpride and zotepine, reliable estimates could not be derived.


CONCLUSIONS
This method for determining antipsychotic dose equivalence entails an operationalized and evidence-based approach that can be applied to the various antipsychotic drugs. As a limitation, the results are not applicable to specific populations such as first-episode or refractory patients. We recommend that alternative methods also be updated in order to minimize further differences between the methods and risk of subsequent bias.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; tel: +49-89-4140-4249, fax: +49-89-4140-4888, e-mail: Stefan.Leucht@lrz.tum.de.
Stefan
S
Leucht
Myrto
M
Samara
Stephan
S
Heres
Maxine X
MX
Patel
Scott W
SW
Woods
John M
JM
Davis
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D006801:Humans; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
antipsychotic drugs; dosage; equivalency; olanzapine; quetiapine; risperidone; schizophrenia