Cortical dysfunction underlies the development of the split-hand in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
The split-hand phenomenon, a specific feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), refers to preferential wasting of abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) with relative preservation of abductor digiti minimi (ADM). The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the split-hand phenomenon remain elusive and resolution of this issue would provide unique insights into ALS pathophysiology. Consequently, the present study dissected out the relative contribution of cortical and peripheral processes in development of the split-hand phenomenon in ALS. Cortical and axonal excitability studies were undertaken on 26 ALS patients, with motor responses recorded over the APB, FDI and ADM muscles. Results were compared to 21 controls. Short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), a biomarker of cortical excitability, was significantly reduced across the range of intrinsic hand muscles (APB(SICI ALS) 0.3±2.0%, APB(SICI controls) 16.0±1.9%, P<0.0001; FDI(SICI ALS) 2.7±1.7%, FDI(SICI controls) 14.8±1.9%, P<0.0001; ADM(SICI ALS) 2.6±1.5%, ADM(SICI controls) 9.7±2.2%, P<0.001), although the reduction was most prominent when recorded over APB/FDI. Changes in SICI were accompanied by a significant increase in motor evoked potential amplitude and reduction of cortical silent period duration, all indicative of cortical hyperexcitability, and these were most prominent from the APB/FDI. At a peripheral level, a significant increase in strength-duration time constant and reduction in depolarising threshold electrotonus were evident in ALS, although these changes did not follow a split-hand distribution. Cortical dysfunction contributed to development of the split-hand in ALS, thereby implying an importance of cortical hyperexcitability in ALS pathogenesis.
Sydney Medical School Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Parvathi
P
Menon
Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Matthew C
MC
Kiernan
Sydney Medical School Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Steve
S
Vucic
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation