Drinking water quality and hospital admissions of elderly people for gastrointestinal illness in Eastern Massachusetts, 1998-2008.
We used a Poisson regression to compare daily hospital admissions of elderly people for acute gastrointestinal illness in Boston against daily variations in drinking water quality over an 11-year period, controlling for weather, seasonality and time trends. The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), which provides non-filtered water to 1.5 million people in the greater Boston area, changed its disinfection method from chlorination to ozonation during the study period so we were also able to evaluate changes in risk associated with the change in disinfection method. Other available water quality data from the MWRA included turbidity, fecal coliforms, UV-absorbance, and planktonic algae and cyanobacteriae concentrations. Daily weather, rainfall data and water temperature were also available. Low water temperature, increases in turbidity and, to a lesser extent, in fecal coliform and cyanobacteriae were associated with a higher risk of hospital admissions, while the shift from chlorination to ozonation has possibly reduced the health risk. The MWRA complied with US drinking water regulations throughout the study period.
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Electronic address: p.beaudeau@invs.sante.fr.
Pascal
P
Beaudeau
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Joel
J
Schwartz
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Ronnie
R
Levin
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054879:Halogenation; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D060753:Water Quality
D060766:Drinking Water; D010126:Ozone
Boston MA; Drinking water; Elderly; Gastrointestinal illness; Time series study; Turbidity