The potential effects of rhinoplasty on voice.
BACKGROUND
Rhinoplasty is one of the most popular cosmetic surgical procedures in Iran. Surgery on the vocal tract can potentially change the voice characteristics. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no study has described voice changes after rhinoplasty, and the results of this study may help physicians to be aware of potential voice alterations following rhinoplasty.


METHODS
The authors selected 27 patients for this study. Patients completed Voice Handicap Index questionnaires, and the authors performed perceptual and acoustic analyses before and 5 months after rhinoplasty.


RESULTS
The Voice Handicap Index score and its physical and emotional subscales showed a statistically significant increase after rhinoplasty, indicating a worsening of voice quality after rhinoplasty. Blind perceptual analysis by six trained listeners revealed a statistically significant increase in hyponasality after rhinoplasty. Acoustic analysis showed that the frequency of the first and second nasal murmurs increased for the phonemes "m" and "n," while the amplitude of these murmurs decreased significantly after surgery. The same pattern was seen for the phoneme "a" when it was produced between two nasal consonants, as in the word "man."


CONCLUSIONS
Rhinoplasty can change vocal characteristics by narrowing the nasal cavity. Rhinoplasty has some effects on the voice, but these changes are problematic in general for most patients. However, for individuals who rely on their voice for professional reasons, the surgeon should preoperatively discuss these changes with the patient and consider more conservative types of surgery.


METHODS
Therapeutic, IV.
Mashhad, Iran From the Sinus and Surgical Endoscopic Research Center, and the Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; and the Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
Mahdi
M
Foroughian
Kamran
K
Khazaeni
Mohsen Rajati
MR
Haghi
Nader
N
Jahangiri
Leila
L
Mashhadi
Mehdi
M
Bakhshaee
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects; D014831:Voice; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult