Supraspinal metabotropic glutamate receptors: a target for pain relief and beyond.
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, controlling the majority of synapses. Apart from neurodegenerative diseases, growing evidence suggests that glutamate is involved in psychiatric and neurological disorders, including pain. Glutamate signaling is mediated via ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). So far, drugs acting via modulation of glutamatergic system are few in number, and all are associated with iGluRs and important side effects. The glutamatergic system may be finely modulated by mGluRs. Signaling via these receptors is slower and longer-lasting, and permits fine-tuning of glutamate transmission. There have been eight mGluRs cloned to date (mGluR1-mGluR8), and these are further divided into three groups on the basis of sequence homology, pharmacological profile, and second messenger signaling. The pattern of expression of mGluRs along the pain neuraxis makes them suitable substrates for the design of novel analgesics. This review will focus on the supraspinal mGluRs, whose pharmacological manipulation generates a variety of effects, which depend on the synaptic location, the cell type on which they are located, and the expression in particular pain modulation areas, such as the periaqueductal gray, which plays a major role in the descending modulation of pain, and the central nucleus of the amygdala, which is an important center for the processing of emotional information associated with pain. A particular emphasis will also be given to the novel selective mGluR subtype ligands, as well as positive and negative allosteric modulators, which have permitted discrimination of the individual roles of the different mGluR subtypes, and subtle modulation of central nervous system functioning and related disorders.
Department of Anaesthesiology, Surgery and Emergency, The Second University of Naples, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
Enza
E
Palazzo
Ida
I
Marabese
Vito
V
de Novellis
Francesco
F
Rossi
Sabatino
S
Maione
D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
antinociceptive descending pathway; brain; chronic pain; metabotropic glutamate receptors; psychiatric and neurological disorders