The hydrostatic pressure indifference point underestimates orthostatic redistribution of blood in humans.
The hydrostatic indifference point (HIP; where venous pressure is unaffected by posture) is located at the level of the diaphragm and is believed to indicate the orthostatic redistribution of blood, but it remains unknown whether HIP coincides with the indifference point for blood volume (VIP). During graded (± 20°) head-up (HUT) and head-down tilt (HDT) in 12 male volunteers, we determined HIP from central venous pressure and VIP from redistribution of both blood, using ultrasound imaging of the inferior caval vein (VIPui), and fluid volume, by regional electrical admittance (VIPadm). Furthermore, we evaluated whether inflation of medical antishock trousers (to 70 mmHg) affected HIP and VIP. Leaving cardiovascular variables unaffected by tilt, HIP was located 7 ± 4 cm (mean ± SD) below the 4th intercostal space (IC-4) during HUT and was similar (7 ± 3 cm) during HDT and higher (P < 0.0001) than both VIPui (HUT: 22 ± 16 cm; HDT: 13 ± 7 cm) and VIPadm (HUT: 29 ± 9 cm; HDT: 20 ± 9 cm below IC-4). During HUT antishock trousers elevated both HIP and VIPui [to 3 ± 5 cm (P = 0.028) and 17 ± 7 cm below IC-4 (P = 0.051), respectively], while VIPadm remained unaffected. By simultaneous recording of pressure and filling of the inferior caval vein as well as fluid distribution, we found HIP located corresponding to the diaphragm while VIP was placed low in the abdomen, and that medical antishock trousers elevated both HIP and VIP. The low indifference point for volume shows that the gravitational influence on distribution of blood is more profound than indicated by the indifference point for venous pressure.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
L G
LG
Petersen
J F
JF
Carlsen
M B
MB
Nielsen
M
M
Damgaard
N H
NH
Secher
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D001810:Blood Volume; D002496:Central Venous Pressure; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004244:Dizziness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006112:Gravitation; D005676:Gravity Suits; D018475:Head-Down Tilt; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D018667:Tilt-Table Test; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
blood-volume distribution; inferior caval vein; posture; pressure-volume relationship