Mindfulness, acceptance and catastrophizing in chronic pain.
OBJECTIVE
Catastrophizing is often the primary target of the cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronic pain. Recent literature on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) suggests an important role in the pain experience for the concepts mindfulness and acceptance. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of mindfulness and general psychological acceptance on pain-related catastrophizing in patients with chronic pain.


METHODS
A cross-sectional survey was conducted, including 87 chronic pain patients from an academic outpatient pain center.


RESULTS
The results show that general psychological acceptance (measured with the AAQ-II) is a strong predictor of pain-related catastrophizing, independent of gender, age and pain intensity. Mindfulness (measured with the MAAS) did not predict levels of pain-related catastrophizing.


CONCLUSIONS
Acceptance of psychological experiences outside of pain itself is related to catastrophizing. Thus, acceptance seems to play a role in the pain experience and should be part of the treatment of chronic pain. The focus of the ACT treatment of chronic pain does not necessarily have to be on acceptance of pain per se, but may be aimed at acceptance of unwanted experiences in general. Mindfulness in the sense of "acting with awareness" is however not related to catastrophizing. Based on our research findings in comparisons with those of other authors, we recommend a broader conceptualization of mindfulness and the use of a multifaceted questionnaire for mindfulness instead of the unidimensional MAAS.
Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Maaike J
MJ
de Boer
Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Hannemike E
HE
Steinhagen
Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Gerbrig J
GJ
Versteegen
Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Michel M R F
MM
Struys
Health Psychology Section, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Robbert
R
Sanderman
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001364:Awareness; D001519:Behavior; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000523:psychology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult