Clinical drug interactions: a holistic view.
Every time a drug is administered to the animal to treat an ailment, no matter whether it is acute or chronic manifestation, it usually goes together with some other prescription medicine, OTC (Over the counter) formulation, herbs or even food. All the xenobiotics such as drugs, toxins and food components as well as the endogenous compound that are formed in the animal body as a routine phenomenon exert a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the different physiological and biochemical processes going in the body. These effects may alter the normal metabolism and/or drug transport or its efficacy drastically and thus expose the man and animals to the risk of a potentially dangerous interaction. The present review discusses these potential reactions and their mechanisms that help in navigating the hazardous combinations of drugs with other medicines, food, herbs, vitamins and minerals with confidence.
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa, Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura (UP)-281001, India.
Anu
A
Rahal
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India.
A H
AH
Ahmad
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa, Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura (UP)-281001, India.
Amit
A
Kumar
Department of Animal Nutrition, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa, Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura (UP)-281001, India.
Mahima
Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa, Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura (UP)-281001, India.
Amit Kumar
AK
Verma
Animal Resource Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala, Tripura, India.
Sandip
S
Chakraborty
Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (UP), India.
Kuldeep
K
Dhama
D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D041743:Herb-Drug Interactions; D006694:Holistic Health; D006801:Humans; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D019338:Polypharmacy