Osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization ability of periosteum-derived cells compared with bone marrow and calvaria-derived cells.
OBJECTIVE
Clinically, bone marrow stromal cells (BMCs) are the most common source of osteoprogenitor cells. Its harvest process, however, is invasive to patients. Previous reports have shown the potential advantages of using periosteum-derived cells (PDCs) as a source of cell-based transplant therapy. The objective of our study was to characterize the osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization ability of PDCs versus BMCs and osteoblasts (OBs).


METHODS
BMCs, OBs, and PDCs were isolated from 4-week-old male Wistar rats. To characterize the differentiation ability of the cells, MTS assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity staining, picrosirius red staining, and alizarin red staining were performed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin sections of calvarial periosteum to determine the presence of mesenchymal stem cells.


RESULTS
PDCs showed the greatest proliferation rate compared with BMCs and OBs. Matured collagenous matrix formation was observed in PDCs and BMCs. ALP-positive cells and in vitro mineralization were evident in all cell types analyzed; however, that of PDCs was not comparable to that of the OBs and BMCs. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of STRO-1-and CD105-positive cells in the cambium layer of the periosteum.


CONCLUSIONS
PDCs have remarkable proliferative ability, but contain only a small population of osteogenic cells compared with BMCs and OBs. Although cell activity can be affected by various factors, such as age, culture condition, additives, and so forth, PDCs are likely not the source of OBs, although they might provide matrices that indirectly aid in bone formation.
Research Assistant, Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
Juan Marcelo
JM
Rosales-Rocabado
Associate Professor, Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan. Electronic address: kakum@dent.niigata-u.ac.jp.
Masaru
M
Kaku
PhD Student, Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
Megumi
M
Kitami
Assistant Professor, Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
Yosuke
Y
Akiba
Professor and Chair, Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
Katsumi
K
Uoshima
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D001391:Azo Compounds; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010521:Periosteum / Q000166:cytology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis; D012886:Skull / Q000166:cytology*
D000880:Anthraquinones; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C527498:STRO-1 antigen, rat; C009798:C.I. direct red 80; C010078:alizarin; D003094:Collagen; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase