Diagnostic imaging and pacemaker implantation in a domestic goat with persistent left cranial vena cava.
Difficulty was encountered with the insertion of a right atrial pacing lead via the left jugular vein during lead and pacemaker implantation in a clinically normal goat as part of an ongoing rapid atrial pacing - induced atrial fibrillation research project. Fluoroscopic visualization of an abnormal lead advancement path prompted angiographic assessment which revealed a persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC) and prominent coronary sinus communicating with the right atrium. Angiography facilitated successful advancement and securing of the pacing lead into the right side of the interatrial septum. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography (MRI/MRA) allowed further characterization of this rare venous anomaly. Even though PLCVC has been reported once in a goat, to the authors' knowledge this is the first report to include MRI/MRA characterization of PLCVC and prominent coronary sinus with successful cardiac pacemaker implantation using the PLCVC.
University of Utah, Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research and Management Center, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. Electronic address: ravi.ranjan@hsc.utah.edu.
Ravi
R
Ranjan
University of Utah, Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research and Management Center, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
Derek
D
Dosdall
University of Utah, Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research and Management Center, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
Layne
L
Norlund
University of Utah, Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research and Management Center, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
Koji
K
Higuchi
University of Utah, Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research and Management Center, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
Joshua M
JM
Silvernagel
Utah State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
Aaron L
AL
Olsen
Utah State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
Christopher J
CJ
Davies
University of Utah, Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research and Management Center, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
Rob
R
MacLeod
University of Utah, Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research and Management Center, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
Nassir F
NF
Marrouche
D000818:Animals; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D006041:Goats; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary*; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities*
Caprine; Magnetic resonance imaging/angiography; Persistent left cranial vena cava