Cigarette smoke toxins deposited on surfaces: implications for human health.
Cigarette smoking remains a significant health threat for smokers and nonsmokers alike. Secondhand smoke (SHS) is intrinsically more toxic than directly inhaled smoke. Recently, a new threat has been discovered - Thirdhand smoke (THS) - the accumulation of SHS on surfaces that ages with time, becoming progressively more toxic. THS is a potential health threat to children, spouses of smokers and workers in environments where smoking is or has been allowed. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of THS on liver, lung, skin healing, and behavior, using an animal model exposed to THS under conditions that mimic exposure of humans. THS-exposed mice show alterations in multiple organ systems and excrete levels of NNAL (a tobacco-specific carcinogen biomarker) similar to those found in children exposed to SHS (and consequently to THS). In liver, THS leads to increased lipid levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a precursor to cirrhosis and cancer and a potential contributor to cardiovascular disease. In lung, THS stimulates excess collagen production and high levels of inflammatory cytokines, suggesting propensity for fibrosis with implications for inflammation-induced diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. In wounded skin, healing in THS-exposed mice has many characteristics of the poor healing of surgical incisions observed in human smokers. Lastly, behavioral tests show that THS-exposed mice become hyperactive. The latter data, combined with emerging associated behavioral problems in children exposed to SHS/THS, suggest that, with prolonged exposure, they may be at significant risk for developing more severe neurological disorders. These results provide a basis for studies on the toxic effects of THS in humans and inform potential regulatory policies to prevent involuntary exposure to THS.
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Manuela
M
Martins-Green
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Neema
N
Adhami
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Michael
M
Frankos
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Mathew
M
Valdez
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Benjamin
B
Goodwin
Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Julia
J
Lyubovitsky
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Sandeep
S
Dhall
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Monika
M
Garcia
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Ivie
I
Egiebor
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Bethanne
B
Martinez
Graduate Division, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Harry W
HW
Green
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Christopher
C
Havel
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Lisa
L
Yu
Center for Behavioral Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America.
Sandy
S
Liles
Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America.
Georg
G
Matt
Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Hugo
H
Destaillats
Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Mohammed
M
Sleiman
Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Laura A
LA
Gundel
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Neal
N
Benowitz
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Peyton
P
Jacob
Center for Behavioral Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America.
Melbourne
M
Hovell
MGH Center for Child & Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Jonathan P
JP
Winickoff
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
Margarita
M
Curras-Collazo
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D018782:Maze Learning; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000652:urine; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D011725:Pyridines / Q000652:urine; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014945:Wound Healing
D015415:Biomarkers; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011725:Pyridines; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003094:Collagen; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol