Differences in antibody responses between trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and live attenuated influenza vaccine correlate with the kinetics and magnitude of interferon signaling in children.
BACKGROUND
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) are effective for prevention of influenza virus infection in children, but the mechanisms associated with protection are not well defined.


METHODS
We analyzed the differences in B-cell responses and transcriptional profiles in children aged 6 months to 14 years immunized with these 2 vaccines.


RESULTS
LAIV elicited a significant increase in naive, memory, and transitional B cells on day 30 after vaccination, whereas TIV elicited an increased number of plasmablasts on day 7. Antibody titers against the 3 vaccine strains (H1N1, H3N2, and B) were significantly higher in the TIV group and correlated with number of antibody-secreting cells. Both vaccines induced overexpression of interferon (IFN)-signaling genes but with different kinetics. TIV induced expression of IFN genes on day 1 after vaccination in all age groups, and LAIV induced expression of IFN genes on day 7 after vaccination but only in children <5 years old. IFN-related genes overexpressed in both vaccinated groups correlated with H3N2 antibody titers.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that LAIV and TIV induced significantly different B-cell responses in vaccinated children. Early induction of IFN appears to be important for development of antibody responses.
Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute.
Raquel G
RG
Cao
Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute.
Nicolas M
NM
Suarez
Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
Gerlinde
G
Obermoser
Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute.
Santiago M C
SM
Lopez
Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute.
Emilio
E
Flano
Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute.
Sara E
SE
Mertz
Department of Microbiology Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute.
Randy A
RA
Albrecht
Department of Microbiology Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
Adolfo
A
García-Sastre
Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
Asuncion
A
Mejias
Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
Hui
H
Xu
Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
Huanying
H
Qin
Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
Derek
D
Blankenship
Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
Karolina
K
Palucka
Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
Virginia
V
Pascual
Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
Octavio
O
Ramilo
D000293:Adolescent; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007372:Interferons / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D007372:Interferons
HI antibodies; Influenza vaccine; LAIV; TIV; children; interferon; neutralizing antibodies