Socioecological correlates of energy balance using urinary C-peptide measurements in wild female mountain gorillas.
Maintaining a balanced energy budget is important for survival and reproduction, but measuring energy balance in wild animals has been fraught with difficulties. Female mountain gorillas are interesting subjects to examine environmental correlates of energy balance because their diet is primarily herbaceous vegetation, their food supply shows little seasonal variation and is abundant, yet they live in cooler, high-altitude habitats that may bring about energetic challenges. Social and reproductive parameters may also influence energy balance. Urinary C-peptide (UCP) has emerged as a valuable non-invasive biomarker of energy balance in primates. Here we use this method to investigate factors influencing energy balance in mountain gorillas of the Virunga Volcanoes, Rwanda. We examined a range of socioecological variables on energy balance in adult females in three groups monitored by the Karisoke Research Center over nine months. Three variables had significant effects on UCP levels: habitat (highest levels in the bamboo zone), season (highest levels in November during peak of the bamboo shoot availability) and day time (gradually increasing from early morning to early afternoon). There was no significant effect of reproductive state and dominance rank. Our study indicates that even in species that inhabit an area with a seemingly steady food supply, ecological variability can have pronounced effects on female energy balance.
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Karisoke Research Center, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, BP 105, Musanze, North Province, Rwanda; School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Electronic address: cyril.grueter@uwa.edu.au.
Cyril C
CC
Grueter
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Tobias
T
Deschner
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Verena
V
Behringer
Karisoke Research Center, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, BP 105, Musanze, North Province, Rwanda.
Katie
K
Fawcett
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Martha M
MM
Robbins
D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000652:urine*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004032:Diet; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D016014:Linear Models; D012098:Reproduction; D012432:Rwanda; D012621:Seasons; D012930:Social Dominance; D013997:Time Factors
D002096:C-Peptide
Energy balance; Gorilla beringei beringei; Seasonality; Urinary C-peptide