High sodium intake in women with metabolic syndrome.
OBJECTIVE
Metabolic syndrome and high sodium intake are associated with frequent cardiovascular events. Few studies have estimated sodium intake in subjects with metabolic syndrome by 24-hour urine sodium excretion. We evaluated sodium intake in individuals with metabolic syndrome.


METHODS
Participants were recruited by random selection and through advertisement. Twenty four-hour urine collection, ambulatory blood pressure measurements, and blood test were performed. Sodium intake was estimated by 24-hour urine sodium excretion. Participants receiving antihypertensive medications were excluded from analysis.


RESULTS
Among the 463 participants recruited, subjects with metabolic syndrome had higher levels of 24-hour urine sodium excretion than subjects without metabolic syndrome (p=0.0001). There was a significant relationship between the number of metabolic syndrome factors and 24-hour urine sodium excretion (p=0.001). The proportion of subjects with metabolic syndrome was increased across the tertile groups of 24-hour urine sodium excretion (p<0.0001). The association of high sodium intake and metabolic syndrome was significant only among women. Among the factors related to metabolic syndrome, body mass index had an independent association with 24-hour urine sodium excretion (p<0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
Women with metabolic syndrome exhibited significantly higher sodium intake, suggesting that dietary education to reduce sodium consumption should be emphasized for women with metabolic syndrome.
Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
Moo-Yong
MY
Rhee
Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
Ji-Hyun
JH
Kim
Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
Yong-Seok
YS
Kim
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea.
Jin-Wook
JW
Chung
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea.
Jun-Ho
JH
Bae
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea.
Deuk-Young
DY
Nah
Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
Young-Kwon
YK
Kim
Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
Myoung-Mook
MM
Lee
Clinical Trial Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
Chi-Yeon
CY
Lim
Nutrition Safety Policy Division, Food Nutrition and Dietary Safety Bureau, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea.
Jae-Eon
JE
Byun
Nutrition Safety Policy Division, Food Nutrition and Dietary Safety Bureau, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea.
Hye-Kyung
HK
Park
Nutrition Safety Policy Division, Food Nutrition and Dietary Safety Bureau, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea.
Baeg-Won
BW
Kang
Nutrition Safety Policy Division, Food Nutrition and Dietary Safety Bureau, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea.
Jong-Wook
JW
Kim
Department of Statistics, Survey Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea.
Sun-Woong
SW
Kim
Hypertension; Metabolic syndrome; Sodium, dietary