A comprehensive evaluation of bladder cancer epidemiology and outcomes in Australia.
OBJECTIVE
To review bladder cancer statistics and management in Australia and identify gaps for future work here.


METHODS
Evidence was reviewed from GLOBOCAN 2008v2.0, Pubmed, and conference presentations. We also use data from reports from Cancer Council Australia, State Cancer Councils, and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.


RESULTS
The incidence and mortality rates of bladder cancer in Australia closely parallel those of other developed countries. Bladder cancer was the 8th most common cause of cancer in men, and the 17th most common cause of cancer in women. Bladder cancer was the 13th most common cause of cancer death in men, and the 17th most common cause of cancer death in women. We briefly review the evidence regarding causality, including nutritional, occupational, and environmental factors. We compare Australian incidence and mortality rates internationally, by state/territory, by socioeconomic strata, and by geographical regions. Importantly, we review evidence on the quality of bladder cancer management in Australia.


CONCLUSIONS
The geographical, regional, and socioeconomic differences in Australian bladder cancer statistics may be associated with different patterns of diagnosis and treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
The quality of bladder cancer surveillance and cystectomies in Australia requires improvement to conform to global standards and to improve decreasing survival rates.
The Urological Cancer Outcomes Centre, Department of Surgery, Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Suite 10, 16-18 Mons Road, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia, rajkumarchel@gmail.com.
Rajkumar
R
Cheluvappa
David P
DP
Smith
Sabina
S
Cerimagic
Manish I
MI
Patel
D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015876:Northern Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy