Effects of storage, processing and proteolytic digestion on microcystin-LR concentration in edible clams.
Accumulation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in edible aquatic organisms, particularly in bivalves, is widely documented. In this study, the effects of food storage and processing conditions on the free MC-LR concentration in clams (Corbicula fluminea) fed MC-LR-producing Microcystisaeruginosa (1×10(5) cell/mL) for four days, and the bioaccessibility of MC-LR after in vitro proteolytic digestion were investigated. The concentration of free MC-LR in clams decreased sequentially over the time with unrefrigerated and refrigerated storage and increased with freezing storage. Overall, cooking for short periods of time resulted in a significantly higher concentration (P<0.05) of free MC-LR in clams, specifically microwave (MW) radiation treatment for 0.5 (57.5%) and 1 min (59%) and boiling treatment for 5 (163.4%) and 15 min (213.4%). The bioaccessibility of MC-LR after proteolytic digestion was reduced to 83%, potentially because of MC-LR degradation by pancreatic enzymes. Our results suggest that risk assessment based on direct comparison between MC-LR concentrations determined in raw food products and the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value set for the MC-LR might not be representative of true human exposure.
CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Rua de Valente Perfeito, 322, 440-330 Gaia, Portugal.
Marisa
M
Freitas
CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Rua de Valente Perfeito, 322, 440-330 Gaia, Portugal.
Joana
J
Azevedo
CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
António Paulo
AP
Carvalho
CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
Alexandre
A
Campos
CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: vmvascon@fc.up.pt.
Vitor
V
Vasconcelos
D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis*; D059748:Proteolysis; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; C057862:cyanoginosin LR
Bioaccessibility; Clams; Food processing; Food storage; Microcystin-LR; Proteolytic digestion