AF burden is important - fact or fiction?
Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) is common and in view of its prognostic impact (the same as of clinically overt AF) knowledge of the overall AF burden (defined as the amount of time spent in AF) appears to be important, both for scientific and clinical reasons. Data collected on more than 12,000 patients indicate that cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs) are validated tools for measuring AF burden and that AF burden is associated with an increased risk of stroke. A maximum daily AF burden of ≥ 1 h carries important negative prognostic implications and may be a clinically relevant parameter for improving risk stratification for stroke. Decision-making should primarily consider the context in which asymptomatic, subclinical arrhythmias are detected (i.e. primary or secondary prevention of stroke and systemic embolism) and the risk profile of every individual patient with regard to thromboembolic and haemorrhagic risk, as well as patient preferences and values. Continuous monitoring using CIEDs with extensive data storage capabilities allow in-depth study of the temporal relationship between AF and ischaemic stroke. The relationships between AF and stroke are complex. AF is certainly a risk factor for cardioembolic stroke, with a cause-effect relationship between the arrhythmia and a thromboembolic event, the latter being related to atrial thrombi. However, AF can also be a simple 'marker of risk', with a non-causal association between the arrhythmia and stroke, the latter being possibly related to atheroemboli from the aorta, the carotid arteries or from other sources.
Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Cardiology, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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G
Boriani
I
I
Diemberger
M
M
Ziacchi
C
C
Valzania
B
B
Gardini
P
P
Cimaglia
C
C
Martignani
M
M
Biffi
D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors