A systematic review of osteoporosis medication adherence and osteoporosis-related fracture costs in men.
OBJECTIVE
Male osteoporosis is an increasingly important public health concern. Although several medications are approved for the treatment of osteoporosis, medication non-adherence and the associated consequences are not well documented in male populations. Our objective was to identify and summarize the current knowledge related to osteoporotic medication adherence, the potential implications of non-adherence to the medication, and the cost of osteoporosis-related fractures and health-resource utilization in men.


METHODS
Two separate systematic searches were conducted concurrently: one to identify literature reporting male-specific adherence to anti-osteoporotic medication and the clinical consequence of non-adherence in men, and the other to identify literature reporting the cost and resource burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in men. The PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched using a date range of 1 January 1998 to 30 June 2012, and citations were screened based on pre-defined criteria.


RESULTS
The percentage of males adherent to bisphosphonates [medication possession ratio (MPR) >0.8] over a 1-year period ranged from 32% to 64%. The data imply worse clinical outcomes with treatment non-adherence. Costs and resource use associated with osteoporosis-related fractures in men are high, with hip fractures generating the most cost.


CONCLUSIONS
One-third to two-thirds of men are not adherent to bisphosphonates. Non-adherence is associated with increased fracture risk. Estimates of direct and indirect osteoporosis-related fracture costs are also substantial in men, and may even be more costly than in women. More robust data would better inform disease management initiatives that could improve adherence to medication and outcomes in men with osteoporosis.
Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, MS 28-3-A, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, US, ymikyas@kapconsult.com.
Yeshi
Y
Mikyas
Irene
I
Agodoa
Nicole
N
Yurgin
D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016527:Drug Costs; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016903:Drug Monitoring
D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates