Effects of a fungicide (imazalil) and an insecticide (diazinon) on stream fungi and invertebrates associated with litter breakdown.
The intensification of agriculture has promoted the use of pesticides such as fungicides and insecticides. Many pesticides readily leach into natural water bodies and affect both organisms and ecosystem processes such as leaf breakdown, a crucial process in headwater streams. As leaf breakdown in streams involves sequential steps by different groups of organisms (first microbial conditioning, then invertebrate shredding), pesticides targeting different organisms are likely to affect one or the other step, and a mixture of contaminants might have interactive effects. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a fungicide (imazalil) and an insecticide (diazinon) on stream fungal and invertebrate activities, and their effects on leaf consumption. After an initial assay to define 'effective concentration' of both pesticides in a laboratory experiment, we manipulated pesticide presence/absence during the conditioning and shredding phases. Both pesticides affected fungal community and reduced the performance of the shredding amphipod Echinogammarus berilloni, and leaf consumption. The impact of pesticides on fungal sporulation depended on the length of the exposure period. In addition, pesticides seemed to cause an energetic imbalance in the amphipod, affecting body condition and mortality. The combined effect of both pesticides was similar to those of the fungicide. Overall, our results show that the effects of pesticide mixtures on leaf breakdown are hard to predict from those observed in either fungi or macroinvertebrate performance.
Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.. Electronic address: lorea.flores@ehu.es.
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Flores
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Banjac
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Farré
Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Larrañaga
Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Mas-Martí
Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Muñoz
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Barceló
Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Elosegi
D000383:Agriculture; D033304:Amphipoda; D000818:Animals; D003976:Diazinon / Q000633:toxicity*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007448:Invertebrates; D018515:Plant Leaves; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C017435:enilconazole; D003976:Diazinon
Aquatic hyphomycetes; Ecosystem functioning; Fungicide; Insecticide; Leaf breakdown; Shredder