Evaluating the X chromosome-specific diversity of Colombian populations using insertion/deletion polymorphisms.
The European and African contribution to the pre-existing Native American background has influenced the complex genetic pool of Colombia. Because colonisation was not homogeneous in this country, current populations are, therefore, expected to have different proportions of Native American, European and African ancestral contributions. The aim of this work was to examine 11 urban admixed populations and a Native American group, called Pastos, for 32 X chromosome indel markers to expand the current knowledge concerning the genetic background of Colombia. The results revealed a highly diverse genetic background comprising all admixed populations, harbouring important X chromosome contributions from all continental source populations. In addition, Colombia is genetically sub-structured, with different proportions of European and African influxes depending on the regions. The samples from the North Pacific and Caribbean coasts have a high African ancestry, showing the highest levels of diversity. The sample from the South Andean region showed the lowest diversity and significantly higher proportion of Native American ancestry than the other samples from the North Pacific and Caribbean coasts, Central-West and Central-East Andean regions, and the Orinoquian region. The results of admixture analysis using X-chromosomal markers suggest that the high proportion of African ancestry in the North Pacific coast was primarily male driven. These men have joined to females with higher Native American and European ancestry (likely resulting from a classic colonial asymmetric mating type: European male x Amerindian female). This high proportion of male-mediated African contributions is atypical of colonial settings, suggesting that the admixture occurred during a period when African people were no longer enslaved. In the remaining regions, the African contribution was primarily female-mediated, whereas the European counterpart was primarily male driven and the Native American ancestry contribution was not gender biased.
IdentiGEN - Genetic Identification Laboratory and Research Group of Genetic Identification, Institute of Biology, School of Natural and Exact Sciences (FCEN), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Adriana
A
Ibarra
IdentiGEN - Genetic Identification Laboratory and Research Group of Genetic Identification, Institute of Biology, School of Natural and Exact Sciences (FCEN), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Tomás
T
Restrepo
Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Winston
W
Rojas
Laboratorio de Genética, Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.
Adriana
A
Castillo
IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; FCUP - Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
António
A
Amorim
Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Bolivar, Colombia.
Beatriz
B
Martínez
Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Cruz Vital, Ecuadorian Red Cross, Quito, Ecuador.
German
G
Burgos
Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Health Faculty, Surcolombiana University, Neiva, Huila, Colombia.
Henry
H
Ostos
IdentiGEN - Genetic Identification Laboratory and Research Group of Genetic Identification, Institute of Biology, School of Natural and Exact Sciences (FCEN), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Karen
K
Álvarez
Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Northeast Regional, Arauca, Colombia.
Mauricio
M
Camacho
Clinical Laboratory Olga Zuleima Suárez Molina, Cucuta, Norte de Santander, Colombia.
Zuleyma
Z
Suarez
IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Rui
R
Pereira
IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Leonor
L
Gusmão
D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics*; D003105:Colombia; D005260:Female; D051456:Gene Flow; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics