Single-kernel ionomic profiles are highly heritable indicators of genetic and environmental influences on elemental accumulation in maize grain (Zea mays).
The ionome, or elemental profile, of a maize kernel can be viewed in at least two distinct ways. First, the collection of elements within the kernel are food and feed for people and animals. Second, the ionome of the kernel represents a developmental end point that can summarize the life history of a plant, combining genetic programs and environmental interactions. We assert that single-kernel-based phenotyping of the ionome is an effective method of analysis, as it represents a reasonable compromise between precision, efficiency, and power. Here, we evaluate potential pitfalls of this sampling strategy using several field-grown maize sample sets. We demonstrate that there is enough genetically determined diversity in accumulation of many of the elements assayed to overcome potential artifacts. Further, we demonstrate that environmental signals are detectable through their influence on the kernel ionome. We conclude that using single kernels as the sampling unit is a valid approach for understanding genetic and environmental effects on the maize kernel ionome.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
Ivan R
IR
Baxter
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
Gregory
G
Ziegler
Purdue University, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
Brett
B
Lahner
Purdue University, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
Michael V
MV
Mickelbart
Purdue University, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
Rachel
R
Foley
University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
John
J
Danku
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Engineering and Wind Erosion Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America.
Paul
P
Armstrong
University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
David E
DE
Salt
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, RW Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
Owen A
OA
Hoekenga
D017753:Ecosystem; D017343:Genes, Plant; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000378:metabolism*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
D014131:Trace Elements