Interbirth intervals: Intrafamilial, intragenomic and intrasomatic conflict.
OBJECTIVE
Interbirth intervals (IBIs) mediate a trade-off between child number and child survival. Life history theory predicts that the evolutionarily optimal IBI differs for different individuals whose fitness is affected by how closely a mother spaces her children. The objective of the article is to clarify these conflicts and explore their implications for public health.


METHODS
Simple models of inclusive fitness and kin conflict address the evolution of human birth-spacing.


RESULTS
Genes of infants generally favor longer intervals than genes of mothers, and infant genes of paternal origin generally favor longer IBIs than genes of maternal origin.


CONCLUSIONS
The colonization of maternal bodies by offspring cells (fetal microchimerism) raises the possibility that cells of older offspring could extend IBIs by interfering with the implantation of subsequent embryos.
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
David
D
Haig
genomic imprinting; interbirth interval; microchimerism; parent–offspring conflict; secondary infertility