Diagnosis and management of oral leishmaniasis--case series and literature review.
The worldwide prevalence of leishmaniasis is increasing because of ecologic changes and increased medical profession awareness. Furthermore, solitary cases have been recently reported in Western countries. The authors describe the epidemiology, mode of transmission, and diagnosis of leishmaniasis and present 4 oral cases treated with systemic, localized, or combined therapy. The authors suggest that clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for atypical, resistant, oral and perioral lesions in individuals with a history of traveling in certain geographic regions. After diagnosis, treatment should be determined jointly by experts from the fields of oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine, and dermatology based on leishmaniasis species and clinical presentation.
Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel. Electronic address: Nadler@hadassah.org.il.
Chen
C
Nadler
Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
Claes D
CD
Enk
Senior Physician, Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
Gilead T
GT
Leon
Senior Physician, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel; School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
Yuval
Y
Samuni
Senior Physician, Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
Alexander
A
Maly
Senior Physician, Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
Rakefet
R
Czerninski
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007892:Leishmania braziliensis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008047:Lip Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology*; D055815:Young Adult
D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate