Ionic liquid-based solid phase microextraction necklaces for the environmental monitoring of ketamine.
Wearable solid phase microextraction (SPME) devices consisting in necklaces and pins were developed for the environmental monitoring of ketamine in recreational places using ionic liquid as coating. SPME fibers obtained using both monocationic and dicationic polymeric ionic liquids were characterized in terms of morphology, film thickness, thermal stability and pH resistance. An average thickness of 30±5μm, an excellent thermal stability until 350°C and a very good fiber-to-fiber and batch-to-batch repeatability with RSD lower than 4% were some of the features of the developed coatings. A quantitation limit (LOQ) of 0.05mg/m(3) with a sampling time of 1min proved the feasibility of the developed method for the quantitation of ketamine in air at low concentration levels. Finally, the capabilities of the fibers for the rapid SPME sampling of ketamine in recreational places were proved obtaining extraction efficiencies at least two-fold higher than those obtained using commercial devices and extraction recoveries ranging from 84.2±3.3% to 93.6±2.6% (n=3).
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy. Electronic address: federica.bianchi@unipr.it.
Federica
F
Bianchi
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
Franco
F
Bisceglie
Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo P. Palagi 1, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
Stefano
S
Dugheri
Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo P. Palagi 1, 50139 Firenze, Italy; Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Firenze, Largo P. Palagi 1, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
Giulio
G
Arcangeli
Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo P. Palagi 1, 50139 Firenze, Italy; Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Firenze, Largo P. Palagi 1, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
Vincenzo
V
Cupelli
Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Dipartimento di Medicina e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Elia
E
del Borrello
Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte 16823, Pennsylvania, Italy.
Len
L
Sidisky
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
Maria
M
Careri
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D007649:Ketamine / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D011108:Polymers; D011998:Recreation; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
D000393:Air Pollutants; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D011108:Polymers; D007649:Ketamine
Environmental monitoring; Ionic liquids; Ketamine; Personal device; Portable device; Rapid SPME