Risk factors for mastectomy flap necrosis following immediate tissue expander breast reconstruction.
Tissue expander placement is a mainstay of reconstructive surgery in the post-mastectomy patient. Necrosis of the native breast tissue is one of the most significant concerns in their post-operative care. The goal of this study is to elucidate factors that confer risk of this outcome. Chart review was conducted for a consecutive series of immediate tissue expander reconstructions by the two senior authors. Data was collected for several preoperative and intraoperative variables, as well as the outcome of mastectomy flap necrosis. Of the 1566 breasts that were examined, 135 (8.6%) experienced flap necrosis. The cohorts with and without flap necrosis were well matched. Those with the outcome of interest had significantly higher rates of switching to an autologous method of reconstruction (31.9% vs 6.2%, p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed smoking status, increased age, tumescent mastectomy technique, and high (>66.67%) intraoperative tissue expander fill to confer increased risk of mastectomy flap necrosis. While smoking and older age are well-supported by the literature, tumescent technique and tissue expander fill are more novel points of discussion, which may serve as proxies for other issues. Awareness of these risk factors and their interplay will aid in clinical judgement and postoperative care of these patients.
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA.
Alexei S
AS
Mlodinow
Neil A
NA
Fine
Nima
N
Khavanin
John Y S
JY
Kim
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015625:Tissue Expansion Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Breast reconstruction; mastectomy flap necrosis; risk factors; smoking; tissue expander; tumescent technique