Pharmacy-based Immunization in Rural Communities Strategy (PhICS): A community cluster-randomized trial.
BACKGROUND
Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Canada, with up to 7000 influenza-related deaths occurring every year. The elderly and individuals with chronic diseases are at increased risk for influenza-related morbidity and mortality.


METHODS
We conducted a 2-year, community cluster-randomized trial targeting elderly people and at-risk groups to assess the effectiveness of pharmacy-based influenza vaccination clinics on influenza vaccination rates. Small rural communities in interior and northern British Columbia were randomly allocated to the intervention or control. In the intervention communities, pharmacy-based influenza vaccination clinics were held and were promoted to eligible patients using personalized invitations from the pharmacists, invitations distributed opportunistically by a pharmacist to eligible patients presenting to pharmacies during the flu season and community-wide promotion using posters and the local media. The main outcome measure was a difference in the mean influenza vaccination rates. The immunization rates were calculated using the number of immunizations given in each community divided by the population size estimated from the census data.


RESULTS
Baseline influenza immunization rates in the population ≥65 years of age were the same in the control (n = 10, mean 85.6% [SD 16.6]) and intervention (n = 14, mean 83.8% [SD 16.3]) communities in 2009 (p = 0.79). In 2010, the mean influenza immunization rate was 56.9% (SD 28.0) in the control communities (n = 15) and 80.1% (SD 18.4) in the intervention communities (n = 14) (p = 0.01) for those ≥65 years of age. However, in 2010, for those 2 to 64 years with chronic medical conditions, the immunization rates were lower in the intervention communities (mean 16.3% [SD 7.1]) compared with the control communities (mean 21.2% [SD 5.8]) (p = 0.04).


CONCLUSIONS
Clinics were feasible and well attended and they resulted in increased vaccination rates for elderly residents. In contrast, vaccination rates in the younger population with comorbidities remained low and unchanged.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F. Marra, C. Marra, Lynd, Gastonguay), University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Fawziah
F
Marra
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F. Marra, C. Marra, Lynd, Gastonguay), University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Janusz
J
Kaczorowski
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F. Marra, C. Marra, Lynd, Gastonguay), University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Louise
L
Gastonguay
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F. Marra, C. Marra, Lynd, Gastonguay), University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Carlo A
CA
Marra
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F. Marra, C. Marra, Lynd, Gastonguay), University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Larry D
LD
Lynd
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F. Marra, C. Marra, Lynd, Gastonguay), University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Perry
P
Kendall