Cytonemes as specialized signaling filopodia.
Development creates a vast array of forms and patterns with elegant economy, using a small vocabulary of pattern-generating proteins such as BMPs, FGFs and Hh in similar ways in many different contexts. Despite much theoretical and experimental work, the signaling mechanisms that disperse these morphogen signaling proteins remain controversial. Here, we review the conceptual background and evidence that establishes a fundamental and essential role for cytonemes as specialized filopodia that transport signaling proteins between signaling cells. This evidence suggests that cytoneme-mediated signaling is a dispersal mechanism that delivers signaling proteins directly at sites of cell-cell contact.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94156, USA.
Thomas B
TB
Kornberg
Sougata
S
Roy
D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D022081:Cell Surface Extensions / Q000502:physiology; D004330:Drosophila; D060227:Imaginal Discs / Q000166:cytology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology; D011554:Pseudopodia / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Cytoneme plasticity; Cytoneme transfer; Drosophila; Filopodia; Gradient; Morphogen