The efficacy of a novel mobile phone application for goldmann ptosis visual field interpretation.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of a novel mobile phone application that calculates superior visual field defects on Goldmann visual field charts.


METHODS
Experimental study in which the mobile phone application and 14 oculoplastic surgeons interpreted the superior visual field defect in 10 Goldmann charts. Percent error of the mobile phone application and the oculoplastic surgeons' estimates were calculated compared with computer software computation of the actual defects. Precision and time efficiency of the application were evaluated by processing the same Goldmann visual field chart 10 repeated times.


RESULTS
The mobile phone application was associated with a mean percent error of 1.98% (95% confidence interval[CI], 0.87%-3.10%) in superior visual field defect calculation. The average mean percent error of the oculoplastic surgeons' visual estimates was 19.75% (95% CI, 14.39%-25.11%). Oculoplastic surgeons, on average, underestimated the defect in all 10 Goldmann charts. There was high interobserver variance among oculoplastic surgeons. The percent error of the 10 repeated measurements on a single chart was 0.93% (95% CI, 0.40%-1.46%). The average time to process 1 chart was 12.9 seconds (95% CI, 10.9-15.0 seconds).


CONCLUSIONS
The mobile phone application was highly accurate, precise, and time-efficient in calculating the percent superior visual field defect using Goldmann charts. Oculoplastic surgeon visual interpretations were highly inaccurate, highly variable, and usually underestimated the field vision loss.
*Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine; and †Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Robi N
RN
Maamari
Michael V
MV
D'Ambrosio
Jeffrey M
JM
Joseph
Jeremiah P
JP
Tao
D019882:Blepharoplasty; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D040421:Cell Phone; D006801:Humans; D063731:Mobile Applications; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014794:Visual Fields