Reliable direct measurement of causes of death in low- and middle-income countries.
BACKGROUND
Most of the 48 million annual deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) occur without medical attention at the time of death so that the causes of death (COD) are largely unknown. A review of low-cost methods of obtaining nationally representative COD data is timely.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite clear historic evidence of their usefulness, most LMICs lack reliable nationally representative COD data. Indirect methods to estimate COD for most countries are inadequate, mainly because they currently rely on an average ratio of 1 nationally representative COD to every 850 estimated deaths in order to measure the cause of 25 million deaths across 110 LMICs. Direct measurement of COD is far more reliable and relevant for country priorities. Five feasible methods to expand COD data are: sample registration systems (which form the basis for the ongoing Million Death Study in India; MDS); strengthening the INDEPTH network of 42 demographic surveillance sites; adding retrospective COD surveys to the demographic household and health surveys in 90 countries; post-census retrospective mortality surveys; and for smaller countries, systematic assembly of health records. Lessons learned from the MDS, especially on low-cost, high-quality methods of verbal autopsy, paired with emerging use of electronic data capture and other innovations, can make COD systems low-cost and relevant for a wide range of childhood and adult conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
Low-cost systems to obtain and report CODs are possible. If implemented widely, COD systems could identify disease control priorities, help detect emerging epidemics, enable evaluation of disease control programs, advance indirect methods, and improve the accountability for expenditures of disease control programs.
Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), St, Michael's Hospital and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto M5B 1C5, Canada. prabhat.jha@utoronto.ca.
Prabhat
P
Jha
D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D012042:Registries / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results