Omega-3 fatty acids and protein metabolism: enhancement of anabolic interventions for sarcopenia.
OBJECTIVE
The increased age observed in most countries, with the associated higher rates of chronic illnesses and cancer, and a diffuse sedentary lifestyle, will increase the number of patients with clinically relevant anabolic resistance, sarcopenia and its complications. The need for solutions to this major health issue is, therefore, pressing.


RESULTS
The metabolic derangements and other consequences associated with sarcopenia can be slowed or even prevented by specific nutritional interventions. New evidence is available about the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplementation to improve protein metabolism and counteract anabolic resistance through indirect effects. Studies show that the anabolic stimuli from substrates (e.g. amino acids or proteins), hormones (e.g. insulin) and/or physical activity in skeletal muscle can be enhanced by long-term fish oil administration.


CONCLUSIONS
The review of data from recent studies on this topic suggests that dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, in association with an anabolic stimulus, could potentially provide a safe, simple and low-cost intervention to counteract anabolic resistance and sarcopenia. This intervention may contribute to prevent cachexia and disabilities. Supplementation should be given in the earlier stages of sarcopenia (e.g. precachexia). Further research should, however, be performed to better understand the mechanisms involved and the best dosage and timing of administration.
aClinica Medica AOUTS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste bOrthopedic Unit AOUTS cGeriatric Unit AOUTS, Trieste, Italy.
Filippo Giorgio
FG
Di Girolamo
Roberta
R
Situlin
Sara
S
Mazzucco
Roberto
R
Valentini
Gabriele
G
Toigo
Gianni
G
Biolo
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
D000596:Amino Acids; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007328:Insulin