Cell-specific and context-dependent effects of GITR in cancer, autoimmunity, and infection.
A breadth of studies have demonstrated the importance of GITR-GITRL in diverse immune processes. However, only a limited number of studies to date have attributed the effects of GITR/GITRL to specific cell types. Moreover, the context-dependent role of GITR/GITRL in different models makes the consequences of GITR ligation difficult to generalize. There is a significant interest in the therapeutic application of GITR agonists and antagonists in human disease. Thus, the field must come to a consensus regarding the cell type-specific and physiological effects of GITR in different disease states. Here we attempt to summarize the extensive literature on GITR, to synthesize a more cohesive picture of the role of GITR/GITRL in immunity, and to identify areas that require clarification.
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
Derek L
DL
Clouthier
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Electronic address: tania.watts@utoronto.ca.
Tania H
TH
Watts
D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000276:immunology; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D053450:Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*
D053450:Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein; C491405:TNFRSF18 protein, human; C478967:TNFSF18 protein, human; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors
Co-stimulation; GITR; GITRL; T cell; TNFR