Transient improvements in fixational stability in strabismic amblyopes following bifoveal fixation and reduced interocular suppression.
OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that fixational stability of the amblyopic eye in strabismics will improve when viewing provides both bifoveal fixation and reduced inter-ocular suppression by reducing the contrast to the fellow eye.


METHODS
Seven strabismic amblyopes (Age: 29.2 ± 9 years; five esotropes and two exotropes) showing clinical characteristics of central suppression were recruited. Interocular suppression was measured by a global motion task. For each participant, a balance point was determined which defined contrast levels for each eye where binocular combination was optimal (interocular suppression minimal). When the balance point could not be determined, this participant was excluded. Bifoveal fixation was established by ocular alignment using a haploscope. Participants dichoptically viewed similar targets (a cross of 2.3° surrounded by a square of 11.3°) at 40 cm. Target contrasts presented to each eye were either high contrast (100% to both eyes) or balanced contrast (attenuated contrast in the fellow fixing eye). Fixation stability was measured over a 5 min period and quantified using bivariate contour ellipse areas in four different binocular conditions; unaligned/high contrast, unaligned/balance point, aligned/high contrast and aligned/balance point. Fixation stability was also measured in six control subjects (Age: 25.3 ± 4 years).


RESULTS
Bifoveal fixation in the strabismics was transient (58.15 ± 15.7 s). Accordingly, fixational stability was analysed over the first 30 s using repeated measures anova. Post hoc analysis revealed that for the amblyopic subjects, the fixational stability of the amblyopic eye was significantly improved in aligned/high contrast (p = 0.01) and aligned/balance point (p < 0.01) conditions. Fixational stability of the fellow fixing eye was not different statistically across conditions. Bivariate contour ellipse areas of the amblyopic and fellow fixing eyes were therefore averaged for each amblyope in the four conditions and compared with normals. This averaged bivariate contour ellipse area was significantly greater (reduced fixational stability, p = 0.04) in amblyopes compared to controls except in the case of aligned and balanced contrast (aligned/balance point, p = 0.19).


CONCLUSIONS
Fixation stability in the amblyopic eye appears to improve with bifoveal fixation and reduced interocular suppression. However, once initiated, bifoveal fixation is transient with the strabismic eye drifting away from foveal alignment, thereby increasing the angle of strabismus.
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
Rajkumar Nallour
RN
Raveendran
Raiju J
RJ
Babu
Robert F
RF
Hess
William R
WR
Bobier
D000328:Adult; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
amblyopia; binocular summation; fixation stability; strabismus