Independent associations of income and education with nutrient intakes in Brazilian adults: 2008-2009 National Dietary Survey.
OBJECTIVE
To verify associations of income and education with nutrient intakes in Brazilian adults.


METHODS
Data from the population-based National Dietary Survey conducted in 2008-2009. Family per capita income and education levels were categorized into quartiles. Prevalences of inadequate nutrient intakes and excessive intakes of saturated fat and Na were calculated by using the method prescribed by the National Cancer Institute. The Estimated Average Requirement was used as a reference for micronutrient intake. Linear regression models for both the independent and the mutually adjusted associations of education and income with nutrient intakes were tested. Interaction between education and income was tested.


METHODS
Households (n 13 569) selected using a two-stage cluster sampling design.


METHODS
Food records for two non-consecutive days were obtained for 21 003 Brazilian adults (aged 20-59 years).


RESULTS
For most of eleven nutrients, the prevalence of inadequate intake declined with increasing income and education levels; however, it remained high across all income and education quartiles. Excessive intake of saturated fat and low fibre intake increased with both variables. Most nutrients were independently associated with income and education in both sexes. Fe, vitamin B12 and Na intakes among women were associated only with education. There was an interaction between income and education for Na intake in men, P intake in women and Ca intake in both sexes.


CONCLUSIONS
Education is one important step to improve nutrient intakes in Brazil. Emphasis should be laid on enhancing dietary knowledge and formulating economic strategies that would allow lower-income individuals to adopt a healthy diet.
Social Medicine Institute,Department of Epidemiology,State University of Rio de Janeiro,Rua São Francisco Xavier 524,7° andar,sala E7002,Maracanã 20550-900,Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil.
Marina Campos
MC
Araujo
Social Medicine Institute,Department of Epidemiology,State University of Rio de Janeiro,Rua São Francisco Xavier 524,7° andar,sala E7002,Maracanã 20550-900,Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil.
Eliseu
E
Verly Junior
Social Medicine Institute,Department of Epidemiology,State University of Rio de Janeiro,Rua São Francisco Xavier 524,7° andar,sala E7002,Maracanã 20550-900,Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil.
Washington Leite
WL
Junger
Social Medicine Institute,Department of Epidemiology,State University of Rio de Janeiro,Rua São Francisco Xavier 524,7° andar,sala E7002,Maracanã 20550-900,Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil.
Rosely
R
Sichieri
D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D018977:Micronutrients