Integrative neuromuscular training and sex-specific fitness performance in 7-year-old children: an exploratory investigation.
BACKGROUND
Integrative neuromuscular training (INT) has successfully enhanced physical fitness and reduced abnormal biomechanics, which appear to decrease injury rates in adolescent female athletes. If not addressed at the proper time, low levels of physical fitness and abnormal mechanics may predispose female athletes to an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate sex-specific effects of INT on selected measures of health- and skill-related fitness in children during physical education (PE).


METHODS
Cohort study.


METHODS
Public primary school.


METHODS
Forty children (16 boys, 24 girls; age = 7.6 ± 0.3 years, height = 124.5 ± 6.4 cm, mass = 29.5 ± 7.6 kg) from 2 second-grade PE classes.


METHODS
The classes were randomized into the PE-plus-INT group (10 boys, 11 girls) or the control group (6 boys, 13 girls) that participated in traditional PE. The INT was performed 2 times per week during the first approximately 15 minutes of each PE class and consisted of body weight exercises.


METHODS
Push-up, curl-up, standing long jump, single-legged hop, single-legged balance, sit-and-reach flexibility test, shuttle run, and 0.8-km run.


RESULTS
At baseline, the boys demonstrated higher levels of performance in most of the fitness measurements as evidenced by greater performance on the push-up, standing long jump, single-legged hop, shuttle run, and 0.8-km run (P < .05). In the evaluation of the training effects, we found intervention effects in the girls for enhanced INT-induced gains in performance relative to the control group on the curl-up, long jump, single-legged hop, and 0.8-km run (P < .05) after controlling for baseline. Boys did not demonstrate similar adaptations from the INT program (P ≥ .05).


CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that INT is an effective and time-efficient addition to PE for enhancing motor skills and promoting physical activity in children. Seven-year-old girls appeared to be more sensitive to the effects of INT than 7-year-old boys. Future research is warranted to confirm these effects in larger cohorts of children.
Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing.
Avery D
AD
Faigenbaum
Gregory D
GD
Myer
Anne
A
Farrell
Tracy
T
Radler
Marc
M
Fabiano
Jie
J
Kang
Nicholas
N
Ratamess
Jane
J
Khoury
Timothy E
TE
Hewett
D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D059385:Plyometric Exercise; D055070:Resistance Training; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors