DDTs in mothers' milk, placenta and hair, and health risk assessment for infants at two coastal and inland cities in China.
This study is a one of the very few investigating the dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) (summation of o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT) in multiple human matrices in mothers' milk, placenta and hair collected from residents from two coastal cities: Guiyu (GY) and Taizhou (TZ) and one inland city: Lin'an (LA). TZ (milk: 360±319ng/g lipid wt.) showed significantly higher concentrations of DDTs than those from LA (milk: 190±131ng/g lipid wt.), whereas, concentrations of DDTs in GY (milk: 305±109ng/g lipid wt.) were in between TZ and LA. In addition, levels of DDTs in the human tissues from TZ (placenta: 122±109ng/g lipid wt.; hair: 79.9±215ng/g dry wt.) were significantly higher than those from Lin'an (placenta: 49.2±30.2ng/g lipid wt.; hair: 10.8±7.09ng/g dry wt.). The above concentrations of DDTs in milk exceeded the Codex Maximum Residue Limits/Extraneous Maximum Residue Limits for milk (20ng/g lipid wt. whole milk), indicating that the human milk samples were grossly polluted. The present study revealed that human specimens collected from the coastal city (TZ) were more contaminated with inland one (LA), based on the levels of DDTs contained in samples which may be due to the higher dietary exposure to DDTs via consumption of contaminated seafood. The estimated daily intakes of DDTs by GY, TZ and LA infants were 1.69±1.86, 1.48±0.79, and 0.95±0.73μg/kg body wt./day, respectively which did not exceed 10μg/kg body wt./day, the provisional tolerable daily intake proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.
School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Yu Bon
YB
Man
State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
Janet Kit Yan
JK
Chan
State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
Hong Sheng
HS
Wang
School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Sheng Chun
SC
Wu
School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: minghwong@ied.edu.hk.
Ming Hung
MH
Wong
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010920:Placenta / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014240:Trichloroethanes / Q000032:analysis
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014240:Trichloroethanes; D003634:DDT
Coastal area; DDT; Hair; Human milk; Infant; Placenta