Management of chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Chronic musculoskeletal pain results from a complex interplay of mechanical, biochemical, psychological, and social factors. Effective management is markedly different from that of acute musculoskeletal pain. Understanding the physiology of pain transmission, modulation, and perception is crucial for effective management. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies such as psychotherapy and biofeedback exercises can be used to manage chronic pain. Evidence-based treatment recommendations have been made for chronic pain conditions frequently encountered by orthopaedic surgeons, including low back, osteoarthritic, posttraumatic, and neuropathic pain. Extended-release tramadol; select tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and anticonvulsants; and topical medications such as lidocaine, diclofenac, and capsaicin are among the most effective treatments. However, drug efficacy varies significantly by indication. Orthopaedic surgeons should be familiar with the widely available safe and effective nonnarcotic options for chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Richard L
RL
Uhl
Timothy T
TT
Roberts
Dean N
DN
Papaliodis
Michael T
MT
Mulligan
Andrew H
AH
Dubin
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D006801:Humans; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011422:Propionates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011613:Psychotherapy; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D011422:Propionates; D014147:Tramadol; C037512:3,4-dichlorophenyl propenylisobutylamide