Anti-tumor activity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: cyclooxygenase-independent targets.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used extensively for analgesic and antipyretic treatments. In addition, NSAIDs reduce the risk and mortality to several cancers. Their mechanisms in anti-tumorigenesis are not fully understood, but both cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent and -independent pathways play a role. We and others have been interested in elucidating molecular targets of NSAID-induced apoptosis. In this review, we summarize updated literature regarding cellular and molecular targets modulated by NSAIDs. Among those NSAIDs, sulindac sulfide and tolfenamic acid are emphasized in this review because these two drugs have been well investigated for their anti-tumorigenic activity in many different types of cancer.
Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
Jason L
JL
Liggett
College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
Xiaobo
X
Zhang
Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
Thomas E
TE
Eling
Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Electronic address: sbaek2@utk.edu.
Seung Joon
SJ
Baek
D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013467:Sulindac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; D013467:Sulindac; C009500:tolfenamic acid; C025462:sulindac sulfide; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases
COX; NAG-1; NSAIDs; Sulindac sulfide; Tolfenamic acid