Extreme ambient temperatures and cardiorespiratory emergency room visits: assessing risk by comorbid health conditions in a time series study.
BACKGROUND
Extreme ambient temperatures are an increasing public health concern. The aim of this study was to assess if persons with comorbid health conditions were at increased risk of adverse cardiorespiratory morbidity during temperature extremes.


METHODS
A time series study design was applied to 292,666 and 562,738 emergency room (ER) visits for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, respectively, that occurred in Toronto area hospitals between April 1st 2002 and March 31st 2010. Subgroups of persons with comorbid health conditions were identified. Relative risks (RRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a Poisson regression model with distributed lag non-linear model, and were adjusted for the confounding influence of seasonality, relative humidity, day-of-the-week, outdoor air pollutants and daily influenza ER visits. Effect modification by comorbid health conditions was tested using the relative effect modification (REM) index.


RESULTS
Stronger associations of cardiovascular disease ER visits were observed for persons with diabetes compared to persons without diabetes (REM = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.27) with exposure to the cumulative short term effect of extreme hot temperatures (i.e. 99th percentile of temperature distribution vs. 75th percentile). Effect modification was also found for comorbid respiratory disease (REM = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.44) and cancer (REM = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.49) on respiratory disease ER visits during short term hot temperature episodes. The effect of extreme cold temperatures (i.e. 1st percentile of temperature distribution vs. 25th percentile) on cardiovascular disease ER visits were stronger for individuals with comorbid cardiac diseases (REM = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.06 - 2.23) and kidney diseases (REM = 2.43; 95% CI: 1.59 - 8.83) compared to those without these conditions when cumulated over a two-week period.


CONCLUSIONS
The identification of those most susceptible to temperature extremes is important for public health officials to implement adaptation measures to manage the impact of extreme temperatures on population health.
Environmental Issues Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. eric.lavigne@phac-aspc.gc.ca.
Eric
E
Lavigne
Antonio
A
Gasparrini
Xiang
X
Wang
Hong
H
Chen
Abderrahmane
A
Yagouti
Manon D
MD
Fleury
Sabit
S
Cakmak
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055873:Extreme Cold / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055874:Extreme Heat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012306:Risk; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis
D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D010126:Ozone; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide