Monitoring of immunological parameters in adolescent basketball athletes during and after a sports season.
The objective of the present study was to monitor the immunological and hormonal responses and the occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms in adolescent basketball athletes during the different stages of a sports season. Anthropometric measures, biochemical analyses (interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, testosterone and cortisol), neuromuscular evaluations (standing vertical jumping ability, agility and estimated VO2max) and leukocyte counts were performed at four moments: 72 h before the season (-72 h); before the season (Pre-season); after six weeks, at the end of the preparatory period (Preparatory); and after 20 weeks, at the end of the competitive period (Competitive). Also, the occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms was collected weekly during all stages of the season. There were significant increases in monocytes, cortisol, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein at the Competitive moment as compared to the Pre-season. In addition, interleukin-10 decreased at the Competitive moment as compared to the Pre-season. Occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms demonstrated increases (38%) during the competitive period as compared to the preparatory. These results suggest that periods of training and competition could increase the occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms in adolescent athletes and this may be due to the unwanted effects of an inflammatory process in response to the excessive stress of training and competition.
a Exercise Physiology Laboratory - FISEX, Faculty of Physical Education , State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , Brazil.
Diego Trevisan
DT
Brunelli
Ariel
A
Rodrigues
Wendell Arthur
WA
Lopes
Arthur Fernandes
AF
Gáspari
Valéria
V
Bonganha
Paulo César
PC
Montagner
João Paulo
JP
Borin
Cláudia Regina
CR
Cavaglieri
D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D001490:Basketball / Q000502:physiology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012621:Seasons; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D013739:Testosterone; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006854:Hydrocortisone