Evaluation of the Trail Making Test and interval timing as measures of cognition in healthy adults: comparisons by age, education, and gender.
BACKGROUND
Human cognitive functioning can be assessed using different methods of testing. Age, level of education, and gender may influence the results of cognitive tests.


METHODS
The well-known Trail Making Test (TMT), which is often used to measure the frontal lobe function, and the experimental test of Interval Timing (IT) were compared. The methods used in IT included reproduction of auditory and visual stimuli, with the subsequent production of the time intervals of 1-, 2-, 5-, and 7-seconds durations with no pattern. Subjects included 64 healthy adult volunteers aged 18-63 (33 women, 31 men). Comparisons were made based on age, education, and gender.


RESULTS
TMT was performed quickly and was influenced by age, education, and gender. All reproduced visual and produced intervals were shortened and the reproduction of auditory stimuli was more complex. Age, education, and gender have more pronounced impact on the cognitive test than on the interval timing test. The reproduction of the short auditory stimuli was more accurate in comparison to other modalities used in the IT test.


CONCLUSIONS
The interval timing, when compared to the TMT, offers an interesting possibility of testing. Further studies are necessary to confirm the initial observation.
Department of Teaching Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
Włodzimierz
W
Płotek
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical Center in Pleszewo, Pleszew, Poland.
Wojciech
W
Łyskawa
Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Pain Treatment, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
Anna
A
Kluzik
Department of Teaching Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
Małgorzata
M
Grześkowiak
Department of Teaching Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
Roland
R
Podlewski
Department of Teaching Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
Zbigniew
Z
Żaba
Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Pain Treatment, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
Leon
L
Drobnik
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014145:Trail Making Test / Q000592:standards*