The development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of a new anti-malarial compound (TK900D) in human whole blood and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in mice.
BACKGROUND
Malaria is one of the most lethal and life-threatening killer infectious diseases in the world, and account for the deaths of more than half a million people annually. Despite the remarkable achievement made in preventing and eradicating malaria, it still remains a threat to the public health and a burden to the global economy due to the emergence of multiple-drug resistant malaria parasites. Therefore, the need to develop new anti-malarial drugs is crucial. The chemistry department at the University of Cape Town synthesized a number of new CQ-like derivatives (TK-series), and evaluated them for in vitro activity against both CQ-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, and for general cytotoxicity against a Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) mammalian cell line. The lead compounds from the TK-series were selected for a comprehensive pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation in a mouse model.


METHODS
A sensitive LC-MS/MS assay was developed for the quantitative determination of TK900D. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the positive ionization mode was used for detection. The analyte and the internal standard (TK900E) were isolated from blood samples by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a Phenomenex® Kinetex C18 (100 × 2.0 mm id, 2.6 μm) analytical column, using a mixture of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (50:50; v/v) as the mobile phase. The method was fully validated over concentrations that ranged from 3.910 to 1000 ng/ml, and used to evaluate the PK properties of the lead compounds in a mouse model.


RESULTS
The assay was robust, with deviation not exceeding 11% for the intra- and inter-run precision and accuracy. Extraction recovery was consistent and more than 60%. PK evaluation showed that TK900D and TK900E have moderate oral bioavailability of 30.8% and 25.9%, respectively. The apparent half-life ranged between 4 to 6 h for TK900D and 3.6 to 4 h for TK900E.


CONCLUSIONS
The assay was sensitive and able to measure accurately low drug levels from a small sample volume (20 μl). PK evaluation showed that the oral bioavailability was moderate. Therefore, from a PK perspective, the compounds look promising and can be taken further in the drug development process.
Efrem T
ET
Abay
Jan H
JH
van der Westhuizen
Kenneth J
KJ
Swart
Liezl
L
Gibhard
Matshawandile
M
Tukulula
Kelly
K
Chibale
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa. lubbe.wiesner@uct.ac.za.
Lubbe
L
Wiesner
D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
D000962:Antimalarials