Biomechanical risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis: a detailed numerical analysis of surgical instrumentation variables.
METHODS
Biomechanical analysis of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) through computer simulations and sensitivity analysis.


OBJECTIVE
To gain biomechanical knowledge on the risk of PJK and find surgical solutions to reduce the risks.


BACKGROUND
PJK is a pathological kyphotic deformity adjacent to the instrumentation. Clinical studies have documented its risk factors, but still little is known on how it is correlated with various individual instrumentation variables.


METHODS
Biomechanical spine models of 6 patients with adult scoliosis were developed, validated, and then used to perform 576 simulations, varying the proximal dissection procedure, the implant type at the upper instrumented vertebra, the sagittal rod curvature, and the proximal diameter of the proximal transition rods. Four biomechanical indices--the proximal junctional kyphotic angle, thoracic kyphosis, proximal flexion force, and proximal flexion moment--were assessed.


RESULTS
The bilateral complete facetectomy, the posterior ligaments resection, and the combination of both increased the proximal junctional kyphotic angle (respectively, by 10%, 28% and 53%) and the proximal flexion force (4%, 12%, and 22%) and moment (16%, 44%, and 83%). Compared with pedicle screws at upper instrumented vertebra, proximal transverse process hooks reduced the 3 biomechanical indices by approximately 26%. The use of proximal transition rods with reduced proximal diameter from 5.5 mm to 4 mm decreased the proximal junctional kyphotic angle (by 6%) and the proximal flexion force (4%) and moment (8%). The increase of the sagittal rod curvature from 10° to 20°, 30°, and 40° increased the proximal junctional kyphotic angle (by 6%, 13%, and 19%) and the proximal flexion force (3%, 7%, and 10%) and moment (9%, 18%, and 27%).


CONCLUSIONS
Preserving more posterior proximal intervertebral elements, the use of transition rods and transverse process hooks at upper instrumented vertebra, and reducing the global sagittal rod curvature each decreased the 4 biomechanical indices that may be involved in PJK.


METHODS
N/A.
*Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Downtown Station, Montreal (Quebec), Canada †Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal (Quebec), Canada; and ‡Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal (Quebec), Canada.
Marco
M
Cammarata
Carl-Éric
CÉ
Aubin
Xiaoyu
X
Wang
Jean-Marc
JM
Mac-Thiong
D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011859:Radiography; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult