Effects of a breakfast spread out over time on the food intake at lunch and the hormonal responses in obese men.
The effects of frequent eating on health and particularly on appetite and metabolism are unclear. We have previously shown that frequent eating decreased appetite and energy intake at the subsequent meal in lean men. In the present study, we tested the same pattern in obese subjects. Seventeen obese men participated in: (i) two sessions consisting of a breakfast consumed in one eating episode at T0 (F1), or in four isocaloric eating episodes at T0, T60, T120, and T180min (F4), followed by an ad libitum buffet (T240) in an experimental restaurant. Subjects rated their appetite throughout the sessions. (ii) two sessions consisting of the same breakfasts F1 and F4 in a Clinical Centre, followed by a standardized meal. Blood sampling was performed to study ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and metabolic kinetics. Indirect calorimetry measurements were performed. After F4, at T240min, ghrelin concentration (P=0.03) and hunger ratings (P<0.001) were lower while GLP-1 concentration (P=0.006) and satiety ratings (P=0.02) were higher. In F4, subjects consumed at the buffet, less food in grams (P=0.04) and less energy from low energy dense foods (P=0.01), but total energy intakes were not different between conditions. In F4, the area under the curve was lower for insulin (P=0.02) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) (P=0.03). Diet induced thermogenesis was reduced in F4 (P=0.03) between T0 and T240. Even if subjective and physiological data suggest a beneficial effect of frequent eating on appetite in obese men, no effect was demonstrated on energy intake. Moreover, the decrease in diet induced thermogenesis and lipolysis, reflected by NEFA profiles, could be deleterious on energy balance in the long run.
Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse, Château du Vivier, 69130 Ecully, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Centre Européen pour la Nutrition & la Santé (CENS), Lyon, France. Electronic address: xallirot@bculinary.com.
Xavier
X
Allirot
Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Centre Européen pour la Nutrition & la Santé (CENS), Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique Lyon Sud, Charles Mérieux-F69495 Pierre-Bénite, CarMeN-INSERM U1060-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France.
Kevin
K
Seyssel
Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse, Château du Vivier, 69130 Ecully, France; Centre Européen pour la Nutrition & la Santé (CENS), Lyon, France.
Laure
L
Saulais
Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Pôle Recherche, CHU Grenoble - Inserm U1055-Bioénergétique, Université J. Fourier, Grenoble, France.
Hubert
H
Roth
Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Centre Européen pour la Nutrition & la Santé (CENS), Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique Lyon Sud, Charles Mérieux-F69495 Pierre-Bénite, CarMeN-INSERM U1060-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France.
Anne
A
Charrié
Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique Lyon Sud, Charles Mérieux-F69495 Pierre-Bénite, CarMeN-INSERM U1060-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France.
Jocelyne
J
Drai
Centre Européen pour la Nutrition & la Santé (CENS), Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique Lyon Sud, Charles Mérieux-F69495 Pierre-Bénite, CarMeN-INSERM U1060-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France.
Joelle
J
Goudable
Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Centre Européen pour la Nutrition & la Santé (CENS), Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique Lyon Sud, Charles Mérieux-F69495 Pierre-Bénite, CarMeN-INSERM U1060-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France.
Emilie
E
Blond
Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Centre Européen pour la Nutrition & la Santé (CENS), Lyon, France.
Emmanuel
E
Disse
Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Centre Européen pour la Nutrition & la Santé (CENS), Lyon, France.
Martine
M
Laville
D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D062408:Breakfast; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005502:Food; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D022722:Thermogenesis; D013997:Time Factors
D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
Appetite control; Eating frequency; Food intake; Ghrelin; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Satiety