Whole-grain intake favorably affects markers of systemic inflammation in obese children: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial.
METHODS
Whole-grain foods have been reported to affect serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. However, we are aware of no study examining the effect of whole-grain intake on inflammatory biomarkers among children. The present study aimed to determine the effect of whole-grain intake on serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers in overweight or obese children.


RESULTS
In this randomized crossover clinical trial, 44 overweight or obese girls aged 8-15 years participated. After a 2-week run-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to either whole-grain or control groups. Subjects in the whole-grain group were given a list of whole-grain foods and were asked to obtain half of their needed servings of grains from whole-grain foods each day for 6 weeks. Individuals in the control group were also given a list of whole-grain foods and were asked not to consume any of these foods during the intervention phase of the study. A 4-week washout period was applied following which subjects were crossed over to the alternate arm for an additional 6 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after each phase of the study to quantify markers of systemic inflammation. Mean age, weight, and BMI of study participants were 11.2 ± 1.49 years, 51.2 ± 10.2 kg, and 23.5 ± 2.5 kg/m(2) , respectively. No significant effect of whole-grain intake on weight and BMI was seen compared with the control group. We found a significant effect of whole-grain intake on serum levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (-21.8 versus +12.1%, p = 0.03), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (-28.4 versus +6.3%, p = 0.02), serum amyloid A (-17.4 versus +9.9%, p = 0.02), and leptin (-9.7 versus +39.2%, p = 0.02) after 6 weeks. A trend toward the significant effect of whole-grain intake on serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (-36.2% versus -7.8%, p = 0.07) was also observed.


CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence supporting the beneficial effects of whole-grain foods on biomarkers of systemic inflammation in obese children.
Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Parisa
P
Hajihashemi
Leila
L
Azadbakht
Mahin
M
Hashemipor
Roya
R
Kelishadi
Ahmad
A
Esmaillzadeh
D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008019:Life Style; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
Children; Obesity; Systemic inflammation; Whole grain