Soil genotoxicity induced by successive applications of chlorothalonil under greenhouse conditions.
Greenhouse production of vegetables has been developed rapidly in China. High temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse make this environment more suitable for fast reproduction of fungal diseases. Fungicides are among the chemicals used extensively in the greenhouse to prevent crops from invasive infections by phytopathogens; however, little is known about the accumulation of fungicides in soil and their effect on soil quality under greenhouse conditions. In the present study, the accumulation of the fungicide chlorothalonil (CT) and its toxic metabolite hydroxy-chlorothalonil (HCT) in soil as well as their related soil genotoxicity under greenhouse conditions was investigated. The results indicated that both CT and HCT accumulated in soil with repeated applications of CT, and the accumulation level was strongly correlated to application dosage and its frequency. In addition, soil genotoxicity, which was measured by Vicia faba, also increased with the accumulation of CT and HCT, and the main contributor to this phenomenon was CT rather than HCT. The data demonstrated that successive applications of fungicides may result in their accumulation in soil and thus a decline in soil quality.
Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Xiangxiang
X
Jin
Ning
N
Cui
Wei
W
Zhou
Mahdi Safaei
MS
Khorram
Donghong
D
Wang
Yunlong
Y
Yu
D002681:China; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009153:Mutagens; D009570:Nitriles; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
Accumulation; Chlorothalonil; Genetic toxicity; Hydroxychlorothalonil