Whole-genome sequence of a flatfish provides insights into ZW sex chromosome evolution and adaptation to a benthic lifestyle.
Genetic sex determination by W and Z chromosomes has developed independently in different groups of organisms. To better understand the evolution of sex chromosomes and the plasticity of sex-determination mechanisms, we sequenced the whole genomes of a male (ZZ) and a female (ZW) half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). In addition to insights into adaptation to a benthic lifestyle, we find that the sex chromosomes of these fish are derived from the same ancestral vertebrate protochromosome as the avian W and Z chromosomes. Notably, the same gene on the Z chromosome, dmrt1, which is the male-determining gene in birds, showed convergent evolution of features that are compatible with a similar function in tongue sole. Comparison of the relatively young tongue sole sex chromosomes with those of mammals and birds identified events that occurred during the early phase of sex-chromosome evolution. Pertinent to the current debate about heterogametic sex-chromosome decay, we find that massive gene loss occurred in the wake of sex-chromosome 'birth'.
1] Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China. [2] [3].
Songlin
S
Chen
1] BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. [2].
Guojie
G
Zhang
1] Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China. [2].
Changwei
C
Shao
1] BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. [2].
Quanfei
Q
Huang
1] BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. [2].
Geng
G
Liu
1] BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. [2].
Pei
P
Zhang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Wentao
W
Song
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Na
N
An
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
Domitille
D
Chalopin
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
Jean-Nicolas
JN
Volff
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Yunhan
Y
Hong
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Qiye
Q
Li
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Zhenxia
Z
Sha
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Heling
H
Zhou
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Mingshu
M
Xie
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Qiulin
Q
Yu
Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
Yang
0000000281957706
Y
Liu
State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
Hui
H
Xiang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Na
N
Wang
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Kui
K
Wu
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Changgeng
C
Yang
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Qian
Q
Zhou
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Xiaolin
X
Liao
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Linfeng
L
Yang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Qiaomu
Q
Hu
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Jilin
J
Zhang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Liang
L
Meng
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Lijun
L
Jin
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Yongsheng
Y
Tian
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
Jinmin
J
Lian
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Jingfeng
J
Yang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Guidong
G
Miao
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Shanshan
S
Liu
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Zhuo
Z
Liang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Fang
F
Yan
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Yangzhen
Y
Li
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Bin
B
Sun
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Hong
H
Zhang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Jing
J
Zhang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Ying
Y
Zhu
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Min
M
Du
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China.
Yongwei
Y
Zhao
1] Physiologische Chemie I, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. [2].
Manfred
M
Schartl
1] Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China. [2].
Qisheng
Q
Tang
1] BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. [2] Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. [3] Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [4].
Jun
J
Wang
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D016678:Genome; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D019849:Sex Determination Processes
D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA