Scrub typhus is an under-recognized cause of acute febrile illness with acute kidney injury in India.
BACKGROUND
Infection-related acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropical region. The prevalence and outcome of kidney involvement, especially AKI, in scrub typhus is not known. We investigated all patients with undiagnosed fever and multisystem involvement for scrub typhus and present the pattern of renal involvement seen.


METHODS
From September 2011 to November 2012, blood samples of all the patients with unexplained acute febrile illness and/or varying organ involvement were evaluated for evidence of scrub typhus. A confirmed case of scrub typhus was defined as one with detectable Orientia tsutsugamushi deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in patient's blood sample by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the gene encoding 56-kDa antigen and without any alternative etiological diagnosis. Renal involvement was defined by demonstration of abnormal urinalysis and/or reduced glomerular filtration rate. AKI was defined as per Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) definition.


RESULTS
Out of 201 patients tested during this period, 49 were positive by nested PCR for scrub typhus. Mean age of study population was 34.1±14.4 (range 11-65) years. Majority were males and a seasonal trend was evident with most cases following the rainy season. Overall, renal abnormalities were seen in 82% patients, 53% of patients had AKI (stage 1, 2 and 3 in 10%, 8% and 35%, respectively). The urinalysis was abnormal in 61%, with dipstick positive albuminuria (55%) and microscopic hematuria (16%) being most common. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and shock were seen in 57% and 16% of patients, respectively. Hyperbilirubinemia was associated with AKI (p = 0.013). A total of 8 patients (including three with dialysis dependent AKI) expired whereas rest all made uneventful recovery. Jaundice, oliguria, ARDS and AKI were associated with mortality. However, after multivariate analysis, only oliguric AKI remained a significant predictor of mortality (p = 0.002).


CONCLUSIONS
Scrub typhus was diagnosed in 24% of patients presenting with unexplained febrile illness according to a strict case definition not previously used in this region. Renal abnormalities were seen in almost 82% of all patients with evidence of AKI in 53%. Our finding is contrary to current perception that scrub typhus rarely causes renal dysfunction. We suggest that all patients with unexplained febrile illness be investigated for scrub typhus and AKI looked for in scrub typhus patients.
Departments of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Vivek
V
Kumar
Departments of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Vinod
V
Kumar
Departments of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Ashok K
AK
Yadav
Departments of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Sreenivasa
S
Iyengar
Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Ashish
A
Bhalla
Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Navneet
N
Sharma
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Ritesh
R
Aggarwal
Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Sanjay
S
Jain
Departments of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India ; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Vivekanand
V
Jha
D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012285:Orientia tsutsugamushi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012612:Scrub Typhus / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
D004269:DNA, Bacterial