Procedures of recruiting, obtaining informed consent, and compensating research participants in Qatar: findings from a qualitative investigation.
BACKGROUND
Very few researchers have reported on procedures of recruiting, obtaining informed consent, and compensating participants in health research in the Arabian Gulf Region. Empirical research can inform the debate about whether to adjust these procedures for culturally diverse settings. Our objective was to delineate procedures related to recruiting, obtaining informed consent, and compensating health research participants in the extremely high-density multicultural setting of Qatar.


METHODS
During a multistage mixed methods project, field observations and qualitative interviews were conducted in a general medicine clinic of a major medical center in Qatar. Participants were chosen based on gender, age, literacy, and preferred language, i.e., Arabic, English, Hindi and Urdu. Qualitative analysis identified themes about recruitment, informed consent, compensation, and other research procedures.


RESULTS
A total of 153 individuals were approached and 84 enrolled; the latter showed a diverse age range (18 to 75 years); varied language representation: Arabic (n = 24), English (n = 20), Hindi (n = 20), and Urdu (n = 20); and balanced gender distribution: women (n = 43) and men (n = 41). Primary reasons for 30 declinations included concern about interview length and recording. The study achieved a 74% participation rate. Qualitative analytics revealed key themes about hesitation to participate, decisions about participation with family members as well as discussions with them as "incidental research participants", the informed consent process, privacy and gender rules of the interview environment, reactions to member checking and compensation, and motivation for participating. Vulnerability emerged as a recurring issue throughout the process among a minority of participants.


CONCLUSIONS
This study from Qatar is the first to provide empirical data on recruitment, informed consent, compensation and other research procedures in a general adult population in the Middle East and Arabian Gulf. This investigation illustrates how potential research participants perceive research participation. Fundamentally, Western ethical research principles were applicable, but required flexibility and culturally informed adaptations.
Amal
A
Killawi
Amal
A
Khidir
Maha
M
Elnashar
Huda
H
Abdelrahim
Maya
M
Hammoud
Heather
H
Elliott
Michelle
M
Thurston
Humna
H
Asad
Abdul Latif
AL
Al-Khal
Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA. mfetters@umich.edu.
Michael D
MD
Fetters
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics*; D032882:Comprehension; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D032984:Ethics, Research; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection / Q000941:ethics*; D011780:Qatar / Q000453:epidemiology; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012107:Research Design; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000191:economics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires