Cardiorenal syndrome type 4: management.
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 4, or chronic renocardiac syndrome, has been defined as 'chronic abnormalities in renal function leading to cardiac disease' and recognizes the extreme burden of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is common and increasingly recognized as a risk factor for CVD. Although during the past 10 years CV morbidity and mortality have decreased markedly in the general population, their rates still remain high among CKD patients. For this reason, CKD patients should be evaluated thoroughly for CV risk factors which require an aggressive management, given the significant implications of CRS type 4 at both individual and societal level. We will review the management of the most important conventional and nonconventional CVD risk factors related to CKD.
Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Giovanni di Dio, Agrigento, Italy.
Anna
A
Clementi
Grazia Maria
GM
Virzì
Alessandra
A
Brocca
Massimo
M
de Cal
Giorgio
G
Vescovo
Antonio
A
Granata
Claudio
C
Ronco
D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors