A review of successful flavivirus vaccines and the problems with those flaviviruses for which vaccines are not yet available.
Genus flavivirus comprises many important human pathogens causing public health problems worldwide. Some flavivirus infections are characterized by a relatively high mortality rate and/or high sequelae rate in survivors. Because most flavivirus life cycles are maintained between arthropod vectors and amplifying/reservoir hosts in the absence of humans, eradication of flaviviruses might be extremely difficult. Flavivirus vaccine development is considered a reasonable method to prevent flavivirus infections. Some vaccines have been successfully developed, but others have not, regardless of much effort. This review article describes currently available flavivirus vaccines against yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis. In addition, the current status of dengue and West Nile virus vaccine development is reviewed and problems regarding their development are discussed.
Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan. Electronic address: toishika@dokkyomed.ac.jp.
Tomohiro
T
Ishikawa
BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: knmya@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp.
Atsushi
A
Yamanaka
BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: ekon@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp.
Eiji
E
Konishi
D000818:Animals; D003715:Dengue / Q000517:prevention & control; D053059:Dengue Vaccines; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000517:prevention & control; D004675:Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / Q000517:prevention & control; D018177:Flavivirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D022321:Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000517:prevention & control; D053060:West Nile Virus Vaccines; D015004:Yellow Fever / Q000517:prevention & control; D022341:Yellow Fever Vaccine
D053059:Dengue Vaccines; D022321:Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D053060:West Nile Virus Vaccines; D022341:Yellow Fever Vaccine
Dengue; Japanese encephalitis; Tick-borne encephalitis; Vaccine; West Nile fever; Yellow fever