Genetic variability within and among Haemonchus contortus isolates from goats and sheep in China.
BACKGROUND
Haemonchus contortus (order Strongylida) is a common parasitic nematode infecting small ruminants and causing significant economic losses worldwide. Knowledge of genetic variation within and among H. contortus populations can provide a foundation for understanding transmission patterns, the spread of drug resistance alleles and might assist in the control of haemonchosis.


METHODS
152 H. contortus individual adult worms were collected from seven different geographical regions in China. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 4 gene (nad4) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced directly. The sequence variations and population genetic diversities were determined.


RESULTS
Nucleotide sequence analyses revealed 18 genotypes (ITS-2) and 142 haplotypes (nad4) among the 152 worms, with nucleotide diversities of 2.6% and 0.027, respectively, consistent with previous reports from other countries, including Australia, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Sweden, the USA and Yemen. Population genetic analyses revealed that 92.4% of nucleotide variation was partitioned within populations; there was no genetic differentiation but a high gene flow among Chinese populations; some degree of genetic differentiation was inferred between some specimens from China and those from other countries.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study of genetic variation within H. contortus in China. The results revealed high within-population variations, low genetic differentiation and high gene flow among different populations of H. contortus in China. The present results could have implications for studying the epidemiology and ecology of H. contortus in China.
Fanyuan
F
Yin
Robin B
RB
Gasser
Facai
F
Li
Min
M
Bao
Weiyi
W
Huang
Fengcai
F
Zou
Guanghui
G
Zhao
Chunren
C
Wang
Xin
X
Yang
Yanqin
Y
Zhou
Junlong
J
Zhao
Rui
R
Fang
State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. mhu@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
Min
M
Hu
D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D006041:Goats; D006188:Haemonchiasis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058974:Phylogeography; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*
D018509:DNA, Helminth; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I