Embryonic caffeine exposure acts via A1 adenosine receptors to alter adult cardiac function and DNA methylation in mice.
Evidence indicates that disruption of normal prenatal development influences an individual's risk of developing obesity and cardiovascular disease as an adult. Thus, understanding how in utero exposure to chemical agents leads to increased susceptibility to adult diseases is a critical health related issue. Our aim was to determine whether adenosine A1 receptors (A1ARs) mediate the long-term effects of in utero caffeine exposure on cardiac function and whether these long-term effects are the result of changes in DNA methylation patterns in adult hearts. Pregnant A1AR knockout mice were treated with caffeine (20 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.09% NaCl) i.p. at embryonic day 8.5. This caffeine treatment results in serum levels equivalent to the consumption of 2-4 cups of coffee in humans. After dams gave birth, offspring were examined at 8-10 weeks of age. A1AR+/+ offspring treated in utero with caffeine were 10% heavier than vehicle controls. Using echocardiography, we observed altered cardiac function and morphology in adult mice exposed to caffeine in utero. Caffeine treatment decreased cardiac output by 11% and increased left ventricular wall thickness by 29% during diastole. Using DNA methylation arrays, we identified altered DNA methylation patterns in A1AR+/+ caffeine treated hearts, including 7719 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) within the genome and an overall decrease in DNA methylation of 26%. Analysis of genes associated with DMRs revealed that many are associated with cardiac hypertrophy. These data demonstrate that A1ARs mediate in utero caffeine effects on cardiac function and growth and that caffeine exposure leads to changes in DNA methylation.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, United States of America.
Daniela L
DL
Buscariollo
Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
Xiefan
X
Fang
University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America.
Victoria
V
Greenwood
Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Huiling
H
Xue
Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
Scott A
SA
Rivkees
Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
Christopher C
CC
Wendler
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D017931:DNA Primers; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D002110:Caffeine