Autophagy as an essential cellular antioxidant pathway in neurodegenerative disease.
Oxidative stress including DNA damage, increased lipid and protein oxidation, are important features of aging and neurodegeneration suggesting that endogenous antioxidant protective pathways are inadequate or overwhelmed. Importantly, oxidative protein damage contributes to age-dependent accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria or protein aggregates. In addition, environmental toxins such as rotenone and paraquat, which are risk factors for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, also promote protein oxidation. The obvious approach of supplementing the primary antioxidant systems designed to suppress the initiation of oxidative stress has been tested in animal models and positive results were obtained. However, these findings have not been effectively translated to treating human patients, and clinical trials for antioxidant therapies using radical scavenging molecules such as α-tocopherol, ascorbate and coenzyme Q have met with limited success, highlighting several limitations to this approach. These could include: (1) radical scavenging antioxidants cannot reverse established damage to proteins and organelles; (2) radical scavenging antioxidants are oxidant specific, and can only be effective if the specific mechanism for neurodegeneration involves the reactive species to which they are targeted and (3) since reactive species play an important role in physiological signaling, suppression of endogenous oxidants maybe deleterious. Therefore, alternative approaches that can circumvent these limitations are needed. While not previously considered an antioxidant system we propose that the autophagy-lysosomal activities, may serve this essential function in neurodegenerative diseases by removing damaged or dysfunctional proteins and organelles.
Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States ; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
Samantha
S
Giordano
Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States ; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
Victor
V
Darley-Usmar
Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States ; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States ; Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center, United States.
Jianhua
J
Zhang
D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001343:Autophagy; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000502:physiology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000502:physiology; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism
D000975:Antioxidants; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D010088:Oxidoreductases
6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; Animal models; Anti-oxidants; Autophagy; CBZ, carbamazepine; Clinical trials; EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate; GSH, glutathione; HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; LRRK2, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; MDA, malondialdehyde; MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine; MitoQ, mitochondrially-targeted coenzyme Q; Mitochondrial dysfunction; MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase; Neurons; Nrf2, Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1; Parkinson’s disease; Protein aggregation; ROS/RNS, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; Reactive oxygen species; Redox signaling; SOD, superoxide dismutase; Selegiline, N-propargyl-methamphetamine; Sirt1, NAD-dependent deacetylast sirtuin-1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; Toxins; UCHL1, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; curcumin, (1E,6E)-1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells; rasagiline, N-propargyl-1-(R)-aminoindan; the ADAGIO study, the Attenuation of Disease Progression with Azilect Given Once-daily) study; the DATATOP Study, the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism Study; the NET-PD network, the NINDS Exploratory Trials in Parkinson’s Disease (NET-PD) network; the TEMPO Study, the TVP-1012 in Early Monotherapy for PD Outpatients Study