Energy balance for a sonoluminescence bubble yields a measure of ionization potential lowering.
Application of energy conservation between input sound and the microplasma which forms at the moment of sonoluminescence places bounds on the process, whereby the gas is ionized. Detailed pulsed Mie scattering measurements of the radius versus time for a xenon bubble in sulfuric acid provide a complete characterization of the hydrodynamics and minimum radius. For a range of emission intensities, the blackbody spectrum emitted during collapse matches the minimum bubble radius, implying opaque conditions are attained. This requires a degree of ionization >36%. Analysis reveals only 2.1±0.6  eV/atom of energy available during light emission. In order to unbind enough charge, collective processes must therefore reduce the ionization potential by at least 75%. We interpret this as evidence that a phase transition to a highly ionized plasma is occurring during sonoluminescence.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Kappus
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Bataller
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and California Nano-Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Putterman