Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group†.
OBJECTIVE
The original Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) Axis I diagnostic algorithms have been demonstrated to be reliable. However, the Validation Project determined that the RDC/TMD Axis I validity was below the target sensitivity of ≥ 0.70 and specificity of ≥ 0.95. Consequently, these empirical results supported the development of revised RDC/TMD Axis I diagnostic algorithms that were subsequently demonstrated to be valid for the most common pain-related TMD and for one temporomandibular joint (TMJ) intra-articular disorder. The original RDC/TMD Axis II instruments were shown to be both reliable and valid. Working from these findings and revisions, two international consensus workshops were convened, from which recommendations were obtained for the finalization of new Axis I diagnostic algorithms and new Axis II instruments.


METHODS
Through a series of workshops and symposia, a panel of clinical and basic science pain experts modified the revised RDC/TMD Axis I algorithms by using comprehensive searches of published TMD diagnostic literature followed by review and consensus via a formal structured process. The panel's recommendations for further revision of the Axis I diagnostic algorithms were assessed for validity by using the Validation Project's data set, and for reliability by using newly collected data from the ongoing TMJ Impact Project-the follow-up study to the Validation Project. New Axis II instruments were identified through a comprehensive search of the literature providing valid instruments that, relative to the RDC/TMD, are shorter in length, are available in the public domain, and currently are being used in medical settings.


RESULTS
The newly recommended Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) Axis I protocol includes both a valid screener for detecting any pain-related TMD as well as valid diagnostic criteria for differentiating the most common pain-related TMD (sensitivity ≥ 0.86, specificity ≥ 0.98) and for one intra-articular disorder (sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.97). Diagnostic criteria for other common intra-articular disorders lack adequate validity for clinical diagnoses but can be used for screening purposes. Inter-examiner reliability for the clinical assessment associated with the validated DC/TMD criteria for pain-related TMD is excellent (kappa ≥ 0.85). Finally, a comprehensive classification system that includes both the common and less common TMD is also presented. The Axis II protocol retains selected original RDC/TMD screening instruments augmented with new instruments to assess jaw function as well as behavioral and additional psychosocial factors. The Axis II protocol is divided into screening and comprehensive self report instrument sets. The screening instruments' 41 questions assess pain intensity, pain-related disability, psychological distress, jaw functional limitations, and parafunctional behaviors, and a pain drawing is used to assess locations of pain. The comprehensive instruments, composed of 81 questions, assess in further detail jaw functional limitations and psychological distress as well as additional constructs of anxiety and presence of comorbid pain conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
The recommended evidence-based new DC/TMD protocol is appropriate for use in both clinical and research settings. More comprehensive instruments augment short and simple screening instruments for Axis I and Axis II. These validated instruments allow for identification of patients with a range of simple to complex TMD presentations.
Eric
E
Schiffman
Richard
R
Ohrbach
Edmond
E
Truelove
John
J
Look
Gary
G
Anderson
Jean-Paul
JP
Goulet
Thomas
T
List
Peter
P
Svensson
Yoly
Y
Gonzalez
Frank
F
Lobbezoo
Ambra
A
Michelotti
Sharon L
SL
Brooks
Werner
W
Ceusters
Mark
M
Drangsholt
Dominik
D
Ettlin
Charly
C
Gaul
Louis J
LJ
Goldberg
Jennifer A
JA
Haythornthwaite
Lars
L
Hollender
Rigmor
R
Jensen
Mike T
MT
John
Antoon
A
De Laat
Reny
R
de Leeuw
William
W
Maixner
Marylee
M
van der Meulen
Greg M
GM
Murray
Donald R
DR
Nixdorf
Sandro
S
Palla
Arne
A
Petersson
Paul
P
Pionchon
Barry
B
Smith
Corine M
CM
Visscher
Joanna
J
Zakrzewska
Samuel F
SF
Dworkin
D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis; D032921:Consensus; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D055094:Evidence-Based Dentistry; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000175:diagnosis; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D063806:Myalgia / Q000175:diagnosis; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis; D053591:Referred Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019224:Temporomandibular Joint Disc / Q000473:pathology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D009626:Terminology as Topic