Depression but not anxiety is associated with metabolic syndrome in primary care based community sample.
BACKGROUND
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and depression are considered important risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidence suggests that depression can be an important predictor of MetS. Data on the association between anxiety and MetS remain mixed. In a large primary care based community sample we investigated an association of depressive and anxiety disorders and symptoms with MetS.


METHODS
A total of 1115 (51% men, mean age 62.0 ± 9.6 years) randomly selected individuals of 45 years and older were evaluated for: (i) MetS using the World Health Organization (WHO), National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria; (ii) current major depressive episode (MDE) and current generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the Mini International Neuropsychiatric interview; (iii) lifetime MDE; and (iv) symptoms of depression and anxiety, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). Socio-demographic characteristics (education, residence, marital status and social status) and medical histories (physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption and histories of myocardial infarction and stroke) were also evaluated.


RESULTS
After adjusting for socio-demographic status, medical histories and current GAD, current MDE and lifetime MDE were associated with greater prevalence of MetS according to the WHO criteria (OR=1.7, 95%CI [1.1-2.7] and OR=3.7, 95%CI [2.4-5.7], respectively, p ≤ 0.001). Lifetime MDE was also associated with MetS according to the IDF and NCEP/ATP III criteria. On the other hand, current GAD was not associated with MetS in multivariate regression models when adjusted for current MDE. Similar results were obtained when evaluating an association between depression/anxiety symptoms and MetS, since elevated depressive, but not anxiety, symptoms were independently associated with MetS.


CONCLUSIONS
Depressive, but not anxiety, disorders and symptoms are associated with greater prevalence rate of MetS. Assessment and management of MetS risk factors should be considered in depressed individuals.
Department and Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania. Electronic address: juratebutnoriene@yahoo.com.
Jurate
J
Butnoriene
Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania.
Adomas
A
Bunevicius
Department and Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Antanas
A
Norkus
Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania.
Robertas
R
Bunevicius
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics
Anxiety; Depression; Metabolic syndrome; Primary care