title: Differential diagnosis of psychiatric symptoms after deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of a deep brain stimulator (DBS) in a patient with a movement disorder who develops psychiatric symptoms poses unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for the treating clinician. Few sources discuss approaches to diagnosing and treating these symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors review the literature on psychiatric complications in DBS for movement disorders and propose a heuristic for categorizing symptoms according to their temporal relationship with the DBS implantation process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychiatric symptoms after DBS can be categorized as preimplantation, intra-operative/perioperative, stimulation related, device malfunction, medication related, and chronic stimulation related/long term. Once determined, the specific etiology of a symptom guides the practitioner in treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A structured approach to psychiatric symptoms in DBS patients allows practitioners to effectively diagnose and treat them when they arise.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors: Davin K
authors: DK
authors: Quinn
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Deligtisch
authors: Caleb
authors: C
authors: Rees
authors: Aaron
authors: A
authors: Brodsky
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Evans
authors: Mohamad
authors: M
authors: Khafaja
authors: Christopher C
authors: CC
authors: Abbott
mesh_terms: D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; depression; movement disorders