title: Production of slow-released nitrogen fertilizer from urine.
abstract: Human excreta, especially urine is rich in nitrogen that can be utilized for agricultural purposes, while the slow-release fertilizer allows effective utilization of nutrients in agricultural production. The direct formation of slow-release fertilizer--methylene urea--from urine was being proposed in this study. The experiments were tried to prove formation of methylene urea from human urine, and to investigate the effect of pH and salt concentration on the reaction rate. The synthetic urine and real urine were used for the urea source of the reaction. As a result, the precipitates were prepared from synthetic urine, while the small molecule fractions generated then they grew into precipitate. The nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, element analyses showed the precipitates in synthetic urine were the same compound found in the urea solution, which was methylene urea. The reaction rate was high at low pH value. The reaction rate in the buffer solution was lower than the synthetic urine at the same pH, because some salts may work as a catalyst. The urea concentration reduction rate in real urine showed the same trend with synthetic urine at the same pH, while the precipitation was quite similar to methylene urea.
authors: Water, Decontamination, Ecosystem and Health Laboratory, International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. ryuusei@eng.hokudai.ac.jp
authors: Ryusei
authors: R
authors: Ito
authors: Laboratory on Engineering for Sustainable Sanitation, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors: Eri
authors: E
authors: Takahashi
authors: Laboratory on Engineering for Sustainable Sanitation, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors: Naoyuki
authors: N
authors: Funamizu
mesh_terms: D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D012492:Salts; D014508:Urea