title: Physiologic and behavioral effects of papoose board on anxiety in dental patients with special needs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anxiety induced by dental treatment can become a serious problem, especially for patients with special needs. Application of deep touch pressure, which is a sensory adaptation technique, may ameliorate anxiety in disabled patients. However, few empiric studies have investigated the possible links between the clinical effects of deep touch pressure and its behavioral and physiologic aspects. Equally little progress has been made concerning theoretical development. The current study is a crossover intervention trial to investigate the behavioral and physiological effects of deep touch pressure for participants receiving dental treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen disabled participants, who were retrospectively subclassified for positive trend or negative trend, were recruited to receive the papoose board as an application of deep touch pressure. Quantitative analyses of behavioral assessments and physiological measurements, including electrodermal activity and heart rate variability, were conducted. We sought to understand the modulation of the autonomic nervous system and the orchestration of sympathetic and parasympathetic (PsNS) nervous systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioral assessments reported that higher levels of anxiety were induced by the dental treatment for participants with both groups of positive and negative trends. Although no significant differences were found in the SNS activity, physiologic responses indicated that significantly changes of PsNS activity were observed under the stress condition (dental treatment) when deep touch pressure intervention was applied, especially for participants in the group of positive trend.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the PsNS activation plays a critical role in the process of ANS modulation. This study provides not only physiologic evidence for the modulation effects of deep touch pressure on stressful conditions in dental environments but also the evidence that the application of papoose board, as a sensory adaptation technique, is not harmful for dental patients with special needs.
authors: Department of Occupational Therapy & Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical College Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Hsin-Yung
authors: HY
authors: Chen
authors: Oral Health Care for Special Needs, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Hsiang
authors: H
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Occupational Therapy & Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical College Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Huang-Ju
authors: HJ
authors: Chi
authors: Oral Health Care for Special Needs, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: hmchen51@ntuh.gov.tw.
authors: Hsin-Ming
authors: HM
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D003730:Dental Care for Persons with Disabilities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D014110:Touch
keywords: anxiety; autonomic nervous system; dentistry; electrodermal activity; heart rate variability; special needs