title: Feasibility of error-based electrotactile and auditive feedback in prosthetic walking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have shown that feedback in upper-leg prostheses is possible, but slow or difficult to interpret. In this study, electrotactile and auditive error-based feedback, only giving feedback when an undesired event occurs, were tested for its use in upper-leg prosthesis when provided during a perturbation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of nine healthy subjects walked on a prosthetic simulator which was disturbed at the end of the swing phase. They received either no feedback, electrotactile feedback, or auditive feedback at the time of the perturbation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reaction time of the subjects only improved by 40 ms when using auditory feedback, compared to the no-feedback condition. No changes in reaction time were found in the electrotactile feedback condition. Considering perturbation detection was not taken into account in this study, this improvement is not enough for practical applications in upper-leg prosthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many transfemoral amputees are insecure about their prosthesis, are afraid of falling, or actually fall. Providing feedback specifically during a perturbation may prevent them from falling, or at least give them a chance to react.
authors: MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, The Netherlands e.c.wentink@alumnus.utwente.nl.
authors: Eva C
authors: EC
authors: Wentink
authors: MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors: Eline J
authors: EJ
authors: Talsma-Kerkdijk
authors: MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors: Hans S
authors: HS
authors: Rietman
authors: MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Veltink
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000674:Amputees / Q000523:psychology; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011930:Reaction Time; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Feedback; error-based; upper-leg prostheses