title: PACAP-38 but not VIP induces release of CGRP from trigeminal nucleus caudalis via a receptor distinct from the PAC1 receptor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if PACAP and VIP have an effect on CGRP release or NOS activity in the trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus caudalis and if there can be a difference in effect between PACAP and VIP on these two systems. Furthermore, we investigate if PACAP co-localize with CGRP and/or nNOS in the two tissues.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The structurally related neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide-38 (PACAP-38) partially share receptors and are both potent vasodilators. However, PACAP-38 but not VIP is an efficient inducer of migraine attacks in migraineurs. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nitric oxide (NO) are two signaling molecules known to be involved in migraine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat tissue was used for all experiments. Release of CGRP induced by VIP and PACAP in dura mater, trigeminal ganglion (TG) and trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) was quantified by EIA. Regulation of NOS-enzymes caused by VIP and PACAP was investigated in dura mater, TG and TNC by measuring the conversion of L-[3H]arginine to L-[3H]citrulline. Co-expression of PACAP, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and CGRP was explored by immunohistochemistry in TG and TNC. mRNA expression studies of VPAC1, VPAC2 and PAC1-receptors were performed by qRT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PACAP-38 administered in increasing concentrations caused a concentration-dependent CGRP-release in the TNC, but not in TG. VIP was without effect in both tissues examined. The PAC1 receptor agonist maxadilan had no effect on CGRP release and the PAC1 antagonist M65 did not inhibit PACAP-38 induced CGRP release. PACAP-38 or VIP did not affect NOS activity in homogenates of TG and TNC. Quantitative PCR demonstrated the presence of VPAC1, VPAC2 and PAC1 receptors in TG and TNC. Immunohistochemistry of PACAP and CGRP showed co-expression in TG and TNC. PACAP and nNOS were co-localized in TG, but not in TNC. PACAP was found to co-localize with glutamine synthetase in TG satellite glial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PACAP-38 cause release of CGRP from TNC but not from TG. We suggest that the release is not caused via activation of PAC1, VPAC1 or VPAC2 receptors. PACAP has no effect on NOS activity in TG or TNC. In TG PACAP was found in neuronal cells and in satellite glial cells. It co-localized with CGRP and nNOS in the neuronal cells. In TNC PACAP was co-localized with CGRP but not with nNOS.
authors: Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark. Electronic address: inger.jansen.olesen@regionh.dk.
authors: Inger
authors: I
authors: Jansen-Olesen
authors: Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Baun
authors: Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors: Dipak V
authors: DV
authors: Amrutkar
authors: Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors: Roshni
authors: R
authors: Ramachandran
authors: Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors: Daniel V
authors: DV
authors: Christophersen
authors: Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors: Jes
authors: J
authors: Olesen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism*; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014278:Trigeminal Nuclei / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide; Nitric oxide synthase; Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide; Trigeminal ganglion; Trigeminal nucleus; Vasoactive intestinal peptide