title: Human norovirus detection and production, quantification, and storage of virus-like particles.
abstract: Human noroviruses constitute a significant worldwide disease burden. Each year, noroviruses cause over 267 million infections, deaths in over 200,000 children under the age of five, and over 50% of U.S. food-borne illness. Due to the absence of a tissue culture model or small animal model to study human norovirus, virus-like particles (VLPs) and ELISA-based biological assays have been used to answer questions about norovirus evolution and immunity as well to provide a potential vaccine platform. This chapter outlines the protocols for norovirus detection in stool, as well as norovirus VLP design, production, purification, and storage using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE)-based virus replicon particle (VRP) expression system.
authors: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors: Kari
authors: K
authors: Debbink
authors: Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: Veronica
authors: V
authors: Costantini
authors: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors: Jesica
authors: J
authors: Swanstrom
authors: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors: Sudhakar
authors: S
authors: Agnihothram
authors: Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Vinjé
authors: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Baric
authors: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Lindesmith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004666:Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011309:Preservation, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; norovirus; virus replicon particle; virus-like particle; virus-like particle purification