title: [Viewing 3D stereoscopic images in children and adults with and without strabismus: multicenter study in Japan].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the ability of patients with strabismus and/or amblyopia to see 3D images.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire survey conducted for children aged 6 to 19 years and adults aged 20 to 39 years on their experience of viewing 3D images (movies, motion attractions, television, games), asking whether they could see stereoscopically, with or without adverse effects. A retrospective investigation of ophthalmological examinations was followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 507 cases, 342 had had the experience of veiwing 3D images. In 212 (62%) cases of strabismus and/or amblyopia, stereopsis was lacking in 17 to 18% of the subjects for movies, in 6 to 7% for attractions, in 32% in children and 50% in adults for television and 23% in children and 17% in adults for games. Adults complained of a higher rate of adverse effects, 65% for movies and 75% for games, as compared with 34% for movies and 26% for games in children(p < 0.01). The lack of stereopsis for games and movies was higher in the subgroup of Fly (-) and convergence insufficiency (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since many patients with strabismus and/or amblyopia found some difficulty in stereoscopic viewing, precise examinations for stereopsis and convergence are needed to assess individual aptitude for 3D viewing.
authors: Division of Ophthalmology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Japan. nishina-s@ncchd.go.jp
authors: Sachiko
authors: S
authors: Nishina
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine.
authors: Akemi
authors: A
authors: Wakayama
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School.
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Miki
authors: Utsumi Eye Clinic.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Utsumi
authors: Ra Eye Clinic.
authors: Kinei
authors: K
authors: Ra
authors: Department of Orthoptics, Teikyo University Faculty of Medical Technology.
authors: Takao
authors: T
authors: Hayashi
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine.
authors: Chie
authors: C
authors: Usui
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Ohtsuki
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
authors: Manabu
authors: M
authors: Miyata
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine.
authors: Miho
authors: M
authors: Sato
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Hyogo College of Medicine.
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Mimura
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Hyogo College of Medicine.
authors: Akiko
authors: A
authors: Kimura
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Sugasawa
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College.
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Nakamura
authors: 'Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Fujikado
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003867:Depth Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult