title: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of immediate versus delayed treatment of hepatitis C virus-infected patients in a country with limited resources: the case of Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of logistical and economic issues, in Egypt, as in other resource-limited settings, decision makers should determine for which patients hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment should be prioritized. We assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different treatment initiation strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a Markov model, we simulated HCV disease in chronically infected patients in Egypt, to compare lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE), and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of different treatment initiation strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immediate treatment of patients at stages F1/F2/F3 was less expensive and more effective than delaying treatment until more severe stages or not providing treatment (in patients diagnosed at F1: QALE = 18.32 years if treatment at F1 vs 18.22 if treatment at F2). Treatment of F4 patients was more effective than no treatment at all (QALE = 10.33 years vs 8.77 years) and was cost-effective (ICER = $1915/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]). When considering that affordable triple therapies, including new direct-acting antivirals, will be available starting in 2016, delaying treatment until stage F2, then treating all patients regardless of their disease stage after 2016, was found to be cost-effective (ICER = $33/QALY).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Egypt, immediate treatment of patients with fibrosis stage F1-F3 who present to care is less expensive and more effective than delaying treatment. However, immediate treatment at stage F1 is only slightly more effective than waiting for disease to progress to stage F2 before starting treatment and is sensitive to the forthcoming availability of new treatments. Treating patients at stage F4 is highly effective and cost-effective. In Egypt, decision makers should prioritize treatment for F4 patients and delay treatment for F1 patients who present to care.
authors: IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France.
authors: Dorothée
authors: D
authors: Obach
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Deuffic-Burban
authors: Gamal
authors: G
authors: Esmat
authors: Wagida A
authors: WA
authors: Anwar
authors: Sahar
authors: S
authors: Dewedar
authors: Valérie
authors: V
authors: Canva
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Cousien
authors: Wahid
authors: W
authors: Doss
authors: Aya
authors: A
authors: Mostafa
authors: Stanislas
authors: S
authors: Pol
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Buti
authors: Uwe
authors: U
authors: Siebert
authors: Arnaud
authors: A
authors: Fontanet
authors: Mostafa K
authors: MK
authors: Mohamed
authors: Yazdan
authors: Y
authors: Yazdanpanah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003906:Developing Countries; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents
keywords: Egypt; HCV; antiviral treatment; cost-effectiveness; resource-limited countries