title: Child passengers killed in reckless and alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About 20years ago, concern was raised about the dangers that children face when driven by drinking drivers in the United States. During the last decade, the pace of research on this topic subsided. Yet in 2010, every day three children younger than age 15 were killed, and 469 were injured in motor-vehicle crashes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this effort is to describe the status of the problem in the United States and suggest lines of research. From the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), we selected crashes in which a driver aged 21 or older was driving at least one child younger than age 15. We identified crashes that occurred at different times of the day in which the driver was speeding, ran a red light, or was alcohol positive. We described the drivers' demographics and examined how they relate to the different crash types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that, although driving a child seems to protect against the studied forms of risky driving, such protection varies sharply depending upon the drivers' and children's demographics and the crash type. There is no clear reason to explain the drivers' decision to endanger the children that they drive. The percent of children killed in speeding-related and red-light running motor-vehicle crashes has remained relatively stable during the last decade. Future research must (a) examine the effectiveness of current child endangerment laws; (b) examine crashes other than fatal; and (c) be more targeted, looking at specific drivers' age and gender, specific children's ages, the time of the crash, and the type of crash.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant attention needs to be given towards improving state laws on child endangerment. Policymakers' reaction to this problem is tentative because of our limited understanding of the problem; therefore, further research is needed. With unfocused countermeasures and prevention efforts, we have been restricted in our ability to evaluate these responses. The findings of this report should be informative to policy makers.
authors: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Drive, Suite 900, Calverton, MD 20705-3111, USA. Electronic address: kelley-b@pire.org.
authors: Tara
authors: T
authors: Kelley-Baker
authors: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Drive, Suite 900, Calverton, MD 20705-3111, USA. Electronic address: romano@pire.org.
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Romano
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Alcohol; Child endangerment; Motor-vehicle crashes; Red-light running; Speeding