title: Exposure assessment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases/AmpC beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli in meat in Denmark.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamases (AmpC) are of concern for veterinary and public health because of their ability to cause treatment failure due to antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. The main objective was to assess the relative contribution (RC) of different types of meat to the exposure of consumers to ESBL/AmpC and their potential importance for human infections in Denmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of each genotype of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in imported and nationally produced broiler meat, pork and beef was weighted by the meat consumption patterns. Data originated from the Danish surveillance program for antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance (DANMAP) from 2009 to 2011. DANMAP also provided data about human ESBL/AmpC cases in 2011, which were used to assess a possible genotype overlap. Uncertainty about the occurrence of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in meat was assessed by inspecting beta distributions given the available data of the genotypes in each type of meat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Broiler meat represented the largest part (83.8%) of the estimated ESBL/AmpC-contaminated pool of meat compared to pork (12.5%) and beef (3.7%). CMY-2 was the genotype with the highest RC to human exposure (58.3%). However, this genotype is rarely found in human infections in Denmark.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overlap between ESBL/AmpC genotypes in meat and human E. coli infections was limited. This suggests that meat might constitute a less important source of ESBL/AmpC exposure to humans in Denmark than previously thought - maybe because the use of cephalosporins is restricted in cattle and banned in poultry and pigs. Nonetheless, more detailed surveillance data are required to determine the contribution of meat compared to other sources, such as travelling, pets, water resources, community and hospitals in the pursuit of a full source attribution model.
authors: Department of Aquatic Production, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Science (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Population Biology Group, Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Luís P
authors: LP
authors: Carmo
authors: Population Biology Group, Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Liza R
authors: LR
authors: Nielsen
authors: Department of Aquatic Production, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Science (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Laboratory of Nutrition, Growth and Quality of Fish, Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Paulo M
authors: PM
authors: da Costa
authors: Department for Food Safety and Veterinary Issues, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Lis
authors: L
authors: Alban
keywords: AmpC; E. coli; ESBL; exposure assessment; meat