title: Dosimetric characterization and output verification for conical brachytherapy surface applicators. Part II. High dose rate 192Ir sources.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Historically, treatment of malignant surface lesions has been achieved with linear accelerator based electron beams or superficial x-ray beams. Recent developments in the field of brachytherapy now allow for the treatment of surface lesions with specialized conical applicators placed directly on the lesion. Applicators are available for use with high dose rate (HDR)(192)Ir sources, as well as electronic brachytherapy sources. Part I of this paper discussed the applicators used with electronic brachytherapy sources. Part II will discuss those used with HDR (192)Ir sources. Although the use of these applicators has gained in popularity, the dosimetric characteristics have not been independently verified. Additionally, there is no recognized method of output verification for quality assurance procedures with applicators like these.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work aims to create a cohesive method of output verification that can be used to determine the dose at the treatment surface as part of a quality assurance/commissioning process for surface applicators used with HDR electronic brachytherapy sources (Part I) and(192)Ir sources (Part II). Air-kerma rate measurements for the (192)Ir sources were completed with several models of small-volume ionization chambers to obtain an air-kerma rate at the treatment surface for each applicator. Correction factors were calculated using MCNP5 and EGSnrc Monte Carlo codes in order to determine an applicator-specific absorbed dose to water at the treatment surface from the measured air-kerma rate. Additionally, relative dose measurements of the surface dose distributions and characteristic depth dose curves were completed in-phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Theoretical dose distributions and depth dose curves were generated for each applicator and agreed well with the measured values. A method of output verification was created that allows users to determine the applicator-specific dose to water at the treatment surface based on a measured air-kerma rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel output verification methods described in this work will reduce uncertainties in dose delivery for treatments with these kinds of surface applicators, ultimately improving patient care.
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.
authors: Regina K
authors: RK
authors: Fulkerson
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Micka
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.
authors: Larry A
authors: LA
authors: DeWerd
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D035501:Uncertainty; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D014867:Water