title: Effect of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies did not draw a consistent conclusion about the effects of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on fasting blood level of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comprehensive search of Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and Medline (from 1950 to 2013) and bibliographies of relevant articles was undertaken. Sixty-eight RCTs with a total of 4601 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Marine-derived n-3 PUFAs supplementation showed a lowering effect on Marine-derived n-3 PUFAs supplementation had a significant lowering effect on TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP in three groups of subjects (subjects with chronic non-autoimmune disease, subjects with chronic autoimmune disease and healthy subjects). A significant negative linear relationship between duration and effect size of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs supplementation on fasting blood levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in subjects with chronic non-autoimmune disease was observed, indicating that longer duration of supplementation could lead to a greater lowering effect. A similar linear relationship was also observed for IL-6 levels in healthy subjects. Restricted cubic spline analysis and subgroup analysis showed that the lowering effect of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs on CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in subjects with chronic non-autoimmune disease became weakened when body mass index was greater than 30 kg/m². The effect of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs from dietary intake was only assessed in subjects with chronic non-autoimmune disease, and a significant lowering effect was observed on IL-6, but not on CRP and TNF-α.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marine-derived n-3 PUFAs supplementation had a significant lowering effect on CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α level. The lowering effect was most effective in non-obese subjects and consecutive long-term supplementation was recommended.
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ; APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Kelei
authors: K
authors: Li
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ; APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ; APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Jusheng
authors: J
authors: Zheng
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ; APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Kejian
authors: K
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ; APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Duo
authors: D
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D004435:Eating; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005396:Fish Products; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein