title: The thalamostriatal system in normal and diseased states.
abstract: Because of our limited knowledge of the functional role of the thalamostriatal system, this massive network is often ignored in models of the pathophysiology of brain disorders of basal ganglia origin, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, over the past decade, significant advances have led to a deeper understanding of the anatomical, electrophysiological, behavioral and pathological aspects of the thalamostriatal system. The cloning of the vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (vGluT1 and vGluT2) has provided powerful tools to differentiate thalamostriatal from corticostriatal glutamatergic terminals, allowing us to carry out comparative studies of the synaptology and plasticity of these two systems in normal and pathological conditions. Findings from these studies have led to the recognition of two thalamostriatal systems, based on their differential origin from the caudal intralaminar nuclear group, the center median/parafascicular (CM/Pf) complex, or other thalamic nuclei. The recent use of optogenetic methods supports this model of the organization of the thalamostriatal systems, showing differences in functionality and glutamate receptor localization at thalamostriatal synapses from Pf and other thalamic nuclei. At the functional level, evidence largely gathered from thalamic recordings in awake monkeys strongly suggests that the thalamostriatal system from the CM/Pf is involved in regulating alertness and switching behaviors. Importantly, there is evidence that the caudal intralaminar nuclei and their axonal projections to the striatum partly degenerate in PD and that CM/Pf deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be therapeutically useful in several movement disorders.
authors: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Yoland
authors: Y
authors: Smith
authors: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Galvan
authors: Department of Pharmacology, MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit Oxford, UK.
authors: Tommas J
authors: TJ
authors: Ellender
authors: Department of Pharmacology, MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit Oxford, UK.
authors: Natalie
authors: N
authors: Doig
authors: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Rosa M
authors: RM
authors: Villalba
authors: Department of Pharmacology, MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit Oxford, UK.
authors: Icnelia
authors: I
authors: Huerta-Ocampo
authors: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Wichmann
authors: Department of Pharmacology, MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit Oxford, UK.
authors: J Paul
authors: JP
authors: Bolam
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; Tourette’s syndrome; attention; glutamate; intralaminar nuclei; striatum; thalamus; vesicular glutamate transporter