title: Dosimetric characterization and output verification for conical brachytherapy surface applicators. Part I. Electronic brachytherapy source.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Historically, treatment of malignant surface lesions has been achieved with linear accelerator based electron beams or superficial x-ray beams. Recent developments in the field of brachytherapy now allow for the treatment of surface lesions with specialized conical applicators placed directly on the lesion. Applicators are available for use with high dose rate (HDR)(192)Ir sources, as well as electronic brachytherapy sources. Part I of this paper will discuss the applicators used with electronic brachytherapy sources; Part II will discuss those used with HDR (192)Ir sources. Although the use of these applicators has gained in popularity, the dosimetric characteristics including depth dose and surface dose distributions have not been independently verified. Additionally, there is no recognized method of output verification for quality assurance procedures with applicators like these. Existing dosimetry protocols available from the AAPM bookend the cross-over characteristics of a traditional brachytherapy source (as described by Task Group 43) being implemented as a low-energy superficial x-ray beam (as described by Task Group 61) as observed with the surface applicators of interest.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work aims to create a cohesive method of output verification that can be used to determine the dose at the treatment surface as part of a quality assurance/commissioning process for surface applicators used with HDR electronic brachytherapy sources (Part I) and(192)Ir sources (Part II). Air-kerma rate measurements for the electronic brachytherapy sources were completed with an Attix Free-Air Chamber, as well as several models of small-volume ionization chambers to obtain an air-kerma rate at the treatment surface for each applicator. Correction factors were calculated using MCNP5 and EGSnrc Monte Carlo codes in order to determine an applicator-specific absorbed dose to water at the treatment surface from the measured air-kerma rate. Additionally, relative dose measurements of the surface dose distributions and characteristic depth dose curves were completed in-phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Theoretical dose distributions and depth dose curves were generated for each applicator and agreed well with the measured values. A method of output verification was created that allows users to determine the applicator-specific dose to water at the treatment surface based on a measured air-kerma rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel output verification methods described in this work will reduce uncertainties in dose delivery for treatments with these kinds of surface applicators, ultimately improving patient care.
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.
authors: Regina K
authors: RK
authors: Fulkerson
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Micka
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.
authors: Larry A
authors: LA
authors: DeWerd
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002138:Calibration; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004583:Electrons; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes