title: Analyzing the formation of normal and abnormal O waves in thoracic impedance graph using the impedance change components for aorta, blood vessels in lung and ventricles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many measurements of thoracic impedance graph show that the small C wave and big O wave appear often for patients with cardiac insufficiency, and the O/C ratio is bigger. And for the normal body, especially a younger one, the bigger O wave may also appear. But since the amplitude of the C wave of a normal body is bigger, the O/C ratio is smaller. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the formation mechanism of the normal and abnormal O waves in thoracic impedance graph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thoracic mixed impedance changes are measured with 6 leads consisting of 15 electrodes. The impedance change components for the aorta (AO), blood vessel in left lung (PL), blood vessel in right lung (PR), left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) are separated from thoracic mixed impedance changes by means of establishing and solving the thoracic impedance equations. The amplitudes of the O and C waves of various impedance change components are measured for 50 normal healthy adults and 34 patients with cardiac insufficiency. The formation mechanism of normal and abnormal O waves in thoracic impedance graph is analyzed using the superposition of the O waves of the above impedance change components. Detection subjects are 50 healthy adults and 34 hospital patients with cardiac insufficiency. (1) Thoracic impedance graph: The O/C ratios of the normal group are significantly smaller than that of the abnormal group, p < 0.001. The O wave of first lead (E₁-E₁') is significantly bigger than that of leads 4 and 5 (E₄-E₄' and E₅-E₅') in the normal group, p < 0.001. (2) The impedance change component: The O waves of the AO, PL, and PR are significantly smaller than that of the LV and RV in the normal group, p < 0.001. The O wave and O/C of the AO, PL and PR of normal group are significantly smaller than that of the abnormal group, p < 0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The O wave of the thoracic impedance graph is formed due to the superposition of the O waves of the impedance change components for the aorta, blood vessels in lung and ventricles.
authors: Nan-Zhen
authors: NZ
authors: Kuang
authors: Department of Special Diagnosis, 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Jiangxi Nanchang, China. fall94@qq.com.
authors: Qiu-Jin
authors: QJ
authors: Xiao
authors: Bai-Qing
authors: BQ
authors: He
authors: Jing-Juan
authors: JJ
authors: Fu
authors: Ming-Xing
authors: MX
authors: Kuang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left