title: High costs as a slow down factor of thoracoscopic lobectomy development in Poland - an institutional experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracoscopic (VATS) lobectomy after a decade of criticism is nowadays considered as a technically feasible, safe and oncologically proper operation. This approach has some advantages over conventional thoracotomy like: less postoperative pain, shorter hospitalization, fewer postoperative complications, better tolerance of adjuvant chemotherapy with comparable long-term survival rate. The VATS lobectomy is now generally accepted as an important alternative to open lobectomy in early-stage lung cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the study we analyzed all aspects of introducing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy in our institution with special consideration of the costs of the procedure as a potential limiting factor of its widespread development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data of 212 consecutive patients with early stage lung cancer operated on during 2008-2011 were selected and analyzed. One hundred and eight patients underwent VATS lobectomy (VATS group) and 104 patients antero-lateral thoracotomy (thoracotomy group). Perioperative outcomes including operating time, blood loss during surgery, postoperative complication rate, length of hospital stay, and duration of chest tube drainage were assessed. The cost evaluation included: all direct theater costs, daily hospital costs, intensive care costs, pharmacy and disposable costs with special consideration of stapling device costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean hospital stay after VATS lobectomy was significantly shorter than after thoracotomy, mean 7 days vs. 10 days (p < 0.0012). The complication rate and ICU admission rate were almost twice as high after thoracotomy than after VATS and were 46% vs. 23% (p < 0.0006) and 42% vs. 22% (p < 0.0027) respectively. Cost analysis showed significantly higher total costs of VATS lobectomy than after thoracotomy (median €2445 vs. €2047). Considerably higher theater costs for VATS compared to thoracotomy, median €1395 vs. €479, were caused mainly by endostapler costs, median €1069 vs. €161. Significantly higher hospital costs and ICU costs after thoracotomy did not compensate high theater costs of VATS lobectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Polish financial reality and potentially in other middle-income countries significantly higher costs of the procedure can limit widespread introduction of VATS lobectomy in clinical practice.
authors: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors: Cezary
authors: C
authors: Piwkowski
authors: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors: Piotr
authors: P
authors: Gabryel
authors: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors: Bartlomiej
authors: B
authors: Gałęcki
authors: Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors: Magdalena
authors: M
authors: Roszak
authors: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors: Wojciech
authors: W
authors: Dyszkiewicz
keywords: health economics; lobectomy; lung cancer; minimally invasive surgery; video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery