title: HIV prevention interventions to reduce sexual risk for African Americans: the influence of community-level stigma and psychological processes.
abstract: Interventions to improve public health may benefit from consideration of how environmental contexts can facilitate or hinder their success. We examined the extent to which efficacy of interventions to improve African Americans' condom use practices was moderated by two indicators of structural stigma-Whites' attitudes toward African Americans and residential segregation in the communities where interventions occurred. A previously published meta-analytic database was re-analyzed to examine the interplay of community-level stigma with the psychological processes implied by intervention content in influencing intervention efficacy. All studies were conducted in the United States and included samples that were at least 50% African American. Whites' attitudes were drawn from the American National Election Studies, which collects data from nationally representative samples. Residential segregation was drawn from published reports. Results showed independent effects of Whites' attitudes and residential segregation on condom use effect sizes. Interventions were most successful when Whites' attitudes were more positive or when residential segregation was low. These two structural factors interacted: Interventions improved condom use only when communities had both relatively positive attitudes toward African Americans and lower levels of segregation. The effect of Whites' attitudes was more pronounced at longer follow-up intervals and for younger samples and those samples with more African Americans. Tailoring content to participants' values and needs, which may reduce African Americans' mistrust of intervention providers, buffered against the negative influence of Whites' attitudes on condom use. The structural factors uniquely accounted for variance in condom use effect sizes over and above intervention-level features and community-level education and poverty. Results highlight the interplay of social identity and environment in perpetuating intergroup disparities. Potential mechanisms for these effects are discussed along with public health implications.
authors: Yale University, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, 135 College Street, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: aereid@colby.edu.
authors: Allecia E
authors: AE
authors: Reid
authors: Yale University, Department of Psychology, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors: John F
authors: JF
authors: Dovidio
authors: University of Connecticut, Department of Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors: Estrellita
authors: E
authors: Ballester
authors: University of Connecticut, Department of Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA. Electronic address: blair.t.johnson@uconn.edu.
authors: Blair T
authors: BT
authors: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063505:Racism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012931:Social Environment; D057545:Social Stigma; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: African Americans; Behavioral interventions; HIV primary prevention interventions; Meta-analysis; Sexual risk behavior; Social stigma; Social structure; United States