title: Optimization of artemether-loaded NLC for intranasal delivery using central composite design.
abstract: The objective of the study was to optimize artemether-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (ARM-NLC) for intranasal delivery using central composite design. ARM-NLC was prepared by microemulsion method with optimized formulation having particle size of 123.4 nm and zeta potential of -34.4 mV. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that drug existed in amorphous form in NLC formulation. In vitro cytotoxicity assay using SVG p12 cell line and nasal histopathological studies on sheep nasal mucosa indicated the developed formulations were non-toxic and safe for intranasal administration. In vitro release studies revealed that NLC showed sustained release up to 96 h. Ex vivo diffusion studies using sheep nasal mucosa revealed that ARM-NLC had significantly lower flux compared to drug solution (ARM-SOL). Pharmacokinetic and brain uptake studies in Wistar rats showed significantly higher drug concentration in brain in animals treated intranasally (i.n.) with ARM-NLC. Brain to blood ratios for ARM-NLC (i.n.), ARM-SOL (i.n.) and ARM-SOL (i.v.) were 2.619, 1.642 and 0.260, respectively, at 0.5 h indicating direct nose to brain transport of ARM. ARM-NLC showed highest drug targeting efficiency and drug transport percentage of 278.16 and 64.02, respectively, which indicates NLC had better brain targeting efficiency compared to drug solution.
authors: a J.S.S. College of Pharmacy , Department of Pharmaceutics , Rocklands , Udhagamandalam , Tamil Nadu , India.
authors: Kunal
authors: K
authors: Jain
authors: a J.S.S. College of Pharmacy , Department of Pharmaceutics , Rocklands , Udhagamandalam , Tamil Nadu , India.
authors: Sumeet
authors: S
authors: Sood
authors: a J.S.S. College of Pharmacy , Department of Pharmaceutics , Rocklands , Udhagamandalam , Tamil Nadu , India.
authors: Kuppusamy
authors: K
authors: Gowthamarajan
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D000077549:Artemether; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012756:Sheep; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids; D000077549:Artemether
keywords: Artemether; central composite design; intranasal; lipid; nanoparticle