title: Avian oncogenesis induced by lymphoproliferative disease virus: a neglected or emerging retroviral pathogen?
abstract: Lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV) is an exogenous oncogenic retrovirus that induces lymphoid tumors in some galliform species of birds. Historically, outbreaks of LPDV have been reported from Europe and Israel. Although the virus has previously never been detected in North America, herein we describe the widespread distribution, genetic diversity, pathogenesis, and evolution of LPDV in the United States. Characterization of the provirus genome of the index LPDV case from North America demonstrated an 88% nucleotide identity to the Israeli prototype strain. Although phylogenetic analysis indicated that the majority of viruses fell into a single North American lineage, a small subset of viruses from South Carolina were most closely related to the Israeli prototype. These results suggest that LPDV was transferred between continents to initiate outbreaks of disease. However, the direction (New World to Old World or vice versa), mechanism, and time frame of the transcontinental spread currently remain unknown.
authors: Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: aba75@cornell.edu.
authors: Andrew B
authors: AB
authors: Allison
authors: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kevin Keel
authors: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Jamie E
authors: JE
authors: Philips
authors: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Andrew N
authors: AN
authors: Cartoceti
authors: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Brandon A
authors: BA
authors: Munk
authors: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Nicole M
authors: NM
authors: Nemeth
authors: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Trista I
authors: TI
authors: Welsh
authors: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Jesse M
authors: JM
authors: Thomas
authors: West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Elkins, WV 26241, USA.
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Crum
authors: Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine Animal Health Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
authors: Anne B
authors: AB
authors: Lichtenwalner
authors: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
authors: Aly M
authors: AM
authors: Fadly
authors: Poultry Diagnostic Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Guillermo
authors: G
authors: Zavala
authors: Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors: Edward C
authors: EC
authors: Holmes
authors: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Justin D
authors: JD
authors: Brown
mesh_terms: D001355:Alpharetrovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D014422:Turkeys / Q000821:virology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Alpharetrovirus; Avian tumor viruses; Exogenous retrovirus; Lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV); Oncogenesis; Order Galliformes