title: Salivary biomarkers associated with gingivitis and response to therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salivary biomarkers are potentially important for determining the presence, risk, and progression of periodontal disease. However, clinical translation of biomarker technology from lab to chairside requires studies that identify biomarkers associated with the transitional phase between health and periodontal disease (i.e., gingivitis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty participants (40 with gingivitis, 40 healthy) provided saliva at baseline and 7 to 30 days later. An additional sample was collected from gingivitis participants 10 to 30 days after dental prophylaxis. Clinical parameters of gingival disease were recorded at baseline and the final visit. Salivary concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical features of health and gingivitis were stable at both baseline visits. Participants with gingivitis demonstrated significantly higher bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) (P ≤0.002) and a significant drop in BOP, PI, and GI post-treatment (P ≤0.001). Concentrations of MIP-1α and PGE2 were significantly higher (2.8 times) in the gingivitis group than the healthy group (P ≤0.02). After dental prophylaxis, mean biomarker concentrations did not decrease significantly from baseline in the gingivitis group, although concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP-8 approached healthy levels, whereas MIP-1α and PGE2 concentrations remained significantly higher than in the healthy group (P ≤0.04). Odds ratio analyses showed that PGE2 concentrations, alone and in combination with MIP-1α, readily discriminated gingivitis from health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salivary PGE2 and MIP-1α discriminate gingivitis from health, and patients with gingivitis who return to clinical health continue to produce inflammatory mediators for weeks after dental prophylaxis.
authors: Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Syndergaard
authors: Mohanad
authors: M
authors: Al-Sabbagh
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Kryscio
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Xi
authors: Xiuhua
authors: X
authors: Ding
authors: Jeffrey L
authors: JL
authors: Ebersole
authors: Craig S
authors: CS
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000032:analysis; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000379:methods; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000378:metabolism; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D015415:Biomarkers; C515429:CCL3 protein, human; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009067:Mouthwashes; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D015232:Dinoprostone; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Biological markers; gingivitis; metalloproteases; periodontitis; prostaglandins; saliva