title: Acid etching of human enamel in clinical applications: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The laboratory-based enamel acid-etching doctrine with 30% to 50% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds to generate the maximum amount of Type 1 and/or Type 2 etch pattern has been established for more than 30 years. However, this recommendation may not be clinically relevant.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this systematic review was to compare clinically accepted protocols of enamel acid etching with the laboratory protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified by searching 4 electronic databases: Medline, CINAHL Plus, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The final search was run on November 8, 2012. All clinical studies published in English that investigated enamel acid pretreatment methods on human permanent teeth were included. Additional publications were obtained from the reference lists of the included studies. The clinical evidence of all included studies was tabulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, 4543 publications were retrieved from the databases. A total of 4508 articles were excluded, including 2285 duplicates, 1805 publications according to exclusion criteria by their titles and abstracts, 368 laboratory articles, 49 reviews, and 1 pilot study. Only 1 study was added from reference lists of the included studies. Finally, 36 clinical publications were included. The included clinical studies provided different levels of clinical evidence on the efficacy of acid-etching protocols to enable successful enamel adhesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical protocols of enamel acid etching differ from the laboratory-generated doctrine, which may imply that maximization of the Type 1 and/or Type 2 etch pattern is not important in the clinical acid etching of human enamel.
authors: Research postgraduate student, Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors: Jia Jun
authors: JJ
authors: Zhu
authors: Clinical Assistant Professor, Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. Electronic address: athtang@hotmail.com.
authors: Alexander T H
authors: AT
authors: Tang
authors: Associate Professor, Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors: Jukka P
authors: JP
authors: Matinlinna
authors: Professor Emeritus and Honorary Professor, Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors: Urban
authors: U
authors: Hägg
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010756:Phosphoric Acids; C030242:phosphoric acid