title: Understanding messaging preferences to inform development of mobile goal-directed behavioral interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mobile messaging interventions have been shown to improve outcomes across a number of mental health and health-related conditions, but there are still significant gaps in our knowledge of how to construct and deliver the most effective brief messaging interventions. Little is known about the ways in which subtle linguistic variations in message content can affect user receptivity and preferences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether any global messaging preferences existed for different types of language content, and how certain characteristics moderate those preferences, in an effort to inform the development of mobile messaging interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined user preferences for messages within 22 content groupings. Groupings were presented online in dyads of short messages that were identical in their subject matter, but structurally or linguistically varied. Participants were 277 individuals residing in the United States who were recruited and compensated through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) system. Participants were instructed to select the message in each dyad that they would prefer to receive to help them achieve a personal goal of their choosing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate global preferences of more than 75% of subjects for certain types of messages, such as those that were grammatically correct, free of textese, benefit-oriented, polite, nonaggressive, and directive as opposed to passive, among others. For several classes of messages, few or no clear global preferences were found. There were few personality- and trait-based moderators of message preferences, but subtle manipulations of message structure, such as changing "Try to…" to "You might want to try to…" affected message choice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that individuals are sensitive to variations in the linguistic content of text messages designed to help them achieve a personal goal and, in some cases, have clear preferences for one type of message over another. Global preferences were indicated for messages that contained accurate spelling and grammar, as well as messages that emphasize the positive over the negative. Research implications and a guide for developing short messages for goal-directed behaviors are presented in this paper.
authors: CASPIR, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, United States. fm2148@columbia.edu.
authors: Frederick
authors: F
authors: Muench
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: van Stolk-Cooke
authors: Jon
authors: J
authors: Morgenstern
authors: Alexis N
authors: AN
authors: Kuerbis
authors: Kendra
authors: K
authors: Markle
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D006040:Goals; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D057240:Patient Preference; D060145:Text Messaging; D014481:United States
keywords: agile design; behavioral health; linguistics; mHealth; participatory design; preferences; tailoring; text messaging