title: Determination of the pigments present in a wallpaper of the middle nineteenth century: the combination of mid-diffuse reflectance and far infrared spectroscopies.
abstract: In this work the determination of the pigments present in a decorative wallpaper of the middle nineteenth century from the Santa Isabel factory (Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain) has been performed by a combination of mid-Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIFT) and Far Infrared Spectroscopy (FIR) in transmission mode. The DRIFT is a powerful infrared technique that is not widely used in the analyses of artworks in spite of being especially adequate for powdered samples. In this mode, sample pretreatment is not required and the obtained spectra are easier to solve than those obtained in transmittance mode. Those pigments which are not active in the mid-infrared region may be determined easily by FIR. In the last decade, in the field of painted materials very few studies performed by far infrared spectroscopy and mid infrared spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode can be found. In most of them the researchers have used one of these techniques, but in no case the combination of both. As we demonstrate in this work, combining these two techniques a complete characterization of the wallpaper can be carried out. Small samples were collected from the wallpaper for the analysis of the rose, brown, yellow and blue colours. In this way, minium (Pb3O4), calcite (CaCO3), barium sulphate (BaSO4), prussian blue (Fe7C18N18), iron oxide yellow (α-FeOOH), vermillion (HgS) and carbon black pigment from organic origen were detected. Finally, the validation was carried out by XRF and Raman spectroscopy getting the same results as with the combination of diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and far infrared spectroscopy.
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. Electronic address: iker.arrizabalaga@ehu.es.
authors: Iker
authors: I
authors: Arrizabalaga
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
authors: Olivia
authors: O
authors: Gómez-Laserna
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
authors: Julene
authors: J
authors: Aramendia
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
authors: Gorka
authors: G
authors: Arana
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
authors: Juan Manuel
authors: JM
authors: Madariaga
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D049672:History, 19th Century; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis* / Q000266:history*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
keywords: Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; Far infrared spectroscopy; Pigments; Polyethylene pellets