title: Exploratory behavior and withdrawal signs in crayfish: chronic central morphine injections and termination effects.
abstract: Functional and evolutionary conservation of neural circuits of reward seeking >is a symbol of survival. It is found in most animals from insects to humans. Exploration is a component of a wide range of drug-elicited behaviors that reflects an appetitive motivational state when animals seek natural rewards such as food, water, and shelter for survival. Not only does the characterization of exploratory behaviors indicate the specific components of appetitive motor patterns, it also reveals how exploratory behavioral patterns are implemented via increased incentive salience of environmental stimuli. The current work demonstrates that novel stimuli appear to directly augment exploration in crayfish, while injections of morphine directly into the brain of crayfish enhanced robust arousal resulting in increased locomotion and exploration of the environment. Elimination of morphine suppressed exploratory motor patterns. Crayfish displayed atypical behavioral changes evident of withdrawal-like states when saline is injected into the brain. With proven evidence of rewarding to the exposure to mammalian drugs of abuse, modularly organized and experimentally accessible nervous system makes crayfish exceptionally suitable for characterizing the central workings of addiction at its key behavioral and neuroanatomic locations.
authors: Department of Biology, North Greenville University, Tigerville, SC 29688, United States.
authors: Adebobola
authors: A
authors: Imeh-Nathaniel
authors: Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria.
authors: Marvin
authors: M
authors: Okon
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Huber
authors: University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, HSEB, 607 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, United States. Electronic address: tinathaniel@gmail.com.
authors: Thomas I
authors: TI
authors: Nathaniel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects*; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D009020:Morphine
keywords: Crayfish; Exploration; Morphine; Withdrawal