title: Development of force-based metrics for skills assessment in minimally invasive surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The loss of haptic information that results from the reduced-access conditions present in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) may compromise the safety of the procedures. This limitation must be overcome through training. However, current methods for determining the skill level of trainees do not measure critical elements of skill attainment. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of force information for the assessment of skill during MIS.
  
  
  METHODS
  To achieve the study goal, experiments were performed using a set of sensorized instruments capable of measuring instrument position and tissue interaction forces. Several force-based metrics were developed as well as metrics that combine force and position information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that experience level has a strong correlation with the new force-based metrics presented in this article. In particular, the integral and the derivative of the forces or the metrics that combine force and position provide the strongest correlations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that force-based metrics are better indications of performance than metrics based on task completion time or position information alone. The proposed metrics can be automatically computed, are completely objective, and measure important aspects of performance.
authors: Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON, Canada, atrejos@uwo.ca.
authors: Ana Luisa
authors: AL
authors: Trejos
authors: Rajni V
authors: RV
authors: Patel
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Malthaner
authors: Christopher M
authors: CM
authors: Schlachta
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D008297:Male; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008954:Models, Biological; D009048:Motor Skills; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors