title: Screening of the spine in adolescents: inter- and intra-rater reliability and measurement error of commonly used clinical tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence on the reliability of clinical tests used for the spinal screening of children and adolescents is currently lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-rater reliability and measurement error of clinical tests commonly used when screening young spines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experienced chiropractors independently assessed 111 adolescents aged 12-14 years who were recruited from a primary school in Denmark. A standardised examination protocol was used to test inter-rater reliability including tests for scoliosis, hypermobility, general mobility, inter-segmental mobility and end range pain in the spine. Seventy-five of the 111 subjects were re-examined after one to four hours to test intra-rater reliability. Percentage agreement and Cohen's Kappa were calculated for binary variables, and interclass correlation (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots with Limits of Agreement (LoA) were calculated for continuous measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-rater percentage agreement for binary data ranged from 59.5% to 100%. Kappa ranged from 0.06-1.00. Kappa ≥ 0.40 was seen for elbow, thumb, fifth finger and trunk/hip flexion hypermobility, pain response in inter-segmental mobility and end range pain in lumbar flexion and extension. For continuous data, ICCs ranged from 0.40-0.95. Only forward flexion as measured by finger-to-floor distance reached an acceptable ICC(≥ 0.75). Overall, results for intra-rater reliability were better than for inter-rater reliability but for both components, the LoA were quite wide compared with the range of assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some clinical tests showed good, and some tests poor, reliability when applied in a spinal screening of adolescents. The results could probably be improved by additional training and further test standardization. This is the first step in evaluating the value of these tests for the spinal screening of adolescents. Future research should determine the association between these tests and current and/or future neck and back pain.
authors: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. eaartun@health.sdu.dk.
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Aartun
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Degerfalk
authors: Linn
authors: L
authors: Kentsdotter
authors: Lise
authors: L
authors: Hestbaek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001416:Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002684:Chiropractic; D003718:Denmark; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*