title: Cyclocarya paliurus extract modulates adipokine expression and improves insulin sensitivity by inhibition of inflammation in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclocarya paliurus Batal., a Chinese native plant, is the sole species in its genus and its leaves have been widely used as a remedy for diabetes in traditional folk medicine. The study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves extracts (CPE) on adipokine expression and insulin sensitivity in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were stimulated with conditioned medium (prepared from activated macrophages, Mac-CM) to induce adipose dysfunction and insulin resistance. Then mice were treated with CPE (100, 200 and 500 mg/kg, ig.) or metformin (200 mg/kg, ig.), followed by glucose and insulin intolerance, adipokine expression, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and glucose consumption measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CPE, as well as metformin effectively promoted glucose disposal in oral glucose tolerance test in normal mice. Mac-CM challenge induced glucose and insulin intolerance, but CPE reversed these alternations with increased glycogen content in muscle and liver, well demonstrating its beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis. RT-qPCR analysis showed that CPE inhibited TNF-a, IL-6, MCP-1 and resistin overexpression and effectively enhanced adiponectin expression in adipose tissue when mice were exposed to Mac-CM stimulation. Inflammation impaired insulin signaling in muscle, whereas CPE inhibited inflammation-induced serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and effectively restored the phosphorylation of both IRS-1 at tyrosine residues and downstream Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin. Moreover, independently of insulin, CPE promoted glucose consumption in adipocytes under normal and inflammatory conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Above-mentioned results demonstrated that CPE beneficially regulated adipokines expression and ameliorated insulin resistance through inhibition of inflammation in mice.
authors: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors: Cuihua
authors: C
authors: Jiang
authors: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors: Nan
authors: N
authors: Yao
authors: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors: Qingqing
authors: Q
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors: Jinghua
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Sun
authors: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors: Na
authors: N
authors: Xiao
authors: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors: Kang
authors: K
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Huang
authors: College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
authors: Shengzuo
authors: S
authors: Fang
authors: College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
authors: Xulan
authors: X
authors: Shang
authors: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors: Baolin
authors: B
authors: Liu
authors: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; KU Leuven, Faculty of Medicine, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Yicheng
authors: Y
authors: Ni
authors: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China. Electronic address: chyzq2005@126.com.
authors: Zhiqi
authors: Z
authors: Yin
authors: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China. Electronic address: zjwonderful@hotmail.com.
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D054392:Adipokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018515:Plant Leaves
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal
keywords: Adipokine expression; Cyclocarya paliurus; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Macrophages-derived conditioned medium