title: Why less may be more: a mixed methods study of the work and relatedness of 'weak ties' in supporting long-term condition self-management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The distribution of the roles and responsibilities of long-term condition management (LTCM) outside of formal health services implicates a wide set of relationships and activities of involvement. Yet, compared to studies of professional implementation, patient systems of implementation remain under-investigated. The aim of this paper is to explore the work, meaning and function attributed to 'weaker' ties relative to other more bonding relationships in order to identify the place of these within a context of systems of support for long-term conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a mixed methods survey with nested qualitative study. A total of 300 people from deprived areas in the North West of England with chronic illnesses took part in a survey conducted in 2010 to 2011. A concentric circles diagram was used as a research tool with which participants identified 2,544 network members who contributed to illness management. Notions of 'work' were used to describe activities associated with chronic illness and to identify how weaker ties are included and perceived to be involved through social network members (SNM) contributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results provide an articulation of how SNMs are substantially involved in weak tie illness management. Weaker ties constituted 16.1% of network membership involved in illness work. The amount of work undertaken was similar but less than that of stronger ties. Weaker ties appeared more durable and less liable to loss over time than stronger ties. The qualitative accounts suggested that weak ties enabled the moral positioning of the self-managing 'self' and acted on the basis of a strong sense of reciprocity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weak ties act as an acceptable bridge between a sense of personal agency and control and the need for external support because it is possible to construct a sense of moral acceptability through reciprocal exchange. Access to weak tie resources needs to be taken into account when considering the ways in which systems of health implementation for chronic illness are designed and delivered.
authors: NIHR CLAHRC Wessex, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton Building 67, Highfield Campus, University Road, S017 1BJ Hampshire, UK. a.e.rogers@soton.ac.uk.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Rogers
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Brooks
authors: Ivaylo
authors: I
authors: Vassilev
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Kennedy
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Blickem
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Reeves
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D057805:Pets; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D012944:Social Support