title: Regulation of Mcl-1 by constitutive activation of NF-κB contributes to cell viability in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with a 5-year survival rate less than 15%. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ESCC becomes critical to develop more effective treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mcl-1 expression was measured by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and Western blotting. Human Mcl-1 promoter activity was evaluated by reporter gene assay. The interactions between DNA and transcription factors were confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) in vitro and by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay in cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four human ESCC cell lines, TE-1, Eca109, KYSE150 and KYSE510, are revealed increased levels of Mcl-1 mRNA and protein compare with HaCaT, an immortal non-tumorigenic cell line. Results of reporter gene assays demonstrate that human Mcl-1 promoter activity is decreased by mutation of kappaB binding site, specific NF-kappaB inhibitor Bay11-7082 or dominant inhibitory molecule DNMIkappaBalpha in TE-1 and KYSE150 cell lines. Mcl-1 protein level is also attenuated by Bay11-7082 treatment or co-transfection of DNMIkappaBalpha in TE-1 and KYSE150 cells. EMSA results indicate that NF-kappaB subunits p50 and p65 bind to human Mcl-1-kappaB probe in vitro. ChIP assay further confirm p50 and p65 directly bind to human Mcl-1 promoter in intact cells, by which regulates Mcl-1 expression and contributes to the viability of TE-1 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provided evidence that one of the mechanisms of Mcl-1 expression in human ESCC is regulated by the activation of NF-kappaB signaling. The newly identified mechanism might provide a scientific basis for developing effective approaches to treatment human ESCC.
authors: Haidan
authors: H
authors: Liu
authors: Jinfu
authors: J
authors: Yang
authors: Yunchang
authors: Y
authors: Yuan
authors: Zhenkun
authors: Z
authors: Xia
authors: Mingjiu
authors: M
authors: Chen
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Xie
authors: Xiaolong
authors: X
authors: Ma
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Sufeng
authors: S
authors: Ouyang
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Wu
authors: Fenglei
authors: F
authors: Yu
authors: Xinmin
authors: X
authors: Zhou
authors: Yifeng
authors: Y
authors: Yang
authors: Ya
authors: Y
authors: Cao
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China. xys2133@163.com.
authors: Jianguo
authors: J
authors: Hu
authors: Bangliang
authors: B
authors: Yin
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D006801:Humans; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C579095:MCL1 protein, human; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D016328:NF-kappa B