title: Ethyl linoleate from garlic attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inducing heme oxygenase-1 in RAW264.7 cells.
abstract: In the present study, an essential fatty acid, ethyl linoleate (ELA), was isolated from the cloves of Allium sativum, and its structure was elucidated by NMR and GC-MS analyses. In vitro systems were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ELA. Our results indicate that ELA down-regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and thereby reduces nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Immunofluorescent microscopy and western blot analyses revealed that these effects were mediated by impaired translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inhibition of phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases. Furthermore, ELA exerted its anti-inflammatory activity by inducing heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, as determined by HO-1 small interfering (Si) RNA system. Si RNA-mediated knock-down of HO-1 abrogated the inhibitory effects of ELA on the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in LPS-induced macrophages. These findings indicate the potential therapeutic use of ELA as an anti-inflammatory agent.
authors: Korea BIO-IT Foundry Center, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sun Young
authors: SY
authors: Park
authors: Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea.
authors: Rajasekar
authors: R
authors: Seetharaman
authors: Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea.
authors: Min Jung
authors: MJ
authors: Ko
authors: Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea.
authors: Do Yeon
authors: DY
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea.
authors: Tae Hoon
authors: TH
authors: Kim
authors: National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706, Republic of Korea.
authors: Moo Kyoung
authors: MK
authors: Yoon
authors: National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jung Ho
authors: JH
authors: Kwak
authors: Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sang Joon
authors: SJ
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yoe Sik
authors: YS
authors: Bae
authors: Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea; Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ywchoi@pusan.ac.kr.
authors: Young Whan
authors: YW
authors: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005737:Garlic; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008041:Linoleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D008041:Linoleic Acids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C496542:Hmox1 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C007678:ethyl linoleate
keywords: Allium sativum; Anti-inflammation; Cyclooxygenase-2; Ethyl linoleate; Heme oxygenase-1; Inducible nitric oxide synthase