title: The effect of western adaptation of Hispanic-Americans on their assessment of Korean facial profiles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine Korean facial profile preferences based on lip position as assessed by Hispanic-Americans of varying western adaptation levels and to determine whether the age and sex of the rater had any influence.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, 132 Hispanic-Americans and 68 Caucasians of varying age, sex and western adaptation levels volunteered to rate their preference of Korean male and female facial silhouettes having lips ranging from retruding to protruding. The Hispanic-Americans were also asked to complete a Bidimensional Acculturation Scale questionnaire to determine their western adaptation status: low-acculturated Hispanics (LAH; lesser western-adapted Hispanic participants) or high-acculturated Hispanics (HAH; higher western-adapted Hispanic participants).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LAHs preferred significantly more retruded lip positions (p < 0.05) while HAHs showed some similarities with Caucasian participants in the results for the Korean male profile, even though HAHs preferred more retruded lip positions for the Korean female profile than Caucasians did (p < 0.05). The age and sex of raters did not influence the preference of facial profiles (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that Hispanic-Americans prefer a flatter Korean lip profile. It would be prudent for orthodontists to offer patients the option of altering lip profile through orthodontic and/or orthognathic surgery treatments.
authors: Postgraduate Orthodontic Program, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA.
authors: Leo
authors: L
authors: Toureno
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Yoon-Ah
authors: YA
authors: Kook
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Bayome
authors: Postgraduate Orthodontic Program, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA. ; Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Jae Hyun
authors: JH
authors: Park
keywords: Hispanic-American; Korean facial profile; Orthodontics; Western adaptation