title: Assist-as-needed robotic trainer based on reinforcement learning and its application to dart-throwing.
abstract: This paper proposes a novel robotic trainer for motor skill learning. It is user-adaptive inspired by the assist-as-needed principle well known in the field of physical therapy. Most previous studies in the field of the robotic assistance of motor skill learning have used predetermined desired trajectories, and it has not been examined intensively whether these trajectories were optimal for each user. Furthermore, the guidance hypothesis states that humans tend to rely too much on external assistive feedback, resulting in interference with the internal feedback necessary for motor skill learning. A few studies have proposed a system that adjusts its assistive strength according to the user's performance in order to prevent the user from relying too much on the robotic assistance. There are, however, problems in these studies, in that a physical model of the user's motor system is required, which is inherently difficult to construct. In this paper, we propose a framework for a robotic trainer that is user-adaptive and that neither requires a specific desired trajectory nor a physical model of the user's motor system, and we achieve this using model-free reinforcement learning. We chose dart-throwing as an example motor-learning task as it is one of the simplest throwing tasks, and its performance can easily be and quantitatively measured. Training experiments with novices, aiming at maximizing the score with the darts and minimizing the physical robotic assistance, demonstrate the feasibility and plausibility of the proposed framework.
authors: Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan. Electronic address: chihiro-o@brain.kyutech.ac.jp.
authors: Chihiro
authors: C
authors: Obayashi
authors: Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan. Electronic address: tomo-tam@is.naist.jp.
authors: Tomoya
authors: T
authors: Tamei
authors: Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan. Electronic address: tom@is.naist.jp.
authors: Tomohiro
authors: T
authors: Shibata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015444:Exercise; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009048:Motor Skills; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Assist-as-needed; Assistive robotics; Motor skill learning; Reinforcement learning