title: Holmium laser intrarenal lithotripsy in pyelocaliceal lithiasis treatment: to dust or to extractable fragments?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pyelocaliceal calculi flexible ureteroscopic approach raises problems related to operative time, associated morbidity and costs, especially by potential endoscope damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  5 series, each of 20 patients with single pyelocaliceal lithiasis, were analyzed: Group I with calculi 1 cm fragmented to dust, Group II with calculi 1 cm with lithotripsy in fragments, Group III with calculi of 1-2 cm fragmented to dust, Group IV with calculi of 1-2 cm with lithotripsy in fragments, Group V with calculi of 1-2 cm fragmented to dust until they reached 1 cm, and lithotripsy in fragments afterwards. In all cases Ho:YAG lithotripsy was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ureteral access sheath was used in 70% of the cases. Mean operating time was 39 min in group I, 21 min in Group II, 112 min in group III, 72 min in group IV and 51 min in group V. Minor complications occurred in 7 cases,while a single major complication occurred in group IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal lithotripsy method for calculi 1cm seems to be in extractable fragments. Larger calculi should be fragmented to dust until they reach 1 cm and then the lithotripsy should be continued into extractable fragments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ho: YAG - Holmium: Yttrium Aluminium Garnet, Hz - Hertz, mJ - milli joule.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Mulţescu
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Geavlete
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Georgescu
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Geavlete
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Chiuţu
mesh_terms: D006695:Holmium; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018666:Ureteroscopy
chemical_list: D006695:Holmium