title: Randomized single-blind clinical trial of intradermal methylene blue on pain reduction after open diathermy haemorrhoidectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Open haemorrhoidectomy has been associated with considerable postoperative pain and discomfort. Perianal intradermal injection of methylene blue has been shown to ablate perianal nerve endings and may bring about temporary pain relief after haemorrhoidectomy. We hypothesized that the administration of intradermal methylene blue would reduce postoperative pain during the initial period after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, prospective, single-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Patients were randomized to intradermal injection at haemorrhoidectomy of either 4 ml 1% methylene blue and 16 ml 0.5% marcaine or of 16 ml 0.5% marcaine and 4 ml saline prior to surgical dissection. Patients were asked to fill in a pain diary with a visual analogue scale. The primary outcome measure was pain score and analgesic use. Secondary outcomes were complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 37 patients in the methylene blue arm and 30 patients in the placebo arm. There were no statistically significant differences in the sex, type of haemorrhoid, number of haemorrhoids excised, duration of surgery or hospital stay. The mean pain scores were significantly lower and the use of paracetamol was also significantly less in the methylene blue group during the first three postoperative days. The risk ratio of acute urinary retention occurring when methylene blue was not used was 2.320 (95% CI 1.754-3.067). Other complication rates were not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perianal intradermal injection of methylene blue was useful in reducing the initial postoperative pain of open haemorrhoidectomy.
authors: Department of Surgery, Colorectal Service, Alexandra Health, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: H-L
authors: HL
authors: Sim
authors: K-Y
authors: KY
authors: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D005260:Female; D061865:Hemorrhoidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006484:Hemorrhoids / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D008751:Methylene Blue; D002045:Bupivacaine
keywords: Intradermal methylene blue; Milligan Morgan haemorrhoidectomy; open haemorrhoidectomy; post operative pain