title: Integrated circuit-based electrochemical sensor for spatially resolved detection of redox-active metabolites in biofilms.
abstract: Despite advances in monitoring spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes and proteins with fluorescent probes, direct detection of metabolites and small molecules remains challenging. A technique for spatially resolved detection of small molecules would benefit the study of redox-active metabolites that are produced by microbial biofilms and can affect their development. Here we present an integrated circuit-based electrochemical sensing platform featuring an array of working electrodes and parallel potentiostat channels. 'Images' over a 3.25 × 0.9 mm(2) area can be captured with a diffusion-limited spatial resolution of 750 μm. We demonstrate that square wave voltammetry can be used to detect, identify and quantify (for concentrations as low as 2.6 μM) four distinct redox-active metabolites called phenazines. We characterize phenazine production in both wild-type and mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 colony biofilms, and find correlations with fluorescent reporter imaging of phenazine biosynthetic gene expression.
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors: Daniel L
authors: DL
authors: Bellin
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors: Hassan
authors: H
authors: Sakhtah
authors: School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
authors: Jacob K
authors: JK
authors: Rosenstein
authors: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors: Peter M
authors: PM
authors: Levine
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors: Jordan
authors: J
authors: Thimot
authors: Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Emmett
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors: Lars E P
authors: LE
authors: Dietrich
authors: 1] Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors: Kenneth L
authors: KL
authors: Shepard
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D004058:Diffusion; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010619:Phenazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010619:Phenazines