title: Surgical outcomes in spinal cord ependymomas and the importance of extent of resection in children and young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ependymomas are a common type of CNS tumor in children, although only 13% originate from the spinal cord. Aside from location and extent of resection, the factors that affect outcome are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a search of an institutional neuropathology database to identify all patients with spinal cord ependymomas treated over the past 20 years. Data on patient age, sex, clinical presentation, symptom duration, tumor location, extent of resection, use of radiation therapy, surgical complications, presence of tumor recurrence, duration of follow-up, and residual symptoms were collected. Pediatric patients were defined as those 21 years of age or younger at diagnosis. The extent of resection was defined by the findings of the postoperative MR images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 pediatric patients with spinal cord ependymomas were identified with the following pathological subtypes: 14 classic (Grade II), 8 myxopapillary (Grade I), and 2 anaplastic (Grade III) ependymomas. Both anaplastic ependymomas originated in the intracranial compartment and spread to the spinal cord at recurrence. The mean follow-up duration for patients with classic and myxopapillary ependymomas was 63 and 45 months, respectively. Seven patients with classic ependymomas underwent gross-total resection (GTR), while 4 received subtotal resection (STR), 2 received STR as well as radiation therapy, and 1 received radiation therapy alone. All but 1 patient with myxopapillary ependymomas underwent GTR. Three recurrences were identified in the Grade II group at 45, 48, and 228 months. A single recurrence was identified in the Grade I group at 71 months. The mean progression-free survival (PFS) was 58 months in the Grade II group and 45 months in the Grade I group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extent of resection is an important prognostic factor in all pediatric spinal cord ependymomas, particularly Grade II ependymomas. These data suggest that achieving GTR is more difficult in the upper spinal cord, making tumor location another important factor. Although classified as Grade I lesions, myxopapillary ependymomas had similar outcomes when compared with classic (Grade II) ependymomas, particularly with respect to PFS. Long-term complications or new neurological deficits were rare. Among patients with long-term follow-up, those who underwent GTR had a recurrence rate of 20% compared with 40% among those with STR or biopsy only, suggesting that extent of resection is perhaps a more important prognostic factor than histological grade in predicting PFS, which has been suggested by other data in the literature. Given the relative paucity of these lesions, collaborative multiinstitutional studies are needed, and such efforts should also focus on molecular and genetic analysis to refine the current classification system.
authors: Departments of Neurological Surgery and.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Safaee
authors: Michael C
authors: MC
authors: Oh
authors: Praveen V
authors: PV
authors: Mummaneni
authors: Philip R
authors: PR
authors: Weinstein
authors: Christopher P
authors: CP
authors: Ames
authors: Dean
authors: D
authors: Chou
authors: Mitchel S
authors: MS
authors: Berger
authors: Andrew T
authors: AT
authors: Parsa
authors: Nalin
authors: N
authors: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult