title: Iodine status in Turkish populations and exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors.
abstract: Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are competitive inhibitors of the sodium iodide symporter of the thyroid membrane. These inhibitors can decrease iodine uptake by the symporter into the thyroid gland and may disrupt thyroid function. This study assesses iodine status and exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors of non-pregnant and non-lactating adult women living in three different cities in Turkey (Istanbul, Isparta and Kayseri). We measured iodine and iodide uptake inhibitors in 24-hr urines collected from study participants (N = 255). All three study populations were mildly iodine deficient, with median urinary iodine (UI) levels of 77.5 µg/L in Istanbul, 58.8 µg/L in Isparta, and 69.8 µg/L in Kayseri. Perchlorate doses were higher in the study population (median 0.13 µg/kg/day), compared with a reference population (median 0.059 µg/kg/day), but lower than the U.S. EPA reference dose (0.7 µg/kg/day). Urinary thiocyanate levels increased with increasing exposure to tobacco smoke, with non-smokers (268 µg/L) significantly lower than light smokers (1110 µg/L), who were significantly lower than heavy smokers (2410 µg/L). This pilot study provides novel data indicating that study participants were moderately iodine deficient and had higher intakes of the iodide uptake inhibitor perchlorate compared with a reference population. Further investigation is needed to characterize the thyroid impact resulting from iodine deficiency coupled with exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors such as perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrate.
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Aysel
authors: A
authors: Ozpinar
authors: School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors: Fahrettin
authors: F
authors: Kelestimur
authors: School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors: Yildiran
authors: Y
authors: Songur
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Ozge
authors: O
authors: Can
authors: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Liza
authors: L
authors: Valentin
authors: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Caldwell
authors: Acibadem Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Ender
authors: E
authors: Arikan
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Ibrahim
authors: I
authors: Unsal
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Serteser
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Tamer
authors: T
authors: Inal
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Yigit
authors: Y
authors: Erdemgil
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Abdurrahman
authors: A
authors: Coskun
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Nadi
authors: N
authors: Bakirci
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey ; Acibadem Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Ozlem
authors: O
authors: Sezgin
authors: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Blount
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010865:Pilot Projects; D027981:Symporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D014421:Turkey; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine; D009566:Nitrates; D010472:Perchlorates; D027981:Symporters; D013861:Thiocyanates; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters; C031760:thiocyanate; C494474:perchlorate