title: Epidemiology, presentation and long-term evolution of Graves' disease in children, adolescents and young adults with Turner syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies on the association between Turner syndrome (TS) and Graves' disease (GD) are sparse and no studies are available on the clinical course of GD in TS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively investigate the GD prevalence in children and young adults with TS and to compare the GD course in patients with or without TS who were followed up for 4.1 ± 0.6 and 4.5 ± 3.7 years, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of GD in 408 TS patients was evaluated; presentation and evolution of GD under therapy were evaluated both in 7 patients with TS (group A) and in 89 patients without TS (group B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  (a) The prevalence of GD in TS patients was 1.7%; (b) GD in TS was not associated with a specific karyotype; (c) with respect to group B patients, those of group A exhibited at presentation more advanced age, a lower fT4 level and more frequent association with other autoimmune diseases, and (d) the clinical course under methimazole therapy was not different in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of GD in children and young adults with TS is 1.7% and in TS patients, GD presents later and its clinical course is not different than in those without TS.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors: Mariella
authors: M
authors: Valenzise
authors: Tommaso
authors: T
authors: Aversa
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Corrias
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Mazzanti
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Cappa
authors: Graziamaria
authors: G
authors: Ubertini
authors: Emanuela
authors: E
authors: Scarano
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Mussa
authors: Maria Francesca
authors: MF
authors: Messina
authors: Filippo
authors: F
authors: De Luca
authors: Malgorzata
authors: M
authors: Wasniewska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D013956:Antithyroid Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008713:Methimazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013956:Antithyroid Agents; D008713:Methimazole