title: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pre-type 1 diabetes and its association with disease progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D deficiency is common in people with type 1 diabetes, but its role in disease progression is unclear. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in prediabetes (defined as the presence of multiple islet autoantibodies), and investigate whether or not progression to type 1 diabetes is faster in children with vitamin D deficiency and multiple islet autoantibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured in 108 children with multiple islet autoantibodies within 2 years of islet autoantibody seroconversion, in 406 children who remained islet autoantibody-negative and in 244 patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Children with multiple islet autoantibodies were prospectively followed for a median of 5.8 years (interquartile range 3.4-8.6 years) to monitor progression to type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cross-sectional analysis, 25(OH)D levels were lower and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/l) was higher in children with prevalent multiple islet autoantibodies than in islet autoantibody-negative children (59.9 ± 3.0 vs 71.9 ± 1.5 nmol/l; p < 0.001; 39.8% vs 28.3%; p = 0.021). The differences in vitamin D levels between the groups were greatest in summer. The cumulative incidence of type 1 diabetes at 10 years after seroconversion was similar between children with vitamin D deficiency and those with sufficient vitamin D levels (51.8% [95% CI 29.3, 74.3] vs 55.4% [95% CI 35.5, 72.3], p = 0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D levels were lower in children with multiple islet autoantibodies and in children with type 1 diabetes than in autoantibody-negative children. However, vitamin D deficiency was not associated with faster progression to type 1 diabetes in children with multiple islet autoantibodies.
authors: Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Raab
authors: Eleni Z
authors: EZ
authors: Giannopoulou
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Schneider
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Warncke
authors: Miriam
authors: M
authors: Krasmann
authors: Christiane
authors: C
authors: Winkler
authors: Anette-Gabriele
authors: AG
authors: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000737:chemistry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D013997:Time Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D