title: The impact of consecutive freshwater trimix dives at altitude on human cardiovascular function.
abstract: Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving is regularly associated with numerous asymptomatic changes in cardiovascular function. Freshwater SCUBA diving presents unique challenges compared with open sea diving related to differences in water density and the potential for dive locations at altitude. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of freshwater trimix diving at altitude on human cardiovascular function. Ten divers performed two dives in consecutive days at 294 m altitude with the surface interval of 24 h. Both dives were at a depth of 45 m with total dive time 29 and 26 min for the first and second dive, respectively. Assessment of venous gas embolization, hydration status, cardiac function and arterial stiffness was performed. Production of venous gas emboli was low, and there were no significant differences between the dives. After the first dive, diastolic blood pressure was significantly reduced, which persisted up to 24 h. Left ventricular stroke volume decreased, and heart rate increased after both dives. Pulse wave velocity was unchanged following the dives. However, the central and peripheral augmentation index became more negative after both dives, indicating reduced wave reflection. Ejection duration and round trip travel time were prolonged 24 h after the first dive, suggesting longer-lasting suppression of cardiac and endothelial function. This study shows that freshwater trimix dives with conservative profiles and low venous gas bubble loads can result in multiple asymptomatic acute cardiovascular changes some of which were present up to 24 h after dive.
authors: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors: Mislav
authors: M
authors: Lozo
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Madden
authors: Grgo
authors: G
authors: Gunjaca
authors: Marko
authors: M
authors: Ljubkovic
authors: Jasna
authors: J
authors: Marinovic
authors: Zeljko
authors: Z
authors: Dujic
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003664:Decompression / Q000379:methods; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: arterial stiffness; freshwater diving; haemodynamic effects; self-contained underwater breathing apparatus; technical diving; urine specific gravity