title: Impacts of insecticide treated bed nets on Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Mbita district and Suba district, Western Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abundance and species composition of sympatric malaria vector species are the important factors governing transmission intensity. A widespread insecticidal bed net coverage may replace endophagic species with exophagic species. However, unique local environments also influence a vector population. This study examined the impacts of insecticidal bed nets on An. gambiae s.l populations in Mbita District and Suba District.
  
  
  METHODS
  The species compositions of An. gambiae s.l. larvae were compared between 1997, 2009 and 2010 and between geographical areas. The abundance and species composition of An. gambiae s.l. females resting indoors were compared between 1999, 2008 and 2010 and between geographical areas. Bed net coverage was also examined temporally and spatially, and its relationships with vector abundance and species composition were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative abundance of An. gambiae s.s. larvae was 31.4% in 1997, decreasing to 7.5% in 2008 and 0.3% in 2010. The density of indoor resting An. gambiae s.l. females decreased by nearly 95%, and the relative abundance of An. gambiae s.s. females decreased from 90.6% to 60.7% and 72.4% in 2008 and 2010, respectively. However, the species composition of indoor resting An. gambiae s.l. females changed little in the island villages, and An. gambiae s.s. remained dominant in the western part of the study area. The density of house resting females was negatively associated with the number of bed nets in a retrospective analysis, but the effect of bed nets on species composition was not significant in both retrospective and cross-sectional analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in bed net coverage does not necessarily replace endophilic species with exophilic species. The effect of bed nets on An. gambiae s.l. populations varies spatially, and locally unique environments are likely to influence the species composition.
authors: Kyoko
authors: K
authors: Futami
authors: Gabriel O
authors: GO
authors: Dida
authors: George O
authors: GO
authors: Sonye
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Lutiali
authors: Mercy S
authors: MS
authors: Mwania
authors: Scholastica
authors: S
authors: Wagalla
authors: Jecinta
authors: J
authors: Lumumba
authors: James O
authors: JO
authors: Kongere
authors: Sammy M
authors: SM
authors: Njenga
authors: Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. minakawa@nagasaki-u.ac.jp.
authors: Noboru
authors: N
authors: Minakawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D007630:Kenya; D007814:Larva; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics