title: Occupational exposure to lead decreases macular, choroidal, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in industrial battery workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the toxic effects of chronic lead (Pb) exposure on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), macular thickness (MT) and choroidal thickness (CT) in battery industry workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male factory workers (n = 50) and healthy non-employees (n = 20) participated in the study. Group 1 (n = 22) comprised lead workers; Group 2 (n = 16), box makers; Group 3 (n = 12), assistant personnel; and Group 4 (n = 20), healthy non-employees. All participants were given Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) tests, full ophthalmologic examinations, and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) of the optic nerve head, RNFL, macula, and choroid. Blood lead levels (BLL) in venous blood samples were determined. The duration of exposure to lead varied, and is expressed in months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average (mean ± SD) ages of participants were 27.55 ± 4.00, 28.69 ± 3.48, 32.00 ± 3.38, and 29.85 ± 5.48 yrs (Groups 1-4, respectively). BLL were 46.2 ± 2.32, 29.31 ± 3.30, 16.9 ± 1.9, and 2.85 ± 0.98 µg/dL (Groups 1-4, respectively). Durations of exposure to lead were 43.86 ± 10.81, 42.81 ± 4.86, and 49.42 ± 6.14 mo (Groups 1-3, respectively). OCT averages for RNFL were 101.68 ± 5.32, 119.50 ± 13.47, 127.67 ± 8.92, and 130.9 ± 6.63 μm (Groups 1-4, respectively). Although RNFLTs of Group 1 were significantly less than those of for Groups 2-4, and, RNFLTs of Groups 2 and 3 were significantly less than that of Group 4, there were no significant differences between Group 2 and 3. MTs were 94.50 ± 6.78, 105.63 ± 5.43, 111.50 ± 6.74 and 147.95 ± 6.67 μm, (Groups 1-4, respectively). CTs were 176.41 ± 15.39, 222.19 ± 17.79, 239.17 ± 15.64, and 251.50 ± 10.98 μm (Groups 1-4, respectively). Both MTs and CTs displayed significant differences among the four groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ocular changes in individuals who are chronically exposed to lead include decrease in RNFT, MT, and CT, and thus these parameters should be evaluated during ophthalmologic examination of individuals working in lead-based industries.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kafkas , Kars , Turkey .
authors: Metin
authors: M
authors: Ekinci
authors: Erdinç
authors: E
authors: Ceylan
authors: H Hüseyin
authors: HH
authors: Cağatay
authors: Sadullah
authors: S
authors: Keleş
authors: Hasan
authors: H
authors: Altınkaynak
authors: Baki
authors: B
authors: Kartal
authors: Yaran
authors: Y
authors: Koban
authors: Nergiz
authors: N
authors: Hüseyinoğlu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002829:Choroid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000473:pathology*; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Battery industry; choroidal thickness; lead toxicity; macular thickness; retinal nerve fiber layer