title: Quantifying bias in randomized controlled trials in child health: a meta-epidemiological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify bias related to specific methodological characteristics in child-relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-epidemiological study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified systematic reviews containing a meta-analysis with 10-40 RCTs that were relevant to child health in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed RCTs using items in the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and other study factors. We used meta-epidemiological methods to assess for differences in effect estimates between studies classified as high/unclear vs. low risk of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 287 RCTs from 17 meta-analyses. The proportion of studies at high/unclear risk of bias was: 79% sequence generation, 83% allocation concealment, 67% blinding of participants, 47% blinding of outcome assessment, 49% incomplete outcome data, 32% selective outcome reporting, 44% other sources of bias, 97% overall risk of bias, 56% funding, 35% baseline imbalance, 13% blocked randomization in unblinded trials, and 1% early stopping for benefit. We found no significant differences in effect estimates for studies that were high/unclear vs. low risk of bias for any of the risk of bias domains, overall risk of bias, or other study factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no differences in effect estimates between studies based on risk of bias. A potential explanation is the number of trials included, in particular the small number of studies with low risk of bias. Until further evidence is available, reviewers should not exclude RCTs from systematic reviews and meta-analyses based solely on risk of bias particularly in the area of child health.
authors: Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Hartling
authors: Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Michele P
authors: MP
authors: Hamm
authors: Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Pediatrics, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors: Ricardo M
authors: RM
authors: Fernandes
authors: Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Donna M
authors: DM
authors: Dryden
authors: Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Vandermeer
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk