title: Combined intraoperative monitoring of abnormal muscle response and Z-L response for hemifacial spasm with tandem compression type.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple neurovascular compression is present in about 38 % cases of hemifacial spasm (HFS). In these cases, the vertebral artery (VA) compresses another vessel, which in turn compresses the nerve. This type was named as "the tandem type". In the tandem type, the real offending vessel is often concealed by the VA. It is sometimes neglected by the surgeons. In this study, we report our experience in using abnormal muscle response (AMR) and ZL-Response (ZLR) simultaneously as intraoperative monitoring for MVD surgery of HFS with "the tandem type" vascular compression involving VA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen "tandem type" patients treated with microvascular decompression surgery (MVD) surgery were included. ZLR and AMR were recorded simultaneously to identify the offending vessels in operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After MVD surgery, 13 patients achieved excellent resolution of spasm. In one case, the patient failed to attain resolution in the first operation, underwent early reoperation and had good resolution. There were no operative deaths or serious operative complications. In all 14 cases, we found that VA compressed the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), which in turn compressed the root exit zone (REZ). A typical ZLR was identified from the AICA or PICA but not from the VA. AMR was absent in one case and persisted in one case. After the VA was transposed, the typical AMR was unchanged, unstable or disappeared, and ZLR from the AICA/PICA also existed. AMR and ZLR did not disappear until AICA/PICA was sufficiently decompressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of AMR and ZLR provides more useful information than does the AMR alone, and ZLR may be the only useful intraoperative monitoring for MVD surgery in times when AMR is absent or persists. ZLR played a crucial role in finding the real offending vessel, which was often concealed by the VA in tandem type.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China.
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Yang
authors: Xuesheng
authors: X
authors: Zheng
authors: Tingting
authors: T
authors: Ying
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Zhu
authors: Wenchuan
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Xiaosheng
authors: X
authors: Yang
authors: Shiting
authors: S
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061145:Microvascular Decompression Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000601:surgery*