title: Comorbidities and systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Although primarily a lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now recognized to have extrapulmonary effects on distal organs, the so-called systemic effects and comorbidities of COPD. Skeletal muscle dysfunction, nutritional abnormalities including weight loss, cardiovascular complications, metabolic complications, and osteoporosis, among others, are all well-recognized associations in COPD. These extrapulmonary effects add to the burden of mortality and morbidity in COPD and therefore should be actively looked for, assessed, and treated.
authors: ELEGI and COLT Laboratories, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK. Electronic address: gchoudhu@staffmail.ed.ac.uk.
authors: Gourab
authors: G
authors: Choudhury
authors: ELEGI and COLT Laboratories, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Rabinovich
authors: ELEGI and COLT Laboratories, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
authors: William
authors: W
authors: MacNee
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Comorbidities; Inflammation; Management strategy; Systemic effects