title: Altered depth of the olfactory sulcus in ultra high-risk individuals and patients with psychotic disorders.
abstract: A shallow olfactory sulcus has been reported in schizophrenia, possibly reflecting abnormal forebrain development during early gestation. However, it remains unclear whether this anomaly exists prior to the onset of psychosis and/or differs according to illness stage. In the current study, magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the length and depth of the olfactory sulcus in 135 ultra high-risk (UHR) individuals [of whom 52 later developed psychosis (UHR-P) and 83 did not (UHR-NP)], 162 patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), 89 patients with chronic schizophrenia, and 87 healthy controls. While there was no group difference in the length of the sulcus, UHR-P subjects had significantly shallower olfactory sulcus at baseline as compared with UHR-NP and control subjects. The depth of this sulcus became increasingly more superficial as one moved from UHR-P subjects to FEP patients to chronic schizophrenia patients. Finally, the depth of the olfactory sulcus in the UHR-P subjects was negatively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms. These findings suggest that the altered depth of the olfactory sulcus, which exists before psychosis onset, could be predictive of transition to psychosis, but also suggest ongoing changes of the sulcus morphology during the course of the illness.
authors: Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan. Electronic address: tsutomu@med.u-toyama.ac.jp.
authors: Tsutomu
authors: T
authors: Takahashi
authors: Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Wood
authors: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors: Alison R
authors: AR
authors: Yung
authors: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Barnaby
authors: B
authors: Nelson
authors: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors: Ashleigh
authors: A
authors: Lin
authors: Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Monash Clinical and Imaging Neuroscience (MCIN) Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Yücel
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Lisa J
authors: LJ
authors: Phillips
authors: Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors: Yumiko
authors: Y
authors: Nakamura
authors: Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors: Michio
authors: M
authors: Suzuki
authors: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Warrick J
authors: WJ
authors: Brewer
authors: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Tina M
authors: TM
authors: Proffitt
authors: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Patrick D
authors: PD
authors: McGorry
authors: Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Velakoulis
authors: Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Christos
authors: C
authors: Pantelis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000473:pathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D012306:Risk; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: High-risk; Magnetic resonance imaging; Neurodevelopment; Olfactory sulcus; Psychosis; Schizophrenia