title: Assessment of pancreatic β-cell function: review of methods and clinical applications.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a progressive failure of pancreatic β-cell function (BCF) with insulin resistance. Once insulin over-secretion can no longer compensate for the degree of insulin resistance, hyperglycemia becomes clinically significant and deterioration of residual β-cell reserve accelerates. This pathophysiology has important therapeutic implications. Ideally, therapy should address the underlying pathology and should be started early along the spectrum of decreasing glucose tolerance in order to prevent or slow β-cell failure and reverse insulin resistance. The development of an optimal treatment strategy for each patient requires accurate diagnostic tools for evaluating the underlying state of glucose tolerance. This review focuses on the most widely used methods for measuring BCF within the context of insulin resistance and includes examples of their use in prediabetes and T2DM, with an emphasis on the most recent therapeutic options (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists). Methods of BCF measurement include the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA); oral glucose tolerance tests, intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT), and meal tolerance tests; and the hyperglycemic clamp procedure. To provide a meaningful evaluation of BCF, it is necessary to interpret all observations within the context of insulin resistance. Therefore, this review also discusses methods utilized to quantitate insulin-dependent glucose metabolism, such as the IVGTT and the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp procedures. In addition, an example is presented of a mathematical modeling approach that can use data from BCF measurements to develop a better understanding of BCF behavior and the overall status of glucose tolerance.
authors: Eugenio
authors: E
authors: Cersosimo
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Solis-Herrera
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Trautmann
authors: Jaret
authors: J
authors: Malloy
authors: Texas Diabetes Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio, 701 S. Zarzamora, MS 10-5, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA. Eugenio.Cersosimo@uhs-sa.com.
authors: Curtis L
authors: CL
authors: Triplitt
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000819:agonists*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human