title: Global trade, local impacts: lessons from California on health impacts and environmental justice concerns for residents living near freight rail yards.
abstract: Global trade has increased nearly 100-fold since 1950, according to the World Trade Organization. Today, major changes in trade are occurring with the advent of mega-ships that can transport thousands more containers than cargo ships now in use. Because global trade is expected to increase dramatically, the railroad industry-in the U.S. alone-has invested more than $5 billion a year over the past decade to expand rail yards and enhance rail routes to transport goods from ports to retail destinations. This article describes cancer risks for residents living in close proximity to rail yards with emissions of diesel particulate matter pollution from locomotives, trucks and yard equipment. The article examines the demographics (income, race/ethnicity) of populations living in the highest estimated cancer risk zones near 18 major rail yards in California, concluding that the majority are over-represented by either lower-income or minority residents (or both). The authors also describe a review of the news media and environmental impact reports to determine if rail yards are still being constructed or expanded in close proximity to homes and schools or in working class/working poor communities of color. The paper suggests policy efforts that might provide more public health protection and result in more "environmentally just" siting of rail yards. The authors conclude that diesel pollution from rail yards, which creates significant diesel cancer risks for those living near the facilities, is an often overlooked public health, health disparities and environmental justice issue in the U.S. The conclusions are relevant to other countries where international trade is increasing and large new intermodal rail facilities are being considered.
authors: Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. ahricko@usc.edu.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Hricko
authors: Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. growland@usc.edu.
authors: Glovioell
authors: G
authors: Rowland
authors: Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. eckel@usc.edu.
authors: Sandrah
authors: S
authors: Eckel
authors: East Yard Communities for Environmental Justice, 2317 Atlantic Boulevard, Commerce, CA 90040, USA. alogan@eycej.org.
authors: Angelo
authors: A
authors: Logan
authors: Spatial Sciences Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, AHF B55, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. mtaher@usc.edu.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Taher
authors: Spatial Sciences Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, AHF B55, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. jpwilson@usc.edu.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Wilson
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003132:Commerce; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D038622:Internationality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity; D011890:Railroads / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions