title: Clonal analysis of synovial fluid stem cells to characterize and identify stable mesenchymal stromal cell/mesenchymal progenitor cell phenotypes in a porcine model: a cell source with enhanced commitment to the chondrogenic lineage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have demonstrated that porcine synovial membrane stem cells can adhere to a cartilage defect in vivo through the use of a tissue-engineered construct approach. To optimize this model, we wanted to compare effectiveness of tissue sources to determine whether porcine synovial fluid, synovial membrane, bone marrow and skin sources replicate our understanding of synovial fluid mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal progenitor cells from humans both at the population level and the single-cell level. Synovial fluid clones were subsequently isolated and characterized to identify cells with a highly characterized optimal phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  The chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic potentials were assessed in vitro for skin, bone marrow, adipose, synovial fluid and synovial membrane-derived stem cells. Synovial fluid cells then underwent limiting dilution analysis to isolate single clonal populations. These clonal populations were assessed for proliferative and differentiation potential by use of standardized protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Porcine-derived cells demonstrated the same relationship between cell sources as that demonstrated previously for humans, suggesting that the pig may be an ideal preclinical animal model. Synovial fluid cells demonstrated the highest chondrogenic potential that was further characterized, demonstrating the existence of a unique clonal phenotype with enhanced chondrogenic potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Porcine stem cells demonstrate characteristics similar to those in human-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from the same sources. Synovial fluid-derived stem cells contain an inherent phenotype that may be optimal for cartilage repair. This must be more fully investigated for future use in the in vivo tissue-engineered construct approach in this physiologically relevant preclinical porcine model.
authors: McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Wataru
authors: W
authors: Ando
authors: McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: jjkutche@gmail.com.
authors: Josh J
authors: JJ
authors: Kutcher
authors: McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Krawetz
authors: McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Arindom
authors: A
authors: Sen
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Norimasa
authors: N
authors: Nakamura
authors: McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Cyril B
authors: CB
authors: Frank
authors: McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Hart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D019070:Cell Lineage; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D013552:Swine; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000166:cytology
keywords: chondrogenesis; mesenchymal stromal cells; porcine; synovial fluid; synovium