title: Posttraumatic epilepsy - disease or comorbidity?
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause a myriad of sequelae depending on its type, severity, and location of injured structures. These can include mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders, personality disorders, aggressive disorders, cognitive changes, chronic pain, sleep problems, motor or sensory impairments, endocrine dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances, increased risk of infections, pulmonary disturbances, parkinsonism, posttraumatic epilepsy, or their combinations. The progression of individual pathologies leading to a given phenotype is variable, and some progress for months. Consequently, the different post-TBI phenotypes appear within different time windows. In parallel with morbidogenesis, spontaneous recovery occurs both in experimental models and in human TBI. A great challenge remains; how can we dissect the specific mechanisms that lead to the different endophenotypes, such as posttraumatic epileptogenesis, in order to identify treatment approaches that would not compromise recovery?
authors: Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: asla.pitkanen@uef.fi.
authors: Asla
authors: A
authors: Pitkänen
authors: Kainuu Central Hospital, Kainuu Social Welfare and Health Care Joint Authority, Kajaani, Finland; Northern Finland Laboratory Centre (NordLab), Sotkamontie 13, FIN-87300 Kajaani, Finland.
authors: Samuli
authors: S
authors: Kemppainen
authors: Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Xavier Ekolle
authors: XE
authors: Ndode-Ekane
authors: Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Noora
authors: N
authors: Huusko
authors: Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Joanna K
authors: JK
authors: Huttunen
authors: Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Olli
authors: O
authors: Gröhn
authors: Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Riikka
authors: R
authors: Immonen
authors: Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Alejandra
authors: A
authors: Sierra
authors: Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Tamuna
authors: T
authors: Bolkvadze
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004834:Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Behavior; Cognitive function; Depression; Epileptogenesis; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Memory; Recovery; Traumatic brain injury