title: Effects of photodynamic therapy on clinical and gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory biomarkers in chronic periodontitis: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are limited clinical experiments addressing the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) on clinical and biologic features of periodontitis. This trial compares the clinical parameters and cytokine profiles in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis (CP) who have been treated using SRP alone or SRP + PDT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients with two contralateral teeth affected with moderate-to-severe CP were selected. After SRP, the participants' teeth were randomized to receive either no further treatment or a single application of PDT using a 638-nm laser and toluidine blue. Although the change in probing depth was the primary outcome, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and matrix metalloproteinase 8 and 9 were also evaluated at baseline and 3 months postintervention. An oral rinse assay was also performed to determine the total levels of oral polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) before and 3 months after the treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within each group, significant improvements (P <0.001) were found for all variables in 3-month follow-up compared with baseline. Only TNF-α was significantly improved in the PDT + SRP versus SRP group. Total levels of PMNs were reduced for all patients compared with baseline levels (P <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with CP, a single application of PDT (using a 638-nm laser and toluidine blue) did not provide any additional benefit to SRP in terms of clinical parameters or inflammatory markers 3 months following the intervention.
authors: Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Reza
authors: R
authors: Pourabbas
authors: Atabak
authors: A
authors: Kashefimehr
authors: Nasrin
authors: N
authors: Rahmanpour
authors: Zohreh
authors: Z
authors: Babaloo
authors: Anil
authors: A
authors: Kishen
authors: Howard C
authors: HC
authors: Tenenbaum
authors: Amir
authors: A
authors: Azarpazhooh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000188:drug therapy; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000188:drug therapy; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016745:Root Planing / Q000379:methods; D014048:Tolonium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014048:Tolonium Chloride; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Clinical trial; cytokines; gingival crevicular fluid; periodontitis photochemotherapy