title: GRIN: "GRoup versus INdividual physiotherapy following lower limb intra-muscular Botulinum Toxin-A injections for ambulant children with cerebral palsy: an assessor-masked randomised comparison trial": study protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of physical disability in childhood. Spasticity is a significant contributor to the secondary impairments impacting functional performance and participation. The most common lower limb spasticity management is focal intramuscular injections of Botulinum Toxin-Type A accompanied by individually-delivered (one on one) physiotherapy rehabilitation. With increasing emphasis on improving goal-directed functional activity and participation within a family-centred framework, it is timely to explore whether physiotherapy provided in a group could achieve comparable outcomes, encouraging providers to offer flexible models of physiotherapy delivery. This study aims to compare individual to group-based physiotherapy following intramuscular Botulinum Toxin-A injections to the lower limbs for ambulant children with cerebral palsy aged four to fourteen years.
  
  
  METHODS
  An assessor-masked, block randomised comparison trial will be conducted with random allocation to either group-based or individual physiotherapy. A sample size of 30 (15 in each study arm) will be recruited. Both groups will receive six hours of direct therapy following Botulinum Toxin-A injections in either an individual or group format with additional home programme activities (three exercises to be performed three times a week). Study groups will be compared at baseline (T1), then at 10 weeks (T2, efficacy) and 26 weeks (T3, retention) post Botulinum Toxin-A injections. Primary outcomes will be caregiver/s perception of and satisfaction with their child's occupational performance goals (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure) and quality of gait (Edinburgh Visual Gait Score) with a range of secondary outcomes across domains of the International Classification of Disability, Functioning and Health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper outlines the study protocol including theoretical basis, study hypotheses and outcome measures for this assessor-masked, randomised comparison trial comparing group versus individual models of physiotherapy following intramuscular injections of Botulinum Toxin-A to the lower limbs for ambulant children with cerebral palsy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ACTRN12611000454976.
authors: Queensland Cerebral Palsy Health Service, The Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. rachel_thomas@health.qld.gov.au.
authors: Rachel E
authors: RE
authors: Thomas
authors: Leanne M
authors: LM
authors: Johnston
authors: Roslyn N
authors: RN
authors: Boyd
authors: Leanne
authors: L
authors: Sakzewski
authors: Megan J
authors: MJ
authors: Kentish
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A