title: In vivo 3D kinematics of the upper cervical spine during head rotation in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The upper cervical spine is commonly involved in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although 2D measurements have long been used in the evaluation of cervical lesions caused by RA, 2D measurements are limited in their effectiveness for detecting subtle and complex morphological and kinematic changes. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the 3D kinematics of the upper cervical spine in RA and the relationship between 3D morphological changes and decreased segmental rotational motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five consecutive patients (2 men and 23 women, mean age 63.5 years, range 42-77 years) with RA (the RA group) and 10 patients (5 men and 5 women, mean age 69.9 years, range 57-82 years) with cervical spondylosis and no involvement of the upper cervical spine (the control group) underwent 3D CT of the cervical spine in 3 positions (neutral, 45° head rotation to the left, and 45° head rotation to the right). The segmental rotation angle from the occiput (Oc) to C-2 was calculated for each participant using a voxel-based registration method, and the 3D destruction of articular facets was quantified using the authors' own parameter, the articular facet index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The segmental rotation angle was significantly smaller at C1-2 and larger at Oc-C1 in the RA group compared with the control group. The degree of the destruction of the articular facet at C-1 and C-2 correlated with the segmental rotation angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo 3D kinematics of the upper cervical spine during head rotation in patients with RA were accurately measured, allowing quantification of the degree of joint destruction for the first time. Joint destruction may play an important role in decreasing segmental motion of the upper cervical spine in RA.
authors: Departments of Orthopaedic Biomaterial Science and.
authors: Tsuyoshi
authors: T
authors: Sugiura
authors: Yukitaka
authors: Y
authors: Nagamoto
authors: Motoki
authors: M
authors: Iwasaki
authors: Masafumi
authors: M
authors: Kashii
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Kaito
authors: Tsuyoshi
authors: T
authors: Murase
authors: Tetsuya
authors: T
authors: Tomita
authors: Hideki
authors: H
authors: Yoshikawa
authors: Kazuomi
authors: K
authors: Sugamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation