title: Effects of S-PRG eluate on oral biofilm and oral malodor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effects of a surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) eluate on oral microbiota and dental biofilms in vitro, and on oral malodor and tongue bacterial loads clinically.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of S-PRG eluate on the growth and survival of salivary bacteria was examined under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; its ability to inhibit new biofilm formation and disrupt mature biofilms was also evaluated. The concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) was measured using a portable sulfide monitor before and after rinsing with S-PRG eluate or distilled water. The number of bacteria on the tongue surface was calculated using a portable bacterial counter before and after tongue scraping with S-PRG eluate or distilled water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No zone of inhibition was seen for S-PRG eluate against salivary microbiota under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions; however, treatment with ≥20% S-PRG eluate was sufficient to suppress biofilm formation relative to untreated controls. Mature biofilms were significantly disrupted following treatment with ≥60% S-PRG eluate relative to controls. Rinsing with S-PRG eluate significantly reduced the level of VSCs relative to baseline; this effect was not seen with distilled water alone. Waste fluids collected after oral rinsing with S-PRG eluate contained more bacteria than rinsing with distilled water alone. Finally, tongue scraping using S-PRG eluate was shown to significantly reduce the number of bacteria on the tongue surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S-PRG eluate inhibits biofilm formation and disrupts mature biofilms, although its antibacterial activity is limited. Oral rinsing and tongue cleaning with S-PRG eluate may reduce oral malodor by effectively removing oral bacteria from the oral cavity.
authors: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 801-0193, Japan. Electronic address: naojsz@college.fdcnet.ac.jp.
authors: Nao
authors: N
authors: Suzuki
authors: Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Yoneda
authors: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 801-0193, Japan.
authors: Kazuto
authors: K
authors: Haruna
authors: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 801-0193, Japan.
authors: Yosuke
authors: Y
authors: Masuo
authors: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 801-0193, Japan.
authors: Tetsuyo
authors: T
authors: Nishihara
authors: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 801-0193, Japan.
authors: Kosuke
authors: K
authors: Nakanishi
authors: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 801-0193, Japan.
authors: Kazuhiko
authors: K
authors: Yamada
authors: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 801-0193, Japan.
authors: Akie
authors: A
authors: Fujimoto
authors: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 801-0193, Japan.
authors: Takao
authors: T
authors: Hirofuji
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006209:Halitosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000737:chemistry; D012463:Saliva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D014059:Tongue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D009067:Mouthwashes; D012464:Saliva, Artificial
keywords: Biofilm; Oral bacteria; Oral malodor; S-PRG; Volatile sulfur compounds