title: Safety behaviors and sleep effort predict sleep disturbance and fatigue in an outpatient sample with anxiety and depressive disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Theoretical and empirical support for the role of dysfunctional beliefs, safety behaviors, and increased sleep effort in the maintenance of insomnia has begun to accumulate. It is not yet known how these factors predict sleep disturbance and fatigue occurring in the context of anxiety and mood disorders. It was hypothesized that these three insomnia-specific cognitive-behavioral factors would be uniquely associated with insomnia and fatigue among patients with emotional disorders after adjusting for current symptoms of anxiety and depression and trait levels of neuroticism and extraversion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients with a current anxiety or mood disorder (N = 63) completed self-report measures including the Dysfunctional Beliefs About Sleep Scale (DBAS), Sleep-Related Safety Behaviors Questionnaire (SRBQ), Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (FFI), and the 21-item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Multivariate path analysis was used to evaluate study hypotheses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SRBQ (B = .60, p < .001, 95% CI [.34, .86]) and GSES (B = .31, p < .01, 95% CI [.07, .55]) were both significantly associated with PSQI. There was a significant interaction between SRBQ and DBAS (B = .25, p < .05, 95% CI [.04, .47]) such that the relationship between safety behaviors and fatigue was strongest among individuals with greater levels of dysfunctional beliefs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings are consistent with cognitive behavioral models of insomnia and suggest that sleep-specific factors might be important treatment targets among patients with anxiety and depressive disorders with disturbed sleep.
authors: Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, United States; Stanford University, United States. Electronic address: cfairholme@stanford.edu.
authors: Christopher P
authors: CP
authors: Fairholme
authors: Stanford University, United States.
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Manber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D057566:Self Report; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Dysfunctional beliefs; Insomnia; Safety behaviors; Sleep effort