title: Rutin improves functional outcome via reducing the elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 level in a photothrombotic focal ischemic model of rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption mediated by proteases plays a pivotal role in neural tissue damage after acute ischemic stroke. In an animal stroke model, the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, was significantly increased and it showed potential association with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and cerebral edema. Theoretically, it is expected that early blockade of expression and activation of MMP-9 after ischemic stroke provides neuroprotective effects from secondary neural tissue damage. This study was aimed to determine the ability of rutin to influence MMP-9 expression, activity and BBB disruption using a photothrombotic focal ischemic model in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing between 250 and 300 g (aged 8 weeks) received focal cerebral ischemia by photothrombosis using Rose Bengal (RB) and cold light. Injured animals were divided into two groups; one group received 50mg/kg of rutin intraperitoneally, starting 1h after injury and at 12h intervals for 3 days, while animals in the control group received weight-adjusted doses of saline vehicle over the same period. In each group, the expressions and activities of MMP-9 were assessed by Western blot and gelatin zymography at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after photothrombotic insult. The effects of rutin on BBB disruption and functional outcomes were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blot and zymographic analysis showed up-regulated MMP-9 expression and activity in the ischemic cortex. The expression and activity of MMP-9 were significantly elevated at 6h after photothrombotic insult, which remained up-regulated for at least until 72 h after injury. In the rutin-treated group, MMP-9 expression and activity were significantly attenuated at 6, 24, and 48 h compared to the control group. Relative to the control group, BBB permeability was significantly reduced in the rutin-treated group. The results of the rotarod test revealed that rutin treatment significantly improved functional outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rutin treatment starting 1h after injury attenuated BBB disruption during photothrombotic focal ischemia, which was partly, at least, achieved through inhibitory effects on MMP-9 expression and activity. The results of this study suggest that rutin might be useful in clinical trials aimed to improve the outcome of patients suffering from acute ischemic stroke.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jae-Won
authors: JW
authors: Jang
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; The Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jkl@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors: Jung-Kil
authors: JK
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyuk
authors: H
authors: Hur
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Tae-Wan
authors: TW
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung-Pil
authors: SP
authors: Joo
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang, China.
authors: Min-Sheng
authors: MS
authors: Piao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020767:Intracranial Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012395:Rose Bengal / Q000633:toxicity; D012431:Rutin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012395:Rose Bengal; D012431:Rutin; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C572337:Mmp9 protein, rat
keywords: Cerebral ischemia; Funcional outcome; Matrix metalloproteinases; Photothrombosis; Rat; Rutin