title: Comparing results of clinical versus ultrasonographic examination in developmental dysplasia of hip.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH) is one of the congenital anomalies in newborns that if not diagnosed and treated on time can lead to a severe disability. Although clinical examination is a very useful way for screening, but in some patients, a confirmatory diagnostic method such as ultrasonography is needed. The aim of the present study is to compare the sensitivity and specificity of clinical examination and ultrasonography in early detecting of DDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5800 of newborns were examined by orthopedic surgeon as a screening method. The newborns with risk factors or suspicious on clinical examination were introduced to repeat clinical and ultrasonographic examination of hip. The results were collected and recorded by a check list and then the sensitivity and specificity of clinical examination were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 5701 newborns (11402 hips) who were studied by two methods of clinical examination and ultrasonography (by Graf method), the overall incidence of DDH was 29 per 1000. Only 94 hips (13.5%) of 694 disordered ones according to clinical examination were involved on ultrasonographic evaluation. A total of 240 hips of 334 (72%) involved hips according to ultrasonography (Graf type IIb or more) were diagnosed normal on clinical examination, considering ultrasonography as a gold standard method of evaluating DDH, the sensitivity and specificity of clinical examination were calculated 28.1% and 94.5%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the present study, ultrasonogeraphic examination has a high valuable in screening of DDH and the clinical examination done by an experienced orthopedic surgeon has an acceptable value in primary screening of DDH in developing countries for detecting of healthy neonates, but if the newborn has a risk factor or is suspicious on clinical examination, it will be necessary to get assistance from ultrasonography by an experienced sonographer.
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors: Hamidreza
authors: H
authors: Arti
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors: Seyed Abdoulhossein
authors: SA
authors: Mehdinasab
authors: Reasercher in Vice Chancellery for Research, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Arti
keywords: Developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH); dislocation; instability; subluxation; ultrasonography