title: Saturated fatty acid (SFA) status and SFA intake exhibit different relations with serum total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol: a mechanistic explanation centered around lifestyle-induced low-grade inflammation.
abstract: We investigated the relations between fatty acid status and serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio in five Tanzanian ethnic groups and one Dutch group. Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio is a widely used coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor. Fatty acid status was determined by measurement of fatty acids in serum cholesterol esters and erythrocytes. Data reflecting the influence of fatty acid intakes on serum total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol were obtained from documented intervention studies. We found that 14:0, 16:0 and saturated fatty acid (SFA) status correlates positively with total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, while their intakes were unrelated. Linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status and PUFA intake exhibited negative relations with the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio. These data suggest that a high SFA status, not a high SFA intake, is associated with increased CAD risk, while both high linoleic acid status and PUFA status are associated with reduced CAD risk. Consequently, the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio is a questionable risk marker since meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials show that partial dietary replacement of SFA for linoleic acid, the dominating dietary PUFA, does not change CAD risk. We conclude that many lifestyle factors, not SFA intake alone, determine SFA status, and suggest that interaction with many other lifestyle factors determines whether SFA status has a relevant contributing effect in low-grade inflammation, lipoprotein changes and CAD risk. The present outcome may teach us to consider the health effects of the entire diet together with many nondietary lifestyle factors, opposite to the reductionist approach of studying the effects of single nutrients, SFA and PUFA included.
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: b.ruiz-nunez@umcg.nl.
authors: Begoña
authors: B
authors: Ruiz-Núñez
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Remko S
authors: RS
authors: Kuipers
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Martine F
authors: MF
authors: Luxwolda
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Deti J
authors: DJ
authors: De Graaf
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Benjamin B
authors: BB
authors: Breeuwsma
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: D A Janneke
authors: DA
authors: Dijck-Brouwer
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Frits A J
authors: FA
authors: Muskiet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D008019:Life Style; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Cholesterol; Coronary artery disease; Fatty acid intake; Fatty acid status; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Saturated fatty acids