title: The prospective role of defeat and entrapment in depression and anxiety: a 12-month longitudinal study.
abstract: The concepts of "defeat" (representing failed social struggle) and "entrapment" (representing an inability to escape from a situation) have emerged from the animal literature, providing insight into the health consequences of low social rank. Evolutionary models suggest that these constructs co-occur and can lead to the development of mental disorders, although there is limited empirical evidence supporting these predictions. Participants (N=172) were recruited from economically deprived areas in North England. Over half of participants (58%) met clinical cut-offs for depression and anxiety, therefore we conducted analyses to establish whether participant outcomes were dependent on baseline defeat and entrapment levels. Participants completed measures of defeat, entrapment, depression and anxiety at two time-points twelve months apart. Factor analysis demonstrated that defeat and entrapment were best defined as one factor, suggesting that the experiences co-occurred. Regression analyses demonstrated that changes in depression and anxiety between T1 and T2 were predicted from baseline levels of defeat and entrapment; however, changes in defeat and entrapment were also predicted from baseline depression and anxiety. There are implications for targeting perceptions of defeat and entrapment within psychological interventions for people experiencing anxiety and depression and screening individuals to identify those at risk of developing psychopathology.
authors: School of Psychological Sciences, Coupland Building 1, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, England M13 9PL, UK. Electronic address: alys.griffiths@manchester.ac.uk.
authors: Alys Wyn
authors: AW
authors: Griffiths
authors: School of Psychological Sciences, Coupland Building 1, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, England M13 9PL, UK; Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, 3Y8 Cottrell Building, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK.
authors: Alex M
authors: AM
authors: Wood
authors: College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Henry Wellcome Building, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, Leicester, England LE1 9HN, UK.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Maltby
authors: Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England L69 3GB, UK.
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Taylor
authors: School of Psychological Sciences, Coupland Building 1, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, England M13 9PL, UK.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Tai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D004739:England; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057566:Self Report; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Defeat; Depression; Entrapment