title: Effect of parallel segmented flow chromatography on the height equivalent to a theoretical plate III--influence of the column length, particle diameter, and the molecular weight of the analyte on the efficiency gain.
abstract: The effects of column length on performance in segmented flow chromatography were tested. Column efficiencies were measured for 4.6mm I.D. 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 cm long columns packed with 3.0 μm Hypurity-C18 fully porous particles and of 4.6mm I.D. 5, 10, 15 and 25 cm long columns packed with 5 μm Hypersil GOLD C18 particles. For each column length and particle type, two different configurations were tested: (1) both the inlet and outlet column endfittings were standard and (2) the inlet endfitting was standard but the outlet endfitting allowed parallel segmentation of the exiting flow into a central and a peripheral coaxial region. The segmentation flow ratio was set at 45% (for 3 μm) and at 43% or 21% (for 5 μm). Four samples were used, naphthalene, toluene, butylbenzene, and insulin, which has a ten times smaller diffusion coefficient than the small molecules. The column performance for the low molecular weight compound is significantly improved at velocities above the optimum value when the outlet flow rate is segmented because longitudinal diffusion and mass transfer resistance of this compound in the stationary phase are negligible sources of band broadening at reduced linear velocities between 5 and 25. At high flow rate (4 mL/min), the long-range eddy dispersion terms are about 3.9, 3.2, 2.6, and 1.8h unit lower for the 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 cm long columns, respectively. The longer the column, the lower the efficiency improvement because the border effects are smaller. This result was not systematically observed for the columns packed with 5 μm particles because the transverse dispersion is larger. In contrast, the gain in column efficiency is marginal for insulin because the mass transfer mechanism of this compound is mostly controlled by the slow diffusivity of insulin across Hypurity-C18 particles.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA.
authors: Fabrice
authors: F
authors: Gritti
authors: Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW, Australia.
authors: Jarrod
authors: J
authors: Pynt
authors: Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW, Australia.
authors: Arianne
authors: A
authors: Soliven
authors: Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW, Australia.
authors: Gary R
authors: GR
authors: Dennis
authors: Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW, Australia.
authors: R Andrew
authors: RA
authors: Shalliker
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA. Electronic address: guiochon@utk.edu.
authors: Georges
authors: G
authors: Guiochon
mesh_terms: D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004058:Diffusion; D007328:Insulin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016062:Porosity
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D009281:Naphthalenes; C031721:naphthalene
keywords: Column efficiency; Column length; Insulin; Long-range eddy dispersion; Naphthalene; Outlet segmented flow chromatography