title: The link between genetic variation and variability in vaccine responses: systematic review and meta-analyses.
abstract: Although immune response to vaccines can be influenced by several parameters, human genetic variations are thought to strongly influence the variability in vaccine responsiveness. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are needed to clarify the genetic contribution to this variability, which may affect the efficacy of existing vaccines. We performed a systematic literature search to identify all studies describing the associations of allelic variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms in immune response genes with vaccine responses until July 2013. The studies fulfilling inclusion criteria were meta-analyzed. Thirteen studies (11,686 subjects) evaluated the associations of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and other immunity gene variations with the responses to single vaccines, including MMR-II (measles and rubella virus), HepB (hepatitis virus), influenza virus, and MenC (serogroup C meningococcus) vaccines. Seven HLA genetic variants were included in the meta-analyses. The pooled ORs showed that DRB1*07 (2.46 [95% CI=1.60-3.77]; P for heterogeneity=0.117; I(2)=49.1%), DQA1*02:01 (2.21 [95% CI=1.22-4.00]; P for heterogeneity=0.995; I(2)=0.0%), DQB1*02:01 (2.03 [95% CI=1.35-3.07]; P for heterogeneity=0.449; I(2)=0.0%), and DQB1*03:03 (3.31 [95% CI=1.12-9.78]; P for heterogeneity=0.188; I(2)=42.4%) were associated with a significant decrease of antibody responses to MMR-II, HepB, and influenza vaccines. The pooled ORs showed that DRB1*13 (0.52 [95% CI=0.32-0.84]; P for heterogeneity=0.001; I(2)=85.1%) and DRB1*13:01 (0.19 [95% CI=0.06-0.58]; P for heterogeneity=0.367; I(2)=0.0%) were associated with a significant increase of antibody responses to the above vaccines. While our findings reinforce the concept that individuals with a particular HLA allelic composition are more likely to respond efficiently to vaccines, future studies should be encouraged to further elucidate the link between genetic variation and variability of the human immune response to vaccines.
authors: Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
authors: Brunella
authors: B
authors: Posteraro
authors: Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
authors: Roberta
authors: R
authors: Pastorino
authors: Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Di Giannantonio
authors: Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Ianuale
authors: Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
authors: Rosarita
authors: R
authors: Amore
authors: Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy. Electronic address: wricciardi@rm.unicatt.it.
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Ricciardi
authors: Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
authors: Stefania
authors: S
authors: Boccia
mesh_terms: D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000235:genetics*; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Genetic polymorphism; Human leukocyte antigen; Immune response; Meta-analysis; Systematic review; Vaccine responsiveness