title: Evaluation of fingermark detection sequences on paper substrates.
abstract: It is generally accepted that the amino acid reagent consisting of 1,2-indanedione and a catalytic amount of zinc chloride, referred to as IND-Zn, is the single best method for the detection of latent fingermarks on paper substrates and that ninhydrin is of limited value when used in sequence after this reagent. However, recent research has suggested that the sequence 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) followed by ninhydrin may actually produce a greater number of fingermarks than IND-Zn on its own or IND-Zn followed by ninhydrin. This study focussed on the evaluation of two fingermark detection sequences for porous surfaces: (1) IND-Zn followed by ninhydrin, physical developer (PD) and the lipid stain nile red; and (2) DFO followed by ninhydrin, PD and nile red. The evaluation was undertaken using a range of latent fingermark donors and on a number of paper substrates that are commonly encountered in Australia. In addition, a pseudo-operational trial was completed on 5-year-old university examination booklets. Parallel studies were undertaken at two locations: Sydney (temperate, coastal climate) and Canberra (relatively dry, continental climate). The results of the donor study indicated that there was a negligible difference in performance between the two sequences across all paper types and all time periods evaluated. When considering individual reagents, IND-Zn generally developed better quality fingermarks compared to DFO; however, ninhydrin had a greater enhancement effect on DFO developed marks than after IND-Zn. In the pseudo-operational trials, the IND-Zn sequence outperformed the DFO sequence. Nile red did not develop any additional marks at the end of each sequence and, as a result, the use of this technique at the end of a full sequence is of questionable value. The overall outcome was that the sequence IND-Zn followed by ninhydrin and PD is recommended for the processing of common paper substrates under the conditions typically experienced at the two locations studied.
authors: National Centre for Forensic Studies, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors: Callie
authors: C
authors: Marriott
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Lee
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Zachary
authors: Z
authors: Wilkes
authors: Forensics, Australian Federal Police, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Comber
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Xanthe
authors: X
authors: Spindler
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Claude
authors: C
authors: Roux
authors: National Centre for Forensic Studies, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Electronic address: chris.lennard@canberra.edu.au.
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Lennard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D003878:Dermatoglyphics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000737:chemistry; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008297:Male; D009555:Ninhydrin / Q000737:chemistry; D010209:Paper; D016062:Porosity; D055815:Young Adult; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C413384:1,2-indanedione; D002712:Chlorides; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007189:Indans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C016837:zinc chloride; D009555:Ninhydrin
keywords: 1,2-Indanedione; 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one; Fingerprints; Nile red; Ninhydrin; Physical developer; Porous surfaces