title: Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection and cancer in the highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) era.
abstract: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) changed the natural history of pediatric HIV infection. This review focuses on trends of HIV-associated cancers in childhood in the HAART era and analyses potential pathogenetic mechanisms. HAART reduced AIDS-defined-malignancies (ADM), but incidence of several non-ADM is increasing. HIV-associated immune activation and inflammation, promoting tumorigenesis, can only partially be reduced by HAART. In addition, HIV-infected children may undergo accelerated immune senescence that favors cancer development. How HAART affects this condition is an open question. Lastly, there is no evidence that prenatal exposure to HAART increases the risk of cancer in childhood, but long-term studies are needed.
authors: Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Firenze, Italy.
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Chiappini
authors: Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Firenze, Italy.
authors: Elettra
authors: E
authors: Berti
authors: Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology-DiSCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors: Ketty
authors: K
authors: Gianesin
authors: Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology-DiSCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors: Maria Raffaella
authors: MR
authors: Petrara
authors: Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Firenze, Italy.
authors: Luisa
authors: L
authors: Galli
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Giaquinto
authors: Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Firenze, Italy.
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: de Martino
authors: Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology-DiSCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)-IRCCS, Padova, Italy. Electronic address: anita.derossi@unipd.it.
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: De Rossi
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology
keywords: Aging; Children; HAART; HIV-related cancer; Immune activation