title: Pooling samples for "top-down" molecular exposomics research: the methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposomics is the cutting-edge concept of screening the environmental risk factors for disease. In the novel "top-down" approach, we estimate the molecular exposome by measuring all body fluid analytes in a case-controlled study. However, to detect diverse pollutants, a sufficient sample size and multiple analytical methods are required. This may lead to dramatically increased costs and research workload.
  
  
  METHODS
  To help reduce complexity, we suggest a sample pooling strategy along with a scheme for combining both general unknown or multi-targeted screening with targeted analysis. The sample pooling method was tested using computer simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By comprehensively analysis of pooled samples, it is possible to identify environmental risk factors. Factors are initially screened in the pooled case and control population samples, then in the randomized grouped and pooled case and control subpopulation samples. In the sample grouping, five or more pools were suggested for groups having 30 individuals per pool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that sample pooling is a useful strategy for exposomics research, which provides a hypothesis-free method for pollutant risk screening.
authors: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, PR China. hqshen@iue.ac.cn.
authors: Heqing
authors: H
authors: Shen
authors: Weipan
authors: W
authors: Xu
authors: Siyuan
authors: S
authors: Peng
authors: Hagen
authors: H
authors: Scherb
authors: Jianwen
authors: J
authors: She
authors: Kristina
authors: K
authors: Voigt
authors: Ambreen
authors: A
authors: Alamdar
authors: Karl-Werner
authors: KW
authors: Schramm
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D055432:Metabolomics; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants