title: Correlation between human papillomavirus and p16 overexpression in oropharyngeal tumours: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant proportion of squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx (OP-SCC) are related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and p16 overexpression. This subgroup proves better prognosis and survival but no evidence exists on the correlation between HPV and p16 overexpression based on diagnostic measures and definition of p16 overexpression. We evaluated means of p16 and HPV diagnostics, and quantified overexpression of p16 in HPV-positive and -negative OP-SCCs by mode of immunohistochemical staining of carcinoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from 1980 until October 2012. We applied the following inclusion criteria: a minimum of 20 cases of site-specific OP-SCCs, and HPV and p16 results present. Studies were categorised into three groups based on their definition of p16 overexpression: verbal definition, nuclear and cytoplasmatic staining between 5 and 69%, and ≥70% staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 39 studies with available outcome data (n=3926): 22 studies (n=1980) used PCR, 6 studies (n=688) used ISH, and 11 studies (n=1258) used both PCR and ISH for HPV diagnostics. The methods showed similar HPV-positive results. Overall, 52.5% of the cases (n=2062) were HPV positive. As to p16 overexpression, 17 studies (n=1684) used a minimum of 5-69% staining, and 7 studies (n=764) used ≥70% staining. Fifteen studies (n=1478) referred to a verbal definition. Studies showed high heterogeneity in diagnostics of HPV and definition of p16. The correlation between HPV positivity and p16 overexpression proved best numerically in the group applying ≥70% staining for p16 overexpression. The group with verbal definitions had a significantly lower false-positive rate, but along with the group applying 5-69% staining showed a worse sensitivity compared with ≥70% staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are substantial differences in how studies diagnose HPV and define p16 overexpression. Numerically, p16 staining is better to predict the presence of HPV (i.e. larger sensitivity), when the cutoff is set at ≥70% of cytoplasmatic and nuclear staining.
authors: Department of Oto-rhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Grønhøj Larsen
authors: Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gyldenløve
authors: Department of Oto-rhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Jensen
authors: Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Therkildsen
authors: Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kiss
authors: Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Norrild
authors: Centre for Clinical Education, University of Copenhagen and the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Konge
authors: Department of Oto-rhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: von Buchwald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D005260:Female; D019942:Genes, p16; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C000614131:CDKN2A protein, human; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins