title: Multiple reassortment events among highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses detected in Bangladesh.
abstract: In Bangladesh, little is known about the genomic composition and antigenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses, their geographic distribution, temporal patterns, or gene flow within the avian host population. Forty highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from humans and poultry in Bangladesh between 2008 and 2012 were analyzed by full genome sequencing and antigenic characterization. The analysis included viruses collected from avian hosts and environmental sampling in live bird markets, backyard poultry flocks, outbreak investigations in wild birds or poultry and from three human cases. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the ancestors of these viruses reassorted (1) with other gene lineages of the same clade, (2) between different clades and (3) with low pathogenicity avian influenza A virus subtypes. Bayesian estimates of the time of most recent common ancestry, combined with geographic information, provided evidence of probable routes and timelines of virus spread into and out of Bangladesh.
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Nancy A
authors: NA
authors: Gerloff
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Salah Uddin
authors: SU
authors: Khan
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Balish
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Ireen S
authors: IS
authors: Shanta
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Natosha
authors: N
authors: Simpson
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Lashondra
authors: L
authors: Berman
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Najmul
authors: N
authors: Haider
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Mee Kian
authors: MK
authors: Poh
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Ausraful
authors: A
authors: Islam
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Gurley
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Md Abdul
authors: MA
authors: Hasnat
authors: Forest Department, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Dey
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Shu
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Shannon
authors: S
authors: Emery
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Lindstrom
authors: Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Ainul
authors: A
authors: Haque
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Klimov
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Villanueva
authors: Institute for Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Mahmudur
authors: M
authors: Rahman
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Azziz-Baumgartner
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Md
authors: M
authors: Ziaur Rahman
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Stephen P
authors: SP
authors: Luby
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Nord
authors: N
authors: Zeidner
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors: Ruben O
authors: RO
authors: Donis
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Katharine
authors: K
authors: Sturm-Ramirez
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA. Electronic address: eou8@cdc.gov.
authors: C Todd
authors: CT
authors: Davis
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002645:Chickens; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004372:Ducks; D005260:Female; D005777:Geese; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: Antigenicity; Avian influenza; Bangladesh; Evolution; Orthomyxovirus; Phylogenetics; Reassortment