title: Trends in diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis: a review.
abstract: Mastitis (inflammation of mammary gland) is a most devastating disease condition in terms of economic losses occurring throughout the world. The etiological agents may vary from place to place depending on climate; animal species and animal husbandry and include wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria; and fungi. They may be either contagious viz. Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae or environmental viz. S. dysgalactiae, S. uberis, Corynebacterium bovis and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Conventional diagnostic tests viz. California Mastitis Test (CMT); R-mastitest and Mast-O-test methods are applied under field conditions; whereas somatic cell count and Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count (BTSCC) are useful for early mastitis detection and detection of sub clinical or chronic mastitis respectively. In vitro culture based diagnosis require further study as they can detect only viable cells. The advent of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology along with its various versions like multiplex and real time PCR has improved the rapidity and sensitivity of diagnosis. Circulating micro RNA (miRNA) based diagnosis; immune assay and proteomics based detection along with biochips and biosensors prove to be asset to diagnosticians for advanced diagnosis of this economically important condition. Improvement of milking hygiene; implementation of post-milking teat disinfection; regular control of the milking equipments; implementation of milking order; Improvement of bedding material are the general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis. The use of antibiotics (intramammary infusions; bacteriocins) and herbs (Terminalia spp.) are important for prophylaxis and therapeutics. Vaccines viz. cell based; Recombinant (staphylococcal enterotoxin type C mutant) or chimeric (pauA); live (S. uberis 0140J stain based) and bacterial surface extract based; DNA-based and DNA-protein based have greatly aided in management of bovine mastitis. Quorum sensing and disease resistant breeding using novel biomarkers viz. toll like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4, interleukin (IL) 8; breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and calcium channel voltage-dependent alpha 2/delta sub unit 1 (CACNA2D1) are also indispensable. This mini review gives an overview of all these different aspects that act as trend setters as far as the diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis is concerned to help the diagnosticians; epidemiologists and researchers not to remain ignorant about this grave condition.
authors: Animal Genetics and Breeding, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, Meerut, 250001 Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Rajib
authors: R
authors: Deb
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Amit
authors: A
authors: Kumar
authors: Animal Resource Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala, 799006 Tripura, India.
authors: Sandip
authors: S
authors: Chakraborty
authors: Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Amit Kumar
authors: AK
authors: Verma
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Ruchi
authors: R
authors: Tiwari
authors: Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh-243122, India.
authors: Kuldeep
authors: K
authors: Dhama
authors: Animal Genetics and Breeding, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, Meerut, 250001 Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Umesh
authors: U
authors: Singh
authors: Animal Genetics and Breeding, Project Directorate on Cattle, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Grass Farm Road, Meerut, 250001 Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Sushil
authors: S
authors: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000662:veterinary*; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors