title: Immunomodulatory activities of Yoyo bitters: recommended dose precipitated inflammatory responses in male Wistar rats.
abstract: This study investigated the immunomodulatory capabilities of the sub-chronic administration of Yoyo bitters in male Wistar rats. Eighteen rats weighing 86.2 +/- 4.43 g were randomly picked into three equal groups. The rats were acclimatized for 14 days, after which 0.308 and 0.462 mL kg(-1) b.wt. of Yoyo bitters were administered once daily to groups B and C respectively for 56 days, while group A received distilled water. The feed intake, body weight, blood glucose, interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), haematological parameters, serum lipid profile and uric acid, liver reduced glutathione and malodialdehyde were determined. The feed intake, body weight and blood glucose concentrations were reduced (p < 0.05) at the doses. No changes were recorded in the concentration of serum IL-2 (p > 0.05), but IL-6 decreased (p < 0.05) in group B and increased (p < 0.05) in group C, while TNF-alpha were increased (p < 0.05) dose dependent. The haematological parameters were decreased at all the doses (p < 0.05), except the ESR, WBC and lymphocytes that were increased (p < 0.05) and platelets in group C (p < 0.05). The serum total cholesterol, TAG, LDL-C and atherogenic index were decreased (p < 0.05) and HDL-C increased (p < 0.05) in group B only. Serum uric acid was reduced (p < 0.05) in group B, but increased in group C with the concentration of liver MDA (p < 0.05). The study, therefore, established that a dose lower than the manufacturer's recommended dose presented the desired immunomodulatory activities and the habitual use of Yoyo bitters at the adult recommended dose calls for caution.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
authors: E B
authors: EB
authors: Oyewo
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Adetutu
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Adebisi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids; D028321:Plant Preparations; D014527:Uric Acid