title: Current uses of botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to hand therapy interventions of hand conditions.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin A, a neurotoxin causing temporary muscle paralysis at the neuromuscular junction, has been used to treat multiple acquired conditions of the hand and upper extremity. Initially approved for use in treating blepharospasm and strabismus in the 1980s, indications have expanded to include spasticity associated with cerebrovascular accidents, vasospastic disorders, focal dystonias, and pain conditions. This article reviews the current literature discussing the efficacy of botulinum toxin A in management of disorders of the hand and upper extremity relevant to hand therapists.
  
  
  METHODS
  NA.
authors: Mail Stop 11503B, 640 Jackson Street, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA.
authors: Loree K
authors: LK
authors: Kalliainen
authors: University Orthopaedics Therapy Center, Fairview Hand Center, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. Electronic address: vobrienotd@gmail.com.
authors: Virginia H
authors: VH
authors: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008297:Male; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011379:Prognosis; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: Botox; Botulinum toxin A; Focal dystonia; Hand disorders; Hand therapy; Pain conditions; Spasticity; Upper extremity disorders; Vasospastic disorders