title: Molecular evolution of VP3, VP1, 3C(pro) and 3D(pol) coding regions in coxsackievirus group A type 24 variant isolates from acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in 2011 in Okinawa, Japan.
abstract: A large acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) outbreak occurred in 2011 in Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. Ten strains of coxsackievirus group A type 24 variant (CA24v) were isolated from patients with AHC and full sequence analysis of the VP3, VP1, 3C(pro) and 3D(pol) coding regions performed. To assess time-scale evolution, phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. In addition, similarity plots were constructed and pairwise distance (p-distance) and positive pressure analyses performed. A phylogenetic tree based on the VP1 coding region showed that the present strains belong to genotype 4 (G4). In addition, the present strains could have divided in about 2010 from the same lineages detected in other countries such as China, India and Australia. The mean rates of molecular evolution of four coding regions were estimated at about 6.15 to 7.86 × 10(-3) substitutions/site/year. Similarity plot analyses suggested that nucleotide similarities between the present strains and a prototype strain (EH24/70 strain) were 0.77-0.94. The p-distance of the present strains was relatively short (<0.01). Only one positive selected site (L25H) was identified in the VP1 protein. These findings suggest that the present CA24v strains causing AHC are genetically related to other AHC strains with rapid evolution and emerged in around 2010.
authors: Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 2085 Ozato, Nanjo-Shi, Okinawa, 901-1202.
authors: Minoru
authors: M
authors: Nidaira
authors: Yumani
authors: Y
authors: Kuba
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Saitoh
authors: Katsuya
authors: K
authors: Taira
authors: Noriyuki
authors: N
authors: Maeshiro
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Mahoe
authors: Hisako
authors: H
authors: Kyan
authors: Taketoshi
authors: T
authors: Takara
authors: Sho
authors: S
authors: Okano
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Kudaka
authors: Hiromu
authors: H
authors: Yoshida
authors: Kazunori
authors: K
authors: Oishi
authors: Hirokazu
authors: H
authors: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003232:Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D030015:Enterovirus C, Human / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D059645:Mutation Rate; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: Okinawa; acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis; coxsackievirus group A type 24 variant; molecular evolution