title: The effects of extrinsic motivation on signature authorship opinions in forensic signature blind trials.
abstract: Expertise studies in forensic handwriting examination involve comparisons of Forensic Handwriting Examiners' (FHEs) opinions with lay-persons on blind tests. All published studies of this type have reported real and demonstrable skill differences between the specialist and lay groups. However, critics have proposed that any difference shown may be indicative of a lack of motivation on the part of lay participants, rather than a real difference in skill. It has been suggested that qualified FHEs would be inherently more motivated to succeed in blinded validation trials, as their professional reputations could be at risk, should they perform poorly on the task provided. Furthermore, critics suggest that lay-persons would be unlikely to be highly motivated to succeed, as they would have no fear of negative consequences should they perform badly. In an effort to investigate this concern, a blind signature trial was designed and administered to forty lay-persons. Participants were required to compare known (exemplar) signatures of an individual to questioned signatures and asked to express an opinion regarding whether the writer of the known signatures wrote each of the questioned signatures. The questioned signatures comprised a mixture of genuine, disguised and simulated signatures. The forty participants were divided into two separate groupings. Group 'A' were requested to complete the trial as directed and were advised that for each correct answer they would be financially rewarded, for each incorrect answer they would be financially penalized, and for each inconclusive opinion they would receive neither penalty nor reward. Group 'B' was requested to complete the trial as directed, with no mention of financial recompense or penalty. The results of this study do not support the proposition that motivation rather than skill difference is the source of the statistical difference in opinions between individuals' results in blinded signature proficiency trials.
authors: Handwriting Analysis and Research Laboratory, School of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia; Document Examination Unit, Digital and Documents Evidence Branch, Victoria Police Forensic Services Department, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia. Electronic address: tahnee.dewhurst@police.vic.gov.au.
authors: Tahnee N
authors: TN
authors: Dewhurst
authors: Handwriting Analysis and Research Laboratory, School of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia; Office of the Chief Forensic Scientist, Victoria Police Forensic Services Department, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia. Electronic address: bryan.found@police.vic.gov.au.
authors: Bryan
authors: B
authors: Found
authors: Office of the Chief Forensic Scientist, Victoria Police Forensic Services Department, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia. Electronic address: kaye.ballantyne@police.vic.gov.au.
authors: Kaye N
authors: KN
authors: Ballantyne
authors: Handwriting Analysis and Research Laboratory, School of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia. Electronic address: d.rogers@latrobe.edu.au.
authors: Doug
authors: D
authors: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011678:Punishment; D012201:Reward
keywords: Expertise; Handwriting; Motivation; Questioned document; Signatures; Validation