title: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with bacterial infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is defined by various clinical manifestations following the initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV patients primarily infected with Mycobacteria. IRIS has clinical similarities with lepromatous reactions in patients with leprosy following antibiotic initiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tuberculosis and more rarely lepromatous leprae and Whipple's disease are the main diseases caused by actinobacteria associated with IRIS, regardless of HIV status. The pathogenesis of this syndrome remains complex and partially understood. The treatment for IRIS is non-evidence-based, except for corticosteroids in tuberculosis-IRIS. Thalidomide and other immunomodulatory drugs have been successfully used in case series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IRIS is mainly observed during infections (viral, fungal or bacterial) which involve inefficient macrophages for the clearance of bacteria, namely Actinobacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae, M. tuberculosis and Tropheryma whipplei. The restoration of macrophage competence after ART or antibiotic initiation results from a complex mechanism, probably involving a sudden and violent immune reaction with a cytokine storm, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ. This overreaction might be controlled using corticosteroids and thalidomide.
authors: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine , 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors: Jean-Christophe
authors: JC
authors: Lagier
authors: Didier
authors: D
authors: Raoult
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents