title: Causal knowledge and the development of inductive reasoning.
abstract: We explored the development of sensitivity to causal relations in children's inductive reasoning. Children (5-, 8-, and 12-year-olds) and adults were given trials in which they decided whether a property known to be possessed by members of one category was also possessed by members of (a) a taxonomically related category or (b) a causally related category. The direction of the causal link was either predictive (prey→predator) or diagnostic (predator→prey), and the property that participants reasoned about established either a taxonomic or causal context. There was a causal asymmetry effect across all age groups, with more causal choices when the causal link was predictive than when it was diagnostic. Furthermore, context-sensitive causal reasoning showed a curvilinear development, with causal choices being most frequent for 8-year-olds regardless of context. Causal inductions decreased thereafter because 12-year-olds and adults made more taxonomic choices when reasoning in the taxonomic context. These findings suggest that simple causal relations may often be the default knowledge structure in young children's inductive reasoning, that sensitivity to causal direction is present early on, and that children over-generalize their causal knowledge when reasoning.
authors: Psychology Division, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK. Electronic address: a.bright@qmul.ac.uk.
authors: Aimée K
authors: AK
authors: Bright
authors: School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors: Aidan
authors: A
authors: Feeney
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011340:Problem Solving; D002666:Psychology, Child; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Category-based induction; Causal asymmetry; Causal knowledge; Inductive selectivity; Knowledge over-generalization; Taxonomic knowledge