title: Anxiety disorders and onset of cardiovascular disease: the differential impact of panic, phobias and worry.
abstract: Anxiety has been linked to onset of cardiovascular disease. This study examines the differential impact of types of anxiety (panic, phobia and worry) on 3-year onset of non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD). By investigating anxiety disorders as opposed to anxiety symptoms and by using a reliable diagnostic instrument to assess anxiety, limitations of previous studies are considered. 5149 persons at risk for CVD were interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The panic-type included panic disorder and panic attacks; the phobic-type included agoraphobia and social phobia, and the worry-type included generalized anxiety disorder. CVD was self-reported and required treatment or monitoring by a doctor. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographics, behavioral variables, and comorbid somatic and psychiatric disorders. During follow-up, 62 persons (1.2%) developed CVD. Baseline generalized anxiety disorder was strongly associated with onset of CVD (adjusted OR: 3.39). Further research should replicate findings and focus on biological underpinnings of this association.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: n.batelaan@ggzingeest.nl.
authors: Neeltje M
authors: NM
authors: Batelaan
authors: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Margreet
authors: M
authors: ten Have
authors: Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Anton J L M
authors: AJ
authors: van Balkom
authors: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Marlous
authors: M
authors: Tuithof
authors: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Ron
authors: R
authors: de Graaf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: Anxiety disorders; Cardiovascular disease; Cohort study; Population study; Risk factor