title: Long-term effects of maternal diabetes on blood pressure and renal function in rat male offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing rapidly worldwide. Previous animal models were established to study consequences of offspring after exposure to severe intrauterine hyperglycemia. In this study we are aiming to characterize the blood pressure levels and renal function of male offspring obtained from diabetic mothers with moderate hyperglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We established a rat model with moderate hyperglycemia after pregnancy by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The male offspring were studied and fed with either normal diet or high salt diet after weaning. Arterial pressure and renal function were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterial pressure of male offspring increased from 12 weeks by exposure to intrauterine moderate hyperglycemia. At 20 weeks, high salt diet accelerated the blood pressure on diabetic offspring compared to diabetic offspring fed with normal diet. We found offspring exposed to intrauterine moderate hyperglycemia had a trend to have a higher creatinine clearance rate and significant increase of urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion indicating an early stage of nephropathy progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed the high blood pressure level and early renal dysfunction of male offspring obtained from diabetic mothers with moderate hyperglycemia. Furthermore, we investigated high salt diet after weaning on offspring exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia could exacerbate the blood pressure and renal function. Renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in hypertension pathogenesis and altered gene expression of RAS components in offspring with in utero hyperglycemia exposure may account for the programmed hypertension. Therefore, our study provides evidence "fetal programming" of maternal diabetes is critical for metabolic disease development.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Yan
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Rina
authors: R
authors: Su
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Huixia
authors: H
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase