title: Contribution of Clinical Archetypes, and the Challenges, towards Achieving Semantic Interoperability for EHRs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective is to introduce 'clinical archetype' which is a formal and agreed way of representing clinical information to ensure interoperability across and within Electronic Health Records (EHRs). The paper also aims at presenting the challenges building quality labeled clinical archetypes and the challenges towards achieving semantic interoperability between EHRs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty years of international research, various European healthcare informatics projects and the pioneering work of the openEHR Foundation have led to the following results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The requirements for EHR information architectures have been consolidated within ISO 18308 and adopted within the ISO 13606 EHR interoperability standard. However, a generic EHR architecture cannot ensure that the clinical meaning of information from heterogeneous sources can be reliably interpreted by receiving systems and services. Therefore, clinical models called 'clinical archetypes' are required to formalize the representation of clinical information within the EHR. Part 2 of ISO 13606 defines how archetypes should be formally represented. The current challenge is to grow clinical communities to build a library of clinical archetypes and to identify how evidence of best practice and multi-professional clinical consensus should best be combined to define archetypes at the optimal level of granularity and specificity and quality label them for wide adoption. Standardizing clinical terms within EHRs using clinical terminology like Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms is also a challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical archetypes would play an important role in achieving semantic interoperability within EHRs. Attempts are being made in exploring the design and adoption challenges for clinical archetypes.
authors: Centre for Health Informatics and Multiprofessional Education, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Archana
authors: A
authors: Tapuria
authors: Centre for Health Informatics and Multiprofessional Education, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Dipak
authors: D
authors: Kalra
authors: Department of Bioregulatory Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Kobayashi
keywords: Electronic Health Records; Health Information Management; Semantics