title: Temporo-frontal phase synchronization supports hierarchical network for mismatch negativity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed an experiment designed to reveal the brain-regional network dynamics underlying both automatic and intentional auditory change detection as typically indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP).
  
  
  METHODS
  High-density EEG was recorded while participants heard a stream of standard pure tones, into which occasional (14%) frequency deviants were inserted. In a first run they listened passively while watching a closed-captioned movie, whereas in a second run they pressed a button each time they detected a deviant while watching the movie with neither sound nor captioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent component analysis revealed independent components that we localized to temporal and frontal regional brain sources relevant to the generation of the MMN. Relative power in various oscillatory frequency bands, computed from a wavelet analysis on the time series of these independent components, was modulated by task demands and stimulus type, as was dynamic phase-locking between pairs of the independent components in those same frequency bands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support a hierarchical model of MMN generation that emphasizes information processing and transfer between temporal and frontal brain regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to enhancing the use of the MMN to evaluate some aspects of central auditory functioning, these results could be important for the evaluation of alterations in other cognitive functions or in consciousness.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors: Shannon E
authors: SE
authors: MacLean
authors: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Electronic address: lward@psych.ubc.ca.
authors: Lawrence M
authors: LM
authors: Ward
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003344:Cortical Synchronization / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alpha; Auditory change detection; Deviant; Gamma; Independent component analysis; MMN; Phase-locking; Predictive coding; Standard; Theta