title: Real-time FMRI neurofeedback training of amygdala activity in patients with major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amygdala hemodynamic responses to positive stimuli are attenuated in major depressive disorder (MDD), and normalize with remission. Real-time functional MRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) offers a non-invasive method to modulate this regional activity. We examined whether depressed participants can use rtfMRI-nf to enhance amygdala responses to positive autobiographical memories, and whether this ability alters symptom severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unmedicated MDD subjects were assigned to receive rtfMRI-nf from either left amygdala (LA; experimental group, n = 14) or the horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus (HIPS; control group, n = 7) and instructed to contemplate happy autobiographical memories (AMs) to raise the level of a bar representing the hemodynamic signal from the target region to a target level. This 40s Happy condition alternated with 40s blocks of rest and counting backwards. A final Transfer run without neurofeedback information was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in the experimental group upregulated their amygdala responses during positive AM recall. Significant pre-post scan decreases in anxiety ratings and increases in happiness ratings were evident in the experimental versus control group. A whole brain analysis showed that during the transfer run, participants in the experimental group had increased activity compared to the control group in left superior temporal gyrus and temporal polar cortex, and right thalamus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using rtfMRI-nf from the left amygdala during recall of positive AMs, depressed subjects were able to self-regulate their amygdala response, resulting in improved mood. Results from this proof-of-concept study suggest that rtfMRI-nf training with positive AM recall holds potential as a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of depression.
authors: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America.
authors: Kymberly D
authors: KD
authors: Young
authors: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America.
authors: Vadim
authors: V
authors: Zotev
authors: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America.
authors: Raquel
authors: R
authors: Phillips
authors: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America.
authors: Masaya
authors: M
authors: Misaki
authors: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America.
authors: Han
authors: H
authors: Yuan
authors: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America ; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LCC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America.
authors: Wayne C
authors: WC
authors: Drevets
authors: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America ; Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America ; College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America.
authors: Jerzy
authors: J
authors: Bodurka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology*; D001519:Behavior; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult