title: Reversible immobilization of free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) with xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam and atipamezole.
abstract: Forty-eight free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) were immobilized with xylazine (X) and tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) by dart injection during winter 2008 in Norway. A follow-up study in five animals during winter 2010 included arterial blood samples analyzed with a portable clinical analyzer in the field. Thirty-five of 48 animals were effectively immobilized and 13 required a second dart. Mean ± SD doses were 2.89 ± 0.45 mg X/kg and 2.89 ± 0.45 mg TZ/kg in calves and 2.97 ± 0.66 mg X/kg and 1.91 ± 0.43 mg TZ/kg in adults. Mean induction times for calves and adults were 8.5 ± 5 min and 11.6 ± 5.5 min, respectively. The main physiologic side effect during immobilization was hypoxemia (pulse oximetry, SpO2<85%). All five animals evaluated with arterial blood gas samples were hypoxemic (PaO2<10 kPa). Xylazine was antagonized with 0.43 ± 0.19 mg/kg and 0.27 ± 0.05 mg/kg of atipamezole in calves and adults, respectively. Time to standing/walking in calves and adults was 12 ± 7 min and 12 ± 11 min, respectively. Two capture mortalities occurred.
authors: 1  Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Organic Food and Farming Division, NO-6630 Tingvoll, Norway.
authors: Celsus
authors: C
authors: Sente
authors: Erling L
authors: EL
authors: Meisingset
authors: Alina L
authors: AL
authors: Evans
authors: Sari J
authors: SJ
authors: Wedul
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Zimmermann
authors: Jon M
authors: JM
authors: Arnemo
mesh_terms: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D003670:Deer / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D013992:Tiletamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015041:Zolazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D014991:Xylazine; D013992:Tiletamine; D015041:Zolazepam