title: Using vignettes in qualitative research to explore barriers and facilitating factors to the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in rural Tanzania: a critical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vignettes are short stories about a hypothetical person, traditionally used within research (quantitative or qualitative) on sensitive topics in the developed world. Studies using vignettes in the developing world are emerging, but with no critical examination of their usefulness in such settings. We describe the development and application of vignettes to a qualitative investigation of barriers to uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) HIV services in rural Tanzania in 2012, and critique the successes and challenges of using the technique in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) group activities (3 male; 3 female groups from Kisesa, north-west Tanzania) were used to develop a vignette representing realistic experiences of an HIV-infected pregnant woman in the community. The vignette was discussed during in-depth interviews with 16 HIV-positive women, 3 partners/relatives, and 5 HIV-negative women who had given birth recently. A critical analysis was applied to assess the development, implementation and usefulness of the vignette.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of in-depth interviewees understood the concept of the vignette and felt the story was realistic, although the story or questions needed repeating in some cases. In-depth interviewers generally applied the vignette as intended, though occasionally were unsure whether to steer the conversation back to the vignette character when participants segued into personal experiences. Interviewees were occasionally confused by questions and responded with what the character should do rather than would do; also confusing fieldworkers and presenting difficulties for researchers in interpretation. Use of the vignette achieved the main objectives, putting most participants at ease and generating data on barriers to PMTCT service uptake. Participants' responses to the vignette often reflected their own experience (revealed later in the interviews).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participatory group research is an effective method for developing vignettes. A vignette was incorporated into qualitative interview discussion guides and used successfully in rural Africa to draw out barriers to PMTCT service use; vignettes may also be valuable in HIV, health service use and drug adherence research in this setting. Application of this technique can prove challenging for fieldworkers, so thorough training should be provided prior to its use.
authors: Annabelle
authors: A
authors: Gourlay
authors: National Institute for Medical Research, P,O, Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania. gmshana@nimr.or.tz.
authors: Gerry
authors: G
authors: Mshana
authors: Isolde
authors: I
authors: Birdthistle
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: Bulugu
authors: Basia
authors: B
authors: Zaba
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Urassa
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups / Q000379:methods*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology; D012424:Rural Population; D012747:Sexual Partners; D013636:Tanzania