title: Efficacy of photographic educational materials for carbohydrate counting training of adolescents with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbohydrate counting (CHC) is ack - nowledged by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) as an important tool.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of photographic educational materials to train adolescents with DM to perform CHC.
  
  
  METHODS
  76 adolescents were randomly divided into two groups of CHC orientation: by means of photographic materials (Photo) or by a list of foods (List). One month afterwards, the participants were contacted via telephone to answer questions on CHC to reinforce the training (Quiz). Two days after taking the quiz, required the participants to visit an experimental kitchen to observe food portions in natura and to respond to a questionnaire on the weights in grams or carbohydrate equivalents of these portions. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  54 adolescents completed the study (79.7% female), with 51.8% allocated to the Photo group and 48.1% to the List group. The mean age was 13.8 ± 2.0 years old, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 21.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2. The participants had average of 7.9 ± 1.5 years of schooling, while their parents had 8.0 ± 3.8 years. The knowledge of CHC was similar in both groups before the intervention. After the intervention, the Photo group achieved a significantly higher hit difference on the CHC assessment test than the List group (Photo: 2.5 vs List: 1.0; p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The photographic educational material was more effective in helping adolescents with DM understand and learn to perform carbohydrate counting.
authors: Nutritionist. Nutrition Department. Instituto da Criança/Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-HCFMUSP. São Paulo/ SP Brazil.. adriana.gandolfo@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Servilha Gandolfo
authors: Nutritionist. Federal University of Alfenas. Alfenas/ MG Brazil.. adriana.gandolfo@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors: Débora
authors: D
authors: Vasconcelos Bastos
authors: Nutritionist, Federal University of Alfenas. Alfenas/ MG Brazil.. adriana.gandolfo@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors: Bruna Abreu
authors: BA
authors: Jabur Makluf
authors: Nutritionist,Nutrition Department. Instituto da Criança / Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - HCFMUSP.. adriana.gandolfo@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors: Lenycia
authors: L
authors: de Cassya Lopes Neri
authors: Pediatric Endocrinology Unit. Instituto da Criança / Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - HCFMUSP). São Paulo/ SP Brazil.. adriana.gandolfo@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors: Roberta
authors: R
authors: Diaz Savoldelli
authors: Attending Physician. Coordinator of the Diabetes Unit. Instituto da Criança / Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - HCFMUSP.. adriana.gandolfo@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors: Thais
authors: T
authors: Della Manna
authors: MD. PhD. Chair of the Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit. Instituto da Criança / Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - HCFMUSP.. adriana.gandolfo@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors: Durval
authors: D
authors: Damiani
authors: MD. PhD. Professor of the Department of Pediatrics. Instituto da Criança / Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - HCFMUSP. Brazil.. adriana.gandolfo@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors: Alexandre
authors: A
authors: Archanjo Ferraro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates