title: Cardiovascular risks of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional anti-inflammatory drugs: necessary but not sufficient for clinical decision making.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors were initially developed, then received regulatory approval and were subsequently widely marketed to achieve effective pain relief in patients with inflammatory conditions while decreasing gastrointestinal complications. Gastrointestinal symptoms as well as signs had been a major concern with the use of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Individual clinical judgements about the prescription of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for relief of pain from inflammatory arthritis should not be limited to risks of cardiovascular disease but should also consider gastrointestinal complications, symptoms as well as signs, and other benefits which include, but are not limited to improvements in quality of life resulting from decreases in pain or impairment from musculoskeletal pain syndromes.
authors: Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
authors: Charles H
authors: CH
authors: Hennekens
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Borzak
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Bjorkman
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003657:Decision Making; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors