title: IGF-I levels and depressive disorders: results from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP).
abstract: In vitro and in vivo models revealed that the somatotropic system exerts central effects on the central nervous system. Disturbances to this system such as in the case of growth hormone deficiency or growth hormone excess, are associated with a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Nonetheless, there is no epidemiological data available regarding the influence of growth hormone and its mediator, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), on depressive disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate whether endogenous IGF-I levels may predict depression in humans. We included 4079 adult subjects from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a population-based study with a 5-year follow-up period. The main predictor was the baseline IGF-I value categorized in three levels as <10th percentile, between the 10th and the 90th percentile (the reference group) and >90th percentile. The outcome measure was the incidence of depressive disorders according to the Composite International Diagnostic-Screener (CID-S). After adjustment for potential confounding variables, females with IGF-I levels below the 10th percentile had a higher incidence of depressive disorders during follow-up (OR 2.70 95% CI 1.38-5.28, p=0.004) compared to females within the reference group (10th-90th percentile). Among males, those with IGF-I levels above the 90th percentile had a higher risk of depressive disorder (OR 3.26 95% CI 1.52-6.98, p=0.002) than those within the 10th-90th percentile. In conclusion we can demonstrate that low IGF-I levels in females and high IGF-I levels in males predict the development of depressive disorders in this general adult population sample.
authors: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: csievers@mpipsykl.mpg.de.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Sievers
authors: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Auer
authors: German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, Epidemiology Unit, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Berlin, Germany.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Klotsche
authors: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Athanasoulia
authors: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany.
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Schneider
authors: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nauck
authors: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Völzke
authors: Institute of Social Medicine and Prevention, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors: U
authors: U
authors: John
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Germany.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Schulz
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Germany.
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Freyberger
authors: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Friedrich
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Dental Materials, Center of Oral Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Biffar
authors: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
authors: G K
authors: GK
authors: Stalla
authors: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Wallaschofski
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Germany.
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Grabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
keywords: Affective disorders; Depression; Depressive disorders; Growth hormone; IGF-I