title: The streamlined genome of Phytomonas spp. relative to human pathogenic kinetoplastids reveals a parasite tailored for plants.
abstract: Members of the family Trypanosomatidae infect many organisms, including animals, plants and humans. Plant-infecting trypanosomes are grouped under the single genus Phytomonas, failing to reflect the wide biological and pathological diversity of these protists. While some Phytomonas spp. multiply in the latex of plants, or in fruit or seeds without apparent pathogenicity, others colonize the phloem sap and afflict plants of substantial economic value, including the coffee tree, coconut and oil palms. Plant trypanosomes have not been studied extensively at the genome level, a major gap in understanding and controlling pathogenesis. We describe the genome sequences of two plant trypanosomatids, one pathogenic isolate from a Guianan coconut and one non-symptomatic isolate from Euphorbia collected in France. Although these parasites have extremely distinct pathogenic impacts, very few genes are unique to either, with the vast majority of genes shared by both isolates. Significantly, both Phytomonas spp. genomes consist essentially of single copy genes for the bulk of their metabolic enzymes, whereas other trypanosomatids e.g. Leishmania and Trypanosoma possess multiple paralogous genes or families. Indeed, comparison with other trypanosomatid genomes revealed a highly streamlined genome, encoding for a minimized metabolic system while conserving the major pathways, and with retention of a full complement of endomembrane organelles, but with no evidence for functional complexity. Identification of the metabolic genes of Phytomonas provides opportunities for establishing in vitro culturing of these fastidious parasites and new tools for the control of agricultural plant disease.
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France ; Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, Evry, France ; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, Evry, France.
authors: Betina M
authors: BM
authors: Porcel
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France ; Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, Evry, France ; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, Evry, France.
authors: France
authors: F
authors: Denoeud
authors: de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors: Fred
authors: F
authors: Opperdoes
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France.
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Noel
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France.
authors: Mohammed-Amine
authors: MA
authors: Madoui
authors: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors: Tansy C
authors: TC
authors: Hammarton
authors: Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Mark C
authors: MC
authors: Field
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France.
authors: Corinne
authors: C
authors: Da Silva
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France.
authors: Arnaud
authors: A
authors: Couloux
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Poulain
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Katinka
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France ; Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, Evry, France ; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, Evry, France.
authors: Kamel
authors: K
authors: Jabbari
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France.
authors: Jean-Marc
authors: JM
authors: Aury
authors: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Campbell
authors: Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Roxana
authors: R
authors: Cintron
authors: Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors: Nicholas J
authors: NJ
authors: Dickens
authors: Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Docampo
authors: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors: Nancy R
authors: NR
authors: Sturm
authors: Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: V Lila
authors: VL
authors: Koumandou
authors: CIRAD, TA A-98/F, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
authors: Sandrine
authors: S
authors: Fabre
authors: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
authors: Pavel
authors: P
authors: Flegontov
authors: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
authors: Julius
authors: J
authors: Lukeš
authors: The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
authors: Shulamit
authors: S
authors: Michaeli
authors: Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors: Jeremy C
authors: JC
authors: Mottram
authors: Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: Balázs
authors: B
authors: Szöőr
authors: Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Zilberstein
authors: Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France.
authors: Frédéric
authors: F
authors: Bringaud
authors: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France ; Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, Evry, France ; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, Evry, France.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Wincker
authors: CIRAD, TA A-98/F, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Dollet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003059:Cocos / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D003069:Coffee / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D005602:France; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D016830:Kinetoplastida / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D012639:Seeds / Q000469:parasitology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014351:Trypanosomatina / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee