title: A novel flotation technique for the separation of nonadherent micro-organisms from a substrate.
abstract: An understanding of adherence ability is crucial in many areas, for example, in research on biofilms, evaluation of probiotics or in biotechnology. In all these analyses, the reproducible washing is very important in the prevention of false results. During washing, the force, direction of the flow, position of the pipette tip, number of washing cycles, type of washing solution and the way of removing the washing solution can be sources of inappropriate stress to attached cells. To overcome these problems, we here propose the use of high mass density solutions as flotation agents. As the density of bacteria is lower than that of the flotation solutions, nonattached or weakly attached bacteria are moved to the surface due to hydrostatic force. Caesium chloride, ammonium nitrate and sodium diatrizoate solutions, which are commonly used as FAs, were compared with a standard method of rinsing. Several concentrations of agents were used to investigate the optimal concentration and influence of hydrostatic pressure on adhered micro-organisms. We show that flotation is a rapid method for distinguishing between adhered and weakly attached or loosed cells with reproducible results. Due to its range of possible mass density concentration, the best FA was shown to be caesium chloride.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study that suggests using flotation agents to separate planktonic from adhered bacteria. When a high-density solution is used, buoyancy of bacteria ensures their segregation in the solution. Flotation agents could be used instead of washing procedure, which is inaccurate and hardly reproducible. High-density flotation agents could be used for more precise evaluation of bacterial adherence in many assays, such as research of biofilms or evaluation of probiotics.
authors: Dairy Research Institute, Ltd., Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Kadlec
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Jakubec
authors: Zoran
authors: Z
authors: Jaglic
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms; D002586:Cesium / Q000737:chemistry; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D003973:Diatrizoate / Q000737:chemistry; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D009566:Nitrates; D012996:Solutions; D003973:Diatrizoate; D002586:Cesium; C031618:sodium nitrate; C028019:cesium chloride
keywords: adherence; biofilm; caesium chloride; flotation; washing procedure