title: Critical Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Different Phases of Wound Healing.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  This review highlights the critical role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)1-3 within different phases of wound healing, in particular, late-stage wound healing. It is also very important to identify the TGF-β1-controlling factors involved in slowing down the healing process upon wound epithelialization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  TGF-β1, as a growth factor, is a known proponent of dermal fibrosis. Several strategies to modulate or regulate TGF's actions have been thoroughly investigated in an effort to create successful therapies. This study reviews current discourse regarding the many roles of TGF-β1 in wound healing by modulating infiltrated immune cells and the extracellular matrix.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is well established that TGF-β1 functions as a wound-healing promoting factor, and thereby if in excess it may lead to overhealing outcomes, such as hypertrophic scarring and keloid. Thus, the regulation of TGF-β1 in the later stages of the healing process remains as critical issue of which to better understand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One hypothesis is that cell communication is the key to regulate later stages of wound healing. To elucidate the role of keratinocyte/fibroblast cross talk in controlling the later stages of wound healing we need to: (1) identify those keratinocyte-released factors which would function as wound-healing stop signals, (2) evaluate the functionality of these factors in controlling the outcome of the healing process, and (3) formulate topical vehicles for these antifibrogenic factors to improve or even prevent the development of hypertrophic scarring and keloids as a result of deep trauma, burn injuries, and any type of surgical incision.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada .
authors: Mohammadreza
authors: M
authors: Pakyari
authors: Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada . ; Professional Fire Fighters' Burn & Wound Healing Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada .
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Farrokhi
authors: Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada . ; Professional Fire Fighters' Burn & Wound Healing Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada .
authors: Mohsen Khosravi
authors: MK
authors: Maharlooei
authors: Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada . ; Professional Fire Fighters' Burn & Wound Healing Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada .
authors: Aziz
authors: A
authors: Ghahary