title: Impact of diabetic retinopathy on late cardiac events after percutaneous coronary intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic retinopathy has been identified as a predictor of cardiovascular events and heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to assess the impact of diabetic retinopathy on the incidence of late cardiac events following percutaneous coronary intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 88 consecutive DM patients who underwent elective percutaneous coronary intervention and whose ophthalmologic records were available. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with diabetic retinopathy (DR+ group; n=47), and those without diabetic retinopathy (DR- group; n=41). We examined the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and acute heart failure requiring emergency admission over a period of up to 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the DR+ group were likely to have a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the event-free survival rates for all MACE, myocardial infarction, and heart failure were significantly lower in the DR+ group than in the DR- group (p=0.002, p=0.025, and p=0.022, respectively). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis indicated that the presence of DR was a significant predictor of MACE (hazard ratio: 8.7; 95% CI: 1.1-69.8, p=0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of DR might be a useful predictor of late cardiac events following percutaneous coronary intervention.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. Electronic address: akihito17491194@gmail.com.
authors: Akihito
authors: A
authors: Tanaka
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Hideki
authors: H
authors: Ishii
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Yosuke
authors: Y
authors: Tatami
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Yohei
authors: Y
authors: Shibata
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Naohiro
authors: N
authors: Osugi
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Tomoyuki
authors: T
authors: Ota
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Okumura
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Susumu
authors: S
authors: Suzuki
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Yosuke
authors: Y
authors: Inoue
authors: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Toyoaki
authors: T
authors: Murohara
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Diabetic retinopathy; Late cardiac events; Percutaneous coronary intervention