title: The economic burden of smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in rural South-West China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the direct and indirect costs of chronic diseases attributed to smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in a given year (2011) in rural southwest China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prevalence-based, disease-specific attributable-risk approach was used to estimate the economic burden of chronic diseases attributable to both smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 17 158 consenting adults aged ≥18 years was used to derive prevalence of smoking and exposure to SHS, as well as direct and indirect costs of chronic diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study population, the prevalence rates of smoking and exposure to SHS are 73.1 and 38.2% for males and 1.4 and 43.4% for females, respectively. The total costs of illness are $25.85 million for COPD, $18.80 million for asthma, $37.25 million for CHD, $17.91 million for stroke, $264.35 million for hypertension and $17.11 million for peptic ulcer. The estimated costs attributable to smoking and exposure to SHS are $95.51 million and $79.35 million, accounting for 7.15 and 5.94% of local healthcare costs, respectively. Of the total costs of tobacco, direct costs and indirect costs are $94.66 million and $0.85 million for smoking, and $78.22 million and $1.36 million for exposure to SHS. Smoking contributes more cost of illness than exposure to SHS in men, whereas exposure to SHS contributes more cost of illness than smoking in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking and exposure to SHS produce substantial economic burden as well as have a considerable public health impact in rural southwest China.
authors: School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University , Kunming , China.
authors: Le
authors: L
authors: Cai
authors: Wenlong
authors: W
authors: Cui
authors: Jianhui
authors: J
authors: He
authors: Xinan
authors: X
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: China; chronic diseases; economic burden; exposure to secondhand smoke; smoking