title: Behavioral signatures related to genetic disorders in autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is well recognized to be genetically heterogeneous. It is assumed that the genetic risk factors give rise to a broad spectrum of indistinguishable behavioral presentations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested this assumption by analyzing the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) symptom profiles in samples comprising six genetic disorders that carry an increased risk for ASD (22q11.2 deletion, Down's syndrome, Prader-Willi, supernumerary marker chromosome 15, tuberous sclerosis complex and Klinefelter syndrome; total n = 322 cases, groups ranging in sample sizes from 21 to 90 cases). We mined the data to test the existence and specificity of ADI-R profiles using a multiclass extension of support vector machine (SVM) learning. We subsequently applied the SVM genetic disorder algorithm on idiopathic ASD profiles from the Autism Genetics Resource Exchange (AGRE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic disorders were associated with behavioral specificity, indicated by the accuracy and certainty of SVM predictions; one-by-one genetic disorder stratifications were highly accurate leading to 63% accuracy of correct genotype prediction when all six genetic disorder groups were analyzed simultaneously. Application of the SVM algorithm to AGRE cases indicated that the algorithm could detect similarity of genetic behavioral signatures in idiopathic ASD subjects. Also, affected sib pairs in the AGRE were behaviorally more similar when they had been allocated to the same genetic disorder group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide evidence for genotype-phenotype correlations in relation to autistic symptomatology. SVM algorithms may be used to stratify idiopathic cases of ASD according to behavioral signature patterns associated with genetic disorders. Together, the results suggest a new approach for disentangling the heterogeneity of ASD.
authors: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Postbus 85500, Heidelberglaan 100 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Hilgo
authors: H
authors: Bruining
authors: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Marinus Jc
authors: MJ
authors: Eijkemans
authors: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Martien Jh
authors: MJ
authors: Kas
authors: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
authors: Sarah R
authors: SR
authors: Curran
authors: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Postbus 85500, Heidelberglaan 100 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Jacob As
authors: JA
authors: Vorstman
authors: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
authors: Patrick F
authors: PF
authors: Bolton