title: Naloxone for opioid overdose prevention: pharmacists' role in community-based practice settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deaths related to opioid overdose have increased in the past decade. Community-based pharmacy practitioners have worked toward overcoming logistic and cultural barriers to make naloxone distribution for overdose prevention a standard and accepted practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe outpatient naloxone dispensing practices, including methods by which practitioners implement dispensing programs, prescribing patterns that include targeted patient populations, barriers to successful implementation, and methods for patient education.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with providers to obtain insight into the practice of dispensing naloxone. Practitioners were based in community pharmacies or clinics in large metropolitan cities across the country.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that 33% of participating pharmacists practice in a community-pharmacy setting, and 67% practice within an outpatient clinic-based location. Dispensing naloxone begins by identifying patient groups that would benefit from access to the antidote. These include licit users of high-dose prescription opioids (50%) or injection drug users and abusers of prescription medications (83%). Patients were identified through prescription records or provider screening tools. Dispensing naloxone required a provider's prescription in 5 of the 6 locations identified. Only 1 pharmacy was able to exercise pharmacist prescriptive authority within their practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outpatient administration of intramuscular and intranasal naloxone represents a means of preventing opioid-related deaths. Pharmacists can play a vital role in contacting providers, provision of products, education of patients and providers, and dissemination of information throughout the community. Preventing opioid overdose-related deaths should become a major focus of the pharmacy profession.
authors: University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors: Abby M
authors: AM
authors: Bailey
authors: Daniel P
authors: DP
authors: Wermeling
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000458:organization & administration; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000506:poisoning; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024382:Professional Role
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone
keywords: antidote; intranasal; naloxone; opioids; overdose