title: Executive function processes predict mobility outcomes in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between performance on executive function measures and subsequent mobility outcomes in community-dwelling older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Champaign-Urbana, Illinois.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling older adults (N = 179; mean age 66.4).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-month exercise trial with two arms: an aerobic exercise group and a stretching and strengthening group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Established cognitive tests of executive function (flanker task, task switching, and a dual-task paradigm) and the Wisconsin card sort test. Mobility was assessed using the timed 8-foot up and go test and times to climb up and down a flight of stairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed the cognitive tests at baseline and the mobility measures at baseline and after 12 months of the intervention. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether baseline executive function predicted postintervention functional performance after controlling for age, sex, education, cardiorespiratory fitness, and baseline mobility levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Selective baseline executive function measurements, particularly performance on the flanker task (β = 0.15-0.17) and the Wisconsin card sort test (β = 0.11-0.16) consistently predicted mobility outcomes at 12 months. The estimates were in the expected direction, such that better baseline performance on the executive function measures predicted better performance on the timed mobility tests independent of intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Executive functions of inhibitory control, mental set shifting, and attentional flexibility were predictive of functional mobility. Given the literature associating mobility limitations with disability, morbidity, and mortality, these results are important for understanding the antecedents to poor mobility function that well-designed interventions to improve cognitive performance can attenuate.
authors: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
authors: Neha P
authors: NP
authors: Gothe
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Fanning
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Awick
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Chung
authors: Thomas R
authors: TR
authors: Wójcicki
authors: Erin A
authors: EA
authors: Olson
authors: Sean P
authors: SP
authors: Mullen
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Voss
authors: Kirk I
authors: KI
authors: Erickson
authors: Arthur F
authors: AF
authors: Kramer
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: McAuley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D011379:Prognosis; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: cognitive; executive function; functional fitness; mobility outcomes