title: Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool: occurrences, implications and future needs.
abstract: Disinfection of swimming pool water is essential to deactivate pathogenic microorganisms. Many swimming pools apply chlorine or bromine based disinfectants to prevent microbial growth. The chlorinated swimming pool water contains higher chlorine residual and is maintained at a higher temperature than a typical drinking water distribution system. It constitutes environments with high levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in water and air as a consequence of continuous disinfection and constant organic loading from the bathers. Exposure to those DBPs is inevitable for any bather or trainer, while such exposures can have elevated risks to human health. To date, over 70 peer-reviewed publications have reported various aspects of swimming pool, including types and quantities of DBPs, organic loads from bathers, factors affecting DBPs formation in swimming pool, human exposure and their potential risks. This paper aims to review the state of research on swimming pool including with the focus of DBPs in swimming pools, understand their types and variability, possible health effects and analyze the factors responsible for the formation of various DBPs in a swimming pool. The study identifies the current challenges and future research needs to minimize DBPs formation in a swimming pool and their consequent negative effects to bathers and trainers.
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Group, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: schowdhury@kfupm.edu.sa.
authors: Shakhawat
authors: S
authors: Chowdhury
authors: Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: Alhooshani
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, SC, USA.
authors: Tanju
authors: T
authors: Karanfil
mesh_terms: D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004203:Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D013551:Swimming Pools; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Chlorinated swimming pool; Constant organic load; Continuous disinfection; DBPs formation; Human exposure