title: Dietary determinants of hepatic steatosis and visceral adiposity in overweight and obese youth at risk of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary determinants of hepatic steatosis, an important precursor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are undefined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We explored the roles of sugar and fat intake as determinants of hepatic steatosis and visceral obesity in overweight adolescents at risk of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of dietary patterns and adipose tissue distribution in 74 overweight adolescents (aged: 15.4 ± 1.8 y; body mass index z score: 2.2 ± 0.4). Main outcome measures were hepatic steatosis (≥5.5% fat:water) measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and visceral obesity (visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio ≥0.25) measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Main exposure variables were dietary intake and habits assessed by the Harvard Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatic steatosis and visceral obesity were evident in 43% and 44% of the sample, respectively. Fried food consumption was more common in adolescents with hepatic steatosis than in adolescents without hepatic steatosis (41% compared with 18%; P = 0.04). Total fat intake (β = 0.51, P = 0.03) and the consumption of >35% of daily energy intake from fat (OR: 11.8; 95% CI: 1.6, 86.6; P = 0.02) were both positively associated with hepatic steatosis. Available carbohydrate (β = 0.54, P = 0.02) and the frequent consumption of soda were positively associated with visceral obesity (OR: 6.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 34.0; P = 0.03). Daily fiber intake was associated with reduced odds of visceral obesity (OR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.98; P = 0.02) but not hepatic steatosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatic steatosis is associated with a greater intake of fat and fried foods, whereas visceral obesity is associated with increased consumption of sugar and reduced consumption of fiber in overweight and obese adolescents at risk of type 2 diabetes.
authors: Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada (RCM, MS, ACM, JH, BAW, KDMW, EACS, HJD, and JMM); the Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (RCM, MS, ACM, JH, BAW, KDMW, EACS, HJD, and JMM); the Department of Physiotherapy, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada (KDMW); CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (LR); and the Diabetes Research Group Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada (LB).
authors: Rebecca C
authors: RC
authors: Mollard
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Sénéchal
authors: Andrea C
authors: AC
authors: MacIntosh
authors: Jacqueline
authors: J
authors: Hay
authors: Brandy A
authors: BA
authors: Wicklow
authors: Kristy D M
authors: KD
authors: Wittmeier
authors: Elizabeth A C
authors: EA
authors: Sellers
authors: Heather J
authors: HJ
authors: Dean
authors: Lawrence
authors: L
authors: Ryner
authors: Lori
authors: L
authors: Berard
authors: Jonathan M
authors: JM
authors: McGavock
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008350:Manitoba / Q000453:epidemiology; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose