title: Tumour T1 changes in vivo are highly predictive of response to chemotherapy and reflect the number of viable tumour cells--a preclinical MR study in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective chemotherapy rapidly reduces the spin-lattice relaxation of water protons (T1) in solid tumours and this change (ΔT1) often precedes and strongly correlates with the eventual change in tumour volume (TVol). To understand the biological nature of ΔT1, we have performed studies in vivo and ex vivo with the allosteric mTOR inhibitor, everolimus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice bearing RIF-1 tumours were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine TVol and T1, and MR spectroscopy (MRS) to determine levels of the proliferation marker choline and levels of lipid apoptosis markers, prior to and 5 days (endpoint) after daily treatment with vehicle or everolimus (10 mg/kg). At the endpoint, tumours were ablated and an entire section analysed for cellular and necrotic quantification and staining for the proliferation antigen Ki67 and cleaved-caspase-3 as a measure of apoptosis. The number of blood-vessels (BV) was evaluated by CD31 staining. Mice bearing B16/BL6 melanoma tumours were studied by MRI to determine T1 under similar everolimus treatment. At the endpoint, cell bioluminescence of the tumours was measured ex vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Everolimus blocked RIF-1 tumour growth and significantly reduced tumour T1 and total choline (Cho) levels, and increased polyunsaturated fatty-acids which are markers of apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry showed that everolimus reduced the %Ki67+ cells but did not affect caspase-3 apoptosis, necrosis, BV-number or cell density. The change in T1 (ΔT1) correlated strongly with the changes in TVol and Cho and %Ki67+. In B16/BL6 tumours, everolimus also decreased T1 and this correlated with cell bioluminescence; another marker of cell viability. Receiver-operating-characteristic curves (ROC) for everolimus on RIF-1 tumours showed that ΔT1 had very high levels of sensitivity and specificity (ROCAUC = 0.84) and this was confirmed for the cytotoxic patupilone in the same tumour model (ROCAUC = 0.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that ΔT1 is not a measure of cell density but reflects the decreased number of remaining viable and proliferating tumour cells due to perhaps cell and tissue destruction releasing proteins and/or metals that cause T1 relaxation. ΔT1 is a highly sensitive and specific predictor of response. This MRI method provides the opportunity to stratify a patient population during tumour therapy in the clinic.
authors: Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. claudia.weidensteiner@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Weidensteiner
authors: Peter R
authors: PR
authors: Allegrini
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Sticker-Jantscheff
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Romanet
authors: Stephane
authors: S
authors: Ferretti
authors: Paul M J
authors: PM
authors: McSheehy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D000068338:Everolimus; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000068338:Everolimus; D020123:Sirolimus