title: Promiscuous MYC locus rearrangements hijack enhancers but mostly super-enhancers to dysregulate MYC expression in multiple myeloma.
abstract: MYC locus rearrangements-often complex combinations of translocations, insertions, deletions and inversions-in multiple myeloma (MM) were thought to be a late progression event, which often did not involve immunoglobulin genes. Yet, germinal center activation of MYC expression has been reported to cause progression to MM in an MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance)-prone mouse strain. Although previously detected in 16% of MM, we find MYC rearrangements in nearly 50% of MM, including smoldering MM, and they are heterogeneous in some cases. Rearrangements reposition MYC near a limited number of genes associated with conventional enhancers, but mostly with super-enhancers (e.g., IGH, IGL, IGK, NSMCE2, TXNDC5, FAM46C, FOXO3, IGJ, PRDM1). MYC rearrangements are associated with a significant increase of MYC expression that is monoallelic, but MM tumors lacking a rearrangement have biallelic MYC expression at significantly higher levels than in MGUS. We also have shown that germinal center activation of MYC does not cause MM in a mouse strain that rarely develops spontaneous MGUS. It appears that increased MYC expression at the MGUS/MM transition usually is biallelic, but sometimes can be monoallelic if there is an MYC rearrangement. Our data suggest that MYC rearrangements, regardless of when they occur during MM pathogenesis, provide one event that contributes to tumor autonomy.
authors: Mayo Clinic Arizona, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13400 E. Shea Blvd Scottsdale, Arizona 85259.
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Affer
authors: Mayo Clinic Arizona, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13400 E. Shea Blvd Scottsdale, Arizona 85259.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Chesi
authors: Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055.
authors: Wei-Dong G
authors: WG
authors: Chen
authors: Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004.
authors: Jonathan J
authors: JJ
authors: Keats
authors: Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055.
authors: Yulia N
authors: YN
authors: Demchenko
authors: Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055.
authors: Anna V
authors: AV
authors: Roschke
authors: Mayo Clinic Arizona, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13400 E. Shea Blvd Scottsdale, Arizona 85259.
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Van Wier
authors: Mayo Clinic Arizona, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13400 E. Shea Blvd Scottsdale, Arizona 85259.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Fonseca
authors: Mayo Clinic Arizona, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13400 E. Shea Blvd Scottsdale, Arizona 85259.
authors: P Leif
authors: PL
authors: Bergsagel
authors: Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055.
authors: W Michael
authors: WM
authors: Kuehl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D016259:Genes, myc; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000235:genetics*