title: Phylogeny of Lamiidae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Lamiidae, a clade composed of approximately 15% of all flowering plants, consists of five orders: Boraginales, Gentianales, Garryales, Lamiales, and Solanales; and four families unplaced in an order: Icacinaceae, Metteniusiaceae, Oncothecaceae, and Vahliaceae. Our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of Lamiidae has improved significantly in recent years, however, relationships among the orders and unplaced families of the clade remain partly unresolved. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the Lamiidae based on an expanded sampling, including all families together, for the first time, in a single phylogenetic analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Analyses included nine plastid regions (atpB, matK, ndhF, psbBTNH, rbcL, rps4, rps16, trnL-F, and trnV-atpE) and the mitochondrial rps3 region, and 129 samples representing all orders and unplaced families of Lamiidae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian trees provide good support for Boraginales sister to Lamiales, with successive outgroups (Solanales + Vahlia) and Gentianales, together comprising the core Lamiidae. Early branching patterns are less well supported, with Garryales only poorly supported as sister to the above 'core' and a weakly supported clade composed of Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, and Oncothecaceae sister to all other Lamiidae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our phylogeny of Lamiidae reveals increased resolution and support for internal relationships that have remained elusive. Within Lamiales, greater resolution also is obtained, but some family interrelationships remain a challenge.
authors: Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA.
authors: Nancy F
authors: NF
authors: Refulio-Rodriguez
authors: Richard G
authors: RG
authors: Olmstead
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000032:analysis*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000235:genetics*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant
keywords: Boraginales; Garryales; Gentianales; Lamiales; Lamiidae; Solanales; chloroplast; mitochondrial