title: Compression of daily activity time in mice lacking functional Per or Cry genes.
abstract: The adjustment of daily activity time (α) to the varying night length in nocturnal creatures was one of the functions originally attributed to a putative dual oscillator structure of circadian pacemakers in mammals. In two experimental approaches, we tested whether this ability is compromised in mice with functional deletions of one of the four circadian clock genes. First, we tested the capability of α compression by long days in mPer1(Brdm1) and mPer2(Brdm1) mutant mice. When exposed to a full L:D 18:6 photoperiod, wild-type and mPer1(Brdm1) mutant mice show compression followed by decompression of α in DD. mPer2(Brdm1) mutant mice did not compress their activity time. The interpretation of these data is, however, complicated by masking due to light. We, therefore, embarked on a second experiment, exploiting skeleton photoperiods. The skeleton photoperiod was changed stepwise from 0 to 24 h, and mCry1 and mCry2 knockout mice were now included in the design. We observed clear and systematic compression of α in wild-type and mCry1 and mCry2 knockout mice. mPer1(Brdm1) and mPer2(Brdm1) mice both poorly entrained to the skeleton photoperiod. The single mPer2(Brdm1) mutant mouse that did entrain did not show α compression. The results show that neither mCry1 nor mCry2 deletions compromise adjustment to day length, consistent with our earlier conclusions on period lengthening in constant light (Spoelstra & Daan, 2008). The mPer2(Brdm1) mutant behaves aberrantly and appears not to respond to the delaying action of light in the late subjective day.
authors: Unit of Chronobiology, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands .
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Spoelstra
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Comas
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Daan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D056931:Cryptochromes / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D003624:Darkness; D005838:Genotype; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D017440:Photoperiod; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C538964:Cry1 protein, mouse; C538967:Cry2 protein, mouse; D056931:Cryptochromes; C539023:Per1 protein, mouse; C513312:Per2 protein, mouse; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins
keywords: Alpha compression; Cry1; Cry2; Mus musculus; Per1; Per2; circadian clock; photoperiod