title: C60 fullerene soil sorption, biodegradation, and plant uptake.
abstract: Assessments of potential exposure to fullerenes and their derivatives in the environment are important, given their increasing production and use. Our study focused on fate processes that determine the movement and bioavailability of fullerenes in soil. We evaluated the sorption, biodegradation, and plant uptake of C60 fullerene using (14)C-labeled C60 solutions in water produced by either solvent exchange with tetrahydrofuran or sonication/extended mixing in water. Organic carbon appeared to have an important influence on C60 soil sorption. The log Koc values for (14)C60 were equivalent for sandy loam and silt loam (3.55 log[mL/g]) but higher for loam (4.00 log[mL/g]), suggesting that other factors, such as pH, clay content and mineralogy, and cation exchange capacity, also influence C60 soil sorption. There was little (14)CO2 production in the silt loam or the sandy loam soil after 754 and 328 days, respectively, suggesting high resistance of C60 to mineralization in soil. Plant uptake was generally low (∼7%), with most of the uptaken (14)C accumulating in the roots (40-47%) and smaller amounts of accumulation in the tuber (22-23%), stem (12-16%), and leaves (18-22%). Our results indicate that C60 released to the environment will not be highly bioavailable but will likely persist in soil for extended periods.
authors: Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and §Texas Tech School of Law, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States.
authors: Raghavendhran
authors: R
authors: Avanasi
authors: William A
authors: WA
authors: Jackson
authors: Brie
authors: B
authors: Sherwin
authors: Joseph F
authors: JF
authors: Mudge
authors: Todd A
authors: TA
authors: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001682:Biological Availability; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D000077215:Clay; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018527:Hydroponics; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000378:metabolism; D031224:Raphanus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013535:Suspensions / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D037741:Fullerenes; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013535:Suspensions; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; C069837:fullerene C60; D000077215:Clay