title: Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent self-reported diagnosis of cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The associations between mental disorders and cancer remain unclear. It is also unknown whether any associations vary according to life stage or gender. This paper examines these research questions using data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative.
  
  
  METHODS
  The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview retrospectively assessed the lifetime prevalence of 16 DSM-IV mental disorders in face-to-face household population surveys in nineteen countries (n = 52,095). Cancer was indicated by self-report of diagnosis. Smoking was assessed in questions about current and past tobacco use. Survival analyses estimated associations between first onset of mental disorders and subsequently reported cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for comorbidity, panic disorder, specific phobia and alcohol abuse were associated with a subsequently self-reported diagnosis of cancer. There was an association between number of mental disorders and the likelihood of reporting a cancer diagnosis following the onset of the mental disorder. This suggests that the associations between mental disorders and cancer risk may be generalised, rather than specific to a particular disorder. Depression is more strongly associated with self-reported cancers diagnosed early in life and in women. PTSD is also associated with cancers diagnosed early in life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports the magnitude of the associations between mental disorders and a self-reported diagnosis of cancer and provides information about the relevance of comorbidity, gender and the impact at different stages of life. The findings point to a link between the two conditions and lend support to arguments for early identification and treatment of mental disorders.
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sm.oneill@ulster.ac.uk.
authors: Siobhan
authors: S
authors: O'Neill
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Jose
authors: J
authors: Posada-Villa
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Maria Elena
authors: ME
authors: Medina-Mora
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Ali Obaid
authors: AO
authors: Al-Hamzawi
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Piazza
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Hisateru
authors: H
authors: Tachimori
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Chiyi
authors: C
authors: Hu
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Lim
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Ronny
authors: R
authors: Bruffaerts
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Jean-Pierre
authors: JP
authors: Lépine
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Herbert
authors: H
authors: Matschinger
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: de Girolamo
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: de Jonge
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Alonso
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Jose Miguel
authors: JM
authors: Caldas-de-Almeida
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Florescu
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Kiejna
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Daphna
authors: D
authors: Levinson
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Ronald C
authors: RC
authors: Kessler
authors: Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Kate M
authors: KM
authors: Scott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Cancer; Epidemiology; Mental disorder; Psychiatry