title: Accelerated hematopoietic syndrome after radiation doses bridging hematopoietic (H-ARS) and gastrointestinal (GI-ARS) acute radiation syndrome: early hematological changes and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in minipig.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize acute radiation syndrome (ARS) sequelae at doses intermediate between the bone marrow (H-ARS) and full gastrointestinal (GI-ARS) syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male minipigs, approximately 5 months old, 9-12 kg in weight, were irradiated with Cobalt-60 (total body, bilateral gamma irradiation, 0.6 Gy/min). Endpoints were 10-day survival, gastrointestinal histology, plasma citrulline, bacterial translocation, vomiting, diarrhea, vital signs, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), febrile neutropenia (FN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We exposed animals to doses (2.2-5.0 Gy) above those causing H-ARS (1.6-2.0 Gy), and evaluated development of ARS. Compared to what was observed during H-ARS (historical data: Moroni et al. 2011a , 2011c ), doses above 2 Gy produced signs of increasingly severe pulmonary damage, faster deterioration of clinical conditions, and faster increases in levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). In the range of 4.6-5.0 Gy, animals died by day 9-10; signs of the classic GI syndrome, as measured by diarrhea, vomiting and bacterial translocation, did not occur. At doses above 2 Gy we observed transient reduction in circulating citrulline levels, and animals exhibited earlier depletion of blood elements and faster onset of SIRS and FN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An accelerated hematopoietic subsyndrome (AH-ARS) is observed at radiation doses between those producing H-ARS and GI-ARS. It is characterized by early onset of SIRS and FN, and greater lung damage, compared to H-ARS.
authors: Radiation Countermeasures Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Moroni
authors: Thomas B
authors: TB
authors: Elliott
authors: Nicolaas E
authors: NE
authors: Deutz
authors: Cara H
authors: CH
authors: Olsen
authors: Rossitsa
authors: R
authors: Owens
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Christensen
authors: Eric D
authors: ED
authors: Lombardini
authors: Mark H
authors: MH
authors: Whitnall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000528:radiation effects; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013577:Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors