title: ACE2: angiotensin II/angiotensin-(1-7) balance in cardiac and renal injury.
abstract: Our current recognition of the renin-angiotensin system is more convoluted than originally thought due to the discovery of multiple novel enzymes, peptides, and receptors inherent in this interactive biochemical cascade. Over the last decade, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has emerged as a key player in the pathophysiology of hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease due to its pivotal role in metabolizing vasoconstrictive/hypertrophic/proliferative angiotensin II into favorable angiotensin-(1-7). This review addresses the considerable advancement in research on the role of tissue ACE2 in the development and progression of hypertension and cardiac and renal injury. We summarize the results from recent clinical and experimental studies suggesting that serum or urine soluble ACE2 may serve as a novel biomarker or independent risk factor relevant for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiorenal disease. We also review recent proceedings on novel therapeutic approaches to enhance ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7) axis.
authors: Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA, jvaragic@wfubmc.edu.
authors: Jasmina
authors: J
authors: Varagic
authors: Sarfaraz
authors: S
authors: Ahmad
authors: Sayaka
authors: S
authors: Nagata
authors: Carlos M
authors: CM
authors: Ferrario
mesh_terms: D000803:Angiotensin I / Q000378:metabolism*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism*; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000803:Angiotensin I; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; C000705307:ACE2 protein, human; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; C118790:angiotensin I (1-7)