title: Differential representation of feedback and decision in adolescents and adults.
abstract: It is widely accepted that brain maturation from adolescence to adulthood contributes to substantial behavioural changes. Despite this, however, knowledge of the precise mechanisms is still sparse. We used fMRI to investigate developmental differences between healthy adolescents (age range 14-15) and adults (age range 20-39) in feedback-related decision making using a probabilistic reversal learning task. Conventionally groups are compared based on continuous values of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) percentage signal change. In contrast, we transformed these values into discrete states and used the pattern of these states to compare groups. We focused our analysis on anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), ventral striatum (VS) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as their functions have been shown to be critical in feedback related decision making. Discretisation of continuous BOLD values revealed differential patterns of activity as compared to conventional statistical methods. Results showed differential representation of feedback and decision in ACC and vmPFC between adolescents and adults but no difference in VS. We argue that the pattern of activity of ACC, vmPFC and VS in adolescents resulted in several drawbacks in decision making such as redundant and imprecise representation of decision and subsequently poorer performance in terms of the number of system changes (change of contingencies). This method can be effectively used to infer group differences from within-group analysis rather than studying the differences by direct between-group comparisons.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive, Perceptual and Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Amir Homayoun
authors: AH
authors: Javadi
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors: Dirk H K
authors: DH
authors: Schmidt
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: michael.smolka@tu-dresden.de.
authors: Michael N
authors: MN
authors: Smolka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012193:Reversal Learning; D012201:Reward; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); Decision-making; Developmental; Probabilistic reversal learning; Reward processing; Uncertainty; Ventral striatum (VS); Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)