title: Relevance of Mediterranean diet and glucose metabolism for nephrolithiasis in obese subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephrolithiasis is more frequent and severe in obese patients from different western nations. This may be supported by higher calcium, urate, oxalate excretion in obese stone formers. Except these parameters, clinical characteristics of obese stone formers were not extensively explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present paper we studied the relationship between obesity and its metabolic correlates and nephrolithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 478 Caucasian subjects having BMI ≥ 25 kg/m². The presence of nephrolithiasis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome were noted. They underwent measurements of anthropometry (BMI and waist circumference, body composition), serum variables (fasting glucose, serum lipids and serum enzymes) and Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) nutritional questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  45 (9.4%) participants were stone formers. Subjects with high serum concentrations of triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dl), fasting glucose (> 100 mg/dl) and AST (>30 U/I in F or >40 U/I in M) were more frequent among stone formers than non-stone formers.Multinomial logistic regression confirmed that kidney stone production was associated with high fasting glucose (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.2-5.2, P = 0.011), AST (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 1.1-16.7, P = 0.033) and triglycerides (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.7, P = 0.01). MedDiet score was not different in stone formers and non-stone formers. However, stone formers had a lower consumption frequency of olive oil and nuts, and higher consumption frequency of wine compared with non-stone formers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight and obese stone formers may have a defect in glucose metabolism and a potential liver damage. Some foods typical of Mediterranean diet may protect against nephrolithiasis.
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy. laura.soldati@unimi.it.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Soldati
authors: Simona
authors: S
authors: Bertoli
authors: Annalisa
authors: A
authors: Terranegra
authors: Caterina
authors: C
authors: Brasacchio
authors: Alessandra
authors: A
authors: Mingione
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Dogliotti
authors: Benedetta
authors: B
authors: Raspini
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Leone
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Frau
authors: Laila
authors: L
authors: Vignati
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Spadafranca
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Vezzoli
authors: Daniele
authors: D
authors: Cusi
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Battezzati
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D005947:Glucose