title: HIV infection and microbial diversity in saliva.
abstract: Limited information is available about the effects of HIV and subsequent antiretroviral treatment on host-microbe interactions. This study aimed to determine the salivary microbial composition for 10 HIV-seropositive subjects, before and 6 months after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), compared with that for 10 HIV-seronegative subjects. A conventional culture and two culture-independent analyses were used and consistently demonstrated differences in microbial composition among the three sets of samples. HIV-positive subjects had higher levels of total cultivable microbes, including oral streptococci, lactobacilli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida, in saliva than did HIV-negative subjects. The total cultivable microbial levels were significantly correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), which compared the overall microbial profiles, showed distinct fingerprinting profiles for each group. The human oral microbe identification microarray (HOMIM) assay, which compared the 16S rRNA genes, showed clear separation among the three sample groups. Veillonella, Synergistetes, and Streptococcus were present in all 30 saliva samples. Only minor changes or no changes in the prevalence of Neisseria, Haemophilus, Gemella, Leptotrichia, Solobacterium, Parvimonas, and Rothia were observed. Seven genera, Capnocytophaga, Slackia, Porphyromonas, Kingella, Peptostreptococcaceae, Lactobacillus, and Atopobium, were detected only in HIV-negative samples. The prevalences of Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas, Actinomyces, Granulicatella, and Atopobium were increased after HAART. In contrast, the prevalence of Aggregatibacter was significantly decreased after HAART. The findings of this study suggest that HIV infection and HAART can have significant effects on salivary microbial colonization and composition.
authors: Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA.
authors: Yihong
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Deepak
authors: D
authors: Saxena
authors: Zhou
authors: Z
authors: Chen
authors: Gaoxia
authors: G
authors: Liu
authors: Willam R
authors: WR
authors: Abrams
authors: Joan A
authors: JA
authors: Phelan
authors: Robert G
authors: RG
authors: Norman
authors: Gene S
authors: GS
authors: Fisch
authors: Patricia M
authors: PM
authors: Corby
authors: Floyd
authors: F
authors: Dewhirst
authors: Bruce J
authors: BJ
authors: Paster
authors: Alexis S
authors: AS
authors: Kokaras
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Malamud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S