title: Relevance of urinary 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene to assess exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in metallurgy workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In metallurgy, workers are exposed to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in which some compounds are carcinogenic. Biomonitoring of PAH exposure has been performed by measuring urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a metabolite of pyrene which is not carcinogenic. This study investigated the use of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP), a metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) which is the main carcinogenic component in PAHs, to improve carcinogen exposure assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 129 metallurgy workers routinely exposed to PAHs during working hours. Urinary samples were collected at three sampling times at the beginning and at the end of the working week for 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Workers in anode production showed greater exposure to both biomarkers than those in cathode or silicon production, with respectively, 71, 40, and 30% of 3-OHBaP concentrations exceeding the value of 0.4 nmol mol(-1) creatinine. No difference was observed between the 3-OHBaP levels found at the end of the penultimate workday shift and those at the beginning of the last workday shift. Within these plants, the 1-OHP/3-OHBaP ratios varied greatly according to the workers' activity and emission sources. Using linear regression between these two metabolites, the 1-OHP level corresponding to the guidance value for 3-OHBaP ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 µmol mol(-1) creatinine, depending on the industrial sector.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study emphasizes the interest of monitoring urinary 3-OHBaP at the end of the last workday shift when working week exposure is relatively steady, and the irrelevance of a single guideline value for 1-OHP when assessing occupational health risk.
authors: 1.EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France 2.Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France.
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Barbeau
authors: 2.Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France.
authors: Renaud
authors: R
authors: Persoons
authors: 1.EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France.
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Marques
authors: 2.Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France.
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Hervé
authors: 3.Aluminum Pechiney, Rio Tinto Alcan, 73300 Saint Jean de Maurienne, France 4.FerroPem, 73870 Montricher, France.
authors: Gilbert
authors: G
authors: Laffitte-Rigaud
authors: 1.EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France 2.Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France anne.maitre@ujf-grenoble.fr.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Maitre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis; D001580:Benzopyrenes / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D001580:Benzopyrenes; D015415:Biomarkers; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D009153:Mutagens; D011721:Pyrenes; C021338:3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene
keywords: 1-hydroxypyrene (CAS n°:5315-79-7); 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (CAS n°: 13345-21-6); biological monitoring; metallurgy; occupational exposure; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)