title: Unfavourable results in hypospadias.
abstract: Hypospadias urethroplasty is considered difficult as the complications and unfavourable results are not uncommon. At the turn of the century, due to a better understanding of applied anatomy of hypospadias, new techniques were developed which significantly brought down the complication rate. However unfavourable results are still disturbing. An algorithm for selection of surgery has been presented. Forty three secondary surgeries were performed over 3 years for correction of unfavourable results. The urethrocutaneous fistula was the most common (21%) followed by meatal stenosis (14%) and narrow neourethra (14%). Common unfavourable results have been discussed. On the basis of experience with a large number of hypospadias urethroplasty 'tips to avoid or minimise unfavourable results' have been presented. However, one should assess the final outcome of urethroplasty using hypospadias objective scoring evaluation.
authors: Department of Burns, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Safdarjang Hospital and VMMC, New Delhi, India.
authors: Karoon
authors: K
authors: Agrawal
authors: Department of Burns, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Safdarjang Hospital and VMMC, New Delhi, India.
authors: Anshumali
authors: A
authors: Misra
keywords: Complication; fistula; hypospadias; stenosis; stricture; unfavourable results; urethroplasty