title: Cytokine candidate genes predict the development of secondary lymphedema following breast cancer surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphedema (LE) is a frequent complication following breast cancer treatment. While progress is being made in the identification of phenotypic risk factors for the development of LE, little information is available on the molecular characterization of LE. The purpose of this study was to determine if variations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes were associated with LE following breast cancer treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast cancer patients completed a number of self-report questionnaires. LE was evaluated using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Genotyping was done using a custom genotyping array. No differences were found between patients with (n=155) and without LE (n=387) for the majority of the demographic and clinical characteristics. Patients with LE had a significantly higher body mass index, more advanced disease, and a higher number of lymph nodes removed. Genetic associations were identified for three genes (i.e., interleukin (IL4) 4 (rs2227284), IL 10 (rs1518111), and nuclear kappa factor beta 2 (NFKB2 (rs1056890)) associated with inflammatory responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These genetic associations suggest a role for a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes in the development of LE following breast cancer treatment.
authors: 1 School of Nursing, University of California , San Francisco, California.
authors: Geraldine
authors: G
authors: Leung
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Baggott
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: West
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Elboim
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Paul
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: Cooper
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Abrams
authors: Anand
authors: A
authors: Dhruva
authors: Brian L
authors: BL
authors: Schmidt
authors: Kord
authors: K
authors: Kober
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Merriman
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Leutwyler
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Neuhaus
authors: Dale
authors: D
authors: Langford
authors: Betty J
authors: BJ
authors: Smoot
authors: Bradley E
authors: BE
authors: Aouizerat
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Miaskowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines