title: Sun-induced freckling: ephelides and solar lentigines.
abstract: Freckles, the lay term for ephelides and lentigines, are important pigmentation characteristics observed in humans. Both are affected by sunlight; ephelides are largely genetically determined but induced by sunlight, whereas lentigines are induced by sun exposure and photodamage of the skin. However, despite being commonly observed, we know very little about them. Here, we review the current status of knowledge about freckles and propose a model for their formation.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Praetorius
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Sturm
authors: Eirikur
authors: E
authors: Steingrimsson
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006200:Hair Color / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007911:Lentigo / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008548:Melanosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020460:Melanosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008954:Models, Biological; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: C515182:ASIP protein, human; D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein; D008543:Melanins; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase
keywords: ephelides; freckles; melanocytes; solar lentigines; stem cells