title: Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in Japanese dwellings.
abstract: The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min-max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (<0.61-936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (<0.56-392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (<0.80-23.35). These values exceeded 50% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (<0.61-1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (<0.56-621.23), TPHP 3.13 (<0.80-27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (<0.65-92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (<0.36-60.64) exceeded 50% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n=48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14% of RfD for toddlers and 4% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.
authors: Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
authors: Shuji
authors: S
authors: Tajima
authors: Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
authors: Atsuko
authors: A
authors: Araki
authors: Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan.
authors: Toshio
authors: T
authors: Kawai
authors: Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan.
authors: Tazuru
authors: T
authors: Tsuboi
authors: Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Ait Bamai
authors: Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Asahikawa Medical University, Department of Health Science, E2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
authors: Eiji
authors: E
authors: Yoshioka
authors: Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
authors: Ayako
authors: A
authors: Kanazawa
authors: Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors: Shi
authors: S
authors: Cong
authors: Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan. Electronic address: rkishi@med.hokudai.ac.
authors: Reiko
authors: R
authors: Kishi
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D005411:Flame Retardants; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds
keywords: Elementary school children; Floor dust; Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs); Reference doses (RfDs); Upper surface dust