title: Quantitative evaluation of alveolar cortical bone density in adults with different vertical facial types using cone-beam computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the cortical bone densities of the maxillary and mandibular alveolar processes in adults with different vertical facial types using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.
  
  
  METHODS
  CBCT images (n = 142) of adult patients (20-45 years) were classified into hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent groups on the basis of linear and angular S-N/Go-Me measurements. The cortical bone densities (in Hounsfield units) at maxillary and mandibular interdental sites from the distal aspect of the canine to the mesial aspect of the second molar were measured on the images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the maxillary buccal side, female subjects in the hyperdivergent group showed significantly decreased bone density, while in the posterior region, male subjects in the hyperdivergent group displayed significantly decreased bone density when compared with corresponding subjects in the other groups (p<0.001). Furthermore, the subjects in the hyperdivergent group had significantly lower bone densities on the mandibular buccal side than hypodivergent subjects. The maxillary palatal bone density did not differ significantly among groups, but female subjects showed significantly denser palatal cortical bone. No significant difference in bone density was found between the palatal and buccal sides in the maxillary premolar region. Overall, the palatal cortical bone was denser anteriorly and buccal cortical bone was denser posteriorly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults with the hyperdivergent facial type tend to have less-dense buccal cortical bone in the maxillary and mandibular alveolar processes. Clinicians should be aware of the variability of cortical bone densities at mini-implant placement sites.
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Fulya
authors: F
authors: Ozdemir
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Tozlu
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Derya
authors: D
authors: Germec Cakan
keywords: Bone-implant contact; Computed tomography; Facial type; Orthodontic mini-implant