title: Palmitic acid suppresses apolipoprotein M gene expression via the pathway of PPARβ/δ in HepG2 cells.
abstract: It has been demonstrated that apolipoprotein M (APOM) is a vasculoprotective constituent of high density lipoprotein (HDL), which could be related to the anti-atherosclerotic property of HDL. Investigation of regulation of APOM expression is of important for further exploring its pathophysiological function in vivo. Our previous studies indicated that expression of APOM could be regulated by platelet activating factor (PAF), transforming growth factors (TGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), leptin, hyperglycemia and etc., in vivo and/or in vitro. In the present study, we demonstrated that palmitic acid could significantly inhibit APOM gene expression in HepG2 cells. Further study indicated neither PI-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 nor protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GFX could abolish palmitic acid induced down-regulation of APOM expression. In contrast, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) antagonist GSK3787 could totally reverse the palmitic acid-induced down-regulation of APOM expression, which clearly demonstrates that down-regulation of APOM expression induced by palmitic acid is mediated via the PPARβ/δ pathway.
authors: Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, PR China.
authors: Guanghua
authors: G
authors: Luo
authors: Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, PR China.
authors: Yuanping
authors: Y
authors: Shi
authors: Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, PR China.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, PR China.
authors: Qinfeng
authors: Q
authors: Mu
authors: Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, PR China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Qin
authors: Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, PR China.
authors: Lu
authors: L
authors: Zheng
authors: Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, PR China.
authors: Yuehua
authors: Y
authors: Feng
authors: Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Berggren-Söderlund
authors: Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Nilsson-Ehle
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, PR China. Electronic address: zhangxy6689996@163.com.
authors: Xiaoying
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden. Electronic address: ning.xu@med.lu.se.
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D000075243:Apolipoproteins M; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000235:genetics*; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D048068:PPAR-beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D000075243:Apolipoproteins M; D001549:Benzamides; D002867:Chromones; D007211:Indoles; D054834:Lipocalins; D008301:Maleimides; D009025:Morpholines; D047494:PPAR delta; D048068:PPAR-beta; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013450:Sulfones; C547957:4-chloro-N-(2-((5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyl)sulfonyl)ethyl)benzamide; C400523:APOM protein, human; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C070515:bisindolylmaleimide I
keywords: Apolipoprotein M; PI-3 kinase; Palmitic acid; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta; Protein kinase C