title: Association of upstream clopidogrel administration and myocardial reperfusion assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) guidelines recommend initiation of clopidogrel treatment as early as possible before angiography, based on pharmacokinetic and positive registry data. However, the mechanisms of the beneficial effect of clopidogrel pretreatment are unclear. Aim of this study was to investigate the impact of upstream clopidogrel on infarct size and microvascular obstruction (MO) assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in STEMI patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  STEMI patients reperfused by primary angioplasty (n=423) <12 h after symptom onset underwent CMR 3 days (IQR 2-4) after the index event. Infarct size and MO were measured 15 min after gadolinium injection as percentage of left ventricular mass (%LV). Clopidogrel administration (loading dose pre or post catheterisation laboratory arrival) was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19.9% (n=84) of patients received clopidogrel prior to catheterisation laboratory arrival. Infarct size did not differ significantly in patients with versus those without upstream clopidogrel treatment (17.0%LV [IQR 6.3-25.1] vs. 17.9%LV [IQR 8.7-28.8]; p=0.13). In contrast, the prevalence and extent of MO were significantly reduced in patients receiving upstream clopidogrel treatment (prevalence of MO: 57.8% vs. 73.8%; p=0.004/ extent of MO: 0.41%LV [IQR 0.00-0.90] vs. 0.80%LV [IQR 0.00-2.55]; p<0.001). After adjustment for baseline characteristics associated with the occurrence of MO, pretreatment with clopidogrel remained significantly associated with the absence of MO (OR 0.39, 95%CI 0.22-0.71; p=0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upstream clopidogrel treatment prior to catheterisation laboratory arrival is associated with a significant decrease in the prevalence and extent of MO. A randomised trial is warranted to confirm these results.
authors: University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors: Suzanne
authors: S
authors: de Waha
authors: Ingo
authors: I
authors: Eitel
authors: Steffen
authors: S
authors: Desch
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Fuernau
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Lurz
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Schuler
authors: Holger
authors: H
authors: Thiele
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine
keywords: Antiplatelets; infarct size; microvascular obstruction; myocardial infarction; reperfusion