title: Secular trends in the use of vitamins, minerals and fish-oil products in two cohorts of community-dwelling older people in Helsinki--population-based surveys in 1999 and 2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine and compare the prevalence of use of vitamins, minerals, and fish-oil products (VMFO) in Finnish community-dwelling older people at two time points over a decade, and to explore the associated factors with the VMFO use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal survey was sent to people aged 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95 years living in Helsinki, Finland in 1999 (N=3219) and in 2009 (N=2247). The response rates were 78% (n=2511) and 73% (n=1637), respectively. The surveys included items on demographic and health related factors, used medication and self-reported supplemental use of vitamins or minerals, and natural products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of respondents using at least one VMFO was 49.8% in 1999 and 66.8% in 2009 (p<0.001). The proportion using vitamin D (RR 4.58, 95% CI 3.89 to 5.40; p<0.001), calcium (RR 2.47, 95% CI 2.18 to 2.80; p<0.001), magnesium (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.85; p<0.001), and fish-oil/omega3 products (RR 3.66, 95% CI 2.41 to 5.55; <0.001) was higher in 2009 than in 1999, even when adjusted for age, gender, living conditions, education and comorbidities, whereas that of other vitamins and fish-liver-oil products was lower. At both time points the use of VMFO was associated with female gender and higher number of used medications. In 1999, higher education was associated with VMFO-use while age and comorbidities was not. In 2009 higher age and comorbidities was associated with VMFO-use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of VMFO is common among community-dwelling older people and it has significantly increased over ten years. The increase was mainly due to the use of vitamin D and calcium. The consumption of other vitamin supplements has decreased. Education was no longer associated with use of VFMO in 2009 where as age and comorbidities were.
authors: Niina Savikko, Add: P.O. Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Tel: +358 50 5371126, Fax: +358 9 191 27536, E-mail: niina.savikko@live.fi.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Savikko
authors: K H
authors: KH
authors: Pitkälä
authors: J V
authors: JV
authors: Laurila
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Suominen
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Tilvis
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Kautiainen
authors: T E
authors: TE
authors: Strandberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D014131:Trace Elements; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D