title: The acute effects of physical activity on cigarette cravings: exploration of potential moderators, mediators and physical activity attributes using individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of acute bouts of physical activity (PA) on Strength of Desire (SoD) and Desire to Smoke (DtS) using individual participant data (IPD) from 19 acute randomised controlled studies were quantified. However, there is a need to identify factors influencing this relationship.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To understand who most benefits from PA, whether changes in affect mediate these effects and whether any specific attributes of PA are associated with cigarette cravings.
  
  
  METHODS
  IPD (n = 930) contributed to one-stage IPD meta-analyses. Participants engaging in PA were compared against controls, using post-intervention DtS and SoD (when DtS is not available) with baseline adjustments. The craving scales were linearly rescaled to 0-100 % (a mean difference between groups of -10 would indicate that post-intervention cravings were 10 % lower in the PA compared with the control group). Demographic, smoking and other characteristics were examined as predictors and potential moderators, whereas change in affect was considered as a mediator. PA was categorised according to type, duration and intensity, to determine PA attributes associated with cravings reduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the included covariates were shown to moderate or mediate the effects of PA. Intensity of PA was significantly associated with a reduction in cravings; moderate and vigorous intensity PA offered the most benefits. A one-stage IPD meta-analysis yielded effect sizes of -9.22 (-15.24; -3.20) for light, -34.57 (-42.64; -26.50) for moderate and -31.29 (-38.00; -24.57) for vigorous intensity in comparison with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate intensity PA could be recommended to all smokers regardless of demographic, smoking and other characteristics.
authors: University of Exeter, Heavitree Rd, Exeter, EX1 2 LU, UK, M.Haasova@exeter.ac.uk.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Haasova
authors: F C
authors: FC
authors: Warren
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ussher
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Janse Van Rensburg
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Faulkner
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Cropley
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Byron-Daniel
authors: E S
authors: ES
authors: Everson-Hock
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Oh
authors: A H
authors: AH
authors: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*