title: Complications associated with the initial learning curve of minimally invasive spine surgery: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an inherently difficult learning curve associated with minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches to spinal decompression and fusion. The association between complication rate and the learning curve remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We performed a systematic review for articles that evaluated the learning curves of MIS procedures for the spine, defined as the change in frequency of complications and length of surgical time as case number increased, for five types of MIS for the spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review in the PubMed database using the terms "minimally invasive spine surgery AND complications AND learning curve" followed by a manual citation review of included manuscripts. Clinical outcome and learning curve metrics were categorized for analysis by surgical procedure (MIS lumbar decompression procedures, MIS transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, percutaneous pedicle screw insertion, laparoscopic anterior lumbar interbody fusion, and MIS cervical procedures). As the most consistent parameters used to evaluate the learning curve were procedure time and complication rate as a function of chronologic case number, our analysis focused on these. The search strategy identified 15 original studies that included 966 minimally invasive procedures. Learning curve parameters were correlated to chronologic procedure number in 14 of these studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common learning curve complication for decompressive procedures was durotomy. For fusion procedures, the most common complications were implant malposition, neural injury, and nonunion. The overall postoperative complication rate was 11% (109 of 966 cases). The learning curve was overcome for operative time and complications as a function of case numbers in 20 to 30 consecutive cases for most techniques discussed within this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quantitative assessment of the procedural learning curve for MIS techniques for the spine remains challenging because the MIS techniques have different learning curves and because they have not been assessed in a consistent manner across studies. Complication rates may be underestimated by the studies we identified because surgeons tend to select patients carefully during the early learning curve period. The field of MIS would benefit from a standardization of study design and collected parameters in future learning curve investigations.
authors: Minimally Invasive Spine Center of Excellence, Spine Institute of San Diego, 6719 Alvarado Road, Suite 308, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Sclafani
authors: Choll W
authors: CW
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D059032:Learning Curve; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D061646:Operative Time; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome