title: Changes in the metabolome of lettuce leaves due to exposure to mancozeb pesticide.
abstract: This paper describes a proton high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic study of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaves to characterise metabolic adaptations during leaf growth and exposure to mancozeb. Metabolite variations were identified through multivariate analysis and checked through spectral integration. Lettuce growth was accompanied by activation of energetic metabolism, preferential glucose use and changes in amino acids, phospholipids, ascorbate, nucleotides and nicotinate/nicotinamide. Phenylalanine and polyphenolic variations suggested higher oxidative stress at later growth stages. Exposure to mancozeb induced changes in amino acids, fumarate and malate, suggesting Krebs cycle up-regulation. In tandem disturbances in sugar, phospholipid, nucleotide and nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism were noted. Additional changes in phenylalanine, dehydroascorbate, tartrate and formate were consistent with a higher demand for anti-oxidant defence mechanisms. Overall, lettuce exposure to mancozeb was shown to have a significant impact on plant metabolism, with mature leaves tending to be more extensively affected than younger leaves.
authors: CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: Sara I
authors: SI
authors: Pereira
authors: CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: Patricia I
authors: PI
authors: Figueiredo
authors: QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: António S
authors: AS
authors: Barros
authors: CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: Maria C
authors: MC
authors: Dias
authors: CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: Conceição
authors: C
authors: Santos
authors: CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: Iola F
authors: IF
authors: Duarte
authors: CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: agil@ua.pt.
authors: Ana M
authors: AM
authors: Gil
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018545:Lactuca / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008344:Maneb / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015038:Zineb / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000975:Antioxidants; D010575:Pesticides; D008344:Maneb; C013099:mancozeb; D015038:Zineb
keywords: High resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS); Lettuce; Mancozeb; Metabolomics; Multivariate analysis; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); Pesticide