title: Long-term pharyngeal airway changes after bionator treatment in adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term changes in the pharyngeal airway dimensions after functional appliance treatment in adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharyngeal airway dimensions were compared between subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusions (n = 24; mean age: 11.6 ± 1.29 years) treated with a Class II bionator and age-matched control subjects with skeletal Class I occlusions (n = 24; mean age: 11.0 ± 1.21 years) using a series of lateral cephalograms obtained at the initial visit (T0), after treatment (T1), and at the completion of growth (T2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The length of the nasopharyngeal region was similar between adolescents with skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions at all time points, while the lengths of the upper and lower oropharyngeal regions and the pharyngeal airway areas were significantly smaller in the skeletal Class II adolescents before treatment when compared to the control adolescents (p < 0.05). However, following treatment with a functional appliance, the skeletal Class II adolescents had increased pharyngeal airway dimensions, which became similar to those of the control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional appliance therapy can increase the pharyngeal airway dimensions in growing adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusions, and this effect is maintained until the completion of growth.
authors: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Seimin
authors: S
authors: Han
authors: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Yoon Jeong
authors: YJ
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Chooryung J
authors: CJ
authors: Chung
authors: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Ji Young
authors: JY
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Kyung-Ho
authors: KH
authors: Kim
keywords: Functional appliance; Lateral cephalogram; Pharyngeal airway; Skeletal Class II