title: Alternation of left ventricular load by a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device with a native heart load control system in a chronic heart failure model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously developed a native heart load control system for a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device and demonstrated that the rotational speed synchronized with the cardiac cycle can alter left ventricular preload and myocardial oxygen consumption. In the present study, we assessed this system in a conscious goat model of chronic heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic heart failure was induced by coronary microsphere embolization of the left ascending artery and subsequent rapid ventricular pacing in 6 goats. After 4 to 6 weeks of rapid pacing, the goats showed a decreased ejection fraction (from 89.7% ± 3.1% to 53.3% ± 5.4%) measured during sinus rhythm. The assist device was implanted by way of a left thoracotomy, and we examined the effects of the continuous, co-pulse, and counterpulse mode on the end-diastolic volume and stroke work, determined from the left ventricular pressure-volume loops.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant decreases were found in the end-diastolic volume and stroke work in the counterpulse mode relative to the values observed with 0% bypass (63.4% ± 15.2% and 39.1% ± 18.2%, respectively; P < .01). Furthermore, both increased in the co-pulse mode (82.1% ± 17.6% and 68.3% ± 22.2%; P < .01) compared with those in the continuous mode (69.6% ± 15.4% and 54.6% ± 21.6%) with 100% bypass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The system offers the possibility to control the left ventricular load by changing the rotational speed of a continuous-flow assist device in synchronization with the cardiac cycle. This system should provide the most favorable left ventricular loading conditions for recovery of the native heart.
authors: Department of Artificial Organs, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan. Electronic address: a_mamoru@mbn.nifty.com.
authors: Mamoru
authors: M
authors: Arakawa
authors: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Nishimura
authors: Department of Artificial Organs, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Yoshiaki
authors: Y
authors: Takewa
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Akihide
authors: A
authors: Umeki
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Masahiko
authors: M
authors: Ando
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
authors: Hideo
authors: H
authors: Adachi
authors: Department of Artificial Organs, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Eisuke
authors: E
authors: Tatsumi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006041:Goats; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D006461:Hemolysis; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure