title: Netrin-1, a urinary proximal tubular injury marker, is elevated early in the time course of human diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Netrin-1 was recently identified as an early diagnostic biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in an experimental animal model. However, its usefulness for early diagnosis of CKD in humans is unknown. The current study evaluated whether netrin-1 is increased in urine from human diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spot urine samples from healthy volunteers, diabetes without microalbuminuria, diabetes with microalbuminuria and diabetes with macroalbuminuria were collected after receiving consent. Netrin-1 in urine was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the data analyzed to determine whether urinary netrin-1 significantly correlates with disease progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary netrin-1 levels were significantly increased in normoalbuminuric diabetic patients compared to healthy controls, and still further elevated in patients with microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy. Urinary netrin-1 was significantly associated with albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate, independently of age and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Netrin-1 is detectable in urine from diabetic patients and may serve as a useful early diagnostic biomarker predicting the development of CKD in diabetes.
authors: Vascular Biology Center, CB-3702, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney-Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
authors: Calpurnia
authors: C
authors: Jayakumar
authors: Ferdau L
authors: FL
authors: Nauta
authors: Stephan J L
authors: SJ
authors: Bakker
authors: Henk
authors: H
authors: Bilo
authors: Ron T
authors: RT
authors: Gansevoort
authors: Maribeth H
authors: MH
authors: Johnson
authors: Ganesan
authors: G
authors: Ramesh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000652:urine*; D000075388:Netrin-1; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D013997:Time Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000617351:NTN1 protein, human; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000075388:Netrin-1