title: Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents shock wave therapy induced renal injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shock wave lithotripsy treatment (SWT) is not completely free from side effects; one of the accused mechanisms for renal injury during SWT is oxygen- and nitrogen-derived free radical productions. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by N-[3(aminomethyl) benzyl) acetamidine] (1400W), highly selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, at SWT-induced kidney damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four rats those underwent right nephrectomy procedure were divided equally into three groups as control, SWT, and SWT + 1400W. 1400W was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg at 2 h prior to SWT procedure and at the beginning of SWT procedure via intraperitoneal route and continued daily for consecutive 3 days. At the end of the fourth day, animals were killed via decapitation and trunk blood and the left kidneys were taken for biochemical and histopathologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SWT caused renal tubular damage and increased lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities and SWT also significantly increased nitro-oxidative products. Inhibition of iNOS via administration of 1400W ameliorated renal injury and decreased tissue lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and nitrite/nitrate levels (NOx). In addition, it was seen that histolopathological changes were attenuated in the SWT + 1400W group when compared to SWT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SWT-induced renal injury might be due to excessive production of oxygen free radicals and NO production. Inhibition of iNOS attenuates renal injury following SWT treatment. It can be concluded that iNOS inhibitors or peroxynitrite scavengers might be used to protect the kidneys against SWT-induced morphological and functional injuries.
authors: Department of Urology, Gulhane Military Medical Faculty , Etlik, Ankara , Turkey .
authors: Bilal Firat
authors: BF
authors: Alp
authors: Ercan
authors: E
authors: Malkoc
authors: Zafer
authors: Z
authors: Demirer
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Guragac
authors: Turker
authors: T
authors: Turker
authors: Ertan
authors: E
authors: Altayli
authors: Ayhan
authors: A
authors: Ozcan
authors: Bulent
authors: B
authors: Uysal
authors: Turgut
authors: T
authors: Topal
authors: Emin Ozgur
authors: EO
authors: Akgul
authors: Ibrahim
authors: I
authors: Yildirim
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Guven
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000578:Amidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D019798:Neopterin / Q000097:blood; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D001596:Benzylamines; C104820:N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine; D019798:Neopterin; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: 1400W; iNOS inhibitor; oxidative stress; renal injury; shock wave therapy