title: Smoking behavior and motivation to quit among chronic pain patients initiating multidisciplinary pain treatment: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to assess smoking characteristics and cessation motivation prior to and after initiation of multidisciplinary chronic pain treatment. A secondary aim was to identify predictors of cessation motivation among smokers initiating treatment for chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a prospective, nonrandomized, repeated measures design.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a multidisciplinary specialty pain treatment program at a veterans hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers (N = 90) referred to a multidisciplinary pain program for the treatment of chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients completed questionnaires assessing pain-related and smoking-related factors prior to (baseline) and 8 weeks post (follow-up) specialty pain treatment initiation. Primary outcome measures were the Contemplation Ladder and the Stages of Change (SOC) algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, patients reported moderate levels of cessation motivation, and 69% were in the contemplation stage or higher on the SOC. Motivation to quit smoking was higher at follow-up compared with baseline on both continuous, t(89) = 2.11, P < 0.05, and stage-based, z = 3.69, P < 0.01, measures. At follow-up, participants reported greater interest in receiving cessation interventions, and 7.8% of patients had quit smoking. Pain-related predictors of motivation (e.g., pain intensity) were subsumed by more general predictors (e.g., nicotine dependence).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients in this sample were more motivated to quit smoking a few weeks after, as compared with before initiating specialty pain treatment. Future research into pain-specific predictors of cessation motivation is warranted to inform the development of interventions that address pain patients' unique needs.
authors: Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee MoffittCancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; The Counseling Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Unrod
authors: Ronald J
authors: RJ
authors: Gironda
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Clark
authors: Kristi E
authors: KE
authors: White
authors: Vani N
authors: VN
authors: Simmons
authors: Steven K
authors: SK
authors: Sutton
authors: Thomas H
authors: TH
authors: Brandon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Cessation Motivation; Chronic Pain; Smoking