title: Beneficial effects of RAF inhibitor in mutant BRAF splice variant-expressing melanoma.
abstract: Resistance to RAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib is a major clinical problem in the treatment of melanoma. Patients with mutant BRAF melanoma that progress on RAF inhibitors have limited treatment options, and drug removal from resistant tumors may elicit multiple effects. A frequent mechanism of resistance to RAF inhibitors is caused by expression of mutant BRAF splice variants. RAF inhibitor-resistant cell lines, generated in vivo, were tested as to whether or not mutant BRAF splice variants confer a fitness advantage in the presence of RAF inhibitor. Critically, cells expressing distinct mutant BRAF splice variants grow more efficiently in vitro and in vivo in the presence of the vemurafenib analog, PLX4720, compared with in the absence of inhibitor. PLX4720-treated BRAF splice variant-expressing cells exhibited levels of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 comparable to untreated parental cells. In addition, a reduction in phospho-ERK1/2 levels following treatment with the MEK inhibitor, trametinib (GSK1120212) phenocopied the fitness benefit provided by PLX4720. These data indicate that mutant BRAF splice variant-expressing melanoma cells are benefited by defined concentrations of RAF inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that RAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells benefit from continued therapy.
authors: Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Cancer Biology and 2Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors: Edward J
authors: EJ
authors: Hartsough
authors: Kevin J
authors: KJ
authors: Basile
authors: Andrew E
authors: AE
authors: Aplin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; C528407:PLX 4720; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf