title: Risk of neurobehavioral disinhibition in prenatal methamphetamine-exposed young children with positive hair toxicology results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective was to evaluate the effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure (PME) and postnatal drug exposures identified by child hair analysis on neurobehavioral disinhibition at 6.5 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mother-infant pairs were enrolled in the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) Study in Los Angeles, Honolulu, Tulsa, and Des Moines. PME was determined by maternal self-report and/or positive meconium results. At the 6.5-year follow-up visit, hair was collected and analyzed for methamphetamine, tobacco, cocaine, and cannabinoid markers. Child behavioral and executive function test scores were aggregated to evaluate child neurobehavioral disinhibition. Hierarchical linear regression models assessed the impact of PME, postnatal substances, and combined PME with postnatal drug exposures on the child's neurobehavioral disinhibition aggregate score. Past year caregiver substance use was compared with child hair results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 264 children were evaluated. Significantly more PME children (n = 133) had hair positive for methamphetamine/amphetamine (27.1% versus 8.4%) and nicotine/cotinine (38.3% versus 25.2%) than children without PME (n = 131). Overall, no significant differences in analyte hair concentrations were noted between groups. Significant differences in behavioral and executive function were observed between children with and without PME. No independent effects of postnatal methamphetamine or tobacco exposure, identified by positive hair test, were noted and no additional neurobehavioral disinhibition was observed in PME children with postnatal drug exposures, as compared with PME children without postnatal exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Child hair testing offered a noninvasive means to evaluate postnatal environmental drug exposure, although no effects from postnatal drug exposure alone were seen. PME, alone and in combination with postnatal drug exposures, was associated with behavioral and executive function deficits at 6.5 years.
authors: *Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland; †Department of Pediatrics, Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI; ‡Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; §Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma; ¶Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, California; ‖Department of Family Science, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland; **Department of Emergency Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and ††Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors: Sarah K
authors: SK
authors: Himes
authors: Linda L
authors: LL
authors: LaGasse
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Derauf
authors: Elana
authors: E
authors: Newman
authors: Lynne M
authors: LM
authors: Smith
authors: Amelia M
authors: AM
authors: Arria
authors: Sheri A
authors: SA
authors: Della Grotta
authors: Lynne M
authors: LM
authors: Dansereau
authors: Beau
authors: B
authors: Abar
authors: Charles R
authors: CR
authors: Neal
authors: Barry M
authors: BM
authors: Lester
authors: Marilyn A
authors: MA
authors: Huestis
mesh_terms: D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D009035:Mothers; D009538:Nicotine / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012306:Risk; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine; D009538:Nicotine; D003042:Cocaine