title: Increase in humeral retrotorsion accounts for age-related increase in glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in youth and adolescent baseball players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is the difference in internal rotation range of motion (IRROM) between the dominant and nondominant limbs. Pathological GIRD of greater than 15° to 25° has previously been linked to shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball players. Because of its relationship to shoulder and elbow disorders, research has focused on understanding the underlying factors that contribute to changes in IRROM and ultimately GIRD. The rotation deficit reportedly increases during adolescence, but it remains unclear whether this change is caused by changes in osseous properties or soft tissue tightness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of age group on GIRD, humeral retrotorsion, retrotorsion-adjusted GIRD, and total range of motion (TROM) in healthy baseball players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of healthy baseball players participated in the study: 52 youth (aged 6-10 years), 52 junior high school (JH) (aged 11-13 years), 70 junior varsity (JV) (aged 14-15 years), and 113 varsity (aged 16-18 years) players. Internal rotation range of motion, external rotation range of motion (ERROM), and humeral retrotorsion were measured bilaterally using a digital inclinometer and diagnostic ultrasound. Retrotorsion-adjusted IRROM was calculated as the available IRROM from the humeral retrotorsion position; TROM was calculated as the sum of IRROM and ERROM; and GIRD, the difference in humeral retrotorsion between limbs, adjusted GIRD, and the difference in TROM between limbs were calculated as the difference between the dominant and nondominant sides. Four separate analyses of variance were used to compare these variables between age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant group difference in GIRD (F3,284 = 8.957; P < .001) and a difference in humeral retrotorsion between limbs (F3,284 = 9.688; P < .001). Also, GIRD was greater in varsity participants compared with youth (mean difference [MD], 5.05°) and JH (MD, 4.95°) participants and in JV participants compared with JH (MD, 5.36°) and youth (MD, 5.47°) participants. The difference in humeral retrotorsion between limbs was greater in varsity participants compared with youth (MD, 8.79°) and JH (MD, 5.52°) participants and in JV participants compared with youth participants (MD, 7.88°). There were no significant differences in adjusted GIRD (F3,284 = 1.136; P = .335) or TROM (F3,284 = 1.214; P = .305).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and humeral retrotorsion increased with age in youth/adolescent baseball players, while retrotorsion-adjusted GIRD and TROM remained unchanged. An age-related increase in GIRD is primarily attributed to humeral retrotorsion rather than soft tissue tightness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there was an increase in GIRD from youth league to high school participants, TROM and retrotorsion-adjusted GIRD remained constant across the age groups, indicating that this increase between the age groups is not pathological GIRD and may not contribute to an increased injury risk.
authors: Elizabeth E. Hibberd, MA, ATC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA. ehibberd@email.unc.edu.
authors: Elizabeth E
authors: EE
authors: Hibberd
authors: Sakiko
authors: S
authors: Oyama
authors: Joseph B
authors: JB
authors: Myers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: baseball; glenohumeral internal rotation deficit; humeral retrotorsion; injury prevention