title: Short-term and long-term adverse cardiovascular events across the glycaemic spectrum in patients with acute coronary syndrome: the Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events-2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited data exist on the prognostic impacts of diabetes mellitus (DM) and new-onset hyperglycaemia (NOH) on cardiovascular outcomes in Middle Eastern patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Here, we explored this relationship in a large contemporary Middle Eastern ACS registry: the second Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events (Gulf RACE-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Our analysis included 6362 consecutive ACS patients enrolled from October 2008 to June 2009, with or without a known DM diagnosis, and with an available fasting blood sugar measurement from the index hospitalization. Baseline demographics, risk factors for atherosclerosis, medical history, investigations and therapies were registered. Adverse hospital outcomes, as well as short-term and long-term mortalities were compared. Comparisons for categorical data were performed using χ or Fisher's exact tests, whereas analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost half of the ACS cohort had been diagnosed previously with DM, and 8.8% had NOH. DM patients were more frequently older, female and Arab Gulf nationals. Compared with nondiabetic patients, DM patients had higher rates of adverse in-hospital clinical events, and 30-day and 1-year mortality. NOH was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality, major bleeding and cardiogenic shock. Patients with NOH had higher in-hospital mortality (8.29 vs. 5.37%, P=0.035), ventricular arrhythmia (4.97 vs. 1.91%, P<0.001) and cardiogenic shock rates (6.45 vs. 4.12%, P=0.019) compared with DM patients not requiring insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DM was very common among ACS patients in the Arab Gulf area, and ACS patients with NOH were at a higher risk compared with euglycaemic patients and diabetic patients not requiring insulin. Further studies are needed to examine the clinical impact of in-hospital intensive glycaemic control in these patients and to explore the long-term glycaemic status of ACS patients with NOH.
authors: aDepartment of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University bFamily and Community Medicine Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh cCardiology Department, Saud AlBabtain Cardiac Center, Dammam dDepartment of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia eDepartment of Cardiology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates fTufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA gDepartment of Cardiology, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar hDepartment of Cardiology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman iCardiology Division, Mohammed Bin Khalifa Cardiac Center, Manama, Bahrain jDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sana's University, Sana'a, Yemen.
authors: Hussam F
authors: HF
authors: Alfaleh
authors: Khalid F
authors: KF
authors: Alhabib
authors: Tarek
authors: T
authors: Kashour
authors: Anhar
authors: A
authors: Ullah
authors: Alawi A
authors: AA
authors: Alsheikhali
authors: Jassim
authors: J
authors: Al Suwaidi
authors: Kadhim
authors: K
authors: Sulaiman
authors: Shukri
authors: S
authors: Al Saif
authors: Wael
authors: W
authors: Almahmeed
authors: Nidal
authors: N
authors: Asaad
authors: Haitham
authors: H
authors: Amin
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Al-Motarreb
authors: Layth
authors: L
authors: Mimish
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Hersi
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin