title: Children with a cleft lip and palate: an exploratory study of the role of the parent-child interaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Having a child with an orofacial cleft may be associated with a specific pattern of parenting. In order to investigate the parenting style, the present study assessed parent-child interactions during a problem-solving task performed under pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parent-child interactions were video recorded for 15 families with a child with a cleft lip and palate (CLP), which were then compared to 20 healthy families and 20 families with a child suffering from migraines. The children had to solve a puzzle within a specified time with either their mother or father.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In families with a child with CLP, mothers tried to support their children more often and children demonstrated more autonomous behaviour towards both parents than children in healthy and migraine-affected families. Moreover, the children with CLP relied less on their fathers for help and interrupted their fathers less frequently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autonomous behaviour among children with CLP which is supported by their parents may represent psychosocial compensatory mechanisms in the family environment.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: gassling@mkg.uni-kiel.de.
authors: Volker
authors: V
authors: Gassling
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Christoph
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors: Kristina
authors: K
authors: Wahle
authors: Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Koos
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors: Jörg
authors: J
authors: Wiltfang
authors: Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors: Wolf-Dieter
authors: WD
authors: Gerber
authors: Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Siniatchkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000523:psychology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000523:psychology*; D003142:Communication; D004644:Emotions; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011340:Problem Solving; D011678:Punishment; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D014743:Videotape Recording
keywords: Cleft lip and palate; Craniofacial malformation; Family; Parent–child interaction