title: Oligofructose supplementation during pregnancy and lactation impairs offspring development and alters the intestinal properties of 21-d-old pups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, we showed that the intake of trans fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation triggers a pro-inflammatory status in the offspring. On the other hand, prebiotics can alter the intestinal environment, reducing serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS) concentrations. This study evaluated the effect of the oligofructose 10% diet supplementation in the presence or absence of hydrogenated vegetable fat during pregnancy and lactation on the development, endotoxemia and bacterial composition of 21-d-old offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the first day of pregnancy rats were divided into four groups: control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 10% oligofructose (CF), diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat, rich in TFA (T) or diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat supplemented with 10% oligofructose (TF). Diets were maintained during pregnancy and lactation. At birth, 7th, 14th and 21th, pups were weighed and length was measured. Serum concentrations of LPS and free fatty acids (FFA) were performed by specific kits. Bacterial DNA present in faeces was determined by real-time PCR. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean and the statistical analysis was realized by ANOVA two-way and ANOVA for repeated measures. p < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that the oligofructose (10%) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation reduced body weight, body weight gain, length and serum FFA in the CF and TF group compared to C and T group respectively, of the 21-day-old offspring, accompanied by an increase in serum LPS and genomic DNA levels of lactobacillus spp. on faeces of the CF group in relation to C group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, dam's diet supplementation with 10% of oligofructose during pregnancy and lactation, independent of addition with hydrogenated vegetable fat, harms the offspring development, alters the bacterial composition and increases the serum concentrations of lipopolysaccharides in 21d-old pups.
authors: Laís Vales
authors: LV
authors: Mennitti
authors: Lila Missae
authors: LM
authors: Oyama
authors: Juliana Lopez
authors: JL
authors: de Oliveira
authors: Ana Claudia Losinskas
authors: AC
authors: Hachul
authors: Aline Boveto
authors: AB
authors: Santamarina
authors: Aline Alves
authors: AA
authors: de Santana
authors: Marcos Hiromu
authors: MH
authors: Okuda
authors: Eliane Beraldi
authors: EB
authors: Ribeiro
authors: Claudia Maria da Penha Oller
authors: CM
authors: do Nascimento
authors: Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Térreo, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, Brazil. lucianapisani@hotmail.com.
authors: Luciana Pellegrini
authors: LP
authors: Pisani
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced; D006865:Hydrogenation; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000097:blood; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced; D051381:Rats; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010938:Plant Oils; C120489:oligofructose