title: Depressive feelings in children with narcolepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate depressive feelings and their correlations in children and adolescents with narcolepsy collected in national reference centers for narcolepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared clinical and sleep characteristics of patients with and without depressive symptoms evaluated on the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study sample included 88 children (44 boys; 44 de novo patients) with a mean age of 11.9 ± 3.1 years at diagnosis (37.5% were aged ⩽ 10 years). Obesity was found in 59% of the sample and cataplexy was present in 80.7%. The DQB1*0602 allele was positive in 93.5% of our sample. There were 25% of children who had clinically depressive feelings (CDI>16), especially girls older than the age of 10 years. Bivariate associations indicated that depressive feelings were associated with fatigue (48%), hyperactivity (31%), insomnia (16%), and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (14-24%). In the multivariate model adjusted for gender and age, only fatigue explained the variability of the depression score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our large cohort, high levels of depressive symptoms essentially expressed by fatigue affected 25% of children with narcolepsy. The girls older than 10 years of age were especially vulnerable. The similar prevalence of depressive feelings in treated vs never-treated patients suggests a specific need for diagnosing and managing this symptom in young patients with narcolepsy.
authors: Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
authors: Clara Odilia
authors: CO
authors: Inocente
authors: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Department of Public Health, Institute of Pharmacy (ISPB), EA4173, F-69373 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, 162 Avenue Lacassagne, 69424 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
authors: Marie-Paule
authors: MP
authors: Gustin
authors: National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnie), France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité des Pathologies du Sommeil, Paris, France.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Lavault
authors: Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnie), France; Pediatric Sleep Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Guignard-Perret
authors: Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnie), France; Pediatric Sleep Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
authors: Aude
authors: A
authors: Raoux
authors: Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnie), France; Pediatric Sleep Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
authors: Noemie
authors: N
authors: Christol
authors: Service de Psychiatrie Infantile, U502, Hôpital Neurologique, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Gerard
authors: National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnie), France; Inserm U1061, Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, France.
authors: Yves
authors: Y
authors: Dauvilliers
authors: Sleep Medicine Advanced Research Group, Division of Clinical Neurology, Clinical Hospital, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
authors: Rubens
authors: R
authors: Reimão
authors: Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Unit, Salvator Hospital, Public Assistance-Marseille Hospitals, University Aix-Marseille II, Marseille, France.
authors: Flora
authors: F
authors: Bat-Pitault
authors: Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
authors: Jian-Sheng
authors: JS
authors: Lin
authors: National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnie), France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité des Pathologies du Sommeil, Paris, France.
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Arnulf
authors: National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnie), France; Centre Pédiatrique des Pathologies du Sommeil, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Lecendreux
authors: Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnie), France; Pediatric Sleep Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Electronic address: Patricia.Franco@chu-lyon.fr.
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Franco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Adolescent; Child; Depression; Fatigue; Narcolepsy; Sleep