title: The effect of cigarette smoking on human sperm creatine kinase activity: as an ATP buffering system in sperm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spermatozoa are a group of cells that consume adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rapidly. Creatine kinase (CK), produced by creatine phosphate, is an energy reservoir for the rapid buffering and regeneration of ATP and can play an important role in sperm motility. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of cigarette smoking on human sperm CK activity in males who smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case - control study, we obtained semen samples from male smokers (n=64) and nonsmokers (n=83). Smokers were categorized as light, moderate, or heavy smokers according to the daily number of cigarettes smoked and the number of years they have smoked. Data were analyzed by the independent t test and Pearson's analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This investigation showed significantly lower sperm CK activity and movement in male smokers compared to nonsmokers. In addition, it was demonstrated that cigarette smoking had a dose-dependent effect on these parameters. There was a positive relation, although not significant, between sperm CK activity and its motility in male smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking, by diminishing sperm CK activity, may potentially impair sperm energy homeostasis and have an association with damage to sperm motility. This effect can be an important mechanism that may cause infertility in male smokers. However, further research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanism of sperm motility damage caused by cigarette smoking.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Physiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Ahwaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Ali
authors: MA
authors: Ghaffari
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Physiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Ahwaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran.
authors: Morad
authors: M
authors: Rostami
keywords: Cigarette Smoking, ,; Creatine Kinase; Sperm