title: Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Asian Indians with young onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in people with young onset type 1 (T1DM-Y) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM-Y).
  
  
  METHODS
  T1DM-Y(n=150) and T2DM-Y(n=150) participants, age between 10 and 25 years at diagnosis, had a complete clinical evaluation, biochemical assessment, and four field digital retinal colour photography. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grading system was used to grade DR. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) were considered as sight threatening DR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of any DR was 53.3% [95% CI 45.3-61.3] in T1DM-Y (duration of diabetes: 12.4±7.4 years) and 52.7% [44.7-60.7] in T2DM-Y (11.8±8.3 years). The age and gender adjusted prevalence of DR, DME and PDR was 62.5%, 10% and 7.3% in T1DM-Y, whereas it was 65.8%,12.7% and 9.3% in T2DM-Y respectively. In multivariable logistic regression, diabetes duration [Odds ratio (OR) 1.99 per 5 years; CI 1.42-2.79], waist circumference [1.28 per 5 cm;1.05-1.56] and microalbuminuria [2.39 per 50 μg;1.07-5.31] were associated with DR in T1DM-Y, and diabetes duration [2.21 per 5 years; 1.61-3.02], diastolic blood pressure [1.54 per 5 mmHg;1.18-2.02], Glycated hemoglobin [1.37 per %;1.07-1.75] and lower stimulated C-peptide [1.54 per 0.5 pmol/ml;1.15-2.05;] were associated with DR in T2DM-Y.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over half of the people with young-onset diabetes, regardless of type, have retinopathy within 10-12 years of diabetes duration, emphasizing the need for regular eye screening and aggressive control of glucose and blood pressure to prevent DR.
authors: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre for Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors: Ramachandran
authors: R
authors: Rajalakshmi
authors: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre for Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors: Anandakumar
authors: A
authors: Amutha
authors: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre for Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors: Harish
authors: H
authors: Ranjani
authors: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors: Mohammed K
authors: MK
authors: Ali
authors: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre for Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors: Ranjit
authors: R
authors: Unnikrishnan
authors: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre for Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors: Ranjit Mohan
authors: RM
authors: Anjana
authors: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors: K M Venkat
authors: KM
authors: Narayan
authors: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre for Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India. Electronic address: drmohans@diabetes.ind.in.
authors: Viswanathan
authors: V
authors: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: Asian Indians; Diabetic retinopathy; Prevalence; Risk factors; T1DM-Y; T2DM-Y