title: An in situ caries study on the interplay between fluoride dose and concentration in milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This randomized, cross-over in situ study investigated the impact of sodium fluoride dose and concentration in milk on caries lesion rehardening, fluoridation and acid resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight subjects wore two gauze-covered enamel specimens with preformed lesions placed buccally on their mandibular partial dentures for three weeks. Participants used fluoride-free dentifrice throughout the study and consumed once daily one of the five study treatments: no fluoride in 200 ml milk (0F-200), 1.5 or 3 mg fluoride in either 100 (1.5F-100; 3F-100) or 200 ml milk (1.5F-200; 3F-200). After three weeks, specimens were retrieved. Knoop hardness was used to determine rehardening and resistance to a secondary acid challenge. Enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) was determined using a microbiopsy technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A linear fluoride dose-response was observed for all study variables which exhibited similar overall patterns. All the treatments resulted in rehardening, with 0F-200 inducing the least and 3F-100 the most. Apart from 1.5F-200, all the treatments resulted in statistically significantly more rehardening compared to 0F-200. The fluoride doses delivered in 100 ml provided directionally although not statistically significantly more rehardening than those delivered in 200 ml milk. EFU data exhibited better differentiation between treatments: all fluoridated milk treatments delivered more fluoride to lesions than 0F-200; fluoride in 100 ml demonstrated statistically significantly higher EFU than fluoride in 200 ml milk. Findings for acid resistance were also more discerning than rehardening data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study has provided further evidence for the anti-caries benefits of fluoridated milk. Both fluoride dose and concentration appear to impact the cariostatic properties of fluoride in milk.
authors: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Electronic address: flippert@iu.edu.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Lippert
authors: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Martinez-Mier
authors: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: D T
authors: DT
authors: Zero
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000009:adverse effects; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000473:pathology; D003733:Dental Caries Susceptibility / Q000187:drug effects; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D012969:Sodium Fluoride
keywords: Caries; Fluoride; In situ; Milk; Rehardening; Softening