title: Tea, coffee, and milk consumption and colorectal cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data regarding the effects of tea, coffee, and milk on the risk of colorectal cancer are inconsistent. We investigated associations of tea, coffee, and milk consumption with colorectal cancer risk and attempted to determine if these exposures were differentially associated with the risks of proximal colon, distal colon, and rectal cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 854 incident cases and 948 controls were analyzed in a case-control study of colorectal cancer in Western Australia during 2005-07. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the associations of black tea (with and without milk), green tea, herbal tea, hot coffee, iced coffee, and milk with colorectal cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of 1 or more cups of herbal tea per week was associated with a significantly decreased risk of distal colon cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.82; PTrend = 0.044), and consumption of 1 or more cups of iced coffee per week was associated with increased risk of rectal cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.91-2.54; PTrend = 0.004). Neither herbal tea nor iced coffee was associated with the risk of proximal colon cancer. Hot coffee was associated with a possible increased risk of distal colon cancer. Black tea (with or without milk), green tea, decaffeinated coffee, and milk were not significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of herbal tea was associated with reduced risk of distal colon cancer, and consumption of iced coffee was associated with increased rectal cancer risk.
authors: School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia.
authors: Chadwick John
authors: CJ
authors: Green
authors: Palina
authors: P
authors: de Dauwe
authors: Terry
authors: T
authors: Boyle
authors: Seyed Mehdi
authors: SM
authors: Tabatabaei
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Fritschi
authors: Jane Shirley
authors: JS
authors: Heyworth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013662:Tea / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea