title: Reference values for dynamic facial muscle ultrasonography in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasonography can detect structural muscle changes caused by neuromuscular disease, but it has not yet been applied to facial nerve diseases. Quantitative analysis would be the preferred method to determine whether ultrasound findings are within normal limits, but there are no normative data for mimic muscles. The purpose of this study was to provide gender-specific normative ultrasonography data for muscle area, diameter, and contractility for mimic and masticatory muscles in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral scans of multiple mimic and masticatory muscles were performed at rest and during contraction in 140 volunteers, aged 21-93 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost all mimic muscles, but not the temporalis muscles, had symmetric size. The muscle sizes showed gender differences and a muscle-specific correlation with body weight, but not with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide normative values that can be used in clinical practice.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Lessingstrasse 2, D-07740, Jena, Germany; The Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors: Gerd Fabian
authors: GF
authors: Volk
authors: Maik
authors: M
authors: Sauer
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Pohlmann
authors: Orlando
authors: O
authors: Guntinas-Lichius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: chewing; facial nerve; mimetic musculature; reference values; sonography