title: Prevalent Multidrug-resistant Nonvaccine Serotypes in Pneumococcal Carriage of Healthy Korean Children Associated with the Low Coverage of the Seven-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous longitudinal multicenter-based carriage study showed that the average carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae was 16.8% in 582 healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school in Seoul, Korea. We assessed serotype-specific prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among colonizing pneumococcal isolates from young children in the era of low use of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serotypes were determined by an agglutination test with specific antisera or by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed with broth microdilution in Korean 96-well panels from Dade-MicroScan (Sacramento, CA, USA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pneumococcal colonization patterns were dynamic and longterm persistent carriage was rare, which indicated a sequential turnover of pneumococcal strains. Of the 369 pneumococci (except for 23 killed isolates), 129 (34.9%) isolates were PCV7 vaccine serotypes (VTs); 213 (57.8%) isolates were nonvaccine serotypes (NVTs); and the remaining 27 (7.2%) isolates were nontypable (NT). The highest rates of multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed in VTs (86.0%; 111/129 isolates) and NVTs (70.0%; 149/213 isolates).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study overall showed the frequent carriage of VTs and NVTs with MDR in healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school. Efforts should be directed toward reducing the extensive prescription of antibiotics and using new broader vaccines to reduce the expansion of MDR strains of NVTs in our community.
authors: Division of Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea.
authors: Sungkyoung
authors: S
authors: Lee
authors: Division of Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea.
authors: Ji-Hye
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Division of Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea.
authors: Seong-Han
authors: SH
authors: Kim
authors: Division of Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea.
authors: Misun
authors: M
authors: Park
authors: Division of Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea.
authors: Songmee
authors: S
authors: Bae
keywords: Streptococcus pneumoniae; multidrug-resistant strains; nasal carriage; nonvaccine serotypes