title: Role of cyclin D1 in breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast carcinoma is the most frequent cancer among women with considerable invasive and metastatic behavior. CCND1, the oncogene encoding cyclin D1, is amplified in a substantial proportion of human cancers. Although cyclin D1 overexpression has been reported in up to 50% of human breast cancers, its prognostic impact on breast carcinoma is still controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional investigation, 89 patients with breast invasive ductal carcinoma enrolled in the study. Tumor tissue samples were stained immunohistochemically for cyclin D1. The marker was semiquantitatively scored using the Allred scoring method and its relationship with ER, PR, and HER2-neu status as well as age, tumor grade and stage was then determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclin D1 was strong (S), intermediate (I), weak (W), and negative (N) in 19.1%, 44.9%, 14.6%, and 21.3% of the cases, respectively. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2- neu were positive in 60.7%, 58.4%, and 36% of the cases, respectively. There was a statistically significant reverse relationship between tumor grade and cyclin D1 (P = 0.009). The relationship between cyclin D1 and both hormone receptors was also statistically significant (P = 0.0001). There was no statistically significant relationship between cyclin D1 on one hand and age, stage, and HER2-neu on the other (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reverse relationship between cyclin D1 overexpression and tumor grade as well as its positive relationship with ER and PR in invasive ductal carcinoma suggest that cyclin D1 may directly or indirectly result in maturation and differentiation of tumor cells.
authors: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Fereshteh
authors: F
authors: Mohammadizadeh
authors: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Mohsen
authors: M
authors: Hani
authors: Department of Pathology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Ranaee
authors: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Marzie
authors: M
authors: Bagheri
keywords: Breast carcinoma; cyclin D1; estrogen receptor; progesterone receptor; tumor grade