title: Nasal Morphology of the Chinese: Three-Dimensional Reference Values for Rhinoplasty.
abstract: To determine normative nasal measurements for Chinese young adults, conditioned on demographics.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional descriptive study.
  
  
  
  A university hospital.
  
  
  
  Three-dimensional (3D) photographs were captured from 103 Chinese subjects between 18 and 35 years of age using a commercial stereophotographic system. Anthropometric landmarks were identified on these 3D surface images, and measurements suitable for nasal analysis were performed and contrasted against established Caucasian norms. Gender differences in anthropometric dimensions were also analyzed.
  
  
  
  Normative data for these measurements are made available. Linear nasal measurements, except those for mid-columella length, were significantly larger in men than in women; further, the nasal tip angle and nasofrontal angle were significantly larger in Chinese women. Contrasts of these new data against published Caucasian norms revealed dimensions that differ for these 2 groups. The Chinese normative mean values for morphological nose width, nasal tip angle, nasofrontal angle, and alar slope angle exceeded those reported for North American Caucasians.
  
  
  
  Gender-specific normative data for the Chinese nose were established in this study to provide a useful tool for surgeons in dealing with rhinoplasty. Moreover, the Chinese nasal anthropometric measurements in this study are broader and flatter than those reported for North American Caucasians.
authors: Discipline of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors: Yasas S N
authors: YS
authors: Jayaratne
authors: Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Curtis K
authors: CK
authors: Deutsch
authors: Discipline of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR zwahlen@hku.hk.
authors: Roger A
authors: RA
authors: Zwahlen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D044466:Asian People; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012225:Rhinoplasty; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 3-dimensional imagining; Chinese; anthropometry; nose; photogrammetry; reference values; rhinoplasty