title: The Effects of Cell Phone Waves (900 MHz-GSM Band) on Sperm Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is tremendous concern regarding the possible adverse effects of cell phone microwaves. Contradictory results, however, have been reported for the effects of these waves on the body. In the present study, the effect of cell phone microwaves on sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity was investigated with regard to the duration of exposure and the frequency of these waves.
  
  
  METHODS
  This experimental study was performed on 28 adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g). The animals were randomly assigned to four groups (n=7): i. control; ii. two-week exposure to cell phone-simulated waves; iii. three-week exposure to cell phonesimulated waves; and iv. two-week exposure to cell phone antenna waves. In all groups, sperm analysis was performed based on standard methods and we determined the mean sperm total antioxidant capacity according to the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test using SPSS version 16 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that sperm viability, motility, and total antioxidant capacity in all exposure groups decreased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). Increasing the duration of exposure from 2 to 3 weeks caused a statistically significant decrease in sperm viability and motility (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to cell phone waves can decrease sperm viability and motility in rats. These waves can also decrease sperm total antioxidant capacity in rats and result in oxidative stress.
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Masoud
authors: M
authors: Ghanbari
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Seyed Bagher
authors: SB
authors: Mortazavi
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Khavanin
authors: Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors: Mozafar
authors: M
authors: Khazaei
keywords: Cell phone wave; Male Rat; Oxidative Stress; Sperm Parameters