title: History and evolution of warning labels for automotive friction products.
abstract: There have been claims over the years that asbestos-containing product manufacturers did not sufficiently warn end users early enough regarding the potential health hazards associated with their products (1930s-1990s). To address this issue, we compared the content of the warnings associated with asbestos-containing friction products (brakes, clutches, and gaskets) manufactured by the US automotive industries to what was expected by regulatory agencies during the time period in which an understanding of asbestos health hazards was being developed. We ended our evaluation around 1990, since asbestos-containing manufacturer supplied automotive products were functionally removed from commerce by 1985 in the United States. We assessed the warnings issued in users' manuals, technical service bulletins, product packaging materials, and labels placed on products themselves. Based on our evaluation, regulatory agencies had no guidelines regarding specific warning language for finished friction products, particularly when a product contained encapsulated asbestos fibers (i.e., modified by a bonding agent). Even today, federal regulations do not require labeling on encapsulated products when, based on professional judgment or sampling, user exposure is not expected to exceed the OSHA PEL. We concluded that, despite limited regulatory guidance, the US automotive industry provided adequate warnings with regards to its friction products.
authors: Cardno ChemRisk, 101 2nd St., Suite 700, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States. Electronic address: Luda.Kopelovich@cardno.com.
authors: Luda M
authors: LM
authors: Kopelovich
authors: Cardno ChemRisk, 101 2nd St., Suite 700, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States.
authors: Kerry A
authors: KA
authors: Thuett
authors: Cardno ChemRisk, 101 2nd St., Suite 700, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States.
authors: Pamela S
authors: PS
authors: Chapman
authors: Cardno ChemRisk, 101 2nd St., Suite 700, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States.
authors: Dennis J
authors: DJ
authors: Paustenbach
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D001194:Asbestos; D001336:Automobiles; D003257:Consumer Product Safety / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D035082:Federal Government / Q000266:history; D017276:Friction; D033161:Government Regulation / Q000266:history*; D058015:Health Communication / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D001194:Asbestos
keywords: Asbestos; Brakes; Chrysotile; Clutches; Encapsulated; Friction; Labeling; Warnings