title: An experimental study of strong reciprocity in bacteria.
abstract: Strong reciprocity, whereby cooperators punish non-cooperators, may help to explain the evolutionary success of cooperative behaviours. However, theory suggests that selection for strong reciprocity can depend upon tight genetic linkage between cooperation and punishment, to avoid the strategy being outcompeted by non-punishing cooperators. We tested this hypothesis using experimental populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which cooperate by producing iron-scavenging siderophores and, in this context, punish non-cooperators with toxins. Consistent with theory, we show that cooperative punishers can indeed invade cheats, but only when the traits are tightly linked. These results emphasize that punishment is only likely to be favoured when the punishment itself leads to a direct or indirect fitness benefit to the actor.
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich, , Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
authors: R Fredrik
authors: RF
authors: Inglis
authors: Stuart
authors: S
authors: West
authors: Angus
authors: A
authors: Buckling
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017262:Siderophores / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017262:Siderophores
keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; bacteriocin; siderophore