title: Molecular and morphological systematics of the Ellisellidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia): parallel evolution in a globally distributed family of octocorals.
abstract: The octocorals of the Ellisellidae constitute a diverse and widely distributed family with subdivisions into genera based on colonial growth forms. Branching patterns are repeated in several genera and congeners often display region-specific variations in a given growth form. We examined the systematic patterns of ellisellid genera and the evolution of branching form diversity using molecular phylogenetic and ancestral morphological reconstructions. Six of eight included genera were found to be polyphyletic due to biogeographical incompatibility with current taxonomic assignments and the creation of at least six new genera plus several reassignments among existing genera is necessary. Phylogenetic patterns of diversification of colony branching morphology displayed a similar transformation order in each of the two primary ellisellid clades, with a sea fan form estimated as the most-probable common ancestor with likely origins in the Indo-Pacific region. The observed parallelism in evolution indicates the existence of a constraint on the genetic elements determining ellisellid colonial morphology. However, the lack of correspondence between levels of genetic divergence and morphological diversity among genera suggests that future octocoral studies should focus on the role of changes in gene regulation in the evolution of branching patterns.
authors: The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, 4072 QLD, Australia. Electronic address: jbilewitch@gmail.com.
authors: Jaret P
authors: JP
authors: Bilewitch
authors: Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane BC, 4101 QLD, Australia.
authors: Merrick
authors: M
authors: Ekins
authors: Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane BC, 4101 QLD, Australia.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Hooper
authors: The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, 4072 QLD, Australia.
authors: Sandie M
authors: SM
authors: Degnan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
keywords: Ancestral morphologies; Branching evolution; Molecular systematics; Morphological diversification; Octocorallia