title: Regional specific groundwater arsenic levels and neuropsychological functioning: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to examine the link between geographic information system (GIS)-estimated regional specific groundwater levels and neuropsychological functioning in a sample of individuals with and without cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study design analyzed data from 1390 participants (733 Alzheimer's disease, 127 Mild Cognitive Impairment, and 530 with normal cognition) enrolled in the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium. GISs analyses were used to estimate regional specific groundwater arsenic concentrations using the Environmental Systems Research Institute and arsenic concentrations from the Texas Water Development Board.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the full cohort, regional specific arsenic concentrations were positively associated with language abilities (p = 0.008), but associated with poorer verbal memory, immediate (p = 0.008), and delayed (p < 0.001), as well as poorer visual memory, immediate (p = 0.02), and delayed (p < 0.001). The findings varied by diagnostic category with arsenic being related with cognition most prominently among mild cognitive impairment cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, estimated regional specific groundwater arsenic levels were negatively associated with neuropsychological performance.
authors: a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Fort Worth , TX , USA.
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Edwards
authors: Leigh
authors: L
authors: Johnson
authors: Cortney
authors: C
authors: Mauer
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Barber
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Hall
authors: Sid
authors: S
authors: O'Bryant
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D003071:Cognition; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; arsenic; groundwater; mild cognitive impairment; neuropsychology