title: Immune response and intestinal permeability in children with acute gastroenteritis treated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Probiotics have a possible role in the treatment of pediatric acute gastroenteritis. We report the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on intestinal function, immune response, and clinical outcomes in Indian children with cryptosporidial or rotavirus diarrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with gastroenteritis aged 6 months to 5 years, testing positive for either rotavirus or Cryptosporidium species in stool (coinfections were excluded), were randomized to LGG (ATCC 53103) or placebo, once daily for 4 weeks. Baseline demographic and clinical details were obtained. Sera were tested for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to Cryptosporidium and rotavirus, and the lactulose to mannitol ratio for intestinal permeability was determined at baseline and at the end of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 124 children enrolled, 82 and 42 had rotavirus and cryptosporidial diarrhea, respectively. Median diarrheal duration was 4 days; one-third of the children had severe diarrhea. Baseline and clinical parameters were comparable between children receiving LGG and placebo. At the end of follow-up, fewer children with rotavirus diarrhea on LGG had repeated diarrheal episodes (25% vs 46%; P = .048) and impaired intestinal function (48% vs 72%; P = .027). Significant increase in IgG levels postintervention (456 vs 2215 EU; P = .003) was observed in children with rotavirus diarrhea receiving LGG. Among children with cryptosporidial diarrhea, those receiving LGG showed significant improvement in intestinal permeability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LGG has a positive immunomodulatory effect and may be useful in decreasing repeated episodes of rotavirus diarrhea. Improvement in intestinal function in children with rotavirus and cryptosporidial gastroenteritis emphasizes the role of probiotics in treating intestinal impairment after infection.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  CTRI/2010/091/000339.
authors: Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: Kulandaipalayam N C
authors: KN
authors: Sindhu
authors: Thuppal V
authors: TV
authors: Sowmyanarayanan
authors: Anu
authors: A
authors: Paul
authors: Sudhir
authors: S
authors: Babji
authors: Sitara S R
authors: SS
authors: Ajjampur
authors: Sophia
authors: S
authors: Priyadarshini
authors: Rajiv
authors: R
authors: Sarkar
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Balasubramanian
authors: Christine A
authors: CA
authors: Wanke
authors: Honorine D
authors: HD
authors: Ward
authors: Gagandeep
authors: G
authors: Kang
mesh_terms: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000628:therapy*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000254:growth & development*; D007792:Lactulose / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000032:analysis; D010539:Permeability; D010919:Placebos / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D010919:Placebos; D008353:Mannitol; D007792:Lactulose
keywords: LGG; gastroenteritis; immune response; intestinal function; probiotics