title: Ecotoxicity of pristine graphene to marine organisms.
abstract: The ecotoxicity of pristine graphene nanoparticles (GNC1, PGMF) in model marine organisms was investigated. PGMF resulted more toxic than GNC1 to the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta on the basis of EC50 values (end-points: inhibition of bioluminescence and growth, respectively). No acute toxicity was demonstrated with respect to the crustacean Artemia salina although light microscope images showed the presence of PGMF and GNC1 aggregates into the gut; a 48-h exposure experiment revealed an altered pattern of oxidative stress biomarkers, resulting in a significant increase of catalase activities in both PGMF and GNC1 1mg/L treated A. salina and a significant increase of glutathione peroxidase activities in PGMF (0.1 and 1mg/L) treated A. salina. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation of membranes was also observed in PGMF 1mg/L exposed A. salina.
authors: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI) 56122, Italy. Electronic address: cpretti@vet.unipi.it.
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Pretti
authors: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI) 56122, Italy.
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Oliva
authors: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI) 56122, Italy.
authors: Roberta Di
authors: RD
authors: Pietro
authors: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI) 56122, Italy.
authors: Gianfranca
authors: G
authors: Monni
authors: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
authors: Giorgio
authors: G
authors: Cevasco
authors: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy.
authors: Federica
authors: F
authors: Chiellini
authors: Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Pomelli
authors: Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy.
authors: Cinzia
authors: C
authors: Chiappe
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006108:Graphite; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase
keywords: Artemia Salina; Dunaliella tertiolecta; Graphene; Oxidative stress; Toxicity; Vibrio fischeri