title: Extinction resistant changes in the human auditory association cortex following threat learning.
abstract: Research in humans has highlighted the importance of the amygdala for transient modulation of cortical areas for enhanced processing of emotional stimuli. However, non-human animal data has shown that amygdala dependent threat (fear) learning can also lead to long lasting changes in cortical sensitivity, persisting even after extinction of fear responses. The neural mechanisms of long-lasting traces of such conditioning in humans have not yet been explored. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and assessed skin conductance responses (SCR) during threat acquisition, extinction learning and extinction retrieval. We provide evidence of lasting cortical plasticity in the human brain following threat extinction and show that enhanced blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal to the learned threat stimulus in the auditory association cortex is resistant to extinction. These findings point to a parallel avenue by which cortical processing of potentially dangerous stimuli can be long lasting, even when immediate threat and the associated amygdala modulation have subsided.
authors: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: aa545@cam.ac.uk.
authors: Annemieke M
authors: AM
authors: Apergis-Schoute
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Schiller
authors: Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States; Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
authors: Joseph E
authors: JE
authors: LeDoux
authors: Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States; Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Phelps
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Auditory fear conditioning; Fear conditioning; Fear extinction