title: Association between hypertension and periodontitis: possible mechanisms.
abstract: This review is to examine the current literatures on the relationship between periodontitis and hypertension as well as to explore the possible biological pathways underlying the linkage between these health conditions. Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are among the critical components in the development of hypertension. Inflammation has received much attention recently and may contribute to a pivotal role in hypertension. Periodontitis, a chronic low-grade inflammation of gingival tissue, has been linked to endothelial dysfunction, with blood pressure elevation and increased mortality risk in hypertensive patients. Inflammatory biomarkers are increased in hypertensive patients with periodontitis. Over the years, various researches have been performed to evaluate the involvement of periodontitis in the initiation and progression of hypertension. Many cross-sectional studies documented an association between hypertension and periodontitis. However, more well-designed prospective population trials need to be carried out to ascertain the role of periodontitis in hypertension.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Department of Clinical Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Xin-Fang
authors: 0000-0002-3838-9141
authors: XF
authors: Leong
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Chun-Yi
authors: 0000-0002-6066-6897
authors: CY
authors: Ng
authors: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Baharin
authors: B
authors: Badiah
authors: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Srijit
authors: 0000-0001-8302-7257
authors: S
authors: Das
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators