title: Proteomic analysis of the Actinidia deliciosa leaf apoplast during biotrophic colonization by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.
abstract: For plant pathogenic bacteria, adaptation to the apoplast is considered as key in the establishment of the parasitic lifestyle. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of the bacterial canker of kiwifruit, uses leaves as the entry site to colonize plants. Through a combined approach based on 2-DE, nanoLC-ESI-LIT-MS/MS and quantitative PCR, we investigated Psa colonization of the Actinidia deliciosa "Hayward" leaf apoplast during the bacterial biotrophic phase. A total of 58 differentially represented protein species were identified in artificially inoculated leaves. Although the pathogen increased its population density during the initial period of apoplast colonization, plant defense mechanisms were able to impede further disease development. We identified a concerted action of different proteins mainly belonging to the plant defense and metabolism category, which intervened at different times and participated in reducing the pathogen population. On the other hand, bacterial BamA was highly represented during the first week of leaf apoplast colonization, whereas OmpA and Cpn60 were induced later. In addition to presenting further proteomic information on the molecular factors actively participating in this pathosystem, our data characterize the early events of host colonization and will promote the eventual development of novel bioassays for pathogen detection in kiwiplants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This original study evaluates on a proteomic perspective the interaction occurring into the leaf apoplast between Actinidia deliciosa and its specific pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. Despite the initial bacterial multiplication, a concerted action of the plant defense mechanisms blocked the infection during 21days of apoplast colonization, as revealed by the number of differentially-represented proteins identified in artificially-inoculated and control leaves. Three bacterial proteins were also recognized among the over-represented molecules in infected plants. This study may contribute to improve breeding programs aimed at selecting resistant/tolerant kiwifruit cultivars toward P. syringae pv. actinidiae, which present a high representation of the plant proteins here shown to be involved in resistance mechanisms. In addition to present additional information on the molecular players actively participating in this pathosystem, our data will also facilitate the technological development of future bioassays for the detection of this pathogen in kiwiplants.
authors: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (C.R.A.), Unità di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Caserta, Italy.
authors: Milena
authors: M
authors: Petriccione
authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Napoli, Italy.
authors: Anna Maria
authors: AM
authors: Salzano
authors: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (C.R.A.), Unità di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Caserta, Italy.
authors: Ilaria
authors: I
authors: Di Cecco
authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Napoli, Italy. Electronic address: andrea.scaloni@ispaam.cnr.it.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Scaloni
authors: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (C.R.A.), Unità di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Caserta, Italy; Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (C.R.A.), Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Roma, Italy. Electronic address: marco.scortichini@entecra.it.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Scortichini
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D060467:Disease Resistance; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis*; D040901:Proteomics; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Kiwifruit; Pathosystem; Plant; Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae