title: Comparison of high-dose-rate (192)Ir source strength measurements using equipment with traceability to different standards.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  According to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group No. 43 (TG-43) formalism used for dose calculation in brachytherapy treatment planning systems, the absolute level of absorbed dose is determined through coupling with the measurable quantity air-kerma strength or the numerically equal reference air-kerma rate (RAKR). Traceability to established standards is important for accurate dosimetry in laying the ground for reliable comparisons of results and safety in adoption of new treatment protocols. The purpose of this work was to compare the source strength for a high-dose rate (HDR) (192)Ir source as measured using equipment traceable to different standard laboratories in Europe and the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Source strength was determined for one HDR (192)Ir source using four independent systems, all with traceability to different primary or interim standards in the United States and Europe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured HDR (192)Ir source strengths varied by 0.8% and differed on average from the vendor value by 0.3%. Measurements with the well chambers were 0.5% ± 0.1% higher than the vendor-provided source strength. Measurements with the Farmer chamber were 0.7% lower than the average well chamber results and 0.2% lower than the vendor-provided source strength. All of these results were less than the reported source calibration uncertainties (k=2) of each measurement system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of the uncertainties in ion chamber calibration factors, the maximum difference in source strength found in this study is small and confirms the consistency between calibration standards in use for HDR (192)Ir brachytherapy.
authors: Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, Stockholm, Sweden; Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences and Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: asa.carlsson.tedgren@liu.se.
authors: Asa
authors: A
authors: Carlsson Tedgren
authors: Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Österås, Norway.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Bjerke
authors: Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Jan-Erik
authors: JE
authors: Grindborg
authors: Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Österås, Norway.
authors: Per-Otto
authors: PO
authors: Hetland
authors: STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Antti
authors: A
authors: Kosunen
authors: Department of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Taran Paulsen
authors: TP
authors: Hellebust
authors: Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Persson
authors: STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Petri
authors: P
authors: Sipila
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002138:Calibration; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
keywords: (192)Ir HDR; Calibration; Source strength determination; Traceability