title: Neuropathology of type 2 diabetes: a short review on insulin-related mechanisms.
abstract: Postmortem studies have shown that cerebrovascular disease (CVD) neuropathology occurs frequently in type 2 diabetes (T2D) through mechanisms associated with chronic hyperglycemia such as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The involvement of T2D in Alzheimer׳s disease (AD)-type neuropathology has been more controversial. While postmortem data from animal studies have supported the involvement of T2D in AD-type neuropathology through insulin mechanism that may affect the development of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), findings from postmortem studies in humans, of the association of T2D with AD, have been mainly negative. To complicate matters, medications to treat T2D have been implicated in reduced AD-type neuropathology. In this review we summarize the literature on animal and human postmortem studies of T2D neuropathology, mainly the mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia-related CVD neuropathology and hyperinsulinemia-related AD-type neuropathology.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Electronic address: elizabeth.guerrero-berroa@mssm.edu.
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Guerrero-Berroa
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Schmeidler
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors: Michal Schnaider
authors: MS
authors: Beeri
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: Alzheimer׳s disease; Cerebrovascular disease; Neuropathology; Review; Type 2 diabetes