title: Effects of regular consumption of vitamin C-rich or polyphenol-rich apple juice on cardiometabolic markers in healthy adults: a randomized crossover trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the consumption of two cloudy apple juices with different polyphenol and vitamin C contents on antioxidant status, cardiometabolic and inflammation markers in healthy young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty subjects, aged 21-29 years, completed a randomized crossover study. At each 4-week intervention period, the volunteers randomly consumed two glasses (2 × 250 mL/day) of either a vitamin C-rich apple juice (VCR) (60 mg/L vitamin C and 510 mg catechin equivalent/L) or a polyphenol-rich (PR) juice (22 mg/L vitamin C and 993 mg catechin equivalent/L). Blood and urine samples were collected throughout the study, and markers of antioxidant status, glucose metabolism, lipid profile and inflammation were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comparison of the post-intervention minus pre-intervention change revealed differential results in HOMA index, total cholesterol, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (P < 0.05) across juices. During the VCR period, plasma antioxidant activity (FRAP) increased (P = 0.031), while ICAM-1 and total cholesterol showed a trend to decrease (P = 0.060 and P = 0.094, respectively). During the PR period, plasma insulin and HOMA increased, and total glutathione decreased (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A joint consumption of apple juice natural antioxidants such as vitamin C and polyphenols might provide mild favorable effects on cardiometabolic markers, as compared to apple polyphenols alone.
authors: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN)-CSIC, C/José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Soriano-Maldonado
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Hidalgo
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Arteaga
authors: Sonia
authors: S
authors: de Pascual-Teresa
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Nova
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001628:Beverages; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D019040:E-Selectin; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D059808:Polyphenols; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002784:Cholesterol; D005978:Glutathione; D001205:Ascorbic Acid