title: Transconjunctival dacryocystorhinostomy: Long term results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcomes of transconjunctival dacryocystorhinostomy (TRC-DCR) surgery in patients with epiphora due to primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) at second year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective, interventional study, 33 eyes of 29 patients, with epiphora due to PANDO, are included. Lower eyelid conjunctiva is incised at vestibulum inferomedially to access the lacrimal sac and nasal mucosa. Bone is perforated with burr and rongeurs and saccal and nasal flaps are anastomosed. Conjunctival wound edges are apposed and left unsutured. Intraoperative difficulties, surgical time and complications are noted. Average follow-up time was 2 years. Anatomical success was defined as patent lacrimal passages upon irrigation and functional success was defined as relief of epiphora.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nineteen (57.6%) eyes the surgeries were completed with the anterior and the posterior flaps sutured. In eight eyes (24.2%) only anterior flaps could be sutured. In 6 eyes (18.2%), the surgical procedure was converted to external dacryocystorhinostomy since the nasal mucosa could not be exposed adequately via transconjunctival route. The mean surgical time was 65.1 min. One patient had a millimeter long lower eyelid margin laceration in one eye (3.7%) intraoperatively due to traction for visualization of the operative site. Epiphora resolved in 25 of 27 eyes (92.5%) in whom TRC-DCR could be completed. Epiphora and failure to irrigation were noted in two eyes (7.4%) at the postoperative 4th and 8th months, respectively and required reoperation. No complications occurred, except granuloma formation at the conjunctival incision site in three eyes (11.1%). Epiphora resolved in all the six eyes of patients who underwent an external DCR (100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transconjunctival dacryocystorhinostomy is a scarless dacryocystorhinostomy technique which is performed without endoscope and/or laser assistance, with 92.5% success rate comparable to external DCR at the second year follow-up without major complications.
authors: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Istanbul Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Galata, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Pelin
authors: P
authors: Kaynak
authors: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Istanbul Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Galata, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Can
authors: C
authors: Ozturker
authors: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Istanbul Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Galata, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Gamze
authors: G
authors: Karabulut
authors: Ophthalmology Department, Istanbul Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Galata, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Burcu
authors: B
authors: Celik
authors: Ophthalmology Department, Istanbul Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Galata, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Omer Faruk
authors: OF
authors: Yilmaz
authors: Ophthalmology Department, Istanbul Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Galata, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey ; Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, 34730 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Demirok
keywords: Conjunctival dacryocystorhinostomy; Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy; External dacryocystorhinostomy; Laser assisted dacryocystorhinostomy; Primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction