title: Fractional ablative erbium YAG laser: histological characterization of relationships between laser settings and micropore dimensions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of a variety of skin disorders with ablative fractional lasers (AFXL) is driving the development of portable AFXLs. This study measures micropore dimensions produced by a small 2,940 nm AFXL using a variety of stacked pulses, and determines a model correlating laser parameters with tissue effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo pig skin was exposed to a miniaturized 2,940 nm AFXL, spot size 225 µm, density 5%, power levels 1.15-2.22 W, pulse durations 50-225 microseconds, pulse repetition rates 100-500 Hz, and 2, 20, or 50 stacked pulses, resulting in pulse energies of 2.3-12.8 mJ/microbeam and total energy levels of 4.6-640 mJ/microchannel. Histological endpoints were ablation depth (AD), coagulation zone (CZ) and ablation width (AW). Data were logarithmically transformed if required prior to linear regression analyses. Results for histological endpoints were combined in a mathematical model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 138 sections from 91 biopsies, AD ranged from 16 to a maximum of 1,348 µm and increased linearly with the logarithm of total energy delivered by stacked pulses, but also depended on variations in power, pulse duration, pulse repetition rate, and pulse energy (r(2)  = 0.54-0.85, P < 0.0001). Microchannels deeper than 500 µm were created only by the highest pulse energy of 12.8 mJ/microbeam. Pulse stacking increased AD, and enlarged CZ and AW. CZ varied from 0 to 205 µm and increased linearly with total energy (r(2)  = 0.56-0.75, P < 0.0001). AW ranged from 106 to 422 µm and increased linearly with the logarithm of number of stacked pulses (r(2)  = 0.53-0.61, P < 0.001). The mathematical model estimated micropores of specific ADs with an associated range of CZs and AWs, for example, 300 µm ADs were associated with CZs from 27 to 73 µm and AWs from 190 to 347 µm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulse stacking with a small, low power 2,940 nm AFXL created reproducible shallow to deep micropores, and influenced micropore configuration. Mathematical modeling established relations between laser settings and micropore dimensions, which assists in choosing laser settings for desired tissue effects.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Elisabeth H
authors: EH
authors: Taudorf
authors: Christina S
authors: CS
authors: Haak
authors: Andrés M
authors: AM
authors: Erlendsson
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Philipsen
authors: R Rox
authors: RR
authors: Anderson
authors: Uwe
authors: U
authors: Paasch
authors: Merete
authors: M
authors: Haedersdal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D016014:Linear Models; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine
keywords: MAZ; erbium laser; histology; laser assisted drug delivery; microscopic ablation zone; photothermolysis; resurfacing