title: Regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis showed increased plasticity toward Th17 but retained suppressive function in peripheral blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regulatory T cells (Tregs) with the plasticity of producing proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 have been demonstrated under normal and pathogenic conditions. However, it remains unclear whether IL-17-producing Tregs lose their suppressive functions because of their plasticity toward Th17 in autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to investigate IL-17-producing Tregs from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and characterise their regulatory capacity and clinical significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Foxp3 and IL-17 coexpression were evaluated in CD4 T lymphocytes from RA patients. An in vitro T cell polarisation assay was performed to investigate the role of proinflammatory cytokines in IL-17-producing Treg polarisation. The suppressive function of IL-17-producing Tregs in RA was assessed by an in vitro suppression assay. The relationship between this Treg subset and clinical features in RA patients was analysed using Spearman's rank correlation test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher frequency of IL-17-producing Tregs was present in the peripheral blood of RA patients compared with healthy subjects. These cells from peripheral blood showed phenotypic characteristics of Th17 and Treg cells, and suppressed T cell proliferation in vitro. Tregs in RA synovial fluid lost suppressive function. The Th17 plasticity of Tregs could be induced by IL-6 and IL-23. An increased ratio of this Treg subset was associated with decreased levels of inflammatory markers, including the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level, in patients with RA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased levels of IL-17-producing Tregs were identified in RA patients. This Treg subset with Th17 plasticity in peripheral blood retained suppressive functions and was associated with milder inflammatory conditions, suggesting that this Treg population works as a negative regulator in RA, but in RA synovial site it may be pathogenic.
authors: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors: Tian
authors: T
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Xiaolin
authors: X
authors: Sun
authors: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Huaqun
authors: H
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Chun
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors: Na
authors: N
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Yuan
authors: Y
authors: Jia
authors: MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Institute of Ageing Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Dakang
authors: D
authors: Xu
authors: Division of Immunology & Inflammation (Rheumatology Section), Department of Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors: Fang-Ping
authors: FP
authors: Huang
authors: Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors: Ningli
authors: N
authors: Li
authors: Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors: Liwei
authors: L
authors: Lu
authors: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Zhan-Guo
authors: ZG
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D020381:Interleukin-17