title: Applying perceptual and adaptive learning techniques for teaching introductory histopathology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical students are expected to master the ability to interpret histopathologic images, a difficult and time-consuming process. A major problem is the issue of transferring information learned from one example of a particular pathology to a new example. Recent advances in cognitive science have identified new approaches to address this problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  We adapted a new approach for enhancing pattern recognition of basic pathologic processes in skin histopathology images that utilizes perceptual learning techniques, allowing learners to see relevant structure in novel cases along with adaptive learning algorithms that space and sequence different categories (e.g. diagnoses) that appear during a learning session based on each learner's accuracy and response time (RT). We developed a perceptual and adaptive learning module (PALM) that utilized 261 unique images of cell injury, inflammation, neoplasia, or normal histology at low and high magnification. Accuracy and RT were tracked and integrated into a "Score" that reflected students rapid recognition of the pathologies and pre- and post-tests were given to assess the effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracy, RT and Scores significantly improved from the pre- to post-test with Scores showing much greater improvement than accuracy alone. Delayed post-tests with previously unseen cases, given after 6-7 weeks, showed a decline in accuracy relative to the post-test for 1(st)-year students, but not significantly so for 2(nd)-year students. However, the delayed post-test scores maintained a significant and large improvement relative to those of the pre-test for both 1(st) and 2(nd) year students suggesting good retention of pattern recognition. Student evaluations were very favorable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A web-based learning module based on the principles of cognitive science showed an evidence for improved recognition of histopathology patterns by medical students.
authors: Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
authors: Sally
authors: S
authors: Krasne
authors: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA ; Laguna Pathology Medical Group, Laguna Beach, CA 92651, USA.
authors: Joseph D
authors: JD
authors: Hillman
authors: Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors: Philip J
authors: PJ
authors: Kellman
authors: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: Drake
keywords: Cognitive science; dermatology; medical education; pathology; perceptual learning