title: Effects of exercise on leukocytosis and blood hemostasis in 800 healthy young females and males.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of exercise on healthy individuals of both genders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study lasted 6 years and involved about 800 healthy people. Individuals were divided into females and males and further sub-divided into two groups; in the first group individuals run (or skied in the winter time) and then rested for 3 h, whereas individuals in the second group intensely cycled for 5 min. The status of health was determined by measuring the sedimentation rate and the intensity of exercises by measuring the heart rate. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that in the first group a significant increase of the total white blood cells, segmented neutrophils, band neutrophils, eosinophils and to a lesser extent lymphocytes but not monocytes in the blood circulation. However, all cell types were increased in the circulation after 5 min intense exercise. No differences in the pattern of cell increase were observed among the genders. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and D-dimer were also measured in the blood of individuals who cycled intensely for 5 min to determine the coagulation and fibrinolytic activities in the blood. APTT is reduced and D-dimer values significantly increased after intense exercise. However, APTT was statistically lower in males than females, whereas no differences in the D-dimer values were observed among the genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that exercise whether leisure or strenuous affects leukocytosis and hemostasis in both genders. A major advantage of this study is the high numbers of individuals involved and the inclusion of both females and males values.
authors: Kristin L Sand, Torun Flatebo, Marian Berge Andersen, Azzam A Maghazachi, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Kristin L
authors: KL
authors: Sand
authors: Kristin L Sand, Torun Flatebo, Marian Berge Andersen, Azzam A Maghazachi, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Torun
authors: T
authors: Flatebo
authors: Kristin L Sand, Torun Flatebo, Marian Berge Andersen, Azzam A Maghazachi, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Marian Berge
authors: MB
authors: Andersen
authors: Kristin L Sand, Torun Flatebo, Marian Berge Andersen, Azzam A Maghazachi, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Azzam A
authors: AA
authors: Maghazachi
keywords: Activated partial thromboplastin time; D-dimer; Exercise; Leukocytosis