title: The long-term consequences of the exposure to increasing gravity levels on the muscular, vestibular and cognitive functions in adult mice.
abstract: Adult male mice C57Bl6/J were exposed to gravity levels between 1G and 4G during three weeks, and the long-term consequences on muscular, vestibular, emotional, and cognitive abilities were evaluated at the functional level to test the hypothesis of a continuum in the response to the increasing gravitational force. In agreement with the hypothesis, the growth of body mass slowed down in relation with the gravity level during the centrifugation, and weight recovery was inversely proportional. On the other hand, the long-term consequences on muscular, vestibular, emotional, and cognitive abilities did not fit the hypothesis of a continuum in the response to the gravity level. The hypergravity acted as endurance training on muscle force until 3G, then became deleterious at 4G. The vestibular reactions were not affected until 4G. Persistent emotional reactions appeared at 3G, and particularly 4G. The mice centrifuged at 3G and 4G showed an impaired spatial learning, probably in relation with the increased level of anxiety, but a greater difficulty was also observed in mice exposed at 2G, suggesting another cause for the impairment of spatial memory. The long-term response to the hypergravity was shown to depend on both the level of gravity and the duration of exposition, with different importance depending on the function considered.
authors: INSERM U1106, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
authors: Mickael
authors: M
authors: Bojados
authors: INSERM U1106, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France. Electronic address: marc.jamon@univ-amu.fr.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Jamon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology; D002498:Centrifugation; D006112:Gravitation; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013995:Time; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Hypergravity; Mice; Muscular force; Spatial learning; Vestibular reactions