title: Association between copy number variation losses and alcohol dependence across African American and European American ethnic groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Copy number variations (CNVs) are structural genetic mutations consisting of segmental gains or losses in DNA sequence. Although CNVs contribute substantially to genomic variation, few genetic and imaging studies report association of CNVs with alcohol dependence (AD). Our purpose is to find evidence of this association across ethnic populations and genders. This work is the first AD-CNV study across ethnic groups and the first to include the African American (AA) population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study considers 2 CNV data sets, one for discovery (2,345 samples) and the other for validation (239 samples), both including subjects with AD and healthy controls of European and African ancestry. Our analysis assesses the association between AD and CNV losses across ethnic groups and gender by examining the effect of overall losses across the whole genome, collective losses within individual cytogenetic bands, and specific losses in CNV regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from the discovery data set showed an association between CNV losses within 16q12.2 and AD diagnosis (p = 4.53 × 10(-3) ). An overlapping CNV region from the validation data set exhibited the same direction of effect with respect to AD (p = 0.051). This CNV region affects the genes CES1p1 and CES1, which are members of the carboxylesterase (CES) family. The enzyme encoded by CES1 is a major liver enzyme that typically catalyzes the decomposition of ester into alcohol and carboxylic acid and is involved in drug or xenobiotics, fatty acid, and cholesterol metabolisms. In addition, the most significantly associated CNV region was located at 9p21.2 (p = 1.9 × 10(-3) ) in our discovery data set. Although not observed in the validation data set, probably due to small sample size, this result might hold potential connection to AD given its connection with neuronal death. In contrast, we did not find any association between AD and the overall total losses or the collective losses within individual cytogenetic bands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our study provides evidence that the specific CNVs at 16q12.2 contribute to the development of alcoholism in AA and European American populations.
authors: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors: Alvaro E
authors: AE
authors: Ulloa
authors: Jiayu
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: Victor M
authors: VM
authors: Vergara
authors: Vince
authors: V
authors: Calhoun
authors: Jingyu
authors: J
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Addiction; African Americans; Alcoholism; Copy Number Variation; European Americans