title: Application of Bother in patient reported outcomes instruments across cultures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to determine the applicability of the term bother, as used in Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO) instruments that will be translated into foreign languages from English for the United States. Bother is versatile in English for the U.S., in that it can describe negative mental states and physical sensations, as well as social disturbances. Bother has many different meanings across cultures, due to this versatility. Alternatives for bother were explored for future PRO instrument development.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PRO instrument used to evaluate the degree of bother resulting from psoriasis was analyzed. This disease can negatively impact patients physically, emotionally and socially. Translations of bother were analyzed to determine its meaning when translated into other languages. Cognitive debriefing was conducted on psoriasis patients with the instrument containing bother. Following cognitive debriefing, a questionnaire was distributed to linguists and cognitive debriefing subjects to collect definitions of bother in each target language, and detail any difficulty with translation.To establish alternatives to bother and demonstrate the breakdown of concepts within bother, translations of the Dermatology Quality of Life Index (DLQI) were analyzed. This instrument was selected for its focus on psoriasis and use of terminology that lacks the ambiguity of bother.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An analysis of back-translations revealed that bother yielded a back-translation that was conceptually different from the source 20% of the time (5/26). Analysis of alternative terminology found in the DLQI revealed much greater conceptual equivalence when translated into other languages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When developing the wording of PRO instruments, the terminology chosen should be applicable across languages to allow for international pooling and comparison of data. While all linguists and subjects of cognitive debriefing understood bother to have a negative connotation, a large variety of definitions and synonyms provided across languages showed a lack of conceptual equivalence. Ambiguity of the term across cultures may result in variation in translation, impacting subsequent international data pooling. Analysis of alternatives revealed that measurement of unambiguous terminology produces the greatest conceptual equivalency across languages and cultures.
authors: Mary C
authors: MC
authors: Gawlicki
authors: Shawn M
authors: SM
authors: McKown
authors: Linguistic Validation, Corporate Translations Inc, 2039 W, Wabansia Ave,, Chicago, IL 60647, USA. mtalbert@corptransinc.com.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Talbert
authors: Barbara A
authors: BA
authors: Brandt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014177:Translations; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult