title: Influence of the modulation factor on the treatment plan quality and execution time in Tomotherapy in head and neck cancer: In-phantom study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The overall aim was to conduct an analytical study of the impact of the modulation factor (MF) on the quality of the head and neck treatment plans and their execution time on Tomotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-phantom (RANDO® Alderson) planning study of the head and neck cancer was performed. Thirteen different plans in terms of MF were prepared. Other optimization parameters were the same for all plans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of treatment plans in terms of quality shows that MF < 1.4 does not provide an accepted dose distribution (physician decision). Statistically significant differences were observed for plans with an MF < 1.6. No differences were obtained for plans with MF from 6.0 to 1.8. Decreasing of MF leads to a shorter time of irradiation. The maximum rotational speed has been reached for an MF = 3.0. Further reducing this however produces no decrease in the time of irradiation. The actual and planned values of the MF were compared. The optimal range of MF for head and neck was determined as 3.0 > MF > 1.8. The lower limit increases to 2.4 when hard reduction of the dose in critical organs is required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was showed that the final MF value is less than the value calculated after each loop of optimization. The computer system reduces MF by shortening the longest time and increasing the average time of leaves opening. Increase in the average time is obtained by eliminating the use of leafs with the shortest times of opening, thereby reducing the dose in critical organs that are outside the direct irradiation area.
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Ryczkowski
authors: Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre; Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors: Tomasz
authors: T
authors: Piotrowski
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*