title: The influence of erythropoietin (EPO T → G) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) polymorphisms on runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi oil ( Caryocar brasiliense Camb.): a before-after study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As diet can affect an individual's genes and these can affect response to supplementation, we aimed to investigate the influence of erythropoietin (EPO T→G) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) polymorphisms on plasma lipid peroxidation, hemogram and biochemical dosages of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and C-reactive protein (including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) of runners (n = 123) before and after 14 days of 400 mg pequi oil supplementation, a natural carotenoid-rich oil, after races under closely comparable conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood samples were taken immediately after racing to perform the tests. Before pequi oil supplementation, EPO polymorphism influenced erythrogram and plateletgram results, suggesting an aerobic advantage for the TG genotype and a disadvantage for the GG genotype as regards possible microvascular complications, while no association was found for ACTN3 polymorphism with endurance performance. Both polymorphisms influenced the runners' response to pequi oil: significant responses were observed for the EPO TT genotype in erythrocyte, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values, and for the TT and TG genotypes in red blood cell distribution width values. Significant differences were also observed in the plateletgram for the TT and TG genotypes. ACTN3 mainly influenced aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase values: heterozygotes had a significant reduction in aspartate aminotransferase values and homozygous individuals (XX) in creatine kinase values after pequi oil supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results emphasize the importance of studying nutrigenomic effects on athletes' performance.
authors: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
authors: Ieler Ferreira
authors: IF
authors: Ribeiro
authors: Ana Luisa
authors: AL
authors: Miranda-Vilela
authors: Maria de Nazaré
authors: Mde N
authors: Klautau-Guimarães
authors: Cesar Koppe
authors: CK
authors: Grisolia
mesh_terms: D000185:Actinin / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D056352:Athletes; D065187:Controlled Before-After Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D029581:Malpighiaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012420:Running; D064133:Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C118456:ACTN3 protein, human; D000975:Antioxidants; D010938:Plant Oils; D000185:Actinin; D004921:Erythropoietin