title: Chronic effects of strobilurin fungicides on development, growth, and mortality of larval Great Plains toads (Bufo cognatus).
abstract: Agricultural fungicide application has increased tenfold since 2005 in the United States. Active ingredients and formulations of strobilurin fungicides at environmentally relevant concentrations cause mortality to larval and metamorph amphibians; however, little is known about chronic exposure effects in amphibians. We exposed larval amphibians (Bufo cognatus) throughout metamorphosis to the common fungicide formulations Headline(®), Stratego(®), Quilt(®), and a control to determine effects on development and growth. Formulations were tested at 1.7, 50, and 400 μg/L of the active strobilurin ingredient for Headline(®), Stratego(®), and Quilt(®), respectively. Fungicide exposure did not affect body mass or snout-vent length at metamorphosis. However, exposure to Headline(®) at 1.7 μg/L increased the development rate of tadpoles by approximately 5 days compared to the control, an effect not observed for Stratego(®) and Quilt(®). Stratego(®) also caused approximately 35 % cumulative mortality. Results from the experiment suggest that chronic effects of strobilurin fungicides on development, growth, and mortality to B. cognatus are apparent at environmentally relevant concentrations.
authors: Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA, Emily.Hooser@okstate.edu.
authors: Emily A H
authors: EA
authors: Hartman
authors: Jason B
authors: JB
authors: Belden
authors: Loren M
authors: LM
authors: Smith
authors: Scott T
authors: ST
authors: McMurry
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002025:Bufonidae / Q000254:growth & development*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D009026:Mortality; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000073739:Strobilurins; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002219:Carbamates; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D008689:Methacrylates; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; C000597676:Quilt; C556296:Stratego; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014230:Triazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C513428:pyrachlostrobin; C087670:azoxystrobin