title: Recommendations for the management of cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: scientific evidence and expert opinion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Last recommendations regarding cardiovascular risk (CVR) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were developed by the EULAR group in 2010. The aim is to update evidence-based recommendations about this worrying health problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assembled a multidisciplinary workgroup (rheumatologists, endocrinologist, cardiologist, and epidemiologist) and a panel of 28 expert rheumatologists. The study was carried out in two big phases: identifying key areas in the prevention and management of CVR and developing a set of recommendations based on a review of the available scientific evidence and use of the Delphi consensus technique. All this has been developed according to an updating process of evidence-based recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 25 recommendations were made addressing three complementary areas: CVR assessment tools, patient eligibility for assessment, and treatment strategies for control of CVR. The grade of the recommendations was not substantially modified compared to the original EULAR recommendations, except in two of them, which were upgraded from C to B. These two recommendations are the ones related to the use of corticosteroids and smoking cessation. The new developed recommendations address these two areas: CVR assessment and treatment strategies for control of CVR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are substantial gaps in the current knowledge that do not allow classifying properly RA patients based on their actual CVR and to accurately identify those patients who would benefit from CVR assessment. Consequently, studies designed to determine the causal effects of RA disease characteristics on cardiovascular morbidity/mortality and to identify patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease are still needed.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Spanish Society of Rheumatology, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martín-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Juanatey
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, UAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Santos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castañeda
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Llorca
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ferraz-Amaro
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Benjamín
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fernández-Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Spanish Society of Rheumatology, Madrid, Spain; Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz-González
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IFIMAV, Avda Valdecilla s/n, Santander ES 39008, Spain. Electronic address: miguelaggay@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: González-Gay
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D032921:Consensus; D019468:Disease Management; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular risk factors; Cardiovascular risk management; Guideline; Rheumatoid arthritis; Risk assessment