title: Flurbiprofen in rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induced hyperalgesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation induces hyperalgesia in healthy rats. Here, we evaluated the effects of flurbiprofen, an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent, on the increased thermal responses observed in REM sleep deprived rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty female rats were divided into four groups following 96-hour REM sleep deprivation: intraperitoneal injections of placebo, and flurbiprofen 5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg were made in CONT (n=10), FBP5, FBP15 and FBP40 groups respectively. Pain threshold measurements were performed three times at baseline (0.hour), at the end of REM sleep deprivation (96.hour) and at 1 h after injections (97.hour) by hot plate and tail-flick tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  REM sleep deprivation induced a significant decrease in pain thresholds of all rats (hotplate: 0.hour vs 96.hour, 9.75±2.85 vs 5.10±2.02, p<0.001; tail flick: 0.hour vs 96.hour, 11.92±4.62 vs 7.92±5.15, p<0.001). Flurbiprofen in 15 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg doses significantly improved pain tolerance measured by tail flick test (tail flick in FBP15 and FBP40 groups: 96.hour vs 97.hour, 7.01±4.97 vs 8.34±3.61 and 5.06±1.57 vs 7.04±2.49, p<0.05 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  96 h of REM sleep deprivation resulted in reduced pain thresholds in both hot plate and tail flick tests. Flurbiprofen was used for the first time in a rat model of REM sleep deprivation, and it provided anti-nociceptive effects in 15 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg doses. Flurbiprofen may have the potential for treatment of painful syndromes accompanying insomnia or sleep loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey. Electronic address: e_gurel@windowslive.com.
authors.forename: Elif Ezgi
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Gürel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey. Electronic address: keremcanural@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Keremcan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ural
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Trakya University Faculty of Health Sciences, Edirne, Turkey. Electronic address: gguullozturk@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gülnur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey. Electronic address: leventozturk@trakya.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Öztürk
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D005480:Flurbiprofen
keywords: Anti-nociceptive; Flurbiprofen; Pain threshold; REM deprivation; Sleep loss