title: Sugar-sweetened beverages and prevalence of the metabolically abnormal phenotype in the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between usual sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and prevalence of abnormal metabolic health across body mass index (BMI) categories.
  
  
  METHODS
  The metabolic health of 6,842 non-diabetic adults was classified using cross-sectional data from the Framingham Heart Study Offspring (1998-2001) and Third Generation (2002-2005) cohorts. Adults were classified as normal weight, overweight or obese and, within these categories, metabolic health was defined based on five criteria-hypertension, elevated fasting glucose, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and insulin resistance. Individuals without metabolic abnormalities were considered metabolically healthy. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between categories of SSB consumption and risk of metabolic health after stratification by BMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing the highest category of SSB consumers (median of 7 SSB per week) to the lowest category (non-consumers), odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for metabolically abnormal phenotypes, compared to the metabolically normal, were 1.9 (1.1-3.4) among the obese, 2.0 (1.4-2.9) among the overweight, and 1.9 (1.4-2.6) among the normal weight individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cross-sectional analysis, it is observed that, irrespective of weight status, consumers of SSB were more likely to display metabolic abnormalities compared to non-consumers in a dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Angela K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.forename: Nicola M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: McKeown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Obesity; chronic disease; metabolically healthy obese phenotype; sugar-sweetened beverages