title: Neuromodulatory treatments for chronic pain: efficacy and mechanisms.
abstract: Chronic pain is common, and the available treatments do not provide adequate relief for most patients. Neuromodulatory interventions that modify brain processes underlying the experience of pain have the potential to provide substantial relief for some of these patients. The purpose of this Review is to summarize the state of knowledge regarding the efficacy and mechanisms of noninvasive neuromodulatory treatments for chronic pain. The findings provide support for the efficacy and positive side-effect profile of hypnosis, and limited evidence for the potential efficacy of meditation training, noninvasive electrical stimulation procedures, and neurofeedback procedures. Mechanisms research indicates that hypnosis influences multiple neurophysiological processes involved in the experience of pain. Evidence also indicates that mindfulness meditation has both immediate and long-term effects on cortical structures and activity involved in attention, emotional responding and pain. Less is known about the mechanisms of other neuromodulatory treatments. On the basis of the data discussed in this Review, training in the use of self-hypnosis might be considered a viable 'first-line' approach to treat chronic pain. More-definitive research regarding the benefits and costs of meditation training, noninvasive brain stimulation and neurofeedback is needed before these treatments can be recommended for the treatment of chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carretera de Valls, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miró
mesh_terms: D001326:Autogenic Training; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059408:Pain Management
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents