title: Glyphosate, hard water and nephrotoxic metals: are they the culprits behind the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka?
abstract: The current chronic kidney disease epidemic, the major health issue in the rice paddy farming areas in Sri Lanka has been the subject of many scientific and political debates over the last decade. Although there is no agreement among scientists about the etiology of the disease, a majority of them has concluded that this is a toxic nephropathy. None of the hypotheses put forward so far could explain coherently the totality of clinical, biochemical, histopathological findings, and the unique geographical distribution of the disease and its appearance in the mid-1990s. A strong association between the consumption of hard water and the occurrence of this special kidney disease has been observed, but the relationship has not been explained consistently. Here, we have hypothesized the association of using glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the disease endemic area and its unique metal chelating properties. The possible role played by glyphosate-metal complexes in this epidemic has not been given any serious consideration by investigators for the last two decades. Furthermore, it may explain similar kidney disease epidemics observed in Andra Pradesh (India) and Central America. Although glyphosate alone does not cause an epidemic of chronic kidney disease, it seems to have acquired the ability to destroy the renal tissues of thousands of farmers when it forms complexes with a localized geo environmental factor (hardness) and nephrotoxic metals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University, Anuradhapura 50008, Sri Lanka. jayasumanalk@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Channa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jayasumana
authors.affiliation: Health Science Department, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA. sarathg@csulb.edu.
authors.forename: Sarath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunatilake
authors.affiliation: Hela Suwaya Organization, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka. helasuwaya@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Priyantha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Senanayake
mesh_terms: D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013188:Sri Lanka; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D008670:Metals; D000097797:Glyphosate