title: The burden and treatment of diabetes in France.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this review was to describe and situate the burden and treatment of diabetes within the broader context of the French health care system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review on the burden, treatment and outcomes of diabetes in France, complemented by personal communication with with diabetes experts in the Paris public hospital system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of diabetes in the French population is estimated at 6%. Diabetes has the highest prevalence among all chronic conditions covered 100% by France's statutory health insurance (SHI), and the number of covered patients has doubled in the past 10 years. In 2010, the SHI cost for pharmacologically-treated diabetes patients amounted to €17.7 billion, including an estimated €2.5 billion directly related to diabetes treatment and prevention and €4.2 billion for treatment of diabetes-related complications. In 2007, the average annual SHI cost was €6 930 for patients with type 1 diabetes and €4 890 for patients with type 2 diabetes. Complications are associated with significantly increased costs. Diabetes is a leading cause of adult blindness, amputation and dialysis in France, which also has one of the highest rates of end-stage renal disease in Europe. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among people with diabetes. Historically, the French health care system has been more oriented to curative acute care rather than preventive medicine and management of long-term chronic diseases. More recently, the government has focused on primary prevention as part of its national nutrition and health program, with the goal of reducing overweight and obesity in adults and children. It has also recognized the critical role of the patient in managing chronic diseases such as diabetes and has put into place a free patient support program called "sophia". Additional initiatives focus on therapeutic patient education (TPE) and the development of personalized patient pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While France has been successful in protecting patients from the financial consequences of diabetes through its SHI coverage, improvements are necessary in the areas of prevention, monitoring and reducing the incidence of complications. Systemic changes must be made to improve the coordination and delivery of chronic care.
authors.affiliation: URC Eco Ile-de-France (AP-HP), Hôtel Dieu - Galerie B1 - 3ème étage, 1 Place du Parvis Notre Dame, 75004 Paris, France. karine.chevreul@urc-eco.fr.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chevreul
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berg Brigham
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouché
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D009313:National Health Programs; D016896:Treatment Outcome