title: Development of the Italian version of the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire in patients with chronic low back pain: cross-cultural adaptation, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity.
abstract: Translating, culturally adapting and validating the Italian version of the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire (PSOCQ-I) to allow its use with Italian-speaking patients with low back pain. The PSOCQ-I was developed by forward-backward translation, a final review by an expert committee and a test of the prefinal version to establish its correspondence with the original English version. Psychometric testing included confirmatory factor analysis, reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and test-retest reliability (intraclass coefficient correlation), and construct validity by comparing PSOCQ-I with the Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS), the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), the Roland Morris Disability Scale (RMDQ), a pain Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Pearson's correlation). The questionnaire was administered to 308 patients with chronic low back pain. Factor analysis confirmed a four-factor solution (namely, Precontemplation, Contemplation, Action, and Maintenance), achieving an acceptable data-model fit. Internal consistency (α=0.91-93) and test-retest reliability (intraclass coefficient correlation=0.74-0.81) were satisfactory. Construct validity showed moderate correlations between Precontemplation and PCS (r=0.318), TSK (r=0.385), RMDQ (r=0.320) and NRS (r=0.335); low correlations were found between the other PSOCQ subscales and PCS (r=-0.062; 0.039), TSK (r=-0.164; 0.024), RMDQ (r=-0.073; 0.004) and NRS (r=-0.170; 0.020). Low correlations were found between the PSOCQ-I subscales and anxiety (r=-0.132; 0.150) and depression (r=-0.113; 0.186). The PSOCQ was translated successfully into Italian, and proved to have a good factorial structure and psychometric properties that replicated the results of other versions. Its use is recommended for research purposes.
authors.affiliation: aPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute of Lissone, Institute of Care and Research, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS bNeuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova dDepartment of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena eDepartment of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna fDepartment of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monticone
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mugnai
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pillastrini
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vanti
authors.forename: Calogero
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003469:Culture; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating; D055815:Young Adult