title: Pesticide residues, heavy metals, and DNA damage in sentinel oysters Crassostrea gigas from Sinaloa and Sonora, Mexico.
abstract: Pesticides and heavy metals were analyzed in sentinel Crassostrea gigas oysters placed in six aquaculture sites close to a contaminated agricultural region. Each site was sampled twice. Tests revealed the presence of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in the oysters at concentrations varying from 31.8 to 72.5 μg/kg for gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH); from 1.2 to 3.1 μg/kg for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4-DDE); from 1.6 to 2.3 μg/kg for endosulfan I; and from 1.4 to 41.2 μg/kg for endosulfan II, as well as heavy metals in concentrations that exceeded Mexican tolerance levels (405.5 to 987.8 μg/g for zinc; 4.2 to 7.3 μg/g for cadmium; and 7.2 to 9.9 μg/g for lead). Significant levels of DNA damage in oyster hemocytes were also detected. There was a significant, positive correlation between genotoxic damage and concentration of nickel or the presence of endosulfan II. Cellular viability evaluated by cytotoxic analyses was found to be high at 80%. Marked inhibition in activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE ) and induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was noted. Data demonstrated a significant relation between AChE activity inhibition and presence of endosulfan II, γ-HCH, copper, lead, and 4,4-DDE, as well as between AChE and GST activity at different sites.
authors.affiliation: a Biochemistry and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Environmental Management and Conservation , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195 , La Paz , BCS , Mexico.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Boucard
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anguiano-Vega
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mercier
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rojas del Castillo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D020552:Comet Assay; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D004249:DNA Damage; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005506:Food Contamination; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009153:Mutagens; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005982:Glutathione Transferase