title: Duplex surveillance after endovascular revascularisation for critical limb ischaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the popularity of endovascular therapy (EVT) for critical limb ischaemia (CLI), there are few studies investigating the efficacy of duplex ultrasound (DUS) surveillance after endovascular interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate DUS surveillance after EVT for CLI.
  
  
  METHODS
  146 endovascular procedures in 134 consecutive patients with CLI between 2011 and 2012 were included. Follow-up visits with ankle-brachial index (ABI), toe pressure, and target vessel DUS were performed at 1, 3, and 6 months after revascularisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the study population was 79 years, 58% were males, and 55% had diabetes. The target artery was at the iliac, femoro-popliteal, and infrapopliteal level in 2%, 54%, and 44% of cases, respectively. There were 282 follow-up visits. In 15 (5.3%) DUS examinations, the target vessel was not seen properly. In the remaining 267 DUS, the majority of the target arteries were patent with no or mild restenosis (n = 169, 63.3%), but in 98 (36.7%) examinations, the target artery was stenosed or occluded. When DUS was compared with the clinical presentation, there was no correlation in 30% and when DUS and toe pressure were compared, discrepancy was seen in 29%. A re-angiogram was performed for 29 patients, and the DUS finding was verified in each case. During the mean follow-up of 11 months, a new endovascular intervention was performed on 37 (25.3%) limbs, and 4 (2.7%) underwent surgical bypass. Four (3.0%) patients died and 6 (4.5%) underwent major amputation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical status or toe pressure alone were adequate markers of endovascular revascularisation failure in the majority of the patients, but would have missed up to one-third of the clinically significant re-stenoses or occlusions. DUS is therefore a valuable aid in surveillance after EVT for CLI, especially for patients with an ischaemic tissue lesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: eva.saarinen@hus.fi.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saarinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Laukontaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albäck
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venermo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000379:methods; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index / Q000379:methods; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods; D005121:Extremities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000379:methods; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Critical limb ischaemia; Duplex ultrasound; Endovascular revascularisation; Surveillance