title: Association of dietary factors with abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adiposity in Japanese men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between dietary factors and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in overweight and obese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pooled cross-sectional analysis was conducted to evaluate the associations between dietary factors (nutrition, dietary pattern and alcohol consumption) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and visceral fat area (VFA) in 301 Japanese men, aged 21-65 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The standardized regression coefficients of major dietary items (total energy intake, energy intake from breakfast, lunch, supper, between-meal, protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol) were positive for VFA in multiple linear regression analyses with the use of age and dietary items as independent variables. The energy intake from between-meal snacks correlated with SFA (standardized regression coefficient β = 0.174, p = 0.002). The coefficient of alcohol intake was positive for VFA and negative for SFA, and alcohol intake correlated with the VFA/total fat area (TFA) ratio (β = 0.130, p = 0.009). Alcohol intake was positively correlated with the blood non-esterified fatty acid concentration. Alcohol consumption additively increased energy intake from supper. The risk of an increase to VFA ≥ 100 cm(2) was 2.02 times higher (95% CI: 1.15, 3.56) for subjects whose energy intake was ≥ 2200 kcal/d, and 2.07 times higher (95% CI: 1.26, 3.42) in those who consumed ≥ 3 g/d alcohol. The risk of an increase to a VFA/TFA ratio ≥ 0.4 was 1.81 times higher (95% CI: 1.01, 3.23) for subjects whose energy intake from supper was ≥ 1000 kcal/d.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that habitual alcohol drinking and high-energy intake from supper are associated with disproportionate accumulation of visceral fat.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine and Diabetes Education, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan. Electronic address:kondoh.tomoko@kao.co.jp.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondoh
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine and Diabetes Education, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takase
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine and Diabetes Education, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine and Diabetes Education, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine and Diabetes Education, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katashima
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine and Diabetes Education, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katsuragi
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine and Diabetes Education, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakane
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D050154:Adiposity; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D044466:Asian People; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D000431:Ethanol