title: Ankle arthritis: review of diagnosis and operative management.
abstract: The diagnostic and therapeutic options for ankle arthritis are reviewed. The current standard of care for nonoperative options include the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections, orthotics, and ankle braces. Other modalities lack high-quality research studies to delineate their appropriateness and effectiveness. The gold standard for operative intervention in end-stage degenerative arthritis remains arthrodesis, but evidence for the superiority in functional outcomes of total ankle arthroplasty is increasing. The next few years will enable more informed decisions and, with more prospective high-quality studies, the most appropriate patient population for total ankle arthroplasty can be identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. Electronic address: rgrunfeld@hmc.psu.edu.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grunfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Umur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Aydogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Juliano
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000379:methods*; D058737:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Ankle / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
keywords: Ankle; Arthritis; Diagnosis; Operative management