title: Combination of calcium hydroxyapatite and autologous blood for endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the results of endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) with concomitant injection of pure calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) and autologous blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of patients who underwent endoscopic correction of VUR using concomitant injection of CaHA and autologous blood from 2008 through 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Data regarding patients' demographics, preoperative VUR grades, febrile urinary tract infections, complications of procedure, postoperative VUR grades and cure rates were collected. Voiding cystourethrography was performed 3 months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total number of 23 children (9 girls and 14 boys) with 40 refluxing ureters were included. The mean age of children was 1.9 ± 0.97 (SD) years. Reflux grades were II to IV in 14, 11 and 15 renal refluxing units (RRUs), respectively. The mean follow-up period was 44 months. VUR was successfully treated in 87.5% of RRUs after three injections. Significant statistical difference was found between VUR grades before and after the first, second and third injections (p < 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). Moreover, there was a significant difference between primary reflux grade and treatment success (p = 0.031). Febrile UTI was resolved in 85% of patients (17 of 20 patients with febrile UTI) after endoscopic treatment which shows significant improvement (p < 0.001). The procedure was uneventful in all patients, and no obstruction was reported during the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concomitant injection of pure CaHA without any additives (hyaluronic acid, etc.) and autologous blood can be an effective, repeatable and cost-benefit approach for the management of children suffering VUR with a success rate of 87.5% after three injections.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 62 Dr. Qarib's St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419433151, Iran (IRI).
authors.forename: Roozbeh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanhaeivash
authors.forename: Abdol-Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kajbafzadeh
authors.forename: Atefeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeinoddini
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahidi Rad
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heidari
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017886:Durapatite / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017886:Durapatite