title: [Non-pharmaceutical measures, topical analgesics and oral administration of glucose in pain management: Austrian interdisciplinary recommendations on pediatric perioperative pain management].
abstract: Non-pharmaceutical procedures are increasingly being used in pediatric pain therapy in addition to pharmaceutical procedures and have a supporting function. This article describes the non-pharmaceutical procedures which have an influence on perioperative and posttraumatic pain in children and adolescents. Prerequisites for every adequate pain therapy are affection, imparting a feeling of security, distraction and the creation of a child-oriented environment. Topical analgesics are indicated for application to intact skin for surface anesthesia. For a safe use consideration must be given to the duration of application, the dose and the maximum area of skin treated in an age-dependent manner. For simple but painful procedures in premature infants, neonates and infants, pain can be effectively reduced by the oral administration of glucose. The positive effect is guaranteed particularly for the use in a once only pain stimulation. Non-nutritive sucking, swaddling, facilitated tucking and kangaroo mother care, for example can be used as supportive measures during slightly painful procedures. There is insufficient evidence for a pain reducing effect in older infants and small children. Physical therapeutic procedures can be used as accompanying measures for acute pain and are individually adapted. However, the limited amount of currently available data is insufficient to make a critical scientific assessment of the individual measures. The effects can, however, be observed in the daily routine practice. Psychological methods can facilitate coping with pain. In situations with mental and psychiatric comorbidities or psychosocial impairment, a psychologist should be consulted. Acupuncture and hypnosis are also a meaningful addition within the framework of multimodal pain therapy.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Österreich, brigitte.messerer@medunigraz.at.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Messerer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krauss-Stoisser
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Urlesberger
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D013395:Sucrose
vernacular_title: Nichtmedikamentöse Maßnahmen sowie topische Analgetika und orale Zuckerstoffe im Schmerzmanagement : Österreichische interdisziplinäre Handlungsempfehlungen zum perioperativen Schmerzmanagement bei Kindern.