title: Generalized role for the cerebellum in encoding internal models: evidence from semantic processing.
abstract: The striking homogeneity of cerebellar microanatomy is strongly suggestive of a corresponding uniformity of function. Consequently, theoretical models of the cerebellum's role in motor control should offer important clues regarding cerebellar contributions to cognition. One such influential theory holds that the cerebellum encodes internal models, neural representations of the context-specific dynamic properties of an object, to facilitate predictive control when manipulating the object. The present study examined whether this theoretical construct can shed light on the contribution of the cerebellum to language processing. We reasoned that the cerebellum might perform a similar coordinative function when the context provided by the initial part of a sentence can be highly predictive of the end of the sentence. Using functional MRI in humans we tested two predictions derived from this hypothesis, building on previous neuroimaging studies of internal models in motor control. First, focal cerebellar activation-reflecting the operation of acquired internal models-should be enhanced when the linguistic context leads terminal words to be predictable. Second, more widespread activation should be observed when such predictions are violated, reflecting the processing of error signals that can be used to update internal models. Both predictions were confirmed, with predictability and prediction violations associated with increased blood oxygenation level-dependent signal in the posterior cerebellum (Crus I/II). Our results provide further evidence for cerebellar involvement in predictive language processing and suggest that the notion of cerebellar internal models may be extended to the language domain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0317 Oslo, Norway, and Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720.
authors.forename: Torgeir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moberget
authors.forename: Eva Hilland
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Gullesen
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ivry
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endestad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012660:Semantics; D051598:Whole Body Imaging; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: cerebellum; cognition; fMRI; internal models; language