title: Prevalence of pituitary hormone dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and impaired quality of life in retired professional football players: a prospective study.
abstract: Hypopituitarism is common after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Herein, we address the association between mild TBI (mTBI) and pituitary and metabolic function in retired football players. Retirees 30-65 years of age, with one or more years of National Football League (NFL) play and poor quality of life (QoL) based on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Mental Component Score (MCS) were prospectively enrolled. Pituitary hormonal and metabolic syndrome (MetS) testing was performed. Using a glucagon stimulation test, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was defined with a standard cut point of 3 ng/mL and with a more stringent body mass index (BMI)-adjusted cut point. Subjects with and without hormonal deficiency (HD) were compared in terms of QoL, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores, metabolic parameters, and football career data. Of 74 subjects, 6 were excluded because of significant non-football-related TBIs. Of the remaining 68 subjects (mean age, 47.3±10.2 years; median NFL years, 5; median NFL concussions, 3; mean BMI, 33.8±6.0), 28 (41.2%) were GHD using a peak GH cutoff of <3 ng/mL. However, with a BMI-adjusted definition of GHD, 13 of 68 (19.1%) were GHD. Using this BMI-adjusted definition, overall HD was found in 16 (23.5%) subjects: 10 (14.7%) with isolated GHD; 3 (4.4%) with isolated hypogonadism; and 3 (4.4%) with both GHD and hypogonadism. Subjects with HD had lower mean scores on the IIEF survey (p=0.016) and trended toward lower scores on the SF-36 MCS (p=0.113). MetS was present in 50% of subjects, including 5 of 6 (83%) with hypogonadism, and 29 of 62 (46.8%) without hypogonadism (p=0.087). Age, BMI, median years in NFL, games played, number of concussions, and acknowledged use of performance-enhancing steroids were similar between HD and non-HD groups. In summary, in this cohort of retired NFL players with poor QoL, 23.5% had HD, including 19% with GHD (using a BMI-adjusted definition), 9% with hypogonadism, and 50% had MetS. Although the cause of HD is unclear, these results suggest that GHD and hypogonadism may contribute to poor QoL, erectile dysfunction, and MetS in this population. Further study of pituitary function is warranted in athletes sustaining repetitive mTBI.
authors.affiliation: 1 Brain Tumor Center & Pituitary Disorders Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center , Santa Monica, California.
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Charlene
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaloner
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Pejman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cohan
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swerdloff
authors.forename: Myung-Shin
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Jihey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mathew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kernan
authors.forename: Garni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barkhoudarian
authors.forename: Kevin C J
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guskiewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005538:Football / Q000523:psychology; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012179:Retirement / Q000523:psychology
keywords: growth hormone deficiency; hypogonadism; metabolic syndrome; mild traumatic brain injury; professional football