title: Defining the role of chest radiography in determining candidacy for pectus excavatum repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Haller index (HI), derived from computed tomography (CT) of the chest, remains the standard for determining pectus excavatum (PE) severity. The ability to accurately determine PE severity from chest radiography (CXR) may provide substantial benefits. This study proposes to establish data-driven criteria for the use of CXR as a diagnostic modality in the preoperative evaluation of patients with PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A database of 77 patients with PE receiving preoperative CXR and CT was created. Haller indices were obtained from CT scans. Two cardiothoracic surgeons, blinded to the CT HI scores, independently calculated CXR HIs. Interrater reliability, correlations, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant correlation was found between CXR HI estimates of the two observers, r = 0.84. Computed tomography HIs were used as the standard for identifying patients meeting surgical criteria (CT HI ≥3.2). From this, sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies were calculated for the corresponding CXR HIs determined by each observer. Observer CXR HI estimates had a sensitivity of 0.94 and 0.92, specificity of 0.77 and 0.42, and accuracy of 0.88 and 0.75.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a strong correlation between HIs calculated with each modality. In addition, CXR HIs demonstrated good interrater reliability. Although the sensitivity of CXR in diagnosing severe PE (CT HI ≥3.2) was high, specificity was less convincing. However, when using a cutoff of CXR HIs of 3.75 or greater, combined specificity was quite high (0.96). We recommend replacing CT with CXR in the preoperative evaluation for PE. Computed tomography should be used as a confirmatory test for CXR HIs between 3.2 and 3.75.
authors.affiliation: From the Divisions of *Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, †Pediatric Cardiology, and ‡Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics and University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA USA.
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Poston
authors.forename: Sonali S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Maheen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajput
authors.forename: Nicholas O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Turek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005660:Funnel Chest / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057234:Preoperative Period; D012372:ROC Curve; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing; D055815:Young Adult