title: Medical and nonmedical use of prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics among U.S. high school seniors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the lifetime prevalence of medical and nonmedical use of prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics among U.S. high school seniors and to assess substance use behaviors based on lifetime histories of medical and nonmedical use of prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally representative samples of high school seniors were surveyed during their senior year via self-administered questionnaires. The sample consisted of 11,248 high school seniors (modal age, 18years) from five independent cohorts (2007-2011). The sample was 52% female, 65% White, 12% African American, 15% Hispanic, and 7% other.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalence of medical use of prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics was 4.9%, while the lifetime prevalence of nonmedical use was 7.5%. Although lifetime prevalence rates were relatively stable over time, there were notable sex and racial/ethnic differences in medical and nonmedical use behaviors. Among those who were ever prescribed benzodiazepine anxiolytics (n=530), approximately 40.6% reported medical use only, 27.4% reported medical use prior to nonmedical use, and 32.0% reported nonmedical use prior to medical use. The odds of substance use behaviors were greater among those who reported any history of nonmedical use relative to non-users, while the odds of substance use behaviors did not differ between medical users only and non-users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One in every ten U.S. high school seniors has ever had some exposure to prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics either medically or nonmedically. Benzodiazepine anxiolytics prescribed to adolescents should be closely monitored, safely stored, and properly disposed to reduce nonmedical use due to leftover medication and peer diversion.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, 204S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1290, USA. Electronic address: plius@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Sean Esteban
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.affiliation: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48016-1248, USA; Center for Statistical Consultation and Research, University of Michigan, 915 East Washington Street (3553 Rackham), Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1070, USA.
authors.forename: Brady T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D012574:Schools; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines
keywords: Adolescents; Benzodiazepines; Medical use; Nonmedical use; Prescription drugs; Tranquilizers