title: A modified catheterization procedure to reduce bladder damage when collecting urine samples from Holstein cows.
abstract: This study proposed a modified procedure, using a small balloon catheter (SB catheter, 45 ml), for reducing bladder damage in cows. Holstein cows and the following catheters were prepared: smaller balloon catheter (XSB catheter; 30 ml), SB catheter and standard balloon catheter (NB catheter; 70 ml, as the commonly used, standard size). In experiment 1, each cow was catheterized. The occurrence of catheter-associated hematuria (greater than 50 RBC/HPF) was lower in the SB catheter group (0.0%, n=7) than in the NB catheter group (71.4%, n=7; P<0.05). In experiment 2, general veterinary parameters, urine pH, body temperature and blood values in cows were not affected before or after insertion of SB catheters (n=6). The incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) was 3.0% per catheterized day (n=22). In experiment 3, feeding profiles, daily excretion of urinary nitrogen (P<0.05) and rate from nitrogen intake in urine (P<0.01), were higher with use of the SB catheter (n=13) than with the use of the vulva urine cup (n=18), indicating that using the SB catheter can provide accurate nutritional data. From this study, we concluded that when using an SB catheter, the following results occur; reduction in bladder damage without any veterinary risks and accuracy in regard to feeding parameters, suggesting this modified procedure using an SB catheter is a useful means of daily urine collection.
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Metropolitan Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Say
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishiki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D002417:Cattle; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D016014:Linear Models; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000652:urine; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D059349:Urine Specimen Collection / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen