title: The role of albuminuria as a non-invasive marker for congestive acutely decompensated chronic heart failure and the spironolactone effect in elderly Portuguese: a non-randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Albuminuria is a robust, validated cardiovascular risk factor. It is a simple and widely available test that was shown to be a powerful and independent predictor of prognosis in chronic heart failure. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may reduce the acute and chronic harmful effects of mineralocorticoid receptor activation on the kidney. The objectives of the trial were to compare the effect of spironolactone versus standard acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) therapy on albuminuria and to investigate the role of albuminuria as a prognostic marker in patients with ADHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of a prospective, interventional study including 100 patients with ADHF. Fifty patients were non-randomly assigned to spironolactone 100 mg/day plus standard ADHF therapy (intervention group) or standard ADHF therapy alone (control group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in control group were older, had higher creatinine and urea levels, and had higher proportion of microalbuminuria (all, P < 0.05). Paired comparison of baseline and day 3 log albuminuria within each group, showed a more pronounced decrease in the intervention group (1.79 ± 0.75 to 1.59 ± 0.67, P = 0.003 vs 1.89 ± 0.70 to 1.79 ± 0.74, P = 0.096). In addition, the proportion of patients with normoalbuminuria increased from baseline to day 3 in spironolactone group (20 (40%) to 27 (54%), P < 001), accordingly the number of patients in the micro and macroalbuminuria groups was reduced. Day 1 albuminuria was positively correlated with day 1 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (0.260 [0.105-0.758], P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose spironolactone added to standard ADHF therapy is likely to induce a more pronounced albuminuria decrease and a significant reduction in the proportion of micro and macroalbuminuria.
authors.affiliation: Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: João Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bettencourt
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015415:Biomarkers; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013148:Spironolactone
keywords: acute heart failure; acute kidney injury; albuminuria