title: Maternal depressive symptoms, maternal behavior, and toddler internalizing outcomes: a moderated mediation model.
abstract: Maternal depression relates to child internalizing outcomes, but one missing aspect of this association is how variation in depressive symptoms, including mild and moderate symptoms, relates to young children's outcomes. The current study examined a moderated mediation model to investigate how maternal behaviors may mediate this association in the context of child temperament and gender. Mothers and toddlers completed a free-play/clean-up task in the laboratory. Mothers rated their depressive symptoms and their toddlers' temperament and internalizing behaviors. Results indicated a significant indirect effect of maternal warmth on the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and toddler internalizing outcomes for boys with low negative emotionality. Toddler gender and temperament moderated the relation between maternal intrusiveness and toddler internalizing outcomes, but mediation was not supported. Results highlight the important interaction between child and maternal variables in predicting child outcomes, and suggest mechanisms by and conditions under which mild maternal depressive symptomatology can be a risk factor for toddler internalizing outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA, hummelac@miamioh.edu.
authors.forename: Alexandra C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kiel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013694:Temperament