title: Longitudinal study of the detection of Bluetongue virus in bull semen and comparison of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays.
abstract: Infection with Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a significant impediment to the global movement of bovine semen. Repeat testing of blood from donor animals is specified in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Manual for the export of semen from regions where BTV may be present. Screening of blood or semen samples has usually been carried out by virus isolation (VI) either by inoculation of chicken embryos followed by passage onto insect and mammalian cell cultures or in vivo inoculation of sheep followed by serology to detect seroconversion. Direct testing of semen for BTV would enable earlier release of semen samples and avoid repeat testing of the donor, as well as provide an option for releasing batches of semen that were collected without certification of the donor. Quantitative (real-time) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays overcome most of the limitations of other methods and have the potential to provide higher sensitivity. The present study compared 5 qRT-PCR assays, including 2 commercially available kits, for the detection of BTV in semen serially collected from 8 bulls over a period of 90 days after experimental infection. The results of the study show that at least one of the qRT-PCR assays is extremely reproducible and has both very high sensitivity and specificity to reliably detect all available serotypes. The preferred qRT-PCR gave consistently superior results to VI, sheep inoculation, and conventional RT-PCR. Therefore, the assay can be recommended for the screening of bovine semen for freedom from BTV.
authors.affiliation: 1Peter D. Kirkland, Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, PMB 4008, Narellan NSW 2570, Australia. peter.kirkland@dpi.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Xingnian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Lorna F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Melville
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Kirkland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002417:Cattle; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012661:Semen / Q000821:virology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Bluetongue virus; bull semen; real-time polymerase chain reaction