title: Generation of male differentiated germ cells from various types of stem cells.
abstract: Infertility is a major and largely incurable disease caused by disruption and loss of germ cells. It affects 10-15% of couples, and male factor accounts for half of the cases. To obtain human male germ cells 'especially functional spermatids' is essential for treating male infertility. Currently, much progress has been made on generating male germ cells, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids, from various types of stem cells. These germ cells can also be used in investigation of the pathology of male infertility. In this review, we focused on advances on obtaining male differentiated germ cells from different kinds of stem cells, with an emphasis on the embryonic stem (ES) cells, the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). We illustrated the generation of male differentiated germ cells from ES cells, iPS cells and SSCs, and we summarized the phenotype for these stem cells, spermatocytes and spermatids. Moreover, we address the differentiation potentials of ES cells, iPS cells and SSCs. We also highlight the advantages, disadvantages and concerns on derivation of the differentiated male germ cells from several types of stem cells. The ability of generating mature and functional male gametes from stem cells could enable us to understand the precise etiology of male infertility and offer an invaluable source of autologous male gametes for treating male infertility of azoospermia patients.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Jingmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Yanan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Yuehua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Qiang
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, China zupinghe@sjtu.edu.cn lizhengboshi@163.com.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghai 200135, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineShanghai 200025, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, ChinaDepartment of UrologyShanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Linshan Road, Shanghai 200135, Chin
authors.forename: Zuping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D019070:Cell Lineage; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers