title: Efficacy of the NaviTip FX irrigation needle in removing calcium hydroxide from root canal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of the NaviTip FX, brush-covered irrigation needle, in removing calcium hydroxide from the root canal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into three groups: A - irrigation with a hypodermic needle inserted as far as possible without binding and activation with #30 K-type file; B - Irrigation with a hypodermic needle without activation; C - irrigation with NaviTip FX needle. Sodium hypoclorite 1% was used in irrigation. The root canals were examined trough scanning electron microscopy. Calcium hydroxide removal was recorded at 1, 5, and 10mm from the working length (WL) and the data were analysed using one-way ANOVA test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NaviTip FX and hypodermic needle activated with #30K-type file showed lower score at 10 and 5mm with no significant difference between them. Comparison within groups did not show significant differences. All groups showed significantly better smear layer removal at 5 and 10 mm from the WL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The apical third (1mm) of the root canal was found to be the most critical site for Ca(OH)2 removal. Key words:Calcium hydroxide, irrigation, scanning electron microscope, NaviTip FX.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, USP, Bauru- SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clovis M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bramante
authors.affiliation: Professor of Dentistry, UNIP Dental School, Manaus-AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bethânia C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Professor of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, USP, Bauru- SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Professor of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, USP, Bauru- SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bramante
authors.affiliation: Professor of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, USP, Bauru- SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Norberti
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bernardineli
authors.affiliation: Professor of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, USP, Bauru- SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivaldo G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.affiliation: Professor of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, USP, Bauru- SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Húngaro-Duarte
authors.affiliation: Professor of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Amazonas State University - Dental School, Manaus-AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tiago N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Pinheiro