title: Therapeutic management of hypophosphatemic rickets from infancy to adulthood.
abstract: In children, hypophosphatemic rickets (HR) is revealed by delayed walking, waddling gait, leg bowing, enlarged cartilages, bone pain, craniostenosis, spontaneous dental abscesses, and growth failure. If undiagnosed during childhood, patients with hypophosphatemia present with bone and/or joint pain, fractures, mineralization defects such as osteomalacia, entesopathy, severe dental anomalies, hearing loss, and fatigue. Healing rickets is the initial endpoint of treatment in children. Therapy aims at counteracting consequences of FGF23 excess, i.e. oral phosphorus supplementation with multiple daily intakes to compensate for renal phosphate wasting and active vitamin D analogs (alfacalcidol or calcitriol) to counter the 1,25-diOH-vitamin D deficiency. Corrective surgeries for residual leg bowing at the end of growth are occasionally performed. In absence of consensus regarding indications of the treatment in adults, it is generally accepted that medical treatment should be reinitiated (or maintained) in symptomatic patients to reduce pain, which may be due to bone microfractures and/or osteomalacia. In addition to the conventional treatment, optimal care of symptomatic patients requires pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of pain and joint stiffness, through appropriated rehabilitation. Much attention should be given to the dental and periodontal manifestations of HR. Besides vitamin D analogs and phosphate supplements that improve tooth mineralization, rigorous oral hygiene, active endodontic treatment of root abscesses and preventive protection of teeth surfaces are recommended. Current outcomes of this therapy are still not optimal, and therapies targeting the pathophysiology of the disease, i.e. FGF23 excess, are desirable. In this review, medical, dental, surgical, and contributions of various expertises to the treatment of HR are described, with an effort to highlight the importance of coordinated care.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Endocrinologie et Diabétologie de l'Enfant Service de Pédiatrie générale - Consultation de rhumatologie Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction Service d'ORL et chirurgie cervico-maxillo-facialeHôpital Bicêtre, APHP, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France Université Paris 11Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Bicêtre, 70 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du PhosphoreLe Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Service d'Odontologie-Maladies Rares Hôpital Bretonneau 2 rue Carpeaux75018 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine75006 Paris, France Service Rhumatologie B Hôpital CochinAPHP, 27, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires Rares de l'EnfantLe Kremlin Bicêtre, France Service d'explorations fonctionnelles rénales Service de Chirurgie infantile orthopédiqueHôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France Association de patients RVRH-XLH20 rue Merlin de Thionville, 92150 Suresnes, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linglart
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biosse-Duplan
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Briot
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaussain
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esterle
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guillaume-Czitrom
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kamenicky
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nevoux
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prié
authors.forename: Anya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenbuhler
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wicart
authors.forename: Pol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harvengt
keywords: X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets; bone; calcium; rare diseases/syndromes