title: Glutathione S-transferase affects permethrin detoxification in the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
abstract: Control of ticks on dogs is often done by application of repellents that contain permethrin as the active ingredient. In this research, we studied the role of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene in detoxification of permethrin by ticks using a gene silencing method RNA interference (RNAi). The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, used in these studies, has a notable host preference for dogs, but also infests other mammals. In this research, R. sanguineus females were injected with gst double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to effect gene silencing by RNAi and then exposed to sublethal doses of permethrin. Sixty hours after injection, the females were allowed to feed on sheep. The female ticks subjected to RNAi proved to be more susceptible to permethrin than the untreated controls. The effect of gene silencing was most notable in the highest dose group (50.3 ppm) in which all ticks died, while in the corresponding controls that were not subjected to RNAi this dose was not lethal. The acaricide treatment of the ticks resulted in a change in tick attachment behavior. Acaricide-treated ticks attached in a scattered pattern in contrast to the control ticks that attached and fed tightly clustered together. The time required for repletion for both the injected and non-injected females exposed to the higher permethrin level was shorter than that observed in the lower-dose groups and unexposed controls, and this more rapid attachment and feeding would likely favor more rapid transmission of pathogens. However, engorgement and egg mass weights were not significantly different among the experimental groups. This research demonstrated that the silencing of the gst gene increased the tick's susceptibility to permethrin. Overall, these results have contributed to our understanding of the detoxification mechanism of ticks and provide new considerations for the formulation of treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: Georg.Duscher@vetmeduni.ac.at.
authors.forename: Georg Gerhard
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Duscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA; Institute for Population Genetics, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ruth Cecilia
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Galindo
authors.affiliation: SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tichy
authors.affiliation: VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kocan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA; Institute for Population Genetics, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010058:Oviposition; D026023:Permethrin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D034622:RNA Interference; D048508:Rhipicephalus sanguineus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D026023:Permethrin; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Glutathione S-transferase; Oviposition; Permethrin; RNA interference; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Ticks