title: Inflammation and peripheral arterial disease: the value of circulating biomarkers (Review).
abstract: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a manifestation of atherosclerotic vascular disease and is often associated with other comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. An increasing body of evidence supports the notion that inflammation plays an important role in the development and progression of PAD. A number of studies have investigated the association of various acute phase proteins, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP), with PAD. Apart from CRP, other circulating biomarkers, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), selectins and interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 have been considered to play a role in the development of PAD. In this review, the role of these circulating biomarkers in PAD is discussed. Current data indicate that the appropriate use of biomarkers in patients with PAD may contribute to an early diagnosis, an enhanced knowledge of the developmental process of the disease, as well as to the subsequent improvement of current therapies and to the development of new ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Medical Angiology Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore Santo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Signorelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Medical Angiology Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-medical Sciences, General Pathology and Oncology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malaponte
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology; D019087:Selectins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D019087:Selectins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein