title: Whales from space: counting southern right whales by satellite.
abstract: We describe a method of identifying and counting whales using very high resolution satellite imagery through the example of southern right whales breeding in part of the Golfo Nuevo, Península Valdés in Argentina. Southern right whales have been extensively hunted over the last 300 years and although numbers have recovered from near extinction in the early 20(th) century, current populations are fragmented and are estimated at only a small fraction of pre-hunting total. Recent extreme right whale calf mortality events at Península Valdés, which constitutes the largest single population, have raised fresh concern for the future of the species. The WorldView2 satellite has a maximum 50 cm resolution and a water penetrating coastal band in the far-blue part of the spectrum that allows it to see deeper into the water column. Using an image covering 113 km², we identified 55 probable whales and 23 other features that are possibly whales, with a further 13 objects that are only detected by the coastal band. Comparison of a number of classification techniques, to automatically detect whale-like objects, showed that a simple thresholding technique of the panchromatic and coastal band delivered the best results. This is the first successful study using satellite imagery to count whales; a pragmatic, transferable method using this rapidly advancing technology that has major implications for future surveys of cetacean populations.
authors.affiliation: Mapping and Geographic Information Centre, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Fretwell
authors.affiliation: Ecosystems Department, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Iain J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Staniland
authors.affiliation: Ecosystems Department, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forcada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D001331:Automation; D002591:Cetacea; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005843:Geography; D011157:Population Dynamics; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D063809:Satellite Imagery; D014907:Whales / Q000145:classification*