title: Red colored IgG4 caused by vitamin B12 from cell culture media combined with disulfide reduction at harvest.
abstract: While many antibody therapeutics are formulated at low concentration (~10-20 mg/mL) for intravenous administration, high concentration (> 100 mg/mL) formulations may be required for subcutaneous delivery in certain clinical indications. For such high concentration formulations, product color is more apparent due to the higher molecular density across a given path-length. Color is therefore a product quality attribute that must be well-understood and controlled, to demonstrate process consistency and enable clinical trial blinding. Upon concentration of an IgG4 product at the 2000 L manufacturing scale, variability in product color, ranging from yellow to red, was observed. A small-scale experimental model was developed to assess the effect of processing conditions (medium composition and harvest conditions) on final bulk drug substance (BDS) color. The model was used to demonstrate that, for two distinct IgG4 products, red coloration occurred only in the presence of disulfide reduction-mediated antibody dissociation. The red color-causing component was identified as vitamin B 12, in the hydroxocobalamin form, and the extent of red color was correlated with the cobalt (vitamin B 12) concentration in the final pools. The intensity of redness in the final BDS was modulated by changing the concentration of vitamin B 12 in the cell culture media.
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Gayle E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Derfus
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Jemelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dizon-Maspat
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Jared T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Broddrick
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Arleene C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Velayo
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Josh D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Toschi
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Rodell T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Santuray
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amanullah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry; D003116:Color; D003124:Colorimetry; D003412:Cricetulus; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008027:Light; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D003470:Culture Media; D004220:Disulfides; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D003035:Cobalt; D014805:Vitamin B 12
keywords: Chinese hamster ovary; bioprocess; color; high concentration; monoclonal antibody