title: Missed diagnosis of traumatic brain injury in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of missed acute care traumatic brain injury diagnoses in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury, and to examine risk factors for missed traumatic brain injury diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective magnetic resonance imaging and neuro-psychological assessment plus retrospective medical record review, including computed tomography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two adults with traumatic spinal cord injury recruited from a large, tertiary spinal cord injury program, initially referred from urban teaching hospitals with neurotrauma facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosis of traumatic brain injury made with clinical neurological indices (i.e., Glasgow Coma Scale, post-traumatic amnesia, and loss of consciousness), neuroimaging (computed tomography and structural magnetic resonance imaging), and neuropsychological tests of attention and speed of processing, memory, and executive function; all measures were validated on a case-by-case basis to rule out confounds. Missed traumatic brain injury diagnoses were made via acute care medical record review and were corroborated by patient/family report where possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of missed traumatic brain injury diagnoses in our sample was 58.5%. Missed traumatic brain injury diagnoses were more frequent in injuries sustained outside of a motor vehicle collision (MVC), with 75.0% of acute care traumatic brain injury diagnoses missed in non-MVC patients vs. 42.9% missed in MVC patients. Among patients with non-MVC injuries, a comparable percentage of missed traumatic brain injury diagnoses were observed in patients with cervical (79%) and sub-cervical injuries (80%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In more than half of the traumatic spinal cord injury patients referred for in-patient rehabilitation, acute care diagnoses of traumatic brain injury were missed. A risk factor for missed diagnosis was an injury caused by a mechanism other than an MVC (e.g., falls, assaults), perhaps due to reduced expectations of traumatic brain injury in non-MVC patients. In our research study, we employed multiple assessments to aid diagnosis, which is particularly important for detecting the milder traumatic brain injuries often associated with spinal cord injury; unfortunately, limited resources may preclude a comprehensive diagnostic approach in clinical settings. Our findings point to the need to examine current acute care diagnostic protocols, and to increase vigilance in patients with traumatic injuries sustained outside of an MVC setting.
authors.affiliation: Research, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Bhanu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mikulis
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015897:Comorbidity; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009864:Ontario; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult