title: Non-Target Activity Detection by Post-Radioembolization Yttrium-90 PET/CT: Image Assessment Technique and Case Examples.
abstract: High resolution yttrium-90 ((90)Y) imaging of post-radioembolization microsphere biodistribution may be achieved by conventional positron emission tomography with integrated computed tomography (PET/CT) scanners that have time-of-flight capability. However, reconstructed (90)Y PET/CT images have high background noise, making non-target activity detection technically challenging. This educational article describes our image assessment technique for non-target activity detection by (90)Y PET/CT, which qualitatively overcomes the problem of background noise. We present selected case examples of non-target activity in untargeted liver, stomach, gallbladder, chest wall, and kidney, supported by angiography and (90)Y bremsstrahlung single-photon emission computed tomography with integrated computed tomography (SPECT/CT) or technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin SPECT/CT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore ; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Austin Hospital , Melbourne, VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Yung Hsiang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore.
authors.forename: Andrew E H
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore.
authors.forename: Richard H G
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore.
authors.forename: Kiang Hiong
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore.
authors.forename: Bien Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore ; Department of Surgical Oncology , National Cancer Centre Singapore , Singapore ; Office of Clinical Sciences , Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore.
authors.forename: Pierce K H
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore.
authors.forename: David C E
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore.
authors.forename: Anthony S W
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Goh
keywords: SIR-spheres; bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT; diagnostic reporting technique; non-target activity; selective internal radiation therapy; yttrium-90 PET/CT; yttrium-90 radioembolization; yttrium-90 resin microspheres