title: A complementary strategy for enhancement of nanoparticle intracellular uptake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The complementary strategy by combining targeting ligand-mediated selectivity and CPP-mediated transmembrane function could be exploit synergies for enhancing cellular uptake of nanoparticles with negative charge. A heparin-based nanoparticles with negative charge was fabricated by complementary strategy, which was expected to attain efficient uptake and simultaneously exert great anticancer activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We synthesized heparin-based nanoparticles with targeting ligand folate and CPP ligand Tat to deliver paclitaxel (H-F-Tat-P NPs). The NPs were characterized by (1)H NMR, DLS and TEM, respectively. The effect of dual ligands on system behavior in aqueous solution was investigated. Moreover, its cellular internalization and anticancer activity were detected by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and MTT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Folate played a key role in the formation of heparin-based NPs dependent on the balance of amphiphilic Tat and hydrophobic folate. Although H-F-Tat-P NPs primarily entered FR specific and non-specific cells by similar routes, there were no comparability due to cell-type specific variation. Unlike non-specific cells, the complementary ligands could help negative-charged NPs to enhance cellular uptake facilitating its endosome escape in specific cells thereby exhibiting great anticancer activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complementary strategy for negative-charged NPs was presented a promising delivery system for diverse anticancer agents enable simultaneously targeting and drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
authors.forename: Yingjia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Dongxiao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yaoyong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Hongbing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Xingmei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D017239:Paclitaxel