title: Differences in trunk accelerometry between frail and non-frail elderly persons in functional tasks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical conditions through gait and other functional task are parameters to consider for frailty detection. The aim of the present study is to measure and describe the variability of acceleration, angular velocity and trunk displacement in the ten meter Extended Timed Get-Up-and-Go test in two groups of frail and non-frail elderly people through instrumentation with the iPhone4® smartphone. Secondly, to analyze the differences and performance of the variance between the study groups (frail and non-frail).This is a cross-sectional study of 30 subjects aged over 65 years, 14 frail subjects and 16 non-frail subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest difference between groups in the Sit-to-Stand and Stand-to-Sit subphases was in the y axis (vertical vector). The minimum acceleration in the Stand-to-Sit phase was -2.69 (-4.17/-0.96) m/s2 frail elderly versus -8.49 (-12.1/-5.23) m/s2 non-frail elderly, p < 0.001. In the Gait Go and Gait Come subphases the biggest differences found between the groups were in the vertical axis: -2.45 (-2.77/-1.89) m/s2 frail elderly versus -5.93 (-6.87/-4.51) m/s2 non-frail elderly, p < 0.001. Finally, with regards to the turning subphase, the statistically significant differences found between the groups were greater in the data obtained from the gyroscope than from the accelerometer (the gyroscope data for the mean maximum peak value for Yaw movement angular velocity in the frail elderly was specifically 25.60°/s, compared to 112.8°/s for the non-frail elderly, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inertial sensor fitted in the iPhone4® is capable of studying and analyzing the kinematics of the different subphases of the Extended Timed Up and Go test in frail and non-frail elderly people. For the Extended Timed Up and Go test, this device allows more sensitive differentiation between population groups than the traditionally used variable, namely time.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galán-Mercant
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, IBIMA, Universidad de Malaga, Av/Arquitecto Peñalosa s/n (Teatinos Campus Expansion), 29009 Málaga, Spain. acuesta@uma.es.
authors.forename: Antonio I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Cuesta-Vargas
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D040421:Cell Phone; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016330:Frail Elderly; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006299:Health Services for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors