title: Relations of low contrast visual acuity, quality of life and multiple sclerosis functional composite: a cross-sectional analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although common and often disabling in multiple sclerosis (MS), visual dysfunction is currently not adequately accounted for in both clinical routine and MS trials. Sloan low contrast letter acuity (SLCLA) is a standardised chart-based measure of visual function particular at low contrast and has been suggested as additional visual component to the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC). Here, we evaluate the relations between SLCLA, retinal integrity, MSFC, and quality of life (QoL) in MS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness, MSFC, SLCLA (2.5% and 1.25% contrast levels), visual evoked potentials, and QoL (Short Form (SF) 36, National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEIVFQ)) using baseline data of 92 MS patients from an ongoing prospective longitudinal trial. Relations between RNFL thickness or P100 latency and SLCLA were analysed using generalised estimating equations (GEE) accounting for intra-individual inter-eye dependencies and corrected for age, gender, and history of optic neuritis. Pearson's correlations were used to assess relations between SLCLA, MSFC, and QoL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLCLA reflected RNFL thickness (p = 0.021) and P100 latency (p = 0.004) and predicted vision-related QoL, reflected by the NEIVFQ39 subscores "general vision" and "near activities" (p < 0.008 for both). SLCLA did not predict general QoL reflected by SF36. Implementing SLCLA into MSFC, thus creating a four-dimensional MSFC4, captured aspects of disability reflected by the NEIVFQ39 subscores "general vision" (r = 0.42, p < 0.0001) and "near activity" (r = 0.3, p = 0.014) which were not captured by standard MSFC3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLCLA at 2.5% and 1.25% contrast levels correlates with retinal morphology and P100 latency and predicts some aspects of vision-related QoL in MS. More importantly, using a prospective cross-sectional approach we provide evidence that extending the MSFC by SLCLA as an additional visual component increases the performance of MSFC to capture MS-related disability. Longitudinal data on the relation between SLCLA, MSFC, and QoL will be available in the near future.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schinzel
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Friedemann
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Klemens
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruprecht
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Alexander U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. jan-markus.doerr@charite.de.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dörr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*