title: Evidence for a time-invariant phase variable in human ankle control.
abstract: Human locomotion is a rhythmic task in which patterns of muscle activity are modulated by state-dependent feedback to accommodate perturbations. Two popular theories have been proposed for the underlying embodiment of phase in the human pattern generator: a time-dependent internal representation or a time-invariant feedback representation (i.e., reflex mechanisms). In either case the neuromuscular system must update or represent the phase of locomotor patterns based on the system state, which can include measurements of hundreds of variables. However, a much simpler representation of phase has emerged in recent designs for legged robots, which control joint patterns as functions of a single monotonic mechanical variable, termed a phase variable. We propose that human joint patterns may similarly depend on a physical phase variable, specifically the heel-to-toe movement of the Center of Pressure under the foot. We found that when the ankle is unexpectedly rotated to a position it would have encountered later in the step, the Center of Pressure also shifts forward to the corresponding later position, and the remaining portion of the gait pattern ensues. This phase shift suggests that the progression of the stance ankle is controlled by a biomechanical phase variable, motivating future investigations of phase variables in human locomotor control.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.affiliation: Department of Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elliott J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.affiliation: Center for Bionic Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Levi J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hargrove
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathon W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sensinger
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D013997:Time Factors