title: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment of renal colic during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence and causes of renal stones in pregnant women, investigate the reliability and accuracy of diagnostic investigations and to consider the various therapeutic options available.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature was conducted, searching for relevant papers on the physiology of urinary apparatus changes during pregnancy, as well as the etiology, diagnosis and management of renal colic in pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standards of care in renal colic during pregnancy include accurate diagnosis primarily with ultrasound, or MRI if necessary, conservative therapy and careful surgical approach for urinary drainage in the first place or ureterorenoscopy when needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal colic during pregnancy is potentially troublesome and likely to lead to serious adverse effects on both mother and fetus. A multi-disciplinary approach is needed, which includes experts in the fields of Urology, Obstetrics, Radiology and Anesthesiology, to ensure the optimal care of this delicate cohort of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano - Italy.
authors.forename: Angelica Anna Chiara
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cozzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D056844:Renal Colic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome