title: An integrated method for quantifying root architecture of field-grown maize.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of techniques have recently been developed for studying the root system architecture (RSA) of seedlings grown in various media. In contrast, methods for sampling and analysis of the RSA of field-grown plants, particularly for details of the lateral root components, are generally inadequate.
  
  
  METHODS
  An integrated methodology was developed that includes a custom-made root-core sampling system for extracting intact root systems of individual maize plants, a combination of proprietary software and a novel program used for collecting individual RSA information, and software for visualizing the measured individual nodal root architecture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Example experiments show that large root cores can be sampled, and topological and geometrical structure of field-grown maize root systems can be quantified and reconstructed using this method. Second- and higher order laterals are found to contribute substantially to total root number and length. The length of laterals of distinct orders varies significantly. Abundant higher order laterals can arise from a single first-order lateral, and they concentrate in the proximal axile branching zone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new method allows more meaningful sampling than conventional methods because of its easily opened, wide corer and sampling machinery, and effective analysis of RSA using the software. This provides a novel technique for quantifying RSA of field-grown maize and also provides a unique evaluation of the contribution of lateral roots. The method also offers valuable potential for parameterization of root architectural models.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D008954:Models, Biological; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D036226:Seedlings / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D012984:Software; D003313:Zea mays / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development