title: Malignancies in South African children with HIV.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2008 the South African Children's Cancer Study Group decided to review the epidemiology, management, and chemotherapy response of HIV-positive children with malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective analysis of data collected from the records of HIV-positive children diagnosed with malignancy at 7 university-based pediatric oncology units serving 8 of the 9 provinces in South Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred eighty-eight HIV-positive children were diagnosed with 289 malignancies between 1995 and 2009. Age at diagnosis ranged from 17 days to 18.64 years; median 5.79 years. Of the 220 HIV-associated malignancies, there were 97 Kaposi sarcomas, 61 Burkitt lymphomas, 47 other B-cell lymphomas including 2 primary central nervous system lymphomas, 12 Hodgkin lymphomas, and 3 leiomyosarcomas. Sixty-nine patients presented with non-AIDS-defining malignancies. More than 80% presented with advanced disease. Most patients (76.7%) were naive to antiretroviral therapy; 22.2% did not have access because it only became available in public hospitals in 2004. One hundred ninety-seven children were treated with curative intent; 91 received palliative care due to advanced malignancy and/or advanced HIV disease. Nearly one third had coexisting pathology, mostly tuberculosis. Overall survival for the whole group was 33.7%, but was 57.8% for those treated with antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows more Kaposi sarcoma and fewer primary central nervous system lymphomas among HIV-positive children than that is reported in the developed world, but confirms a higher incidence of non-Burkitt B-cell lymphoma than in HIV-negative children. The high number of non-AIDS-defining malignancies underscores the prevalence of HIV-AIDS in South Africa. The overall survival should improve with universal access to antiretrovirals and earlier diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital and the University of Cape Town §Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, Western Cape †Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital ∥Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg ¶Department of Paediatrics, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng ‡Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Universitas Academic Hospital Complex and the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State #Department of Paediatrics, Frere Hospital and Walter Sisulu University, East London, Eastern Cape.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Rosalinda D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wainwright
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Stones
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geel
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reynders
authors.forename: Fareed
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Rema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: D Cristina
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Stefan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology