title: Long-term commercial cow's milk consumption and its effects on metabolic parameters associated with obesity in young mice.
abstract: METHODS
  Research has demonstrated that consumption of milk promotes weight loss and satiety, however conflicting evidence also exists. Therefore, we tested the effect of long-term milk consumption on body weight and metabolic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Newly weaned mice received whole milk, low-fat milk, or water as control for 17 weeks and serum, liver, and white adipose tissue (WAT) were tested for parameters associated with obesity and diabetes. Our results show that low-fat milk leads to the same overall caloric intake and body weight as the control group. However, the whole-milk group consumed more calories and reached a higher body weight. In addition, in the low-fat milk group, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, corticosterone, and glucagon were not significantly different than the control group. In contrast, in the whole-milk group, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucagon were high compared with the control group. Metabolism in both liver and WAT showed only slight differences between the milk groups. Whereas the whole-milk group showed reduced insulin signaling in WAT, the low-fat milk group exhibited increased insulin signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole-milk consumption leads to increased body weight and caloric intake and reduced insulin signaling in WAT, as opposed to low-fat milk consumption.
authors.affiliation: Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Hadas
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bar Yamin
authors.forename: Maayan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barnea
authors.forename: Yoni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Genzer
authors.forename: Nava
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chapnik
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Froy
mesh_terms: D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000378:metabolism; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D054439:Ghrelin; D006728:Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D005934:Glucagon; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Fatty acid; Low fat; Metabolism; Milk; Obesity