title: Is in vivo manual palpation for thoracic pedicle screw instrumentation reliable?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous reports on the accuracy of manual palpation for thoracic pedicle screw placement have been restricted to cadaveric studies. Authors of the present novel study assessed the accuracy of manual palpation for the detection of medial and lateral pedicle breaches during thoracic spine surgery in living adult humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pedicle tracks were created freehand and manually palpated using a ball-tipped probe. Postoperative CT scans of all implanted thoracic and L-1 screws were evaluated with respect to screw position and the pedicle wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred twenty-five pedicle track/screw placements were compared. There were 21 pedicles with medial breaches measuring ≥ 2 mm. The surgeon correctly identified only 4 of these pedicle tracks as having a medial breach. The surgeon correctly identified 17 of 128 pedicles with a significant (≥ 2 mm) lateral breach. One hundred two screw placements had no measurable breach in any direction (medial, lateral, or foraminal). The surgeon correctly identified 98% of these ideally placed screws.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this real-time study of thoracic pedicle screw placement, the accuracy of manual palpation for detecting medial or lateral breaches that were ≥ 2 mm was disturbingly low. These findings are consistent with those in recent cadaveric evaluations of palpation accuracy and point to the critical need for more reliable alternative methods to assess pedicle integrity during the placement of thoracic pedicle screws for spine instrumentation surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Upstate Medical University; and.
authors.forename: Miriam L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Donohue
authors.forename: Ross R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Moquin
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.forename: Blair
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calancie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010173:Palpation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome