title: Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of preclinical studies: why perform them and how to appraise them critically.
abstract: The use of systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies has become more common, including those of studies describing the modeling of cerebrovascular diseases. Empirical evidence suggests that too many preclinical experiments lack methodological rigor, and this leads to inflated treatment effects. The aim of this review is to describe the concepts of systematic review and meta-analysis and consider how these tools may be used to provide empirical evidence to spur the field to improve the rigor of the conduct and reporting of preclinical research akin to their use in improving the conduct and reporting of randomized controlled trials in clinical research. As with other research domains, systematic reviews are subject to bias. Therefore, we have also suggested guidance for their conduct, reporting, and critical appraisal.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK [2] Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Sena
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Gillian L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.affiliation: Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Malcolm R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.affiliation: Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Howells
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015982:Bias; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical