title: Achieving glycaemic targets with basal insulin in T2DM by individualizing treatment.
abstract: Insulin therapy is an effective method for reducing blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and most patients with T2DM eventually require insulin replacement to attain and preserve satisfactory glycaemic control. All patients with T2DM should be considered as potential candidates for intensive insulin treatment; however, there are certain considerations regarding replacement therapy for different types of people and special populations, such as patients with multiple comorbidities, adolescents, pregnant women and the elderly. Lowering HbA1c levels in isolation without assessing the patient as a whole is becoming redundant. HbA1c targets should be individualized to the specific patient, and insulin treatment ought to be customized accordingly. There are several questions that need to be taken into account when considering adding insulin therapy to other oral antidiabetic agents, for example, for whom and when insulin therapy is indicated and which basal insulin should be utilized. Potential barriers exist related to patients, providers and health-care systems that can delay the start of insulin therapy, and every effort should be made to identify and address these obstacles.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL 53, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Vivian A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL 53, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Haggar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin