title: Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Kottbus isolated in Germany from humans, food and animals.
abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Kottbus has been continuously isolated from poultry and poultry meat, especially from turkey. We investigated by comparative molecular typing 95 S. Kottbus isolates obtained in Germany between 2000 and 2011 from poultry/poultry meat, pig/pork, cattle, reptiles, the environment as well as from human cases to identify potential infection sources for humans, especially the role of poultry and poultry products as vehicle in transmission of S. Kottbus isolates to humans. Multilocus sequence typing analysis detected three main genetic lineages. Most human isolates belonged to lineage 1 represented by sequence types ST212 and ST808. Part of the isolates isolated from cattle and pork were also linked to this lineage. Nevertheless, human isolates and especially isolates from poultry/poultry meat, and with less extend from other livestock, grouped in lineage 2 represented by ST582. Four additional isolates from reptiles and humans belonging to ST1669 represented the third lineage. The three lineages were also reflected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing data and DNA microarray analysis of 102 pathogenicity genes. Antimicrobial resistance especially to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was predominantly observed in isolates assigned to lineage 2, which contains predominantly resistant isolates compared to lineage 1 and 3. Sequencing of the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA revealed a point mutation in codon 83 or 87 responsible for nalidixic acid resistance and MIC values for ciprofloxacin between 0.125 and 0.25mg/l. Overall, this study showed that in Germany a specific S. Kottbus lineage (ST582), which is well-established in poultry, can be transmitted to humans by poultry meat and, consequently, poses a risk for human health.
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; Free University Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toboldt
authors.affiliation: Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Division Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonellae and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Burgstr. 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
authors.forename: Erhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tietze
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Helmuth
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Junker
authors.affiliation: Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Division Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonellae and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Burgstr. 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fruth
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: burkhard.malorny@bfr.bund.de.
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malorny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009268:Nalidixic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D011200:Poultry / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D037521:Virulence Factors; D009268:Nalidixic Acid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D027081:DNA Gyrase
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Infection source; Multilocus sequence typing; Poultry; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; Salmonella enterica serovar Kottbus