title: Characteristics of primary and secondary hepatic malignancies associated with hepatopulmonary shunting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify liver tumor characteristics associated with low (<10%), intermediate (10%-20%), and high (>20%) lung shunt fraction (LSF) at technetium 99m ((99m)Tc) macroaggregated albumin (MAA) imaging performed before yttrium 90 ((90)Y) radioembolization (RE).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this single-center retrospective study, 141 patients (70 with hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC], 71 with other tumors; 95 men, 45 women; median age, 61 years) underwent mapping arteriography with (99m)Tc-MAA LSF calculation before (90)Y RE from 2006 to 2012. Tumor characteristics, including tumor type, index lesion size and morphologic structure (circumscribed, infiltrative), focality (solitary oligonodular, multinodular), disease distribution (unilobar, bilobar), tumor burden (≤50%, 50%), portal vein invasion (present, absent), and arterioportal shunting (present, absent) were correlated with (99m)Tc-MAA imaging-calculated LSFs at univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median LSF was 8.4% (HCC, 9.0%; other tumors, 8.3%). LSF greater than 20% occurred in 14% of HCCs, but only in 3% of other tumors (P = .004). For HCC, tumor morphologic structure (P = .022), tumor burden (P < .001), main portal vein invasion (P = .033), and arterioportal shunting (P < .001) were significantly associated with different LSF categories at univariate analysis; infiltrative morphologic structure, tumor burden greater than 50%, portal vein invasion, and shunting had confirmed association with high LSF at multivariate analysis. For other liver tumors, tumor size (P = .001) and tumor burden (P = .003) were significantly associated with different LSF categories at univariate analysis. Multivariate confirmation was precluded by small sample size. Patients underwent a median of one (90)Y RE session (range, one to six), with median per-treatment and cumulative lung doses of 6.0 Gy and 8.5 Gy, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LSF greater than 20% periodically occurs in HCC but is uncommon in other liver tumors. Specific tumor characteristics are associated with LSF greater than 20% and may indicate need for interventions to reduce LSF.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology (R.C.G., S.P.Z., Y.L., J.T.B.) and College of Medicine (M.S.D., A.P., L.C.C.), University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, 1740 W Taylor St, MC 931, Chicago, IL 60612.
authors.forename: Ron C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gaba
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Zivin
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dikopf
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parvinian
authors.forename: Leigh C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Casadaban
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D020065:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes