title: An optical fiber-based sensor array for the monitoring of zinc and copper ions in aqueous environments.
abstract: Copper and zinc are elements commonly used in industrial applications as aqueous solutions. Before the solutions can be discharged into civil or native waterways, waste treatment processes must be undertaken to ensure compliance with government guidelines restricting the concentration of ions discharged in solution. While currently there are methods of analysis available to monitor these solutions, each method has disadvantages, be it high costs, inaccuracy, and/or being time-consuming. In this work, a new optical fiber-based platform capable of providing fast and accurate results when performing solution analysis for these metals is described. Fluorescent compounds that exhibit a high sensitivity and selectivity for either zinc or copper have been employed for fabricating the sensors. These sensors demonstrated sub-part-per-million detection limits, 30-second response times, and the ability to analyze samples with an average error of under 10%. The inclusion of a fluorescent compound as a reference material to compensate for fluctuations from pulsed excitation sources has further increased the reliability and accuracy of each sensor. Finally, after developing sensors capable of monitoring zinc and copper individually, these sensors are combined to form a single optical fiber sensor array capable of simultaneously monitoring concentration changes in zinc and copper in aqueous environments.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Ave. Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA. kopitzke@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kopitzke
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Ave. Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA. geissing@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geissinger
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D055100:Optical Fibers; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007477:Ions; D011108:Polymers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc