title: Antinociceptive activity of Syzygium cumini leaves ethanol extract on orofacial nociception protocols in rodents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) is a tree with dark purple fruits, popularly known as "jambolão" or "jambolan". In folk medicine, this plant is used for the treatment of diabetes and inflammatory conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the antinociceptive effect of ethanol extract (EE) from S. cumini leaves on orofacial nociception.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antinociceptive effects of the EE obtained from the leaves of S. cumini were evaluated in mice using formalin- and glutamate-induced orofacial nociception.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ESI-MS/MS analyses demonstrated that major constituents in the analyzed samples coincided with the mass of the phenolic acids and flavonoids. In pharmacological approach, pre-treatment with EE (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced (p<0.05 or p<0.01) the percentage of paw licks time during phase 2 (43.2, 47.1, and 57.4%, respectively) of a formalin pain test when compared to control group animals. This effect was prevented by pretreatment with glibenclamide and N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NOARG). The extract, all doses, also caused a marked inhibition (p<0.01 or p<0.001) of glutamate-induced orofacial nociception (38.8, 51.7, and 54.7%) when compared with the control group. No effect was observed with the rota-rod model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We can suggest that the antinociceptive effect of the EE is mediated by peripheral mechanisms, possibly involving KATP channels and the nitric oxide pathways. These effects appear to be related to the presence of flavonoids compounds, such as quercetin.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe , São Cristóvão, Sergipe , Brazil .
authors.forename: Jullyana S S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Quintans
authors.forename: Renan G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Pedro Gregório V
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Aquino
authors.forename: Paulo H B
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: França
authors.forename: Pollyana S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Siqueira-Lima
authors.forename: Antônio E G
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Santana
authors.forename: Eurica A N
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Marcos J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: João X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Araújo-Júnior
authors.forename: Lucindo J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Quintans-Júnior
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D027842:Syzygium
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Formalin; glutamate; myrtaceae; orofacial pain; pain; quercetin