title: Altered Cognitive Control Activations after Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Relationship to Injury Severity and Everyday-Life Function.
abstract: This study investigated how the neuronal underpinnings of both adaptive and stable cognitive control processes are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was undertaken in 62 survivors of moderate-to-severe TBI (>1 year after injury) and 68 healthy controls during performance of a continuous performance test adapted for use in a mixed block- and event-related design. Survivors of TBI demonstrated increased reliance on adaptive task control processes within an a priori core region for cognitive control in the medial frontal cortex. TBI survivors also had increased activations related to time-on-task effects during stable task-set maintenance in right inferior parietal and prefrontal cortices. Increased brain activations in TBI survivors had a dose-dependent linear positive relationship to injury severity and were negatively correlated with self-reported cognitive control problems in everyday-life situations. Results were adjusted for age, education, and fMRI task performance. In conclusion, evidence was provided that the neural underpinnings of adaptive and stable control processes are differently affected by TBI. Moreover, it was demonstrated that increased brain activations typically observed in survivors of TBI might represent injury-specific compensatory adaptations also utilized in everyday-life situations.
authors.affiliation: MI-Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
authors.forename: Jan Ferenc
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health and Department of Physiotherapy, Trondheim Municipality, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Kari Anne
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Indredavik Evensen
authors.affiliation: The Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU) - Central Norway, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Children's Clinic.
authors.forename: Torun Gangaune
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Finnanger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vik
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
authors.forename: Toril
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skandsen
authors.affiliation: National Competence Centre for Complex Symptom Disorders and Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Nils Inge
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Landrø
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience Department of Radiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Asta Kristine
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Håberg
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cognitive control; compensation; continuous performance test; executive function; fMRI; time-on-task