title: Activation of the prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex increases the recognition of semantic violations in action representation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The correct outcome of transitive actions depends on an object's use, considering both the instrumental and functional features. Indeed, the representation of transitive action includes the correct/incorrect instrumental use and the congruous/incongruous functional use of the object.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The contribution of frontal (experiment 1) and posterior parietal (experiment 2) areas to process semantic violations in instrumental vs. functional action representation was explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  These cortical areas were appositely modulated by anodal tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) or sham tDCS when 43 healthy subjects processed semantic violations (congruous/incongruous pairs) and they had to perform an error detection task (measuring ERs - error rates; and RTs - response times).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreased RTs were observed for incongruous pairs in the case of prefrontal stimulation compared to the sham condition. This effect was related to both the instrumental and functional conditions, suggesting that the activation of the prefrontal area may increase the ability to analyze the semantic incongruence independently from the anomaly type, which would limit the cognitive costs. In contrast, posterior parietal stimulation reduced RTs only in response to functional action in the case of semantic incongruence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, different cortical contributions by anterior vs. posterior areas occurred in response to semantic incongruences respectively for generic expectancy violations (more frontally distributed) and specific functional violations (more parietally distributed).
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: michela.balconi@unicatt.it.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balconi
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ylenia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Canavesio
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vitaloni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012660:Semantics; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D014785:Vision, Ocular; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Action; Functional incongruence; Instrumental incongruence; Posterior parietal cortex; Prefrontal cortex; tDCS