title: Penicillium verruculosum SG: a source of polyketide and bioactive compounds with varying cytotoxic activities against normal and cancer lines.
abstract: A newly isolated fungus Penicillium verruculosum SG was evaluated for the production and characterization of bioactive colored secondary metabolites using solid-state fermentation along with their cytotoxic activities against normal and cancer cell lines. Logical fragmentation pattern following column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of crude culture filtrate of fungus revealed the presence of different polyketide pigments and other bioactive compounds. Cytotoxicity of the selected colored fractions of fungal filtrate containing different compounds revealed IC50 (μg/ml) values ranging from 5 to 100. It was significantly higher in case of orevactaene (5 + 0.44) and monascorubrine followed by pyripyropene (8 + 0.63) against cancer cell line KA3IT. Overall, these compounds considerably showed less toxicity toward normal cell lines NIH3T3, HSCT6, HEK293 and MDCK. XRD of a yellow crystalline compound (224.21 m/z) confirmed its 3-dimensional structure as phenazine 1 carboxylic acid (C13H8N2O2) (broad spectrum antibiotic), and it is first time reported in fungi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Salma Gul
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: W Thomas
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shier
authors.lastname: Jamaluddin
authors.forename: Nawaz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tahir
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.forename: Safia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D004285:Dogs; D005285:Fermentation; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010407:Penicillium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D061065:Polyketides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003603:Cytotoxins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D061065:Polyketides