title: New observations and insights into the morphology and growth kinetics of hydrate films.
abstract: The kinetics of film growth of hydrates of methane, ethane, and methane-ethane mixtures were studied by exposing a single gas bubble to water. The morphologies, lateral growth rates, and thicknesses of the hydrate films were measured for various gas compositions and degrees of subcooling. A variety of hydrate film textures was revealed. The kinetics of two-dimensional film growth was inferred from the lateral growth rate and initial thickness of the hydrate film. A clear relationship between the morphology and film growth kinetics was observed. The shape of the hydrate crystals was found to favour heat or mass transfer and favour further growth of the hydrate film. The quantitative results on the kinetics of film growth showed that for a given degree of subcooling, the initial film thicknesses of the double hydrates were larger than that of pure methane or ethane hydrate, whereas the thickest hydrate film and the lowest lateral growth rate occurred when the methane mole fraction was approximately 0.6.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Li
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
authors.forename: Chang-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Yun
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Jin
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for Hydrate Research, Chemical & Biological Engineering Dept., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Amadeu K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sum