title: Risk-taking and sensation-seeking propensity in postinstitutionalized early adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Youth with histories of institutional/orphanage care are at increased risk for externalizing and internalizing problems during childhood and adolescence. Although these problems have been well described, the related adolescent behaviors of risk-taking and sensation-seeking have not yet been explored in this population. This study examined risk-taking and sensation-seeking propensity, and associations with conduct problems and depressive symptoms, in early adolescents who were adopted as young children from institutional care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk-taking and sensation-seeking propensities of 12- and 13-year-old postinstitutionalized (PI; n = 54) adolescents were compared with two groups: youth who were internationally adopted early from foster care (PFC; n = 44) and nonadopted youth (NA; n = 58). Participants were recruited to equally represent pre/early- and mid/late-pubertal stages within each group. Participants completed the youth version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (Lejuez et al., ) and the Sensation-Seeking Scale for Children (Russo et al., ). Parents completed clinical ratings of participants' conduct problems and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PI adolescents demonstrated lower risk-taking than PFC and NA peers. Pre/early-pubertal PI youth showed lower sensation-seeking, while mid/late-pubertal PI youth did not differ from other groups. PI adolescents had higher levels of conduct problems but did not differ from the other youth in depressive symptoms. In PI youth only, conduct problems were negatively correlated with risk-taking and positively correlated with sensation-seeking, while depressive symptoms were negatively correlated with both risk-taking and sensation-seeking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early institutional care is associated with less risk-taking and sensation-seeking during adolescence. The deprived environment of an institution likely contributes to PI youth having a preference for safe choices, which may only be partially reversed with puberty. Whether this reflects hyporesponsiveness to rewards and how it relates to psychopathology are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Loman
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Quevedo
authors.forename: Theresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lafavor
authors.forename: Megan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gunnar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000300:Adoption / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002674:Child, Institutionalized / Q000523:psychology*; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D005581:Foster Home Care / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019372:Orphanages; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012309:Risk-Taking
keywords: Risk-taking; Sensation-seeking; adolescence; institutional care; international adoption