title: Long-term dietary exposure to low concentration of dichloroacetic acid promoted longevity and attenuated cellular and functional declines in aged Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), a water disinfection by-product, has attained emphasis due to its prospect for clinical use against different diseases including cancer along with negative impact on organisms. However, these reports are based on the toxicological as well clinical data using comparatively higher concentrations of DCA without much of environmental relevance. Here, we evaluate cellular as well as organismal effects of DCA at environmentally and mild clinically relevant concentrations (0.02-20.0 μg/ml) using an established model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were fed on food mixed with test concentrations of DCA for 12-48 h to examine the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, oxidative stress (OS), heat shock genes (hsps) and cell death along with organismal responses. We also examined locomotor performance, ROS generation, glutathione (GSH) depletion, expression of GSH-synthesizing genes (gclc and gclm), and hsps at different days (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) of the age in flies after prolonged DCA exposure. We observed mild OS and induction of antioxidant defense system in 20.0 μg/ml DCA-exposed organism after 24 h. After prolonged exposure to DCA, exposed organism exhibited improved survival, elevated expression of hsp27, gclc, and gclm concomitant with lower ROS generation and GSH depletion and improved locomotor performance. Conversely, hsp27 knockdown flies exhibited reversal of the above end points. The study provides evidence for the attenuation of cellular and functional decline in aged Drosophila after prolonged DCA exposure and the effect of hsp27 modulation which further incites studies towards the therapeutic application of DCA.
authors.affiliation: Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vimal
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: Gopeshwar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: Debapratim
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kar Chowdhuri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C087442:Hsp26 protein, Drosophila; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012313:RNA; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid