title: Post-sphincterotomy bleeding: fully-covered metal stents for hemostasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, post-sphincterotomy bleeding (PSB) is a common complication of biliary sphincterotomy. Recently, the temporary placement of fully-covered metal stents (FCMS) into the biliary tree in order to achieve a tamponade effect has been described as an additional therapeutic option for PSB. The aim of this article is to review the literature on FCMS for hemostasis in PSB and update the treatment algorithm for this complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed literature search was conducted using the search terms post-sphincterotomy, bleeding, and stent. 33 articles were reviewed, along with their references, and four were found to describe the use of FCMS for hemostasis in PSB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 patient cases were described in the four articles. All patients received FCMS for PSB hemostasis following the application and subsequent failure of traditional therapies (conventional pharmacologic injection, thermal or electrocoagulation, and mechanical therapy (balloon tamponade or endoclip)). Successful hemostasis was achieved in all patients through FCMS placement. No major complications were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These 21 cases demonstrate that FCMS are a viable therapeutic option for PSB.  It is reasonable to consider stent placement for patients in which traditional interventions fail in order to avoid the need for angiographic or surgical hemostasis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Debenedet
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Grace H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Elta