title: Curved and folded micropatterns in 3D cell culture and tissue engineering.
abstract: Cells live in a highly curved and folded micropatterned environment within the human body. Hence, there is a need to develop engineering paradigms to replicate these microenvironments in order to investigate the behavior of cells in vitro, as well as to develop bioartificial organs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we first motivate the need for such micropatterns based on anatomical considerations and then survey methods that can be utilized to generate curved and folded micropatterns of relevance to 3D cell culture and tissue engineering. The methods surveyed can broadly be divided into two classes: top-down approaches inspired by conventional 2D microfabrication and bottom-up approaches most notably in the self-assembly of thin patterned films. These methods provide proof of concept that the high resolution, precise and reproducible patterning of cell and matrix microenvironments in anatomically relevant curved and folded geometries is possible. A specific protocol is presented to create curved and folded hydrogel micropatterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Cem Onat
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Zinnia S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Gracias
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D050476:Bowman Capsule / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment / Q000502:physiology*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004423:Ear / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D055616:Microtechnology; D050199:Podocytes / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible
keywords: Organoids; Origami; Photo-cross-linking; Self-assembly; Self-folding