title: Contrast-induced nephropathy in percutaneous coronary interventions: pathogenesis, risk factors, outcome, prevention and treatment.
abstract: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a well-known adverse event of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures requiring the administration of contrast medium (CM). The lack of a universal CIN definition and glomerular filtration rate markers that vary have resulted in a variety of reported incidences. The development of CIN is associated with an increase in the length of hospital stay and the risk of death. Preexisting renal dysfunction, age, diabetes, congestive heart failure and the volume of CM administered are all associated with a risk for developing CIN. The literature suggests the use of low-osmolarity CM and supports volume supplementation before administration. Moreover, other strategies to avoid CIN, including treatment with N-acetylcysteine and sodium bicarbonate have variable levels of evidence. This review examines the main components of the pathogenesis and risk factors of CIN and possible preventive measures and therapies.
authors.affiliation: San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aurelio
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durante
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media