title: Direct regulation of osteocytic connexin 43 hemichannels through AKT kinase activated by mechanical stimulation.
abstract: Connexin (Cx) 43 hemichannels in osteocytes are thought to play a critical role in releasing bone modulators in response to mechanical loading, a process important for bone formation and remodeling. However, the underlying mechanism that regulates the opening of mechanosensitive hemichannels is largely unknown. We have recently shown that Cx43 and integrin α5 interact directly with each other, and activation of PI3K appears to be required for Cx43 hemichannel opening by mechanical stimulation. Here, we show that mechanical loading through fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) increased the level of active AKT, a downstream effector of PI3K, which is correlated with the opening of hemichannels. Both Cx43 and integrin α5 are directly phosphorylated by AKT. Inhibition of AKT activation significantly reduced FFSS-induced opening of hemichannels and disrupted the interaction between Cx43 and integrin α5. Moreover, AKT phosphorylation on Cx43 and integrin α5 enhanced their interaction. In contrast to the C terminus of wild-type Cx43, overexpression of the C-terminal mutant containing S373A, a consensus site previously shown to be phosphorylated by AKT, failed to bind with α5 and hence could not inhibit hemichannel opening. Together, our results suggest that AKT activated by FFSS directly phosphorylates Cx43 and integrin α5, and Ser-373 of Cx43 plays a predominant role in mediating the interaction between these two proteins and Cx43 hemichannel opening, a crucial step to mediate the anabolic function of mechanical loading in the bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900.
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900.
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Riquelme
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900.
authors.forename: Sirisha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burra
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900.
authors.forename: Rekha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900.
authors.forename: Sumin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900. Electronic address: jiangj@uthscsa.edu.
authors.forename: Jean X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017630:Connexins / Q000378:metabolism; D017629:Gap Junctions; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D039482:Integrin alpha5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D017630:Connexins; D039482:Integrin alpha5; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012694:Serine; D003094:Collagen; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
keywords: Akt; Connexin; Integrin; Mechanotransduction; Phosphorylation