title: Perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) leaves contain hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tartaric acid hydroxycinnamoyl transferase activity and accumulate hydroxycinnamoyl-tartaric acid esters.
abstract: Many plants accumulate hydroxycinnamoyl esters to protect against abiotic and biotic stresses. Caffeoyl esters in particular can be substrates for endogenous polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). Recently, we showed that perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) leaves contain PPO and identified one PPO substrate, caftaric acid (trans-caffeoyl-tartaric acid). Additional compounds were believed to be cis- and trans-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid and cis- and trans-feruloyl-tartaric acid, but lack of standards prevented definitive identifications. Here we characterize enzymatic activities in peanut leaves to understand how caftaric acid and related hydroxycinnamoyl esters are made in this species. We show that peanut leaves contain a hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tartaric acid hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HTT) activity capable of transferring p-coumaroyl, caffeoyl, and feruloyl moieties from CoA to tartaric acid (specific activities of 11 ± 2.8, 8 ± 1.8, 4 ± 0.8 pkat mg(-1) crude protein, respectively). The HTT activity was used to make cis- and trans-p-coumaroyl- and -feruloyl-tartaric acid in vitro. These products allowed definitive identification of the corresponding cis- and trans-hydroxycinnamoyl esters extracted from leaves. We tentatively identified sinapoyl-tartaric acid as another major phenolic compound in peanut leaves that likely participates in secondary reactions with PPO-generated quinones. These results suggest hydroxycinnamoyl-tartaric acid esters are made by an acyltransferase, possibly a BAHD family member, in perennial peanut. Identification of a gene encoding HTT and further characterization of the enzyme will aid in identifying determinants of donor and acceptor substrate specificity for this important class of biosynthetic enzymes. An HTT gene could also provide a means by genetic engineering for producing caffeoyl- and other hydroxycinnamoyl-tartaric acid esters in forage crops that lack them.
authors.affiliation: US Dairy Forage Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53705, USA, michael.sullivan@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010367:Arachis / Q000201:enzymology*; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D004156:Catechol Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology*; D012765:Shikimic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013644:Tartrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002109:Caffeic Acids; D002934:Cinnamates; D004952:Esters; D008293:Malates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013644:Tartrates; C029010:cinnamic acid; D012765:Shikimic Acid; C030298:malic acid; D004156:Catechol Oxidase; D000217:Acyltransferases; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases; C040048:caffeic acid; C029768:tartaric acid