title: Factors associated with impairment of quadriceps muscle function in Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quadriceps muscle dysfunction is well confirmed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and reported to be related to a higher risk of mortality. Factors contributing to quadriceps dysfunction have been postulated, while not one alone could fully explain it and there are few reports on it in China. This study was aimed to investigate the severity of quadriceps dysfunction in patients with COPD, and to compare quadriceps muscle function in COPD and the healthy elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quadriceps strength and endurance capabilities were investigated in 71 COPD patients and 60 age-matched controls; predicted values for quadriceps strength and endurance were calculated using regression equations (incorporating age, gender, anthropometric measurements and physical activities), based on the data from controls. Potential parameters related to quadriceps dysfunction in COPD were identified by stepwise regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values of quadriceps strength was 46% and endurance was 38% lower, in patients with COPD relative to controls. Gender, physical activities and anthropometric measurements were predictors to quadriceps function in the controls. While in COPD, forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage of predicted value (FEV1% pred), nutritional depletion, gender and physical inactivity were identified as independent factors to quadriceps strength (R(2) = 0.72); FEV1%pred, thigh muscle mass, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and gender were correlated to quadriceps endurance variance, with each p<0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quadriceps strength and endurance capabilities are both substantially impaired in Chinese COPD patients, with strength most affected. For the controls, physical activity is most important for quadriceps function. While for COPD patients, quadriceps dysfunction is related to multiple factors, with airflow limitation, malnutrition and muscle disuse being the main ones.
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chunrong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Rongchang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000737:chemistry; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D010807:Physical Endurance; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D016207:Cytokines