title: Evaluation of PET quantification accuracy in vivo. Comparison of measured FDG concentration in the bladder with urine samples.
abstract: Quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) requires accurate scanner calibration, which is commonly performed using phantoms. It is not clear to what extent this procedure ensures quantitatively correct results in vivo, since certain conditions differ between phantom and patient scans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We, therefore, have evaluated the actual quantification accuracy in vivo of PET under clinical routine conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the activity concentration in the bladder in patients undergoing routine [18F]FDG whole body investigations with three different PET scanners (Siemens ECAT EXACT HR+ PET: n = 21; Siemens Biograph 16 PET/CT: n = 16; Philips Gemini-TF PET/CT: n = 19). Urine samples were collected immediately after scan. Activity concentration in the samples was determined in well counters cross-calibrated against the respective scanner. The PET (bladder) to well counter (urine sample) activity concentration ratio was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activity concentration in the bladder (PET) was systematically lower than in the urine samples (well counter). The patient-averaged PET to well counter ratios for the investigated scanners are (mean ± SEM): 0.881 ± 0.015 (ECAT HR+), 0.898 ± 0.024 (Biograph 16), 0.932 ± 0.024 (Gemini-TF). These values correspond to underestimates by PET of 11.9%, 10.2%, and 6.8%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The investigated PET systems consistently underestimate activity concentration in the bladder. The comparison of urine samples with PET scans of the bladder is a straightforward means for in vivo evaluation of the expectable quantification accuracy. The method might be interesting for multi-center trials, for additional quality assurance in PET and for investigation of PET/MR systems for which clear proof of sufficient quantitative accuracy in vivo is still missing.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Jens Maus PET Center, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany, E-mail: j.maus@hzdr.de www.hzdr.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maus
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hofheinz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oehme
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beuthien-Baumann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lukas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotzerke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Hoff
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
keywords: PET; QA; accuracy; in vivo; multi-center; quantification