title: Imaging features of acquired pediatric metabolic and toxic white matter disorders.
abstract: Acquired white matter abnormalities in children may be due to a broad spectrum of disorders, with the most significant related to metabolic and toxic etiologies. Recognition of the imaging appearance of neonatal hypoglycemia, nonketotic hyperglycemia, hyperammonemia, hepatic encephalopathy, and central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is essential because prompt correction of the underlying metabolic abnormality may limit and, in some cases, reverse the cerebral damage. Toxic leukoencephalopathies encompass disorders caused by iatrogenic administration of pharmacologic agents and radiation therapy, poisoning by household substances, and recreational drug use. Although medication-induced leukoencephalopathies often show a propensity for reversibility of clinical and radiologic findings upon discontinuation of the offending substance, recreational drugs may cause white matter toxicity that often portends a poorer prognosis. Our discussion focuses on the clinical aspects, pathophysiological mechanisms, and imaging features of commonly encountered acquired metabolic and toxic leukoencephalopathies in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; †Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and ‡Department of Radiology, Clinics IRM, Clinica de Diagnóstico por Imagen and Multi-Imagem, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filatov
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milla
authors.forename: Karuna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shekdar
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hygino da Cruz
authors.forename: Girish M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fatterpekar
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D020739:Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056784:Leukoencephalopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents