title: Effects of a freeze-dried juice blend powder on exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune function in cyclists.
abstract: A freeze-dried fruit and vegetable juice powder (JUICE) was investigated as a countermeasure nutritional strategy to exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune perturbations in trained cyclists. Thirty-four cyclists (25 male, 9 female) were randomized to control (nonJUICE) or JUICE for 17 days. JUICE provided 230 mg·day(-1) of flavonoids, doubling the typical adult daily intake. During a 3-d period of intensified exercise (days 15-17), subjects cycled at 70%-75% V̇O2max for 2.25 h per day, followed by a 15-min time trial. Blood samples were collected presupplementation, post supplementation (pre-exercise), and immediately and 14-h post exercise on the third day of exercise. Samples were analyzed for inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)), oxidative stress (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), reduced and oxidized glutathione, protein carbonyls), and innate immune function (granulocyte (G-PHAG) and monocyte (M-PHAG) phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity). A 2 (group) × 4 (time points) repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant time effects due to 3 days of exercise for IL-6 (396% increase), IL-8 (78% increase), TNFα (12% increase), MCP-1 (30% increase), G-PHAG (38% increase), M-PHAG (36% increase), FRAP (12.6% increase), ORAC (11% decrease at 14 h post exercise), and protein carbonyls (82% increase at 14 h post exercise) (p < 0.01). No significant interaction effects were found for any of the physiological measures. Although providing 695 gallic acid equivalents of polyphenols per day, JUICE treatment for 17 days did not change exercise-induced alterations in inflammation and oxidative stress or immune function in trained cyclists after a 3-day period of overreaching.
authors.affiliation: a Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Knab
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Nieman
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Gillitt
authors.forename: R Andrew
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shanely
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cialdella-Kam
authors.forename: Dru
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.forename: Mary Pat
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Meaney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005615:Freezing; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D059808:Polyphenols