title: Comparison of twice refocused spin echo versus stimulated echo diffusion tensor imaging for tracking muscle fibers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the precision of measuring the pennation angle and fiber length in the vastus lateralis (VL) using two distinctly different diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We imaged the thigh of 10 normal subjects on a 3T magnetic resonance (MR) imager with twice refocused spin echo (TRSE) and stimulated echo (STEAM) DTI-MRI techniques. Both techniques took the same total acquisition time and employed the same diffusion weighting and gradient directions. Using the diffusion tensor images produced by each sequence, muscle fiber bundles were tracked from the aponeurosis by following the first eigenvector of the diffusion tensor. From these tracks we calculated the pennation angle and fiber length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The STEAM acquisition resulted in significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), higher fractional anisotropy (FA) values, and longer fibers than TRSE. Although no difference in the pennation angle between the two acquisitions was found, the TRSE sequence had a significantly greater within-subject dispersion in the pennation angle of tracked fibers, which may indicate a reduction in the coherence of fiber bundles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DTI of muscle using a STEAM acquisition resulted in significant improvements in the SNR and FA, resulting in tracking a larger number of muscle fiber bundles over longer distances and with less within-subject dispersion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Noehren
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feiweier
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Damon
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013848:Thigh
keywords: fractional anisotropy; muscle fibers; pennation angle; quadriceps muscle; stimulated echo