title: A comparison of dorsal and heel plate foot tracking methods on lower extremity dynamics.
abstract: The primary method to model ankle motion during inverse dynamic calculations of the lower limb is through the use of skin-mounted markers, with the foot modeled as a rigid segment. Motion of the foot is often tracked via the use of a marker cluster triad on either the dorsum, or heel, of the foot/shoe. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate differences in calculated lower extremity dynamics during the stance phase of gait between these two tracking techniques. In an analysis of 7 subjects, it was found that sagittal ankle angles and sagittal ankle, hip and knee moments were strongly correlated between the two conditions, however, there was a significant difference in peak ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion angles. Frontal ankle angles were only moderately correlated and there was a significant difference in peak ankle eversion and inversion, resulting in moderate correlations in frontal plane moments and a significant difference in peak hip adductor moments. We demonstrate that the technique used to track the foot is an important consideration in interpreting lower extremity dynamics for clinical and research purposes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. Electronic address: hashishr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hashish
authors.affiliation: Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Sachithra D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Samarawickrame
authors.affiliation: Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Salem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait; D006365:Heel; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee; D007719:Knee Joint; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D012775:Shoes; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Inverse dynamics; Kinematics; Kinetics; Lower extremity; Modeling