title: Acute lung injury in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a nationwide inpatient sample study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine national trends for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and pulmonary complications including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was used to sample 193,209 admissions for SAH with and without ARDS during the period 1993-2008 using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification coding. A multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of ARDS in patients with SAH increased from 35.51% in 1993 to 37.60% in 2008. However, the overall mortality in patients with SAH and in patients with SAH and ARDS decreased in the same period, from 42.30% to 31.99% and from 75.13% to 60.76%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the predictors of developing ARDS in patients with SAH include older age; larger hospital size; and comorbidities such as epilepsy, cardiac arrest, sepsis, congestive heart failure, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hematologic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, and neurologic dysfunction. Predictors of mortality in patients with SAH include age and hospital complications, such as coronary artery disease, ARDS, cancer, hematologic dysfunction, and renal dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SAH are at increased risk of developing ARDS. The identification of certain risk factors may alert and aid practitioners in preventing worsening disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veeravagu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yi-Ren
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Cassie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rincon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maltenfort
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA. Electronic address: jratliff@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ratliff
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006276:Health Facility Size; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Acute lung injury; Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database; Subarachnoid hemorrhage