title: Swimming improves the emotional memory deficit by scopolamine via mu opioid receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of swimming exercise on elevated plus-maze (EPM)-associated memory deficit induced by intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist used to model Alzheimer's disease in rodents) in male mice. In addition, involvement of the mu opioid receptors in this phenomenon was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral guide cannulae were implanted to allow intra-CA1 microinjections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data showed that mice with 10 and 20 days of swimming, only acquired the emotional memory, while 30 days of swimming exercise improved it. On the other hand, pretest intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine at the doses of 2 and 3 but not 1 μg/mouse reduced the emotional memory. Our results demonstrated that 20 days of swimming by itself and without any drug injection restored the emotional memory deficit induced by intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine, only at the dose of 2 but not 3 μg/mouse. Moreover, once daily injection of the subthreshold doses of morphine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) during the last 7 days of the 20 day-swimming intervention, improved the emotional memory deficit induced by scopolamine (3 μg/mouse) and this effect could be blocked by the subthreshold doses of naloxone (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg). It was noted that all previous interventions did not alter the anxiety-like behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Swimming improved the emotional memory by itself and restored the emotional memory deficit induced by the intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine. Mu opioid receptor-dependent mechanism(s) is(are) suggested to play a role in this phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran. Electronic address: nasehi@iricss.org.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasehi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasehi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rahmani-Nia
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mirzaei
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torabi-Nami
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zarrindast
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine; D012601:Scopolamine
keywords: Anxiety; CA1; Elevated plus-maze; Emotional memory; Mice; Scopolamine; Swimming