title: Mechanisms of functional mitral regurgitation in cardiomyopathy secondary to anterior infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It remains unclear why some patients with cardiomyopathy secondary to anterior infarction do, and others do not develop functional mitral regurgitation (MR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients after anterior infarction with ejection fraction (EF) below 35%, 18 with no/trivial and 18 with moderate/severe MR, underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Parameters describing the geometry of the mitral valve, subvalvular apparatus and left ventricle were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The septolateral and commissure-to-commissure mitral annular diameters were bigger in patients with MR. The odds ratio (OR) of developing regurgitation was 25.0 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.3-144.3; P < 0.001) for end-systolic septolateral mitral annulus diameter above 20 mm/m(2). MR was less likely in patients with straighter posterior papillary muscle (OR 0.040, 95% CI 0.007-0.23; P < 0.001-for the angle between muscle axis and mitral annulus plane >81°), and more likely (OR 7.9, 95% CI 1.6-39.4; P = 0.008) with posterior papillary muscle tethering >23 mm/m(2). Regurgitation was less likely (OR 0.032, 95% CI 0.003-0.33; P = 0.001) with anterolateral papillary muscle tip to ipsilateral mitral annulus distance in end-diastole longer than 13 mm/m(2). Left ventricular EF, volumes and the overall end-systolic and end-diastolic wall thicknesses did not differ between the groups. Patients with MR had thinner myocardium proximal to the base of the anterior and distal to the base of the posterior papillary muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inferior extension of anterior infarction and more leaning posterior papillary muscle are the major components resulting in the development of ischaemic MR in patients with cardiomyopathy secondary to anterior infarction. Shorter chordae tendineae may constitute the anatomical background that makes the development of ischaemic MR more likely.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland mdeja@sum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Marek A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Deja
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Janusiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gruszczyńska
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biernat
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malinowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gołba
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Stanisław
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woś
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio
keywords: Cardiomyopathy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Mitral regurgitation; Pathophysiology (mitral valve)