title: [Pediatric perioperative systemic pain therapy: Austrian interdisciplinary recommendations on pediatric perioperative pain management].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many analgesics used in adult medicine are not licensed for pediatric use. Licensing limitations do not, however, justify that children are deprived of a sufficient pain therapy particularly in perioperative pain therapy. The treatment is principally oriented to the strength of the pain. Due to the degree of pain caused, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections should be avoided generally.
  The basis of systemic pain therapy for children are non-opioids and primarily non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They should be used prophylactically. The NSAIDs are clearly more effective than paracetamol for acute posttraumatic and postoperative pain and additionally allow economization of opioids. Severe side effects are rare in children but administration should be carefully considered especially in cases of hepatic and renal dysfunction or coagulation disorders. Paracetamol should only be taken in pregnancy and by children when there are appropriate indications because a possible causal connection with bronchial asthma exists. To ensure a safe dosing the age, body weight, duration of therapy, maximum daily dose and dosing intervals must be taken into account. Dipyrone is used in children for treatment of visceral pain and cholic. According to the current state of knowledge the rare but severe side effect of agranulocytosis does not justify a general rejection for short-term perioperative administration.
  In cases of insufficient analgesia with non-opioid analgesics, the complementary use of opioids is also appropriate for children of all age groups. They are the medication of choice for episodes of medium to strong pain and are administered in a titrated form oriented to effectiveness. If severe pain is expected to last for more than 24 h, patient-controlled anesthesia should be implemented but requires a comprehensive surveillance by nursing personnel.
  Ketamine is used as an adjuvant in postoperative pain therapy and is recommended for use in pediatric sedation and analgosedation.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Medizinische Universität Graz, LKH-Universitätsklinikum Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Österreich, brigitte.messerer@medunigraz.at.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Messerer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grögl
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stromer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jaksch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D056687:Off-Label Use; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007649:Ketamine
vernacular_title: Perioperative systemische Schmerztherapie bei Kindern : Österreichische interdisziplinäre Handlungsempfehlungen zum perioperativen Schmerzmanagement bei Kindern.