title: Surface analysis of Dicrocoelium dendriticum. The molecular characterization of exosomes reveals the presence of miRNAs.
abstract: With the aim of characterizing the molecules involved in the interaction of Dicrocoelium dendriticum adults and the host, we have performed proteomic analyses of the external surface of the parasite using the currently available datasets including the transcriptome of the related species Echinostoma caproni. We have identified 182 parasite proteins on the outermost surface of D. dendriticum. The presence of exosome-like vesicles in the ESP of D. dendriticum and their components has also been characterized. Using proteomic approaches, we have characterized 84 proteins in these vesicles. Interestingly, we have detected miRNA in D. dendriticum exosomes, thus representing the first report of miRNA in helminth exosomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to identify potential targets for intervention against parasitic helminths, we have analyzed the surface of the parasitic helminth Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Along with the proteomic analyses of the outermost layer of the parasite, our work describes the molecular characterization of the exosomes of D. dendriticum. Our proteomic data confirm the improvement of protein identification from "non-model organisms" like helminths, when using different search engines against a combination of available databases. In addition, this work represents the first report of miRNAs in parasitic helminth exosomes. These vesicles can pack specific proteins and RNAs providing stability and resistance to RNAse digestion in body fluids, and provide a way to regulate host-parasite interplay. The present data should provide a solid foundation for the development of novel methods to control this non-model organism and related parasites. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics of non-model organisms.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.affiliation: Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trelis
authors.affiliation: Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.affiliation: Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cantalapiedra
authors.affiliation: Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galiano
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, 18100 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hackenberg
authors.affiliation: Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: antonio.marcilla@uv.es.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcilla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030562:Databases, Protein; D004013:Dicrocoelium / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D055354:Exosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D018510:RNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015801:Helminth Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D018510:RNA, Helminth
keywords: Dicrocoelium dendriticum; Exosome; Helminth; Proteomics; Surfome; miRNA