title: Responses of the steroidogenic pathway from exposure to methyl-tert-butyl ether and tert-butanol.
abstract: Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is a solvent and fuel additive included in reformulated gasoline to increase combustion efficiency. While widespread use in motor fuels in the U.S. was discontinued after MTBE was detected in surface and ground waters due to concerns about environmental persistence and water quality, it is still manufactured in the U.S. for export. Questions concerning the etiology of rat Leydig cell and mouse liver tumors identified in extremely high dose cancer studies have led to an interest in evaluating potential hormonal imbalances and endocrine system involvement. To address the possibility that MTBE or its metabolite, tert-butanol (TBA), are interacting with components of the endocrine system that are involved in steroidogenesis a number of targeted experiments were performed focusing mostly on the primary gonadal steroids, estradiol and testosterone. The goal of the experiments was to gain a better understanding of potential interactions with the steroidogenic pathway, including effects specifically on aromatase, the P450 enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol. In three GLP-compliant in vitro guideline studies, MTBE and TBA were classified as non-binders to the androgen receptor, were classified negative for effects on testosterone and estradiol in the steroidogenesis assay, and were classified as non-inhibitors of aromatase activity. In three 14-day in vivo experiments involving gavaging of male Sprague-Dawley rats with doses of MTBE ranging from 400 to 1,500 mg/kg bw/day, the lack of definitive and consistent supporting statistically significant findings in steroid hormone measurements and aromatase activity and mRNA measured in liver and testis microsomes further suggested that it is unlikely that MTBE is interacting with the endocrine system directly. Evidence of other underlying systemic effects were also seen, including reduced body weight gain, increased adrenal weights, and elevated corticosterone suggestive of a more general stress response. Taken together, the results from these studies suggest that MTBE and TBA do not directly impact the steroidogenic pathways involved in estrogen and androgen production.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States. Electronic address: adepeyst@mail.sdsu.edu.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Peyster
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Regulatory Resources, LLC, Durham, NC 27712, United States.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mihaich
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
authors.forename: Do Hyung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Elyea
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nemec
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
authors.forename: Brad P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
authors.forename: Shannon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Leggieri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D020002:tert-Butyl Alcohol / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008738:Methyl Ethers; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C043243:methyl tert-butyl ether; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D001141:Aromatase; D020002:tert-Butyl Alcohol; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Aromatase; MTBE; Methyl-tert-butyl ether; Steroidogenesis; TBA; tert-Butyl alcohol