title: Food and beverage advertising during children's television programming.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing prevalence of overweight and obese children in developed countries poses a substantial threat to long-term health. One well-described factor is the amount of time spent watching television, with exposure to food advertising a known influence on food preferences and consumption patterns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Following recent formulation of new rules regarding advertising of food during children's programming, we sought to examine the advertising content in children-specific television broadcasts on Irish television.
  
  
  METHODS
  Advertisement content analysis for 5 weekdays of children-specific television broadcasting from 0700 to 1700 hours on Irish television was performed. Data were coded and transferred to SPSS for analyses. Food and beverage advertisements were coded based on type of product, nutritional content, intended age group and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  322 advertisements were broadcast during the recording period. 31 % (n = 101) of advertisements related to food or beverage products with 66.3 % (n = 68) of food advertisements being for foods that should be eaten in moderation. The most frequently recorded food advertisement was for fast food products (27.3 %, n = 24), followed by sweets/candy (21.6 %, n = 19) and dairy products (17.0 %, n = 15). The most frequently recorded beverage advertisement was for natural orange juices (46.2 %, n = 6). 54.7 % (n = 176) of advertisements were adult specific with 27.3 % (n = 88) being children specific. All food and beverage advertisements were associated with a positive outcome (n = 322).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that food and beverages depicted in advertisements during children's programming are predominantly unhealthy foods with high salt and sugar contents. The findings from this study again highlight the ongoing need for new rules regarding food advertising in children's programming.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Ark, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland, pc_scully@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scully
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macken
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leddin
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Gorman
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001628:Beverages; D002648:Child; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D013690:Television