title: Music as a sleep aid in fibromyalgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interventions to improve sleep in fibromyalgia may generalize to improvements in multiple symptom domains. Delta-embedded music, pulsating regularly within the 0.25 Hz to 4 Hz frequency band of brain wave activity, has the potential to induce sleep.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of a delta-embedded music program over four weeks for sleep induction in patients with fibromyalgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present unblinded, investigator-led pilot study used a within-subject design. Analysis was based on 20 individuals with fibromyalgia who completed the study, of the 24 recruited into the study. The primary outcome variables were the change from baseline in Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and Jenkins Sleep Scale scores. A patient global impression of change was measured on a seven-point Likert scale. Secondary outcome measures, comprised of items 5, 6 and 7 of the FIQ, were used as indicators of pain, tiredness and being tired on awakening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FIQ median score of 76.4 (95% CI 61.3 to 82.1) at baseline improved to 60.3 (95% CI 53.1 to 72.0; P=0.004). The Jenkins Sleep Scale median value of 17.5 (95% CI 15.5 to 18.5) at baseline fell to 12.5&nbsp;(95% CI 8.5 to 14.5; P=0.001) at study completion. The outcomes of the patient global impression of change ratings were mostly positive (P=0.001). Being tired on awakening declined significantly from a median of 9.0 (95% CI 8.0 to 10.0) to 8.0 (95% CI 5.5 to 9.0; P=0.021). However, there was no significant improvement in pain level (baseline median 7.5&nbsp;[95% CI 7.0 to 8.5] versus study completion median 7.0 [95% CI 6.5&nbsp;to 8.0]; P=0.335) or tiredness (baseline median 9.0 [95% CI 8.0 to 9.5] versus study completion median 8.0 [95% CI 6.0 to 8.5]; P=0.061). There were no serious adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delta-embedded music is a potential alternative therapy for fibromyalgia.
authors.forename: Larry M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.forename: Lee R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bartel
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Davor
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cepo
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Leah R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Pink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome