title: Comparison of hyperpronation and supination-flexion techniques in children presented to emergency department with painful pronation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radial head subluxation, also known as 'pulled elbow', 'dislocated elbow' or 'nursemaid's elbow', is one of the most common upper extremity injuries in young children and a common reason to visit Emergency Department (ED).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare supination of the wrist followed by flexion of the elbow (the traditional reduction technique) to hyperpronation of the wrist in the reduction of radial head subluxations (nursemaid's elbow) maneuvers in children presented to ED with painful pronation and to determine which method is less painful by children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective randomize study involved a consecutive sampling of children between 1-5 year old who were presented to the ED with painful pronation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The initial procedure was repeated if baseline functioning did not return 20 minutes after the initial reduction attempt. Failure of that technique 30 minutes after the initial reduction attempt resulted in a cross-over to the alternate method of reduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Datas were analyzed using SPSS for Windows 16.0. Mean, standard deviation, independent samples t test, Chi-square test, and paired t test were used in the assessment of pain scores before and after reduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When pain scores before and after reduction were compared between groups to determine which technique is less painful by children, no significant difference was found between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was found that in the reduction of radial head subluxations, the hyperpronation technique is more effective in children who were presented to ED with painful pronation compared with supination-flexion. However, there was no significant difference between these techniques in terms of pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Training and Research Hospital Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guzel
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Salt
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Akdemir
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durukan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yalcin
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013484:Supination / Q000502:physiology*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D000092464:Elbow Injuries