title: Remote ischemic conditioning enhanced the early recovery of renal function in recipients after kidney transplantation: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate whether remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) can attenuate ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) in recipients after kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight recipients referred for kidney transplantation were recruited. The paired recipients who received the kidneys from the same donor were randomly assigned (one received RIC and the other did not). RIC was induced by three 5-min cycles of brief repetitive ischemia and reperfusion by clamping the exposed external iliac artery. Blood samples were withdrawn at hour 2, hour 12, days 1-7, day 14, and day 30 to measure serum creatinine level and estimated glomerular filtration rate after transplantation. Urine samples were collected at hours 2, 12, 24, and 48 to measure urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin after transplantation. Renal tissues were obtained at 30 min for histologic changes after transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics of the recipients and donors between RIC and control groups. The serum creatinine level was lower in the RIC group compared with that of the control group (12 h, days 1-14, P < 0.05; other P > 0.05); the estimated glomerular filtration rate was higher in the RIC group compared with that of the control group (12 h, days 1-14, P < 0.05; other P > 0.05); urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, an early marker of IRI, was lower in the RIC group at hours 2, 12, 24, and 48 (2 h, 48 h, P > 0.05; 12 h, 24 h, P < 0.05) compared with that of the control group. The graft pathology showed no differences between RIC and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RIC enhanced the early recovery of renal function in recipients after kidney transplantation. Our results provide a novel potential approach to attenuate transplantation-associated IRI.
authors.affiliation: The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: wujianyong@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Jianyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Hongfeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Zhangfei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shou
authors.affiliation: The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Rending
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: chenjianghua@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jianghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Donation after cardiac death; Ischemic reperfusion injury; Kidney transplantation; Remote ischemic conditioning; eGFR