title: Comparison of epinephrine and Shen-Fu injection on resuscitation outcomes in a porcine model of prolonged cardiac arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epinephrine has been used as a first-choice vasopressor drug for cardiac arrest (CA) since 1974. However, the administration of epinephrine is controversial. This study aims to compare the effects of Shen-Fu injection (SFI) and epinephrine on resuscitation outcomes in a porcine model of prolonged CA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was electrically induced. After 8 minutes of untreated VF and 2 minutes of chest compressions, 24 pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 8 per group): central venous injection of SFI (SFI group), epinephrine (EPI group), or saline solution (SA group). The haemodynamic status and oxygen metabolism parameters, including cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, left ventricular dp/dtmax and negative dp/dtmax, oxygen delivery (DO2), and oxygen consumption (VO2), were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SFI shortened the time to restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and decreased the number of shocks, similar to epinephrine. However, the mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular dp/dtmax and negative dp/dtmax were significantly higher in the SFI group than in the EPI group at 4 and 6 hours after ROSC. VO2 and ERO2 decreased after ROSC and then increased. VO2 and ERO2 were significantly higher in the SFI group than in the EPI and SA groups after ROSC, while those were lowest in the EPI group among all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SFI shortened the time to ROSC and decreased the number of shocks, similar to epinephrine. However, SFI improved oxygen metabolism, and produced a better hemodynamic status compared with epinephrine. SFI might be a potentially vasopressor drug for the treatment of CA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Wenpeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China. Email: lcscyyy@163.com.
authors.forename: Chunsheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C492793:Shen-Fu; D004837:Epinephrine