title: Changes in the blood flow of the optic nerve head induced by different concentrations of epinephrine in intravitreal infusion during vitreous surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether intravitreal infusion solution containing epinephrine affects optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow during vitreous surgeries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 22 patients with epimacular membrane or idiopathic macular hole. During vitreous surgery, ONH blood flow was examined before and 10 minutes after intravitreal infusion of solution containing epinephrine, via a laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) technique modified for acquiring measurements in a supine position. Epinephrine concentration was set at 1.0 mg/500 mL (1:500,000) or 0.5 mg/500 mL (1:1,000,000), with each concentration assigned to 11 consecutive patients. Relative pupil diameter, IOP, blood pressure, and pulse rate also were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant reduction in blood flow throughout the ONH was induced by intravitreal infusion of epinephrine at 1:500,000, but not at 1:1,000,000. Blood flow in ONH tissue was diminished at both concentrations, while that in vessels of the ONH was not altered significantly by either concentration. Both epinephrine concentrations induced significant pupillary dilatation, but no significant changes in IOP, blood pressure, or pulse rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that epinephrine, used in combination with intravitreal infusion solution, may decrease ONH blood flow during vitreous surgeries, as indicated by measurements obtained via a modified LSFG technique. Attention must be paid to the effects of intravitreal infusion of epinephrine on ocular circulation, particularly ONH blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ubuka
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Onoda
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiba
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeno
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects*; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: blood flow; epinephrine; laser speckle flowgraphy; optic nerve head; supine position; vitreous surgery