title: Fluorofenidone attenuates inflammation by inhibiting the NF-кB pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulated evidence indicates that inflammation plays a critical role in the progression of many renal diseases. Fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) has been shown to attenuate renal fibrosis in a number of experimental renal fibrosis models. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of AKF-PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human proximal tubule (HK-2) cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the presence or absence of AKF-PD. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated with necrotic MES-13 cells in the presence or absence of AKF-PD. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the activation of Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway was assessed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AKF-PD significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced expression of interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 and nuclear translocation of p65 in HK-2 cells. Addition of AKF-PD also significantly suppressed necrotic cell-induced TNF-α expression and p65 nuclear translocation in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that AKF-PD exerts anti-inflammatory effect, at least in part, through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology (LH, FZ, YT, JQ, YP, LW, FW, QY, ZP, JL, LT), Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China (LT), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Fangfang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yiting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qiongjing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Zhangzhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Jishi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Lijian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C511655:5-methyl-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-(1H)-pyridone; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011728:Pyridones