title: ADHD Medication Trends in Turkey: 2009-2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the change of ADHD medication prescriptions in Turkey between 2009 and 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consumption data of ADHD medications, immediate release (IR) methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin), OROS MPH (Concerta), and atomoxetine (Strattera) were obtained from IMS Health database for the November 2008 to October 2013 period. Defined daily dose (DDD) of each drug was calculated according to WHO definitions and time-series analysis was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant seasonal effect for prescription of all drugs. Annual use of ADHD medications increased 2.18 times for all ADHD medications combined. DDDs per 1,000 population per day for all ADHD medications were 0.28 in 2009, 0.41 in 2010, 0.52 in 2011, and 0.59 in 2012. OROS MPH represented almost 75% of all ADHD medication utilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As reported from several other countries, ADHD medication use increased in Turkey. Results suggested that over- and underdiagnosis might be seen at the same time.
authors.affiliation: 1 Ankara University School of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özgür
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Öner
authors.affiliation: 2 Ministry of Health, Turkish Drug and Medical Instruments Institution, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra Şafak
authors.initials: EŞ
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: 3 Yildirim Bayazit Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karadağ
authors.affiliation: 2 Ministry of Health, Turkish Drug and Medical Instruments Institution, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vural
authors.affiliation: 2 Ministry of Health, Turkish Drug and Medical Instruments Institution, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif Hilal
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Vural
authors.affiliation: 2 Ministry of Health, Turkish Drug and Medical Instruments Institution, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Akif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akbulat
authors.affiliation: 2 Ministry of Health, Turkish Drug and Medical Instruments Institution, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakkı
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gürsöz
authors.affiliation: 4 Hasan Kalyoncu University, Department of Psychology,İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Türkçapar
authors.affiliation: 2 Ministry of Health, Turkish Drug and Medical Instruments Institution, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Saim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kerman
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D012621:Seasons; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008774:Methylphenidate; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride
keywords: ADHD; atomoxetine; medication trends.; methylphenidate