title: Quantitative assessment of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex in healthy, non-medicated experimental sheep.
abstract: This study aimed to characterize the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) and to define the nociceptive threshold in 25 healthy, non-medicated experimental sheep in standing posture. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal lateral digital nerves of the right thoracic and the pelvic limb was performed and surface-electromyography (EMG) from the deltoid (all animals) and the femoral biceps (18 animals) or the peroneus tertius muscles (7 animals) was recorded. The behavioural reaction following each stimulation was scored on a scale from 0 (no reaction) to 5 (strong whole body reaction). A train-of-five 1ms constant-current pulse was used and current intensity was stepwise increased until NWR threshold intensity was reached. The NWR threshold intensity (It) was defined as the minimal stimulus intensity able to evoke a reflex with a minimal Root-Mean-Square amplitude (RMSA) of 20μV, a minimal duration of 10ms and a minimal reaction score of 1 (slight muscle contraction of the stimulated limb) within the time window of 20 to 130ms post-stimulation. Based on this value, further stimulations were performed below (0.9It) and above threshold (1.5It and 2It). The stimulus-response curve was described. Data are reported as medians and interquartile ranges. At the deltoid muscle It was 4.4mA (2.9-5.7) with an RMSA of 62μV (30-102). At the biceps femoris muscle It was 7.0mA (4.0-10.0) with an RMSA of 43μV (34-50) and at the peroneus tertius muscle It was 3.4mA (3.1-4.4) with an RMSA of 38μV (32-46). Above threshold, RMSA was significantly increased at all muscles. Below threshold, RMSA was only significantly smaller than at It for the peroneus tertius muscle but not for the other muscles. Data achieved in this study serve as reference for experimental or clinical applications of the conscious sheep model.
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesiology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: helene.rohrbach@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rohrbach
authors.affiliation: AO Research Institute, Davos, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeiter
authors.affiliation: Integrative Neuroscience group, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Icotec, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wieling
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesiology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spadavecchia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D005121:Extremities / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D034561:Sheep, Domestic / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Electromyogram; Nociceptive withdrawal reflex; Sheep; Stimulus-response curve