title: Surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation for two decades: are the results of new techniques equivalent to the Cox maze III procedure?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A significant evolution has occurred in surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) toward alternate energy sources, lesion sets, and approaches, with the intent of simplifying the Cox maze III operation and maintaining similar outcomes. Because no large comparative studies with long-term follow-up exist, we have reviewed our experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1993 to January 2011, 1540 patients underwent surgical ablation for AF. The operations were performed in conjunction with repair of congenital heart disease in 351 (30%) and adult-acquired disease in 1189 patients (70%). In the 1189 patients, preoperative AF was paroxysmal in 598 (50%) and persistent in 591 (50%). The energy sources included cut and sew in 521 (44%), cryothermy in 267 (22%), radiofrequency in 262 (22%), and a combination in 139 patients (12%). The lesion sets included biatrial in 810 (68%), isolated pulmonary vein isolation in 269 (23%), and isolated left atrial in 110 (9%). AF ablation was performed during isolated mitral valve surgery in 516 patients (43%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 33 months (maximum, 20.3 years), and late rhythm follow-up was available for 80%. The cut and sew Cox maze III procedure was superior at each follow-up interval (P = .01, P = .03, and P < .001). On multivariate analysis, the cut and sew maze procedure was independently associated with less risk of recurrent AF at a follow-up period of 1 to 5 years (hazard ratio, 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.69; P < .001) and >5 years (hazard ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.42; P < .001) for all patients. When performed during isolated mitral valve surgery, the cut and sew Cox maze III was also independently associated with less risk of recurrent AF at >5 years (hazard ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.08-0.66; P = .007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cut and sew Cox maze III procedure appears to offer significantly greater freedom from AF without antiarrhythmic medications compared with alternate energy sources and lesion sets. Although alternate energy sources offer the advantage of quicker application and the possibility of minimally invasive applications, the Cox maze III operation arguably remains the reference standard for the surgical treatment of AF and should still be considered, especially for patients for whom AF ablation is of critical importance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn. Electronic address: stulak.john@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stulak
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
authors.forename: Rakesh M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
authors.forename: Harold M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dearani
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Greason
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
authors.forename: Lyle D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
authors.forename: Soon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
authors.forename: Hartzell V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Schaff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018579:Patient Selection; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents