title: Proton beam therapy of parapapillary choroidal melanoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the functional outcome with regard to the development of visual acuity and radiation-induced optic neuropathy of patients with parapapillary choroidal melanoma treated with proton beam therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical case series, retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 147 consecutive patients with parapapillary choroidal melanoma who received proton beam therapy as primary tumor treatment at the Helmholtz Center in Berlin from 1998 to 2005. A cumulative dose of 60 Cobalt Gray Equivalents (CGE) was delivered to the tumor and the optic disc received a minimum of 50 CGE. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess ocular outcome and survival rates. For trend analysis of functional development, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the medians of 2 groups and Kruskal-Wallis test was used in the case of more than 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up time was 6.5 years (range 0.3-11.7 years). The most common side effects were radiation-induced optic neuropathy, retinopathy, and cataract. The median visual acuity before and within the first year after therapy was 0.4 logMAR (20/50), lapsing to 1.3 logMAR (20/400) after 3 years and 1.4 logMAR (20/500) after 5 years. During follow-up, no light perception developed in 17 cases (11.6%), mostly attributed to radiation-induced retinopathy, optic neuropathy, and secondary glaucoma. Enucleation was carried out in 14 patients (9.5%) because of local recurrence or severe side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation-induced optic neuropathy is an expected issue after proton beam therapy of parapapillary choroidal melanoma, and visual impairment is common during long-term follow-up, but some useful vision can be preserved in a considerable number of patients.
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: aline-isabel.riechardt@charite.de.
authors.forename: Aline I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Riechardt
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Protonen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Lise-Meitner-Campus, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cordini
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Klinik für Augenheilkunde, DRK Kliniken Westend, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Gregor D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Willerding
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik, Städtisches Klinikum, Dessau, Germany.
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georgieva
authors.affiliation: Berlin Protonen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Lise-Meitner-Campus, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seibel
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nona
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lakotka
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Nikolaos E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Bechrakis
authors.affiliation: Augenschwerpunktpraxis für Augentumor, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Foerster
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Joussen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology; D002830:Choroid Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D061766:Proton Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012160:Retina / Q000528:radiation effects; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult