title: Healthcare expenditures for autism during times of school transition: some vulnerable families fall behind.
abstract: This study explores the association between school transition age and healthcare expenditures for children with autism. The paper explores three questions: (1) What is the composition of services overall and paid out-of-pocket and does it differ at transition? (2) Do transition age children have higher total and out-of-pocket health care expenditures than other children with autism? (3) Does the effect of transition differ for vulnerable families who often experience problems accessing care? Pooled data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2000-2009 on children under 21 years of age with autism (n = 337) were used to describe expenditures for services by source of payment and estimate two-part models of total and out-of-pocket expenditures as a function of child transition age (5, 6, 11, 14) and other child and family characteristics. Median total annual expenditures for health care among children with autism are $2,400; median out-of-pocket expenditures are $390. The majority of total expenditures are devoted to outpatient medical services; nearly half of family out-of-pocket spending is devoted to prescription medications. When children are transition age, a larger proportion of both overall and out-of-pocket expenditures go toward ambulatory therapy, while a smaller proportion of out-of-pocket expenditures are devoted to prescription medications compared to children of other ages. Transition age children from vulnerable families experience a drop in expenditures that families with more resources fill through out-of-pocket spending. Findings raise questions about the dimensions of care for children with autism. Schools may be better positioned than health insurance to foster continuity of care.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, thomas@schsr.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Kathleen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.forename: Christianna S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000191:economics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012574:Schools; D014481:United States; D016270:United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; D055815:Young Adult