title: Mechanisms revealed through general anesthetic photolabeling.
abstract: General anesthetic photolabels are used to reveal molecular targets and molecular binding sites of anesthetic ligands. After identification, the relevance of anesthetic substrates or binding sites can be tested in biological systems. Halothane and photoactive analogs of isoflurane, propofol, etomidate, neurosteroids, anthracene, and long chain alcohols have been used in anesthetic photolabeling experiments. Interrogated protein targets include the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, GABAAreceptor, tubulin, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1, and protein kinase C. In this review, we summarize insights revealed by photolabeling these targets, as well as general features of anesthetics, such as their propensity to partition to mitochondria and bind voltage-dependent anion channels. The theory of anesthetic photolabel design and the experimental application of photoactive ligands are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Weiser
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Kellie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Woll
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Dailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Roderic G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Eckenhoff
keywords: GABAA receptor; PKC; Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; VDAC; aminoanthracene; etomidate; halothane; isoflurane; leukocyte function-associated antigen; neurosteroid; octanol; optoanesthesia; photoaffinity labeling; photolabeling; propofol; protein kinase C; tubulin; voltage-dependent anion channel