title: Pediatric facial fractures as a result of gunshot injuries: an examination of associated injuries and trends in management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facial fractures are relatively uncommon in the pediatric population, especially those inflicted as a result of interpersonal violence in the form of gunshot injuries. Few studies have examined the unique management of such high-energy injuries in the pediatric population. Oftentimes the resultant damage to soft tissue and bony structures is so great that it challenges the previously accepted standards in the management of pediatric facial fractures. This study will examine a level 1 trauma center's experience with these unique injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all facial fractures occurring in a pediatric population (those 18 years of age or younger) as a result of gunshot wounds in a level 1 trauma center in an urban environment was performed for the years 2000 to 2012. Descriptive information was collected regarding each case as well as information regarding concomitant injuries, treatment modalities, and selected outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this time period, there were 3147 facial fractures treated at our institution, 353 of which were in pediatric patients. Of these, 17 were the results of gunshot wounds. Three patients were excluded due to insufficient data, leaving a total of 14 patients. The average age of patients was 16.5 (range 14-18); all patients were African-American males. The most common fracture was that of the mandible (n = 10), with 2 of those patients exhibiting panfacial fractures. The average Glasgow Coma Scale on admission was 13.5 (range 3-15). Six of the patients were intubated in the emergency department. The most common concomitant injury was a skull fracture (n = 3), followed by cervical spine fractures (n = 2) and intracranial hemorrhages (n = 2). All patients were admitted to the hospital for reasons other than fracture management. Seven patients ultimately went to the operating room for fracture management. The treatment modalities employed were conservative management with closed techniques (n = 11), rigid internal fixation (n = 2), and the use of an external fixator device (n = 1). Minimal to no soft-tissue debridement was performed in 10 of the 14 patients, 2 of which presented between 6 months and 10 years post-injury with soft-tissue complications related to retained material. The mean hospital length of stay was 8.2 days (range 1-18 days). One patient expired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric facial fractures as a result of gunshot wounds represent a unique and fortunately rare entity that presents a challenge to all disciplines involved in treatment. In our patients, there was a tendency towards conservative management, with only 3 patients undergoing some form of fixation and only 7 undergoing some form of operative debridement. Concomitant injuries and the high-energy nature of gunshot wounds often preclude traditional management with rigid fixation to ensure adequate bony healing. However, it is important to adequately debride devitalized soft tissue and remove all foreign material to avoid future soft tissue-related complications.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kordahi
authors.forename: Angie M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Granick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009515:New Jersey; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery