title: Self-reported neck pain is associated with migraine but not with tension-type headache in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present analysis is to confirm or refute the association of neck pain to migraine or tension-type headache and to assess whether this association is independent of other risk factors for headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary school students were invited to complete a questionnaire on headache and lifestyle factors in a cross-sectional study. Neck pain was assessed via (a) a screening question concerning neck pain and (b) denoting affected areas in schematic drawings of the human body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absolute increment in prevalence of headache with pain in the shoulder-neck region was between 7.5% and 9.6%. Gender, grade, stress and lifestyle factors were assessed as potential confounding factors. Nearly all factors were associated with shoulder-neck pain and most with headache. After adjustment for confounders, the association of neck pain with headache was almost completely confined to migraine (OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.48-3.85) and migraine + tension-type headache (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.50-2.99), whereas the association with isolated tension-type headache was negligible (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.87-1.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neck pain is associated with migraine but not with tension-type headache. A possible link between migraine and neck pain may be the cervico-trigeminal convergence of neck and meningeal sensory afferents or a disturbed descending inhibition in migraine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany astrid.blaschek@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blaschek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Siona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Decke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas Sebastian
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.affiliation: German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Germany Department of Neurology, Klinikum Großhadern, LMU Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Straube
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Germany.
authors.forename: Mirjam N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Landgraf
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heinen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Kries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Adolescents; headache; migraine; neck pain; tension–type headache