title: Congenital portosystemic shunts and hepatic encephalopathy in goat kids in California: 11 cases (1999-2012).
abstract: Between 1999 and 2012, 11 cases of congenital portosystemic shunts (cPSS) resulting in hepatic encephalopathy were diagnosed in goat kids necropsied at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System and at the Department of Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis. Affected animals included 6 females and 5 males of various breeds including Boer (5/11), Nigerian Dwarf (1/11), Saanen (1/11), Toggenburg (1/11), and mixed-breed (3/11) aged between 1.5 months and 11 months, submitted live (2/11) or dead (9/11) for necropsy. The most frequent clinical signs in these goats were ataxia, blindness, tremors, head bobbing, head pressing, seizures, circling, weakness, and ill thrift. Bile acids were measured in 2 animals, and were elevated in both cases (134 and 209 µmol/l, reference interval = 0-50 µmol/l). Necropsy findings were poor to fair body condition. Grossly, the livers of 4 animals were subjectively small. Microscopic lesions included portal spaces with increased numbers of arteriolar profiles and hypoplastic or absent portal veins, diffuse atrophy of the hepatic parenchyma with the presence of small hepatocytes and, in some cases, multifocal hepatocellular macrovesicular vacuolation. In the brain and spinal cord of all animals, there was bilateral and symmetric spongy degeneration affecting the cerebrum, mesencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, and cervical spinal cord. In all cases, the brain lesions were consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. Congenital portosystemic shunts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of young goats with a history of ill thrift, and nonspecific neurological signs.
authors.affiliation: 1Hailu Kinde, California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 105 W. Central Avenue, San Bernardino, CA 92408. hkinde@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Hailu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinde
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pesavento
authors.forename: Alexandre P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Loretti
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Adaska
authors.forename: Bradd C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Janet D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rimoldi
authors.forename: Ashley E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Megan E B
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000151:congenital* / Q000473:pathology; D006041:Goats; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000151:congenital / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Congenital; goats; hepatic encephalopathy; portosystemic shunt; spongy degeneration