title: Metallurgical and interfacial characterization of PFM Co-Cr dental alloys fabricated via casting, milling or selective laser melting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bulk and interfacial characterization of porcelain fused to metal (PFM) Co-Cr dental alloys fabricated via conventional casting, milling and selective laser melting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of metallic specimens made of PFM Co-Cr dental alloys were prepared using casting (CST), milling (MIL) and selective laser sintering (SLM). The porosity of the groups was evaluated using X-ray scans. The microstructures of the specimens were evaluated via SEM examination, EDX and XRD analysis. Vickers hardness testing was utilized to measure the hardness of the specimens. Interfacial characterization was conducted on the porcelain-covered specimens from each group to test the elemental distribution with and without the application of INmetalbond. The elemental distribution of the probed elements was assessed using EDX line profile analysis. Hardness results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak's method (α=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  X-ray radiography revealed the presence of porosity only in the CST group. Different microstructures were identified among the groups. Together with the γ phase matrix, a second phase, believed to be the Co3Mo phase, was also observed by SEM and subsequent XRD analysis. Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 carbides were also identified via XRD analysis in the CST and MIL groups. The hardness values were 320±12 HV, 297±5 HV and 371±10 HV, and statistically significant differences were evident among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microstructure and hardness of PFM Co-Cr dental alloys are dependent on the manufacturing technique employed. Given the differences in microstructural and hardness properties among the tested groups, further differences in their clinical behavior are anticipated.
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: yaljabbari@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Al Jabbari
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koutsoukis
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Githiou 81 Str, Pireas 18544, Greece.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Barmpagadaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi 11527, Athens, Greece; Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zinelis
mesh_terms: D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003735:Dental Casting Technique; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006244:Hardness; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys
keywords: Co–Cr dental alloy; Fabrication techniques; Metal–ceramic interface; SLM