title: Ultrafine particles generated from coloring with scented markers in the presence of ozone.
abstract: High concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFPs) have been previously reported during school art activities. This is possibly due to secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from reactions between ozone and volatile organic compounds emitted from art products. Four brands of markers, three scented and one unscented, were tested inside a stainless steel chamber at eight different ozone concentrations between 0 and 300 ppb. Out of the 32 tested markers, only the lemon- and orange-scented markers from one brand reacted with ozone to form UFPs. Limonene, pinene, and several other terpenes were identified as ingredients of ink in SOA-forming markers. Coloring with one lemon-scented marker for 1 min without ozone generated on average approximately 26 ± 4 ppb of limonene inside the chamber. At 150 ppb ozone, using one lemon marker for 1 min formed on average 7.7 × 10(10) particles. The particle size distribution indicated an initial mode of 15 nm which grew to 40 nm. At 50 ppb ozone and below, no significant SOA formation occurred. The number of particles formed is moderately correlated with the mass of ink used (R(2)  = 0.68). Based on these data, scented markers are not likely a strong source of SOA under normal indoor ozone levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: C-C D
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D007281:Ink; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D010126:Ozone
keywords: Exposure assessment; Ozone; Secondary organic aerosols; Terpene; Ultrafine particles