title: Psychopathological mechanisms linking childhood traumatic experiences to risk of psychotic symptoms: analysis of a large, representative population-based sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different psychological models of trauma-induced psychosis have been postulated, often based on the observation of "specific" associations between particular types of childhood trauma (CT) and particular psychotic symptoms or the co-occurrence of delusions and hallucinations. However, the actual specificity of these associations remains to be tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2 population-based studies with comparable methodology (Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-1 [NEMESIS-1] and NEMESIS-2, N = 13 722), trained interviewers assessed CT, psychotic symptoms, and other psychopathology. Specificity of associations was assessed with mixed-effects regression models with multiple outcomes, a statistical method suitable to examine specificity of associations in case of multiple correlated outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Associations with CT were strong and significant across the entire range of psychotic symptoms, without evidence for specificity in the relationship between particular trauma variables and particular psychotic experiences (PEs). Abuse and neglect were both associated with PEs (OR abuse: 2.12, P < .001; OR neglect: 1.96, P < .001), with no large or significant difference in effect size. Intention-to-harm experiences showed stronger associations with psychosis than CT without intent (χ(2) = 58.62, P < .001). Most trauma variables increased the likelihood of co-occurrence of delusions and hallucinations rather than either symptom in isolation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intention to harm is the key component linking childhood traumatic experiences to psychosis, most likely characterized by co-occurrence of hallucinations and delusions, indicating buildup of psychotic intensification, rather than specific psychotic symptoms in isolation. No evidence was found to support psychological theories regarding specific associations between particular types of CT and particular psychotic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: *To whom correspondence should be addressed; School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616 (DRT 12), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; tel: 0031-43-388-4077, fax: 0031-43-388-4122, e-mail: j.vanos@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Nierop
authors.forename: Tineke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lataster
authors.forename: Feikje
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gunther
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Zelst
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: ten Have
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Dorsselaer
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.forename: Inez
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Myin-Germeys
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Viechtbauer
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Winkel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003702:Delusions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012306:Risk
keywords: childhood adversity; epidemiology; psychosis