title: Genetic predisposition, dietary restraint and disinhibition in relation to short and long-term weight loss.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interindividual differences in response to weight loss and maintenance thereafter are ascribed to genetic predisposition and behavioral changes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether body weight and short and long-term body weight loss were affected by candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and changes in eating behavior or by an interaction between these genetic and behavioral factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  150 healthy subjects (39 males, 111 females) aged 20-50 y with a BMI of 27-38 kg/m(2) followed a very low energy diet for 8-weeks, followed by a 3-month weight maintenance period. SNPs were selected from six candidate genes: ADRB2, FTO, MC4R, PPARG, PPARD, and PPARGC1A. Changes in eating behavior were determined with the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high genetic predisposition score was associated with a high body weight at baseline and more short-term weight loss. From the six selected obesity-related SNPs, FTO was associated with increased body weight at baseline, and the effect allele of PPARGC1A was positively associated with short-term weight loss, when assessed for each SNP separately. Long-term weight loss was associated with a larger increase in dietary restraint and larger decrease in disinhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During long-term weight loss, genetic effects are dominated by changes in eating behavior.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.verhoef@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Sanne P M
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefan G J A
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Camps
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Freek G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Bouwman
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Edwin C M
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Mariman
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Klaas R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Westerterp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; D004435:Eating / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C553443:ADRB2 protein, human; C470072:MC4R protein, human; D047494:PPAR delta; D047495:PPAR gamma; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D011506:Proteins; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; C526492:FTO protein, human
keywords: Dietary restraint; Disinhibition; Single nucleotide polymorphism; Weight loss