title: Verification of an optimized stimulation point on the abdominal wall for transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation for activation of deep lumbar stabilizing muscles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can stimulate contractions in deep lumbar stabilizing muscles. An optimal protocol has not been devised for the activation of these muscles by NMES, and information is lacking regarding an optimal stimulation point on the abdominal wall.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to determine a single optimized stimulation point on the abdominal wall for transcutaneous NMES for the activation of deep lumbar stabilizing muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound images of the spinal stabilizing muscles were captured during NMES at three sites on the lateral abdominal wall. After an optimal location for the placement of the electrodes was determined, changes in the thickness of the lumbar multifidus (LM) were measured during NMES.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three stimulation points were investigated using 20 healthy physically active male volunteers. A reference point R, 1 cm superior to the iliac crest along the midaxillary line, was used. Three study points were used: stimulation point S1 was located 2 cm superior and 2 cm medial to the anterior superior iliac spine, stimulation point S3 was 2 cm below the lowest rib along the same sagittal plane as S1, and stimulation point S2 was midway between S1 and S3. Sessions were conducted stimulating at S1, S2, or S3 using R for reference. Real-time ultrasound imaging (RUSI) of the abdominal muscles was captured during each stimulation session. In addition, RUSI images were captured of the LM during stimulation at S1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thickness, as measured by RUSI, of the transverse abdominis (TrA), obliquus internus, and obliquus externus was greater during NMES than at rest for all three study points (p<.05). Transverse abdominis was significantly stimulated more by NMES at S1 than at the other points (p<.05). The LM thickness was also significantly greater during NMES at S1 than at rest (p<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuromuscular electrical stimulation at S1 optimally activated deep spinal stabilizing muscles, TrA and LM, as evidenced by RUSI. The authors recommend this optimal stimulation point be used for NMES in the course of lumbar spine stabilization training in patients having difficulty initiating contraction of these muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1, Daemyung-Dong, Nam-Gu, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Ok
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-Gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Yeungnam University, 317-1, Daemyung-Dong, Nam-Gu, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gil Su
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1, Daemyung-Dong, Nam-Gu, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1, Daemyung-Dong, Nam-Gu, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Spine Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1, Daemyung-Dong, Nam-Gu, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: spineahn@ynu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D064131:Back Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Lumbar multifidus; Lumbar stabilizing muscle; Neuromuscular electrical stimulation; Optimal stimulation point; Real-time ultrasound imaging; Transverse abdominis