title: Biomarkers for pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension - a call to collaborate.
abstract: Therapeutic approaches in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are based primarily on clinician experience, in contrast to the evidence-based approach in adults with pulmonary hypertension. There is a clear and present need for non-invasive and objective biomarkers to guide the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this disease in children. The multifaceted spectrum of disease, clinical presentation, and association with other diseases makes this a formidable challenge. However, as more progress is being made in the understanding and management of adult PAH, the potential to apply this knowledge to children has never been greater. This review explores the state of the art with regard to non-invasive biomarkers in PAH, with an eye toward those adult PAH biomarkers potentially suitable for application in pediatric PAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA.
authors.forename: Kelley L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA.
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dufva
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA.
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Denver , Aurora, CO , USA.
authors.forename: D Dunbar
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ivy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA.
authors.forename: Kurt R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Stenmark
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Yeager
keywords: biomarkers; echocardiography; imaging; magnetic resonance; pediatric; pulmonary arterial hypertension; right ventricle