title: Ankle sprains and instability.
abstract: Ankle injuries are among the most common injuries presenting to primary care providers and emergency departments and may cause considerable time lost to injury and long-term disability. Inversion injuries about the ankle involve about 25% of all injuries of the musculoskeletal system and 50% of all sports-related injuries. Medial-sided ankle sprains occur less frequently than those on the lateral side. High ankle sprains occur less frequently in the general population, but do occur commonly in collision sports. Providers should apply the Ottawa ankle rules when radiography is indicated and refer fractures and more severe injuries to orthopedic surgery as needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA. Electronic address: coryczajka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cory M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Czajka
authors.affiliation: Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Capital Region Orthopaedic Group, Albany Medical College, 1367 Washington Avenue, Suite 200, Albany, NY 12206, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DiPreta
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D004856:Postural Balance; D011859:Radiography; D013639:Tarsal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Eversion; Inversion; Ottawa ankle rules; PRICEMMMS; Sprain; Syndesmosis