title: Abiotic-biotic characterization of Pt/Ir microelectrode arrays in chronic implants.
abstract: Pt/Ir electrodes have been extensively used in neurophysiology research in recent years as they provide a more inert recording surface as compared to tungsten or stainless steel. While floating microelectrode arrays (FMA) consisting of Pt/Ir electrodes are an option for neuroprosthetic applications, long-term in vivo functional performance characterization of these FMAs is lacking. In this study, we have performed comprehensive abiotic-biotic characterization of Pt/Ir arrays in 12 rats with implant periods ranging from 1 week up to 6 months. Each of the FMAs consisted of 16-channel, 1.5 mm long, and 75 μm diameter microwires with tapered tips that were implanted into the somatosensory cortex. Abiotic characterization included (1) pre-implant and post-explant scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study recording site changes, insulation delamination and cracking, and (2) chronic in vivo electrode impedance spectroscopy. Biotic characterization included study of microglial responses using a panel of antibodies, such as Iba1, ED1, and anti-ferritin, the latter being indicative of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Significant structural variation was observed pre-implantation among the arrays in the form of irregular insulation, cracks in insulation/recording surface, and insulation delamination. We observed delamination and cracking of insulation in almost all electrodes post-implantation. These changes altered the electrochemical surface area of the electrodes and resulted in declining impedance over the long-term due to formation of electrical leakage pathways. In general, the decline in impedance corresponded with poor electrode functional performance, which was quantified via electrode yield. Our abiotic results suggest that manufacturing variability and insulation material as an important factor contributing to electrode failure. Biotic results show that electrode performance was not correlated with microglial activation (neuroinflammation) as we were able to observe poor performance in the absence of neuroinflammation, as well as good performance in the presence of neuroinflammation. One biotic change that correlated well with poor electrode performance was intraparenchymal bleeding, which was evident macroscopically in some rats and presented microscopically by intense ferritin immunoreactivity in microglia/macrophages. Thus, we currently consider intraparenchymal bleeding, suboptimal electrode fabrication, and insulation delamination as the major factors contributing toward electrode failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Qing-Shan
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dieme
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Viswanath
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Roxanne C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mayrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Wolfgang J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Streit
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, USA ; Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sanchez
keywords: Pt/Ir microelectrodes; abiotic; biotic; blood brain barrier (BBB); floating microelectrode arrays (FMA); impedance; neural interface; neuroinflammation