title: Assessing calibration of multinomial risk prediction models.
abstract: Calibration, that is, whether observed outcomes agree with predicted risks, is important when evaluating risk prediction models. For dichotomous outcomes, several tools exist to assess different aspects of model calibration, such as calibration-in-the-large, logistic recalibration, and (non-)parametric calibration plots. We aim to extend these tools to prediction models for polytomous outcomes. We focus on models developed using multinomial logistic regression (MLR): outcome Y with k categories is predicted using k - 1 equations comparing each category i (i = 2, … ,k) with reference category 1 using a set of predictors, resulting in k - 1 linear predictors. We propose a multinomial logistic recalibration framework that involves an MLR fit where Y is predicted using the k - 1 linear predictors from the prediction model. A non-parametric alternative may use vector splines for the effects of the linear predictors. The parametric and non-parametric frameworks can be used to generate multinomial calibration plots. Further, the parametric framework can be used for the estimation and statistical testing of calibration intercepts and slopes. Two illustrative case studies are presented, one on the diagnosis of malignancy of ovarian tumors and one on residual mass diagnosis in testicular cancer patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The risk prediction models were developed on data from 2037 and 544 patients and externally validated on 1107 and 550 patients, respectively. We conclude that calibration tools can be extended to polytomous outcomes. The polytomous calibration plots are particularly informative through the visual summary of the calibration performance.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal Processing, and Data Analytics, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven iMinds Future Health Department, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Hoorde
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vergouwe
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Huffel
authors.forename: Ewout W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Steyerberg
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Calster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002945:Cisplatin
keywords: calibration; calibration plot; polytomous diagnosis; risk prediction model