title: MELAS: A Multigenerational Impact of the MTTL1 A3243G MELAS Mutation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  the maternally inherited MTTL1 A3243G mutation in the mitochondrial genome causes MelaS (Mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis with Stroke-like episodes), a condition that is multisystemic but affects primarily the nervous system. Significant intra-familial variation in phenotype and severity of disease is well recognized.
  
  
  METHODS
  retrospective and ongoing study of an extended family carrying the MTTL1 A3243G mutation with multiple symptomatic individuals. tissue heteroplasmy is reviewed based on the clinical presentations, imaging studies, laboratory findings in affected individuals and pathological material obtained at autopsy in two of the family members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  there were seven affected individuals out of thirteen members in this three generation family who each carried the MTTL1 A3243G mutation. the clinical presentations were varied with symptoms ranging from hearing loss, migraines, dementia, seizures, diabetes, visual manifestations, and stroke like episodes. three of the family members are deceased from MelaS or to complications related to MelaS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the results of the clinical, pathological and radiological findings in this family provide strong support to the current concepts of maternal inheritance, tissue heteroplasmy and molecular pathogenesis in MelaS. neurologists (both adult and paediatric) are the most likely to encounter patients with MelaS in their practice. genetic counselling is complex in view of maternal inheritance and heteroplasmy. newer therapeutic options such as arginine are being used for acute and preventative management of stroke like episodes.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rupar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kronick
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prasad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D003704:Dementia / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017241:MELAS Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012356:RNA, Transfer, Leu / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012356:RNA, Transfer, Leu