title: Nepalese traditional medicine and symptoms related to Parkinson's disease and other disorders: Patterns of the usage of plant resources along the Himalayan altitudinal range.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nepal is a hotspot for cultural and biological diversities. The tremendous diversity of ecosystems and climates and the blend of medicinal practices inherited from Ayurvedic and Traditional Tibetan Medicine are well suited to a study aimed at discovering information about medicinal plants to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, this study across Nepal's altitudinal range is relevant to understanding how cultural and ecological environments influence local traditional medicines. The aim of the study is to document the uses of medicinal plants in three different eco-geographical areas of Nepal (Chitwan-Panchase-Mustang) to treat symptoms related to PD. A second goal is to analyze the impact of culture and environment on the evolution of traditional medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in five communities located in three different eco-geographical environments and at altitudes ranging from 300m to 3700m. We interviewed a total of 56 participants (local people, folk, Ayurvedic and Amchi healers) across the three research areas. We conducted open-ended interviews to document the uses of medicinal plants to treat PD-related symptoms. Information provided by the interviewees suggested that the medicinal plants are also used to treat symptoms related to other disorders. We determined the informant consensus factor as well as the importance of specific plant species to (i) identify plants that are the best candidates to be analyzed experimentally for their potential to treat PD and (ii) perform a cross-cultural comparison of the three areas of study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study reports the local uses of 35 different plant species along the Chitwan-Panchase-Mustang altitudinal range. We identify a total of eight plant species that were used in all three research areas, and more specifically one species used to treat PD-like symptoms. We identify a potential dual protective activity of medicinal plants used to treat PD-related symptoms as recent literature suggests that these plants also have anti-cancer properties. In addition, we document that the presence of Ayurvedic healers could influence local practices and that local practices could influence local Ayurvedic practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents the uses of medicinal plants to treat symptoms related to PD and other disorders across the Chitwan-Panchase-Mustang altitudinal range. PD is a neurodegenerative disease affecting a growing number of people worldwide. No cures are available to slow the death of the neurons, and there is a critical need to work towards innovative therapeutic strategies. We identify medicinal plants based on traditional practices to help develop a cure for PD. The three areas of study were chosen for their ecological and cultural diversities, and two of these are included in conservation programs (Panchase Protected Forest and Annapurna Conservation Area). The documentation of community-natural resource relationships is another step in the preservation of traditional practices and local biodiversity and a reflection of communities' rights in the design of conservation programs.
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, Heine Pharmacy Building, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Electronic address: aderusep@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Rus Jacquet
authors.affiliation: Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University (TU), Kirtipur, Post Box 26429, Kathmandu, Nepal. Electronic address: rupasubedi4@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rupa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subedi
authors.affiliation: Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University (TU), Kirtipur, Post Box 26429, Kathmandu, Nepal. Electronic address: sk.ghimire@cdbtu.edu.np.
authors.forename: Suresh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ghimire
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, Heine Pharmacy Building, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Electronic address: jrochet@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rochet
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008515:Medicine, Ayurvedic; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000379:methods; D009390:Nepal; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Ayurvedic; Ethnopharmacology; Nepal; Neurodegenerative diseases; Parkinson׳s disease; Traditional medicine