title: Effects of Schizolobium parahyba extract on experimental Bothrops venom-induced acute kidney injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venom-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of Bothrops snakebite with relevant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Schizolobium parahyba (SP) extract, a natural medicine with presumed anti-Bothrops venom effects, in an experimental model of Bothrops jararaca venom (BV)-induced AKI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups of 8 to 10 rats received infusions of 0.9% saline (control, C), SP 2 mg/kg, BV 0.25 mg/kg and BV immediately followed by SP (treatment, T) in the doses already described. After the respective infusions, animals were assessed for their glomerular filtration rate (GFR, inulin clearance), renal blood flow (RBF, Doppler), blood pressure (BP, intra-arterial transducer), renal vascular resistance (RVR), urinary osmolality (UO, freezing point), urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, kinetic method), hematocrit (Hct, microhematocrit), fibrinogen (Fi, Klauss modified) and blinded renal histology (acute tubular necrosis score).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BV caused significant decreases in GFR, RBF, UO, HcT and Fi; significant increases in RVR, NGAL and LDH; and acute tubular necrosis. SP did not prevent these changes; instead, it caused a significant decrease in GFR when used alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SP administered simultaneously with BV, in an approximate 10∶1 concentration, did not prevent BV-induced AKI, hemolysis and fibrinogen consumption. SP used alone caused a decrease in GFR.
authors.affiliation: LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monique Silva
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Martines
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Institute, Goias Federal University, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirian M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.affiliation: LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria H M
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Uberlandia Federal University, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Veridiana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Melo Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Uberlandia Federal University, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sebastião R Ferreira
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.affiliation: LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise M A C
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Malheiros
authors.affiliation: LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emmanuel A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Burdmann
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D017837:Bothrops / Q000378:metabolism*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000652:urine; D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007683:Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C110936:Havcr1 protein, rat; C097278:Lcn2 protein, rat