title: Adenoids in children: Advances in immunology, diagnosis, and surgery.
abstract: Adenoids are strategically located for mediating local and regional immune functions as they are exposed to antigens from both the outside air and the alimentary tract. Recurrent or chronic respiratory infections can induce histomorphological and functional changes in the adenoidal immunological barrier, sometimes making surgical treatment necessary. Our aim in this review is to summarize the crucial points about not only the immunological histopathology of adenoidal tissue, especially in patients with adenoid hypertrophy, but also the most common and useful diagnostic techniques and surgical options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pusateri
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagella
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caimmi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caimmi
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Licari
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barberi
authors.forename: Annamaria M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Castellazzi
authors.forename: Gian Luigi
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Marseglia
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy / Q000379:methods; D000234:Adenoids / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000473:pathology; D009304:Nasopharyngitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000150:complications
keywords: adenoid hypertrophy; adenoidectomy; adenoiditis; adenoids; nasal endoscopy