title: The effect of pH on solubility of nano-modified endodontic cements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of storage pH on solubility of white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA), bioaggregate (BA), and nano WMTA cements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight moulds randomly allocated into three groups of pH 4.4 (group A), 7.4 (group B), and 10.4 (group C); and one empty as control in each group. Each group was further divided into three subgroups according to the material studied; WMTA, BA, and nano WMTA. The specimens in subgroup A were soaked in butyric acid buffered with synthetic tissue fluid (STF) (pH 4.4), while the samples in subgroups B (pH 7.4) and C (pH 10.4) buffered in potassium hydroxide for 24 h and then the loss of cement was determined. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-hoc statistical tests were used to detect any statistically significant differences among the groups/subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis has showed the highest solubility in acidic pH for all tested materials. Nano WMTA samples in pH = 10.4 had the lowest and BA samples in pH = 4.4 showed the highest cement loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The solubility of all tested cements can be jeopardized in acidic environment which might affect on their sealing characteristic in clinical scenario. However, nano WMTA cement due to its small size particles and different additives was capable of producing lower porosity in set material, which resulted in showing more resistance in acidic environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saghiri
authors.affiliation: Bioscience Research Center, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Franklin Garcia
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A and M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gutmann
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Departments of Endodontics, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lotfi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Material, Kamal Asgar Research Center (KARC), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Armen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asatourian
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sheibani
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elyasi
keywords: Bioaggregate; nano WMTA; solubility; storage pH; white mineral trioxide aggregate