title: Clinical principles in the management of hamstring injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hamstring injuries are among the most common muscle injuries seen in sports clinical practice. This narrative review covers essential knowledge of hamstring injuries, ranging from strains to total proximal three-tendon ruptures. The primary aim is to provide basic information for clinicians and sports medicine therapists dealing with hamstring problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, existing literature of hamstring injuries was taken together. Emphasis was given to subjects less well covered in previous reviews, such as preventive measures, as well as the most relevant information needed in the treatment of these injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Occasionally, symptoms remain after hamstring injuries which can be successfully treated with surgery. Knowledge of the effectiveness of preventive measures and nonsurgical and surgical treatment is limited by small studies of low evidence level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence-based treatment algorithms are not available. Larger studies of better quality with more concrete grading of hamstring tears are needed to improve knowledge in prevention and treatment of hamstring injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Neo, Joukahaisenkatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland. lasse.lempainen@utu.fi.|Department of Physical Activity and Health, Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. lasse.lempainen@utu.fi.|Department of Surgery, Turunmaa Hospital, Turku, Finland. lasse.lempainen@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Lasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lempainen
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedic Sports Surgery, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.|Clinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Banke
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Activity and Health, Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Surgery, Turunmaa Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedic Sports Surgery, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Brucker
authors.affiliation: Hospital Neo, Joukahaisenkatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland.|Department of Physical Activity and Health, Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sarimo
authors.affiliation: Hospital Neo, Joukahaisenkatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland.|Department of Physical Activity and Health, Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orava
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedic Sports Surgery, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Imhoff
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012307:Risk Factors; D012421:Rupture / Q000601:surgery; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D053441:Suture Anchors