title: Crown depth as a result of evolutionary games: decreasing solar angle should lead to shallower, not deeper crowns.
abstract: There is a general notion in the literature that, with increasing latitude, trees have deeper crowns as a result of a lower solar elevation angle. However, these predictions are based on models that did not include the effects of competition for light between individuals. Here, I argue that there should be selection for trees to increase the height of the crown base, as this decreases shading by neighbouring trees, leading to an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). Because the level of between-tree shading increases with decreasing solar angle, the predicted ESS will shift to higher crown base height. This argument is supported by a simulation model to check for the effects of crown shape and the change of light intensity that occurs with changing solar angle on model outcomes. So, the lower solar angle at higher latitudes would tend to select for shallower, and not deeper, crowns. This casts doubt on the common belief that a decreasing solar angle increases crown depth. More importantly, it shows that different assumptions about what should be optimized can lead to different predictions, not just for absolute trait values, but for the direction of selection itself.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.|Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700, AK Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter Johannes
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003198:Computer Simulation; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D013472:Sunlight; D014197:Trees / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects
keywords: architecture; competition; crown; game theory; latitude; light; optimization; self-shading