title: Design and development of sustainable remediation process for mitigation of fluoride contamination in ground water and field application for domestic use.
abstract: Decentralised household chemo defluoridation unit (CDU) was developed and designed based on a combination of coagulation and sorption processes. Chemo-defluoridation process was optimised to reduce use of chemicals and increase acceptability among beneficiaries without affecting palatability of water. Chemical dose optimization undertaken in the laboratory using jar test revealed the optimum calcium salt to initial fluoride ratio of 60 for fluoride removal. Performance of CDU was evaluated in the laboratory for removal efficiency, water quality parameters, filter bed cleaning cycle and desorption of fluoride. CDU evaluation in the laboratory with spiked water (5 mg/L) and field water (~4.2 mg/L) revealed treated water fluoride concentration of less than 1mg/L. Seventy five CDUs were installed in households at Sakhara Village, Yavatmal District in Maharashtra State of India. Monthly monitoring of CDUs for one year indicated reduction of the raw water fluoride concentration from around 4 mg/L to less than 1mg/L. Post implementation survey after regular consumption of treated drinking water by the users for one year indicated user satisfaction and technological sustainability.
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Water Technology and Management Division, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gwala
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Water Technology and Management Division, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Subhash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andey
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Water Technology and Management Division, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India. Electronic address: p_nagarnaik@neeri.res.in.
authors.forename: Pranav
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nagarnaik
authors.affiliation: Department of Fuel & Mineral Engineering, ISM, Dhanbad, India.
authors.forename: Sarika Pimpalkar
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Water Technology and Management Division, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Water Technology and Management Division, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Water Technology and Management Division, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Pawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Labhasetwar
mesh_terms: D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D007194:India; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Chemo-defluoridation process; Chemo-defluoridation unit (CDU); Defluoridation; Fluorosis