title: Mangotoxin production of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is regulated by MgoA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The antimetabolite mangotoxin is a key factor in virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains which cause apical necrosis of mango trees. Previous studies showed that mangotoxin biosynthesis is governed by the mbo operon. Random mutagenesis led to the identification of two other gene clusters that affect mangotoxin biosynthesis. These are the gacS/gacA genes and mgo operon which harbors the four genes mgoBCAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current study shows that disruption of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene mgoA resulted in loss of mangotoxin production and reduced virulence on tomato leaves. Transcriptional analyses by qPCR and promoter reporter fusions revealed that mbo expression is regulated by both gacS/gacA and mgo genes. Also, expression of the mgo operon was shown to be regulated by gacS/gacA. Heterologous expression under the native promoter of the mbo operon resulted in mangotoxin production in non-producing P. syringae strains, but not in other Pseudomonas species. Also introduction of the mbo and mgo operons in nonproducing P. protegens Pf-5 did not confer mangotoxin production but did enhance transcription of the mbo promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the data obtained in this study, we conclude that both mbo and mgo operons are under the control of the gacS/gacA two-component system and that the MgoA product acts as a positive regulator of mangotoxin biosynthesis.
authors.forename: Víctor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Carrión
authors.forename: Menno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Voort
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arrebola
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Barranquero
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Vicente
authors.forename: Jos M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain. cazorla@uma.es.
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cazorla
mesh_terms: D019677:Artificial Gene Fusion; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000382:microbiology; D010453:Peptide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C574905:mangotoxin, Pseudomonas syringae; D010453:Peptide Synthases; C104385:non-ribosomal peptide synthase