title: Patterns of missing data in ethnic minority health research: a survey project with Russian-speaking immigrant women with hypertension.
abstract: We explored cultural-level variables and their associations with missing data in a group of immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU). Elderly hypertensive women (N = 105) completed a health survey. Prevalence of missing data and z scores were calculated to determine which survey items and measures were more likely to have missing data. Hierarchical linear regressions were performed to test whether cultural variables predicted the rate of missing data beyond individual variables. Culture variables associated with survey nonresponse and missing data were related to depression, anxiety, medication beliefs and practices, attitudes toward physicians, and cultural and behavioral identity. An interpretation of the patterns of missing data and strategies to reduce the likelihood of missing data in this population are discussed. Cultural norms likely influence patients' orientations toward their health care providers. Providers would do well to normalize difficulties with medical adherence and encourage patients to ask questions about such directives. We recommend that researchers consider the cultural appropriateness of survey items and consider alternative methods (i.e., qualitative designs) for culturally sensitive topics such as mental health and sexuality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Winona State University, Winona, MN 55987, USA. amanda.m.brouwer@gmail.com
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: Katie E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Mosack
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: Angela R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wendorf
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: Liliya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sokolova
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000451:nursing*; D054525:Minority Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012426:Russia / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data