title: Novel and recurrent PITX3 mutations in Belgian families with autosomal dominant congenital cataract and anterior segment dysgenesis have similar phenotypic and functional characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital cataracts are clinically and genetically heterogeneous with more than 45 known loci and 38 identified genes. They can occur as isolated defects or in association with anterior segment developmental anomalies. One of the disease genes for congenital cataract with or without anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) is PITX3, encoding a transcription factor with a crucial role in lens and anterior segment development. Only five unique PITX3 mutations have been described, of which the 17-bp duplication c.640_656dup, p.(Gly220Profs*95), is the most common one and the only one known to cause cataract with ASD. The aim of this study was to perform a genetic study of the PITX3 gene in five probands with autosomal dominant congenital cataract (ADCC) and ASD, to compare their clinical presentations to previously reported PITX3-associated phenotypes and to functionally evaluate the PITX3 mutations found.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sanger sequencing of the coding region and targeted exons of PITX3 was performed in probands and family members respectively. Transactivation, DNA-binding and subcellular localization assays were performed for the PITX3 mutations found. Ophthalmological examinations included visual acuity measurement, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tonometry and fundoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In four Belgian families with ADCC and ASD the recurrent 17-bp duplication c.640_656dup, p.(Gly220Profs*95), was found in a heterozygous state. A novel PITX3 mutation c.573del, p.(Ser192Alafs*117), was identified in heterozygous state in a Belgo-Romanian family with a similar phenotype. Functional assays showed that this novel mutation retains its nuclear localization but results in decreased DNA-binding and transactivation activity, similar to the recurrent duplication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study identified a second PITX3 mutation leading to congenital cataract with ASD. The similarity in phenotypic expression was substantiated by our in vitro functional studies which demonstrated comparable molecular consequences for the novel p.(Ser192Alafs*117) and the recurrent p.(Gly220Profs*95) mutations.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verdin
authors.forename: Elena A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sorokina
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meire
authors.forename: Ingele
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Casteels
authors.forename: Thomy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Ravel
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Semina
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. elfride.debaere@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Elfride
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Baere
mesh_terms: D000869:Anterior Eye Segment / Q000473:pathology*; D001530:Belgium; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002386:Cataract / Q000151:congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005260:Female; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C433629:homeobox protein PITX3