title: Transformation of ginsenosides from notoginseng by artificial gastric juice can increase cytotoxicity toward cancer cells.
abstract: Multicomponent metabolic profile of notoginseng saponins in artificial gastric juice was qualitatively and quantitatively investigated, showing that ginsenosides were transformed via multiple pathways including deglycosylation, dehydration, hydration, and oxygenation. A total of 83 metabolites was identified by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, among which 16 new dammarane glycosides were further characterized by comparing with synthesized authentic compounds. Transformation time-course of notoginseng saponins in artificial gastric juice was quantitatively measured for the first time, showing rapid degradation of primary ginsenosides and concomitant formation of deglycosylation, hydration, and dehydration products. It was further demonstrated that the resultant metabolites exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. The extensive metabolism of ginsenosides within a transit time span in stomach, together with the formation of metabolites with diversified chemical structures possessing enhanced biological activities, indicated an important role of transformation in gastric juice in the systematic effects of ginsenosides.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau 00853, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lee Fong
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Hing Man
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhi-Hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000378:metabolism*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008954:Models, Biological; D015394:Molecular Structure; D053723:Panax notoginseng / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts