title: Antifungal and antiviral products of marine organisms.
abstract: Marine organisms including bacteria, fungi, algae, sponges, echinoderms, mollusks, and cephalochordates produce a variety of products with antifungal activity including bacterial chitinases, lipopeptides, and lactones; fungal (-)-sclerotiorin and peptaibols, purpurides B and C, berkedrimane B and purpuride; algal gambieric acids A and B, phlorotannins; 3,5-dibromo-2-(3,5-dibromo-2-methoxyphenoxy)phenol, spongistatin 1, eurysterols A and B, nortetillapyrone, bromotyrosine alkaloids, bis-indole alkaloid, ageloxime B and (-)-ageloxime D, haliscosamine, hamigeran G, hippolachnin A from sponges; echinoderm triterpene glycosides and alkene sulfates; molluscan kahalalide F and a 1485-Da peptide with a sequence SRSELIVHQR; and cepalochordate chitotriosidase and a 5026.9-Da antifungal peptide. The antiviral compounds from marine organisms include bacterial polysaccharide and furan-2-yl acetate; fungal macrolide, purpurester A, purpurquinone B, isoindolone derivatives, alterporriol Q, tetrahydroaltersolanol C and asperterrestide A, algal diterpenes, xylogalactofucan, alginic acid, glycolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, sulfated polysaccharide p-KG03, meroditerpenoids, methyl ester derivative of vatomaric acid, lectins, polysaccharides, tannins, cnidarian zoanthoxanthin alkaloids, norditerpenoid and capilloquinol; crustacean antilipopolysaccharide factors, molluscan hemocyanin; echinoderm triterpenoid glycosides; tunicate didemnin B, tamandarins A and B and; tilapia hepcidin 1-5 (TH 1-5), seabream SauMx1, SauMx2, and SauMx3, and orange-spotted grouper β-defensin. Although the mechanisms of antifungal and antiviral activities of only some of the aforementioned compounds have been elucidated, the possibility to use those known to have distinctly different mechanisms, good bioavailability, and minimal toxicity in combination therapy remains to be investigated. It is also worthwhile to test the marine antimicrobials for possible synergism with existing drugs. The prospects of employing them in clinical practice are promising in view of the wealth of these compounds from marine organisms. The compounds may also be used in agriculture and the food industry.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Randy Chi Fai
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Jack Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Wen Liang
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Yau Sang
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Cui Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Xiu Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.forename: He Xiang
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Evandro Fei
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Sze Kwan
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Patrick Hung Kui
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Ngai
authors.forename: Li Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiu Yun
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Guo Qing
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qing Hong
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ou
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ki
authors.forename: Adnan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bekhit
authors.forename: Alaa El-Din
authors.initials: Ael-D
authors.lastname: Bekhit
authors.forename: David Chi Cheong
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Xiu Juan
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Tzi Bun
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000737:chemistry*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001688:Biological Products