title: Frequency of metabolic abnormalities in urinary stones patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of metabolic abnormalities in the serum and urine of patients with urinary stones disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred patients with either multiple or recurrent urolithiasis diagnosed on ultrasonography and intravenous urography were included in this study. 24 hour urine sample were collected from each patient and sent for PH, specific gravity, Creatinine, uric acid, calcium, phosphate, oxalate, citrate and magnesium. In addition, blood sample of each patient was also sent for serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, phosphate and calcium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of patients was 38 ± 7.75 years with male to female ratio of 2:1. The main presenting complaint was lumber pain and 82.5% patients were found to have calcium oxalate stones on chemical analysis. Metabolic abnormalities were found in 90.5% patients, whereas there were no metabolic abnormalities in 19 (9.5%) patients. Forty patients (21.5%) only had one metabolic abnormality and 157 (78.5%) patients had multiple metabolic abnormalities. Hyperoxaluria was the most commonly observed metabolic abnormality and was found in 64.5% patients. Other significant metabolic abnormalities were hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia, hypocitraturia and hyperuricemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study concludes that frequency of metabolic abnormalities is very high in patients with urolithiasis and hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia are the most important metabolic abnormalities observed in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad, FCPS, Assistant Professor, Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Bahawal Victoria Hospital/Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur.
authors.forename: Iftikhar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Dr. Mudassar Saeed Pansota, Post Graduate Resident, Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Bahawal Victoria Hospital/Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur.
authors.forename: Mudassar Saeed
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pansota
authors.affiliation: Dr. Muhammad Tariq FCPS, Medical Officer, Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Bahawal Victoria Hospital/Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tariq
authors.affiliation: Prof. Dr. Shafqat Ali Tabassum FCPS, Head, Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Bahawal Victoria Hospital/Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur.
authors.forename: Shafqat Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tabassum
keywords: Hyperoxaluria; Metabolic evaluation; Urolithiasis