title: Assessment of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM₁ near an area of heavy-duty traffic.
abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) associated with ultrafine airborne particles (PM1) in areas affected by vehicles in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre (MAPA), RS, Brazil. Extraction, isolation/derivatization, and subsequently gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD) were the techniques used to extract and determine NPAHs (1-nitronaphthalene, 2-nitrofluorene,3-nitrofluoranthene,1-nitropyrene, and 6-nitrochrysene) associated with PM1 Airborne particles (PM1) were collected using PTFE filters in a PM162M automatic sampler. The analytical method was validated by the Standard Reference Material - SRM 1649 b - from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA). The results were consistent with the certified values. 3-NFlt and 6-NChr reached highest concentrations of 0.047 ng·m(-3) and 0.0284 ng·m(-3), respectively, in Sapucaia do Sul and Canoas. Seasonal variation showed higher NPAH concentrations in cold days. The NPAHs associated with PM1 were correlated with the pollutants nitrogen oxides and NPAHs with meteorological variables: temperature and wind speed. The results indicated that vehicles with diesel engines were influential. This was confirmed by the study of the ratios NPAHs/PAHs, 1-NPyr/Pyr, and 6-NChr/Chr.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sensoriamento Remoto e Meteorologia (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karine O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sensoriamento Remoto e Meteorologia (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: gerpro.pesquisa@fepam.rs.gov.br.
authors.forename: Elba C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sensoriamento Remoto e Meteorologia (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Agudelo-Castañeda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.affiliation: Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Alabarse
authors.affiliation: Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubens M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kautzmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: felipeqma@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Luis F O
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil; D002911:Chrysenes / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000032:analysis; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002911:Chrysenes; D005449:Fluorenes; D009281:Naphthalenes; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C019499:2-nitrofluorene; C035986:6-nitrochrysene; C016614:1-nitronaphthalene; C033643:3-nitrofluoranthene; C032668:1-nitropyrene
keywords: Air particulate SRM; GC–ECD; Nitro-PAHs; PM(1)