title: One-step production of protein-loaded PLGA microparticles via spray drying using 3-fluid nozzle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of using a spray-dryer equipped with a 3-fluid nozzle to microencapsulate protein drugs into polymeric microparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lysozyme and PLGA were used as a model protein and a model polymer, respectively. The effects of process and formulation variables, such as i) the type of organic solvent, ii) the feeding rate ratio of the outer PLGA-containing feed solution to inner lysozyme-containing feed solution, and iii) the mass ratio of PLGA to protein, on the properties (morphology, internal structure, protein surface enrichment and release profiles) of the spray dried microparticles were investigated to understand protein microencapsulation and particle formation mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spherical, condensed microparticles were obtained with D50 of 1.07-1.60 μm and Span in the range of 0.82-1.23. The lysozyme surface content decreased upon different organic solvents used as follows: acetonitrile > acetone > dichloromethane. Additionally, the lysozyme surface enrichment decreased slightly when increasing the feeding rate ratio of the outer feed solution to the inner feed solution from 4:1 to 10:1. Furthermore, it was observed that there was a correlation between the degree of burst release and the lysozyme surface enrichment, whereas the lysozyme loading content had no substantial impact on the release kinetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present work demonstrates the potential of spray dryer equipped with a 3-fluid nozzle in microencapsulation of proteins into PLGA matrices with different characteristics by varying process and formulation parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Morten Jonas
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Maltesen
authors.forename: Sune Klint
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bjerregaard
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foged
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rantanen
authors.forename: Mingshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D002645:Chickens; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D008863:Microspheres; D009113:Muramidase / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D009113:Muramidase