title: Implementation of biomarker-driven cancer therapy: existing tools and remaining gaps.
abstract: There has been growing interest in biomarker-driven personalized cancer therapy, also known as precision medicine. Recently, dozens of molecular tests, including next generation sequencing, have been developed to detect biomarkers that have the potential to predict response of cancers to particular targeted therapies. However, detection of cancer-related biomarkers is only the first step in the battle. Deciding what therapy options to pursue can also be daunting, especially when tumors harbor more than one potentially actionable aberration. Further, different mutations/variants in a single gene may have different functional consequences, and response to targeted agents may be context dependent. However, early clinical trials with new molecular entities are increasingly conducted in a biomarker-selected fashion, and even when trials are not biomarker-selected, much effort is placed on enrolling patients onto clinical trials where they have the highest probability of response. We review available molecular tests and therapy discerning tools, including tools available for assessing functional consequences of molecular alterations and tools for finding applicable clinical trials, which exist to help bridge the gap between detection of cancer-related biomarker to the initiation of biomarker-matched targeted therapies.
authors.affiliation: Sheikh Khalifa Al Nahyan Ben Zayed Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Vijaykumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Holla
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brusco
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendelsohn
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Routbort
authors.forename: Gordon B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Funda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meric-Bernstam
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D019295:Computational Biology; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor