title: Serum TGF-β1 and SMAD3 levels are closely associated with coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common diseases leading to mortality and morbidity worldwide. There is considerable debate on whether serum transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) levels are associated with long-term major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with CAD, and to date, no study has specifically addressed levels in patients with different degrees of CAD severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum TGF-β1 and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3) concentrations were evaluated in 279 patients with CAD and 268 controls without CAD. The clinical and biochemical characteristics of all subjects were also determined and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-β1 and SMAD3 concentrations in CAD patients were significantly higher than those in the controls. The serum TGF-β1 level in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was significantly higher than that in both stable angina pectoris (SAP) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP) (p < 0.05), while there was no marked difference between levels in SAP and UAP (p > 0.05). SMAD3 levels showed no obvious difference among AMI, SAP, and UAP. TGF-β1 and SMAD3 are potential biomarkers for CAD, and may be more accurate than Lpa, ApoA1, uric acid, BUN, or triglycerides (TG).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum TGF-β1 and SMAD3 levels are closely associated with CAD, and may become useful biomarkers for diagnosis and risk stratification.
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Wenjiang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Xiaoxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Huailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China. huangcongxin@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Congxin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D060050:Angina, Stable / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000097:blood*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C497790:SMAD3 protein, human; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1