title: Cellulases without carbohydrate-binding modules in high consistency ethanol production process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enzymes still comprise a major part of ethanol production costs from lignocellulose raw materials. Irreversible binding of enzymes to the residual substrate prevents their reuse and no efficient methods for recycling of enzymes have so far been presented. Cellulases without a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) have been found to act efficiently at high substrate consistencies and to remain non-bound after the hydrolysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High hydrolysis yields could be obtained with thermostable enzymes of Thermoascus aurantiacus containing only two main cellulases: cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), Cel7A and endoglucanase II (EG II), Cel5A. The yields were decreased by only about 10% when using these cellulases without CBM. A major part of enzymes lacking CBM was non-bound during the most active stage of hydrolysis and in spite of this, produced high sugar yields. Complementation of the two cellulases lacking CBM with CBH II (CtCel6A) improved the hydrolysis. Cellulases without CBM were more sensitive during exposure to high ethanol concentration than the enzymes containing CBM. Enzymes lacking CBM could be efficiently reused leading to a sugar yield of 90% of that with fresh enzymes. The applicability of cellulases without CBM was confirmed under industrial ethanol production conditions at high (25% dry matter (DM)) consistency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results clearly show that cellulases without CBM can be successfully used in the hydrolysis of lignocellulose at high consistency, and that this approach could provide new means for better recyclability of enzymes. This paper provides new insight into the efficient action of CBM-lacking cellulases. The relationship of binding and action of cellulases without CBM at high DM consistency should, however, be studied in more detail.
authors.forename: Annukka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
authors.forename: Mai Ostergaard
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Haven
authors.forename: Demi Tristan
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Djajadi
authors.forename: Anikó
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Várnai
authors.forename: Terhi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Puranen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. liisa.viikari@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Viikari