title: Pectin is not pectin: a randomized trial on the effect of different physicochemical properties of dietary fiber on appetite and energy intake.
abstract: An increased intake of dietary fiber has been associated with reduced appetite and reduced energy intake. Research on the effects of seemingly identical classes of dietary fiber on appetite has, however, resulted in conflicting findings. The present study investigated the effects of different fiber properties, including methods of supplementation, on appetite and energy intake. This was a randomized crossover study with 29 subjects (21±2 y, BMI: 21.9±1.8 kg/m(2)) consuming dairy based liquid test products (1.5 MJ, 435 g) containing either: no pectin, bulking pectin (10 g), viscous pectin (10 g), or gelled pectin (10 g). The gelled pectin was also supplemented as capsules (10 g), and as liquid (10 g). Physicochemical properties of the test products were assessed. Appetite, glucose, insulin and gastric emptying were measured before ingestion and after fixed time intervals. Energy intake was measured after 3 h. Preload viscosity was larger for gelled>viscous>bulking>no pectin, and was larger for gelled>liquid>capsules. Appetite was reduced after ingestion of gelled pectin compared to bulking (p<0.0001), viscous (p=0.005) and no pectin (p<0.0001), without differences in subsequent energy intake (p=0.32). Gastric emptying rate was delayed after gelled pectin (82±18 min) compared to no pectin (70±19 min, p=0.015). Furthermore, gelled (p=0.002) and viscous (p<0.0001) pectin lowered insulin responses compared to no pectin, with minor reductions in glucose response. Regarding methods of supplementation, appetite was reduced after ingestion of the gelled test product compared to after capsules (p<0.0001) and liquid (p<0.0001). Energy intake was lower after ingestion of capsules compared to liquid (-12.4%, p=0.03). Different methods of supplementation resulted in distinct metabolic parameters. Results suggest that different physicochemical properties of pectin, including methods of supplementation, impact appetite and energy intake differently. Reduced appetite was probably mediated by preload physical properties, whereas inconsistent associations with metabolic parameters were found.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg, 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wanders
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg, 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Melliana C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jonathan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Schols
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg, 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg, 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Monica.Mars@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mars
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014783:Viscosity; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D007328:Insulin; D010368:Pectins
keywords: Dietary fiber; Energy intake; Physical chemical properties; Satiety; Viscosity