title: Free-breathing post-contrast three-dimensional T1 mapping: Volumetric assessment of myocardial T1 values.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a three-dimensional (3D) free-breathing myocardial T1 mapping sequence for assessment of left ventricle diffuse fibrosis after contrast administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the proposed sequence, multiple 3D inversion recovery images are acquired in an interleaved manner. A mixed prospective/retrospective navigator scheme is used to obtain the 3D Cartesian k-space data with fully sampled center and randomly undersampled outer k-space. The resulting undersampled 3D k-space data are then reconstructed using compressed sensing. Subsequently, T1 maps are generated by voxel-wise curve fitting of the individual interleaved images. In a phantom study, the accuracy of the 3D sequence was evaluated against two-dimensional (2D) modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) and spin-echo sequences. In vivo T1 times of the proposed method were compared with 2D multislice MOLLI T1 mapping. Subsequently, the feasibility of high-resolution 3D T1 mapping with spatial resolution of 1.7 × 1.7 × 4 mm(3) was demonstrated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed method shows good agreement with 2D MOLLI and the spin-echo reference in phantom. No significant difference was found in the in vivo T1 times estimated using the proposed sequence and the 2D MOLLI technique (myocardium, 330 ± 66 ms versus 319 ± 93 ms; blood pools, 211 ± 68 ms versus 210 ± 98 ms). However, improved homogeneity, as measured using standard deviation of the T1 signal, was observed in the 3D T1 maps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed sequence enables high-resolution 3D T1 mapping after contrast injection during free-breathing with volumetric left ventricle coverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weingärtner
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akçakaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roujol
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Basha
authors.affiliation: Philips Research Europe, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stehning
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kraig V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Kissinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goddu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Warren J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nezafat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: diffused fibrosis; myocardial T1 mapping; navigator gating; quantitative cardiac MRI