title: The impact of noninvasive fetal evaluation: its effect on education, training, and the maintenance of clinical competence in prenatal diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the evolution of prenatal diagnosis from invasive procedures to noninvasive assessments and to describe the efforts to educate both trainees and experienced physicians via simulation techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rapid development of noninvasive serum analyte screening as well as molecular genetic and sonographic techniques to evaluate the fetus has altered our ability to both educate trainees as well as to maintain physician competence to perform invasive procedures. Simulation-based learning is being incorporated into medical training across a broad range of specialties, including obstetrics and gynecology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal diagnosis procedures will continue to be necessary for direct fetal assessment but on a much more limited scale. It is possible that all trainees will not be able to become competent in amniocentesis and other even less common procedures. Furthermore, experienced physicians may lose competence, given the lack of available procedures for skill retention. Innovative methods of skill acquisition and maintenance may be required in the near future. Although long-term assessments of efficacy are currently lacking, the introduction of comprehensive, simulation-based curriculia has the potential to both educate trainees and help maintain physician competence.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center bDivision of Reproductive Genetics cDivision of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Alexandra G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Eller
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000639:trends; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000193:education*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers