title: Genipin inhibits IL-1β-induced CCL20 and IL-6 production from human periodontal ligament cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genipin, the aglycon of geniposide found in gardenia fruit has long been considered for treatment of various diseases in traditional oriental medicine. Genipin has been used as a blue colorant in food industry. Genipin has recently been reported to have some pharmacological functions, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to examine whether genipin could modify CCL20 and IL-6, which are related to bone resorption in periodontal disease, expression in human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  CCL20 and IL-6 productions from HPDLCs were determined by ELISA. Western blot analysis was used for the detection of signal transduction molecules expressions in HPDLCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genipin prevented IL-1β-mediated CCL20 and IL-6 production in HPDLCs. Moreover, genipin could suppress nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK) and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) phosphorylations in IL-1β-stimulated HPDLCs. NF-κB inhibitor and ERK inhibitor significantly inhibited IL-6 and CCL20 productions from IL-1β-stimulated HPDLCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide a novel mechanism through which genipin could be used to provide direct benefits in periodontal disease to inhibit IL-6 and CCL20 productions in periodontal lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shindo
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054418:Chemokine CCL20 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D039823:Iridoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C108355:CCL20 protein, human; D054418:Chemokine CCL20; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; C508585:IL1B protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D039823:Iridoids; C007834:genipin