title: Contamination and risk assessment (based on bioaccessibility via ingestion and inhalation) of metal(loid)s in outdoor and indoor particles from urban centers of Guangzhou, China.
abstract: Road dust, household air-conditioning (AC) filter dust and PM2.5 were collected to investigate the contamination of metal(loid)s (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg and Pb) in outdoor and indoor urban environments of Guangzhou. Zinc was found to be the most abundant element in road dust and household PM2.5, while the concentration of Pb was the highest in AC filter dust. Enrichment factor (EF) was used to assess the influence of human activity on the contamination of these metal(loid)s. Ingestion and inhalation were the two exposure pathways applied for risk assessment. Physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was used to estimate the oral bioaccessibilities of metal(loid)s in road dust and AC filter dust. Respiratory bioaccessible fraction of metal(loid)s via household PM2.5 was extracted with lung simulating solution. Household AC filter dust was more hazardous to human health than road dust, especially to children. Arsenic was found to be the most risky element based on the risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Minjuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Chuen Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kwai Chung
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Yu Bong
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Man
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: minghwong@ied.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Ming Hung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D058955:Metalloids / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D058955:Metalloids
keywords: Daily intake; Metal(loid)s; Oral bioaccessibility; Respiratory bioaccessibility; Risk assessment