title: Influence of oxidative stress, diaphragm fatigue, and inspiratory muscle training on the plasma cytokine response to maximum sustainable voluntary ventilation.
abstract: The influence of oxidative stress, diaphragm fatigue, and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the cytokine response to maximum sustainable voluntary ventilation (MSVV) is unknown. Twelve healthy males were divided equally into an IMT or placebo (PLA) group, and before and after a 6-wk intervention they undertook, on separate days, 1 h of (1) passive rest and (2) MSVV, whereby participants undertook volitional hyperpnea at rest that mimicked the breathing and respiratory muscle recruitment patterns commensurate with heavy cycling exercise. Plasma cytokines remained unchanged during passive rest. There was a main effect of time (P < 0.01) for plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations and a strong trend (P = 0.067) for plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist concentration during MSVV. Plasma IL-6 concentration was reduced after IMT by 27 ± 18% (main effect of intervention, P = 0.029), whereas there was no change after PLA (P = 0.753). There was no increase in a systemic marker of oxidative stress [DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)], and diaphragm fatigue was not related to the increases in plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations. A dose-response relationship was observed between respiratory muscle work and minute ventilation and increases in plasma IL-6 concentration. In conclusion, increases in plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations during MSVV were not due to diaphragm fatigue or DNA damage in PBMC. Increases in plasma IL-6 concentration during MSVV are attenuated following IMT, and the plasma IL-6 response is dependent upon the level of respiratory muscle work and minute ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPEResearch Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dean E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McPhilimey
authors.forename: Neil C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Javier T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Yvonne A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Graham R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sharpe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004249:DNA Damage; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6
keywords: cytokine; respiratory muscles; ventilation