title: Estimation of external radiation dose to caregivers of patients treated with radioiodine after thyroidectomy.
abstract: Due to the remarkable increase in thyroid cancer cases, the number of patients treated with radioiodine (I) shows a sharply increasing trend in recent years. Accordingly, radiation exposure of other people, particularly caregivers or comforters, after release of patients from hospitals is getting more attention than ever. In the present study, empirical equations are proposed for estimation of doses to caregivers. Only patients administered with therapeutic amounts of ¹³¹I after thyroidectomy were considered. External radiation doses to 70 caregivers or family members were measured using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs). The mean, external, effective dose to caregivers, during a nursing period of 5-9 d after patient quarantine for 3-4 d in the hospital, was 0.12 ± 0.10 mSv. This is only 2.5% of the dose limit recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection for caregivers. By analyzing those individual doses to the caregivers, values of a factor affecting caregiver doses, K, are obtained for use in estimation of caregivers' doses. The factor reflects the degree of engagement of the caregiver to the patient, and hence it is named the "engagement factor." The mean value of the engagement factor in this study was 1.3 ± 0.88. With the help of the engagement factor, the total external dose to a caregiver can be estimated as 1.1 × Q₀ × e⁻⁰·⁰⁵(Tr) mSv, where Q₀ is the administered activity of ¹³¹I (GBq) and T(r) is the patient's release time (h) after admistration of radioiodine. Based on the dose estimation model developed in this study, by comparing the cost of extended quarantine against that incurred by release of the patient, including the burden of radiation exposure of caregivers or family members, the reasonableness of current quarantine periods was revisited. It was found that the dichotomous policy (i.e., hospitalizing patients administered ¹³¹I over 1.1 GBq for a period of 3-4 d compared with treating other patients administered below 1.1 GBq as outpatients) is unjustifiable; this is particularly true for those treated with a few GBq. Based upon the dose estimation model presented herein, tables suggesting an appropriate quarantine period depending upon the activity of the administered ¹³¹I are provided for use as reference in deciding when to release patients treated with therapy levels of ¹³¹I after thyroidectomy.
authors.affiliation: *Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety; †Hanyang University; ‡East Carolina University; §Kyungpook National University School of Medicine; **Eulji University Hospital; ††Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.
authors.forename: Kyu Hwan
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Jae Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Chang Bum
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byeong-Cheol
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Hyun Kuk
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Song Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Orville
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Jai Ki
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000379:methods; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes