title: Neuromuscular problems in foot and ankle: evaluation and workup.
abstract: It is essential to determine the functional goals of the patient during the workup and treatment planning stages of neuromuscular disorders involving the foot and ankle. Accurate diagnosis, and informed discussion of treatment options, must be in the context of the patient's disease, cognition, comorbidities, functional attributes, and family environment. A thorough history and physical examination aid in appropriate diagnostic workup and optimal orthopedic management of each patient. In this article, general considerations in the workup of suspected neuromuscular disorders and issues pertinent to specific congenital and acquired neuromuscular disorders affecting foot and ankle function are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA. Electronic address: kjhunt@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Cerebral palsy; Charcot-Marie-Tooth; Clubfoot; Muscular dystrophy; Myelomeningocele; Neuromuscular foot; Spina bifida