title: Shift change handovers and subsequent interruptions: potential impacts on quality of care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two statistical surveys in France revealed both widespread dissatisfaction about shift change handovers and the feeling of being frequently disturbed by interruptions. Shift change handovers (SCHs) are being reduced or eliminated in France to reduce staff costs. The objective of our study is to clarify the consequences of short SCHs on efficiency, team function, and quality of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time task ergonomic analysis of 29 state-registered nurses (RNs), 18 nursing aides (NAs), and 14 full-time physicians was conducted in various departments of general and university hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average time available to RNs for sharing information during SCHs was 15 minutes at the beginning of the work session and 13 minutes at the end. There were, on average, 50 interruptions of activity, and these interruptions occupied 16% of the working time. Consequently, less time was available for direct care, although the number of such acts was increased. Periods for preparation of care, writing, seeking information, or equipment were very numerous. The mean number of changes of activity was very large: 260 per work session. For NAs, SCHs were similar to those for RNs at the beginning of the work session (mean = 18 minutes) but shorter at the end (10 minutes). The mean number of interruptions was 30 and caused 10.3% of the working time to be lost with 164 changes of activity. For physicians, SCHs were even shorter and, in many cases, nonexistent. The mean number of interruptions was 30 (11.4% of their working time, 153 changes of activity). Shift change handovers were mostly conducted separately for RNs, NAs, and physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A better sharing of knowledge between the different health-care workers, and especially at the beginning of the work session, could reduce interruptions and potentially improve quality of care.
authors.affiliation: From the Service central de Médecine du travail de l'AP-HP, Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Madeleine R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Estryn-Behar
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Milanini-Magny
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chaumon
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deslandes
authors.forename: Clementine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Anne-Emilie
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ravache
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006757:Hospital Units / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000379:methods*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D055815:Young Adult