title: Recurrence of ICH after resumption of anticoagulation with VK antagonists: CHIRONE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the risk of recurrent intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients on vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) after a first episode of ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cerebral Haemorrhage in patients Restarting Oral Anticoagulant Therapy (CHIRONE) Study collected data of patients eligible for the study from the database of 27 centers affiliated with the Italian Federation of Anticoagulation Clinics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 267 patients (163 male, median age 73.9 years) who had received VKA anticoagulation after an ICH event. During the total period of follow-up (778 patient-years), ICH recurred in 20 patients (7.5%; rate 2.56 × 100 patient-years) at a median time of 16.5 months, and was fatal in 5 patients (25%; rate 0.4 × 100 patient-years). Male sex, hypertension, prosthetic valves, previous ischemic stroke, renal failure, cancer, and spontaneous events were associated with the risk of recurrence, though none of them in isolation reached statistical significance. More than one-third of spontaneous recurrences occurred in patients with a posttraumatic index event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that patients with a history of ICH carry a significant risk of recurrent ICH when treated with VKA anticoagulation. The risk is also present, though to a lower degree, in patients with previous posttraumatic events. All patients with a history of ICH require a careful evaluation of their thromboembolic risk to estimate the net clinical benefit of (re)starting anticoagulation with VKAs.
authors.affiliation: From the Thrombosis Centre (D.P.), Department of Heart and Vessels, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi Florence; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (E.A.), University of Florence; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.D.), University of Insubria, Varese; Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre (N.E.), Presidio Ospedaliero of Lecco; Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre a o Istituti Ospitalieri of Cremona (S.T.); Thrombosis Centre Civic Hospital Rimini (E.T.); and the Department of Angiology and Blood Coagulation "Marino Golinelli" (G.P.), University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antonucci
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dentali
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erba
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: Eros
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tiraferri
authors.forename: Gualtiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palareti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D014812:Vitamin K