title: Consequences, measurement, and evaluation of the costs associated with adverse drug reactions among hospitalized patients in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a leading cause of morbidity in developed countries and represent a substantial burden on health-care resources. Many countries spent 15% to 20% of their hospital budgets to treat drug complications. However, few studies have measured the pharmacoeconomic effects of ADRs on hospitalized patients in China. The study estimates the costs of ADRs as identified from the spontaneous voluntary reports completed from healthcare professionals. To do so, we calculate these costs, determine the sum of Medicare payments and their proportion of total healthcare spending, and evaluate the incidence of ADRs, characteristics of hospitalized ADR patients, and outcomes of ADRs in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective survey studied patients who experienced ADRs during their hospitalization at a Chinese tertiary-care teaching hospital. The patients were divided into group A and group B according to general ADRs and serious ADRs in Provisions for Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring and Reporting. The direct costs included treatment fees, inspection fees, laboratory fees, materials fees, bed charges, drug charges, nursing care, meals, and other expenses and the sunk-cost losses were calculated according to the hospital information system (HIS). Indirect costs of ADR treatment were calculated according to the human capital approach. The epidemiological characteristics of ADRs were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2739 were diagnosed with ADR during the study period, which translates to an ADR rate of 0.81%. The total socioeconomic loss from 2739 cases of ADR was estimated at ¥817401.69, consisting of direct costs of ¥603252.81 and indirect costs of ¥214148.88. On average, the costs per patient amounted to ¥196.10 in group A, ¥7032.29 in group B. The sum of medicare payment and proportion were ¥219061.13 (65.23%) and ¥105422.02 (39.42%) in group A and B. The ADR incidence in old-age patients was significantly higher than in other age groups (P < 0.0001). The most common drug class associated with ADRs represented antibiotics (957 patients, 34.94%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The costs of especially severe ADRs could not be ignored, and in this hospital 0.13% of patients were diagnosed with ADRs associated with relatively higher direct costs than who suffered from mild ADRs, largely due to extended hospitalization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, the first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Zhihuai Road, Bengbu 233004, China. sir_shi@126.com.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qing-ping
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao-dong
authors.forename: Ding
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mei-ling
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin-xiu
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shu-qiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult