title: Polygala molluginifolia A. St.-Hil. and Moq. prevent inflammation in the mouse pleurisy model by inhibiting NF-κB activation.
abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Polygala molluginifolia (Polygalaceae) on the mouse pleurisy model induced by carrageenan. P. molluginifolia is a plant native to southern Brazil that is popularly called "canfora". The Polygala genus is used to treat different pathologies, including inflammatory diseases, in traditional medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The whole P. molluginifolia plant material was extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol. The crude hydroalcoholic extract (CE) was subjected to chromatographic procedures to produce various derivate fractions, including its aqueous (Aq), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and hexane (Hex) fractions. Compound 1 (5,3',4'-trihydroxy-6″,6″-dimethylpyrano [2″,3″:7,6] isoflavone) (Iso), which was isolated from the EtOAc fraction, and Compound 2 (rutin) (Rut), which was isolated from the Aq fraction, were identified using ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and quantified using an HPLC apparatus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CE, the Aq, EtOAc, and Hex fractions, and the isolated compounds Iso and Rut were able to reduce cell migration and exudation. Furthermore, the plant material also decreased the myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activities and the nitric oxide (NO(x)), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels. In addition, Iso and Rut reduced the TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression levels and significantly decreased NF-κB p65 phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that P. molluginifolia has a significant anti-inflammatory action and that this effect is due, at least in part, to the presence of Iso and Rut in large amounts. Moreover, this effect was found to be closely related to the inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on the NF-κB pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analyses, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, 88040-970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arruda-Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analyses, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, 88040-970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus Vinicius P S
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analyses, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, 88040-970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana B G
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Luz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Centre of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, 88040-970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dalila
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Venzke
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Centre of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, 88040-970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Queiroz
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analyses, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, 88040-970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tânia S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Fröde
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Centre of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, 88040-970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Moacir G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pizzolatti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analyses, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, 88040-970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: dalmarco@ccs.ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Eduardo M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dalmarco
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002351:Carrageenan; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010998:Pleurisy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D031801:Polygala; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002351:Carrageenan; D009195:Peroxidase; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase
keywords: 5,3′,4′-Trihydroxy-6″,6″-dimethylpyrano [2″,3″:7,6] isoflavone; Carrageenan; Mice; Pleurisy; Polygala molluginifolia; Rutin