title: Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota.
abstract: Propionate is produced in the human large intestine by microbial fermentation and may help maintain human health. We have examined the distribution of three different pathways used by bacteria for propionate formation using genomic and metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiota and by designing degenerate primer sets for the detection of diagnostic genes for these pathways. Degenerate primers for the acrylate pathway (detecting the lcdA gene, encoding lactoyl-CoA dehydratase) together with metagenomic mining revealed that this pathway is restricted to only a few human colonic species within the Lachnospiraceae and Negativicutes. The operation of this pathway for lactate utilisation in Coprococcus catus (Lachnospiraceae) was confirmed using stable isotope labelling. The propanediol pathway that processes deoxy sugars such as fucose and rhamnose was more abundant within the Lachnospiraceae (based on the pduP gene, which encodes propionaldehyde dehydrogenase), occurring in relatives of Ruminococcus obeum and in Roseburia inulinivorans. The dominant source of propionate from hexose sugars, however, was concluded to be the succinate pathway, as indicated by the widespread distribution of the mmdA gene that encodes methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase in the Bacteroidetes and in many Negativicutes. In general, the capacity to produce propionate or butyrate from hexose sugars resided in different species, although two species of Lachnospiraceae (C. catus and R. inulinivorans) are now known to be able to switch from butyrate to propionate production on different substrates. A better understanding of the microbial ecology of short-chain fatty acid formation may allow modulation of propionate formation by the human gut microbiota.
authors.affiliation: 1] Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, UK [2] Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reichardt
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, UK.
authors.forename: Sylvia H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, UK.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, UK.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belenguer
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, UK.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McWilliam Leitch
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, UK.
authors.forename: Karen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, UK.
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, UK.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Louis
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota; D010802:Phylogeny; D011422:Propionates / Q000378:metabolism*; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000378:metabolism; D013386:Succinates / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D011422:Propionates; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D013386:Succinates