title: Relationship between detector size and the need for extra images and their effect on radiation exposure in digital mammography screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the number of extra images (EI) that are necessary for imaging large breasts when using a detector smaller than 24 cm × 30 cm and to calculate the additional average glandular dose (AGD) for these images.
  
  
  METHODS
  The screening mammograms taken between 2007 and 2011 were assessed for a photon counting full-field digital mammography (PCM) system (detector size: 24 cm × 26 cm) and a computed radiography (CR) system (24 cm × 30 cm). The number of EI was recorded and the AGD calculated. This AGD was compared with the mean AGD of 47 conventional full-field digital mammography (FFDM) systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 62,466 examinations were analyzed. EI had to be taken in 0.6 % (199/32,766) of all PCM examinations and 0.3 % (90/29 700) of all CR examinations. This corresponded to a total of 327 and 191 EI for the PCM and CR systems, respectively. More than one quarter of the examinations with EI were necessary because the breast was not properly positioned in the original image (PCM 31 %, CR 29 %). The mean AGD per EI was 0.7 ± 0.1 mGy for the PCM and 2.6 ± 1.2 mGy for the CR system. The mean AGD for all breast thicknesses for FFDM was 1.4 ± 0.3 mGy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, large breasts cannot be imaged with just one image per view. The number of examinations where EI are needed is doubled with the 24 cm × 26 cm detector of the PCM system. However, the absolute number is small. The total dose, as the sum of the original and the EI, is equal to the mean AGD of a single image of the FFDM systems and lower than the dose of a single image with the CR system.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Muenster, Reference Center for Mammography Muenster, Germany, Muenster.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Entz
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Muenster, Reference Center for Mammography Muenster, Germany, Muenster.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Muenster, Reference Center for Mammography Muenster, Germany, Muenster.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heindel
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Muenster, Department of Clinical Radiology, Germany, Muenster.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lenzen
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000528:radiation effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000295:instrumentation*; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity