title: Ethical considerations related to participation and partnership: an investigation of stakeholders' perceptions of an action-research project on user fee removal for the poorest in Burkina Faso.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthcare user fees present an important barrier for accessing services for the poorest (indigents) in Burkina Faso and selective removal of fees has been incorporated in national healthcare planning. However, establishing fair, effective and sustainable mechanisms for the removal of user fees presents important challenges. A participatory action-research project was conducted in Ouargaye, Burkina Faso, to test mechanisms for identifying those who are indigents, and funding and implementing user fee removal. In this paper, we explore stakeholder perceptions of ethical considerations relating to participation and partnership arising in the action-research.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted 39 in-depth interviews to examine ethical issues associated with the action-research. Respondents included 14 individuals identified as indigent through the community selection process, seven members of village selection committees, six local healthcare professionals, five members of the management committees of local health clinics, five members of the research team, and four regional or national policy-makers. Using constant comparative techniques, we carried out an inductive thematic analysis of the collected data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ouargaye project involved a participatory model, included both implementation and research components, and focused on a vulnerable group within small, rural communities. Stakeholder perceptions and experiences relating to the participatory approach and reliance on multiple partnerships in the project were associated with a range of ethical considerations related to 1) seeking common ground through communication and collaboration, 2) community participation and risk of stigmatization, 3) impacts of local funding of the user fee removal, 4) efforts to promote fairness in the selection of the indigents, and 5) power relations and the development of partnerships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation of the Ouargaye project serves to illuminate the distinctive ethical terrain of a participatory public health action-research project. In carrying out such projects, careful attention and effort is needed to establish and maintain respectful relationships amongst those involved, acknowledge and address differences of power and position, and evaluate burdens and risks for individuals and groups.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. matthew.hunt@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gogognon
authors.forename: Valéry
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ridde
mesh_terms: D002050:Burkina Faso / Q000453:epidemiology; D003142:Communication; D003256:Community Participation; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005249:Fees and Charges; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000941:ethics*; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000941:ethics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011050:Policy Making; D011203:Poverty; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires