title: Substrate- and dose-dependent drug interactions with grapefruit juice caused by multiple binding sites on OATP2B1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  OATP2B1-mediated grapefruit juice (GFJ)-drug interactions are substrate-dependent; for example, GFJ ingestion significantly reduces bioavailability of fexofenadine, but not pravastatin. In the present study, we aimed to establish whether this observation can be explained by the presence of multiple binding sites (MBS) on OATP2B1.
  
  
  METHODS
  OATP2B1-mediated drug uptake was evaluated using a Xenopus oocyte expression system. Drug concentration was quantified by LC/MS/MS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OATP2B1-mediated uptake of pravastatin and fexofenadine exhibited biphasic saturation kinetics, indicating the presence of MBS on OATP2B1. GFJ strongly inhibited pravastatin uptake mediated by the high-affinity site on OATP2B1, while no significant inhibition of the low-affinity site was observed. In contrast, high-affinity transport of fexofenadine was only modestly inhibited by GFJ, while significant inhibition of the low-affinity site was observed. Contribution analysis indicated that both drugs are transported via the low-affinity site on OATP2B1 at therapeutically relevant concentrations. These findings indicate that only fexofenadine is expected to interact with GFJ on OATP2B1 at therapeutic concentrations, in accordance with the clinical observations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substrate- and dose-dependent GFJ-drug interactions mediated by OATP2B1 might be explained in terms of the presence of MBS: interaction occurs only when drug and GFJ components share the same binding site on OATP2B1.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirasaka
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Ikumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tamai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D032083:Citrus paradisi / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D009865:Oocytes; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000378:metabolism*; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; C450859:SLCO2B1 protein, human; D016593:Terfenadine; C093230:fexofenadine; D017035:Pravastatin