title: Health-related quality of life 3 years after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the time course of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify its predictors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study with follow-up measurements at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months after TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with moderate to severe TBI discharged from 3 level-1 trauma centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (N=97, 72% men) with a mean age ± SD of 32.8±13.0 years (range, 18-65y), hospitalized with moderate (23%) or severe (77%) TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  HRQoL was measured with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), functional outcomes with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), Barthel Index, FIM, and Functional Assessment Measure, and mood with the Wimbledon Self-Report Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SF-36 domains showed significant improvement over time for Physical Functioning (P<.001), Role Physical (P<.001), Bodily Pain (P<.001), Social Functioning (P<.001), and Role Emotional (P=.024), but not for General Health (P=.263), Vitality (P=.530), and Mental Health (P=.138). Over time there was significant improvement in the Physical Component Summary (PCS) score, whereas the Mental Component Summary (MCS) score remained stable. At 3-year follow-up, HRQoL of patients with TBI was the same as that in the Dutch normative population. Time after TBI, hospital length of stay (LOS), FIM, and GOS were independent predictors of the PCS, whereas LOS and mood were predictors of the MCS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After TBI, the physical component of HRQoL showed significant improvement over time, whereas the mental component remained stable. Problems of disease awareness seem to play a role in self-reported mental HRQoL. After TBI, mood status is a better predictor of the mental component of HRQoL than functional outcome, implying that mood should be closely monitored during and after rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Rijndam Rehabilitation Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: egrauwmeijer@rijndam.nl.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grauwmeijer
authors.affiliation: Rijndam Rehabilitation Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Majanka H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Heijenbrok-Kal
authors.affiliation: Rijndam Rehabilitation Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ribbers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
keywords: Brain injuries traumatic; Prospective studies; Quality of life; Rehabilitation