title: Interaction between prenatal stress and dopamine D4 receptor genotype in predicting aggression and cortisol levels in young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Considerable evidence suggests that genetic factors combine with environmental influences to impact on the development of aggressive behavior. A genetic variant that has repeatedly been reported to render individuals more sensitive to the presence of adverse experiences, including stress exposure during fetal life, is the seven-repeat allele of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation concentrated on the interplay of prenatal maternal stress and DRD4 genotype in predicting self-reported aggression in young adults. As disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system has been discussed as a pathophysiological pathway to aggression, cortisol stress reactivity was additionally examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of an epidemiological cohort study, prenatal maternal stress was assessed by maternal interview 3 months after childbirth. Between the ages of 19 and 23 years, 298 offspring (140 males, 158 females) completed the Young Adult Self-Report to measure aggressive behavior and were genotyped for the DRD4 gene. At 19 years, 219 participants additionally underwent the Trier Social Stress Test to determine cortisol reactivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extending earlier findings with respect to childhood antisocial behavior, the results revealed that, under conditions of higher prenatal maternal stress, carriers of the DRD4 seven-repeat allele displayed more aggression in adulthood (p = 0.032). Moreover, the same conditions which seemed to promote aggression were found to predict attenuated cortisol secretion (p = 0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to indicate a long-term impact of prenatal stress exposure on the cortisol stress response depending on DRD4 genotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Arlette F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Buchmann
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zohsel
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blomeyer
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hohm
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hohmann
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jennen-Steinmetz
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treutlein
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandeis
authors.forename: Luise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poustka
authors.forename: Ulrich S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laucht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000483:Alleles; D015331:Cohort Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D005838:Genotype; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D006854:Hydrocortisone