title: Multiple myeloma in Nigeria: an insight to the clinical, laboratory features, and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In developing African nations, late presentation and occurrence of complications adversely affects survival. This study aims at identifying initial clinical and basic laboratory features of multiple myeloma (MM), which will aid the physician to entertain a high index of suspicion and therefore target his investigations in order to prevent late presentation and avert complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 32 patients diagnosed and managed in Nigeria, West Africa was done. Information on the clinical, laboratory, and radiological data as well as response to treatment was obtained at presentation, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age at diagnosis was 62 years, 17 (53.1%) males and 15 (46.9%) females. The median duration of follow-up was 24 weeks (range, 2-288 weeks). The average percentage of bone marrow plasmacytosis at diagnosis was 38%. Clinical features at presentation were anemia (71.9%) and bone pains (78.1%), while pathological fractures were found in 69%, and nephropathy in 13.8%. The longest duration of survival of 288 and 252 weeks were recorded in patients on melphalan and prednisolone with or without thalidomide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of bone pain and anemia in elderly patients should alert the clinician to investigate along the lines of MM. Majority of patients have osteolytic lesions on X-ray and pathological fractures, and benefit from melphalan based combinations in situations where facilities for transplant are not available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology and Immunology, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Madu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ocheni
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nwagha
authors.forename: O G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Ibegbulam
authors.forename: U S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Anike
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor