title: Plasma alkylresorcinols C17:0/C21:0 ratio, a biomarker of relative whole-grain rye intake, is associated to insulin sensitivity: a randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have used biomarkers of whole-grain intake to study its relation to glucose metabolism. We aimed to investigate the association between plasma alkylresorcinols (AR), a biomarker of whole-grain rye and wheat intake, and glucose metabolism in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 30-65 years of age, with body mass index 27-40 kg/m(2) and had MetS without diabetes. Individuals were recruited through six centers in the Nordic countries and randomized to a healthy Nordic diet (ND, n=96), rich in whole-grain rye and wheat, or a control diet (n=70), for 18-24 weeks. In addition, associations between total plasma AR concentration and C17:0/C21:0 homolog ratio as an indication of the relative whole-grain rye intake, and glucose metabolism measures from oral glucose tolerance tests were investigated in pooled (ND+control) regression analyses at 18/24 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ND did not improve glucose metabolism compared with control diet, but the AR C17:0/C21:0 ratio was inversely associated with fasting insulin concentrations (P=0.002) and positively associated with the insulin sensitivity indices Matsuda ISI (P=0.026) and disposition index (P=0.022) in pooled analyses at 18/24 weeks, even after adjustment for confounders. The AR C17:0/C21:0 ratio was not significantly associated with insulin secretion indices. Total plasma AR concentration was not related to fasting plasma glucose or fasting insulin at 18/24 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AR C17:0/C21:0 ratio, an indicator of relative whole-grain rye intake, is associated with increased insulin sensitivity in a population with MetS.
authors.affiliation: 1] Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland [2] Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition and School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: O K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Magnusdottir
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden [2] Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landberg
authors.affiliation: 1] Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland [2] Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition and School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdottir
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cloetens
authors.affiliation: 1] Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden [2] Department of Clinical Nutrition, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akesson
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landin-Olsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosqvist
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden [2] Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Falun, Sweden.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iggman
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland [2] Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, Institute of Biomedicine, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Herzig
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland [2] Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brader
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansen
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland [2] VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo and Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolehmainen
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland [2] VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo and Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland [2] Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.affiliation: 1] Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland [2] Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition and School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thorsdottir
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Risérus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016014:Linear Models; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012118:Resorcinols / Q000097:blood*; D012434:Secale; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D007328:Insulin; D012118:Resorcinols