title: Consuming a balanced high fat diet for 16 weeks improves body composition, inflammation and vascular function parameters in obese premenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation, insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction characterize obesity and predict development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although women experience CVD events at an older age, vascular dysfunction is evident 10years prior to coronary artery disease. Questions remain whether replacing SFA entirely with MUFA or PUFA is the optimal approach for cardiometabolic benefits. This study tested the hypotheses that: a) body composition, inflammation and vascular function would improve with a high fat diet (HFD) when type of fat is balanced as 1/3 SFA, 1/3 MUFA and 1/3 PUFA; and b) body composition, inflammation and vascular function would improve more when balanced HFD is supplemented with 18C fatty acids, in proportion to the degree of 18C unsaturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obese premenopausal women were stabilized on balanced HFD and randomized to consume 9g/d of encapsulated stearate (18:0), oleate (18:1), linoleate (18:2) or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements occurred in fat oxidation rate (↑6%), body composition (%fat: ↓2.5±2.1%; %lean: ↑2.5±2.1%), inflammation (↓ IL-1α, IL-1β, 1L-12, Il-17, IFNγ, TNFα, TNFβ) and vascular function (↓BP, ↓PAI-1, ↑tPA activity). When compared to HFD+placebo, HFD+stearate had the greatest effect on reducing IFNγ (↓74%) and HFD+linoleate had the greatest effect on reducing PAI-1 (↓31%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Balancing the type of dietary fat consumed (SFA/MUFA/PUFA) is a feasible strategy to positively affect markers of CVD risk. Moreover, reductions in inflammatory molecules involved in vascular function might be enhanced when intake of certain 18C fatty acids is supplemented. Long term effects need to be determined for this approach.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: Heidi.j.silver@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Hakmook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Keil
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Cardiology, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Muldowney
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kocalis
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Cardiology, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Department of Cardiology, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Niswender
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000178:diet therapy*; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010919:Placebos; D017697:Premenopause
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos
keywords: Cardiovascular; Endothelial; Fatty acid; Inflammation; Obesity