title: Ensemble classification of colon biopsy images based on information rich hybrid features.
abstract: In recent years, classification of colon biopsy images has become an active research area. Traditionally, colon cancer is diagnosed using microscopic analysis. However, the process is subjective and leads to considerable inter/intra observer variation. Therefore, reliable computer-aided colon cancer detection techniques are in high demand. In this paper, we propose a colon biopsy image classification system, called CBIC, which benefits from discriminatory capabilities of information rich hybrid feature spaces, and performance enhancement based on ensemble classification methodology. Normal and malignant colon biopsy images differ with each other in terms of the color distribution of different biological constituents. The colors of different constituents are sharp in normal images, whereas the colors diffuse with each other in malignant images. In order to exploit this variation, two feature types, namely color components based statistical moments (CCSM) and Haralick features have been proposed, which are color components based variants of their traditional counterparts. Moreover, in normal colon biopsy images, epithelial cells possess sharp and well-defined edges. Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) based features have been employed to exploit this information. Different combinations of hybrid features have been constructed from HOG, CCSM, and Haralick features. The minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) feature selection method has been employed to select meaningful features from individual and hybrid feature sets. Finally, an ensemble classifier based on majority voting has been proposed, which classifies colon biopsy images using the selected features. Linear, RBF, and sigmoid SVM have been employed as base classifiers. The proposed system has been tested on 174 colon biopsy images, and improved performance (=98.85%) has been observed compared to previously reported studies. Additionally, the use of mRMR method has been justified by comparing the performance of CBIC on original and reduced feature sets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer & Information Sciences, PIEAS, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad. Electronic address: saimarathore_2k6@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rathore
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer & Information Sciences, PIEAS, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad.
authors.forename: Mutawarra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer & Information Sciences, PIEAS, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aksam Iftikhar
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer & Information Sciences, PIEAS, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jalil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D003106:Colon / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D012372:ROC Curve; D060388:Support Vector Machine
keywords: CCSM, HOG, and Haralick features; Classification; Colon biopsy; Colon cancer; SVM