title: Normal values for solid-state esophageal high-resolution manometry in a European population; an overview of all current metrics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM) allows accurate evaluation of esophageal motility. Normal values for HRM were established in the United States and several new parameters were introduced since. We aimed to provide a complete set of normal values for HRM obtained in a European population, including all current metrics used to describe the function of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES), the esophageal body, and the esophagogastric junction (EGJ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty healthy volunteers underwent esophageal HRM. Subjects swallowed 10 liquid boluses in supine position, after which UES, EGJ, and contraction wave parameters were evaluated. Mean and median values with 5-95th percentile ranges were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The normative thresholds (5-95th percentile) for the various parameters were; UES resting pressure 34.6-137.7 mmHg, UES residual pressure 0.0-8.5 mmHg, UES 0.2-s integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) 0.0-14.5 mmHg, EGJ length 3.1-6.3 cm, EGJ resting pressure 3.0-31.2 mmHg, EGJ 4-s IRP 2.0-15.5 mmHg, intrabolus pressure (IBP) 6.6-19.5 mmHg, distal contractile integral 178-2828 mmHg*s*cm, contractile front velocity (CFV) 2.9-5.9 cm s(-1) , distal latency 5.4-8.5 s, and transition zone length 0.0-8.2 cm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most HRM parameters assessed in this study resemble the previously described values on which the current criteria are based, supporting the widespread use of these criteria for clinical purposes. However, vigor of the esophageal contraction was lower and transition zone length larger than in previous reports. Peristaltic breaks occur frequently in healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Weijenborg
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Kessing
authors.forename: A J P M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smout
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bredenoord
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D049631:Esophageal Sphincter, Upper / Q000502:physiology*; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: esophageal motility; esophagus; high-resolution manometry; normal values