title: PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB in the ambient air of a tropical Andean city: passive and active sampling measurements near industrial and vehicular pollution sources.
abstract: Concentration gradients were observed in gas and particulate phases of PCDD/F originating from industrial and vehicular sources in the densely populated tropical Andean city of Manizales, using passive and active air samplers. Preliminary results suggest greater concentrations of dl-PCB in the mostly gaseous fraction (using quarterly passive samplers) and greater concentrations of PCDD/F in the mostly particle fraction (using daily active samplers). Dioxin-like PCB predominance was associated with the semi-volatility property, which depends on ambient temperature. Slight variations of ambient temperature in Manizales during the sampling period (15°C-27°C) may have triggered higher concentrations in all passive samples. This was the first passive air sampling monitoring of PCDD/F conducted in an urban area of Colombia. Passive sampling revealed that PCDD/F in combination with dioxin-like PCB ranged from 16 WHO-TEQ2005/m(3) near industrial sources to 7 WHO-TEQ2005/m(3) in an intermediate zone-a reduction of 56% over 2.8 km. Active sampling of particulate phase PCDD/F and dl-PCB were analyzed in PM10 samples. PCDD/F combined with dl-PCB ranged from 46 WHO-TEQ2005/m(3) near vehicular sources to 8 WHO-TEQ2005/m(3) in the same intermediate zone, a reduction of 83% over 2.6 km. Toxic equivalent quantities in both PCDD/F and dl-PCB decreased toward an intermediate zone of the city. Variations in congener profiles were consistent with variations expected from nearby sources, such as a secondary metallurgy plant, areas of concentrated vehicular emissions and a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). These variations in congener profile measurements of dioxins and dl-PCBs in passive and active samples can be partly explained by congener variations expected from the various sources.
authors.affiliation: Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia. Electronic address: jpcortesa@unal.edu.co.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cortés
authors.affiliation: Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abalos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abad
authors.affiliation: Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Aristizábal
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003105:Colombia; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D017745:Incineration; D007221:Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001572:Benzofurans; D004147:Dioxins; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D011108:Polymers; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C016068:polychlorodibenzofuran; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Dioxin like-PCB (dl-PCB); Particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM(10)); Passive air sampling (PAS); Persistent organic pollutants (POPs); Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD); Polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF)