title: Estimation of body fluid volume by bioimpedance spectroscopy in patients with hyponatremia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estimation of body fluid volume in hyponatremia is useful for diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making. Physical examination has been generally used to estimate body fluid volume, but it depends on the physician's abilities. Bioimpedance spectroscopy has been suggested to be a reliable method for the estimation of body fluid volume. Therefore, this study investigated whether bioimpedance spectroscopy could replace physical examination in hyponatremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 30 patients with hyponatremia. At the time of the initial visit, body fluid volume was estimated simultaneously by both physical examination and bioimpedance spectroscopy. Estimation of body fluid status by clinical diagnosis was performed as well, which determined body fluid status corresponds with the most likely cause of hyponatremia (clinical body fluid estimation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of body fluid volume estimated by physical examination, bioimpedance spectroscopy, and clinical body fluid estimation showed that 9, 10, and 9 patients, respectively, were hypervolemic; 13, 15 and 16 patients, respectively, were euvolemic; and 8, 5, and 5 patients, respectively, were hypovolemic. Cohen's kappa analysis showed a significant agreement between physical examination and bioimpedance spectroscopy (kappa coefficient, 0.632, p<0.001). In addition, bioimpedance spectroscopy showed a higher level of agreement with clinical body fluid estimation than physical examination (kappa coefficient, 0.602 vs. 0.524).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that bioimpedance spectroscopy could replace physical examination for estimating body fluid status in hyponatremia. In addition, bioimpedance spectroscopy might correspond better with clinical diagnosis than physical examination in the estimation of body fluid status in hyponatremia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 220-701, Korea. kidney74@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jun Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyeoncheol
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Byoung Geun
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Seung Ok
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jae Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000502:physiology*; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination
keywords: Hyponatremia; body fluids