title: Effects of a home visiting nurse intervention versus care as usual on individual activities of daily living: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Home visiting nurses (HVNs) have long been part of home and community-based care interventions designed to meet the needs of functionally declining older adults. However, only one of the studies including HVNs that have demonstrated successful impacts on Activities of Daily Living (ADL) has reported how those interventions affected individual ADLs such as bathing, instead reporting the effect on means of various ADL indices and scales. Reporting impacts on means is insufficient since the same mean can consist of many different combinations of individual ADL impairments. The purpose of our study was to identify which individual ADLs were affected by a specific HVN intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a secondary analysis comparing two arms of a randomized controlled study that enrolled Medicare patients (mean age = 76.8 years; 70% female) with considerable ADL impairment. At baseline difficulty with individual ADLs ranged from a low of 16.0% with eating to a high of 78.0% with walking. Through monthly home visits, the HVN focused on empowering patients and using behavior change approaches to facilitate chronic disease self-management. Three categories of analyses were used to compare difficulty with and dependence in 6 individual ADLs between the HVN (n = 237) and care as usual (n = 262) groups (total N = 499) at 22 months after study entry: (1) unadjusted analyses that strictly depend on random assignment, (2) multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusting for baseline risk factors, and (3) multinomial regression analyses that include variables reporting post-randomization healthcare use as well as the baseline risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to care as usual, patients receiving the HVN intervention had less difficulty performing bathing at 22 months. However, there were no effects for difficulty performing the other 5 ADLs. While no effects were found for lower levels of dependence for any ADLs, impacts were detected for the most dependent levels of 4 ADLs: patients experienced less dependence in walking and transferring, a substitution effect for toileting, and more dependence in eating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research is needed to confirm these findings and determine how HVN interventions affect individual ADLs of older adults with multiple ADLs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, 265 Crittenden Blvd, CU 420644, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Bruce_Friedman@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Yanen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dianne V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Liebel
authors.forename: Bethel A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Powers
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D061345:Early Medical Intervention / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064691:Nurses, Community Health / Q000639:trends*