title: A review of Helicobacter pylori diagnosis, treatment, and methods to detect eradication.
abstract: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) affects nearly half of the world's population and, thus, is one of the most frequent and persistent bacterial infections worldwide. H. pylori is associated with peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcers, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Various diagnostic methods exist to detect infection, and the choice of one method or another depends on several factors, such as accessibility, advantages and disadvantages of each method, cost, and the age of patients. Once H. pylori infection is diagnosed, the clinician decides whether treatment is necessity, according to the patient's clinical condition. Typically, eradication of H. pylori is recommended for treatment and prevention of the infection. Cure rates with the standard triple therapy are acceptable, and effective quadruple therapies, sequential therapies, and concomitant therapies have been introduced as key alternatives to treat H. pylori infection. In this work, we review the main diagnostic methods used to identify H. pylori infection and to confirm eradication of infection. In addition, key factors related to treatment are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Elvira Garza-González, Héctor Jesús Maldonado-Garza, Francisco Javier Bosques-Padilla, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Departamento de Patología Clínica, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González" Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garza-González
authors.affiliation: Elvira Garza-González, Héctor Jesús Maldonado-Garza, Francisco Javier Bosques-Padilla, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Departamento de Patología Clínica, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González" Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guillermo Ignacio
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Perez-Perez
authors.affiliation: Elvira Garza-González, Héctor Jesús Maldonado-Garza, Francisco Javier Bosques-Padilla, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Departamento de Patología Clínica, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González" Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
authors.forename: Héctor Jesús
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Maldonado-Garza
authors.affiliation: Elvira Garza-González, Héctor Jesús Maldonado-Garza, Francisco Javier Bosques-Padilla, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Departamento de Patología Clínica, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González" Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bosques-Padilla
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001706:Biopsy; D001944:Breath Tests; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018442:Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone / Q000382:microbiology; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000382:microbiology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D014510:Urease / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014508:Urea; D014510:Urease; D017291:Clarithromycin
keywords: Concomitant therapy; Diagnosis; Helicobacter pylori; Hybrid therapy; Sequential therapy; Treatment