title: Biofilm-infected wounds in a dog.
abstract: METHODS
  A 4-year-old spayed female Mastiff was evaluated for treatment of chronic nonhealing pressure wounds over both elbow regions resulting from attempts at hypertrophic callus excision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The wound bed granulation tissue was mottled red and yellow with hyperemic, rolled epithelial edges. The right wound communicated with a large fluid pocket along the thoracic wall. The dog had an inflammatory leukogram with a left shift.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The wounds were debrided, and tissue specimens were collected for histologic evaluation, microbial culture, and bacterial identification by means of molecular diagnostic techniques. The left wound was closed immediately. Calcium alginate rope with silver was packed into the right wound. Vacuum-assisted closure was applied for 6 days. Debridement was repeated, and a thoracodorsal axial pattern flap was used to cover the wound. Systemic treatment with antimicrobials was initiated, and pressure over the elbow regions was relieved. Bacterial biofilms were identified histologically in tissue specimens from both wounds. Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus canis were cultured and identified by 16S rRNA fragment sequencing. Pyrosequencing identified multiple bacterial species and no fungal organisms. Both wounds healed successfully.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biofilms are implicated in infected orthopedic implants in veterinary patients; however, this is the first report of a bacterial biofilm in chronic wounds in a dog. In human wound care, extensive debridement is performed to disrupt the biofilm; a multimodal treatment approach is recommended to delay reformation and help clear the infection. In this case, biofilm reformation was prevented by systemic treatment with antimicrobials, by reducing local pressure on the wounds, and by wound closure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Lynetta J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Mohamed N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Seleem
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D003646:Debridement / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D054843:Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D012834:Silver / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D012834:Silver; D020723:Glucuronic Acid