title: Optimization of process parameters for microwave-vacuum puffing of black radish slices using the response surface method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the health-promoting value of black radish, authors decided to investigate the feasibility of forming - from its roots - chips, using the process of microwave-vacuum puffing. In order to produce desirable quality of chips, there is a need to determine the most advantageous values of process parameters. The main goal of the paper is to investigate the possibility of determining the best processing conditions for microwave-vacuum formation of black radish chips that can maximize the chips expansion ratio while maintaining consumer acceptability of sensory quality of chips.
  
  
  METHODS
  The raw material for analyses comprised fresh roots of black radish {raphanns sativus linne varietas niger). A three-level, one-factor central composite experimental design (DOE) was applied. The response surface method (RSM) was used as a part of the Statistica software and the R computer program for optimization. Response surfaces were built using the second degree polynomial that includes principal effects of processing parameters values and their interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A regression model was derived, based on results of natural experiments, that give a satisfactory prediction level (R² = 0.96) of the expansion ratio of black radish chips as a function of processing conditions. Then, the best values of process parameters were found using the RSM. The best processing parameters values were determined to be 0.39 kg kg⁻¹ wb (wet basis) moisture content of pre-dehydrated radish slices, 14.5 kPa vacuum absolute pressure and 80 s of microwave heating time during puffing (for the 650 W power output of the microwave generator).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimized process of puffing of black radish slices using the RSM provided a satisfactory high value of the sensory quality index of chips. In this paper we do not analyze the physical structure of chips. In the future more research needs to be done in this area.
authors.affiliation: Food Engineering Group, Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pawlak
authors.affiliation: Food Engineering Group, Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryniecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland.
authors.forename: Idzi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Siatkowski
mesh_terms: D003890:Desiccation / Q000379:methods*; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008872:Microwaves; D008954:Models, Biological; D031224:Raphanus; D014618:Vacuum