title: [Neuroethics (I): moral pathways in normal brain].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morality is made of rules and values that guide human behavior. They barely change among different cultures. Social accomplishments are the result of moral development, due to a taint of fairness which pervades any human activity. The moral functions are the consequence of evolution and have their own specific neural circuits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe their appearance, starting and underlying mechanisms in the normal brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Moral responses are basically homogeneous. They are linked to the emotional development, as much basic and individual (fear, wrath) as social (compassion, justice). Their emergence is the result of the emotional dichotomies pleasure/pain and reward/punishment, which lead to the basic moral dichotomy good/bad. For their working it is required the running of the prefrontal cortex (ventromedian and dorsolateral), the anterior cingular cortex and the superior temporal sulcus, that asses and elaborate and utilitarian moral response; and also the insula, the amygdale and the hypothalamus, that perform a quicker and emotionally rooted response. In addition, the mirror neuronal system (fronto-parietal) enables motor learning and empathy, linking this factor to the theory of mind.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moral sense and its responses underlay the complex social development that humans have reached and enjoyed. Thus opens ways for improving benefits in human groups and individuals alike. In addition, the knowledge of the normal function of the moral circuits is permeating and influencing the many areas of neuroculture.
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Basurto, 48013 Bilbao, Espana.
authors.forename: Luis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Álvaro-González
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D004645:Empathy / Q000502:physiology; D004989:Ethics; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008032:Limbic System / Q000502:physiology; D059167:Mirror Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009014:Morals; D009484:Neuropsychology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012919:Social Behavior; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D056345:Theory of Mind