title: Management and outcome of retinoblastoma with vitreous seeds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the treatment response of retinoblastoma with vitreous seeds to high-dose chemotherapy coupled with periocular carboplatin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, interventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with retinoblastoma with vitreous seeds managed over 10 years at a comprehensive ocular oncology center and followed up for at least 12 months after the completion of treatment were included in this study. Institutional review board approval was obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-dose chemotherapy with a combination of vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin in patients with focal vitreous seeds and additional concurrent periocular carboplatin in patients with diffuse vitreous seeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor regression, vitreous seed regression, and eye salvage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After excluding the better eye of bilateral cases, 101 eyes of 101 patients were part of the final analysis. All the patients belonged to Reese-Ellsworth group VB, but on the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB), 21 were group C, 40 were group D, and 40 were group E. The mean basal diameter of the largest tumor was 11.8 ± 4.7 mm. Mean tumor thickness was 7.5 ± 4.0 mm. Vitreous seeds were focal in 21 eyes and diffuse in 80 eyes. Chemotherapy cycles ranged from 6 to 12 (median, 6). Seventy-three eyes with diffuse vitreous seeds received a 15-mg posterior sub-Tenon carboplatin injection (range, 1-13 mg; median, 6 mg). Follow-up duration ranged from 13.4 to 129.2 months (median, 48 months). External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was necessary in 33 eyes with residual tumor, vitreous seeds, or both. In all, 20 eyes (95%) with ICRB group C retinoblastoma, 34 eyes (85%) with group D retinoblastoma, and 23 eyes (57.5%) with group E retinoblastoma were salvaged. Of 77 eyes that were salvaged, 74 (96%) had visual acuity of 20/200 or better. Twenty-four of 33 chemotherapy failures (73%) regressed with EBRT. None of the patients demonstrated second malignant neoplasm or systemic metastasis. Factors predicting tumor regression and eye salvage were bilateral retinoblastoma and absence of subretinal fluid. Factors predicting vitreous seed regression were absence of subretinal fluid and subretinal seeds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive management with primary high-dose chemotherapy and concurrent periocular carboplatin, and EBRT selectively in chemotherapy failures, provides gratifying outcome in retinoblastoma with vitreous seeds.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Service, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Fairooz P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Manjandavida
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Service, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Ocular Oncology Service, Centre for Sight, Hyderabad, India. Electronic address: santosh.honavar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Santosh G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Honavar
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Service, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Ocular Oncology Service, Centre for Sight, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Vijay Anand P
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Service, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khanna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009366:Neoplasm Seeding; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D005047:Etoposide; D016190:Carboplatin