title: Protective effects of D-002 on experimentally induced gastroesophageal reflux in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of beeswax alcohols (D-002) on the esophageal damage induced by gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty male rats were randomized into six groups (10 rats/group): a negative control and five groups with experimentally induced GER: a positive vehicle control, three treated with D-002 (25, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively), and one with omeprazole 10 mg/kg. All treatments were given by gastric gavage. One hour after dosing, GER was produced by simultaneous ligation of the pyloric end and the forestomach. Esophageal lesions index (ELI), gastric secretion volume and acidity, and esophageal malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulfhydryl (SH) group concentrations were measured. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared to the negative control, the positive control group exhibited increased ELI (5.2 ± 0.33 vs 0 ± 0, P = 0.0003), gastric secretion volume (2.69 ± 0.09 vs 0.1 ± 0.0, P = 0.0003) and acidity (238 ± 19.37 vs 120.0 ± 5.77, P = 0.001), and esophageal concentrations of MDA (2.56 ± 0.1 vs 1.76 ± 0.28, P = 0.001) and SH groups (1.02 ± 0.05 vs 0.56 ± 0.08, P = 0.0003). D-002 (25, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced ELI (3.36 ± 0.31, 2.90 ± 0.46 and 2.8 ± 0.23, respectively) vs the positive control (5.2 ± 0.33) (P = 0.004; P = 0.002; P = 0.001, respectively). There were no significant changes in acidity with D-002 treatment, and only the highest dose reduced the volume of the gastric secretion (1.92 ± 0.25) vs the positive control (2.69 ± 0.09, P = 0.013). D-002 (25, 100 and 200 mg/kg) lowered the esophageal MDA (2.05 ± 0.16, 1.98 ± 0.22 and 1.93 ± 0.22, respectively) (P = 0.01; P = 0.03; P = 0.03, respectively) and SH group concentration (0.87 ± 0.06, 0.79 ± 0.08 and 0.77 ± 0.06, respectively) (P = 0.04; P = 0.04; P = 0.02) vs the positive control (2.56 ± 0.10 and 1.02 ± 0.05, respectively). Omeprazole decreased ELI (2.54 ± 0.47), gastric secretion volume (1.97 ± 0.14) and acidity (158.5 ± 22.79), esophageal MDA (1.87 ± 0.13) and SH group (0.72 ± 0.05) concentrations vs the positive control (P = 0.002; P = 0.001; P = 0.02; P = 0.003; P = 0.002, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute oral administration of D-002 decreased macroscopic esophageal lesions and oxidative stress in rats with experimentally induced GER, without modifying gastric secretion acidity.
authors.affiliation: Zullyt Zamora, Vivian Molina, Rosa Mas, Yazmin Ravelo, Yohany Perez, Ambar Oyarzabal, Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 10600, Cuba.
authors.forename: Zullyt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.affiliation: Zullyt Zamora, Vivian Molina, Rosa Mas, Yazmin Ravelo, Yohany Perez, Ambar Oyarzabal, Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 10600, Cuba.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Zullyt Zamora, Vivian Molina, Rosa Mas, Yazmin Ravelo, Yohany Perez, Ambar Oyarzabal, Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 10600, Cuba.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mas
authors.affiliation: Zullyt Zamora, Vivian Molina, Rosa Mas, Yazmin Ravelo, Yohany Perez, Ambar Oyarzabal, Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 10600, Cuba.
authors.forename: Yazmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ravelo
authors.affiliation: Zullyt Zamora, Vivian Molina, Rosa Mas, Yazmin Ravelo, Yohany Perez, Ambar Oyarzabal, Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 10600, Cuba.
authors.forename: Yohany
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: Zullyt Zamora, Vivian Molina, Rosa Mas, Yazmin Ravelo, Yohany Perez, Ambar Oyarzabal, Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 10600, Cuba.
authors.forename: Ambar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oyarzabal
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004947:Esophagus / Q000187:drug effects; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005750:Gastric Juice; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014885:Waxes
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; C104511:D 002; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D014885:Waxes; C038228:beeswax; D009853:Omeprazole; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Beeswax alcohols; D-002; Esophagitis; Gastroesophageal reflux; Oxidative stress