title: The teratogenic effects of prenatal ethanol exposure are exacerbated by Sonic Hedgehog or GLI2 haploinsufficiency in the mouse.
abstract: Disruption of the Hedgehog signaling pathway has been implicated as an important molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of fetal alcohol syndrome. In severe cases, the abnormalities of the face and brain that result from prenatal ethanol exposure fall within the spectrum of holoprosencephaly. Single allele mutations in the Hh pathway genes Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and GLI2 cause holoprosencephaly with extremely variable phenotypic penetrance in humans. Here, we tested whether mutations in these genes alter the frequency or severity of ethanol-induced dysmorphology in a mouse model. Timed pregnancies were established by mating Shh(+/-) or Gli2(+/-) male mice backcrossed to C57BL/6J strain, with wildtype females. On gestational day 7, dams were treated with two i.p. doses of 2.9 g/kg ethanol (or vehicle alone), administered four hrs apart. Fetuses were then genotyped and imaged, and the severity of facial dysmorphology was assessed. Following ethanol exposure, mean dysmorphology scores were increased by 3.2- and 6.6-fold in Shh(+/-) and Gli2(+/-) groups, respectively, relative to their wildtype littermates. Importantly, a cohort of heterozygous fetuses exhibited phenotypes not typically produced in this model but associated with severe holoprosencephaly, including exencephaly, median cleft lip, otocephaly, and proboscis. As expected, a correlation between the severity of facial dysmorphology and medial forebrain deficiency was observed in affected animals. While Shh(+/-) and Gli2(+/-) mice have been described as phenotypically normal, these results illustrate a functional haploinsufficiency of both genes in combination with ethanol exposure. By demonstrating an interaction between specific genetic and environmental risk factors, this study provides important insights into the multifactorial etiology and complex pathogenesis of fetal alcohol syndrome and holoprosencephaly.
authors.affiliation: The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Henry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kietzman
authors.affiliation: The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Everson
authors.affiliation: The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kathleen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sulik
authors.affiliation: The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America ; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lipinski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005838:Genotype; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
chemical_list: C000618551:Gli2 protein, mouse; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2; D000431:Ethanol