title: Phosphatase of regenerating liver: a novel target for cancer therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphatases of regenerating livers (PRLs) are novel oncogenes that interact with many well-established cell signaling pathways that are misregulated in cancer, and are known to drive cancer metastasis when overexpressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review covers basic information of the discovery and characteristics of the PRL family. We also report findings on the role of PRL in cancer, cell functions and cell signaling. Furthermore, PRL's suitability as a novel drug target is discussed along with current methods being developed to facilitate PRL inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PRLs show great potential as novel drug targets for anticancer therapeutics. Studies indicate that PRL can perturb major cancer pathways such as Src/ERK1/2 and PTEN/PI3K/Akt. Upregulation of PRLs has also been shown to drive cancer metastasis. However, in order to fully realize its therapeutic potential, a deeper understanding of the function of PRL in normal tissue and in cancer must be obtained. Novel and integrated biochemical, chemical, biological, and genetic approaches will be needed to identify PRL substrate(s) and to provide proof-of-concept data on the druggability of the PRL phosphatases.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , John D. Van Nuys Medical Science Building, Room 4053A, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5126 , USA.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Zhong-Yin
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C490198:PTP4A1 protein, human; C487561:PTP4A2 protein, human; C484730:PTP4A3 protein, human; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases