title: Maternal dietary fatty acid intake during pregnancy and the risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in the offspring.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between the maternal intake of fatty acids during pregnancy and the risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in the offspring. The study included 4887 children with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-conferred type 1 diabetes susceptibility born during the years 1997-2004 from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. Maternal diet was assessed with a validated FFQ. The offspring were observed at 3- to 12-month intervals for the appearance of type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies and development of clinical type 1 diabetes (average follow-up period: 4·6 years (range 0·5-11·5 years)). Altogether, 240 children developed preclinical type 1 diabetes and 112 children developed clinical type 1 diabetes. Piecewise linear log-hazard survival model and Cox proportional-hazards regression were used for statistical analyses. The maternal intake of palmitic acid (hazard ratio (HR) 0·82, 95 % CI 0·67, 0·99) and high consumption of cheese during pregnancy (highest quarter v. intermediate half HR 0·52, 95 % CI 0·31, 0·87) were associated with a decreased risk of clinical type 1 diabetes. The consumption of sour milk products (HR 1·14, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·28), intake of protein from sour milk (HR 1·15, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·29) and intake of fat from fresh milk (HR 1·43, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·96) were associated with an increased risk of preclinical type 1 diabetes, and the intake of low-fat margarines (HR 0·67, 95 % CI 0·49, 0·92) was associated with a decreased risk. No conclusive associations between maternal fatty acid intake or food consumption during pregnancy and the development of type 1 diabetes in the offspring were detected.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niinistö
authors.affiliation: The School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna-Mari
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Takkinen
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rautanen
authors.affiliation: Statistics/Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.affiliation: Medical Statistic Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kenward
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mirka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lumia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.affiliation: Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D002611:Cheese; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D019308:Palmitic Acid