title: An experimental and morphometric test of the relationship between vertebral morphology and joint stiffness in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus).
abstract: Despite their semi-aquatic mode of life, modern crocodylians use a wide range of terrestrial locomotor behaviours, including asymmetrical gaits otherwise only found in mammals. The key to these diverse abilities may lie in the axial skeleton. Correlations between vertebral morphology and both intervertebral joint stiffness and locomotor behaviour have been found in other animals, but the vertebral mechanics of crocodylians have not yet been experimentally and quantitatively tested. We measured the passive mechanics and morphology of the thoracolumbar vertebral column in Crocodylus niloticus in order to validate a method to infer intervertebral joint stiffness based on morphology. Passive stiffness of eight thoracic and lumbar joints was tested in dorsal extension, ventral flexion and mediolateral flexion using cadaveric specimens. Fifteen measurements that we deemed to be potential correlates of stiffness were taken from each vertebra and statistically tested for correlation with joint stiffness. We found that the vertebral column of C. niloticus is stiffer in dorsoventral flexion than in lateral flexion and, in contrast to that of many mammals, shows an increase in joint stiffness in the lumbar region. Our findings suggest that the role of the axial column in crocodylian locomotion may be functionally different from that in mammals, even during analogous gaits. A moderate proportion of variation in joint stiffness (R(2)=0.279-0.520) was predicted by centrum width and height, neural spine angle and lamina width. These results support the possible utility of some vertebral morphometrics in predicting mechanical properties of the vertebral column in crocodiles, which also should be useful for forming functional hypotheses of axial motion during locomotion in extinct archosaurs.
authors.affiliation: Structure & Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.forename: Stephanie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D007596:Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Biomechanics; Crocodylomorph; Evolution; Locomotion; Morphometrics; Spine