title: First finding of Ostreopsis cf. ovata toxins in marine aerosols.
abstract: Since the late 1990s, a respiratory syndrome has been repetitively observed in humans concomitant with Ostreopsis spp. blooms (mainly O. cf. ovata) in the Mediterranean area. Previous studies have demonstrated that O. cf. ovata produces analogues of palytoxin (ovatoxins and a putative palytoxin), one of the most potent marine toxins. On the basis of the observed association between O. cf. ovata blooms, respiratory illness in people, and detection of palytoxin complex in algal samples, toxic aerosols, containing Ostreopsis cells and/or the toxins they produce, were postulated to be the cause of human illness. A small scale monitoring study of marine aerosol carried out along the Tuscan coasts (Italy) in 2009 and 2010 is reported. Aerosols were collected concomitantly with O. cf. ovata blooms, and they were analyzed by both PCR assays and LC-HRMS. The results, besides confirming the presence of O. cf. ovata cells, demonstrated for the first time the occurrence of ovatoxins in the aerosol at levels of 2.4 pg of ovatoxins per liter of air. Given the lack of toxicological data on palytoxins by inhalation exposure, our results are only a first step toward a more comprehensive understanding of the Ostreopsis-related respiratory syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciminiello
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dell'Aversano
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dello Iacovo
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fattorusso
authors.forename: Martino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forino
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tartaglione
authors.forename: Gioia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benedettini
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onorari
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Serena
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Battocchi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casabianca
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penna
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007558:Italy; D008386:Marine Biology; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012623:Seawater; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D000336:Aerosols; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D008387:Marine Toxins; C010272:palytoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins