title: Influence of urbanicity and county characteristics on the association between ozone and asthma emergency department visits in North Carolina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air pollution epidemiologic studies, often conducted in large metropolitan areas because of proximity to regulatory monitors, are limited in their ability to examine potential associations between air pollution exposures and health effects in rural locations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a time-stratified case-crossover framework, we examined associations between asthma emergency department (ED) visits in North Carolina (2006-2008), collected by a surveillance system, and short-term ozone (O3) exposures using predicted concentrations from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. We estimated associations by county groupings based on four urbanicity classifications (representative of county size and urban proximity) and county health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  O3 was associated with asthma ED visits in all-year and warm season (April-October) analyses [odds ratio (OR) = 1.019; 95% CI: 0.998, 1.040; OR = 1.020; 95% CI: 0.997, 1.044, respectively, for a 20-ppb increase in lag 0-2 days O3]. The association was strongest in Less Urbanized counties, with no evidence of a positive association in Rural counties. Associations were similar when adjusted for fine particulate matter in copollutant models. Associations were stronger for children (5-17 years of age) compared with other age groups, and for individuals living in counties identified with poorer health status compared with counties that had the highest health rankings, although estimated associations for these subgroups had larger uncertainty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between short-term O3 exposures and asthma ED visits differed by overall county health and urbanicity, with stronger associations in Less Urbanized counties, and no positive association in Rural counties. Results also suggest that children are at increased risk of O3-related respiratory effects.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, and.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: Ana G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rappold
authors.forename: J Allen
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Luben
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010126:Ozone