title: Air pollution as a risk factor for depressive episode in patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, or asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is currently insufficient evidence to confirm the effect of ambient air pollution on mental disorders, especially among susceptible populations. This study investigated the short-term effect of ambient air pollution on the risk of depressive episode and the effect modification across disease subpopulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects who visited the emergency department (ED) for depressive episode from 2005 to 2009 (n=4985) in Seoul, Republic of Korea were identified from medical claims data. We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study using conditional logistic regression. Subgroup analyses were conducted after the subjects were stratified by underlying disease (cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and depressive disorder). The risk was expressed as an odds ratio (OR) per 1 standard deviation of each air pollutant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SO2, PM10, NO2, and CO were positively associated with ED visits for depressive episode. The maximum risk was observed in the distributed lag 0-3 model for PM10 (OR, 1.120; 95% confidence interval, 1.067-1.176). PM10, NO2, and CO significantly increased the risks of ED visits for depressive episode in subjects with either underlying cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, asthma, or depressive disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data may include a misclassification bias due to the validity of a diagnosis determined from medical services utilization data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SO2, PM10, NO2, and CO significantly increased the risk of ED visits for depressive episode, especially among individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, or asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jaelim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Center, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Center, Koyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jungwoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunsoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Center, Koyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Kyung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Hwa
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: preman@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Changsoo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Chun
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants
keywords: Air pollution; Asthma; Cardiovascular disease; Depressive episode; Diabetes mellitus