title: An inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine in healthy children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children and may be fatal. A vaccine against EV71 is needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial involving healthy children 6 to 71 months of age in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Two doses of an inactivated EV71 vaccine or placebo were administered intramuscularly, with a 4-week interval between doses, and children were monitored for up to 11 months. The primary end point was protection against hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by EV71.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12,000 children were randomly assigned to receive vaccine or placebo. Serum neutralizing antibodies were assessed in 549 children who received the vaccine. The seroconversion rate was 100% 4 weeks after the two vaccinations, with a geometric mean titer of 170.6. Over the course of two epidemic seasons, the vaccine efficacy was 97.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.9 to 99.0) according to the intention-to-treat analysis and 97.3% (95% CI, 92.6 to 99.0) according to the per-protocol analysis. Adverse events, such as fever (which occurred in 41.6% of the participants who received vaccine vs. 35.2% of those who received placebo), were significantly more common in the week after vaccination among children who received the vaccine than among those who received placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inactivated EV71 vaccine elicited EV71-specific immune responses and protection against EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease. (Funded by the National Basic Research Program and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01569581.).
authors.affiliation: From Guangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning (R.L., Z.M., Y. Li, T.H., Y.N.), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming (L.L., Y.Z., Jingjing Wang, L.J., C.D., Y.C., Z.X., L.W., Y. Liao, Y. Liang, J.L., H.Z., R.N., L.G., J.P., E.Y., L.S., P.C., H.S., Q.L.), Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, Ministries of Education and Health, and the Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai (X.W.), Department of Health Statistics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an (J.X., Z.J.), and National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing (Z.L., Q.M., Junzhi Wang) - all in China.
authors.forename: Rongcheng
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authors.forename: Yanping
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authors.forename: Qunying
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authors.forename: Chenghong
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authors.forename: Teng
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authors.forename: Zhiwei
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authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zhongping
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authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Lichun
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authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yun
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authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Yan
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authors.forename: Jiansheng
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authors.forename: Hongling
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authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ruixiong
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authors.forename: Lei
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authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Jing
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authors.forename: Erxia
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authors.forename: Le
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authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Pingfang
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authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Haijing
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authors.forename: Junzhi
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mesh_terms: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014765:Viral Vaccines