title: Biological activities of Schottenol and Spinasterol, two natural phytosterols present in argan oil and in cactus pear seed oil, on murine miroglial BV2 cells.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of the major phytosterols present in argan oil (AO) and in cactus seed oil (CSO) in BV2 microglial cells. Accordingly, we first determined the sterol composition of AO and CSO, showing the presence of Schottenol and Spinasterol as major sterols in AO. While in CSO, in addition to these two sterols, we found mainly another sterol, the Sitosterol. The chemical synthesis of Schottenol and Spinasterol was performed. Our results showed that these two phytosterols, as well as sterol extracts from AO or CSO, are not toxic to microglial BV2 cells. However, treatments by these phytosterols impact the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, both Schottenol and Spinasterol can modulate the gene expression of two nuclear receptors, liver X receptor (LXR)-α and LXRβ, their target genes ABCA1 and ABCG1. Nonetheless, only Schottenol exhibited a differential activation vis-à-vis the nuclear receptor LXRβ. Thus Schottenol and Spinasterol can be considered as new LXR agonists, which may play protective roles by the modulation of cholesterol metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26000 Settat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: El Kharrassi
authors.affiliation: LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Department of Chemistry, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samadi
authors.affiliation: CRINSERM 866, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nury
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26000 Settat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Riad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: El Kebbaj
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andreoletti
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France.
authors.forename: Hammam I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: El Hajj
authors.affiliation: INSERM and HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vamecq
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26000 Settat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Khadija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moustaid
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Latruffe
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de recherche sur les Lipoprotéines et l'Athérosclérose, Faculté des Sciences Ben M'sik, Avenue Cdt Driss El Harti BP. 7955, Université Hassan II-Mohammedia-Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: M'Hammed Saïd
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: El Kebbaj
authors.affiliation: CRINSERM 866, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lizard
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26000 Settat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Boubker
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France. Electronic address: malki@u-bourgogne.fr.
authors.forename: Mustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cherkaoui-Malki
mesh_terms: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1 / Q000235:genetics; D000070998:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D029747:Opuntia / Q000737:chemistry; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013261:Sterols / Q000032:analysis; D013265:Stigmasterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D000070998:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D008074:Lipoproteins; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D010938:Plant Oils; D012855:Sitosterols; D013261:Sterols; D013265:Stigmasterol; C577833:Abca1 protein, mouse; C487540:ABCG1 protein, mouse; C000605214:Nr1h3 protein, mouse; C031312:spinasterol; C555574:argan oil; C031313:stigmast-7-enol
keywords: ABCA1; ABCG1; Argan oil; BV2 cells; Cactus oil; Ficus indica; LXR; Phytosterols; Schottenol; Spinasterol