title: Sleep characteristics in the quail Coturnix coturnix.
abstract: As mammals, birds exhibit two sleep phases, slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep characterized by presenting different electrophysiological patterns of brain activity. During SWS a high amplitude slow wave pattern in brain activity is observed. This activity is substituted by a low amplitude fast frequency pattern during REM sleep. Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) is an animal model that has provided information related to different physiological mechanisms present in man. There are reports related to its electrophysiological brain activity, however the sleep characteristics that have been described are not. The objectives of this study is describing the sleep characteristics throughout the nychthemeral cycle of the common quail and consider this bird species as an avian model to analyze the regulatory mechanisms of sleep. Experiments were carried out in implanted exemplars of C. coturnix. Under general anesthesia induced by ether inhalation, stainless steel electrodes were placed to register brain activity from the anterior and posterior areas during 24 continuous hours throughout the sleep-wake cycle. Ocular and motor activities were visually monitored. Quail showed four electrophysiologically and behaviorally different states of vigilance: wakefulness (53.28%), drowsiness (14.27%), slow wave sleep (30.47%) and REM sleep (1.98%). The animals presented 202 REM sleep episodes throughout the nychthemeral cycle. Sleep distribution was polyphasic; however sleep amount was significantly greater during the period corresponding to the night. The number of nocturnal REM sleep episodes was significantly greater than that of diurnal one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quail C. coturnix shows a polyphasic distribution of sleep; however the amount of this state of vigilance is significantly greater during the nocturnal period.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico.
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mexicano
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico.
authors.forename: Bibiana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Montoya-Loaiza
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico. Electronic address: fayala@unam.mx.
authors.forename: Fructuoso
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ayala-Guerrero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003370:Coturnix / Q000502:physiology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D017440:Photoperiod; D011187:Posture; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Coturnix coturnix; Quail; REM sleep; SWS