title: Optical axial scanning in confocal microscopy using an electrically tunable lens.
abstract: This paper presents the use and characterization of an electrically focus tunable lens to perform axial scanning in a confocal microscope. Lateral and axial resolution are characterized over a >250 µm axial scan range. Confocal microscopy using optical axial scanning is demonstrated in epithelial tissue and compared to traditional stage scanning. By enabling rapid axial scanning, minimizing motion artifacts, and reducing mechanical complexity, this technique has potential to enhance in vivo three-dimensional imaging in confocal endomicroscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Joey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jabbour
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Bilal H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olsovsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cuenca
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Shuna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Javier A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Texas A&M University Health Science Center-Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
authors.forename: Yi-Shing Lisa
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Texas A&M University Health Science Center-Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Maitland
keywords: (170.0110) Imaging systems; (170.1790) Confocal microscopy; (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging; (170.3890) Medical optics instrumentation; (170.6900) Three-dimensional microscopy