title: Estimating the health effects of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies: addressing parametric, model, and valuation challenges.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Policy decisions regarding climate change mitigation are increasingly incorporating the beneficial and adverse health impacts of greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies. Studies of such co-benefits and co-harms involve modeling approaches requiring a range of analytic decisions that affect the model output.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to assess analytic decisions regarding model framework, structure, choice of parameters, and handling of uncertainty when modeling health co-benefits, and to make recommendations for improvements that could increase policy uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the assumptions and analytic decisions underlying models of mitigation co-benefits, examining their effects on modeling outputs, and consider tools for quantifying uncertainty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is considerable variation in approaches to valuation metrics, discounting methods, uncertainty characterization and propagation, and assessment of low-probability/high-impact events. There is also variable inclusion of adverse impacts of mitigation policies, and limited extension of modeling domains to include implementation considerations. Going forward, co-benefits modeling efforts should be carried out in collaboration with policy makers; these efforts should include the full range of positive and negative impacts and critical uncertainties, as well as a range of discount rates, and should explicitly characterize uncertainty. We make recommendations to improve the rigor and consistency of modeling of health co-benefits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modeling health co-benefits requires systematic consideration of the suitability of model assumptions, of what should be included and excluded from the model framework, and how uncertainty should be treated. Increased attention to these and other analytic decisions has the potential to increase the policy relevance and application of co-benefits modeling studies, potentially helping policy makers to maximize mitigation potential while simultaneously improving health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Justin V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Remais
authors.forename: Jeremy J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Kristie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ebi
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markandya
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Balbus
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: Zaid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chalabi
mesh_terms: D057231:Climate Change; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical