title: A co culture approach show that polyamine turnover is affected during inflammation in Atlantic salmon immune and liver cells and that arginine and LPS exerts opposite effects on p38MAPK signaling.
abstract: This study assess which pathways and molecular processes are affected by exposing salmon head kidney cells or liver cells to arginine supplementation above the established requirements for growth support. In addition to the conventional mono cultures of liver and head kidney cells, co cultures of the two cell types were included in the experimental set up. Responses due to elevated levels of arginine were measured during inflammatory (lipopolysaccharide/LPS) and non -inflammatory conditions. LPS up regulated the genes involved in polyamine turnover; ODC (ornithine decarboxylase), SSAT (spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase) and SAMdc (S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase) in head kidney cells when co cultured with liver cells. Regardless of treatment, liver cells in co culture up regulated ODC and down regulated SSAT when compared to liver mono cultures. This suggests that polyamines have anti-inflammatory properties and that both salmon liver cells and immune cells seem to be involved in this process. The transcription of C/EBP β/CCAAT, increased during inflammation in all cultures except for liver mono cultures. The observed up regulation of this gene may be linked to glucose transport due to the highly variable glucose concentrations found in the cell media. PPARα transcription was also increased in liver cells when receiving signals from head kidney cells. Gene transcription of Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and CD83 were elevated during LPS treatment in all the head kidney cell cultures while arginine supplementation reduced IL-1β and IL-8 transcription in liver cells co cultured with head kidney cells. This is probably connected to p38MAPK signaling as arginine seem to affect p38MAPK signaling contrary to the LPS induced p38MAPK signaling, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects of arginine/arginine metabolites. This paper shows that co culturing these two cell types reveals the connection between metabolism and inflammation, suggesting different pathways and candidate biomarkers to be further explored.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: eho@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espe
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Synne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: EWOS Innovation AS, N-4335 Dirdal, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: EWOS Innovation AS, N-4335 Dirdal, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aksnes
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Department of Industrial Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, P.B. 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Zebasil
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mengesha
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Araujo
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000276:immunology; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011073:Polyamines; D001120:Arginine; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Arginine; Atlantic salmon head kidney cells; Co culture; Inflammation; Salmon liver cells