title: Risk factors for complications and in-hospital mortality following hip fractures: a study using the National Trauma Data Bank.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the impact of patient demographics, injury-specific factors, and medical co-morbidities on outcomes after hip fracture using the National Sample Program (NSP) of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2008 NSP-NTDB was queried to identify patients sustaining hip fractures. Patient demographics, co-morbidities, injury-specific factors, and outcomes (including mortality and complications) were recorded and a national estimate model was developed. Unadjusted differences for risk factors were evaluated using t test/Wald Chi square analyses. Weighted logistic regression and sensitivity analyses were performed to control for all factors in the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The weighted sample contained 44,419 incidents of hip fracture. The average age was 72.7. Sixty-two percent of the population was female and 80 % was white. The mortality rate was 4.5 % and 12.5 % sustained at least one complication. Seventeen percent of patients who sustained at least one complication died. Dialysis, presenting in shock, cardiac disease, male sex, and ISS were significant predictors of mortality, while dialysis, obesity, cardiac disease, diabetes, and a procedure delay of ≥2 days influenced complications. The major potential modifiable risk factor appears to be time to procedure, which had a significant impact on complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to postulate predictors of morbidity and mortality following hip fracture in a US national model. While many co-morbidities appear to be influential in predicting outcome, some of the more significant factors include the presence of shock, dialysis, obesity, and time to surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic study, Level II.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5005 N. Piedras Street, El Paso, TX, 79920, USA.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Belmont
authors.forename: E'Stephan J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Julia O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005265:Femoral Neck Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology