title: Beyond tumor necrosis factor inhibition: the expanding pipeline of biologic therapies for inflammatory diseases and their associated infectious sequelae.
abstract: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases are at higher risk for infectious morbidity and mortality, partially due to the therapies used to treat these conditions. Both prednisone and targeted biologic therapies such as tumor necrosis factor antagonists have been implicated to various degrees, although in some cases firm data are lacking with regard to certain types of infections. To date, there is a paucity of information regarding the infectious risks associated with the newer biologic agents. As new biologic agents become available for use, their potential infectious risks will challenge infectious disease clinicians who must work to prevent, diagnose, and treat infections in this setting. This article reviews our current understanding of infectious risk in the setting of targeted therapies and provides an update of the immune system targets and potential infectious sequelae of both current and emerging biologic therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Novosad
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Winthrop
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001688:Biological Products
keywords: anti-TNF agents; autoimmune disease; biologic therapies; infection; opportunistic infections