title: Calcium/vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and cholesterol profiles in the Women's Health Initiative calcium/vitamin D randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate whether increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) concentrations, in response to calcium/vitamin D (CaD) supplementation, are associated with improved lipids in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The parent trial was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial designed to test the effects of CaD supplementation (1,000 mg of elemental calcium + 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily) versus placebo in postmenopausal women. Women from the general community, including multiple sites in the United States, were enrolled between 1993 and 1998. This cohort included 300 white, 200 African-American, and 100 Hispanic participants who were randomly selected from the Women's Health Initiative CaD trial. Serum 25OHD3 and lipid (fasting plasma triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]) levels were assessed before and after CaD randomization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 38% increase in mean serum 25OHD3 concentrations after 2 years (95% CI, 1.29-1.47, P < 0.001) for women randomized to CaD (24.3 ng/mL postrandomization mean) compared with placebo (18.2 ng/mL). Women randomized to CaD had a 4.46-mg/dL mean decrease in LDL-C (P = 0.03). Higher concentrations of 25OHD3 were associated with higher HDL-C levels (P = 0.003), along with lower LDL-C and TG levels (P = 0.02 and P < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplemental CaD significantly increases 25OHD3 concentrations and decreases LDL-C. Women with higher 25OHD3 concentrations have more favorable lipid profiles, including increased HDL-C, lower LDL-C, and lower TG. These results support the hypothesis that higher concentrations of 25OHD3, in response to CaD supplementation, are associated with improved LDL-C.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of 1ObGyn and 2Internal Medicine, The Reading Hospital, Reading, PA; Departments of 3ObGyn and 4Internal Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; 5Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; 6Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; 7Center for Health Research NW, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, OR; 8Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; 9Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; 10Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN; 11Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; 12Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; 13Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and 14Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Schnatz
authors.forename: Xuezhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vila-Wright
authors.forename: Aaron K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Aragaki
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nudy
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: Jennifer G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shikany
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Womack
authors.forename: Lisa W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Neuhouser
authors.forename: Mara Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Vitolins
authors.forename: Yiqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kritchevsky
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
mesh_terms: D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014807:Vitamin D; D002784:Cholesterol; D002112:Calcifediol