title: The association of education level on outcome after distal radius fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socioeconomic factors have been found to be predictors of outcome for other ailments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of patient education level on pain and disability after distal radius fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of patients with distal radius fractures (n = 335) were enrolled into a prospective research registry. Standard demographic information was obtained from patients, including a five-value categorical education variable. After treatment with closed reduction, external fixation, or internal fixation patients were evaluated for pain, function (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score [DASH]), range of motion (ROM), and grip strength at standard intervals until 12 months post-injury. A series of linear mixed effects models were developed to evaluate the relationship between time from injury and education level with each of the outcomes measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete demographic and 12-month follow-up data were available on 227 patients (75 %). There were neither group differences in mode of injury, severity, nor treatment modality after stratification by education level. Mixed effects model analyses revealed a significant linear association between level of education and measured outcomes at each follow-up point. Overall, each increase in education level demonstrated a doubling of improvement in pain, ROM, grip strength, and DASH score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outcome of distal radius fracture depends on acute care and follow-up rehabilitation; however, patient-related factors indicative of socioeconomic status are becoming increasingly relevant as predictors of outcome and should be considered by the orthopaedist.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Joint Diseases, NYU Langone Medical Center, 301 E 17th St, Suite 1402, New York, NY 10003 USA.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Paksima
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Joint Diseases, NYU Langone Medical Center, 301 E 17th St, Suite 1402, New York, NY 10003 USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pahk
authors.affiliation: Dr. Jon's Urgent Care Center, 2 Penn Place, Apt B., Rocky Hill, CT 06067 USA.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romo
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Joint Diseases, NYU Langone Medical Center, 301 E 17th St, Suite 1402, New York, NY 10003 USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1402, New York, NY 10003 USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Egol
keywords: Distal radius fracture; Education; Function; Outcome; Pain; Socio-economic status; Symptom score