title: Gender differences in the effects of urban neighborhood on depressive symptoms in Jamaica.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the mental health effects of the urban neighborhood on men and women in Jamaica and the implications for urban planning and social development.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional household sample of 2 848 individuals 15-74 years of age obtained from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2007-2008 was analyzed. Secondary analysis was undertaken by developing composite scores to describe observer recorded neighborhood features, including infrastructure, amenities/services, physical conditions, community socioeconomic status, and green spaces around the home. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Bivariate and multivariate methods were used to explore the associations among gender, neighborhood factors, and risk of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While no associations were found among rural residents, urban neighborhoods were associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms. Among males, residing in a neighborhood with poor infrastructure increased risk; among females, residing in an informal community/unplanned neighborhood increased risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The urban neighborhood contributes to the risk of depression symptomatology in Jamaica, with different environmental stressors affecting men and women. Urban and social planners need to consider the physical environment when developing health interventions in urban settings, particularly in marginalized communities.
authors.affiliation: University of the West Indies at Mona, Mona, Jamaica, jasneth2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jasneth Asher
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mullings
authors.affiliation: University of the West Indies at Mona, Mona, Jamaica, jasneth2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Affette Michelle
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McCaw-Binns
authors.affiliation: Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Technology, Kingston, Jamaica.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Epidemiology Research Unit, University of the West Indies at Mona, Mona, Jamaica.
authors.forename: Rainford
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002958:City Planning; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007563:Jamaica / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult