title: The CPP-ACP relieved enamel erosion from a carbonated soft beverage: an in vitro AFM and XRD study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the CPP-ACP's effect on enamel against carbonated beverage erosion and explore the potential mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 enamel samples were prepared from sound bovine incisors, divided into 3 groups. Samples in the control group were kept in artificial saliva. Specimens' surfaces were smeared with a CPP-ACP agent (Tooth Mousse, TM) for 3 min, rinsed with distilled water for 10s, merged into cola (Coca Cola, CC) for 4 intervals of 2 min, rinsed again for the TM+CC group. In the CC group, specimens were treated solely with cola for 4 intervals (2 min each). The cycles were applied at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h. The surface microhardness (SMH) alterations were measured using a microhardness tester, the surface profiles were analyzed using the atomic force microscope, and the surface crystalline amount (I%) and crystallinity (FWHM) were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SMH were significantly decreased in CC group, showing the largest SMH alteration; the reduction of SMH in TM+CC group was lower than that in CC group, still larger than control. After cycles, the TM+CC group showed rougher surfaces than control, while the CC group had the roughest surfaces. The TM+CC had an I% higher than the CC, and lower than the control. The TM+CC group had a FWHM lower than CC, higher than control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPP-ACP was able to relieve the erosion on enamel from carbonated beverage.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China. Electronic address: yhyang6812@scu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D002364:Caseins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D030221:Cola; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D006244:Hardness; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex
keywords: AFM; CPP-ACP; Carbonated beverage; Enamel; Erosion; XRD