title: Negative symptoms and impaired social functioning predict later psychosis in Latino youth at clinical high risk in the North American prodromal longitudinal studies consortium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examining ethnically related variables in evaluating those at risk for psychosis is critical. This study investigated sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of Latino versus non-Latino clinical high-risk (CHR) subjects and healthy control (HC) subjects in the first North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six Latino CHR subjects were compared to 25 Latino HC and 423 non-Latino CHR subjects across clinical and demographic variables. Thirty-nine of the 56 CHR subjects completed at least one subsequent clinical evaluation over the 2.5-year period with 39% developing a psychotic illness. Characteristics of Latino CHR subjects who later converted to psychosis ('converters') were compared to those who did not ('non-converters').
  
  
  RESULTS
  Latino CHR subjects were younger than non-Latino CHR subjects and had less education than Latino HC subjects and non-Latino CHR counterparts. Latino CHR converters had higher scores than Latino non-converters on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes total negative symptoms that were accounted for by decreased expression of emotion and personal hygiene/social attentiveness subsections. Latino CHR converters scored lower on the global functioning:social scale, indicating worse social functioning than Latino non-converters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this sample, Latino CHR subjects may seek treatment earlier and have less education than non-Latino CHR subjects. Deficits in social functioning and impaired personal hygiene/social attentiveness among Latino CHR subjects predicted later psychosis and may represent important areas for future study. Larger sample sizes are needed to more thoroughly investigate the observed ethnic differences and risk factors for psychosis in Latino youth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alderman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Addington
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bearden
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.|Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Tyrone D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Long Island, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cornblatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: McGlashan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Diana O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Ming T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Elaine F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.|San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cadenhead
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment
keywords: Latino; clinical high risk; prodrome; psychosis