title: Race/ethnicity and measures of glycaemia in the year after diagnosis among youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess associations between race/ethnicity, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and glycemic control among youth with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample was youth<20years old from the SEARCH California Center diagnosed from 2002 to 2009 who remained insured for at least one year. HbA1c at one year was from clinical data; HbA1c at diagnosis was from clinical data (81%) or imputed (19%). Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to examine associations between race/ethnicity and poor glycemic control (≥9.5%), HbA1c at one-year, and change in HbA1c.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 1162 Hispanic (52.3%), non-Hispanic White (NHW, 28.4%), African American (15.1%) and Asian/Pacific Islander (4.1%) youth. Among T1D youth (n=789), Hispanics were 1.60 times as likely (95% CI 1.01-2.53) to have poor control at one year compared to NHWs, after adjustments. Among T2D youth (n=373), only African American youth were significantly more likely (OR=4.85; 95% CI 1.49-15.77) to have poor control at one year, after adjustments. HbA1c at one year and change in HbA1c did not differ by race/ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor glycemic control was evident one year after diagnosis in some minority youth with T1D or T2D in an integrated managed health care setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Helen
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bonnie H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena CA, USA. Electronic address: Jean.M.Lawrence@kp.org.
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D001213:Asian; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: Ethnicity; Race; Socioeconomic status; Type 1 diabetes; Type 2 diabetes; Youth