title: Human bocaviruses are commonly found in stools of hospitalized children without causal association to acute gastroenteritis.
abstract: Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) may be grouped into respiratory (HBoV1) and enteric (HBoV2-4) types. We examined this association of HBoV types and clinical symptoms in 955 children who had acute gastroenteritis (AGE, n = 172), acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI, n = 545) or symptoms of both (n = 238). Both nasal swab and stool specimens were studied for such patients. HBoV1 DNA was detected in 6.2 % of patients with ARTI and 9.2 % of patients with symptoms of both ARTI and AGE, but in only 1.7 % of patients with AGE alone. In about one half of the cases, HBoV1 was detected concomitantly in nasal swab and stool samples. HBoV2 was found in stool samples of patients with AGE (5.8 %), ARTI (5.1 %) and symptoms of both (5.5 %) but only rarely in nasal swabs. HBoV3 was found in the stools, but not in nasal swabs, in 0.6, 1.1 and 0.8 % of patients with, respectively, AGE, ARTI and both. HBoV4 was not found. All but one HBoV-positive stool sample of AGE patients contained a known gastroenteritis virus (rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus or enteric adenovirus) that was probably responsible for the symptoms of the respective case. Sera of 30 HBoV-positive patients were available, and IgM antibodies for HBoVs were found in ten cases and HBoV DNA in eight of these.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBoV2 and HBoV3 were more commonly found in stool than in nasal swab samples, but the findings could not be causally linked with AGE. HBoV1 was commonly found in stool samples during ARTI, with or without gastrointestinal symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, FM 3, 33520, Tampere, Finland, minna.paloniemi@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paloniemi
authors.forename: Suvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.forename: Marjo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kätkä
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kantola
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderlund-Venermo
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vesikari
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D056661:Human bocavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*