title: [Sources of error when using haemoglobin A1c].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurement of glycated haemoglobin A1 in whole blood (b-HbA1c) can be used in both diagnosing and following up patients with diabetes. Correct interpretation of analytical results is contingent on agreement between average plasma glucose (p-glucose) and b-HbA1c. This article provides an overview of factors that may result in a discrepancy between average glucose concentration and b-HbA1c.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search in PubMed to identify scientific articles that describe strengths and weaknesses of b-HbA1c.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The b-HbA1c reading usually provides a good picture of average p-glucose for the preceding two to three months. Patients who are being treated with iron/vitamin B12 supplements, have liver failure, haemolytic anaemia or bleeding usually have a lower b-HbA1c than their p-glucose level would suggest. With increasing patient age, B12 deficiency or iron deficiency anaemia, higher values of b-HbA1c are seen for the same p-glucose level. Some ethnic groups have a higher b-HbA1c than their average p-glucose would suggest, but the risk of long-term complications appears generally to be more closely associated with b-HbA1c than with the glucose level. Pregnancy, renal failure or haemoglobinopathies may make the b-HbA1c value unreliable as an expression of average p-glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correct interpretation of b-HbA1c is conditional on the requisitioner being aware of possible sources of error. If the patient is suspected to have a condition that leads to lack of consistency between b-HbA1c and average p-glucose, glucose-based criteria must be used in diagnosing diabetes.
authors.forename: Thea Berge
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Vikøren
authors.forename: Jens Petter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Tore Julsrud
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000592:standards*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin