title: The localization of the distal perforators of posterior tibial artery: a cadaveric study for the correct planning of medial adipofascial flaps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The adipofascial flap, introduced by Lin in 1994, has many advantages compared to fasciocutaneous or free flaps. Its dissection is relatively easy and fast with low donor-site morbidity, and it does not alter the shape of the leg. The aim of this dissection study is to evaluate the anatomic localization of the most distal perforator of the posterior tibial vessels to provide an anatomical rationale for the safe harvesting of distally based medial adipofascial flaps of the leg.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 Lower limbs from 15 cadavers were used for this study. The most distal perforator from posterior tibial perforator artery, accompanied by at least one vein, was identified and its distance from the medial malleolus was noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A distal perforator was found in all specimens; the mean caliber was 0.77 mm. In all cases, the perforator artery passed in the septum between flexor hallucis longus m. and flexor digitorum longus m. and was accompanied by two veins. In our series, the distance between the lowest perforator and the medial malleolus ranged from 3.5 to 8.2 cm. The median was 6.75 cm, the 5th percentile 4 cm and the 95th percentile 8.1 cm. The mean distance of the perforator from the medial tibial border was 1.23 cm. The mean ratio between the distance of perforator from the medial malleolus and the total leg length was 21%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to all previous researches, our study has found more distal perforators from posterior tibial perforator artery. This fact may have important clinical consequences, because the anteromedial adipofascial flap would cover more distal soft tissue defects. Moreover, our data suggest some safety parameters to make the rising of a medial adipofascial leg flap safer in surgical practice.
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Pasubio 5, 07100, Sassari, Italy, abulla80@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bulla
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Campus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montella
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Casoli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061525:Perforator Flap; D012016:Reference Values; D016909:Tibial Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology*