title: Potential environmental implications of nano-enabled medical applications: critical review.
abstract: The application of nanotechnology and nanoscience for medical purposes is anticipated to make significant contributions to enhance human health in the coming decades. However, the possible future mass production and use of these medical innovations exhibiting novel and multifunctional properties will very likely lead to discharges into the environment giving rise to potentially new environmental hazards and risks. To date, the sources, the release form and environmental fate and exposure of nano-enabled medical products have not been investigated and little or no data exists, although there are a small number of currently approved medical applications and a number in clinical trials. This paper discusses the current technological and regulatory landscape and potential hazards and risks to the environment of nano-enabled medical products, data gaps and gives tentative suggestions relating to possible environmental hotspots.
authors.forename: Indrani
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Jamie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lead
mesh_terms: D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control; D058735:Environmental Policy; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D053758:Nanoparticles; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations