title: Systematic review of restraint interventions for challenging behaviour among persons with intellectual disabilities: focus on effectiveness in single-case experiments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article is the first in a two-part series: we focus on the effectiveness of restraint interventions (RIs) for reducing challenging behaviour (CB) among persons with intellectual disabilities in this first article. In the second article, we focus on experiences with RIs for CB among people with intellectual disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed-methods research synthesis involving statistical meta-analysis and qualitative meta-synthesis techniques was applied to synthesize 76 retrieved articles. This first article reports on the meta-analysis of 59 single-case experiments (SCEs) on effectiveness of RIs for CB among people with intellectual disabilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RIs reported on in the SCEs were on average highly effective in reducing CB for people with intellectual disabilities, and this reduction in CB was statistically significant. However, the effects vary significantly over the included participants, and the published data and reported outcomes are rather unrepresentative of the everyday use of RIs among persons with intellectual disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heyvaert
authors.forename: Lore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saenen
authors.forename: Bea
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onghena
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D032763:Behavior Control / Q000379:methods*; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: challenging behaviour; hierarchical linear model; meta-analysis; problem behaviour; restraint; single-case studies