title: A multi-biomarker assessment of single and combined effects of norfloxacin and sulfamethoxazole on male goldfish (Carassius auratus).
abstract: In the present study, the sublethal effects of norfloxacin alone and in combination with sulfamethoxazole in goldfish (Carassius auratus) were investigated, the biomarkers including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxides dismutase (SOD) activities in liver, vitellogenin (Vtg) in serum and DNA damage in gonad were determined after 1, 2, 4 and 7 days of exposure. Brain AChE activity was significantly inhibited by norfloxacin (≥0.4 mg/L) after 4 and 7 days and the mixtures with sulfamethoxazole (≥0.24 mg/L) after 4 days of exposure, and significant concentration-response relationships were obtained. Liver EROD, GST and SOD activities were significantly increased by the individual and mixed pharmaceuticals in most cases and exhibited analogously bell-shaped concentration-response curves. Serum Vtg was increased by the highest concentration of norfloxacin and two higher concentrations of the mixtures. Higher concentrations of the test antibiotics induced significant DNA damage in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The results indicated that selected antibiotics possesses cytotoxic and genotoxic potential against the non-target organism C. auratus.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianchao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China. Electronic address: ghlu@hhu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Donghai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000097:blood; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000502:physiology*; D006066:Gonads / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009643:Norfloxacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000633:toxicity*; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014819:Vitellogenins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D009643:Norfloxacin
keywords: Antibiotic; Biomarker; Carassius auratus