title: Methyl methacrylate levels in orthopedic surgery: comparison of two conventional vacuum mixing systems.
abstract: Poly-methyl methacrylate bone cements contain methyl methacrylate (MMA), which is known for its sensitizing and toxic properties. Therefore, in most European countries and in the USA, guidelines or regulations exist for occupational exposures. The use of vacuum mixing systems can significantly reduce airborne MMA concentrations during bone setting. Our goal was to test two commonly used vacuum mixing systems (Palamix(®) and Optivac(®)) using Palacos(®) R bone cement for their effectiveness at preventing MMA vapor release in a series of standardized trials in a laboratory as well as in an operating theatre. MMA was quantified every second over a period of 3 min using a photoionization detector (MiniRAE(®) 3000) device positioned in the breathing area of the user. Significant differences in MMA mean vapor concentrations over 180 s were observed in the two experimental spaces, with the highest mean concentrations (7.61 and 7.98 ppm for Palamix(®) and Optivac(®), respectively) observed in a laboratory with nine air changes per hour and the lowest average concentrations (1.06 and 1.12 ppm for Palamix(®) and Optivac(®), respectively) in an operating theatre with laminar flow ventilation and 22 air changes per hour. No significant differences in overall MMA concentrations were found between the two vacuum mixing systems in either location. Though, differences were found between both systems during single mixing phases. Thus, typical handling of MMA in orthopedic procedures must be seen as not harmful as concentrations do not reach the short-term exposure limit of 100 ppm. Additionally, laminar airflow seems to have an influence on lowering MMA concentrations in operation theatres.
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Traumatology, Hospital Wels-Grieskirchen, Grieskirchner Straße 42, 4600 Wels, Austria.
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jelecevic
authors.forename: Stanislaw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maidanjuk
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leithner
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Loewe
authors.forename: Klaus-Dieter
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Kuehn
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009873:Operating Rooms; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D020711:Threshold Limit Values; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate
keywords: bone cement; mean exposure level; methyl methacrylate; poly-methyl methacrylate