title: TAIL-seq: genome-wide determination of poly(A) tail length and 3' end modifications.
abstract: Global investigation of the 3' extremity of mRNA (3'-terminome), despite its importance in gene regulation, has not been feasible due to technical challenges associated with homopolymeric sequences and relative paucity of mRNA. We here develop a method, TAIL-seq, to sequence the very end of mRNA molecules. TAIL-seq allows us to measure poly(A) tail length at the genomic scale. Median poly(A) length is 50-100 nt in HeLa and NIH 3T3 cells. Poly(A) length correlates with mRNA half-life, but not with translational efficiency. Surprisingly, we discover widespread uridylation and guanylation at the downstream of poly(A) tail. The U tails are generally attached to short poly(A) tails (<25 nt), while the G tails are found mainly on longer poly(A) tails (>40 nt), implicating their generic roles in mRNA stability control. TAIL-seq is a potent tool to dissect dynamic control of mRNA turnover and translational control, and to discover unforeseen features of RNA cleavage and tailing.
authors.affiliation: Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeshik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
authors.forename: Jaechul
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
authors.forename: Minju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea. Electronic address: narrykim@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: V Narry
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016678:Genome; D006147:Guanine / Q000378:metabolism; D006207:Half-Life; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D026723:Polyadenylation; D020871:RNA Stability; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014529:Uridine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D035683:MicroRNAs; D006147:Guanine; D014529:Uridine