title: Temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral amygdala enlargement: morphometric MR analysis with clinical and pathological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Amygdala enlargement (AE) has been reported as an epileptogenic focus in subtypes of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical, morphological, and pathological characteristics of AE.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data and imaging findings of 23 TLE patients with ipsilateral AE. We performed morphological MR analyses using FreeSurfer and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in 14 of the 23 patients and in 20 controls whose images were obtained by a 3.0-Tesla MRI. A pathological study was also performed in 2 patients who underwent operations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients became seizure free or shSowed dramatic improvement by medical therapy except for two. They received operations and their pathology revealed that both patients had cortical dysplasia in from the amygdala to the ipsilateral temporal pole. The FreeSurfer analysis showed a significant difference in the amygdala volumes between the affected and nonaffected sides. VBM revealed significant increases of gray matter volumes of the temporal pole on the side of AE in seven of the 14 patients with AE (50%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cortical dysplasia may be one of the pathological diagnoses in AE, and in some patients it may extend to the temporal pole.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.|Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimiteru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouhei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamiya
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Disorders, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Imaging Neuroinformatics Analysis Section, Department of Imaging Neuroinformatics, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maikusa
authors.affiliation: Imaging Neuroinformatics Analysis Section, Department of Imaging Neuroinformatics, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideharu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amygdala enlargement; FreeSurfer; focal cortical dysplasia; temporal pole; voxel-based morphometry