title: Headache and facial pain: differential diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: Headaches affect 90% of the population sometime during their life. Most are benign and fleeting, some are serious and life-threatening, and others require ongoing medical consultation and treatment. A careful history and physical is necessary to establish a differential diagnosis and to guide the choice of testing to make an accurate diagnosis. The most common types of headaches are discussed in this review. They are divided into primary and secondary headache disorders as classified by the International Headache Society. Primary headache disorders include migraine without and with aura, cluster and tension-type headaches. Secondary headaches are those that occur as a result of some other disorder and include brain tumors, rhinosinusitis, diseases of intracranial and extracranial vasculature, and temporomandibular joint disease.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Medicine, Director of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics and Public Health, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Fla.
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Associate Editor for Headache, American Headache Society, Mount Royal, NJ.
authors.forename: Vincent T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Distinguished University Health Professor, Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics and Public Health, Director, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joy McCann Culverhouse Chair in Allergy and Immunology, Morsani University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Fla. Electronic address: rlockey@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lockey
mesh_terms: D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008576:Meningeal Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D014278:Trigeminal Nuclei / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Diagnosis; Migraine headache; Primary headache; Rhinitis; Rhinosinusitis; Secondary headache; Sinusitis; Temporomandibular joint; Tension-type headache; Treatment