title: The Impact of Hypotensive Epidural Anesthesia on Distal and Proximal Tissue Perfusion in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty.
abstract: Little data exists to detail the effect of hypotensive epidural anesthesia on differential tissue oxygenation changes above and below the level of neuraxial blockade. This study was designed to investigate tissue oxygenation in a clinical setting, using non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged 18 to 85 years scheduled to undergo primary total hip arthroplasty were enrolled. Muscle oxygenation saturation was measured above and below the level of neuraxial blockade (deltoid and vastus lateralis muscles). Other continuously recorded parameters included cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, invasive mean arterial blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation. Recordings of muscle oxygenation were compared over time separately for upper and lower extremity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10 patients were enrolled. We found an intermittent and significant unadjusted decline of mean muscle oxygenation saturation in the vastus lateralis muscle during first part of the surgery (nadir 2ndquintile: 71.0% vs. 63.3%, p<0.0001). This decline was followed by a return to baseline towards the end of the surgery (71.0% vs. 69.1%, p=0.3429). Mean muscle oxygenation saturation did not change for the same period of time in the deltoid muscle. When adjusting for covariates, the changes in muscle tissue oxygenation remained significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that muscle oxygenation saturation, a surrogate parameter for tissue perfusion, is decreased by hypotensive epidural anesthesia, but only within the functional limits of the neuraxial blockade. The etiology of these findings remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Danninger
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Ottokar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stundner
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stavros G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Memtsoudis