title: Adjective metaphors evoke negative meanings.
abstract: Previous metaphor studies have paid much attention to nominal metaphors and predicative metaphors, but little attention has been given to adjective metaphors. Although some studies have focused on adjective metaphors, they only examined differences in the acceptability of various types of adjective metaphors. This paper explores the cognitive effects evoked by adjective metaphors. Three psychological experiments revealed that (1) adjective metaphors, especially those modified by color adjectives, tend to evoke negative effect; (2) although the meanings of metaphors are basically affected by the meanings of their vehicles, when a vehicle has a neutral meaning, negative meanings are evoked most frequently for adjective metaphors compared to nominal and predicative metaphors; (3) negative meanings evoked by adjective metaphors are related to poeticness, and poetic metaphors evoke negative meanings more easily than less poetic metaphors. Our research sheds new light on studies of the use of metaphor, which is one of the most basic human cognitive abilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Utsumi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D019365:Metaphor; D008875:Middle Aged; D012660:Semantics; D055815:Young Adult