title: P-cresyl sulfate is a valuable predictor of clinical outcomes in pre-ESRD patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have reported p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) was related to endothelial dysfunction and adverse clinical effect. We investigate the adverse effects of PCS on clinical outcomes in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  72 predialysis patients were enrolled from a single medical center. Serum biochemistry data and PCS were measured. The clinical outcomes including cardiovascular event, all-cause mortality, and dialysis event were recorded during a 3-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting other independent variables, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed age (HR: 1.12, P = 0.01), cardiovascular disease history (HR: 6.28, P = 0.02), and PCS (HR: 1.12, P = 0.02) were independently associated with cardiovascular event; age (HR: 0.91, P < 0.01), serum albumin (HR: 0.03, P < 0.01), and PCS level (HR: 1.17, P < 0.01) reached significant correlation with dialysis event. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with higher serum p-cresyl sulfate (>6 mg/L) were significantly associated with cardiovascular and dialysis event (log rank P = 0.03, log rank P < 0.01, resp.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows serum PCS could be a valuable marker in predicting cardiovascular event and renal function progression in CKD patients without dialysis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung San North Road, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Jui
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung San North Road, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan ; Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan ; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 10608 Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Kuang
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan ; Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fang-Ju
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, 24205 New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Duen-Jen
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung San North Road, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Han-Hsiang
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsuan-Liang
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung San North Road, 10449 Taipei, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Taipei Medical University, 11043 Taipei, Taiwan ; Mackay Medical College, 25245 New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D003408:Cresols / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000097:blood*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003408:Cresols; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; C408690:4-cresol sulfate