title: Disinfection of water by adsorption combined with electrochemical treatment.
abstract: The disinfection performance of a unique process of adsorption combined with electrochemical treatment is evaluated. A flake graphite intercalation compound adsorbent was used, which is effective for the removal of organic contaminants and is amenable to anodic electrochemical regeneration. Adsorption of Escherichia coli on the graphite flake was followed by electrochemical treatment under a range of experimental conditions in a sequential batch reactor. The adsorption of E. coli cells was found to be a fast process and was capable of removing >99.98% of cells from solution after 5 min with a ca. 6.5-log10 reduction in E. coli concentration after 10 min. With electrochemical treatment the adsorbent could be reused, with no decrease in E. coli adsorption observed over five cycles. In the presence of chloride, >8.5-log10 reduction of E. coli concentration was achieved. Disinfection was found to be less effective in the absence of chloride. However, selection of appropriate operating conditions enabled effective disinfection in a chloride free system, reducing the potential for formation of disinfection by-products. The energy consumption required to achieve >8.5-log10 disinfection was 2-7 kWh m(-3).
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Arvia Technology Ltd., The Innovation Centre, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire WA4 4FS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Las Heras
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H M A
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.affiliation: Arvia Technology Ltd., The Innovation Centre, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire WA4 4FS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: edward.roberts@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: E P L
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D061249:Batch Cell Culture Techniques; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004560:Electricity; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine
keywords: Adsorption; Disinfection; Electrochemical regeneration; GIC; Graphite intercalation compound