title: PSA mass screening: is there enough evidence?
abstract: Prostate cancer plays an important role in widely understood aspects of men's health, and is becoming a growing problem in terms of public life. Prostate cancer is one of the most common neoplasms among men. Male patients can live with prostate cancer for a long time so it is important to offer appropriate males adequate diagnostic tools and treatments. Prostate cancer and PSA potentially represent a "pair" of a disease and an appropriate indicator to be used in mass screening, but regardless of that there is still active debate about it. Extensive use of PSA screening has modified epidemiology of the diseases. Randomized controlled studies provided sufficient results regarding a reduction in mortality through PSA mass screening, while all agreed on risks of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. New and accurate screening tools are necessary, along with adequate counseling and risk stratification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Urology Specialist - University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Granda of Urology Unit, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Urology Specialist - University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Granda of Urology Unit, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.affiliation: Urooncology Department, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Memorial Cancer Hospital, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sosnowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Urology Specialist - University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Granda unit Urologists, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo Guido
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Dell'orto
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Urology Specialist - University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Granda unit Urologists, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Albo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, USA.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.affiliation: Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, USA. University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, USA, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health, USA. University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, USA.
authors.forename: Vip
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Urology Centre O.L.V., Aalst, Belgium.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mottrie
keywords: PSA; prostate cancer; prostate cancer screening