title: Rhazes, a genius physician in the diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis in medical history.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocturnal enuresis has undoubtedly occurred since man's earliest days and the first references are found in the Ebers papyri of 1550 BC. The purpose of this study is to review of Rhazes opinion about diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis and compare his belief and clinical methods with modern medical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the review study we searched all available and reliable electronic and paper sources using appropriate keywords about the views of Rhazes, and compared them with recent medical evidence about diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal in medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings proved that Rhazes described the symptoms, signs, and the treatment of nocturnal enuresis in accordance with contemporary medicine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A review of opinion Rhazes and other ancient Islamic medical textbooks on nocturnal enuresis reveals that medical practice in those days was comparable to modern medicine yet avoiding the side effects that are commonly experienced with the modern medical approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Changizi Ashtiyani
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cyrus
authors.affiliation: Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tabatabayei
keywords: Medical History; Nocturnal Enuresis; Rhazes