title: Evaluation of occupational cold environments: field measurements and subjective analysis.
abstract: The present work is dedicated to the study of occupational cold environments in food distribution industrial units. Field measurements and a subjective assessment based on an individual questionnaire were considered. The survey was carried out in 5 Portuguese companies. The field measurements include 26 workplaces, while a sample of 160 responses was considered for the subjective assessment. In order to characterize the level of cold exposure, the Required Clothing Insulation Index (IREQ) was adopted. The IREQ index highlights that in the majority of the workplaces the clothing ensembles worn are inadequate, namely in the freezing chambers where the protection provided by clothing is always insufficient. The questionnaires results show that the food distribution sector is characterized by a female population (70.6%), by a young work force (60.7% are less than 35 yr old) and by a population with a medium-length professional career (80.1% in this occupation for less than 10 yr). The incidence of health effects which is higher among women, the distribution of protective clothing (50.0% of the workers indicate one garment) and the significant percentage of workers (>75%) that has more difficulties in performing the activity during the winter represent other important results of the present study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A Virgílio M
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Adélio R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.forename: António M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Raimundo
authors.forename: Divo A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Quintela
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011174:Portugal; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult