title: Reducing pain associated with arterial punctures for blood gas analysis.
abstract: Arterial punctures for arterial blood gases (ABGs) analysis are described as the most painful laboratory procedure and are performed without the benefit of pain management. This study originated from one nurse's concern about the level of pain her hospitalized patients endured when she drew their ABGs. A review of the literature found that ABG pain relief has not been studied in hospitalized patients. Therefore, this study explored the question "Can the pain of arterial blood gas draws be reduced through the use of infiltration with a local anesthetic agent?" This study compared the pain scores of 40 hospitalized patients who received either no intervention or one of three analgesic interventions (infiltration of 0.7 ml 1% lidocaine, 0.7 ml buffered 1% lidocaine, or 0.7 ml of bacteriostatic saline at the arterial puncture site). Results showed that, although lidocaine and buffered lidocaine are effective in reducing the pain associated with the arterial puncture, plain lidocaine was the only intervention in which the pain rating score for the overall experience was significantly diminished. This study is limited by partial randomization, small sample size, and patient duress; however, it provides a foundation for further nursing research that explores methods to reduce the pain associated with this very painful procedure. Future studies should be directed at larger, diverse populations, multiple operators, and comparison of interventions to topical analgesics and nonpharmacological measures.
authors.affiliation: OSF Saint Anthony Medical Center, Rockford, Illinois. Electronic address: linda.k.matheson@osfhealthcare.org.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.affiliation: OSF Saint Anthony Medical Center, Rockford, Illinois.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.affiliation: OSF Saint Anthony Medical Center, Rockford, Illinois.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000451:nursing; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000451:nursing*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine