title: TRIAD IV: Nationwide Survey of Medical Students' Understanding of Living Wills and DNR Orders.
abstract: Living wills are a form of advance directives that help to protect patient autonomy. They are frequently encountered in the conduct of medicine. Because of their impact on care, it is important to understand the adequacy of current medical school training in the preparation of physicians to interpret these directives.
  
  
  
  Between April and August 2011 of third and fourth year medical students participated in an internet survey involving the interpretation of living wills. The survey presented a standard living will as a "stand-alone," a standard living will with the addition an emergent clinical scenario and then variations of the standard living will that included a code status designation ("DNR," "Full Code," or "Comfort Care"). For each version/ scenario, respondents were asked to assign a code status and choose interventions based on the cases presented.
  
  
  
  Four hundred twenty-five students from medical schools throughout the country responded. The majority indicated they had received some form of advance directive training and understood the concept of code status and the term "DNR." Based on a stand-alone document, 15% of respondents correctly denoted "full code" as the appropriate code status; adding a clinical scenario yielded negligible improvement. When a code designation was added to the living will, correct code status responses ranged from 68% to 93%, whereas correct treatment decisions ranged from 18% to 78%. Previous training in advance directives had no impact on these results.
  
  
  
  Our data indicate that the majority of students failed to understand the key elements of a living will; adding a code status designations improved correct responses with the exception of the term DNR. Misunderstanding of advance directives is a nationwide problem and jeopardizes patient safety. Medical School ethics curricula need to be improved to ensure competency with respect to understanding advance directives.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Emergency Medicine, UPMC-Hamot, Chairman, UPMC- Hamot Physician Network, Governance Council; † Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine; and ‡Manager, Basic Science Research, UPMC Hamot, Erie, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Ferdinando L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Mirarchi
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cooney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016223:Advance Directives; D032882:Comprehension; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016224:Living Wills; D008297:Male; D061214:Patient Safety; D010820:Physicians; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D013337:Students, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires