title: Changes in cytokines in tears after endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy for primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We attempted to compare the cytokine composition of tears between primary acquired nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction and normal controls. We investigated the changes in cytokines in tears after endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients underwent endonasal DCR, with seven patients undergoing bilateral DCR, resulting in twenty-five DCRs in total. Eleven contralateral un-operated eyes were used as normal controls. Silicone stents were removed 3 months after surgery. Tear samples were collected from all eyes before surgery, and at 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months after surgery. The level of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the tears was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, and FGF-2 were significantly higher in eyes with NLD obstruction than controls before surgery (P=0.006, 0.018, 0.002, 0.048, and 0.039, respectively). Most inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, VEGF, and FGF-2) were higher in the tears of the DCR group compared with the controls during the postoperative follow-up, but then rapidly decreased to the level of the controls after removal of the silicone stent. The recurred eyes showed a higher level of TGF-β2 and FGF-2 in tears compared with the eyes that showed good surgical results (P<0.005 and <0.005, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tear levels of inflammatory cytokines were higher in eyes with NLD obstruction than controls. The changes in cytokine level during the postoperative period showed the importance of cytokine analysis in understanding wound healing after DCR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines