title: Poor long-term functional outcome after stroke among adults aged 18 to 50 years: Follow-Up of Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke Patients and Unelucidated Risk Factor Evaluation (FUTURE) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke in young adults has a dramatic effect on life; therefore, we investigated the long-term functional outcome after transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, or intracerebral hemorrhage in adults aged 18 to 50 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 722 young patients with first-ever stroke admitted between January 1, 1980, and November 1, 2010. Functional outcome was assessed by stroke subtype with the modified Rankin Scale and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow-up of 9.1 (SD, 8.2) years, 32.0% of all patients had a poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale, >2); for ischemic stroke, this was 36.5%, for intracerebral hemorrhage 49.3%, and for transient ischemic attack 16.8%. At follow-up, 10.8% of transient ischemic attack, 14.6% of ischemic stroke, and 18.2% of intracerebral hemorrhage patients had a poor outcome as assessed by Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (<8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ten years after ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage in young adults, 1 of 8 survivors is still dependent in daily life.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.E.S., R.M.A., N.A.M.M., L.C.A.R.-J., H.C.S., E.J.v.D., F.-E.d.L.); Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Hospital Tilburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands (N.E.S., P.L.M.d.K.); and Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (L.D.A.D.).
authors.forename: Nathalie E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Synhaeve
authors.forename: Renate M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arntz
authors.forename: Noortje A M
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Maaijwee
authors.forename: Loes C A
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rutten-Jacobs
authors.forename: Henny C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schoonderwaldt
authors.forename: Lucille D A
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Dorresteijn
authors.forename: Paul L M
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: de Kort
authors.forename: Ewoud J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Frank-Erik
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013995:Time; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: prognosis