title: cAMP signaling inhibits radiation-induced ATM phosphorylation leading to the augmentation of apoptosis in human lung cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase plays a central role in coordinating the cellular response to radiation-induced DNA damage. cAMP signaling regulates various cellular responses including metabolism and gene expression. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism through which cAMP signaling regulates ATM activation and cellular responses to ionizing radiation in lung cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung cancer cells were transfected with constitutively active stimulatory G protein (GαsQL), and irradiated with γ-rays. The phosphorylation of ATM and protein phosphatase 2A was analyzed by western blotting, and apoptosis was assessed by western blotting, flow cytometry, and TUNNEL staining. The promoter activity of NF-κB was determined by dual luciferase reporter assay. BALB/c mice were treated with forskolin to assess the effect in the lung tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient expression of GαsQL significantly inhibited radiation-induced ATM phosphorylation in H1299 human lung cancer cells. Treatment with okadaic acid or knock down of PP2A B56δ subunit abolished the inhibitory effect of Gαs on radiation-induced ATM phosphorylation. Expression of GαsQL increased phosphorylation of the B56δ and PP2A activity, and inhibition of PKA blocked Gαs-induced PP2A activation. GαsQL enhanced radiation-induced cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP and increased the number of early apoptotic cells. The radiation-induced apoptosis was increased by inhibition of NF-κB using PDTC or inhibition of ATM using KU55933 or siRNA against ATM. Pretreatment of BALB/c mice with forskolin stimulated phosphorylation of PP2A B56δ, inhibited the activation of ATM and NF-κB, and augmented radiation-induced apoptosis in the lung tissue. GαsQL expression decreased the nuclear levels of the p50 and p65 subunits and NF-κB-dependent activity after γ-ray irradiation in H1299 cells. Pretreatment with prostaglandin E2 or isoproterenol increased B56δ phosphorylation, decreased radiation-induced ATM phosphorylation and increased apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  cAMP signaling inhibits radiation-induced ATM activation by PKA-dependent activation of PP2A, and this signaling mechanism augments radiation-induced apoptosis by reducing ATM-dependent activation of NF-κB in lung cancer cells.
authors.forename: Eun-Ah
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Eui-Jun
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sahng-June
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. juhnn@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yong-Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Juhnn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D000242:Cyclic AMP; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2