title: Delayed childbearing: determining responsibilities for prime gamete quality.
abstract: Delayed parenting affects fertility in women and in men, and cryopreservation of oocytes and sperm is becoming the latest trend as a solution for those who want or need to postpone procreation, in an attempt to avoid the damage medical conditions or time itself produces in gametes. Although "social freezing" is considered legitimate, its ethical and social aspects are in need of an overdue medical, public and legal debate. Assisted reproduction and cryopreservation, in combination with womb outsourcing, have opened the door to biological ectogenesis and the subsequent question of whether delayed childbearing means we should formally separate procreation from sexual activity. This article briefly summarizes what cryotechniques are capable of presently and in the near future, to separate fact from fiction. It names the implications for and discusses the practically virgin subject of the underlying responsibilities of delayed parenting techniques towards the child-to-be-not only the unborn but also the not-yet-conceived child. Considering the medical, economic, legal and social consequences of these rapidly growing developments in reproduction, several reasons point at the need to formally separate procreation from sexual activity, specifying responsibilities in the first while respecting personal choice in the second.
authors.affiliation: Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, Spain. danplaton@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Campagne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D026688:Bioethical Issues; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000941:ethics; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D043762:Reproductive Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods