title: The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on experimentally induced heat pain.
abstract: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that can affect human pain perception. Placebo effects are present in most treatments and could therefore also interact with treatment effects in tDCS. The present study investigated whether short-term tDCS reduced heat pain intensity, stress, blood pressure and increased heat pain thresholds in healthy volunteers when controlling for placebo effects. Seventy-five (37 females) participants were randomized into three groups: (1) active tDCS group receiving anodal tDCS (2 mA) for 7 min to the primary motor cortex (M1), (2) placebo group receiving the tDCS electrode montage but only active tDCS stimulation for 30 s and (3) natural history group that got no tDCS montage but the same pain stimulation as the active tDCS and the placebo group. Heat pain was induced by a PC-controlled thermode attached to the left forearm. Pain intensity was significantly lower in the active tDCS group when examining change scores (pretest-posttest) for the 47 °C condition. The placebo group displayed lower pain compared with the natural history group, displaying a significant placebo effect. In the 43 and 45 °C conditions, the effect of tDCS could not be separated from placebo effects. The results revealed no effects on pain thresholds. There was a tendency that active tDCS reduced stress and systolic blood pressure, however, not significant. In sum, tDCS had an analgesic effect on high-intensity pain, but the effect of tDCS could not be separated from placebo effects for medium and low pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsö, Norway, per.aslaksen@uit.no.
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Aslaksen
authors.forename: Olena
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vasylenko
authors.forename: Asbjørn J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fagerlund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001703:Biophysics; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult