title: Assessment of state- and territorial-level preparedness capacity for serving deaf and hard-of-hearing populations in disasters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Substantial evidence exists that emergency preparedness and response efforts are not effectively reaching populations with functional and access needs, especially barriers related to literacy, language, culture, or disabilities. More than 36 million Americans are Deaf or hard of hearing (Deaf/HH). These groups experienced higher risks of injury, death, and property loss in recent disasters than the general public. We conducted a participatory research study to examine national recommendations on preparedness communication for the Deaf/HH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed whether previous recommendations regarding the Deaf/HH have been incorporated into state- and territorial-level emergency operations plans (EOPs), interviewed state- and territorial-level preparedness directors about capacity to serve the Deaf/HH, and proposed strategies to benefit Deaf/HH populations during emergencies. We analyzed 55 EOPs and 50 key informant (KI) interviews with state directors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five percent of EOPs mentioned vulnerable populations; however, only 31% specifically mentioned Deaf/HH populations in their plan. Study findings indicated significant relationships among the following factors: a state-level KI's familiarity with communication issues for the Deaf/HH, making relay calls (i.e., calls to services to relay communication between Deaf and hearing people), and whether the KI's department provides trainings about serving Deaf/HH populations in emergencies. We found significant associations between a state's percentage of Deaf/HH individuals and a KI's familiarity with Deaf/HH communication issues and provision by government of any disability services to Deaf/HH populations in emergencies. Further, we found significant relationships between KIs attending training on serving the Deaf/HH and familiarity with Deaf/HH communication issues, including how to make relay calls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides new knowledge that can help emergency agencies improve their preparedness training, planning, and capacity to serve Deaf/HH populations in emergencies.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Health Research for Action, Berkeley, CA.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ivey
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
authors.forename: Winston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dahrouge
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engelman
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neuhauser
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
authors.forename: Sidhanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurung
mesh_terms: D003144:Communication Barriers; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000379:methods; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities; D018635:Rescue Work / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce