title: Pharmacokinetic and safety analyses of tenofovir and tenofovir-emtricitabine vaginal tablets in pigtailed macaques.
abstract: Vaginal rapidly disintegrating tablets (RDTs) containing tenofovir (TFV) or TFV and emtricitabine (FTC) were evaluated for safety and pharmacokinetics in pigtailed macaques. Two separate animal groups (n = 4) received TFV (10 mg) or TFV-FTC (10 mg each) RDTs, administered near the cervix. A third group (n = 4) received 1 ml TFV gel. Blood plasma, vaginal tissue biopsy specimens, and vaginal fluids were collected before and after product application at 0, 0.5, 1, 4, and 24 h. A disintegration time of <30 min following vaginal application of the RDTs was noted, with negligible effects on local inflammatory cytokines, vaginal pH, and microflora. TFV pharmacokinetics were generally similar for both RDTs and gel, with peak median concentrations in vaginal tissues and vaginal secretions being on the order of 10(4) to 10(5) ng/g (147 to 571 μM) and 10(6) ng/g (12 to 34 mM), respectively, at 1 to 4 h postdose. At 24 h, however, TFV vaginal tissue levels were more sustained after RDT dosing, with median TFV concentrations being approximately 1 log higher than those with gel dosing. FTC pharmacokinetics after combination RDT dosing were similar to those of TFV, with peak median vaginal tissue and fluid levels being on the order of 10(4) ng/g (374 μM) and 10(6) ng/g (32 mM), respectively, at 1 h postdose with levels in fluid remaining high at 24 h. RDTs are a promising alternative vaginal dosage form, delivering TFV and/or FTC at levels that would be considered inhibitory to simian-human immunodeficiency virus in the macaque vaginal microenvironment over a 24-h period.
authors.affiliation: LifeSource BioMedical LLC, Moffet Field, California, USA.
authors.forename: Lara E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Meredith R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Friend
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McNicholl
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hendry
authors.forename: Gustavo F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Doncel
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000818:Animals; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D005260:Female; D008251:Macaca; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000068698:Tenofovir
chemical_list: D063065:Organophosphonates; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D000225:Adenine