title: The experience, expression, and control of anger following traumatic brain injury in a military sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on the experience and expression of anger in a military sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 661 military personnel with a history of TBI and 1204 military personnel with no history of TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, between-group design, using multivariate analysis of variance.
  
  
  METHODS
  State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with a history of TBI had higher scores on the STAXI-2 than controls and were 2 to 3 times more likely than the participants in the control group to have at least 1 clinically significant elevation on the STAXI-2. Results suggested that greater time since injury (ie, months between TBI and assessment) was associated with lower scores on the STAXI-2 State Anger scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the results do not take into account confounding psychiatric conditions and cannot address causality, they suggest that a history of TBI increases the risk of problems with the experience, expression, and control of anger. This bolsters the need for proper assessment of anger when evaluating TBI in a military cohort.
authors.affiliation: Defense and Veteran's Brain Injury Center, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, and The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland (Drs Bailie and Boyd); The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. and the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Washington, District of Columbia (Ms Ivins); Defense and Veteran's Brain Injury Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Cole); Department of Traumatic Brain Injury Womack Army Medical Center and Defense and Veteran's Brain Injury Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina (Dr Lewis); Rehabilitation Medicine, United States Navy, and Defense and Veteran's Brain Injury Center, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California (Dr Neff); and Epidemiology & Research Support Services, Defense and Veteran's Brain Injury Center, Washington, District of Columbia (Dr Schwab).
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bailie
authors.forename: Wesley R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ivins
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neff
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D055815:Young Adult