title: Fifty million years of herbivory on coral reefs: fossils, fish and functional innovations.
abstract: The evolution of ecological processes on coral reefs was examined based on Eocene fossil fishes from Monte Bolca, Italy and extant species from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Using ecologically relevant morphological metrics, we investigated the evolution of herbivory in surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) and rabbitfishes (Siganidae). Eocene and Recent surgeonfishes showed remarkable similarities, with grazers, browsers and even specialized, long-snouted forms having Eocene analogues. These long-snouted Eocene species were probably pair-forming, crevice-feeding forms like their Recent counterparts. Although Eocene surgeonfishes likely played a critical role as herbivores during the origins of modern coral reefs, they lacked the novel morphologies seen in modern Acanthurus and Siganus (including eyes positioned high above their low-set mouths). Today, these forms dominate coral reefs in both abundance and species richness and are associated with feeding on shallow, exposed algal turfs. The radiation of these new forms, and their expansion into new habitats in the Oligocene-Miocene, reflects the second phase in the development of fish herbivory on coral reefs that is closely associated with the exploitation of highly productive short algal turfs.
authors.affiliation: School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bellwood
authors.forename: C H R
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Goatley
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brandl
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bellwood
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D057894:Coral Reefs; D005580:Fossils; D060434:Herbivory / Q000502:physiology*; D007558:Italy; D010473:Perciformes / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Acanthuridae; coral reef; ecological processes; evolution; herbivory; surgeonfish