title: Protective role of hydrogen-rich water on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of the hydrogen-rich water (HRW) in the prevention of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male rats were allocated into four groups: normal control group, HRW group, aspirin group, and HRW plus aspirin group. The protective efficacy was tested by determining the gastric mucosal damage score. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin (IL)-06 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in gastric tissues were evaluated. The serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were also detected. Histopathology of gastric tissues and localization of Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) were detected using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with HRW obviously reduced aspirin-induced gastric damage scores (4.04 ± 0.492 vs 2.10 ± 0.437, P < 0.05). The oxidative stress levels of MDA and MPO in the gastric tissues increased significantly in the aspirin-treated group compared with the HRW group (2.43 ± 0.145 vs 1.79 ± 0.116 nmol/mg prot, P < 0.05 and 2.53 ± 0.238 vs 1.40 ± 0.208 U/g tissue, P < 0.05, respectively). HRW could obviously elevated the SOD levels in the gastric tissues (37.94 ± 8.44 vs 59.55 ± 9.02 nmol/mg prot, P < 0.05). Pretreatment with HRW significantly reduced IL-06 and TNF-α in the gastric tissues (46.65 ± 5.50 vs 32.15 ± 4.83 pg/mg, P < 0.05 and 1305.08 ± 101.23 vs 855.96 ± 93.22 pg/mg, P < 0.05), and IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum (505.38 ± 32.97 vs 343.37 ± 25.09 pg/mL, P < 0.05 and 264.53 ± 28.63 vs 114.96 ± 21.79 pg/mL, P < 0.05) compared to treatment with aspirin alone. HRW could significantly decrease the COX-2 expression in the gastric tissues (staining score: 8.4 ± 2.1 vs 2.9 ± 1.5, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRW pretreatment alleviated the aspirin-induced gastric lesions by inhibiting the oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction and reducing the COX-2 in the gastric tissues.
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Yao
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Qi-Fei
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Si-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Sen
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Hu-Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Jing-Yao Zhang, Yong Wan, Si-Dong Song, Jia Xu, Xin-Sen Xu, Hu-Lin Chang, Ming-Hui Tai, Chang Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014867:Water; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006859:Hydrogen; D009195:Peroxidase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001241:Aspirin
keywords: Aspirin; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cytokines; Gastric lesion; Hydrogen; Oxidative stress