title: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: an update.
abstract: Patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular and chronic renal disease. Factors involved in the pathogenesis of both hypertension and type 2 diabetes include inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired insulin-mediated vasodilatation, augmented sympathetic nervous system activation, altered innate and adaptive immunity, and abnormal sodium processing by the kidney. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade is a key therapeutic strategy in the treatment of hypertension in type 2 diabetes. Emerging therapies for resistant hypertension as often exists in patients with diabetes, include renal denervation and carotid body denervation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lastra
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
authors.forename: L Romayne
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kurukulasuriya
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manrique
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA. Electronic address: sowersj@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sowers
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Chronic kidney disease; Diabetes; Hypertension; Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; Sympathetic nervous system