title: The effects of monochromatic illumination on early eye development in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Influence of longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) on emmetropization during early eye development has not been studied in primates. We investigated the effects of quasi-monochromatic lighting on refractive development and eye growth in rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infant rhesus monkeys were raised under one of three lighting conditions for 51 weeks: quasi-monochromatic blue light (peak 455 nm), red light (peak 610 nm), and white light (color temperature 5000 K). All animals underwent biometric measurements using cycloplegic streak retinoscope, keratometry, and A-scan ultrasonography for refraction, corneal power, and axial components, respectively, at designated time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 51st week, the mean difference in refraction of the white light and blue light groups, compared with that of the red light group, reached 1.71 diopters (D) and 1.43 D, respectively (both P < 0.001). Two monkeys in the red light group developed myopia at the 16th week, whereas the other seven remained hyperopic throughout the experiment. No significant difference in mean refraction was observed between the blue light group and white light group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Illumination from long-wavelength light during early life could be a risk factor for the development of myopia in a small proportion of rhesus monkeys that are sensitive to L-cone stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ji C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xing-Tao
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jin-Hui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Xiao-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ren-Yuan
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D055253:Color Vision / Q000502:physiology*; D005123:Eye / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: color vision; emmetropization; longitudinal chromatic aberration; myopia development; rhesus monkey