title: The worm turns: trematodes steering the course of co-infections.
abstract: A reductionist approach to the study of infection does not lend itself to an appraisal of the interactions that occur between 2 or more organisms that infect a host simultaneously. In reality, hosts are subject to multiple simultaneous influences from multiple pathogens along the spectrum from symbiotic microflora to virulent pathogen. In this review, we draw from our own work on Fasciola hepatica and that of others studying helminth co-infection to give examples of how such interactions can influence not only the outcome of infection but also its diagnosis and control. The new tools of systems biology, including both the "omics" approaches and mathematical biology, have significant promise in unraveling the as yet largely unexplored complexities of co-infection.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. Email: Grace.mulcahy@ucd.ie.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garza-Cuartero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia-Campos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zintl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chryssafidis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekiya
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mulcahy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D060085:Coinfection; D005210:Fasciola hepatica / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota; D049490:Systems Biology; D014200:Trematoda / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: cattle; co-infection; helminth; immunoregulation; trematodes