title: Evidence of oxidative stress in wild freshwater mussels (Lasmigona costata) exposed to urban-derived contaminants.
abstract: The physiological effect of complex mixtures of anthropogenic contaminants on aquatic organisms is not well understood. This study employed a suite of sub-cellular biomarkers and general health measurements to assess the effect of urban-derived contaminants on wild freshwater mussels. Adult Lasmigona costata were collected from four sites in the Grand River (ON, Canada) that receive incremental amounts of municipal wastewater effluents and road runoff. Biomarkers of metal exposure, oxidative stress, and general health were examined in the gills of wild mussels. Concentrations of nine metals as well as the metal-binding protein, metallothionein (MT), were significantly higher (p<0.05) in mussels living downstream of the urban area. For example the concentrations of Pb, Cr and Zn were five-fold, and Ag more than 20 fold higher in mussels collected downstream of 11 municipal wastewater treatment plants and four cities compared to levels in upstream mussels. Downstream mussels showed evidence of oxidative stress, such that lipid peroxidation (LPO) (as thiobarbiturate reactive substances) was significantly elevated and the antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) was significantly decreased (p<0.01) in downstream mussels compared to upstream mussels. Regarding general health indicators, although gill lipid concentrations were similar across sites, protein concentration was significantly (p<0.001) higher in mussels collected from the upstream reference site compared to all downstream sites. The trends observed indicate that there are physiological effects in mussels associated with chronic exposure to complex urban inputs and that some biomarkers respond to municipal wastewater effluent and road runoff exposure in a cumulative manner. The observed oxidative stress response (ACAP) along with the elevation in MT, suggest that even though the defense mechanisms in the chronically exposed mussels have been activated, there is still an excess of reactive oxygen species that result in oxidative damage. The physiological effects of exposure reported in this study correspond with previously reported whole-organism impacts and declines in freshwater mussel populations in the urban-impacted region of this watershed.
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R-4A6. Electronic address: patty.gillis@ec.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Gillis
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R-4A6; Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Electronic address: sarah.higgins.13@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: maribj2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marianna B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Jorge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects*; D002170:Canada; D005618:Fresh Water; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000032:analysis*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D014505:Urban Population; D062065:Wastewater / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008668:Metallothionein; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biomarkers; Freshwater mussels; Metal bioaccumulation; Municipal wastewater effluents; Oxidative stress; Urban river