title: An international collaborative study to determine the prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia by monoclonal antibody-based cELISA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few serological tests are available for detecting antibodies against Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, the causal agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). The complement fixation test, the test prescribed for international trade purposes, uses a crude antigen that cross-reacts with all the other mycoplasma species of the "mycoides cluster" frequently infecting goat herds. The lack of a more specific test has been a real obstacle to the evaluation of the prevalence and economic impact of CCPP worldwide. A new competitive ELISA kit for CCPP, based on a previous blocking ELISA, was formatted at CIRAD and used to evaluate the prevalence of CCPP in some regions of Kenya, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Tajikistan and Pakistan in an international collaborative study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strict specificity of the test was confirmed in CCPP-free goat herds exposed to other mycoplasma species of the "mycoides cluster". Prevalence studies were performed across the enzootic range of the disease in Africa and Asia. Seroprevalence was estimated at 14.6% in the Afar region of Ethiopia, whereas all the herds presented for CCPP vaccination in Kenya tested positive (individual seroprevalence varied from 6 to 90% within each herd). In Mauritius, where CCPP emerged in 2009, nine of 62 herds tested positive. In Central Asia, where the disease was confirmed only recently, no positive animals were detected in the Wakhan District of Afghanistan or across the border in neighboring areas of Tajikistan, whereas seroprevalence varied between 2.7% and 44.2% in the other districts investigated and in northern Pakistan. The test was also used to monitor seroconversion in vaccinated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This newly formatted CCPP cELISA kit has retained the high specificity of the original kit. It can therefore be used to evaluate the prevalence of CCPP in countries or regions without vaccination programs. It could also be used to monitor the efficacy of vaccination campaigns as high-quality vaccines induce high rates of seroconversion.
authors.forename: Armelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peyraud
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poumarat
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tardy
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manso-Silván
authors.forename: Karomatullo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamroev
authors.forename: Tillo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tilloev
authors.forename: Mullojon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amirbekov
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tounkara
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bodjo
authors.forename: Hezron
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wesonga
authors.forename: Isabel Gacheri
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Nkando
authors.forename: Shiferaw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jenberie
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yami
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.forename: Deodass
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meenowa
authors.forename: Mahmad Reshad
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jaumally
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yaqub
authors.forename: Muhammad Zubair
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Shabbir
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
authors.forename: Mohibullah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halimi
authors.forename: Ghulam Mohammad
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ziay
authors.forename: Willy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schauwers
authors.forename: Hafizullah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noori
authors.forename: Ali Madad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rajabi
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
authors.affiliation: Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) UMR CMAEE, Montpellier F-34398, France. francois.thiaucourt@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thiaucourt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D014943:Global Health; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006041:Goats; D038622:Internationality; D045623:Mycoplasma capricolum; D011001:Pleuropneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011002:Pleuropneumonia, Contagious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines