title: GOLPH3 is a novel marker of poor prognosis and a potential therapeutic target in human renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) has been reported to be involved in the development of several human cancers. The present study was conducted to investigate the expression of GOLPH3 and its prognostic significance in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Meanwhile, the function of GOLPH3 in human RCC was further investigated in cell culture models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of GOLPH3 was examined in 43 fresh RCC tissues and paired adjacent normal renal tissues by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. Immunohistochemistry for GOLPH3 was performed on additional 218 RCC tissues. The clinical significance of GOLPH3 expression was analysed. Downregulation of GOLPH3 was performed using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) in Caki-1 and 786-O cells with high abundance of GOLPH3, and the effects of GOLPH3 silencing on cell proliferation, migration, invasion in vitro, and tumour growth in vivo were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of GOLPH3 was upregulated in the majority of the RCC clinical tissue specimens at both mRNA and protein levels. Clinicopathological analysis showed that GOLPH3 expression was significantly correlated with T stage (P<0.001), lymph-node status (P=0.003), distant metastasis (P<0.001), tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P<0.001), and Fuhman grade (P=0.001). Expression of GOLPH3 was inversely correlated with both overall and recurrence-free survival of RCC patients. Multivariate analysis showed that GOLPH3 expression was an independent prognostic indicator for patient's survival. Knockdown of the GOLPH3 expression reduced cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration, invasion, and tumour growth in xenograft model mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that GOLPH3 expression is likely to have important roles in RCC development and progression, and that GOLPH3 is a prognostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Graduate School, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qing Nian Road, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Graduate School, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C429024:GOLPH3 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger