title: Effect of lupine as cheese base substitution on technological and nutritional properties of processed cheese analogue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthy foods have been met with marked success in the last two decades. Lupine flours, protein concentrates, and isolates can be applied as a substance for enriching different kinds of food systems such as bakery products, lupine pasta, ice cream, milk substitutes. Imitation processed cheese is made from mixtures of dairy and/or non dairy proteins and fat/oils and is variously labeled analogue, artificial, extruded, synthetic and/or filled. Processed cheese can be formulated using different types of cheese with different degree of maturation, flavorings, emulsifying, salts, and/or several ingredients of non-dairy components. Non-dairy ingredients have been used in processed cheese for many dietary and economic reasons. In this study, lupine paste was used to substitute 25, 50, 75 and 100% of cheese in base formula of processed cheese analogue (PCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Matured Ras cheese (3 months old) was manufactured using fresh cow milk. Soft cheese curd was manufactured using fresh buffalo skim milk. Emulsifying salts S9s and Unsalted butter were used. Lupine termis paste was prepared by soaking the seeds in tap water for week with changing the water daily, and then boiled in water for 2 hrs, cooled and peeled. The peeled seeds were minced, blended to get very fine paste and kept frozen until used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lupine paste was used to substitute 25, 50, 75 and 100% of cheese in base formula of processed cheese analogue (PCA). The obtained PCA were analysed when fresh and during storage up to 3 months at 5±2°C for chemical composition, physical and sensory properties. The histopathological effect of lupines on alloxan diabetic albino rats and nutritional parameters were also investigated. Incorporation of lupine paste in PCA increased the ash and protein contents while meltability and penetration values of resultant products were decreased. Adding lupine in PSA formula had relatively increased the oil index and firmness of products. Feeding rats a balanced diet containing processed cheese enriched with lupine showed marked improvements in islets structure and lowered blood glucose compared to rats fed on basil diet (negative group). Springiness was greatly reduced with increasing the added ratio of lupine in the formula of cheese. All processed cheese produced were sensory acceptable but an overall acceptability was lowered by incorporating lupine in PCA formula. Body and texture score of PCA was the mostly affected by increasing lupine ratio in formula without significant difference up to 50% substitution of cheese base.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science Department, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Khaima, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Rezik Azab
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Wafaa Mohammed
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science Department, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Khaima, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Azza Mahmoud
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Farahat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D031297:Lupinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D009753:Nutritive Value; D051381:Rats; D013649:Taste