title: Buprenorphine versus tramadol as perineural adjuvants for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair under middle interscalene block: a retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this retrospective study was to compare buprenorphine and tramadol, in order to assess their different efficacy in prolonging postoperative analgesia and their associated side effects when used as perineural adjuvants with a local anesthetic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical records of 161 consecutive ASA 1-2 adult patients scheduled for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria were reviewed retrospectively. The anaesthesia was performed using the middle interscalene block (MIB). The 161 patients were divided into three groups (A, B, T) according to their utilization of buprenorphine (B), tramadol (T) or neither of the latter (A) as perineural adjuvants: group A (54 patients) - levobupivacaine 0.75%, 0.4 mL/kg; group B (56 patients) - levobupivacaine 0.75%, 0.4 mL/kg + 0.15 mg buprenorphine; group T (51 patients) - levobupivacaine 0.75%, 0.4 mL/kg + 100 mg tramadol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the group treated with buprenorphine benefited from a longer post-operative analgesia than that treated with local anesthetic alone (P<0.0001). Otherwise, a less evident not statistically significant (P=0.4825) difference turned out between the group treated with the anesthetic alone and the group treated with tramadol as adjuvant. No difference turned out to be between the local anesthetic alone treatment and the tramadol-local anesthetic one (P=0.4825; HR=0.863, 95% CI 0.574-1.299); on the contrary, a significant difference was demonstrated between the buprenophine-local anesthetic group and the local anesthetic alone one (P<0.0001; HR=0.330, 95% CI 0.216-0.530) CONCLUSION: Both buprenorphine and tramadol are effective as perineural adjuvants used in order to prolong the postoperative analgesia, buprenorphine proving more efficacious for this purpose than tramadol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, S. Camillo Clinic, Brescia, Italy - fernando@alemannobpb.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alemanno
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Westermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bettoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Candiani
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Cesana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014147:Tramadol; D002047:Buprenorphine