title: The phytotherapeutic agent, eviprostat, suppresses stromal proliferation and inflammation even after establishment of nonbacterial prostatitis in the rat prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of phytotherapeutic agent, Eviprostat, administered after the establishment of nonbacterial prostatitis (NBP) on the stroma-to-epithelium ratio (S/E ratio), inflammatory scores, tissue macrophage infiltration, and cytokines and chemokines levels in prostate tissue and urine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten-month-old male Wistar rats were castrated and exposed to 17-beta-isomer of estradiol for 30 days to induce NBP. Twenty-five NBP rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) NBP (0) rats sacrificed immediately after the establishment of NBP; (2,3) NBP (30)/control (CTL) and NBP (30)/Eviprostat (EVI) rats fed without or with 0.1% Eviprostat under estradiol-free for 30 days, respectively; and (4,5) NBP (60)/CTL and NBP (60)/EVI rats fed without or with 0.1% Eviprostat under estradiol-free for 60 days, respectively. The S/E ratio, inflammatory scores, and the number of macrophage infiltration in the prostate were assessed. Concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in prostatic tissue and urine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The S/E ratio was significantly increased with time until 60 days under estradiol-free condition (P <.001). The S/E ratio and the inflammatory scores in NBP (60)/EVI was significantly lower than that of NBP (60)/CTL (P <.001, and P = .022, respectively). The mean tissue concentration of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in NBP (60)/CTL was significantly higher than that in NBP (0) (P = .016), whereas, there was no difference between NBP (60)/EVI and NBP (0). Furthermore, urinary CCL2/MCP-1 was significantly decreased in NBP (60)/EVI as compared with NBP (0) (P = .028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eviprostat suppresses the stromal proliferation and inflammation in the rat prostate after the establishment of NBP at least partly owing to inhibitory effect on CCL2/MCP-1 production in the prostate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobufumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Reiji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haba
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan. Electronic address: kakehi@med.kagawa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakehi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000378:metabolism; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol; D004979:Ethamsylate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D064804:Urological Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D018925:Chemokines; D004338:Drug Combinations; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010936:Plant Extracts; D064804:Urological Agents; D004979:Ethamsylate; D004958:Estradiol; C010152:eviprostat