title: Characterisation of novel α-keratin peptide markers for species identification in keratinous tissues using mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In ancient and/or damaged artefacts containing keratinous materials, the species of origin of the materials can be difficult to identify through visual examination; therefore, a minimally destructive methodology for species identification is required. While hair fibres from some species have seen substantial characterisation, others such as horn or baleen have received little or no attention, or lack protein sequences allowing formal identification using proteomics techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the PMF method (Peptide Mass Fingerprinting with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS)) to catalogue and identify diagnostic peptide markers up to the genus level. Sequences were checked using nanoflow liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC/ESI-MS/MS) and unidentified peptides were searched against a theoretical database generated by substituting amino acids in keratin sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific peptides were identified by m/z and sequences characterised whenever possible for a range of species belonging to Bovidae and Camelidae, and for tissues such as baleen and horn. The theoretical database allowed an increase in the number of peptides of up to 10% in species with little genetic information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A proteomics approach can successfully identify specific markers for the identification of materials to the genus level, and should be considered when identification by other means is not possible. Identification by PMF is fast, reliable and inexpensive.
authors.affiliation: BioArCh, Biology (S Block), Wentworth Way, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; Proteins and Biomaterials, AgResearch Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand; Smithsonian's Museum Conservation Institute, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD, 20746, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solazzo
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wadsley
authors.forename: Jolon M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clerens
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plowman
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World; D002162:Camelus; D002417:Cattle; D030562:Databases, Protein; D004285:Dogs; D006041:Goats; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006733:Horns / Q000737:chemistry; D007633:Keratins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D040901:Proteomics; D011817:Rabbits; D012756:Sheep; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014935:Wool / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins