title: Damage-associated molecular patterns stimulate interleukin-33 expression in nasal polyp epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a disorder characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and local T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine production. Innate lymphoid cells that elaborate Th2 cytokines have recently been characterized within nasal polyps. These cells can be activated by the epithelial cell-derived cytokine interleukin-33 (IL-33). The objective of this study is to determine whether 2 molecules associated with tissue damage (high mobility group box-1 [HMGB-1] and adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) elicit expression of IL-33 in sinonasal epithelial cells (SNECs) derived from recalcitrant CRSwNP patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethmoid tissue was obtained from 8 recalcitrant CRSwNP and 9 control subjects during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Tissue was prepared for immunohistochemistry and for SNEC air-liquid interface culture. After exposure to either HMGB1 or ATP in vitro, SNECs were processed for messenger RNA (mRNA) extraction and immunocytochemistry. IL-33 levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by immunochemical staining with anti-IL-33 antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intranuclear IL-33 is normally expressed in basal epithelial cells, but is present in more apical cells and outside the nucleus in CRSwNP. Exposure of SNECs to HMGB-1 or ATP resulted in a statistically significant increase in IL-33 mRNA expression in SNECs derived from recalcitrant CRSwNP patients. This increase was reflected at the protein level by immunochemical staining of IL-33.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue damage is a nonspecific trigger of epithelial IL-33 production in treatment-recalcitrant polyps, which may be responsible for perpetuating eosinophilic inflammation in CRSwNP. This common pathway may help explain why multiple environmental and infectious agents have been implicated in CRSwNP exacerbation.
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: Tatyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pozharskaya
authors.forename: Tomefa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asempa
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D024002:HMGB Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D024002:HMGB Proteins; C506536:IL33 protein, human; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007378:Interleukins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate