title: Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural pigment from annatto seeds by response surface methodology (RSM).
abstract: The present study reports on the extraction of natural pigment from annatto seeds. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Four independent variables including temperature (20-80°C), sonication time (2-10 min), duty cycle (0.2-0.8s) and the ratio of seeds to the solvent (5-20%) were studied. According to the results, the optimal UAE condition was obtained with a temperature of 72.7°C, extraction time of 7.25 min, the ratio of seed to solvent of 14% and duty cycle of 0.8s. At these conditions, extraction yield determined as 6.35% and the absorbance value as 0.865%. The experimental values under optimal condition were in good consistent with the predicted values, which suggested UAE is more efficient process as compared to conventional extraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address: Mahmud.yolmeh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yolmeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address: Habibi@ac.um.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Habibi Najafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address: Rfarhoosh@ac.um.ir.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Farhoosh
mesh_terms: D031212:Bixaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Annatto; Antioxidant; Optimisation; Response surface methodology; Ultrasound-assisted