title: Experimental characterisation of the thermal lesion induced by microwave ablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work focuses on the characterisation of the ablated area induced by a microwave thermal ablation (MTA) procedure. An experimental methodology for establishing a straightforward correlation between the temperature gradient and the changes in the dielectric properties of the tissue is presented and discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temperature measurements were performed during an ablation procedure in ex vivo bovine liver, at different distances from the antenna, whereas measurements of complex permittivity were conducted in sagittal sections of the ablated samples. The measured temperatures and dielectric properties were then correlated to obtain the dependence of the dielectric properties' spatial variation on the temperature gradient. The obtained correlation has been validated through comparison with previously obtained experimental data. A weighted cubic polynomial function and a weighted sigmoid function have been tested for best-fit interpolation of the measured data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temperatures in the range 23-105 °C were measured during the MTA procedure, while, after the end of the MTA trials, relative permittivities in the range 7-43 and electric conductivities in the range 0.3-1.8 S/m were measured according to the distance from the antenna's axis. The polynomial function showed better regression coefficients than the sigmoid one for both the relative permittivity (R(2 )= 0.9947 versus R(2 )= 0.9912, respectively) and the conductivity (R(2 )= 0.9919 versus R(2 )= 0.9866, respectively). However, the weighted cubic function showed an unrealistic behaviour for the relative permittivity at temperatures lower than 40 °C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results obtained, information on the changes in the dielectric properties of the tissue under MTA treatment could be inferred from measured temperature data. Once validated by in vivo studies, the proposed methodology could be exploited to develop predictive tools for treatment planning.
authors.affiliation: Technical Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Casaccia Research Centre, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) , Rome , Italy and.
authors.forename: Vanni
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lopresto
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavagnaro
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008099:Liver / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000601:surgery; D008872:Microwaves; D008962:Models, Theoretical