title: The general composition of the faecal virome of pigs depends on age, but not on feeding with a probiotic bacterium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pig faecal virome, which comprises the community of viruses present in pig faeces, is complex and consists of pig viruses, bacteriophages, transiently passaged plant viruses and other minor virus species. Only little is known about factors influencing its general composition. Here, the effect of the probiotic bacterium Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) NCIMB 10415 on the pig faecal virome composition was analysed in a pig feeding trial with sows and their piglets, which received either the probiotic bacterium or not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 8 pooled faecal samples derived from the feeding trial, DNA and RNA virus particles were prepared and subjected to process-controlled Next Generation Sequencing resulting in 390,650 sequence reads. In average, 14% of the reads showed significant sequence identities to known viruses. The percentage of detected mammalian virus sequences was highest (55-77%) in the samples of the youngest piglets and lowest (8-10%) in the samples of the sows. In contrast, the percentage of bacteriophage sequences increased from 22-44% in the youngest piglets to approximately 90% in the sows. The dominating mammalian viruses differed remarkably among 12 day-old piglets (kobuvirus), 54 day-old piglets (boca-, dependo- and pig stool-associated small circular DNA virus [PigSCV]) and the sows (PigSCV, circovirus and "circovirus-like" viruses CB-A and RW-A). In addition, the Shannon index, which reflects the diversity of sequences present in a sample, was generally higher for the sows as compared to the piglets. No consistent differences in the virome composition could be identified between the viromes of the probiotic bacterium-treated group and the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis indicates that the pig faecal virome shows a high variability and that its general composition is mainly dependent on the age of the pigs. Changes caused by feeding with the probiotic bacterium E. faecium could not be demonstrated using the applied metagenomics method.
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sachsenröder
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Twardziok
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheuch
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Reimar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johne
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001419:Bacteria; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral