title: Individual differences and age-related changes in divergent thinking in toddlers and preschoolers.
abstract: Divergent thinking shows the ability to search for new ideas, which is an important factor contributing to innovation and problem solving. Current divergent thinking tests allow researchers to study children's divergent thinking from the age of 3 years on. This article presents the first measure of divergent thinking that can be used with children as young as 2 years. The Unusual Box test is a nonverbal and nonimitative test in which children play individually with a novel toy and novel objects. Divergent thinking is scored as the number of different actions performed. Study 1 shows that the Unusual Box test is a valid measure of divergent thinking as it correlates with standard measures of divergent thinking in 3- and 4-year-olds. Study 2 indicates that the test can be used with 2-year-olds, as it shows high test-retest reliability, demonstrating that 2-year-olds can think divergently. Across both studies, individual differences and age-related changes were found, indicating that some children are better at divergent thinking than others and that children's divergent thinking increases with age. This test will allow researchers to gain insight into the early emergence of divergent thinking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bijvoet-van den Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoicka
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003405:Creativity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*