title: The role of regulatory T-cells in glioma immunology.
abstract: Despite recent advances in treatment, the prognosis for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains poor. The lack of response to treatment in GBM patients may be attributed to the immunosuppressed microenvironment that is characteristic of invasive glioma. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive T-cells that normally prevent autoimmunity when the human immune response is evoked; however, there have been strong correlations between glioma-induced immunosuppression and Tregs. In fact, induction of Treg activity has been correlated with glioma development in both murine models and patients. While the exact mechanisms by which regulatory T-cells function require further elucidation, various cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TFG-β) have been implicated in these processes and are currently under investigation. In addition, hypoxia is characteristic of tumor development and is also correlated with downstream induction of Tregs. Due to the poor prognosis associated with immunosuppression in glioma patients, Tregs remain a promising area for immunotherapeutic research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Yinn Cher
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Nolan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ung
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thill
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Brendan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA. Electronic address: iyang@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000276:immunology; D005910:Glioma / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Gliomas; Immunology; Regulatory T-cells