title: Genome-wide distribution of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in a mass-selected population of maritime pine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The accessibility of high-throughput genotyping technologies has contributed greatly to the development of genomic resources in non-model organisms. High-density genotyping arrays have only recently been developed for some economically important species such as conifers. The potential for using genomic technologies in association mapping and breeding depends largely on the genome wide patterns of diversity and linkage disequilibrium in current breeding populations. This study aims to deepen our knowledge regarding these issues in maritime pine, the first species used for reforestation in south western Europe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a new map merging algorithm, we first established a 1,712 cM composite linkage map (comprising 1,838 SNP markers in 12 linkage groups) by bringing together three already available genetic maps. Using rigorous statistical testing based on kernel density estimation and resampling we identified cold and hot spots of recombination. In parallel, 186 unrelated trees of a mass-selected population were genotyped using a 12k-SNP array. A total of 2,600 informative SNPs allowed to describe historical recombination, genetic diversity and genetic structure of this recently domesticated breeding pool that forms the basis of much of the current and future breeding of this species. We observe very low levels of population genetic structure and find no evidence that artificial selection has caused a reduction in genetic diversity. By combining these two pieces of information, we provided the map position of 1,671 SNPs corresponding to 1,192 different loci. This made it possible to analyze the spatial pattern of genetic diversity (He) and long distance linkage disequilibrium (LD) along the chromosomes. We found no particular pattern in the empirical variogram of He across the 12 linkage groups and, as expected for an outcrossing species with large effective population size, we observed an almost complete lack of long distance LD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are a stepping stone for the development of strategies for studies in population genomics, association mapping and genomic prediction in this economical and ecologically important forest tree species.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, Cestas F-33610, France. plomion@pierroton.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plomion
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chancerel
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endelman
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lamy
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mandrou
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lesur
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ehrenmann
authors.forename: Fikret
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Isik
authors.forename: Marco C A M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bink
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Heerwaarden
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bouffier
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018745:Genome, Plant; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D028223:Pinus / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide