title: Multilocus systematics and non-punctuated evolution of Holarctic Myodini (Rodentia: Arvicolinae).
abstract: The tribe Myodini consists of five genera of forest and alpine voles (Alticola, Caryomys, Eothenomys, Hyperacrius and Myodes) distributed throughout the Holarctic. Because mitochondrial evidence has revealed paraphyly and polyphyly among genera, we apply the first multilocus tests to clarify taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships. Our analyses of 28 of 36 species within Myodini, including three not previously sequenced (A. montosa, A. albicaudus, and H. fertilis), identify four distinct clades and provide the first molecular evidence that Hyperacrius may not belong in Myodini. Myodes is paraphyletic, while polyphyly of Alticola reflects apparent ancient mitochondrial introgression. Diversification in this tribe was hypothesized to be tightly linked to Late Cenozoic climatic events, however, lineage through time analysis indicates diversification over the last 4 My was gradual and not strongly punctuated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1051, USA. Electronic address: brookskohli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Brooks A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kohli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1051, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Speer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
authors.forename: C William
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaan Bataar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Nyamsuren
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Batsaikhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaan Bataar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Darmaa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Damdinbazar
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaan Bataar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Darmaa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Damdinbaza
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1051, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003411:Arvicolinae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Holarctic; Lineage through time; Mitochondrial introgression; Paraphyly; Punctuated diversification; Species tree