title: O-hexadecyl-dextran entrapped berberine nanoparticles abrogate high glucose stress induced apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes.
abstract: Nanotized phytochemicals are being explored by researchers for promoting their uptake and effectiveness at lower concentrations. In this study, O-hexadecyl-dextran entrapped berberine chloride nanoparticles (BC-HDD NPs) were prepared, and evaluated for their cytoprotective efficacy in high glucose stressed primary hepatocytes and the results obtained compared with bulk berberine chloride (BBR) treatment. The nanotized formulation treated primary hepatocytes that were exposed to high glucose (40 mM), showed increased viability compared to the bulk BBR treated cells. BC-HDD NPs reduced the ROS generation by ∼ 3.5 fold during co-treatment, prevented GSH depletion by ∼ 1.6 fold, reduced NO formation by ∼ 5 fold and significantly prevented decline in SOD activity in stressed cells. Lipid peroxidation was also prevented by ∼ 1.9 fold in the presence of these NPs confirming the antioxidant capacity of the formulation. High glucose stress increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio followed by mitochondrial depolarization and activation of caspase-9/-3 confirming involvement of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in the exposed cells. Co- and post-treatment of BC-HDD NPs prevented depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, reduced Bax/Bcl2 ratio and prevented externalization of phosphatidyl-serine confirming their anti-apoptotic capacity in those cells. Sub-G1 phase apparent in high glucose stressed cells was not seen in BC-HDD NPs treated cells. The present study reveals that BC-HDD NPs at ∼ 20 fold lower concentration are as effective as BBR in preventing high glucose induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial depolarization and downstream events of apoptotic cell death.
authors.affiliation: Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.affiliation: Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Madhulika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.affiliation: Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kakkar
authors.affiliation: Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India ; CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Kailash Chand
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001599:Berberine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D003911:Dextrans / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005947:Glucose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; C000594729:O-hexadecyl-dextran; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D001599:Berberine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004247:DNA; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D005947:Glucose