title: Productive performance, eggshell quality, and eggshell ultrastructure of laying hens fed diets supplemented with organic trace minerals.
abstract: This study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the effect of supplementing hens' diets with trace minerals from inorganic or organic sources on the productive performance, eggshell quality, and eggshell ultrastructure of laying hens. Three hundred sixty Hy-Line W36 laying hens between 47 to 62 wk of age were used and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 9 treatments, 5 replicates, and 8 birds for each experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a control diet without supplementation of the trace minerals Mn, Zn, and Cu; 4 supplementation levels of these trace minerals from an inorganic source; and the same levels of supplementation from an organic source (proteinates). The supplementation levels in milligrams per kilogram for Mn, Zn, and Cu, were, respectively, 35-30-05, 65-60-10, 95-90-15, and 125-120-20. There was no effect of supplementation of trace minerals on the rate of posture, feed intake, feed conversion, specific weight, and Haugh unit of eggs. However, there was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) of the levels of trace mineral supplementation on average egg weight and egg mass; the results did not differ regarding the source used. The increase in the levels of supplementation of Mn, Zn, and Cu provided a linear increase (P < 0.05) in the breaking strength and the percentage of eggshell. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in the egg loss and the number of mammillary buttons in the shell. The best results were obtained using diets supplemented with trace minerals from an organic source because these diets provided lower egg loss, higher thickness, and increased strength of the shell. Structurally, organic Mn, Zn, and Cu provided higher thickness of the palisade layer and lower mammillary density. The trace mineral supplementation improved the structural characteristics and the quality of the eggshells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanello
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Carneiro
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005260:Female; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: copper; manganese; proteinate; scanning electron microscope; zinc