title: Effects of the traditional Mediterranean diet on adiponectin and leptin concentrations in men and premenopausal women: do sex differences exist?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most of the interventional studies have investigated the impact of the diet on adiponectin and leptin concentrations only in men or in women. Consequently, it is still unknown whether the consumption of a healthy diet influences in a sex-specific manner these adipocytokines. We examined sex differences in the effects of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on adiponectin and leptin concentrations, and determined whether changes in these adipocytokines are associated with changes in cardiovascular risk factors in both sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 38 men and 32 premenopausal women (24-53 years) with slightly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (3.4-4.9 mmol/l) or total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)⩾5.0. Adiponectin, leptin and cardiovascular risk factors were measured before and after a 4-week fully controlled isoenergetic MedDiet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adiponectin concentration decreased in response to the MedDiet, but this decrease reached statistical significance only in men (P<0.001 for men and P=0.260 for women; sex-by-time interaction, P=0.072). Adjustments for body weight or waist circumference did not change results obtained. Changes in adiponectin were positively associated with concomitant variations in HDL-C in men (r=0.52, P=0.003) and with variations in apolipoprotein A-1 and insulin sensitivity as calculated by both the homeostasis model assessment index for insulin sensitivity and Cederholm indices in women (respectively, r=0.44, P=0.021; r=0.79, P<0.001 and r=0.47, P=0.020). The MedDiet had no impact on leptin and the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio in both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest a sex difference in adiponectin response to the short-term consumption of the MedDiet, with only men experiencing a decrease. Also sex-specific patterns of associations between changes in adiponectin concentration and changes in cardiovascular risk factors were observed.
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada [2] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, rue de l'Agriculture, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bédard
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada [2] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, rue de l'Agriculture, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada [3] Laval University Medical Center, Laurier Boulevard, Québec city, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tchernof
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada [2] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, rue de l'Agriculture, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lamarche
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corneau
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada [2] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050 Medicine Avenue, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dodin
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada [2] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, rue de l'Agriculture, Laval University, Québec city, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemieux
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017697:Premenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides