title: Depressive Symptoms and Longitudinal Changes in Cognition: Women's Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging.
abstract: Elevated depressive symptoms (DS) are associated with incident mild cognitive impairment and probable dementia in postmenopausal women. We examined the association of elevated DS with domain-specific cognitive changes and the moderating role of cardiovascular risk factor severity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). A total of 2221 elderly women who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging were separated into those with (N = 204) and without (N = 2017) elevated DS. The DS and multidomain cognitive outcomes were measured annually for an average follow-up of 5.04 years. Women with elevated DS showed baseline multidomain cognitive deficits but longitudinal declines in global cognition only. Persistent DS was related to greater global cognition, verbal knowledge and fluency, and memory declines. Significant DS-CVD interactions were observed cross-sectionally (but not longitudinally) for figural memory and fine motor speed. Future studies should investigate the role of nonvascular mechanisms linking DS and cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA jgoveas@mcw.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Goveas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Espeland
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Hilary A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Tindle
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Regina A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kotchen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D000066492:Cognitive Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: cardiovascular disease; cognitive decline; dementia; depression; depressive symptoms; vascular risk factors; women