title: State-level tobacco environments and sexual orientation disparities in tobacco use and dependence in the USA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe relationships between tobacco-related environments and disparities in smoking by sexual orientation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined three aspects of state-level tobacco environments, which were derived from the ImpacTeen State Level Tobacco Control Policy and Prevalence Database: (1) tobacco price and tax data and tobacco control funding; (2) tobacco control policies and (3) tobacco prevalence and norms data. This information was linked to individual-level data on sexual orientation, tobacco use and nicotine dependence in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N=34 653; 577 LGB respondents), a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of adults in the USA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults in states with more restrictive tobacco environments were less likely to have ever smoked (AOR=0.78, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.00) and to currently smoke (AOR=0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.99) than LGB adults in more permissive tobacco environments. Further, sexual orientation disparities in past and current smoking, as well as in current nicotine dependence, were lower in states with the most restrictive tobacco environments. Results were robust to adjustment for confounders at the individual and state levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Restrictive state-level tobacco environments are correlates of smoking behaviours among LGB adults in the USA; such environments could potentially reduce social inequalities in smoking based on sexual orientation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hatzenbuehler
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hasin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001727:Bisexuality; D002648:Child; D003132:Commerce; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006716:Homosexuality; D018452:Homosexuality, Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D019529:Sexuality; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013219:State Government; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Disparities; Priority/Special Populations; Public Policy