title: Gastric and intestinal satiation in obese and normal weight healthy people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gastrointestinal tract plays a key role in feelings of satiation. It is known that there is a reciprocal interaction between the stomach and intestine, but it is not known which factors are of gastric origin and which are intestinal. This three-step study therefore sought to provide illumination on satiation parameters with respect to body mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first part, the time needed to reach maximal satiation and total caloric intake was calculated after participants (20 normal weight, 20 obese) imbibed a standardized nutrient drink. In the second part gastric emptying of solids and liquids was evaluated using the (13)C-breath test (participants: 16 normal weight, 9 obese for gastric emptying of solids; 15 normal weight, 14 obese for gastric emptying of liquids). And in the third part, fasting and post-prandial plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and ghrelin levels were measured after a standardized nutrient drink (participants: 20 normal weight, 20 obese).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that, when compared to those of normal weight, obese participants reached maximal satiation sooner (P=0.006), their total intake of calories was higher (P=0.013), and their gastric emptying rates were delayed (P<0.001). Furthermore, their post-prandial increase in plasma GLP-1 and PYY was reduced, (P<0.001 for both), as was their ghrelin suppression (P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that, in obese subjects gastric emptying can be impaired with delayed interaction of nutrients with the intestine resulting in decreased GLP-1 and PYY secretion. This could imply that obese participants would require more calories before their maximal satiation is reached and they stop eating.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Meyer-Gerspach
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wölnerhanssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beglinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nessenius
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marylin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Napitupulu
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Felix H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Steinert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: beglinger@tmr.ch.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beglinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000097:blood; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D013270:Stomach / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D054439:Ghrelin; C042696:tyrosyltyrosine; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Gastric emptying; Ghrelin; Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1); Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY); Stomach