title: Consumption of lean fish reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective population based cohort study of Norwegian women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of fish consumption and n-3 fatty acids on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have recently been debated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We explored the risk of T2DM in relation to consumption of lean fish, fatty fish, fish products and total fish as well as cod liver oil supplements in a representative sample of Norwegian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective population based cohort study in 33740 women free of T2DM, stroke, angina or heart attack and with detailed information on important co-variates and dietary intake at baseline. Risk ratios and corresponding 95% CI were estimated using Poisson regression with log-person time as offset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lean fish consumption was inversely associated with T2DM compared to zero intake. Risk ratios and 95% CI for intake of 75 and 100 g lean fish per day were 0.71 (0.51, 0.98) and 0.67 (0.46, 0.98), respectively. There was no effect of intake of fatty fish, fish products, total fish or use of cod liver oil supplements on the risk of T2DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lean fish consumption of 75-100 g/d had a beneficial effect on T2DM. It remains unclear whether lean fish in itself has a protective effect on T2DM or that lean fish consumers have a protective life-style that we were not able to take into account in this study. Unfavorable effects of fatty fish consumption or use of cod liver oil supplements on T2DM were not observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Charlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rylander
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway ; NILU, Fram- High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Torkjel M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Sandanger
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Dagrun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Engeset
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Eiliv
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003060:Cod Liver Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005396:Fish Products; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D003060:Cod Liver Oil