title: Change of body weight and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 during chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: what is their clinical significance?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Weight loss in advanced gastric cancer (GC) has been widely acknowledged to be a predictor for poor survival. However, very few studies have investigated the weight loss that occurs during chemotherapy. Therefore, we focused on weight loss during chemotherapy in patients with advanced GC and investigated the concentrations of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), which has been recognized as a probable etiological factor in anorexia and weight loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 384 patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic GC receiving first-line chemotherapy. Patients were assigned to one of two groups on the basis of their weight change during chemotherapy: >3% weight loss and ≤ 3% weight loss. Serum MIC-1 and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were also assessed in these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The >3% weight loss group had shorter overall survival (OS; 12.0 months vs. 17.5 months, P = 0.000) than the ≤ 3% weight loss group, and the survival rates improved if the weight loss was reversed during chemotherapy. Although the MIC-1 concentrations were not correlated with weight loss before (P = 0.156) or during chemotherapy (P = 0.164), it correlated significantly with the CRP concentration (P = 0.001). Furthermore, elevated MIC-1 concentrations before chemotherapy (P = 0.017) and increased MIC-1 concentrations during chemotherapy (P = 0.001) were both found to be predictors of poor OS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in the body weight during chemotherapy could influence the prognosis in patients with advanced GC, and the MIC-1 might be a potential predictive and prognostic biomarker in those patients.
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhihao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jingwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaotian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xicheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jifang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D002097:C-Reactive Protein