title: Hysterosalpingosonography for diagnosing tubal occlusion in subfertile women: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is hysterosalpingosonography (sono-HSG) an accurate test for diagnosing tubal occlusion in subfertile women and how does it perform compared with hysterosalpingography (HSG)?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sono-HSG is an accurate test for diagnosing tubal occlusion and performs similarly to HSG.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  sono-HSG and HSG are both short, well-tolerated outpatient procedures. However, sono-HSG has the advantage over HSG of obviating ionizing radiation and the risk of iodine allergy, being associated with a greater sensitivity and specificity in detecting anomalies of the uterine cavity and permitting concomitant visualization of the ovaries and myometrium.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published in any language before 14 November 2012 were performed. All studies assessing the accuracy of sono-HSG for diagnosing tubal occlusion in a subfertile female population were considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Biosis as well as related articles, citations and reference lists. Diagnostic studies were eligible if they compared sono-HSG (±HSG) to laparoscopy with chromotubation in women suffering from subfertility. Two authors independently screened for eligibility, extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies. Risk of bias and applicability concerns were investigated according to the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Study (QUADAS-2). Bivariate random-effects models were used to estimate pooled sensitivity and specificity with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), to generate summary receiver operating characteristic curves and to evaluate sources of heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4221 citations identified, 30 studies were eligible. Of the latter, 28 reported results per individual tube and were included in the meta-analysis, representing a total of 1551 women and 2740 tubes. In nine studies, all participants underwent HSG in addition to sono-HSG and laparoscopy, allowing direct comparison of the accuracy of sono-HSG and HSG. Pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity of sono-HSG were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.82-0.96) and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90-0.97), respectively. In nine studies (582 women, 1055 tubes), sono-HSG and HSG were both compared with laparoscopy, giving pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.78-0.99) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89-0.96) for sono-HSG, and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.74-0.99) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87-0.95) for HSG, respectively. Doppler sonography was associated with significantly greater sensitivity and specificity of sono-HSG compared with its non-use (0.93 and 0.95 versus 0.86 and 0.89, respectively, P = 0.0497). Sensitivity analysis regarding methodological quality of studies was consistent with these findings. We also found no benefit of the commercially available contrast media over saline solution in regard to the diagnostic accuracy of sono-HSG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methodological quality varied greatly between studies. However, sensitivity analysis, taking methodological quality of studies into account, did not modify the results. This systematic review did not allow the distinction between distal and proximal occlusion. This could be interesting to take into account in further studies, as the performance of the test may differ for each localization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given our findings and the known benefits of sono-HSG over HSG in the context of subfertility, sono-HSG should replace HSG in the initial workup of subfertile couples.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was funded by personal funds. There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This review has been registered at PROSPERO: Registration number #CRD42013003829.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Université Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maheux-Lacroix
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boutin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M-E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bujold
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laberge
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemyre
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dodin
mesh_terms: D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: diagnostic; hysterosalpingography; hysterosalpingosonography; systematic review; tubal patency