title: Potential environmental toxicity from hemodialysis effluent.
abstract: Understanding the toxicity of certain potentially toxic compounds on various aquatic organisms allows to assess the impact that these pollutants on the aquatic biota. One source of pollution is the wastewater from hemodialysis. The process of sewage treatment is inefficient in inhibition and removal of pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics in this wastewater. In many countries, such as Brazil, during emergencies, sewage and effluents from hospitals are often dumped directly into waterways without any previous treatment. The objective of this study was to characterize the effluents generated by hemodialysis and to assess the degree of acute and chronic environmental toxicity. The effluents of hemodialysis showed high concentrations of nitrites, phosphates, sulfates, ammonia, and total nitrogen, as well as elevated conductivity, turbidity, salinity, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, exceeding the thresholds defined in the CONAMA Resolution 430. The samples showed acute toxicity to the green flagellate Euglena gracilis affecting different physiological parameters used as endpoints in an automatic bioassay such as motility, precision of gravitational orientation (r-value), compactness, upward movement, and alignment, with mean EC50 values of recalculate as 76.90 percent (±4.68 percent) of the undiluted effluents. In tests with Daphnia magna, the acute toxicity EC50 was 86.91 percent (±0.39 percent) and a NOEC value of 72.97 percent and a LEOC value 94.66 percent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Campus-Industrial Zone, PO Box 246, CEP 89219-710, Joinville, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: carla.keite@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Carla Keite
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Campus-Industrial Zone, PO Box 246, CEP 89219-710, Joinville, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: lucianohp.pq@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luciano Henrique
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Inovaparq, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Campus-Industrial Zone, PO Box 246, CEP 89219-710, Joinville, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: lineudc@msn.com.
authors.forename: Lineu Fernando
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Del Ciampo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Campus-Industrial Zone, PO Box 246, CEP 89219-710, Joinville, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: llorenzi@univille.net.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lorenzi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Campus-Industrial Zone, PO Box 246, CEP 89219-710, Joinville, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: clau.hgc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cláudia Hack Gumz
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Neue Str. 9., 91096. Möhrendorf, Germany. Electronic address: donat@dphaeder.de.
authors.forename: Donat Peter
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Häder
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Pharmacy, Master׳s and PhD Program in Health and Environment, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Campus-Industrial Zone, PO Box 246, CEP 89219-710, Joinville, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: gerzinger@univile.br.
authors.forename: Gilmar Sidnei
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Erzinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D001938:Brazil; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D005056:Euglena gracilis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D009573:Nitrites; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D062065:Wastewater / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009573:Nitrites; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bioassay; Daphnia magna; Environmental toxicity; Euglena gracilis; Hemodialysis effluent