title: Improved proton computed tomography by dual modality image reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proton computed tomography (CT) is a promising image modality for improving the stopping power estimates and dose calculations for particle therapy. However, the finite range of about 33 cm of water of most commercial proton therapy systems limits the sites that can be scanned from a full 360° rotation. In this paper the authors propose a method to overcome the problem using a dual modality reconstruction (DMR) combining the proton data with a cone-beam x-ray prior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Catphan 600 phantom was scanned using a cone beam x-ray CT scanner. A digital replica of the phantom was created in the Monte Carlo code Geant4 and a 360° proton CT scan was simulated, storing the entrance and exit position and momentum vector of every proton. Proton CT images were reconstructed using a varying number of angles from the scan. The proton CT images were reconstructed using a constrained nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm, minimizing total variation and the x-ray CT prior while remaining consistent with the proton projection data. The proton histories were reconstructed along curved cubic-spline paths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spatial resolution of the cone beam CT prior was retained for the fully sampled case and the 90° interval case, with the MTF = 0.5 (modulation transfer function) ranging from 5.22 to 5.65 linepairs/cm. In the 45° interval case, the MTF = 0.5 dropped to 3.91 linepairs/cm For the fully sampled DMR, the maximal root mean square (RMS) error was 0.006 in units of relative stopping power. For the limited angle cases the maximal RMS error was 0.18, an almost five-fold improvement over the cone beam CT estimate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual modality reconstruction yields the high spatial resolution of cone beam x-ray CT while maintaining the improved stopping power estimation of proton CT. In the case of limited angles, the use of prior image proton CT greatly improves the resolution and stopping power estimate, but does not fully achieve the quality of a 360° proton CT scan.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jørgen Breede Baltzer
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bassler
authors.affiliation: Computer Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas Sangild
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011522:Protons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D011522:Protons