title: Time to revisit the human chorionic gonadotropin discriminatory level in the management of pregnancy of unknown location.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to review the management and outcomes of all patients with pregnancy of unknown location who had serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels greater than 1000 mIU/mL in our institution and to determine the likelihood of a subsequent normal intrauterine pregnancy at different hCG discriminatory levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed on all women admitted with the diagnosis of pregnancy of unknown location and an hCG level greater than 1000 mIU/mL over a 5-year period (July 2007 to June 2012). Patients were identified from a computerized hCG result database. The medical records, including sonographic findings, hCG levels, and outcomes, were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 113 patients were identified. There were 23 viable intrauterine pregnancies (20.4%) and 22 visualized ectopic pregnancies (19.5%). The highest hCG level associated with a subsequent normal intrauterine pregnancy was 9083 mIU/mL in a patient with triplet pregnancy. Possible factors associated with nonvisualization of a normal intrauterine pregnancy included uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, and obesity. The negative laparoscopy rate was 48.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viable intrauterine pregnancy is possible in patients with pregnancy of unknown location and hCG levels above the generally accepted discriminatory zone, strict adherence to which can potentially disrupt a normal pregnancy. We support the need for judicious use of the hCG discriminatory level in hemodynamically stable patients with pregnancy of unknown location, and the decision to intervene should not be based solely on a single hCG level.
authors.affiliation: MBMRCOG, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Rd, 6/F, Professorial Block, Hong Kong. jenjenko@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jennifer K Y
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Vincent Y T
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin
keywords: discriminatory level; ectopic pregnancy; gynecologic ultrasound; human chorionic gonadotropin level; pregnancy of unknown location