title: Reference values for Japanese children's respiratory resistance using the LMS method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is useful for studying pulmonary function in children, as well as in school children with asthma. However, the standard values for respiratory resistance (Rrs) in Asian school children remain unknown. We evaluated the standard Rrs using a type of FOT, impulse oscillometry (IOS), in healthy Japanese children at elementary and junior high schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 795 children (age range: 6-15 years; mean age ± SD: 11.1 ± 2.4 years; 404 boys, 391 girls) at elementary and junior high schools participated in the study. Of the 795 children, we evaluated the Rrs of 537 children aged 6-15 years (mean ± SD: 10.8 ± 2.4 years) using IOS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses with three IOS parameters, Rrs at 5Hz (R5), Rrs at 20Hz (R20), and Rrs difference between 5Hz and 20Hz (R5-R20), for age, height, weight, and degree of obesity as independent variables demonstrated the strongest correlation between each parameter and children's height. All parameters decreased with increasing height. Using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method, we created standard curves for the Rrs values based on height.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our standard curves could be useful for diagnosis and control evaluation of childhood asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000403:Airway Resistance; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012307:Risk Factors