title: Diagnosis and initial management of musculoskeletal coccidioidomycosis in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coccidioidomycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by the inhalation of aerosolized spores of Coccidioides spp., which reside in the arid soil of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Approximately two thirds of cases are asymptomatic, and the remainder usually present with mild flu-like symptoms. Dissemination of coccidioidomycosis is rare, and can lead to extrapulmonic diseases including meningitis, osteomyelitis, and skin and soft-tissue involvement. The purpose of this study is to report our experience with musculoskeletal coccidioidomycosis in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective chart review of patients with musculoskeletal infection with Coccidioides spp. at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from 1997 to 2010, identified by a search of ICD-9 codes and hospital diagnoses. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records, including the age of the patient, sex, white blood cell count, immunocompetence, length of stay, location of involvement, and initial treatment. In total, 20 children were identified with musculoskeletal coccidioidomycosis. The mean age was 12.3 years (range, 2 to 17 y) at time of diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria included positive imaging tests (plain film+MRI), serologic positive titers, and/or biopsy with positive cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common presenting symptom was bone pain (100%); only 3 (15%) patients had accompanying signs/symptoms of pulmonary infection. Only 2 (5%) patients had a white blood cell count >15×10/L (5%). Locations of infection included the foot (28%), knee (14%), spine (12%), forearm (10%), lower leg (6%), and other sites (30%). Fluconazole was the most common antifungal agent used (75%). Surgical intervention was required in 10 (50%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first series that has described musculoskeletal coccidioidomycosis exclusively in children. This study suggests that the initial presentation of this disease can be nonspecific and difficult to recognize in children. Clinicians should consider this diagnosis when faced with a musculoskeletal infection in children from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV (case series).
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: Aaron K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: M Wade
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Shrader
authors.forename: Miranda N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Lee S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003047:Coccidioidomycosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D003646:Debridement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents