title: Family concordance and gender differences in parent-child structured interaction at 12 months.
abstract: This observational study examined family concordance and gender differences in early parent-child interaction in the family supportive sociopolitical context of Norway. Mothers and fathers from 39 Norwegian families were observed on separate occasions with their 12-month-old children (20 girls and 19 boys). Data were recorded from observations using microsocial coding methodology based on social interaction learning theory. We found no within-family concordance between mothers' and fathers' behaviors with their child. The children's negative engagement with each parent was moderately correlated. For parents with boys, fathers were overall more positively engaged than mothers. Moreover, fathers of boys displayed more positive engagement than those of girls, whereas mothers of girls and boys displayed similar levels of positive engagement. In contrast to previous findings, mothers did not verbalize more than fathers. Girls were overall more positively engaged during interaction with both mothers and fathers than boys. Thus, in a sociopolitical context that facilitates early parent-child relationships and gender equality, there were few but noteworthy gender differences in parent-child interaction at 12 months.
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development.
authors.forename: Kristin Berg
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Nordahl
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen.
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manger
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development.
authors.forename: Henrik Daae
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Zachrisson
mesh_terms: D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009664:Norway; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012737:Sex Factors