title: Spectacle design preferences among Chinese primary and secondary students and their parents: a qualitative and quantitative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the specific characteristics making glasses designs, particularly those compatible with adjustable glasses, more or less appealing to Chinese children and their parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary and secondary school children from urban and rural China with < = -1.00 diopters of bilateral myopia and their parents ranked four conventional-style frames identified by local optical shops as popular versus four child-specific frames compatible with adjustable spectacles. Scores based on the proportion of maximum possible ranking were computed for each style. Selected children and their parents also participated in Focus Groups (FGs) discussing spectacle design preference. Recordings were transcribed and coded by two independents reviewers using NVivo software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 136 urban primary school children (age range 9-11 years), 290 rural secondary school children (11-17 years) and 16 parents, all adjustable-style frames (scores on 0-100 scale 25.7-62.4) were ranked behind all conventional frames (63.0-87.5). For eight FGs including 12 primary children, 26 secondary children and 16 parents, average kappa values for NVivo coding were 0.81 (students) and 0.70 (parents). All groups agreed that the key changes to make adjustable designs more attractive were altering the round lenses to rectangular or oval shapes and adding curved earpieces for more stable wear. The thick frames of the adjustable designs were considered stylish, and children indicated they would wear them if the lens shape were modified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current adjustable lens designs are unattractive to Chinese children and their parents, though this study identified specific modifications which would make them more appealing.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zhongqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Center for Vision in the Developing World, St Catherine's College, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kecman
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Tianyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Guangming Eye Hospital, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Shangji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Qianyun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Mingguang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Center for Vision in the Developing World, St Catherine's College, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.affiliation: New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; ORBIS International, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Congdon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004867:Equipment Design; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population