title: Treatment of severe and moderate acute malnutrition in low- and middle-income settings: a systematic review, meta-analysis and Delphi process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Globally, moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) affect approximately 52 million children under five. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of interventions for SAM including the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol for inpatient management and community-based management with ready-to-use-therapeutic food (RUTF), as well as interventions for MAM in children under five years in low- and middle-income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically searched the literature and included 14 studies in the meta-analysis. Study quality was assessed using CHERG adaptation of GRADE criteria. A Delphi process was undertaken to complement the systematic review in estimating case fatality and recovery rates that were necessary for modelling in the Lives Saved Tool (LiST).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Case fatality rates for inpatient treatment of SAM using the WHO protocol ranged from 3.4% to 35%. For community-based treatment of SAM, children given RUTF were 51% more likely to achieve nutritional recovery than the standard care group. For the treatment of MAM, children in the RUSF group were significantly more likely to recover and less likely to be non-responders than in the CSB group. In both meta-analyses, weight gain in the intervention group was higher, and although statistically significant, these differences were small. Overall limitations in our analysis include considerable heterogeneity in many outcomes and an inability to evaluate intervention effects separate from commodity effect. The Delphi process indicated that adherence to standardized protocols for the treatment of SAM and MAM should have a marked positive impact on mortality and recovery rates; yet, true consensus was not achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gaps in our ability to estimate effectiveness of overall treatment approaches for SAM and MAM persist. In addition to further impact studies conducted in a wider range of settings, more high quality program evaluations need to be conducted and the results disseminated.
authors.forename: Lindsey M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lenters
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wazny
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Tahmeed
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Zulfiqar A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Bhutta
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003697:Delphi Technique; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015430:Weight Gain; D014944:World Health Organization