title: Validation and application of models to predict facemask influenza contamination in healthcare settings.
abstract: Facemasks are part of the hierarchy of interventions used to reduce the transmission of respiratory pathogens by providing a barrier. Two types of facemasks used by healthcare workers are N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and surgical masks (SMs). These can become contaminated with respiratory pathogens during use, thus serving as potential sources for transmission. However, because of the lack of field studies, the hazard associated with pathogen-exposed facemasks is unknown. A mathematical model was used to calculate the potential influenza contamination of facemasks from aerosol sources in various exposure scenarios. The aerosol model was validated with data from previous laboratory studies using facemasks mounted on headforms in a simulated healthcare room. The model was then used to estimate facemask contamination levels in three scenarios generated with input parameters from the literature. A second model estimated facemask contamination from a cough. It was determined that contamination levels from a single cough (≈19 viruses) were much less than likely levels from aerosols (4,473 viruses on FFRs and 3,476 viruses on SMs). For aerosol contamination, a range of input values from the literature resulted in wide variation in estimated facemask contamination levels (13-202,549 viruses), depending on the values selected. Overall, these models and estimates for facemask contamination levels can be used to inform infection control practice and research related to the development of better facemasks, to characterize airborne contamination levels, and to assist in assessment of risk from reaerosolization and fomite transfer because of handling and reuse of contaminated facemasks.
authors.affiliation: National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Noti
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Lindsley
authors.forename: Francoise M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Blachere
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D003371:Cough / Q000821:virology; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D008397:Masks / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000821:virology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000821:virology; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols
keywords: Contamination; influenza; surgical masks