title: Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to pesticide residues: results of the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study.
abstract: The use of pesticides and other chemicals has become a common practice in modern agriculture to enhance and stabilise crop yield, protect the nutritional integrity of food, facilitate food storage to assure year-round supplies, and provide attractive and appealing food products. With the adoption of strict good agricultural practice (GAP), only minimal amounts of pesticide residues should remain on the crops or in connected foods of animal origin up the food chain. To assess their associated health risk to local people, the dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to residues of four groups of pesticides or their metabolites - organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), carbamates, pyrethrins and pyrethroids, and dithiocarbamate (DTC) metabolites - is estimated in the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study (TDS). A total of 150 commonly consumed food items were collected and prepared "as consumed". A total of 600 composite food samples were analysed for 85 pesticides or their metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These pesticides were primarily found at low levels (highest mean = 350 μg kg⁻¹) in food samples of plant origin such as vegetables and fruits. Dietary exposures to pesticide residues were estimated based on the analytical results and the food consumption data of the local residents. The estimated dietary exposures of Hong Kong adults to all individual pesticides were well below their respective acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). The percentage contributions of the estimated mean and 95th percentile dietary exposures to the ADIs of individual pesticides were <6% and <24% for the OPPs, <1% for the carbamates and pyrethrins and pyrethroids, and <1% and <4% for the DTC metabolites, respectively. The findings indicate that dietary exposures to all the pesticide residues analysed in this study were unlikely to pose unacceptable health risks to the Hong Kong population.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department , Risk Assessment Section , Hong Kong , China.
authors.forename: Waiky W K
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Arthur T C
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: Stephen W C
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Chi-ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002219:Carbamates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D003296:Cooking; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D005513:Food Inspection; D005638:Fruit / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011042:Poisons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013723:Teratogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D014675:Vegetables / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D011042:Poisons; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013723:Teratogens; D013859:Thiocarbamates
keywords: carbamates; dithiocarbamate metabolites; organophosphorus pesticides; pesticide residues; pyrethrins and pyrethroids; total diet study