title: Balancing act: matching growth with environment by the TOR signalling pathway.
abstract: One of the most fundamental aspects of growth in plants is its plasticity in relation to fluctuating environmental conditions. Growth of meristematic cells relies predominantly on protein synthesis, one of the most energy-consuming activities in cells, and thus is tightly regulated in accordance with the available nutrient and energy supplies. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway takes a central position in this regulation. The core of the TOR signalling pathway is conserved throughout evolution, and can be traced back to the last eukaryotic common ancestor. In plants, a single complex constitutes the TOR signalling pathway. Manipulating the components of the TOR complex in Arabidopsis highlighted its common role as a major regulator of protein synthesis and metabolism, that is also involved in other biological functions such as cell-wall integrity, regulation of cell proliferation, and cell size. TOR, as an integral part of the auxin signalling pathway, connects hormonal and nutrient pathways. Downstream of TOR, S6 kinase and the ribosomal S6 protein have been shown to mediate several of these responses, although there is evidence of other complex non-linear TOR signalling pathway structures.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Parc de Recerca UAB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain rossana.henriques@cragenomica.es l.bogre@rhul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK rossana.henriques@cragenomica.es l.bogre@rhul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bögre
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
authors.forename: Beátrix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horváth
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári kru. 62, POB 521, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Magyar
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D048429:Cell Size; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D063245:Plant Development; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002244:Carbon; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; C512171:TOR protein, Arabidopsis
keywords: Cell proliferation; TOR.; cell size; growth; nutrient; signalling