title: Extraction of (129)I and (127)I via combustion from organic rich samples using (125)I as a quantitative tracer.
abstract: Iodine-129 ((129)I) is a biophilic, naturally occurring radioisotope (half-life: 1.57 × 10(7) years) that has been released in large quantities by nuclear fuel reprocessing. This iodine has cycled throughout the globe and chiefly the northern hemisphere and can be found in a wide variety of environmental materials, particularly organic rich soil and organic matter. Extracting iodine reliably from solid samples has been done by a variety of methods, however, pyrohydrolysis has been the most widely used. There is a wide variation between existing pyrohydrolysis techniques and this raises questions about the quantitative recovery of iodine from method to method. In order to quantify iodine recovery from pyrohydrolysis we have spiked samples with an iodine-125 radiotracer prior to combustion and trapping in an alkaline solution. Inorganic (125)I tracer was used as well as humic acid labeled with (125)I to simulate the behavior of (129)I and (127)I in complex organic substances and extract iodine regardless of how it is partitioned. Using these tracers we explored the effect on recovery of (125)I under a variety of combustion parameters. These include carrier gas flow rate and iodine volatilization temperature. We observed that the best recoveries of (125)I were at flow rates between 400 and 800 mL/min and most (125)I recoveries were above 85%. The experiment to determine the temperature at which iodine volatilizes from the sample showed two distinct trends for the release of iodine. One trend showed that most iodine is released at approximately 525 °C, while the other trend showed that the samples needed to reach 800 °C and remain there for at least an hour. These findings illustrate the usefulness and importance of using a quantitative recovery tracer for every iodine extraction. We then combusted and precipitated several Atlantic Ocean seaweed and standard reference materials for AMS analysis as AgI. The (129)I concentration of the seaweed ranged between 4.4-5.5 × 10(9) atoms/g and the (129)I/(127)I ratio was 2.3-2.9 × 10(-9), both of which compare well to published values for Atlantic seaweed. The results for the standard reference materials also agree with specified values indicating that this technique is reliable. By optimizing pyrohydrolysis conditions and testing the recovery of iodine with a (125)I tracer it is possible to quantify and maximize recovery from organic samples. This will allow for the investigation of variations in the (129)I concentration and (129)I/(127)I ratio with a high degree of precision in complex, organic rich samples.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Department of Earth Sciences, Marion Hall, 140 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5. Electronic address: mattherod@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Matthew N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Herod
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Department of Earth Sciences, Marion Hall, 140 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: R Jack
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cornett
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Department of Earth Sciences, Marion Hall, 140 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Department of Physics, MacDonald Hall, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Kieser
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Department of Earth Sciences, Marion Hall, 140 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Gilles St
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Jean
mesh_terms: D006868:Hydrolysis; D007455:Iodine / Q000737:chemistry*; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D011850:Radioactive Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D011850:Radioactive Waste; D007455:Iodine
keywords: AMS; Humic acid; Iodine-125; Iodine-127; Iodine-129; Pyrohydrolysis