title: CT imaging biomarker for evaluation of emodin as a potential drug on LPS-mediated osteoporosis mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging biomarkers for evaluating the effects of emodin, a potential drug to treat osteoporosis, in the mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male imprinting control region (ICR) mice with LPS-induced bone resorption were equally divided into four experimental groups: phosphate-buffered saline-treated (control), emodin-treated, LPS-treated, and LPS + emodin-treated groups. Emodin (50 mg/kg) was administered orally on alternate days for 8 days, and LPS (5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally on days 1 and 4. After 8 days, the mice were sacrificed, and micro-CT images of the left proximal femurs were obtained. Three-dimensional images were analyzed by using commercial software to measure the bone volume to total volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb-N), trabecular thickness (Tb-Th), and trabecular separation (Tb-Sp) as CT imaging biomarkers. Histologic analyses of the femurs were performed using hematoxylin and eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LPS + emodin-treated group demonstrated marked suppression of LPS-induced bone resorption compared to the LPS-treated group (BV/TV, 28.84% vs. 40.76%; Tb-N, 2.65 vs. 3.45 mm(-1); Tb-Sp, 300.81 vs. 212.31 μm; Tb-Th, 116.94 vs. 131.25 μm). TRAP immunohistochemical analysis showed fewer osteoclasts per field of tissue in the LPS + emodin-treated group than in the LPS-treated group (27.8 vs. 41.8). The BV/TV, Tb-N, and Tb-Sp data correlated well with the histomorphometric findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings reveal a novel effect of emodin on bone remodeling in the LPS-mediated osteoporotic mouse model. The ex vivo micro-CT imaging is a promising tool for assessing the therapeutic effects of potential drugs on osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2 Sinyong-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Min
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2 Sinyong-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, South Korea; Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Disease Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea. Electronic address: khy1646@wonkwang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kwon-Ha
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Disease Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Disease Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Disease Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: MyeungSu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Disease Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2 Sinyong-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seon Kwan
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Juhng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2 Sinyong-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004642:Emodin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D004642:Emodin
keywords: CT; bone remodeling; emodin; imaging biomarkers; osteoporosis