title: Gravitational waves from the sound of a first order phase transition.
abstract: We report on the first three-dimensional numerical simulations of first-order phase transitions in the early Universe to include the cosmic fluid as well as the scalar field order parameter. We calculate the gravitational wave (GW) spectrum resulting from the nucleation, expansion, and collision of bubbles of the low-temperature phase, for phase transition strengths and bubble wall velocities covering many cases of interest. We find that the compression waves in the fluid continue to be a source of GWs long after the bubbles have merged, a new effect not taken properly into account in previous modeling of the GW source. For a wide range of models, the main source of the GWs produced by a phase transition is, therefore, the sound the bubbles make.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom and Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hindmarsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rummukainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weir