title: Unemployment and psychosocial outcomes to age 30: A fixed-effects regression analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine the associations between exposure to unemployment and psychosocial outcomes over the period from 16 to 30 years, using data from a well-studied birth cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected over the course of the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 children, born in Christchurch in 1977, who have been studied to age 30. Assessments of unemployment and psychosocial outcomes (mental health, substance abuse/dependence, criminal offending, adverse life events and life satisfaction) were obtained at ages 18, 21, 25 and 30.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to adjustment, an increasing duration of unemployment was associated with significant increases in the risk of all psychosocial outcomes. These associations were adjusted for confounding using conditional, fixed-effects regression techniques. The analyses showed significant (p < 0.05) or marginally significant (p < 0.10) associations between the duration of unemployment and major depression (p = 0.05), alcohol abuse/dependence (p = 0.043), illicit substance abuse/dependence (p = 0.017), property/violent offending (p < 0.001), arrests/convictions (p = 0.052), serious financial problems (p = 0.007) and life satisfaction (p = 0.092). To test for reverse causality, the fixed-effects regression models were extended to include lagged, time-dynamic variables representing the respondent's psychosocial burden prior to the experience of unemployment. The findings suggested that the association between unemployment and psychosocial outcomes was likely to involve a causal process in which unemployment led to increased risks of adverse psychosocial outcomes. Effect sizes were estimated using attributable risk; exposure to unemployment accounted for between 4.2 and 14.0% (median 10.8%) of the risk of experiencing the significant psychosocial outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggest that exposure to unemployment had small but pervasive effects on psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand dm.fergusson@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fergusson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Geraldine F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand.
authors.forename: L John
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Horwood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Unemployment; fixed-effects regression; longitudinal study; psychosocial outcomes