title: Triptolide induces s phase arrest and apoptosis in gallbladder cancer cells.
abstract: Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract, with a very low 5-year survival rate and extremely poor prognosis. Thus, new effective treatments and drugs are urgently needed for the treatment of this malignancy. In this study, for the first time we investigated the effects of triptolide on gallbladder cancer cells and identified the mechanisms underlying its potential anticancer effects. The MTT assay showed that triptolide decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The results of the colony formation assay indicated that triptolide strongly suppressed colony formation ability in GBC-SD and SGC-996 cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that triptolide induced S phase arrest in gallbladder cancer cells. In addition, triptolide induced apoptosis, as shown by the results of annexin V/propidium iodide double-staining and Hoechst 33342 staining. Furthermore, triptolide decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, western blot analysis of triptolide-treated cells revealed the activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, PARP, and Bcl-2; this result demonstrated that triptolide induced apoptosis in gallbladder cancer cells by regulating apoptosis-related protein expression, and suggests that triptolide may be a promising drug to treat gallbladder carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Zhu-Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Song
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Tian-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Run-Fa
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Mao-Lan
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing 312000, China. tf_zjsx@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China. liuybphd@126.com.
authors.forename: Ying-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C001899:triptolide; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9