title: Forced swim test induces divergent global transcriptomic alterations in the hippocampus of high versus low novelty-seeker rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many neuropsychiatric disorders, including stress-related mood disorders, are complex multi-parametric syndromes. Susceptibility to stress and depression is individually different. The best animal model of individual differences that can be used to study the neurobiology of affect regards spontaneous reactions to novelty. Experimentally, when naive rats are exposed to the stress of a novel environment, they display a highly variable exploratory activity and are classified as high or low responders (HR or LR, respectively). Importantly, HR and LR rats do not seem to exhibit a substantial differentiation in relation to their 'depressive-like' status in the forced swim test (FST), a widely used animal model of 'behavioral despair'. In the present study, we investigated whether FST exposure would be accompanied by phenotype-dependent differences in hippocampal gene expression in HR and LR rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HR and LR rats present a distinct behavioral pattern in the pre-test session but develop comparable depressive-like status in the second FST session. At 24 h following the second FST session, HR and LR rats (stressed and unstressed controls) were sacrificed and hippocampal samples were independently analyzed on whole rat genome Illumina arrays. Functional analysis into pathways and networks was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software. Notably, hippocampal gene expression signatures between HR and LR rats were markedly divergent, despite their comparable depressive-like status in the FST. These molecular differences are reflected in both the extent of transcriptional remodeling (number of significantly changed genes) and the types of molecular pathways affected following FST exposure. A markedly higher number of genes (i.e., 2.28-fold) were statistically significantly changed following FST in LR rats, as compared to their HR counterparts. Notably, genes associated with neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity were induced in the hippocampus of LR rats in response to FST, whereas in HR rats, FST induced pathways directly or indirectly associated with induction of apoptotic mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The markedly divergent gene expression signatures exposed herein support the notion that the hippocampus of HR and LR rats undergoes distinct transcriptional remodeling in response to the same stress regimen, thus yielding a different FST-related 'endophenotype', despite the seemingly similar depressive-like phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, USA. ppitychoutis1@udayton.edu.
authors.forename: Pothitos M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pitychoutis
authors.forename: Despina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanoudou
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papandreou
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nasias
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kouskou
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Panagiotis A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tsonis
authors.forename: Zeta
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou-Daifoti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003863:Depression / Q000378:metabolism*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005082:Physical Exertion; D051381:Rats; D013550:Swimming