title: Yerba mate enhances probiotic bacteria growth in vitro but as a feed additive does not reduce Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in vivo.
abstract: Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a tea known to have beneficial effects on human health and antimicrobial activity against some foodborne pathogens. Thus, the application of yerba mate as a feed additive for broiler chickens to reduce Salmonella colonization was evaluated. The first in vitro evaluation was conducted by suspending Salmonella Enteritidis and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in yerba mate extract. The in vivo evaluations were conducted using preventative and horizontal transmission experiments. In all experiments, day-of-hatch chicks were treated with one of the following 1) no treatment (control); 2) ground yerba mate in feed; 3) probiotic treatment (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Pediococcus; 9:1 administered once on day of hatch by gavage); or 4) both yerba mate and probiotic treatments. At d 3, all chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis (preventative experiment) or 5 of 20 chicks (horizontal transmission experiment). At d 10, all birds were euthanized, weighed, and cecal contents enumerated for Salmonella. For the in vitro evaluation, antimicrobial activity was observed against Salmonella and the same treatment enhanced growth of LAB. For in vivo evaluations, none of the yerba mate treatments significantly reduced Salmonella Enteritidis colonization, whereas the probiotic treatment significantly reduced Salmonella colonization in the horizontal transmission experiment. Yerba mate decreased chicken BW and decreased the performance of the probiotic treatment when used in combination. In conclusion, yerba mate had antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens and enhanced the growth of LAB in vitro, but in vivo yerba mate did not decrease Salmonella Enteritidis colonization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Gil
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diaz-Sanchez
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pendleton
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andino
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yard
authors.forename: Nate
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crilly
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Harte
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hanning
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D002645:Chickens; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D030019:Ilex paraguariensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010376:Pediococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Salmonella; feed additive; probiotic; yerba mate