title: [Minor phenotypic variants in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia from west Mexico].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been associated with an excess of minor phenotypic variants (MPV), including common variants and minor anomalies, indicative of an altered phenogenesis. The objective of the study was to determine the association between MPV and ALL.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a hospital based case-control study, we studied 120 children with ALL (including standard and high risk) and 120 healthy children as a control group, matched for age and sex, seen in the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca (Guadalajara, Mexico). In both groups, 28 anthropometric measurements were made, as well as a systematic search for 405 MPV, through a physical examination. Adjusted odds ratio was estimated (aOR) with its intervening variables by logistic regression. The confidence interval was 95% (95%CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anthropometric signs associated with ALL were: long upper segment (aOR= 2.19, 95%CI: 1.01-4.76), broad jaw (aOR= 2.62, 95%CI: 1.29-5.30), narrow ears (aOR= 6.22, 95%CI: 2.60-14.85), and increase in internipple distance (aOR= 2.53, 95%CI: 1.07-5.98). The hypoplasia mesofacial, broad forehead, small nose, short columella, narrow ears, telethelia, Sydney crease (SC), Greek type feet and café-au-lait spots (CALS), had a 3 to 17 times higher frequency in children with ALL. By number, an association was found from ≥4 MPV (aOR= 2.14, 95%CI: 1.25-3.66, P=.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From ≥4 MPV, an association was found with ALL, suggesting prenatal factors in phenogenesis and leukemogenesis. CALS and SC were confirmed as MPV in children with ALL.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Genética Humana «Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera», Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Estrada-Padilla
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Genética Humana «Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera», Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; Servicio de Genética, División de Pediatría, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara «Dr. Juan I. Menchaca», Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Electronic address: rocorona@cucs.udg.mx.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Corona-Rivera
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Citogenética, Servicio de Hemato-Oncología, División de Pediatría, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara «Dr. Juan I. Menchaca», Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; Instituto de Investigación en Cáncer Infantil y de la Adolescencia, Departamento de Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Zubieta
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Citogenética, Servicio de Hemato-Oncología, División de Pediatría, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara «Dr. Juan I. Menchaca», Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; Instituto de Investigación en Cáncer Infantil y de la Adolescencia, Departamento de Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bobadilla-Morales
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Citogenética, Servicio de Hemato-Oncología, División de Pediatría, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara «Dr. Juan I. Menchaca», Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; Instituto de Investigación en Cáncer Infantil y de la Adolescencia, Departamento de Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corona-Rivera
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D010641:Phenotype; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; Anomalías menores; Anormalidades fenotípicas; Café-au-lait spots; Childhood cancer; Common variants; Cáncer infantil; Leucemia linfoblástica aguda; Malformaciones; Malformations; Manchas café con leche; Minor anomalies; Phenotypic abnormalities; Variantes comunes