title: Molecular mechanism underlying lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic cancer.
abstract: As the most challenging human malignancies, pancreatic cancer is characterized by its insidious symptoms, low rate of surgical resection, high risk of local invasion, metastasis and recurrence, and overall dismal prognosis. Lymphatic metastasis, above all, is recognized as an early adverse event in progression of pancreatic cancer and has been described to be an independent poor prognostic factor. It should be noted that the occurrence of lymphatic metastasis is not a casual or stochastic but an ineluctable and designed event. Increasing evidences suggest that metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) and the microenvironments may act as a double-reed style in this crime. However, the exact mechanisms on how they function synergistically for this dismal clinical course remain largely elusive. Therefore, a better understanding of its molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in pancreatic lymphatic metastasis is urgently required. In this review, we will summarize the latest advances on lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Zhiwen
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8640-2067
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Guopei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Chuntao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Zuqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Quanxing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Xianjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor