title: Integrated disease management: a critical review of foreign and Portuguese experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present article reviews findings from empirical evaluations of integrated disease management programmes. The objective is to provide insights on integration levels, priority interventions and their effect on patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature review identified 1 251 articles, published from 2006 to 2011. Upon a detailed screening 61 articles were selected for bibliometric analysis and critical discussion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among several findings, it can be noted that United States of America is the country with the highest amount of published evidence on the subject under study. The most frequently referred disease is diabetes mellitus and the main reported issue of integrated disease management is self-management support. The majority of the studies were developed and exclusively managed by managed care organizations, organized family doctors or hospitals. From a total of 360 interventions reported in studies, patient interventions are the most frequently used across all disease groups, followed by professional interventions. To monitor the effectiveness of the disease programmes, the most frequently used outcomes are patient physiological measures, service use and patient health status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Every country has its own way to implement the integrated disease management strategy. The focus of practice lies on patient empowerment, particularly through self-management. Physiological measures and service use are the outcomes with the highest rate of assessment, which are also the indicators that show higher impact among all integrated disease management programmes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Portuguese health care system still faces challenges in the coordination and integration of care for patients with chronic disease thus improvements at integrated disease management programmes should be incorporate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Quality Management. Department of Quality in Health. Directorate-General of Health. Minister of Health. Lisbon. Portugal.. anabelacoelho09@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Anabela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: Centre for Malaria and other Tropical Diseases. Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical. Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisbon. Portugal.
authors.forename: Cláudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: Central Administration of the Health System. Lisbon. Portugal.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: National School of Public Health.Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisbon. Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sá Moreira
authors.affiliation: Centre for Malaria and other Tropical Diseases. Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical. Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisbon. Portugal.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dussault
mesh_terms: D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D011174:Portugal