title: Dynamic association of mortality hazard with body shape.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A Body Shape Index (ABSI) had been derived from a study of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 mortality data to quantify the risk associated with abdominal obesity (as indicated by a wide waist relative to height and body mass index). A national survey with longer follow-up, the British Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS), provides another opportunity to assess the predictive power for mortality of ABSI. HALS also includes repeat observations, allowing estimation of the implications of changes in ABSI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluate ABSI z score relative to population normals as a predictor of all-cause mortality over 24 years of follow-up to HALS. We found that ABSI is a strong indicator of mortality hazard in this population, with death rates increasing by a factor of 1.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.16) per standard deviation increase in ABSI and a hazard ratio of 1.61 (1.40-1.86) for those with ABSI in the top 20% of the population compared to those with ABSI in the bottom 20%. Using the NHANES normals to compute ABSI z scores gave similar results to using z scores derived specifically from the HALS sample. ABSI outperformed as a predictor of mortality hazard other measures of abdominal obesity such as waist circumference, waist to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio. Moreover, it was a consistent predictor of mortality hazard over at least 20 years of follow-up. Change in ABSI between two HALS examinations 7 years apart also predicted mortality hazard: individuals with a given initial ABSI who had rising ABSI were at greater risk than those with falling ABSI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ABSI is a readily computed dynamic indicator of health whose correlation with lifestyle and with other risk factors and health outcomes warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nir Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Krakauer
authors.affiliation: Alzohaili Medical Consultants, Southfield, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jesse C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Krakauer
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D006801:Humans; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio