title: Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia.
abstract: Hyponatraemia, defined as a serum sodium concentration <135 mmol/l, is the most common disorder of body fluid and electrolyte balance encountered in clinical practice. It can lead to a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, from subtle to severe or even life threatening, and is associated with increased mortality, morbidity and length of hospital stay in patients presenting with a range of conditions. Despite this, the management of patients remains problematic. The prevalence of hyponatraemia in widely different conditions and the fact that hyponatraemia is managed by clinicians with a broad variety of backgrounds have fostered diverse institution- and speciality-based approaches to diagnosis and treatment. To obtain a common and holistic view, the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Renal Association - European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA), represented by European Renal Best Practice (ERBP), have developed the Clinical Practice Guideline on the diagnostic approach and treatment of hyponatraemia as a joint venture of three societies representing specialists with a natural interest in hyponatraemia. In addition to a rigorous approach to methodology and evaluation, we were keen to ensure that the document focused on patient-important outcomes and included utility for clinicians involved in everyday practice.
authors.affiliation: State University Hospital Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia.
authors.forename: Goce
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spasovski
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanholder
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allolio
authors.forename: Djillali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Annane
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bichet
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Decaux
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fenske
authors.forename: Ewout J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hoorn
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ichai
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joannidis
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soupart
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zietse
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van der Veer
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Biesen
authors.forename: Evi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nagler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000628:therapy; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000458:organization & administration; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy* / Q000652:urine; D007177:Inappropriate ADH Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009398:Nephrology / Q000458:organization & administration; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D014667:Vasopressins; D012964:Sodium