title: Differences in the redox status of human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues--relationships to obesity and metabolic risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic homeostasis depends on adipocyte metabolic responses/processes, most of which are redox-regulated. Besides, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues (VAT and SAT, respectively) differ metabolically and in their contribution to metabolic complications, but their redox characteristics in humans are still unknown. To understand the molecular mechanisms of metabolic syndrome development, we analysed the redox characteristics of VAT and SAT in groups with various body weights and metabolic risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty premenopausal women were classified according to body mass index into normal-weight and obese groups, and these groups were further sub-classified into metabolically healthy and metabolically obese ("at risk") based on the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and the triglyceride, total-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels. Antioxidant components, NADPH oxidase protein and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels were analysed in VAT and SAT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the SAT, the VAT showed a higher basal level of glutathione (GSH) and GSH-dependent enzyme activities. Compared with the metabolically healthy normal-weight controls, the obese groups of women showed lower GSH levels in both depots. However, in these groups, additional prooxidative changes (increased NADPH oxidase and 4-HNE and decreased levels of SOD and/or CAT) were observed only in VAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the critical role of thiol-redox homeostasis in lipogenesis, interdepot-differences in the GSH-dependent antioxidant part may be connected to the higher metabolic activity found in VAT. Analogously, the lower GSH levels that occur during obesity and the corresponding additional redox imbalance may be signs of VAT metabolic dysfunction that underlie the subsequent metabolic impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jankovic
authors.affiliation: Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korac
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Srdic-Galic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buzadzic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Otasevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stancic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vucetic
authors.affiliation: Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markelic
authors.affiliation: Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ksenija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Velickovic
authors.affiliation: Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Golic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: koracb@ibiss.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Bato
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Korac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056865:Ideal Body Weight; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012307:Risk Factors; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
keywords: Metabolic syndrome; Metabolism; Redox regulation