title: Body dysmorphic disorder and psychological distress in orthognathic surgery patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a distressing condition involving preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated deformity. The purpose of our study was to investigate the presence of BDD and its comorbidity with anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery (OS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The present prospective study included 99 patients from the outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic at Stanford University who requested OS. The incidence of BDD, depression, anxiety, and OCD was assessed preoperatively using validated self-report measures. To determine the prevalence of Axis I psychological symptoms among patients, the descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed. P < .05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our sample, 13 patients (13%) screened positive for BDD. We did not find any significant correlations between the presence of BDD and gender, race, age, or marital status. Depressive symptoms were reported by 42% of the patients, OCD symptoms by 29%, and mild, moderate, and severe anxiety by 14%, 5%, and 4%, respectively. Using Spearman correlations, we found significant correlations between BDD and anxiety, depression, and OCD (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that the rates of BDD, depression, anxiety, and OCD are high in patients undergoing OS. Furthermore, we found a strong correlation between BDD and anxiety, OCD, and depression in these patients. Future studies are necessary to determine the postoperative changes in these psychological disorders and whether these changes are affected by having positive BDD screening results at baseline.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Student, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA.
authors.forename: Brooke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Undergraduate Student, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Clinician Instructor, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
authors.forename: Dyani Kalea
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gaudilliere
authors.affiliation: Visiting Scientist, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
authors.forename: Puja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Chief, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Electronic address: sgirod@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girod
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057909:Orthognathic Surgery; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D055815:Young Adult