title: In vitro evaluation of the occlusive properties of latex-covered amplatzer vascular plugs for transrenal ureteral occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the occlusive properties of latex-covered Amplatzer Vascular Plugs (AVPs) for transrenal ureteral occlusion in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latex-covered AVPs type I and II (diameter 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 mm) were used as occlusive devices. Radial force of an AVP was measured using simulated ureteral diameters of 4 to 12 mm. Occlusive properties were examined in a silicone tube (inner diameter 6 mm) with measurement of drainage time of a 40 cm water column. In complete occlusion, the maximum pressure that the plug was able to withstand was determined at different temperature levels. Statistical analysis of drainage time was performed in a general linear model (GLM) and using correlation analyses. Explanted porcine ureters were used to simulate physiologic conditions. Pressure measurements were performed until leakage, plug dislocation, or rupture of the ureter occurred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radial force depended on AVP type, size, ureteral diameter, and temperature. The 16-mm AVP II showed the highest radial force of more than 5 N (ureteral diameter 4 mm, body temperature). All AVP I showed water leakage and plug dislocation. Drainage time of the AVP II depended significantly on plug size and temperature and correlated with radial force (r=0.731, P<0.001). In complete occlusion, water leakage occurred at 500 to 1000 cm H2O and dislocation between 500 to more than 2000 cm H2O. In porcine ureters, leakage occurred at room temperature between 19 to 93 cm H2O. At body temperature, all AVP II occluded the ureter completely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Latex-covered AVP II (diameter 8-16 mm) can effectively occlude the ureter, especially considering remodeling of the nitinol at body temperature. Large plug diameters can exert enough radial force even in dilated ureters to allow for successful occlusion. Because deployment of a 16-mm latex-covered AVP II can be technically difficult, we advocate the use of 12- or 14-mm AVP II for transrenal ureteral occlusion. AVP Is are not suitable for ureteral occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany .
authors.forename: Claus Christian
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Hans Heinz
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schild
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007840:Latex; D009929:Organ Size; D011312:Pressure; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D007840:Latex