title: Destruction of the arrector pili muscle and fat infiltration in androgenic alopecia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common hair loss condition in men and women. Hair loss is caused by follicle miniaturization, which is largely irreversible beyond a certain degree of follicular regression. In contrast, hair loss in telogen effluvium (TE) is readily reversible. The arrector pili muscle (APM) connects the follicle to the surrounding skin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare histopathological features of the APM in AGA and TE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Archival blocks of 4-mm scalp punch biopsies from eight patients with AGA and five with TE were obtained. New 4-mm biopsies from five normal cases were used as controls. Serial 7-μm sections were stained with a modified Masson's trichrome stain. 'Reconstruct' software was used to construct and evaluate three-dimensional images of the follicle and APM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The APM degenerated and was replaced by adipose tissue in all AGA specimens. Remnants of the APM remained attached to the hair follicle. There was no fat in the normal skin specimens. Fat was seen in two of five TE specimens but could be attributed to these patients also showing evidence of AGA. Quantitative analysis showed that muscle volume decreased and fat volume increased significantly (P < 0·05) in AGA compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APM degeneration and replacement with fat in AGA has not previously been described. The underlying mechanism remains to be determined. However, we speculate that this phenomenon might be related to depletion of stem or progenitor cells from the follicle mesenchyme, explaining why AGA is treatment resistant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic., Australia; Department of Dermatology, 185-187 Hoddle Street, level one, Epworth Health Dermatology Laboratory, Richmond, Vic., 3121, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Torkamani
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Rufaut
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinclair
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D000505:Alopecia / Q000473:pathology*; D001706:Biopsy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology*; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000473:pathology*