title: Long-term effects of photoperiod, temperature and their interaction on growth, gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, seawater tolerance and plasma growth-hormone levels in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.
abstract: This study was undertaken to examine the long-term effects of photoperiod, temperature and their interaction on growth, gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase (NKA) activity, seawater tolerance and plasma growth-hormone levels in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar pre-smolts and smolts. The fish (mean ± s.e. initial body mass = 15·9 ± 0·4 g) were reared on two photoperiods (continuous light, LL, and simulated natural photoperiod, LDN, 60° 25' N) and two temperatures (8·3 and 12·7° C) from June to May of the following year. Mean body mass was affected by photoperiod, temperature and their interactions. Both temperature groups on LL developed peak levels in gill NKA activity from October to November, 4-5 months prior to the natural season for the parr-smolt transformation. Fish at 12° C showed peak levels in NKA activity 4-6 weeks before the fish at 8° C. Fish in all four experimental groups showed maximum NKA activity within a similar size range (113-162 g). The present findings further indicate that smoltification in S. salar is to some extent driven by size, and that S. salar will develop smolt characteristics, e.g. a marked increase in NKA activity, within a similar size range. Faster-growing S. salar will, thus, reach this size threshold at a relatively younger age.
authors.affiliation: Uni Environment, Uni Research AS, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Handeland
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Imsland
authors.forename: B Th
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Björnsson
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Stefansson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D005880:Gills / Q000201:enzymology; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D017440:Photoperiod; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D012623:Seawater; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D013006:Growth Hormone; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
keywords: environmental manipulation; osmoregulation; smoltification