title: The emergence of "us and them" in 80 lines of code: modeling group genesis in homogeneous populations.
abstract: Psychological explanations of group genesis often require population heterogeneity in identity or other characteristics, whether deep (e.g., religion) or superficial (e.g., eye color). We used agent-based models to explore group genesis in homogeneous populations and found robust group formation with just two basic principles: reciprocity and transitivity. These emergent groups demonstrated in-group cooperation and out-group defection, even though agents lacked common identity. Group formation increased individual payoffs, and group number and size were robust to varying levels of reciprocity and transitivity. Increasing population size increased group size more than group number, and manipulating baseline trust in a population had predictable effects on group genesis. An interactive demonstration of the parameter space and source code for implementing the model are available online.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ert
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hershman
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Norton
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012929:Psychological Distance; D012919:Social Behavior; D012933:Social Identification
keywords: intergroup dynamics; prejudice; social structure