title: Physical properties and comparative strength of a bioactive luting cement.
abstract: New dental cement formulations require testing to determine physical and mechanical laboratory properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test an experimental calcium aluminate/glass-ionomer cement, Ceramir C and B (CC and B), regarding compressive strength (CS), film thickness (FT), net setting time (ST) and Vickers hardness. An additional test to evaluate potential dimensional change/expansion properties of this cement was also conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  CS was measured according to a slightly modified ISO 9917:2003 for the CC and B specimens. The samples were not clamped while being exposed to relative humidity of great than 90 percent at 37 degrees C for 10 minutes before being stored in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 degrees C. For the CS, four groups were tested: Group 1-CC and B; Group 2-RelyX Luting Cement; Group 3-Fuji Plus; and Group 4-RelyX Unicem. Samples from all groups were stored for 24 hours before testing. Only CCandB was tested for ST and FT according to ISO 9917:2003. The FT was tested 2 minutes after mixing. Vickers hardness was evaluated using the CSM Microhardness Indentation Tester using zinc phosphate cement as a comparison material. Expansion testing included evaluating potential cracks in feldspathic porcelain jacket crowns (PJCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean and standard deviation after 24 hours were expressed in MPa: Group 1 equals 160 plus or equal to 27; Group 2 equals 96 plus or equal to 10; Group 3 equals 138 plus or equal to 15; Group 4 equals 157 plus or equal to 10. A single-factor ANOVA demonstrated statistically significant differences between the groups (P less than 0.001). Pair-wise statistical comparison demonstrated a statistically significant difference between Groups 1 and 2. No statistically significant differences were found between other groups. The FT was 16.8 plus or equal to 0.9 and the ST was 4.8 plus or equal to 0.1 min. Vickers hardness for Ceramir C and B was 68.3 plus or equal to 17.2 and was statistically significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than Fleck's Zinc Phosphate cement at Vickers hardness of 51.4 plus or equal to 10. There was no evidence of cracks due to radial expansion in PJCs by the Ceramir C and B cement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All luting cements tested demonstrated compressive strengths well in excess of the ISO requirement for water-based cements of no less than 50 MPa. Ceramir C and B showed significantly higher CS than RelyX Luting Cement after 24 hours, but was not significantly higher than either Fuji Plus or RelyX Unicem. The ST and FT values of CC and B conform to and are within the boundaries of the requirements of the standard. Surface hardness was statistically higher than and comparable to zinc phosphate cement. There was no evidence of potentially clinically significant and deleterious expansion behavior by this cement. All cements tested demonstrated acceptable strength properties. Within the limits of this study, Ceramir C and B is deemed to possess physical properties suitable for a dental luting cement.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jefferies
authors.affiliation: Director of Research, Doxa Dental AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lööf
authors.affiliation: Professor Emeritus, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Cornelis H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pameijer
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor and Chairman, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boston
authors.affiliation: Resident, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.affiliation: Chief Scientific Advisor, Founder, and Director, Doxa Dental AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hermansson
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D003442:Crowns; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D019279:Resin Cements; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C483701:Rely X Unicem; D019279:Resin Cements; C084550:Vitremer; C581736:ceramir crown and bridge; C084541:Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement