title: Effective policy initiatives to constrain lipid-lowering drug expenditure growth in South Korea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rapid growth of prescription drug expenditures is a major problem in South Korea. Accordingly, the South Korean government introduced a positive listing system in 2006. They also adopted various price reduction policies. Nevertheless, the total expenditure for lipid-lowering drugs have steadily increased throughout South Korea. The present study explores the factors that have influenced the increased expenditures of lipid-lowering drugs with a particular focus on the effects of statins in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper investigates the National Health Insurance claims data for prescribed lipid-lowering drugs collected between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2009. We specifically focused on statins and assessed the yearly variation of statin expenditure by calculating the increased rate of paired pharmaceutical expenditures over a 2 year period. Our study classified statins into three categories: new entrants, core medicines and exiting medicines. For core medicines, we further examined influencing factors such as price, amount of drugs consumed by volume, and prescription changes (substitutes for other drug).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statin expenditure showed an average annual increase of 25.7% between 2005 and 2009. Among the different statins, the expenditure of atorvastatin showed a 36.6% annual increase rate, which was the most dramatic among all statins. Also we divided expenditure for core medicines by the price factor, volume factor, and prescription change. The result showed that annual weighted average prices of individual drug decreased each year, which clearly showed that price influenced statin expenditure in a negative direction. The use of generic drugs containing the same active ingredient as name-brand drugs increased and negatively affected statin expenditure (Generic Mix effect). However, the use of relatively expensive ingredients within statin increase, Ingredient Mix effect contributed to increased statin expenditure (Ingredient Mix effect). In particular, the volume effect was found to be critical for increasing statin expenditure as the amount of statin consumed increased steadily throughout the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recent rapid increase in statin expenditure can largely be attributed to an increase in consumption volume. In order to check drug expenditures effectively in our current situation, in which chronic diseases remain steadily on the rise, it is necessary to not only have supply-side initiatives such as price reduction, but also demand-side initiatives that could control drug consumption volume, for example: educational programs for rational prescription, generic drug promotional policies, and policies providing prescription targets.
authors.forename: Green
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Chanmi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyejin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Euna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Dong-Sook
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy & Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, South Korea. smjang@gachon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sunmee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D003363:Cost Control / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000191:economics; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000191:economics*; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D018803:Models, Economic; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D056910:Republic of Korea
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents