title: Decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of L-carnitine in non-apolipoprotein E4 carriers at early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Increasing evidence suggest that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous disorder that includes several subtypes with different etiology and progression. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is being used to find new biomarkers reflecting the complexity of the pathological pathways within this disease. We used CSF and clinical data from patients to investigate the status of asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine, creatine, suberylglycine, and L-carnitine along AD progression. These molecules play important roles in mitochondrial function and dysfunction in mitochondrial metabolism are involved in AD pathology. We found that non-APOE4 carriers show lower levels of L-carnitine in CSF early in AD. L-carnitine levels correlate with amyloid-β (Aβ) levels and Mini-Mental State Examination score, but do not add to the specificity or sensitivity of the classical AD CSF biomarkers, Aβ42, phospho-tau, and total-tau. Our results suggest APOE genotype-dependent differences in L-carnitine synthesis or metabolism along AD, and insinuate that L-carnitine treatments would be more beneficial for AD patients not carrying the APOE4 isoform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, NOVUM, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lodeiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cifuentes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simó
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, NOVUM, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Cedazo-Mínguez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002331:Carnitine / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics; D003401:Creatine / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D005260:Female; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D015415:Biomarkers; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids; C054369:MAPT protein, human; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); C487735:dimethylarginine; D016875:tau Proteins; C013264:suberylglycine; D001120:Arginine; D003401:Creatine; D002331:Carnitine; D005998:Glycine
keywords: APOE4; Alzheimer's disease; L-carnitine; biomarkers; cerebrospinal fluid