title: Gender identity shows a high correlation with Prader score in patients with disorders of sex development (DSD) presenting in mid childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In developing countries like Bangladesh, delayed presentation for disorders of sex development (DSD) is common, and provides some special problems for management. There remains significant controversy about appropriate sex assignment in this group. We aimed, therefore, to assess gender identity (GI) in 50 consecutive patients with DSD presenting to a referral centre in Chittagong, Bangladesh, and correlate it with Prader score, to see if the latter could be used to predict GI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, case-control study of 50 consecutive children with DSD and 50 children with vascular anomalies was conducted in the Pediatric Surgical Clinic, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital. After informed consent, patients and controls provided oral answers to a GI questionnaire and had a detailed history and physical examination. Sex-typed activities were assessed by observations of a structured toy play and the child's selection of a toy to keep. Both patients and parents then completed the Child Game Participation Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in age (2-16 years, mean 8.74) between controls and DSD patients (11 46, XX DSD, 32 46, XY DSD, 4 MGD, 3 ovo-testicular DSD). Fifteen of the DSD patients (30 %) came from consanguineous marriages and only 2 of the control patients had consanguinity of their parents. For the 13-question GI interview, there was no overall difference between DSD cases and controls. For the 46, XX DSD subgroup, there was a significantly higher score (11.1 ± 7.1) compared with control girls (4.5 ± 4.7) (p < 0.05), while for DSD and control boys, there was a positive correlation with age and GI (p < 0.01). Prader score correlated with GI score in both control (r = 0.91) and DSD patients (r = 0.75) (p < 0.01), DSD girls played significantly less with girls' toys than controls (p < 0.01), but there was no differences for the boys. Composite scores on GI and gender-related behaviour correlated with Prader score for DSD patients (r = 0.61) (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the view that GI and gender-role behaviour should be assessed routinely in DSD patients presenting after the neonatal period, so that sex assignment is in accordance with behaviour. Prader scores showed a good correlation with GI and gender role behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Tanvir K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Md Zonaid
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Fahmida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mili
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hutson
authors.forename: Tahmina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001459:Bangladesh; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010988:Play and Playthings / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires