title: Tobacco retail outlet advertising practices and proximity to schools, parks and public housing affect Synar underage sales violations in Washington, DC.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the cross-sectional association between illicit sales of tobacco to minors, Washington DC tobacco outlet advertising practices, retail store type, the demographic make-up of the area surrounding each outlet, and the proximity of each outlet to high schools, recreational parks and public housing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred and fifty tobacco outlets in the DC area, n=347 of which were randomly selected for inspection by the Synar Inspection Program in 2009-2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of tobacco advertisements on the interior and exterior of each outlet, and illicit tobacco sales to Synar Inspection Program youth volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of tobacco advertisements on the exterior of gas stations was much greater than on other retail store types (OR=6.68; 95% CI 4.05 to 11.01), as was the absence of any advertisements at bars or restaurants that sold tobacco (OR=0.33; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.52). Exterior tobacco advertisements were also more likely in predominantly African-American areas of the city (OR=3.11; 95% CI 2.28 to 4.25), and particularly likely on storefronts located closer to parks (OR=1.87; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.28). Illicit sales to minors were more common at gas stations (OR=3.01; 95% CI 1.5 to 6.3), outlets that displayed exterior tobacco advertisements closer to parks (OR=3.36; 95% CI 1.38 to 8.21), and outlets located closer to high schools in majority African-American block groups (OR=1.29; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.58).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings demonstrate that while illicit tobacco sales to minors are occurring at acceptably low rates by Synar standards, illicit sales vary considerably by retail store type, advertising approach and proximity to high schools, parks and African-American residential areas. Future work may help inform regulatory efforts to reduce youth access at the neighbourhood, city, state and national levels.
authors.affiliation: The Steven A. Schroeder National Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.affiliation: The Steven A. Schroeder National Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Villanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cantrell
authors.affiliation: The Steven A. Schroeder National Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anesetti-Rothermel
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Ollie
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ganz
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Vallone
authors.affiliation: The Steven A. Schroeder National Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Abrams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000329:Advertising; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003415:Crime; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004219:District of Columbia; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D033242:Minors; D011638:Public Housing; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012147:Restaurants; D012574:Schools; D012907:Smoking; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics
keywords: FDA; Point-of-sale; Synar; Tobacco; Underage Sales