title: Medicaid spending on contraceptive coverage and pregnancy-related care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Up to 50% of pregnancies are unintended in the United States, and the healthcare costs associated with pregnancy are the most expensive among hospitalized conditions. The current study aims to assess Medicaid spending on various methods of contraception and on pregnancy care including unintended pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed Medicaid health claims data from 2004 to 2010. Women 14-49 years of age initiating contraceptive methods and pregnant women were included as separate cohorts. Medicaid spending was summarized using mean all-cause and contraceptive healthcare payments per patient per month (PPPM) over a follow-up period of up to 12 months. Medicaid payments were also estimated in 2008 per female member of childbearing age per month (PFCPM) and per member per month (PMPM). Medicaid payments on unintended pregnancies were also evaluated PFCPM and PMPM in 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For short-acting reversible contraception (SARC) users, all-cause payments and contraceptive payments PPPM were respectively $365 and $18.3 for oral contraceptive (OC) users, $308 and $19.9 for transdermal users, $215 and $21.6 for vaginal ring users, and $410 and $8.8 for injectable users. For long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) users (follow-up of 9-10 months), corresponding payments were $194 and $36.8 for IUD users, and $237 and $29.9 for implant users. Pregnancy cohort all-cause mean healthcare payments PPPM were $610. Payments PFCPM and PMPM for contraceptives were $1.44 and $0.54, while corresponding costs of pregnancies were estimated at $39.91 and $14.81, respectively. Payments PFCPM and PMPM for contraceptives represented a small fraction at 6.56% ($1.44/$21.95) and 6.63% ($0.54/$8.15), respectively of the estimated payments for unintended pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study of a large sample of Medicaid beneficiaries demonstrated that, over a follow-up period of 12 months, Medicaid payments for pregnancy were considerably higher than payments for either SARC or LARC users. Healthcare payments for contraceptives represented a small proportion of payments for unintended pregnancy when considering the overall Medicaid population perspective in 2008.
authors.affiliation: Groupe d'analyse, Ltée, 1000 rue de la Gauchetière Ouest Bureau 1200, H3B 4 W5 Montréal, Québec, Canada. flaliberte@analysisgroup.com.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laliberté
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Mei Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Duh
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pocoski
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lynen
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Darney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008484:Medicaid; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003270:Contraceptive Agents