title: Feeding-dependent activation of enteric cells and sensory neurons by lymphatic fluid: evidence for a neurolymphocrine system.
abstract: Lymphatic fluid is a plasma filtrate that can be viewed as having biological activity through the passive accumulation of molecules from the interstitial fluid. The possibility that lymphatic fluid is part of an active self-contained signaling process that parallels the endocrine system, through the activation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), has remained unexplored. We show that the GPCR lysophosphatidic acid 5 (LPA5) is found in sensory nerve fibers expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that innervate the lumen of lymphatic lacteals and enteric nerves. Using LPA5 as a model for nutrient-responsive GPCRs present on sensory nerves, we demonstrate that dietary protein hydrolysate (peptone) can induce c-Fos expression in enterocytes and nerves that express LPA5. Mesenteric lymphatic fluid (MLF) mobilizes intracellular calcium in cell models expressing LPA5 upon feeding in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Primary cultured neurons of the dorsal root ganglia expressing CGRP are activated by MLF, which is enhanced upon LPA5 overexpression. Activation is independent of the known LPA5 agonists, lysophosphatidic acid and farnesyl pyrophosphate. These data bring forth a pathway for the direct stimulation of sensory nerves by luminal contents and interstitial fluid. Thus, by activating LPA5 on sensory nerves, MLF provides a means for known and yet to be identified constituents of the interstitial fluid to act as signals to comprise a "neurolymphocrine" system.
authors.affiliation: Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tso
authors.forename: Nigel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Bunnett
authors.forename: Sek Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yo
authors.forename: TinaMarie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lieu
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiu
authors.forename: Jen-Chywan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Aponte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008196:Lymph / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010461:Peptones / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; C512992:LPAR5 protein, human; D010461:Peptones; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
keywords: G protein-coupled receptor; intestine; lacteal; lysophosphatidic acid 5; nutrient sensing