title: Public investment does not crowd out private supply of environmental goods on private land.
abstract: In landscapes where private land tenure is prevalent, public funds for ecological landscape restoration are sometimes spent subsidising the revegetation of cleared land, and the protection of remnant vegetation from livestock. However, the total area treated may be unclear because such projects are not always recorded, and landholders may undertake similar activities without subsidisation. In the absence of empirical data, in the state of Victoria, Australia, a reporting assumption has been employed that suggests that wholly privately funded sites match publicly subsidised sites on a hectare for hectare basis (a so-called "x2" assumption). Conversely, the "crowding out" theory of investment in public goods such as environmental benefits suggests that public investment may supplant private motivation. Using aerial photography we mapped the extent of revegetation, native vegetation fencing and restoration on 71 representative landholdings in rural south-eastern Australia. We interviewed each landholder and recorded the age and funding model of each site. Contrary to the local "x2" reporting assumption, about 75% of the total area of the 412 sites was from subsidised sites, and that proportion was far higher for the period after 1997. However, rather than displacing unsubsidised activity, our modelling showed that landholders who had recently been subsidised for a project were more likely to have subsequently completed unsubsidised work. This indicates that, at least in terms of medium-term economic impact, the large increase in public subsidies did not diminish privately funded activity, as might be expected according to the theory of crowding out.
authors.affiliation: Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia. Electronic address: david.duncan@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia. Electronic address: garrethkyle@yahoo.co.nz.
authors.forename: Garreth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.affiliation: School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia. Electronic address: wkmor1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, and Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Pvt Bag 5, PO, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. Electronic address: patrick.smith@co2australia.com.au.
authors.forename: F Patrick
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics*; D004777:Environment; D007449:Investments / Q000191:economics*; D018803:Models, Economic; D009042:Motivation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Agri-environment schemes; Conservation planning; Crowding-out; Ecological restoration; Evaluating investment; Landscape change; Natural resource management; Revegetation