title: Spermatozoa as a transport system of large unilamellar lipid vesicles into the oocyte.
abstract: In addition to their role as man-made membranes, vesicles continue to be investigated as carriers for drug delivery. While most research focuses on their injectable properties, here a new delivery strategy is proposed. It is shown that spermatozoa can transport vesicles of variable composition. For human spermatozoa, the vesicles started to show binding after 20 mol% of the nonbinding vesicle backbone lipids were substituted with positive, negative, cerebroside or ganglioside lipids. Vesicle binding is a dynamic process with constant 'on' and 'off' binding. The physiological and motility attributes of the spermatozoa are not affected by the attached vesicles. Sperm swimming characteristics changed only marginally. Also, the activation status of the acrosomal membrane, tested with the fluorescent probe Pisum sativum agglutinin, was not affected by vesicle binding. Moreover, the hyaluronic acid-binding test showed that viable, fully developed spermatozoa will attach and remain bound to hyaluronic acid-coated slides regardless of vesicle binding. Therefore a new 'hybrid' delivery system was created with human spermatozoa, and tested with a mouse IVF system. Large unilamellar vesicles physisorbed to mouse spermatozoa can not only penetrate the mouse oocytes in these proof-of-principle experiments, but also deliver the cargo placed within the vesicles.
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States. Electronic address: Nienke.geerts@yale.edu.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Geerts
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: The Sperm Physiology Laboratory, Yale Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Stronk
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Vanderlick
authors.affiliation: The Sperm Physiology Laboratory, Yale Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States. Electronic address: Gabor.huszar@yale.edu.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huszar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002554:Cerebrosides / Q000378:metabolism; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols / Q000378:metabolism; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D053835:Unilamellar Liposomes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002554:Cerebrosides; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols; D053835:Unilamellar Liposomes; C051388:1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
keywords: delivery; hybrid; lipid vesicles; mouse; spermatozoa; transport