title: Intravenous lidocaine pretreatment with venous occlusion for reducing microemulsion propofol induced pain: comparison of three doses of lidocaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pretreatment with intravenous 40 mg or 0.5 mg/kg lidocaine with venous occlusion is recommended to prevent pain following injection of lipid emulsion propofol. This approach is not sufficient to prevent pain from the injection of microemulsion propofol. The present study investigated whether a higher dose of lidocaine pretreatment with venous occlusion would be more effective for reducing pain following injection of microemulsion propofol compared with 40 mg lidocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing elective surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups: pretreatment with 40 mg (group L40), 60 mg (group L60) or 80 mg (group L80) lidocaine intravenously with venous occlusion, followed by injection with microemulsion propofol 1 min later. Pain was assessed on a four-point scale (severe, moderate, mild, none) based on physical responses to the injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 68 patients were included in the final analysis. Pain severity and incidence were significantly lower in patients in group L60 and L80 compared with patients in group L40. There were no statistically significant differences in pain incidence or severity between group L60 and group L80.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with 60 mg lidocaine intravenously with venous occlusion may be the most effective minimum dose for reducing injection pain following microemulsion propofol administration for induction of anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: Hyuk Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Han Bum
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Joe
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D015742:Propofol
keywords: Injection pain; lidocaine pretreatment; microemulsion propofol