title: Dietary intake, nutrition, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.
abstract: In this study, we describe the nutritional status of women from a South African community with very high rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Nutrient intake (24-h recall) of mothers of children with FASD was compared to mothers of normal controls. Nutrient adequacy was assessed using Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). More than 50% of all mothers were below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamins A, D, E, and C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Mean intakes were below the Adequate Intake (AI) for vitamin K, potassium, and choline. Mothers of children with FASD reported significantly lower intake of calcium, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), riboflavin, and choline than controls. Lower intake of multiple key nutrients correlates significantly with heavy drinking. Poor diet quality and multiple nutritional inadequacies coupled with prenatal alcohol exposure may increase the risk for FASD in this population.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA; The University of New Mexico Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions (CASAA), Albuquerque, USA. Electronic address: philip_may@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Navigate Nutrition Consulting, PLLC, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: Kari J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hamrick
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA.
authors.forename: Karen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Corbin
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA.
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hasken
authors.affiliation: Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Anna-Susan
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Marais
authors.affiliation: Formerly with the University of Cape Town, Foundation for Alcohol Related Research (FARR), Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lesley E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Brooke
authors.affiliation: The University of New Mexico Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions (CASAA), Albuquerque, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blankenship
authors.affiliation: Sanford Research and Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, USA.
authors.forename: H Eugene
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hoyme
authors.affiliation: The University of New Mexico Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions (CASAA), Albuquerque, USA.
authors.forename: J Phillip
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gossage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014815:Vitamins
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins
keywords: Dietary intake; Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; Nutrition; Pregnancy and alcohol; South Africa