title: Associations of housing mobility interventions for children in high-poverty neighborhoods with subsequent mental disorders during adolescence.
abstract: Youth in high-poverty neighborhoods have high rates of emotional problems. Understanding neighborhood influences on mental health is crucial for designing neighborhood-level interventions.
  
  
  
  To perform an exploratory analysis of associations between housing mobility interventions for children in high-poverty neighborhoods and subsequent mental disorders during adolescence.
  
  
  
  The Moving to Opportunity Demonstration from 1994 to 1998 randomized 4604 volunteer public housing families with 3689 children in high-poverty neighborhoods into 1 of 2 housing mobility intervention groups (a low-poverty voucher group vs a traditional voucher group) or a control group. The low-poverty voucher group (n=1430) received vouchers to move to low-poverty neighborhoods with enhanced mobility counseling. The traditional voucher group (n=1081) received geographically unrestricted vouchers. Controls (n=1178) received no intervention. Follow-up evaluation was performed 10 to 15 years later (June 2008-April 2010) with participants aged 13 to 19 years (0-8 years at randomization). Response rates were 86.9% to 92.9%.
  
  
  
  Presence of mental disorders from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) within the past 12 months, including major depressive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), oppositional-defiant disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, and conduct disorder, as assessed post hoc with a validated diagnostic interview.
  
  
  
  Of the 3689 adolescents randomized, 2872 were interviewed (1407 boys and 1465 girls). Compared with the control group, boys in the low-poverty voucher group had significantly increased rates of major depression (7.1% vs 3.5%; odds ratio (OR), 2.2 [95% CI, 1.2-3.9]), PTSD (6.2% vs 1.9%; OR, 3.4 [95% CI, 1.6-7.4]), and conduct disorder (6.4% vs 2.1%; OR, 3.1 [95% CI, 1.7-5.8]). Boys in the traditional voucher group had increased rates of PTSD compared with the control group (4.9% vs 1.9%, OR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.2-5.8]). However, compared with the control group, girls in the traditional voucher group had decreased rates of major depression (6.5% vs 10.9%; OR, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.3-0.9]) and conduct disorder (0.3% vs 2.9%; OR, 0.1 [95% CI, 0.0-0.4]).
  
  
  
  Interventions to encourage moving out of high-poverty neighborhoods were associated with increased rates of depression, PTSD, and conduct disorder among boys and reduced rates of depression and conduct disorder among girls. Better understanding of interactions among individual, family, and neighborhood risk factors is needed to guide future public housing policy changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: School of Education, University of California Irvine, Irvine.
authors.forename: Greg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gennetian
authors.affiliation: National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts4Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lawrence F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.affiliation: National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts5Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kling
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.affiliation: National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sanbonmatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zaslavsky
authors.affiliation: National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts6Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011203:Poverty; D011638:Public Housing; D011640:Public Policy; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult