title: The psychoactive effects of psychiatric medication: the elephant in the room.
abstract: The psychoactive effects of psychiatric medications have been obscured by the presumption that these medications have disease-specific actions. Exploiting the parallels with the psychoactive effects and uses of recreational substances helps to highlight the psychoactive properties of psychiatric medications and their impact on people with psychiatric problems. We discuss how psychoactive effects produced by different drugs prescribed in psychiatric practice might modify various disturbing and distressing symptoms, and we also consider the costs of these psychoactive effects on the mental well-being of the user. We examine the issue of dependence, and the need for support for people wishing to withdraw from psychiatric medication. We consider how the reality of psychoactive effects undermines the idea that psychiatric drugs work by targeting underlying disease processes, since psychoactive effects can themselves directly modify mental and behavioral symptoms and thus affect the results of placebo-controlled trials. These effects and their impact also raise questions about the validity and importance of modern diagnosis systems. Extensive research is needed to clarify the range of acute and longer-term mental, behavioral, and physical effects induced by psychiatric drugs, both during and after consumption and withdrawal, to enable users and prescribers to exploit their psychoactive effects judiciously in a safe and more informed manner.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Science, University College London, London, UK. j.moncrieff@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moncrieff
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Addiction Psychiatry South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs