title: Incidence of cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors among subjects with type 2 diabetes - an 11-year follow up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was planned to assess the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events over an 11-year period and to identify the associated risk factors that could predict the onset of CVD among subjects with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data of 249 patients (M:F 149:100) with type 2 diabetes, from a cohort of 7800 patients, attending a tertiary care center for diabetes from January 2000 to December 2011 were retrieved and analyzed for this study. Sociodemographic and habitual risk factors, baseline diabetes duration, HbA1c and time of onset of CVD and its risk factors were collected from case records. Person-years method was used to calculate incident rate of CVD. Binary logistic regression analyses were done to identify predictors associated with CVD and its risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of CVD among subjects with diabetes was 5.6 cases/1000 person-years. Nearly 60% developed hypertension and dyslipidemia or both during the 11-year period. The most common complication was neuropathy (14.4%). Smoking [OR (95%CI)] [9.26 (1.6-54.9)] (p = 0.014) and heavy alcohol consumption [8.7 (1.1-69.8)] (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with CVD. Higher BMI was significantly associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia [2.4 (1.3-4.3)] (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking and heavy alcohol consumption were significantly associated with CVD, and increased BMI was significantly associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia among subjects with type 2 diabetes in this study population. These findings emphasize the need for early identification and modification of risk factors associated with CVD events in patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: M.V. Hospital for Diabetes and Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre [WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes], No. 4, Main Road, Royapuram, Chennai 600 013, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umamahesh
authors.affiliation: M.V. Hospital for Diabetes and Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre [WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes], No. 4, Main Road, Royapuram, Chennai 600 013, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vigneswari
authors.affiliation: M.V. Hospital for Diabetes and Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre [WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes], No. 4, Main Road, Royapuram, Chennai 600 013, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Surya Thejaswi
authors.affiliation: M.V. Hospital for Diabetes and Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre [WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes], No. 4, Main Road, Royapuram, Chennai 600 013, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satyavani
authors.affiliation: M.V. Hospital for Diabetes and Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre [WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes], No. 4, Main Road, Royapuram, Chennai 600 013, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: drvijay@mvdiabetes.com.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Alcohol consumption; Cardiovascular disease; India; Smoking; Type 2 diabetes