title: Molecular markers for breast cancer: prediction on tumor behavior.
abstract: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers with greater than 1,300,000 cases and 450,000 deaths each year worldwide. The development of breast cancer involves a progression through intermediate stages until the invasive carcinoma and finally into metastatic disease. Given the variability in clinical progression, the identification of markers that could predict the tumor behavior is particularly important in breast cancer. The determination of tumor markers is a useful tool for clinical management in cancer patients, assisting in diagnostic, staging, evaluation of therapeutic response, detection of recurrence and metastasis, and development of new treatment modalities. In this context, this review aims to discuss the main tumor markers in breast carcinogenesis. The most well-established breast molecular markers with prognostic and/or therapeutic value like hormone receptors, HER-2 oncogene, Ki-67, and p53 proteins, and the genes for hereditary breast cancer will be presented. Furthermore, this review shows the new molecular targets in breast cancer: CXCR4, caveolin, miRNA, and FOXP3, as promising candidates for future development of effective and targeted therapies, also with lower toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Karina
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Banin Hirata
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julie Massayo Maeda
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Losi Guembarovski
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Batista
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ariza
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo Coral
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Angelica Ehara
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins