title: Reference map and comparative proteomic analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae displaying high resistance against spectinomycin.
abstract: A proteome reference map of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was successfully established using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. This map was further applied to compare protein expression profiles of high-level spectinomycin-resistant (clinical isolate) and -susceptible (reference strain) N. gonorrhoeae following treatment with subminimal inhibitory concentrations (subMICs) of spectinomycin. Approximately 200 protein spots were visualized by Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 staining and 66 spots representing 58 unique proteins were subsequently identified. Most of the identified proteins were analysed as cytoplasmic proteins and belonged to the class of energy metabolism. Comparative proteomic analysis of whole protein expression of susceptible and resistant gonococci showed up to 96% similarity while eight proteins were found to be differentially expressed in the resistant strain. In the presence of subMICs of spectinomycin, it was found that 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12, an essential component for ribosomal translocation, was upregulated in both strains, ranging from 1.5- to 3.5-fold, suggesting compensatory mechanisms of N. gonorrhoeae in response to antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis. Moreover, the differential expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and the cell envelope was noticeably detected, indicating significant cellular responses and adaptation against antibiotic stress. Such knowledge provides valuable data, not only fundamental proteomic data, but also knowledge of the mode of action of antibiotic and secondary target proteins implicated in adaptation and compensatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sunanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nabu
authors.affiliation: Center of Medical Laboratory Services, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.|Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Ratana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lawung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
authors.forename: Patcharee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chartchalerm
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya
authors.affiliation: Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sittiruk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roytrakul
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Virapong
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Prachayasittikul
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D013045:Species Specificity; D000198:Spectinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D000198:Spectinomycin