title: Chromene suppresses the activation of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: Inflammation is complex process involving a variety of immune cells that defend the body from harmful stimuli. However, pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators can also exacerbate diseases such as cancer. The aim of this study was to identify a natural effective remedy for inflammation. We isolated a functional algal chromene compound from Sargassum siliquastrum, named sargachromanol D (SD). We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of SD on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed RAW 264.7 cells by measuring cell viability, cytotoxicity, and production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. SD inhibited production of NO and PGE2 from LPS-induced cells by preventing the expression of inflammatory mediators such as iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Concurrently, levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were reduced with increasing concentrations of SD. In addition, SD inhibited the activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that SD inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammation by inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPKs pathways in macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Global Bioresources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Global Bioresources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Global Bioresources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo-Ram
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Global Bioresources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Jeju Biodiversity Research Institute (JBRI), Jeju TECHNOPARK (JTP), Jeju 699-943, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yyjkl@jejutp.or.kr.
authors.forename: Weon-Jong
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Global Bioresources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chulhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Global Bioresources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Do-Hyung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hyeok
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Cheol
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: You-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Investigators Consortium (POETIC) Laboratory for Pre-Clinical and Drug Discovery Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Sung-Myung
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Marine Bio Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-140, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Daekyung
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Marine Bio Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-140, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: knkim@kbsi.re.kr.
authors.forename: Kil-Nam
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D044647:Sargassum / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides
keywords: Anti-inflammation; Chromene; Inflammatory mediators; Pro-inflammatory cytokines; Sargassum siliquastrum