title: Applications of piezoelectric surgery in endodontic surgery: a literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Piezosurgery (piezoelectric bone surgery) devices were developed to cut bone atraumatically using ultrasonic vibrations and to provide an alternative to the mechanical and electrical instruments used in conventional oral surgery. Indications for piezosurgery are increasing in oral and maxillofacial surgery, as in other disciplines, such as endodontic surgery. Key features of piezosurgery instruments include their ability to selectively cut bone without damaging adjacent soft tissue, to provide a clear operative field, and to cut without generating heat. Although piezosurgery instruments can be used at most stages of endodontic surgery (osteotomy, root-end resection, and root-end preparation), no published data are available on the effect of piezosurgery on the outcomes of endodontic surgery. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the effect of piezosurgery on root-end resection, and only 1 has investigated root-end morphology after retrograde cavity preparation using piezosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a search of the PubMed and Cochrane databases using appropriate terms and keywords related to the use and applications of piezoelectric surgery in endodontic surgery. A hand search also was conducted of issues published in the preceding 2 years of several journals. Two independent reviewers obtained and analyzed the full texts of the selected articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 121 articles published between January 2000 and December 2013 were identified. This review summarizes the operating principles of piezoelectric devices and outlines the applications of piezosurgery in endodontic surgery using clinical examples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Piezosurgery is a promising technical modality with applications in several aspects of endodontic surgery, but further studies are necessary to determine the influence of piezosurgery on root-end resection and root-end preparation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abella
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Ribot
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doria
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duran-Sindreu
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: mroig@uic.es.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roig
mesh_terms: D001047:Apicoectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D010483:Periapical Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D059745:Piezosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Apical surgery; cone-beam computed tomography imaging; endodontic surgery; piezoelectric device; piezosurgery