title: Divergence of East Asians and Europeans estimated using male- and female-specific genetic markers.
abstract: To study the male and female lineages of East Asian and European humans, we have sequenced 25 short tandem repeat markers on 453 Y-chromosomes and collected sequences of 72 complete mitochondrial genomes to construct independent phylogenetic trees for male and female lineages. The results indicate that East Asian individuals fall into two clades, one that includes East Asian individuals only and a second that contains East Asian and European individuals. Surprisingly, the European individuals did not form an independent clade, but branched within in the East Asians. We then estimated the divergence time of the root of the European clade as ∼ 41,000 years ago. These data indicate that, contrary to traditional views, Europeans diverged from East Asians around that time. We also address the origin of the Ainu lineage in northern Japan.
authors.affiliation: School of New Biology, Daegu Gyoungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tateno
authors.forename: Tomoyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komiyama
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: Batmunkh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Munkhbat
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haida
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tamiya
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoko
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010802:Phylogeny; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: East Asians; Europeans; Y-STR; human evolution; individual lineages; mitochondrial DNA