title: Golf hand prosthesis performance of transradial amputees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Typical upper limb prostheses may limit sports participation; therefore, specialized terminal devices are often needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of transradial amputees to play golf using a specialized terminal device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Club head speed, X-factor, and elbow motion of two individuals with transradial amputations using an Eagle Golf terminal device were compared to a non-amputee during a golf swing. Measurements were collected pre/post training with various stances and grips.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both prosthesis users preferred a right-handed stance initially; however, after training, one preferred a left-handed stance. The amputees had slower club head speeds and a lower X-factor compared to the non-amputee golfer, but increased their individual elbow motion on the prosthetic side after training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amputees enjoyed using the device, and it may provide kinematic benefits indicated by the increase in elbow flexion on the prosthetic side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transradial amputees were able to swing a golf club with sufficient repetition, form, and velocity to play golf recreationally. Increased elbow flexion on the prosthetic side suggests a potential benefit from using the Eagle Golf terminal device. Participating in recreational sports can increase amputees' health and quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA scarey3@usf.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wernke
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lura
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kahle
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Rajiv V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: M Jason
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Highsmith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000674:Amputees; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006055:Golf; D006225:Hand; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000145:classification*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011884:Radius / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular
keywords: Sports; motion analysis; terminal device