title: Sarcopenic obesity and dynapenic obesity: 5-year associations with falls risk in middle-aged and older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether obesity concurrent with sarcopenia (low muscle mass) or dynapenia (low muscle strength) is associated with increased falls risk in middle-aged and older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  5-year prospective cohort study including 674 community-dwelling volunteers (mean ± SD age 61.4 ± 7.0 years; 48% female). Sarcopenia and dynapenia were defined as lowest sex-specific tertiles for dual-energy X-ray (DXA)-assessed appendicular lean mass (adjusted for height and fat mass) or lower-limb strength, respectively. Obesity was defined as the highest tertiles of DXA-assessed total or trunk fat mass. Change in falls risk was calculated using the Physiological Profile Assessment (z-scores: 0-1 = mild increased risk; 1-2 = moderate increased risk; >2 = marked increased risk).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable linear regression analyses revealed mild but significantly increased falls risk scores for dynapenic obesity (change in mean z-score compared to non-dynapenic, non-obese group: 0.33, 95% CI 0.06-0.59 [men] and 0.46, 95% CI 0.21-0.72 [women]) and dynapenia (0.25, 95% CI 0.05-0.46 [women only]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynapenic obesity, but not sarcopenic obesity, is predictive of increased falls risk score in middle-aged and older adults. In clinical settings, muscle function assessments may be useful for predicting falls risk in obese patients.
authors.affiliation: NorthWest Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Kerrie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ebeling
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000058:Accidental Falls; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000503:physiopathology; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference