title: The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic heart disease (IHD) burden consists of years of life lost from IHD deaths and years of disability lived with 3 nonfatal IHD sequelae: nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and ischemic heart failure. Our aim was to estimate the global and regional burden of IHD in 1990 and 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Global and regional estimates of acute myocardial infarction incidence and angina and heart failure prevalence by age, sex, and world region in 1990 and 2010 were estimated based on data from a systematic review and nonlinear mixed-effects meta-regression methods. Age-standardized acute myocardial infarction incidence and angina prevalence decreased globally between 1990 and 2010; ischemic heart failure prevalence increased slightly. The global burden of IHD increased by 29 million disability-adjusted life-years (29% increase) between 1990 and 2010. About 32.4% of the growth in global IHD disability-adjusted life-years between 1990 and 2010 was attributable to aging of the world population, 22.1% was attributable to population growth, and total disability-adjusted life-years were attenuated by a 25.3% decrease in per capita IHD burden (decreased rate). The number of people living with nonfatal IHD increased more than the number of IHD deaths since 1990, but >90% of IHD disability-adjusted life-years in 2010 were attributable to IHD deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Globally, age-standardized acute myocardial infarction incidence and angina prevalence have decreased, and ischemic heart failure prevalence has increased since 1990. Despite decreased age-standardized fatal and nonfatal IHD in most regions since 1990, population growth and aging led to a higher global burden of IHD in 2010.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (A.E.M.); Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (M.H.F., G.R., A.F., C.J.L.M., M.N.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (G.R.); Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science (CTRIS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.A.M.); and MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.E.).
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Forouzanfar
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzati
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flaxman
authors.forename: Christopher J L
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naghavi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: angina pectoris; epidemiology; heart failure; myocardial infarction; myocardial ischemia; trends; world health