title: Determining the causal relationships among balanced scorecard perspectives on school safety performance: case of Saudi Arabia.
abstract: In the public schools of many developing countries, numerous accidents and incidents occur because of poor safety regulations and management systems. To improve the educational environment in Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Education seeks novel approaches to measure school safety performance in order to decrease incidents and accidents. The main objective of this research was to develop a systematic approach for measuring Saudi school safety performance using the balanced scorecard framework philosophy. The evolved third generation balanced scorecard framework is considered to be a suitable and robust framework that captures the system-wide leading and lagging indicators of business performance. The balanced scorecard architecture is ideal for adaptation to complex areas such as safety management where a holistic system evaluation is more effective than traditional compartmentalised approaches. In developing the safety performance balanced scorecard for Saudi schools, the conceptual framework was first developed and peer-reviewed by eighteen Saudi education experts. Next, 200 participants, including teachers, school executives, and Ministry of Education officers, were recruited to rate both the importance and the performance of 79 measurement items used in the framework. Exploratory factor analysis, followed by the confirmatory partial least squares method, was then conducted in order to operationalise the safety performance balanced scorecard, which encapsulates the following five salient perspectives: safety management and leadership; safety learning and training; safety policy, procedures and processes; workforce safety culture; and safety performance. Partial least squares based structural equation modelling was then conducted to reveal five significant relationships between perspectives, namely, safety management and leadership had a significant effect on safety learning and training and safety policy, procedures and processes, both safety learning and training and safety policy, procedures and processes had significant effects on workforce safety culture, and workforce safety culture had a significant effect on safety performance.
authors.affiliation: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia; Saudi Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: t.alolah@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Turki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alolah
authors.affiliation: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia. Electronic address: r.stewart@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rodney A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia. Electronic address: k.panuwatwanich@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kriengsak
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Panuwatwanich
authors.affiliation: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia. Electronic address: s.mohamed@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohamed
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D008330:Management Audit / Q000379:methods*; D017146:Models, Organizational; D015279:Organizational Culture; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D016134:Organizational Policy; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012574:Schools; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Balanced scorecard; Exploratory factor analysis; Partial least squares; Safety; Safety performance evaluation; Saudi Arabia; Schools; Structural equation model; Systems theory