title: Regulation of hepatocyte growth factor expression by NF-κB and PPARγ in adipose tissue.
abstract: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is expressed as an angiogenic factor in adipose tissue. However, the molecular mechanism of Hgf expression remains largely unknown in the tissue. We addressed the issue by studying Hgf expression in adipocytes and macrophages. Hgf was expressed more in the stromal-vascular fraction than the adipocyte fraction. The expression was fivefold more in macrophages than the stromal-vascular faction and was reduced by 50% after macrophage deletion in adipose tissue. The expression was reduced by differentiation in adipocytes and by tumor necrosis factor-α or lipopolysaccharide treatment in macrophages. The expression was suppressed by nuclear factor (NF)-κB in C57BL/6 mice with NF-κB p65 overexpression under the aP2 gene promoter (aP2-p65 mice) but enhanced by inactivation of NF-κB p65 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The Hgf gene promoter was suppressed by p65 overexpression, which blocked peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) interaction with RNA polymerase II. The p65 activity was abolished by knockdown of histone deacetylase 3. Hgf expression was upregulated by hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. Compared with vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), which was predominately expressed in mature adipocytes, Hgf was mainly expressed in nonadipocytes, suggesting that Hgf and Vegf may have different cell sources in adipose tissue. In mechanism, Hgf expression is inhibited by NF-κB through suppression of PPARγ function in the Hgf gene promoter. Both Hgf and Vegf are induced by hypoxia. The study provides a molecular mechanism for the difference of inflammation and hypoxia in the regulation of angiogenic factors.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana;
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jong Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhanguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Vsevolod Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Polotsky
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma; C498144:Rela protein, mouse; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor
keywords: adipose tissue hypoxia; inflammation; macrophage infiltration; mice with nuclear factor-κB p65 overexpression under the Ap2 gene promoter; nuclear factor-κB; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; vascular endothelial growth factor