title: Drowning and near-drowning: experience of a university hospital in the Black Sea region.
abstract: The aim of the study was to describe the characteristics of patients who applied to the Emergency Department (ED) due to submersion injury; to recognize the risk factors, complications, causes of death, and the educational needs of families and caregivers about unsafe environments for submersion; and to develop preventive strategies. All patients were analyzed retrospectively according to demographic features, clinical and laboratory findings, association between clinical variables and submersion injuries, and patient outcomes. Fifty-five patients with submersion injury were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 10.9 ± 4.7 years. The most common Szpilman clinical scores were Grade 1 (24 patients, 43.8%), Grade 2 (15 patients, 27.3%), and Grade 5 (10 patients, 18.2%). The common location of the submersion injuries included the sea (74.5%), pool (18.4%), bathtub (7.3%), river (3.6%), and lake (3.6%). A limited swimming ability or exhaustion and suffocation (49.1%) due to unknown reasons were the most common causes of submersion injury among all patients. Most complications were due to aspiration pneumonia and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Thirty-nine patients (70.9%) were followed in the ED, while 16 patients (29.1%) were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU); 11 patients (20.0%) died. All of the risk factors of drowning should be taken into account when designing preventive measures and family education. In addition, all pediatricians should be trained periodically about the complications of submersion and the treatment strategies, particularly in coastal cities and areas where drownings occur frequently.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Faculty of Engineering Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey. ahmetgzl@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Güzel
authors.forename: Latif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: Sule
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paksu
authors.forename: Hızır Ufuk
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Akdemir
authors.forename: Muhammet Şükrü
authors.initials: MŞ
authors.lastname: Paksu
authors.forename: Celal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katı
authors.forename: Nurşah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Başol
authors.forename: Metehan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yılman
authors.forename: Sevinç Nursev
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Özsevik
authors.forename: Naci
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D059038:Black Sea / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004332:Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology