title: Clinical and immunological outcome in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients treated with pentoxifylline.
abstract: Pentoxifylline is a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitor that also attenuates the immune response and decreases tissue inflammation. The association of pentoxifylline with antimony improves the cure rate of mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this randomized and double blind pilot trial, cure rate was higher, although not significant, in patients who received antimony plus pentoxifylline than in those patients receiving antimony plus placebo. A significant decrease in TNF-α and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels during therapy was more pronounced in the antimony plus pentoxifylline group, whereas CCL-3 (Chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 3) decreased similarly in both groups. The increased levels of CXCL-9 (Chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9) during therapy were lower in the antimony plus pentoxifylline group. Therapy with pentoxifylline modifies cytokines and chemokines production, which may be associated with therapeutic outcome.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-Tropical Disease, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil; Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.
authors.forename: Graça
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Mayra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dourado
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Polari
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Celestino
authors.forename: Lucas P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Queiroz
authors.forename: Edgar M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Paulo R L
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Passos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000965:Antimony / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000276:immunology; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000276:immunology; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9 / Q000276:immunology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C515429:CCL3 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000965:Antimony; D010431:Pentoxifylline