title: Increased slope of the lateral tibial plateau subchondral bone is associated with greater risk of noncontact ACL injury in females but not in males: a prospective cohort study with a nested, matched case-control analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an emerging consensus that increased posterior-inferior directed slope of the subchondral bone portion of the tibial plateau is associated with increased risk of suffering an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury; however, most of what is known about this relationship has come from unmatched case-control studies. These observations need to be confirmed in more rigorously designed investigations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Increased posterior-inferior directed slope of the medial and lateral tibial plateaus are associated with increased risk of suffering a noncontact ACL injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  In sum, 176 athletes competing in organized sports at the college and high school levels participated in the study: 88 suffering their first noncontact ACL injury and 88 matched controls. Magnetic resonance images were acquired, and geometry of the subchondral bone portion of the tibial plateau was characterized on each athlete bilaterally by measuring the medial and lateral tibial plateau slopes, coronal tibial slope, and the depth of the medial tibial plateau. Comparisons between knees of the same person were made with paired t tests, and associations with injury risk were assessed by conditional logistic regression analysis of ACL-injured and control participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controls exhibited side-to-side symmetry of subchondral bone geometry, while the ACL-injured athletes did not, suggesting that the ACL injury may have changed the subchondral bone geometry. Therefore, the uninjured knees of the ACL-injured athletes and the corresponding limbs of their matched controls were used to assess associations with injury risk. Analyses of males and females as a combined group and females as a separate group showed a significant association between ACL injury risk and increased posterior-inferior directed slope of the lateral tibial plateau slope. This relationship was not apparent when males were analyzed as a group. Multivariate analyses indicated that these results were independent of the medial tibial plateau slope, coronal tibial slope, and depth of the medial tibial plateau, which were not associated with ACL injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a 21.7% increased risk of noncontact ACL injury with each degree increase of the lateral tibial plateau slope among females but not among males. The medial tibial plateau slope, coronal tibial slope, and depth of the medial tibial plateau were not associated with risk of injury for females or males.
authors.affiliation: Bruce D. Beynnon, McClure Professor of Musculoskeletal Research, McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405-0084. bruce.beynnon@uvm.edu.
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Beynnon
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sturnick
authors.forename: Mike J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Desarno
authors.forename: Mack
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gardner-Morse
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Tourville
authors.forename: Helen C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Slauterbeck
authors.forename: Sandra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shultz
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Pamela M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vacek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anterior cruciate ligament; biomechanics of ligament; injury prevention; knee; ligaments