title: Effect of a Kinect-based exercise game on improving executive cognitive performance in community-dwelling elderly: case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decrease of dual-task (DT) ability is known to be one of the risk factors for falls. We developed a new game concept, Dual-Task Tai Chi (DTTC), using Microsoft's motion-capture device Kinect, and demonstrated that the DTTC test can quantitatively evaluate various functions that are known risk factors for falling in elderly adults. Moreover, DT training has been attracting attention as a way to improve balance and DT ability. However, only a few studies have reported that it improves cognitive performance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether or not a 12-week program of DTTC training would effectively improve cognitive functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined cognitive functions in community-dwelling older adults before and after 12 weeks of DTTC training (training group [TG]) or standardized training (control group [CG]). Primary end points were based on the difference in cognitive functions between the TG and the CG. Cognitive functions were evaluated using the trail-making test (part A and part B) and verbal fluency test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41 elderly individuals (TG: n=26, CG: n=15) participated in this study and their cognitive functions were assessed before and after DTTC training. Significant differences were observed between the two groups with significant group × time interactions for the executive cognitive function measure, the delta-trail-making test (part B-part A; F1,36=4.94, P=.03; TG: pre mean 48.8 [SD 43.9], post mean 42.2 [SD 29.0]; CG: pre mean 49.5 [SD 51.8], post mean 64.9 [SD 54.7]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that DTTC training is effective for improving executive cognitive functions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Japan Medical Association Clinical Trial Registration Number: JMA-IIA00092; https://dbcentre3.jmacct.med.or.jp/jmactr/App/JMACTRS06/JMACTRS06.aspx?seqno=2682 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6NRtOkZFh).
authors.affiliation: Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. kayama.hiroki.37r@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kayama
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishiguchi
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoyama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D026302:Tai Ji
keywords: cognitive function; dual-task; elderly; fall prevention; training