title: Variation of the crystal growth of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and the evaluation to ibuprofen loading and release.
abstract: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were synthesized with variable microwave power in the range of 100-450 W, and the resulting enhancement of MSN crystal growth was evaluated for the adsorption and release of ibuprofen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the MSN prepared under the highest microwave power (MSN450) produced the most crystallized and prominent mesoporous structure. Enhancement of the crystal growth improved the hexagonal order and range of silica, which led to greater surface area, pore width and pore volume. MSN450 exhibited higher ibuprofen adsorption (98.3 mg/g), followed by MSN300(81.3 mg/g) and MSN100(74.1 mg/g), confirming that more crystallized MSN demonstrated higher adsorptivity toward ibuprofen. Significantly, MSN450 also contained more hydroxyl groups that provided more adsorption sites. In addition, MSN450 exhibited comparable ibuprofen adsorption with conventionally synthesized MSN, indicating the potential of microwave treatment in the synthesis of related porous materials. In vitro drug release was also investigated with simulated biological fluids and the kinetics was studied under different pH conditions. MSN450 showed the slowest release rate of ibuprofen, followed by MSN300 and MSN100. This was due to the wide pore diameter and longer range of silica order of the MSN450. Ibuprofen release from MSN450 at pH 5 and 7 was found to obey a zero-order kinetic model, while release at pH 2 followed the Kosmeyer-Peppas model.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N H N
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kamarudin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: aishah@cheme.utm.my.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jalil
authors.affiliation: Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Triwahyono
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Artika
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N F M
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Salleh
authors.affiliation: Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Jaafar
authors.affiliation: Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sazegar
authors.affiliation: Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl Ganesha No. 10, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mukti
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johari
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004337:Drug Carriers; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Drug delivery; Ibuprofen; Mesoporous silica nanoparticles; Microwave; pH