title: Natural enemies delay insect resistance to Bt crops.
abstract: We investigated whether development of resistance to a Bt crop in the presence of a natural enemy would be slower than without the natural enemy and whether biological control, in conjunction with a Bt crop, could effectively suppress the pest population. Additionally, we investigated whether insecticide-sprayed refuges of non-Bt crops would delay or accelerate resistance to the Bt crop. We used a system of Bt broccoli expressing Cry1Ac, a population of the pest Plutella xylostella with a low frequency of individuals resistant to Cry1Ac and the insecticide spinosad, and a natural enemy, Coleomegilla maculata, to conduct experiments over multiple generations. The results demonstrated that after 6 generations P. xylostella populations were very low in the treatment containing C. maculata and unsprayed non-Bt refuge plants. Furthermore, resistance to Bt plants evolved significantly slower in this treatment. In contrast, Bt plants with no refuge were completely defoliated in treatments without C. maculata after 4-5 generations. In the treatment containing sprayed non-Bt refuge plants and C. maculata, the P. xylostella population was low, although the speed of resistance selection to Cry1Ac was significantly increased. These data demonstrate that natural enemies can delay resistance to Bt plants and have significant implications for integrated pest management (IPM) with Bt crops.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hilda L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Onstad
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Roush
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qingwen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Earle
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shelton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance