title: A classical genetic solution to enhance the biosynthesis of anticancer phytochemicals in Andrographis paniculata Nees.
abstract: Andrographolides, the diterpene lactones, are major bioactive phytochemicals which could be found in different parts of the medicinal herb Andrographis paniculata. A number of such compounds namely andrographolide (AG), neoandrographolide (NAG), and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (DDAG) have already attracted a great deal of attention due to their potential therapeutic effects in hard-to-treat diseases such as cancers and HIV. Recently, they have also been considered as substrates for the discovery of novel pharmaceutical compounds. Nevertheless, there is still a huge gap in knowledge on the genetic pattern of the biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the genetic mechanisms controlling the biosynthesis of these phytochemicals using a diallel analysis. The high performance liquid chromatography analysis of the three andrographolides in 210 F1 progenies confirmed that the biosynthesis of these andrographolides was considerably increased via intraspecific hybridization. The results revealed high, moderate and low heterosis for DDAG, AG and NAG, respectively. Furthermore, the preponderance of non-additive gene actions was affirmed in the enhancement of the three andrographolides contents. The consequence of this type of gene action was the occurrence of high broad-sense and low narrow-sense heritabilities for the above mentioned andrographolides. The prevalence of non-additive gene action suggests the suitability of heterosis breeding and hybrid seed production as a preferred option to produce new plant varieties with higher andrographolide contents using the wild accessions of A. paniculata. Moreover, from an evolutionary point of view, the occurrence of population bottlenecks in the Malaysian accessions of A. paniculata was unveiled by observing a low level of additive genetic variance (VA ) for all the andrographolides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valdiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia ; Medicinal Plant Research Centre, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Daryush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Talei
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Soon Guan
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mihdzar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdul Kadir
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maziah
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Yusop
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Rafii
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sreenivasa Rao
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sagineedu
mesh_terms: D035685:Andrographis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005960:Glucosides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006823:Hybrid Vigor / Q000235:genetics; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C495626:14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; D005960:Glucosides; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; C030419:andrographolide; C082497:neoandrographolide