title: Effects of breeder age on mineral contents and weight of yolk sac, embryo development, and hatchability in Pekin ducks.
abstract: The current study was carried out to investigate the effects of breeder age on egg composition, changes of embryo, yolk sac, and yolk minerals during incubation and hatchability in Pekin ducks. A total of 495 freshly laid eggs were obtained from the same flock of Pekin ducks, aged 28, 34, and 40 wk, and were reared in accordance with the management guide of the duck breeders (Star 53-Grimaud Freres). At each breeder age, egg measurements were made on a random subsample of unincubated eggs. Embryo and yolk sac measurements were made on embryonic day (E) 12, E16, E20, and E25. On d 28 of incubation, the healthy ducklings were removed and sex of chicks was determined. All chicks were weighed and hatching results were determined. Egg weight and yolk percentages increased; however, albumen percentages, shell thickness, and yolk index decreased as the flock aged. Shell percentages, shell breaking strength, albumen index, and haugh units were not affected by breeder age. Also, breeder age affected the Mg, P, K, Ca, Cu, and Zn levels in the yolk, except for Na level on day of setting, and breeder age affected the mineral consumed by embryo during incubation. However, on E25, the levels of examined minerals, except for P level in the yolk sac, were not statistically different in duck breeder age groups. Relative yolk sac and embryo weights of eggs obtained from different breeder ages varied from E16 to E25; however, embryo length was different in breeder age groups from E12 to E20. Hatching weight was affected by breeder age and sex. Hatching results were not different among breeder age groups. This study indicates that breeder age is important for some egg characteristics, relative yolk sac weight, some contents of minerals in the yolk, embryonic growth during incubation, and duckling weight.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Onbasilar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdem
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hacan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yalçin
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D004372:Ducks / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000196:embryology; D047108:Embryonic Development; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism*; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals
keywords: Pekin duck; breeder age; embryo development; mineral; yolk