title: Zero tolerance against patriarchal norms? A cross-sectional study of Swedish physicians' attitudes towards young females requesting virginity certificates or hymen restoration.
abstract: Many countries, Sweden among them, lack professional guidelines and established procedures for responding to young females requesting virginity certificates or hymen restoration due to honour-related threats. The purpose of the present survey study was to further examine the attitudes of the Swedish healthcare professionals concerned towards young females requesting virginity certificates or hymen restorations. The study indicates that a small majority of Swedish general practitioners and gynaecologists would accommodate these patients, at least given certain circumstances. But a large minority of physicians would under no circumstances help the young females, regardless of speciality, years of practice within medicine, gender, or experience of the phenomenon. Their responses are similar to other areas where it has been claimed that society should adopt a zero tolerance policy against certain phenomena, for instance drug policy, where it has also been argued that society should never act in ways that express support for the practice in question. However, this argument is questionable. A more pragmatic approach would also allow for follow-ups and evaluation of virginity certificates and hymen restorations, as is demonstrated by the Dutch policy. Hence, there are some obvious advantages to this pragmatic approach compared to the restrictive one espoused by a large minority of Swedish physicians and Swedish policy-makers in this area.
authors.affiliation: Stockholm Centre for Healthcare Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Juth
authors.affiliation: Stockholm Centre for Healthcare Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lynöe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D008192:Deception; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000941:ethics*; D058869:Gynecological Examination; D006801:Humans; D006924:Hymen / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East; D010820:Physicians / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011640:Public Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000941:ethics*; D012746:Sexual Abstinence; D012945:Social Values; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Applied and Professional Ethics; Obstetrics and Gynaecology