title: Genome sequencing of high-penicillin producing industrial strain of Penicillium chrysogenum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the importance of Penicillium chrysogenum holding in medicine, the genome of low-penicillin producing laboratorial strain Wisconsin54-1255 had been sequenced and fully annotated. Through classical mutagenesis of Wisconsin54-1255, product titers and productivities of penicillin have dramatically increased, but what underlying genome structural variations is still little known. Therefore, genome sequencing of a high-penicillin producing industrial strain is very meaningful.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To reveal more insights into the genome structural variations of high-penicillin producing strain, we sequenced an industrial strain P. chrysogenum NCPC10086. By whole genome comparative analysis, we observed a large number of mutations, insertions and deletions, and structural variations. There are 69 new genes that not exist in the genome sequence of Wisconsin54-1255 and some of them are involved in energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Most importantly, we discovered a 53.7 Kb "new shift fragment" in a seven copies of determinative penicillin biosynthesis cluster in NCPC10086 and the arrangement type of amplified region is unique. Moreover, we presented two large-scale translocations in NCPC10086, containing genes involved energy, nitrogen metabolism and peroxysome pathway. At last, we found some non-synonymous mutations in the genes participating in homogentisate pathway or working as regulators of penicillin biosynthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provided the first high-quality genome sequence of industrial high-penicillin strain of P. chrysogenum and carried out a comparative genome analysis with a low-producing experimental strain. The genomic variations we discovered are related with energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and so on. These findings demonstrate the potential information for insights into the high-penicillin yielding mechanism and metabolic engineering in the future.
authors.forename: Fu-Qiang
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jingfa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Guizhen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jiayan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Baoling
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015825:Chromosomes, Fungal; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D010406:Penicillins / Q000378:metabolism; D010408:Penicillium chrysogenum / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D014178:Translocation, Genetic
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010406:Penicillins