title: Execution of control among 'non-compliant', imprisoned individuals in opioid maintenance treatment.
abstract: Strict control routines of prescribed opiate intake in opioid maintenance treatment, OMT, are used to reduce the risk of diversion and non-prescribed methadone and buprenorphine use. While maintaining a focus on aspects of control, this article explores motivations for and practices of methadone and buprenorphine use, both inside and outside of prison and among imprisoned individuals in OMT. The participants in this qualitative study were subjected to tight external control regimes in their opioid maintenance schemes in prison, as they were prior to imprisonment due to varying degrees of 'non-compliance'. We nevertheless found them to exhibit a considerable amount of self-control, self-regulation and/or self-initiation of external control. Among the participants, a ceaseless surveillance of processes associated with methadone and buprenorphine use throughout diverse situations, relations and contexts was encountered. We conclude that, in opioid maintenance treatment, some individuals might know what particular configurations of internal and external control they need in order to achieve their own treatment goals. The drug users' capacities for execution of control, as well as their delegations of control to others, may be seen as resources throughout the course of treatment.
authors.affiliation: SERAF - Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1039, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: i.a.havnes@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Ingrid Amalia
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Havnes
authors.affiliation: SERAF - Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1039, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne-Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Middelthon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D064226:Prescription Drug Diversion / Q000517:prevention & control; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002047:Buprenorphine; D008691:Methadone
keywords: Diversion; OMT; Pharmacological agency; Prison; Self-control; Self-regulation