title: Nutritional content and in vitro antioxidant potential of Garcinia atroviridis (Asam gelugor) leaves and fruits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to determine antioxidant potential of Garcinia atroviridis leaves and fruits extracts in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts was estimated as gallic acid equivalent by Folin-Ciocalteau method. Proximate analysis was determined based on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Garcinia atroviridis leaves extracted at 100 degrees C/15 min demonstrated the highest TPC value (21.21 +/- 0.28 mg GAE/mg) and was significantly different (p < 0.05) from that of leaves extracted at 60 degrees C/6 h and 40 degrees C/12 h. On the other hand, the fruit extracted at 60 degrees C/6 h showed the highest TPC value (16.23 +/- 0.18 mg GAE/mg) (p < 0.05) compared to the fruit extracted at 40 degrees C/12 h and 100 degrees C/15 h respectively. The antioxidant activities of both samples were positively correlated with the TPC values based on DPPH-radical-scavenging activity and ferric reducing power estimation. Garcinia atroviridis leaf extract contained significantly higher proteins, carbohydrate and ash contents (2.16% +/- 0.08; 15.98% +/- 0.12 and 0.72% +/- 0.07 respectively) than its fruit extract (0.46% +/- 0.08, 8.64% +/- 0.06 and 0.15% +/- 0.06) respectively). The energy content was also found to be higher in the leaf (73.64% +/- 2.15) compared to the fruit (38.38% +/- 1.72) (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that G. atroviridis leaves and fruits have potential for use as a source of natural antioxidants and nutrients for therapeutic purposes against free radical mediated health conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nursakinah
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Zulkhairi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Norhafizah
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hasnah
authors.affiliation: Herbal Technology Centre, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Md S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zamree
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shafeera I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Farrah
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Razif
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fansuri H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Hamzah
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D029760:Garcinia; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D008903:Minerals; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005707:Gallic Acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl