title: Meta-analysis: the effects of smoking on the disposition of two commonly used antipsychotic agents, olanzapine and clozapine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the effects of smoking on the disposition of two commonly used antipsychotics, olanzapine and clozapine, and to create standards to adjust the doses of these drugs in clinical practice based on the smoking status.
  
  
  METHODS
  A meta-analysis was conducted by searching MEDLINE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library for relevant prospective and retrospective studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included the studies that investigated the effects of smoking on the concentration to dose (C/D) ratio of olanzapine or clozapine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The weighted mean difference was calculated using a DerSimonian-Laird random effects model, along with 95% CI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven association studies, comprising 1094 patients (652 smokers and 442 non-smokers) with schizophrenia or other psychiatric disorders, were included in the meta-analysis of olanzapine. The C/D ratio was significantly lower in smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.00001), and the mean difference was -0.75 (ng/mL)/(mg/day) (95% CI -0.89 to -0.61). Therefore, it was estimated that if 10 and 20 mg/day of olanzapine would be administered to smokers, about 7 and 14 mg/day, respectively, should be administered to non-smokers in order to obtain the equivalent olanzapine concentration. Four association studies of clozapine were included in the meta-analysis of clozapine, comprising 196 patients (120 smokers and 76 non-smokers) with schizophrenia or other psychiatric disorders. The C/D ratio was significantly lower in smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.00001), and the mean difference was -1.11 (ng/mL)/(mg/day) (95% CI -1.53 to -0.70). Therefore, it was estimated that if 200 and 400 mg/day of clozapine would be administered to smokers, about 100 and 200 mg/day, respectively, should be administered to non-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that the doses of olanzapine and clozapine should be reduced by 30% and 50%, respectively, in non-smokers compared with smokers in order to obtain an equivalent olanzapine or clozapine concentration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saruwatari
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yasui-Furukori
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003024:Clozapine; D000077152:Olanzapine
keywords: Mental Health