title: Plasma paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in smokers and smokeless tobacco users as Maraş powder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maraş powder (MP), a different type of smokeless tobacco (ST) prepared from a tobacco called Nicotiana rustica Linn, is widely used in the Southern Turkey. Smoking and ST cause oxidative stress (OS) in the human body. Paraoxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) are antioxidant enzymes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of MP on activities of PON, ARE, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma and to compare these parameters in smokers and MP users (MPU).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of smokers, MPU, and control group (CG) neither smoking nor using MP healthy subjects. PON and ARE activities were measured spectrophotometrically using paraoxon and phenylacetate substrates, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PON and ARE activities were decreased whereas MDA levels were increased in tobacco groups compared to the CG. The differences of ARE and MDA values between the tobacco groups and CG were found statistically significant (p < 0.01). But no significant differences were detected between the groups in the activity of PON (p > 0.05). However, the lowest activities of the enzymes were obtained in MPU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results can help to evaluate harmful effects of cigarette and ST as MP. These effects can be attributed to increased OS. Increased plasma MDA levels and decreased ARE activities may be important in assessing oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in MPU as well as smokers. Also, using of MP has harmful effects at least cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam , Kahramanmaraş , Turkiye .
authors.forename: Naciye
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurtul
authors.forename: Saniye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Söylemez
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Celik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011208:Powders; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C019734:arylesterase; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human