title: Two non-target recessive genes confer resistance to the anti-oomycete microtubule inhibitor zoxamide in Phytophthora capsici.
abstract: This study characterized isolates of P. capsici that had developed a novel mechanism of resistance to zoxamide, which altered the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) but not the EC50. Molecular analysis revealed that the β-tubulin gene of the resistant isolates contained no mutations and was expressed at the same level as in zoxamide-sensitive isolates. This suggested that P. capsici had developed a novel non-target-site-based resistance to zoxamide. Analysis of the segregation ratio of zoxamide-resistance in the sexual progeny of the sensitive isolates PCAS1 and PCAS2 indicated that the resistance to zoxamide was controlled by one or more recessive nuclear genes. Furthermore, the segregation of resistance in the F1, F2, and BC1 progeny was in accordance with the theoretical ratios of the χ(2) test (P>0.05), which suggested that the resistance to zoxamide was controlled by two recessive genes, and that resistance to zoxamide occurred when at least one pair of these alleles was homozygous. This implies that the risk of zoxamide-resistance in P. capsici is low to moderate. Nevertheless this potential for resistance should be monitored closely, especially if two compatible mating types co-exist in the same field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China ; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China ; College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
authors.forename: Shusheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhili
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xili
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D005808:Genes, Recessive / Q000235:genetics*; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014404:Tubulin; C451427:zoxamide