title: Prevalence and associated risk factors of nocturia and subsequent mortality in 1,301 patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the correlates of nocturia and subsequent mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-administered questionnaire containing overactive bladder symptom score was obtained from subjects with T2DM. Nocturia and severe nocturia were defined as rising ≥2 or ≥3 per night to void, respectively. Patient characteristics and diabetes-related complications to risk of nocturia were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,301 consecutive subjects, 59.6 and 25.3% reported having nocturia and severe nocturia, respectively. The presence and severity of nocturia increased with age and overactive bladder (OAB). The presence of OAB was 28.8% in patients with nocturia and was significantly associated with nocturia (OR 2.26) after adjustment for age and duration of DM. The presence of stroke, calcium channel blocker use, hypertension, waist circumference greater than standard, albuminuria, and higher serum creatinine level, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was associated with nocturia and severe nocturia after adjustment for age, duration of DM, and the presence of OAB. Higher estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin, serum albumin, and male gender were less likely to have nocturia (OR <1). Severe nocturia increased mortality (OR 1.93) independent of age and DM duration and has a higher mortality rate compared to those without severe nocturia (6.1 vs. 2.4%, P = 0.001) in 2.5 years follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While OAB is an important predictor of nocturia in T2DM patients, systemic issues, including stroke, hypertension, obesity, and chronic kidney disease, have further impact on nocturia independent of OAB. Severe nocturia is a marker for increased mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Min-Shen
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yao-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Jong-Jer
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wei-Chia
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chancellor
authors.forename: Rue-Tsuan
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D053158:Nocturia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000453:epidemiology*