title: The sympathetic release test: a test used to assess thermoregulation and autonomic control of blood flow.
abstract: When a subject is heated, the stimulation of temperature-sensitive nerve endings in the skin, and the raising of the central body temperature, results in the reflex release of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone in the skin of the extremities, causing a measurable temperature increase at the site of release. In the sympathetic release test, the subject is gently heated by placing the feet and calves in a commercially available foot warming pouch or immersing the feet and calves in warm water and wrapping the subject in blankets. Skin blood flow is estimated from measurements of skin temperature in the fingers. Normally skin temperature of the fingers is 65-75°F in cool conditions (environmental temperature: 59-68°F) and rises to 85-95°F during body heating. Deviations in this pattern may mean that there is abnormal sympathetic vasoconstrictor control of skin blood flow. Abnormal skin blood flow can substantially impair an individual's ability to thermoregulate and has important clinical implications. During whole body heating, the skin temperature from three different skin sites is monitored and oral temperature is monitored as an index of core temperature. Students determine the fingertip temperature at which the reflex release of sympathetic activity occurs and its maximal attainment, which reflects the vasodilating capacity of this cutaneous vascular bed. Students should interpret typical sample data for certain clinical conditions (Raynaud's disease, peripheral vascular disease, and postsympathectomy) and explain why there may be altered skin blood flow in these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Sciences Education, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tansey
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000294:innervation*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D032882:Comprehension; D003479:Curriculum; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D010827:Physiology / Q000193:education*; D012018:Reflex; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D013334:Students; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D014664:Vasodilation
keywords: heat stress; skin blood flow; skin temperature; sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves