title: Influence of plastids on light signalling and development.
abstract: In addition to their contribution to metabolism, chloroplasts emit signals that influence the expression of nuclear genes that contribute to numerous plastidic and extraplastidic processes. Plastid-to-nucleus signalling optimizes chloroplast function, regulates growth and development, and affects responses to environmental cues. An incomplete list of plastid signals is available and particular plastid-to-nucleus signalling mechanisms are partially understood. The plastid-to-nucleus signalling that depends on the GENOMES UNCOUPLED (GUN) genes couples the expression of nuclear genes to the functional state of the chloroplast. Analyses of gun mutants provided insight into the mechanisms and biological functions of plastid-to-nucleus signalling. GUN genes contribute to chloroplast biogenesis, the circadian rhythm, stress tolerance, light signalling and development. Some have criticized the gun mutant screen for employing inhibitors of chloroplast biogenesis and suggested that gun alleles do not disrupt significant plastid-to-nucleus signalling mechanisms. Here, I briefly review GUN-dependent plastid-to-nucleus signalling, explain the flaws in the major criticisms of the gun mutant screen and review the influence of plastids on light signalling and development.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, , Room 106 Plant Biology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Larkin
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D055537:Light Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D018087:Plastids / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C519677:GUN1 protein, Arabidopsis
keywords: development; gun mutants; light signalling; plastid-to-nucleus signalling