title: Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: the interplay.
abstract: Oxidative stress is a normal phenomenon in the body. Under normal conditions, the physiologically important intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are maintained at low levels by various enzyme systems participating in the in vivo redox homeostasis. Therefore, oxidative stress can also be viewed as an imbalance between the prooxidants and antioxidants in the body. For the last two decades, oxidative stress has been one of the most burning topics among the biological researchers all over the world. Several reasons can be assigned to justify its importance: knowledge about reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production and metabolism; identification of biomarkers for oxidative damage; evidence relating manifestation of chronic and some acute health problems to oxidative stress; identification of various dietary antioxidants present in plant foods as bioactive molecules; and so on. This review discusses the importance of oxidative stress in the body growth and development as well as proteomic and genomic evidences of its relationship with disease development, incidence of malignancies and autoimmune disorders, increased susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases, and an interplay with prooxidants and antioxidants for maintaining a sound health, which would be helpful in enhancing the knowledge of any biochemist, pathophysiologist, or medical personnel regarding this important issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahal
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Husbandry, Kuchaman, Rajasthan 341508, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
authors.forename: Brijesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7763-5547
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India.
authors.forename: Sandip
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0175-5320
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7469-4752
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics*; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species