title: Utility of specific biomarkers to assess safety of swine manure for biofertilizing purposes.
abstract: Swine production is an important economic activity in Brazil, and there is interest in the development of clean production mechanisms to support sustainable agro-industrial activities. The biomass derived from swine manure has good potential to be used as a biofertilizer due to its high nutrient concentration. However, the land application of manure should be based on safety parameters such as the presence of pathogens that can potentially infect animals and people. This study was designed to assess the presence of porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2), porcine adenovirus (PAdV), rotavirus-A (RV-A) and Salmonella spp. in liquid manure, as well the infectivity of two genotypes of circovirus-2 (PCV2a and PCV2b) present in liquid manure. Three swine farms were evaluated: 1) a nursery production farm (manure analyzed before and after anaerobic biodigestion), 2) a grow-finish production farm (analyzed before and after anaerobic biodigestion), and 3) a second grow-finish production farm (raw manure-affluent). PCV2, PAdV and RV-A were present before and after anaerobic biodigestion (either affluent or effluent) at all farms. Salmonella spp. were detected at farm 1 (affluent and effluent) and farm 3 (raw manure-affluent) but not farm 2 (affluent and effluent). When the ability of the anaerobic biodigestion process to reduce viral concentration was evaluated, no significant reduction was observed (P>0.05). Both the PCV2a and PCV2b genotypes were detected, suggesting viral co-infection in swine production. The results revealed infectious PCV2 even after anaerobic biodigestion treatment. The presence of Salmonella spp. and enteric viruses, especially infectious PCV2, in the final effluent from the anaerobic biodigester system suggests that the process is inefficient for pathogen inactivation. Due to the prevalence and infectivity of PCV2 and considering the successful use of molecular methods coupled to cell culture for detecting infectious PCV2, we suggest that this virus can be used as a bioindicator in swine manure treatment systems to check the efficiency of pathogen inactivation and ensure the production of safe biofertilizers from swine manure.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fongaro
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Brazil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viancelli
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Magri
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Elmahdy
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Brazil.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Biesus
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Brazil.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kich
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Brazil; PGEAGRI/CCET, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, Brazil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil. Electronic address: celia.barardi@ufsc.br.
authors.forename: C R M
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Barardi
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D017925:Circovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure
keywords: Anaerobic biodigester; Biofertilizer; Enteric viruses; Pig slurry; Salmonella spp.; Swine manure