title: Rapid extraction and determination of amphetamines in human urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solidification of floating organic drop followed by high performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: A novel, rapid, simple and sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on the solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was used to determine amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine samples. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency of DLLME-SFO such as the kind and volume of the extraction and the disperser solvents, effect of concentration of K2CO3 and extraction time were investigated and the optimal extraction conditions were established. Under the optimum conditions (extraction solvent: 30.0μl 1-undecanol; disperser solvent: 300μl acetonitrile; buffer concentration: 2% (w/v) K2CO3 and extraction time: 1min), calibration curves are linear in the range of 10-3000μgl(-1) and limit of detections (LODs) are in the range of 2-8μgl(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 100μgl(-1) of amphetamine and methamphetamine in diluted urine are in the range of 6.2-7.8% (n=7). The method was successfully applied for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in the actual urine samples. The relative recoveries of urine samples spiked with amphetamine and methamphetamine are 87.8-113.2%. The obtained results show that DLLME-SFO combined with HPLC-UV is a fast and simple method for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine.
authors.affiliation: Iran West Center for Drug Abuse Studies, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Toraj
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmadi-Jouibari
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Electronic address: nazirfatahi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nazir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fattahi
authors.affiliation: Department Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamsipur
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000652:urine*; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D012997:Solvents; D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: Amphetamines; Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; Solidification of floating organic drop; Urine analysis