title: Generalized tonic-clonic seizures: aberrant interhemispheric functional and anatomical connectivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize interhemispheric functional and anatomic connectivity in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study was approved by the local institutional review board and was HIPAA compliant. All participants provided written informed consent. Resting-state functional and structural magnetic resonance images were acquired in 52 patients with GTCS and 65 healthy control subjects. The functional connectivity between bilateral homotopic voxels was calculated. Homotopic regions showing abnormal functional connectivity in patients were adopted as regions of interest for an analysis of diffusion-tensor imaging tractography. The fractional anisotropy and fiber length were compared between groups. Two-sample t test and nonparametric correlation analysis were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control subjects, patients showed increased interhemispheric functional connectivity between the bilateral cuneus (P = .0008, corrected) and anterior cingulate cortex (P = .0003, corrected) and decreased functional connectivity between the bilateral olfactory cortex (P = .00005, corrected), inferior frontal gyrus (P = .00005, corrected), supramarginal gyrus (P = .0002, corrected), and temporal pole (P = .0003, corrected). Furthermore, the fiber length of the commissural fiber bundles connecting the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (t = -2.30; P = .03, uncorrected) and the bilateral cuneus was shorter in patients than in control subjects (t = -3.19; P = .002, uncorrected).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex may be critical to the pathophysiology of patients with GTCS and suggest that the corresponding commissural fiber bundle in the genu of the corpus callosum is a potential target for future surgical treatment in patients with intractable GTCS.
authors.affiliation: From the Center of Cognitive and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China (G.J.J., Y.F.Z., W.L.); and Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinic School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Z.Z., Q.X., G.L.).
authors.forename: Gong-Jun
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yu-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Guangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004830:Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants