title: Age dependent electroencephalographic changes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Objective biomarkers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could improve diagnostics or treatment monitoring of this psychiatric disorder. The resting electroencephalogram (EEG) provides non-invasive spectral markers of brain function and development. Their accuracy as ADHD markers is increasingly questioned but may improve with pattern classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study provides an integrated analysis of ADHD and developmental effects in children and adults using regression analysis and support vector machine classification of spectral resting (eyes-closed) EEG biomarkers in order to clarify their diagnostic value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADHD effects on EEG strongly depend on age and frequency. We observed typical non-linear developmental decreases in delta and theta power for both ADHD and control groups. However, for ADHD adults we found a slowing in alpha frequency combined with a higher power in alpha-1 (8-10Hz) and beta (13-30Hz). Support vector machine classification of ADHD adults versus controls yielded a notable cross validated sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 83% using power and central frequency from all frequency bands. ADHD children were not classified convincingly with these markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resting state electrophysiology is altered in ADHD, and these electrophysiological impairments persist into adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spectral biomarkers may have both diagnostic and prognostic value.
authors.affiliation: Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S-S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Poil
authors.affiliation: Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bollmann
authors.affiliation: Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ghisleni
authors.affiliation: Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Switzerland; Pediatric Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: O'Gorman
authors.affiliation: Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Psychology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klaver
authors.affiliation: Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eich-Höchli
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: daniel.brandeis@kjpd.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandeis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroradiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland. Electronic address: lars.michels@kispi.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Development; Electroencephalography; Eyes-closed resting-state; Linear regression; Support vector machine