title: Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides as a marker for microbial source tracking.
abstract: Bacteriophages infecting certain strains of Bacteroides are amid the numerous procedures proposed for tracking the source of faecal pollution. These bacteriophages fulfil reasonably well most of the requirements identified as appropriate for a suitable marker of faecal sources. Thus, different host strains are available that detect bacteriophages preferably in water contaminated with faecal wastes corresponding to different animal species. For phages found preferably in human faecal wastes, which are the ones that have been more extensively studied, the amounts of phages found in waters contaminated with human fecal samples is reasonably high; these amounts are invariable through the time; their resistance to natural and anthropogenic stressors is comparable to that of other relatively resistant indicator of faecal pollution such us coliphages; the abundance ratios of somatic coliphages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron GA17 are unvarying in recent and aged contamination; and standardised detection methods exist. These methods are easy, cost effective and provide data susceptible of numerical analysis. In contrast, there are some uncertainties regarding their geographical stability, and consequently suitable hosts need to be isolated for different geographical areas. However, a feasible method has been described to isolate suitable hosts in a given geographical area. In summary, phages infecting Bacteroides are a marker of faecal sources that in our opinion merits being included in the "toolbox" for microbial source tracking. However, further research is still needed in order to make clear some uncertainties regarding some of their characteristics and behaviour, to compare their suitability to the one of emerging methods such us targeting Bacteroidetes by qPCR assays; or settling molecular methods for their determination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jjofre@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jofre
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Anicet R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Blanch
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lucena
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Maite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muniesa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000502:physiology*; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000821:virology*; D003090:Coliphages / Q000502:physiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
keywords: Bacteriophages; Bacteroides; Microbial source tracking; Somatic coliphages