title: Comparison of different strategies of ivabradine premedication for heart rate reduction before coronary computed tomography angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of different strategies of ivabradine therapy by comparing the effects on heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and image quality of coronary CT angiography (CTA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 192 consecutive patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups of oral premedication with ivabradine 15 mg (single dose), 10 mg (single dose), and 5 mg twice daily for 5 days, prospectively. Patients using HR-lowering drugs and patients with β-blockade contraindication were excluded. The target HR was 65 beats/min. In addition 5 to 10 mg of intravenous metoprolol was administered to the patients at the CT unit, if required. The systolic and diastolic blood BP values and the HRs were recorded. Image quality was assessed for 8 of 15 coronary segments with a 4-point grading scale. Results were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test, one-way ANOVA, and χ2 test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reductions in mean HR after the treatment were 18 ± 6, 14 ± 4, and 17 ± 7 beats/min for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. With the total additional therapies, 81.3%, 67.2%, and 84.3% of the patients achieved HR < 65 beats/min in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean BP values before coronary CTA were not significantly changed except for patients in group 2. Unacceptable (score 0) image quality was obtained in only 4.5%, 10.2%, and 4.2% of all the coronary segments, in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that coronary CTA with premedication with oral ivabradine in all 3 strategies is safe and effective in reducing HR, in particular with a β-blockade combination. All 3 ivabradine regimes may be an alternative strategy for HR lowering in patients undergoing coronary CTA. Ivabradine 15 mg (single dose) and ivabradine 5 mg twice daily for 5 days are superior to the ivabradine 10-mg single-dose regime for HR lowering without adjunctive intravenous β-blocker usage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Maltepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: mmatasoy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mehmet M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Atasoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erturk
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arif A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Yalcin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hale U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Aksu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Maltepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diker
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Faruk I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Akturk
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Korhan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erkanli
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Isil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Atasoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Adem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiris
mesh_terms: D001552:Benzazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D000077550:Ivabradine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011292:Premedication / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D000077550:Ivabradine
keywords: Coronary CT; Different strategies; Ivabradine; Multidetector CT; Safety; Single dose versus multiple dose