title: Sodic alkaline stress mitigation by interaction of nitric oxide and polyamines involves antioxidants and physiological strategies in Solanum lycopersicum.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) and polyamines (PAs) are two kinds of important signal in mediating plant tolerance to abiotic stress. In this study, we observed that both NO and PAs decreased alkaline stress in tomato plants, which may be a result of their role in regulating nutrient balance and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby protecting the photosynthetic system from damage. Further investigation indicated that NO and PAs induced accumulation of each other. Furthermore, the function of PAs could be removed by a NO scavenger, cPTIO. On the other hand, application of MGBG, a PA synthesis inhibitor, did little to abolish the function of NO. To further elucidate the mechanism by which NO and PAs alleviate alkaline stress, the expression of several genes associated with abiotic stress was analyzed by qRT-PCR. NO and PAs significantly upregulated ion transporters such as the plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporter (SlSOS1), vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (SlNHX1 and SlNHX2), and Na(+) transporter and signal components including ROS, MAPK, and Ca(2+) signal pathways, as well as several transcription factors. All of these play important roles in plant adaptation to stress conditions.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Environment-Controlled Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Environment-Controlled Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616, USA.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bloszies
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Environment-Controlled Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Environment-Controlled Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Environment-Controlled Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Environment-Controlled Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Environment-Controlled Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fengjuan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Environment-Controlled Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: qhshi@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Environment-Controlled Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: xfwang@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiufeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018527:Hydroponics; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008935:Mitoguazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011073:Polyamines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001565:Benzoates; D007093:Imidazoles; D011073:Polyamines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; C079393:1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008935:Mitoguazone; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Alkaline stress; Alleviating effects; Free radicals; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress; Polyamines; Tomato