title: How research funding agencies support science integration into policy and practice: an international overview.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Funding agencies constitute one essential pillar for policy makers, researchers and health service delivery institutions. Such agencies are increasingly providing support for science implementation. In this paper, we investigate health research funding agencies and how they support the integration of science into policy, and of science into practice, and vice versa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected six countries: Australia, The Netherlands, France, Canada, England and the United States. For 13 funding agencies, we compared their intentions to support, their actions related to science integration into policy and practice, and the reported benefits of this integration. We did a qualitative content analysis of the reports and information provided on the funding agencies' websites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most funding agencies emphasized the importance of science integration into policy and practice in their strategic orientation, and stated how this integration was structured. Their funding activities were embedded in the push, pull, or linkage/exchange knowledge transfer model. However, few program funding efforts were based on all three models. The agencies reported more often on the benefits of integration on practice, rather than on policy. External programs that were funded largely covered science integration into policy and practice at the end of grant stage, while overlooking the initial stages. Finally, external funding actions were more prominent than internally initiated bridging activities and training activities on such integration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper contributes to research on science implementation because it goes beyond the two community model of researchers versus end users, to include funding agencies. Users of knowledge may be end users in health organizations like hospitals; civil servants assigned to decision making positions within funding agencies; civil servants outside of the Ministry of Health, such as the Ministry of the Environment; politicians deciding on health-related legislation; or even university researchers whose work builds on previous research. This heterogeneous sample of users may require different user-specific mechanisms for research initiation, development and dissemination. This paper builds the foundation for further discussion on science implementation from the perspective of funding agencies in the health field. In general, case studies can help in identifying best practices for evidence-informed decision making.
authors.affiliation: ENAP (École Nationale d'Administration Publique), 4750 Henri Julien, Montréal, Québec H2T 3E5, Canada. pernelle.smits@enap.ca.
authors.forename: Pernelle A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Denis
mesh_terms: D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D057766:Policy; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000458:organization & administration*