title: Fusarium head blight control and prevention of mycotoxin contamination in wheat with botanicals and tannic acid.
abstract: Suspensions or solutions with 1% of Chinese galls (Galla chinensis, GC) or 1% of tannic acid (TA), inhibited germination of conidia or mycelium growth of Fusarium graminearum (FG) by 98%-100% or by 75%-80%, respectively, whereas dried bark from buckthorn (Frangula alnus, FA) showed no effect at this concentration. In climate chamber experiments where the wheat variety "Apogee" was artificially inoculated with FG and F. crookwellense (FCr) and treated with 5% suspensions of TA, GC and FA, the deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grains was reduced by 81%, 67% and 33%, respectively. In field experiments with two commercial wheat varieties and artificial or semi-natural inoculations, mean DON reductions of 66% (TA) and 58% (FA), respectively, were obtained. Antifungal toxicity can explain the high efficacies of TA and GC but not those of FA. The Fusarium head blight (FHB) and mycotoxin reducing effect of FA is probably due to elicitation of resistance in wheat plants. With semi-natural inoculation, a single FA application in the first half of the flowering period performed best. However, we assume that applications of FA at the end of ear emergence and a treatment, triggered by an infection period, with TA or GC during flowering, might perform better than synthetic fungicides.
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland. hans-rudolf.forrer@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Hans-Rudolf
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Forrer
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland. tomke.musa@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Tomke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Musa
authors.affiliation: Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA. fabienne.schwab@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland. eveline.jenny@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Eveline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jenny
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland. thomas.bucheli@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Bucheli
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland. felix.wettstein@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Felix E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Wettstein
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland. susanne.vogelgsang@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogelgsang
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D024301:Plant Bark; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010941:Plant Tumors; D031955:Rhamnus; D012250:Rheum; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013634:Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000378:metabolism; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009183:Mycotoxins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C038405:nivalenol; C007262:deoxynivalenol