title: A new era of semiconductor genetics using ion-sensitive field-effect transistors: the gene-sensitive integrated cell.
abstract: Semiconductor genetics is now disrupting the field of healthcare owing to the rapid parallelization and scaling of DNA sensing using ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) fabricated using commercial complementary metal -oxide semiconductor technology. The enabling concept of DNA reaction monitoring introduced by Toumazou has made this a reality and we are now seeing relentless scaling with Moore's law ultimately achieving the $100 genome. In this paper, we present the next evolution of this technology through the creation of the gene-sensitive integrated cell (GSIC) for label-free real-time analysis based on ISFETs. This device is derived from the traditional metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and has electrical performance identical to that of a MOSFET in a standard semiconductor process, yet is capable of incorporating DNA reaction chemistries for applications in single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays and DNA sequencing. Just as application-specific integrated circuits, which are developed in much the same way, have shaped our consumer electronics industry and modern communications and memory technology, so, too, do GSICs based on a single underlying technology principle have the capacity to transform the life science and healthcare industries.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Bio-inspired Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Christofer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toumazou
authors.forename: Tan Sri Lim Kok
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Thay
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgiou
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004581:Electronics; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012666:Semiconductors; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D010087:Oxides; D004247:DNA
keywords: DNA; ISFET; complementary metal-oxide semiconductor; genetics; ion-sensitive field-effect transistor