title: Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish: comparison of detection methods.
abstract: Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are produced by marine and freshwater microalgae and accumulate in shellfish including mussels, oysters, and scallops, causing possible fatalities when inadvertently consumed. Monitoring of PST content of shellfish is therefore important for food safety, with currently approved methods based on HPLC, using pre- or postcolumn oxidation for fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). CE is an attractive alternative for screening and detection of PSTs as it is compatible with miniaturization and could be implemented in portable instrumentation for on-site monitoring. In this study, CE methods were developed for C(4) D, FLD, UV absorption detection, and MS-making this first report of C(4) D and FLD for PSTs detection. Because most oxidized toxins are neutral, MEKC was used in combination with FLD. The developed CZE-UV and CZE-C(4) D methods provide better resolution, selectivity, and separation efficiency compared to CZE-MS and MEKC-FLD. The sensitivity of the CZE-C(4) D and MEKC-FLD methods was superior to UV and MS, with LOD values ranging from 140 to 715 ng/mL for CZE-C(4) D and 60.9 to 104 ng/mL for MEKC-FLD. With the regulatory limit for shellfish samples of 800 ng/mL, the CZE-C(4) D and MEKC-FLD methods were evaluated for the screening and detection of PSTs in shellfish samples. While the CZE-C(4) D method suffered from significant interferences from the shellfish matrix, MEKC-FLD was successfully used for PST screening of a periodate-oxidized mussel sample, with results confirmed by HPLC-FLD. This confirms the potential of MEKC-FLD for screening of PSTs in shellfish samples.
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Pharmacy School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Aemi S Abdul
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Keyon
authors.forename: Rosanne M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Guijt
authors.forename: Andras
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.forename: Artaches A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kazarian
authors.forename: Pavel N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Nesterenko
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bolch
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Breadmore
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning / Q000378:metabolism*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins
keywords: CE; Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity; Fluorescence detection; Paralytic shellfish toxins