title: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy increases the risk of diabetes: a 5-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk of diabetes mellitus within a 5-year period among patients with nephrolithiasis undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy .
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 304 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy were included in the study cohort. A total of 3040 patients with nephrolithiasis who did not undergo percutaneous nephrolithotomy were used as a comparison cohort. All participants included in the present study were individually tracked for a 5-year period in order to identify those who developed diabetes mellitus during this timeframe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate of diabetes mellitus was 3.03 per 100 person-years in participants who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy and 1.65 per 100 person-years in participants who did not undergo percutaneous nephrolithotomy. After adjusting for the participants' monthly income, geographic location, urbanization level, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and alcohol abuse/alcohol dependence syndrome, the hazard ratio of receiving a first diagnosis of diabetes mellitus during the 5-year follow-up period was 1.96 (95% confidence interval 1.40-2.77) for participants who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Furthermore, compared with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or endoscopic intervention, participants who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy had a significantly increased hazard of developing diabetes mellitus (adjusted hazard ratio 1.79 for a percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, and adjusted hazard ratio 1.71 for a percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs an endoscopic intervention).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest an association between patients with nephrolithiasis who undergo a percutaneous nephrolithotomy and a subsequent diabetes mellitus diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Banciao; Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital.
authors.forename: Shiu-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Ching-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Herng-Ching
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: diabetes; diabetes mellitus; kidney stone; nephrolithiasis