title: Relationships between the perceived neighborhood social environment and walking for transportation among older adults.
abstract: Ecological models state that physical activity (PA) behaviors can be explained by the interplay between individuals and their surrounding physical and social environment. However, the majority of research on PA-environment relationships has focused upon the physical environment. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between the perceived social environment and older adults' walking for transportation, while adjusting for individual and perceived physical environmental factors. Questionnaires were used to collect data on walking for transportation, individual, perceived physical and social environmental factors in 50,986 Flemish older adults (≥65 years) in the period of 2004-2010. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were applied to examine the relationships between perceived social environmental factors and the odds of daily walking for transportation. The final models showed significant positive relationships for frequency of contacts with neighbors, neighbors' social support, too many immigrants residing in the neighborhood, neighborhood involvement, participation, and volunteering. These results emphasize the need for including social environmental factors in future studies examining correlates of older adults' physical activity. Current findings suggest that projects stimulating interpersonal relationships, place attachment, and formal community engagement might promote walking for transportation among older adults. Future research should try to further disentangle the complex (inter)relationships and causal mechanisms between older individuals, their environments, and their walking for transportation behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: Jelle.Van.Cauwenberg@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Jelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Cauwenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: liesbeth.de.donder@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Donder
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: pclarys@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clarys
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: ilse.debourdeaudhuij@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Bourdeaudhuij
authors.affiliation: School of Social Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: tine.buffel@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buffel
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; University College Ghent, Keramiekstraat 78-80, 9000 Gent, Belgium. Electronic address: nico.de.witte@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Witte
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: sarah.dury@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dury
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: Dominique.Verte@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verté
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: benedicte.deforche@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Benedicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deforche
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001530:Belgium; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D010465:Perception; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012931:Social Environment; D058992:Social Participation; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods*; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Belgium; Ecological model; Older adults; Physical activity; Social environment; Walking