title: MicroRNAs in bladder cancer: expression profiles, biological functions, regulation, and clinical implications.
abstract: Bladder cancer (UBC) is a common cancer worldwide and has a high rate of recurrence and progression despite systemic therapy. The molecular mechanisms of UBC are not completely understood. MicroRNAs are noncoding RNA molecules of approximately 23 nucleotides that play important roles in multiple steps during the progression of UBC. Here, we review the expression profiles of miRNAs and their biological functions, regulation, and clinical implications in UBC. Either down-regulation or up-regulation of miRNAs occurs in UBC through epigenetic changes or defects of the biogenesis apparatus. Deregulation of miRNAs is involved in cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and other functions in UBC. A number of miRNAs, including urine miRNAs, have been associated with tumor type, stage, or patient survival, and miRNAs might be developed as diagnostic or prognostic markers. Better understanding of the roles of miRNAs in UBC will shed light on the molecular mechanisms of UBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaan'xi Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Development and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G1X8, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Qingxia
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an,Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Mingxin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaan'xi Province, China.
authors.forename: Junjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: She
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics*; D059467:Transcriptome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs