title: Pancreatic satellite cells derived galectin-1 increase the progression and less survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galectin-1, a member of carbohydrate-binding proteins with a polyvalent function on tumor progression, was found strongly expressed in pancreatic satellite cells (PSCs), which partner in crime with cancer cells and promote the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We evaluated the effects of PSCs derived Galectin-1 on the progression of PDAC, as well as the tumor establishment and development in mouse xenografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relationship between immunohistochemistry staining intensity of Galectin-1 and clinicopathologic variables were assessed in 66 PDAC tissues, 18 chronic pancreatitis tissues and 10 normal controls. The roles of PSCs isolated from PDAC and normal pancreas on the proliferative activity, MMP2 and MMP9 expression, and the invasion of CFPAC-1 in the co-cultured system, as well as on the tumor establishment and development in mouse xenografts by mixed implanting with CFPAC-1 subcutaneously were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Galectin-1 expression was gradually increased from normal pancreas (negative), chronic pancreatitis (weak) to PDAC (strong), in which Galectin-1 expression was also increased from well, moderately to poorly differentiated PDAC. Galectin-1 staining intensity of pancreatic cancer tissue was associated with increase in tumor size, lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion and differentiation and UICC stage, and served as the independent prognostic indicator of poor survival of pancreatic cancer. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that TGF-β1 upregulated Galectin-1 expression in PSCs, which could further promotes the proliferative activity, MMP2 and MMP9 expression, and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, as well as the tumor establishment and growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galectin-1 expression in stromal cells of pancreatic cancer suggests that this protein plays a role in the promotion of cancer cells invasion and metastasis and provides a therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive System, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Jingqiu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Anhui no. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhongxu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University (the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Sen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Nianyuan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive System, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Sujun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Daorong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Kuirong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002469:Cell Separation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D037483:Galectin 1; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9