title: Central neural mechanisms of interindividual difference in discomfort during sensorimotor incongruence in healthy volunteers: an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been reported that disturbance in sensory and motor function may induce sensorimotor incongruence and produce pain, discomfort and other sensations in healthy volunteers. One study suggested that sensorimotor incongruent information to healthy subjects results in increased neuronal activity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; however, this study did not take into consideration the discomfort induced by sensorimotor incongruence. The present study attempted to characterize intracortical electrical activities for sensorimotor incongruence in the frequency domain. In our study, electroencephalogram (EEG) cortical sources were compared between sensorimotor congruence and sensorimotor incongruence. In addition, high and no discomfort subgroups were compared during sensorimotor incongruence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy female subjects participated in this study. Subjects were then asked to flex/extend both arms in a congruent/incongruent manner while viewing a whiteboard/mirror. EEG was performed to determine the cortical activation during sensorimotor congruence and incongruence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alpha band activity in the right posterior parietal cortex during sensorimotor incongruence was significantly lower than that of sensorimotor congruence. The source activities induced in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) beta band activity and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) alpha band activity significantly decreased in the high-discomfort vs the no-discomfort subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that the ACC and PCC are more activated in the high-discomfort subgroup than in the no-discomfort subgroup during sensorimotor incongruence. This method may evaluate the effectiveness of new medication therapy and/or rehabilitation by assessing the difference in the neuronal activity of chronic patients before and after treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Konan Woman's University, Hyogo, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara and Rehabilitation Center, Tanabe Orthopaedics, Osaka, Japan.Department of Physical Therapy, Konan Woman's University, Hyogo, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara and Rehabilitation Center, Tanabe Orthopaedics, Osaka, Japan. t-nishi@konan-wu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishigami
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Konan Woman's University, Hyogo, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara and Rehabilitation Center, Tanabe Orthopaedics, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Konan Woman's University, Hyogo, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara and Rehabilitation Center, Tanabe Orthopaedics, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Konan Woman's University, Hyogo, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara and Rehabilitation Center, Tanabe Orthopaedics, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Morihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsujishita
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Konan Woman's University, Hyogo, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara and Rehabilitation Center, Tanabe Orthopaedics, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mibu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Konan Woman's University, Hyogo, Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara and Rehabilitation Center, Tanabe Orthopaedics, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ushida
mesh_terms: D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001611:Beta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: LORETA; cingulate cortex; discomfort; pain; quantitative electroencephalography; sensorimotor incongruence