title: Visualising and modelling changes in categorical variables in longitudinal studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Graphical techniques can provide visually compelling insights into complex data patterns. In this paper we present a type of lasagne plot showing changes in categorical variables for participants measured at regular intervals over time and propose statistical models to estimate distributions of marginal and transitional probabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The plot uses stacked bars to show the distribution of categorical variables at each time interval, with different colours to depict different categories and changes in colours showing trajectories of participants over time. The models are based on nominal logistic regression which is appropriate for both ordinal and nominal categorical variables. To illustrate the plots and models we analyse data on smoking status, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level from a longitudinal study on women's health. To estimate marginal distributions we fit survey wave as an explanatory variable whereas for transitional distributions we fit status of participants (e.g. smoking status) at previous surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the illustrative data the marginal models showed BMI increasing, physical activity decreasing and smoking decreasing linearly over time at the population level. The plots and transition models showed smoking status to be highly predictable for individuals whereas BMI was only moderately predictable and physical activity was virtually unpredictable. Most of the predictive power was obtained from participant status at the previous survey. Predicted probabilities from the models mostly agreed with observed probabilities indicating adequate goodness-of-fit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed form of lasagne plot provides a simple visual aid to show transitions in categorical variables over time in longitudinal studies. The suggested models complement the plot and allow formal testing and estimation of marginal and transitional distributions. These simple tools can provide valuable insights into categorical data on individuals measured at regular intervals over time.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Research, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. m.jones@sph.uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hockey
authors.forename: Gita D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobson
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies / Q000379:methods; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009043:Motor Activity; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012907:Smoking; D016387:Women's Health