title: Direct measurement of internal magnetic fields in natural sands using scanning SQUID microscopy.
abstract: NMR experiments are ideally carried out in well-controlled magnetic fields. When samples of natural porous materials are studied, the situation can be complicated if the sample itself contains magnetic components, giving rise to internal magnetic fields in the pore space that modulate the externally applied fields. If not properly accounted for, the internal fields can lead to misinterpretation of relaxation, diffusion, or imaging data. To predict the potential effect of internal fields, and develop effective mitigation strategies, it is important to develop a quantitative understanding of the magnitude and distribution of internal fields occurring in natural porous media. To develop such understanding, we employ scanning SQUID microscopy, a technique that can detect magnetic field variations very accurately at high spatial resolution (∼3μm). We prepared samples from natural unconsolidated aquifer material, and scanned areas of about 200×200μm in a very low background magnetic field of ∼2μT. We found large amplitude variations with a magnitude of about 2mT, across a relatively long spatial scale of about 200μm, that are associated with a large magnetic grain (>50μm radius) with a strong magnetic remanence. We also detected substantial variations exceeding 60μT on small spatial scales of about ∼10μm. We attribute these small-scale variations to very fine-grained magnetic material. Because we made our measurements at very low background field, the observed variations are not induced by the background field but due to magnetic remanence. Consequently, the observed internal fields will affect even low-field NMR experiments.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Department of Geophysics, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: jan.walbrecker@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Jan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Walbrecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Nano-magnetism Research Center, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel. Electronic address: beena@biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Beena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalisky
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Department of Geophysics, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: denysg@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Denys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grombacher
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Center for Probing the Nanoscale, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: jkirtley@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirtley
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Center for Probing the Nanoscale, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: kmoler@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Moler
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Department of Geophysics, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: rknight@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knight
keywords: Internal magnetic fields; Porous media; SQUID