title: Feasibility and validity of the structured attention module among economically disadvantaged preschool-age children.
abstract: Rooted in the theory of attention put forth by Mirsky, Anthony, Duncan, Ahearn, and Kellam (1991), the Structured Attention Module (SAM) is a developmentally sensitive, computer-based performance task designed specifically to assess sustained selective attention among 3- to 6-year-old children. The current study addressed the feasibility and validity of the SAM among 64 economically disadvantaged preschool-age children (mean age = 58 months; 55% female); a population known to be at risk for attention problems and adverse math performance outcomes. Feasibility was demonstrated by high completion rates and strong associations between SAM performance and age. Principal Factor Analysis with rotation produced robust support for a three-factor model (Accuracy, Speed, and Endurance) of SAM performance, which largely corresponded with existing theorized models of selective and sustained attention. Construct validity was evidenced by positive correlations between SAM Composite scores and all three SAM factors and IQ, and between SAM Accuracy and sequential memory. Value-added predictive validity was not confirmed through main effects of SAM on math performance above and beyond age and IQ; however, significant interactions by child sex were observed: Accuracy and Endurance both interacted with child sex to predict math performance. In both cases, the SAM factors predicted math performance more strongly for girls than for boys. There were no overall sex differences in SAM performance. In sum, the current findings suggest that interindividual variation in sustained selective attention, and potentially other aspects of attention and executive function, among young, high-risk children can be captured validly with developmentally sensitive measures.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Massachusetts , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.
authors.forename: Hillary H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Abbey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eisenhower
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Briggs-Gowan
authors.forename: Alice S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008568:Memory; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011203:Poverty; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
keywords: Early childhood; Economic disadvantage; Math performance; Preschool; Sustained selective attention