title: Production of prodigiosin using tannery fleshing and evaluating its pharmacological effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The focal theme of present investigation includes isolation of prodigiosin producing fish gut bacteria, enhancing its production using tannery solid waste fleshing, and evaluation of its pharmacological effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Optimization of fermentation conditions to yield maximum prodigiosin, and instrumental analysis using FTIR, NMR, ESI-MS, TGA, and DSC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimum conditions required for the maximum prodigiosin concentration were achieved at time 30 h, temperature 30°C, pH 8, and 3% substrate concentration. The secondary metabolite was analyzed using ESI-MS, FTIR, and NMR. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by in vitro anticancer studies. Among the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most susceptible at the lowest concentration followed by Salmonella typhi. IC₅₀ concentration was cell line specific (HeLa cells: 4.3 µM, HEp2: 5.2 µM, and KB cells: 4.8 µM) and remains nontoxic up to the concentration of 25 µM on normal Vero cells suggesting that cancerous cells are more susceptible to the prodigiosin at lower concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maximum prodigiosin production was obtained with tannery fleshing. The potency of the fish gut bacterial secondary metabolite prodigiosin as a therapeutic agent was confirmed through in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer studies.
authors.affiliation: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600020, India ; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sumathi
authors.affiliation: Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: MohanaPriya
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Research (Ministry of Environment), Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swarnalatha
authors.affiliation: Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dinesh
authors.affiliation: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600020, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sekaran
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005399:Fishes / Q000382:microbiology*; D011353:Prodigiosin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000254:growth & development; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011353:Prodigiosin