title: Ureteroscopy in infants and preschool age children: technique and preliminary results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We present our experience with the use of semirigid ureteroscopy for the treatment of ureteric stones in children less than or equal to 6 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 21 children (12 female, 9 male) with an average age of 4.7 years (range 8 months to 6 years) treated with semirigid ureteroscopy between June 2006 and July 2010 were reviewed. In 13 ureteral units 7Fr semirigid ureteroscopy was carried out in a retrograde manner to treat stone disease, while an adult ureteroscope (9.5 fr) was used in the remaining patients. Stones were located in the upper ureter in 2 cases, middle ureter in 2 cases, and lower ureter in 17 cases. Ureteral dilation was not required in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stone size varied from 4 to 13 mm (mean 6 mm). The management of stones in 18 (90.7%) children was straightforward and a single ureteroscopy was required to clear the ureters. In 2 (6.2%) children, repeat ureteroscopy was undertaken to render the ureters stone free, and in 1 child (3.1%) it was not possible to remove the stone. Stones were fragmented with pneumatic lithotripsy in 12 cases and stones were removed mechanically without fragmentation in the remaining 9 cases. Intraoperative complications occurred in 2 (9.3%) children and included extravasation (1 patient), which was managed with ureteral stenting and stone upward migration (1 patient). Early postoperative complications included pyelonephritis (1 patient). Mean follow-up was 6.4 (3-36) months. Incidence of stricture at the site of stone impaction was not detected in any patients. None of the patients managed without a post-operative stent required subsequent intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the hands of an experienced surgeon, ureteroscopy in young children can be a safe and efficient treatment for ureteral stones that can be performed without ureteral dilation. Routine ureteral stenting is not a requirement when the procedure is relatively atraumatic. Further studies and longer follow-up are necessary to determine the success of this technique.
authors.affiliation: University of Alexandria, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mokhless
authors.affiliation: University of Alexandria, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Essam
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marzouk
authors.affiliation: University of Alexandria, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Alaa El-Din
authors.initials: Ael-D
authors.lastname: Thabet
authors.affiliation: University of Alexandria, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Youssif
authors.affiliation: University of Alexandria, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahmy
keywords: children; infants; results; technique; ureteroscopy