title: Effects of Selective Neonatal Amygdala Damage on Concurrent Discrimination Learning and Reinforcer Devaluation in Monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The amygdala is known to be a key neural structure in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Primarily known for its involvement in fear regulation, the amygdala also plays a critical role in appetitive flexible decision-making. Yet, its contribution to the development of flexible goal-directed behavior has not been thoroughly examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study examined flexible decision-making abilities after neonatal amygdala lesions in nonhuman primates using a behavioral paradigm known to measure the flexible monitoring of goal-directed choices in rodents, monkeys, and humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhesus monkeys of both sexes were divided into two groups, a sham-operated control group (N=4) and a group with neonatal neurotoxic amygdala lesions (N=5). Animals received the lesions at 1-2 weeks and were tested at both four and six years of age on a concurrent discrimination reinforcer devaluation task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although neonatal amygdala damage spared learning stimulus-reward associations, it severely impaired the ability to flexibly shift object choices away from those items associated with devalued food rewards. The results were similar to those obtained in monkeys that had acquired the same lesions in adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the amygdala is critical for appetitive decision-making, and provide further evidence of little functional sparing after early amygdala insult. The findings are discussed in relation to other behavioral measures on the same animals and to clinical neuropsychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Am
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazama
authors.affiliation: Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bachevalier