title: Influence of the sevoflurane concentration on the occurrence of epileptiform EEG patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to analyse the effects of different sevoflurane concentrations on the incidence of epileptiform EEG activity during induction of anaesthesia in children in the clinical routine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It was suggested in the literature to use sevoflurane concentrations lower than 8% to avoid epileptiform activity during induction of anaesthesia in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 children (age: 4.6±3.0 years, ASA I-III, premedication with midazolam) were anaesthetized with 8% sevoflurane for 3 min or 6% sevoflurane for 5 min in 100% O2 via face mask followed by 4% sevoflurane until propofol and remifentanil were given for intubation. EEGs were recorded continuously and were analysed visually with regard to epileptiform EEG patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From start of sevoflurane until propofol/remifentanil administration, 38 patients (76%) with 8% sevoflurane had epileptiform EEG patterns compared to 26 patients (52%) with 6% (p = 0.0106). Epileptiform potentials tended to appear later in the course of the induction with 6% than with 8%. Up to an endtidal concentration of 6% sevoflurane, the number of children with epileptiform potentials was similar in both groups (p = 0.3708). The cumulative number of children with epileptiform activity increased with increasing endtidal sevoflurane concentrations. The time from start of sevoflurane until loss of consciousness was similar in patients with 8% and 6% sevoflurane (42.2±17.5 s vs. 44.9 s ±14.0 s; p = 0.4073). An EEG stage of deep anaesthesia with continuous delta waves <2.0 Hz appeared significantly earlier in the 8% than in the 6% group (64.0±22.2 s vs. 77.9±20.0 s, p = 0.0022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The own analysis and data from the literature show that lower endtidal concentrations of sevoflurane and shorter administration times can be used to reduce epileptiform activity during induction of sevoflurane anaesthesia in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: W Alexander
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Osthaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schultz
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane