title: Optimum projection angle for attaining maximum distance in a rugby place kick.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of projection angle on the distance attained in a rugby place kick. A male rugby player performed 49 maximum-effort kicks using projection angles of between 20 and 50°. The kicks were recorded by a video camera at 50 Hz and a 2 D biomechanical analysis was conducted to obtain measures of the projection velocity and projection angle of the ball. The player's optimum projection angle was calculated by substituting a mathematical expression for the relationship between projection velocity and projection angle into the equations for the aerodynamic flight of a rugby ball. We found that the player's calculated optimum projection angle (30.6°, 95% confidence limits ± 1.9°) was in close agreement with his preferred projection angle (mean value 30.8°, 95% confidence limits ± 2.1°). The player's calculated optimum projection angle was also similar to projection angles previously reported for skilled rugby players. The optimum projection angle in a rugby place kick is considerably less than 45° because the projection velocity that a player can produce decreases substantially as projection angle is increased. Aerodynamic forces and the requirement to clear the crossbar have little effect on the optimum projection angle. Key PointsThe optimum projection angle in a rugby place kick is about 30°.The optimum projection angle is considerably less than 45° because the projection velocity that a player can produce decreases substantially as projection angle is increased.Aerodynamic forces and the requirement to clear the crossbar have little effect on the optimum projection angle.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, School of Sport and Education, Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Linthorne
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, School of Sport and Education, Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Stokes
keywords: Biomechanics; kinematics; projectile