title: Systemic ligament hypermobility in temporomandibular disorders.
abstract: Systemic ligament hypermobility (benign hypermobile joint syndrome or BHJS) and masticatory parafunction (clenching/bruxism) were evaluated in intracapsular TMD (n=110) and non-TMD (n=112) populations. Individuals that had a ligament mobility index greater than four were classified as benign hypermobile joint syndrome (BHJS) utilizing the modified Carter-Wilkinson systemic ligament hypermobility scale. All subjects in the TMD and control groups were female, between the ages of 10 and 79 with Angles' Class I molars and cuspids. This study found Benign Hypermobile Joint Syndrome (BHJS) and masticatory parafunction, when present simultaneously in females, to be significantly associated with intracapsular TMD symptoms (P<0.001).
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson AZ, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Harkins
authors.affiliation: 6367 E. Tanque Verde, 220, Tucson, AZ 85715, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cueva
keywords: Bruxism; Clenching; Masticatory parafunction; Systemic ligament hypermobility; TMD