title: Regulation of biofilm formation in Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species.
abstract: In the present review, we describe and compare the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia. Our current knowledge suggests that biofilm formation is regulated by cyclic diguanosine-5'-monophosphate (c-di-GMP), small RNAs (sRNA) and quorum sensing (QS) in all these bacterial species. The systems that employ c-di-GMP as a second messenger regulate the production of exopolysaccharides and surface proteins which function as extracellular matrix components in the biofilms formed by the bacteria. The systems that make use of sRNAs appear to regulate the production of exopolysaccharide biofilm matrix material in all these species. In the pseudomonads, QS regulates the production of extracellular DNA, lectins and biosurfactants which all play a role in biofilm formation. In B.cenocepacia QS regulates the expression of a large surface protein, lectins and extracellular DNA that all function as biofilm matrix components. Although the three regulatory systems all regulate the production of factors used for biofilm formation, the molecular mechanisms involved in transducing the signals into expression of the biofilm matrix components differ between the species. Under the conditions tested, exopolysaccharides appears to be the most important biofilm matrix components for P.aeruginosa, whereas large surface proteins appear to be the most important biofilm matrix components for P.putida, P.fluorescens, and B.cenocepacia.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fazli
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Almblad
authors.forename: Morten Levin
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rybtke
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Givskov
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eberl
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolker-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D057508:Burkholderia cenocepacia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000235:genetics; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated / Q000378:metabolism; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated; D006152:Cyclic GMP