title: Ultrasonography combined with fluoroscopy for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an analysis based on seven years single center experiences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) under the guidance of ultrasonography and fluoroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 562 renal calculi patients (313 men and 249 women; mean age 46 years, ranged from 13 to 70 years) who underwent 582 PCNL from March 2004 to October 2011 in our department.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of participants, 89.6% experienced less than 3 puncture times; 2 patients (0.4%) experienced puncture failures; percentage of single or multiple tracts was 89.7% and 10.3%, respectively, 55 patients (9.5%) needed auxiliary measures after one PCNL (24 second PCNL and 31 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy). The mean operative time was 82.3 min (range, 45-190 min). The stone free rate was 90.5%. Thirty five patients (6.0%) had postoperative fever and responded to antibiotics. Three patients (0.5%) developed pleural effusion and recovered after closed drainage of thoracic cavity. Thirteen patients (2.2%) needed blood transfusion. Twelve patients (2.1%) developed septic shock and were given anti-shock therapy. Two patients (0.3%) needed angiographic renal embolization or nephrectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With its high success rate for achieving access to the targeted calyx and high stone clearance rate, the guidance of ultrasonography and fluoroscopy should be the first option in PCNL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Qinglong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Zhihua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Jinghai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Fengming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Qihui
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Yuchuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China. chunxi_wang@126.com.
authors.forename: Chunxi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China. doctorwyb@126.com.
authors.forename: Yanbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D055815:Young Adult