title: Psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: results from the International Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a neurogenetic disorder associated with high rates of schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. The authors report what is to their knowledge the first large-scale collaborative study of rates and sex distributions of psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The associations among psychopathology, intellect, and functioning were examined in a subgroup of participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1,402 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, ages 6–68 years, were assessed for psychiatric disorders with validated diagnostic instruments. Data on intelligence and adaptive functioning were available for 183 participants ages 6 to 24 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was the most frequent disorder in children (37.10%) and was overrepresented in males. Anxiety disorders were more prevalent than mood disorders at all ages, but especially in children and adolescents. Anxiety and unipolar mood disorders were overrepresented in females. Psychotic disorders were present in 41% of adults over age 25. Males did not predominate in psychotic or autism spectrum disorders. Hierarchical regressions in the subgroup revealed that daily living skills were predicted by the presence of anxiety disorders. Psychopathology was not associated with communication or socialization skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the authors’ knowledge, this is the largest study of psychiatric morbidity in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. It validates previous findings that this condition is one of the strongest risk factors for psychosis. Anxiety and developmental disorders were also prevalent. These results highlight the need to monitor and reduce the long-term burden of psychopathology in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
authors.forename: Maude
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authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Martin
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authors.lastname: Debbané
authors.forename: Anne S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bassett
authors.forename: Eva W C
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Wai Lun Alan
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Marianne
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authors.lastname: van den Bree
authors.forename: Michael
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authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Kieran C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Maria
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authors.lastname: Niarchou
authors.forename: Wendy R
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authors.lastname: Kates
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Antshel
authors.forename: Wanda
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authors.lastname: Fremont
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McDonald-McGinn
authors.forename: Raquel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: Elaine H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Zackai
authors.forename: Jacob
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authors.lastname: Vorstman
authors.forename: Sasja N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Duijff
authors.forename: Petra W J
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Klaassen
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swillen
authors.forename: Doron
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gothelf
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weizman
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Amelsvoort
authors.forename: Laurens
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boot
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shashi
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bearden
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jalbrzikowski
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Armando
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vicari
authors.forename: Declan G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Opal
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ousley
authors.forename: Linda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Tony J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eliez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000235:genetics; D004062:DiGeorge Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D011599:Psychopathology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult