title: Primary dysmenorrhea: prevalence in adolescent population of Tbilisi, Georgia and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in female adolescents living in Tbilisi, Georgia; find possible risk factors and establish an association, if any, with nutrition and sleep hygiene.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was used. A retrospective case control study was used to identify risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2561 women consented to participate in the research. 431 participants were included in the case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed questionnaire included: reproductive history, demographic features, menstrual pattern, severity of dysmenorrhea and associated symptoms; information about nutrition and sleep hygiene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 52.07%. Due to pain, 69.78% reported frequent school absenteeism. The risk of dysmenorrhea in students who had a family history of dysmenorrhea was approximately 6 times higher than in students with no prior history. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was significantly higher among smokers compared with non-smokers 3.99% vs. 0.68% (p=.0.05 OR:6.102). Those women reporting an increased intake of sugar reported a marked increase of dysmenorrhea compared to women reporting no daily sugar intake (55.61% vs. 44.39%, p=.0023 LR:0.0002). However, alcohol, family atmosphere and nationality showed no correlation with dysmenorrhea. Our study revealed two most important risk factors of dysmenorrhea: meal skipping 59.78% vs. 27.03%, p=.00000 LR: 0.00000 OR:4.014 and sleep hygiene-receiving less sleep 38.77% vs. 19.59%, p=0.000055 LR: 0.000036 OR:2.598.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary dysmenorrhea is a common problem in the adolescent population of Tbilisi Geogia. It adversely affects their educational performance. Meal skipping and sleep quantity are associated with dysmenorrhea and may cause other reproductive dysfunctions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University "aeti" Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Tinatin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gagua
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University "aeti" Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Besarion
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tkeshelashvili
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University "aeti" Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gagua
keywords: Primary dysmenorrhea; adolescent; lifestyle; nutrition; sleep