title: Subfascial involvement in glomuvenous malformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glomuvenous malformation (GVM) is an inherited autosomal dominant trait. The lesions, which appear as bluish nodules or plaque-like cutaneous elevations, are usually tender and more firm than sporadic venous malformations. Conventionally, the lesions are thought to be limited to the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue planes. The objective was to characterize the depth of involvement of GVM lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in GVM were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists. The signal characteristics, tissue distribution, pattern of contrast enhancement of the lesions in GVM were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients (19 female) aged 1-35 years (mean 18 years) were diagnosed with GVM based on clinical features (n = 20) and/or histopathological findings (n = 10). The lesions were present in the lower extremity (n = 15), upper extremity (n = 6), cervico-facial region (n = 6), pelvis (n = 2), and chest wall (n = 1). All patients had skin and subcutaneous lesions. Fifty percent of the patients (n = 15) demonstrated subfascial intramuscular (n = 15), intra-osseous (n = 1), and intra-articular involvement (n = 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to the conventional belief that GVMs are generally limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, deep subfascial extension of the lesions is common.
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA, Raja.Shaikh@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Ahmad I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Alomari
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mulliken
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Harry P W
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kozakewich
authors.forename: Gulraiz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005205:Fascia / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005918:Glomus Tumor / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010236:Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal / Q000473:pathology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult