title: Thiacloprid-Nosema ceranae interactions in honey bees: host survivorship but not parasite reproduction is dependent on pesticide dose.
abstract: Interactions between stressors contribute to the recently reported increase in losses of honey bee colonies. Here we demonstrated that a synergistic effect on mortality by the low toxic, commonly used neonicotinoid thiacloprid and the nearly ubiquitous gut parasite Nosemaceranae is dependent on the pesticide dose. Furthermore, thiacloprid had a negative influence on N.ceranae reproduction. Our results highlight that interactions among honey bee health stressors can be dynamic and should be studied across a broader range of combinations.
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: gina.retschnig@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Retschnig
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Geoffrey R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D016818:Nosema / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013843:Thiazines / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D011725:Pyridines; D013843:Thiazines; C417209:thiacloprid
keywords: Apis mellifera; Honey bee; Neonicotinoid; Nosema ceranae; Synergism; Thiacloprid