title: Vitamin D in relation to cognitive impairment, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and brain volumes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low vitamin D status is associated with poorer cognitive function in older adults, but little is known about the potential impact on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and brain volumes. The objective of this study was to examine the relations between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and cognitive impairment, CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and structural brain tissue volumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 75 patients (29 with subjective cognitive impairment, 28 with mild cognitive impairment, 18 with AD) referred to the Memory Clinic at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden were recruited. Plasma 25(OH)D, CSF levels of amyloid β (Aβ(1-42)), total-tau, and phosphorylated tau, and brain tissue volumes have been measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for several potential confounders, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for cognitive impairment were as follows: 0.969 (0.948-0.990) per increase of 1 nmol/L of 25(OH)D and 4.19 (1.30-13.52) for 24(OH)D values less than 50 nmol/L compared with values greater than or equal to 50 nmol/L. Adjusting for CSF Aβ(1-42) attenuated the 25(OH)D-cognition link. In a multiple linear regression analysis, higher 25(OH)D levels were related to higher concentrations of CSF Aβ(1-42) and greater brain volumes (eg, white matter, structures belonging to medial temporal lobe). The associations between 25(OH)D and tau variables were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that vitamin D may be associated with cognitive status, CSF Aβ(1-42) levels, and brain tissue volumes.
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Babak.hooshmand@ki.se.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hooshmand
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lökk
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio.
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mangialasche
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miralbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spulber
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Annerbo
authors.affiliation: KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andreasen
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winblad
authors.affiliation: KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cedazo-Minguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars-Olof
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Wahlund
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio.
authors.forename: Miia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivipelto
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D016875:tau Proteins; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: CSF biomarkers; Cognition; MRI.; Older adults; Vitamin D