title: Is routine chest X-ray after surgical and percutaneous tracheostomy necessary in adults: a systemic review of the current literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For many years, routine post-tracheostomy chest X-ray has been the standard of care for patients in many countries. However, recent evidence suggests that this is unnecessary and cost-ineffective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the current literature and examine the role of routine post-tracheostomy chest X-ray in adult patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systemic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane) were searched using the keywords 'chest X-ray/radiography/radiograph' and 'tracheostomy/tracheotomy' in various permutations. Search period ranged from 1960 to 2012. Inclusion criteria included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised control trials, prospective and retrospective case series. Paediatric and non-English articles were excluded. Abstracts and subsequently full text articles were screened by two of the authors independently. References from obtained articles were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specific outcome measures were collated to evaluate the usefulness of post-tracheostomy chest X-ray: Chest X-ray detected (tracheostomy-related) complication rates Proportion of cases requiring significant intervention Potential predictors of complications
  
  
  RESULTS
  Routine post-tracheostomy chest X-ray is of a low yield, and its findings had limited impact on patient management. Complication detection rates for surgical and percutaneous tracheostomy are 2.2% and 3.2%, respectively. Only 0.7% and 1.8% of chest X-rays performed in surgical and percutaneous tracheostomy cases, respectively, required intervention. Certain groups of patients, however, are at higher risks of complications, and may benefit from post-tracheostomy chest X-ray. For surgical tracheostomy, these groups include those with post-operative signs and symptoms of complications or had emergent or 'difficult' tracheostomies. For percutaneous tracheostomy, high-risk patients include trauma cases (unspecified), patients with post-procedural signs and symptoms of complications, patients who have high ventilatory requirements, difficult tracheostomy cases or tracheostomy cases performed without bronchoscopic guidance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The practice of routine post-tracheostomy chest X-ray is debatable owing to its low yield and minimal impact on clinical management. However, certain groups of patients appear to be at higher risks of post-tracheostomy complications; currently, there is insufficient evidence to conclude the absolute need for routine chest X-ray in these groups of patients, although it may be prudent to do so based on available evidence in the literature and logical clinical reasoning.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health Holdings, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: W X
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: C Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Phua
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000379:methods