title: Cisatracurium pretreatment with tourniquet reduces propofol injection pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of pretreatment with cisatracurium for prevention of pain associated with propofol injection, and compare its efficacy with that of lidocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing general anaesthesia were randomized to receive normal saline (control group), lidocaine (0.5 mg/kg), 0.03 mg/kg cisatracurium or 0.15 mg/kg cisatracurium. All drugs were administered into the largest dorsal vein of the hand with venous occlusion for 30 s, followed by propofol (0.5 mg/kg). Pain was evaluated using a four-point scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence and severity of pain was significantly lower in the lidocaine and 0.15 mg/kg cisatracurium groups than the control and 0.03 mg/kg cisatracurium groups (n = 50/group). There was no significant difference between the lidocaine and 0.15 mg/kg cisatracurium groups in the incidence and severity of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  0.15 mg/kg cisatracurium effectively decreases the incidence and severity of pain induced by propofol injection without any significant complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Namgung
authors.forename: Choon-Hak
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001279:Atracurium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014111:Tourniquets; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D001279:Atracurium; D008012:Lidocaine; C101584:cisatracurium; D015742:Propofol
keywords: Cisatracurium; general anaesthesia; propofol injection pain