title: Association between the hemodialysis eating index and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, a Hemodialysis Eating Index (HDEI) suitable for hemodialysis (HD) patients in Taiwan was developed based on the dietary recommendations of the U.S. National Kidney Foundation for HD patients and the Taiwanese 2011 Daily Food Guide. The HDEI was used to explore HD-associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 108 HD patients from 2 HD centers in Taiwan were recruited as participants in 2010. All participants were older than 20 years. Patient CVD risk factor and 3-day dietary data were collected, and their HDEI scores were calculated. The HDEI scores comprise 12 food-related factors: the consumption of vegetables, fruits, total grains, whole grains, high-protein foods, high biological values, red and white meat, fish, oils, saturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids, nuts, and the duration of multivitamin use. The scores ranged from 5 to 100, and SAS software version 9.3 was used to perform statistical analyses. A P value less than .05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HDEI scores and serum albumin (Alb) levels were significantly and positively correlated. The participants were divided into 2 groups on the basis of the median HDEI score of 72.2. Two months after HDEI evaluation, the high-HDEI scoring group exhibited significantly decreased levels of serum total cholesterol and increased hemoglobin (Hb) levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HDEI can be used to reflect selected nutritional status markers, such as Alb and Hb levels and CVD risk factors, for HD patients. The HDEI can also serve as an eating index for HD patients in Taiwan to facilitate CVD prevention.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Kuang
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Hung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsi-Hsien
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tso-Hsiao
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: sherry@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shwu-Huey
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D005638:Fruit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009754:Nuts; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D006454:Hemoglobins; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D012709:Serum Albumin; D002784:Cholesterol