title: A standardized method for 4D ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blockade and catheter placement.
abstract: We present a standardized method for using four-dimensional ultrasound (4D US) guidance for peripheral nerve blocks. 4D US allows for needle tracking in multiple planes simultaneously and accurate measurement of the local anesthetic volume surrounding the nerve following injection. Additionally, the morphology and proximity of local anesthetic spread around the target nerve is clearly seen with the described technique. This method provides additional spatial information in real time compared to standard two-dimensional ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Clendenen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Boulevard, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Robards
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Boulevard, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Clendenen
mesh_terms: D057785:Catheters; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional