title: Psychosocial consequences of mild traumatic brain injury in children: results of a systematic review by the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To synthesize the best available evidence regarding psychosocial consequences of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus were searched (2001-2012). Inclusion criteria included published peer-reviewed reports in English, French, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish, and Danish. References were also identified from relevant reviews and meta-analyses, and the bibliographies of eligible articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article presents an update of a previous review with a much larger scope, of which this topic is a small subset of the questions addressed by that review. Controlled trials and cohort and case-control studies were selected according to predefined criteria. Two independent reviewers used modified Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria to critically appraise eligible studies. A total of 77,914 records were screened; 101 of these articles were deemed scientifically admissible, of which 6 investigated the psychosocial consequences of MTBI in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently extracted data from accepted studies into evidence tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a best-evidence synthesis by linking our conclusions to the evidence tables. Most accepted studies were exploratory rather than confirmatory. Preliminary evidence suggests that most children recover within 3 months post-MTBI. After 1 year, the prevalence of postconcussion symptoms and syndrome is similar between children with MTBI and children with orthopedic injuries. The functional status of children with MTBI improves over a 30-month follow-up period, but further research is needed to investigate the possibility that children with MTBI experience greater rates of psychiatric illness during the 3 years after their injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognosis of MTBI is favorable in children. Most appear to recover functionally from a physical and psychological perspective. However, future research should investigate the risk for psychiatric illness.
authors.affiliation: Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Psychology and Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: mkeightley@hollandbloorview.ca.
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Keightley
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada; UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Complex Continuing Care, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rumney
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Complex Continuing Care, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cancelliere
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cassidy
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010372:Pediatrics; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
keywords: Brain injuries; Craniocerebral trauma; Pediatric; Psychological outcomes; Recovery of function; Rehabilitation