title: Dose-dependent inhibition of gastric injury by hydrogen in alkaline electrolyzed drinking water.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hydrogen has been reported to relieve damage in many disease models, and is a potential additive in drinking water to provide protective effects for patients as several clinical studies revealed. However, the absence of a dose-response relationship in the application of hydrogen is puzzling. We attempted to identify the dose-response relationship of hydrogen in alkaline electrolyzed drinking water through the aspirin induced gastric injury model.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, hydrogen-rich alkaline water was obtained by adding H2 to electrolyzed water at one atmosphere pressure. After 2 weeks of drinking, we detected the gastric mucosal damage together with MPO, MDA and 8-OHdG in rat aspirin induced gastric injury model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydrogen-dose dependent inhibition was observed in stomach mucosal. Under pH 8.5, 0.07, 0.22 and 0.84 ppm hydrogen exhibited a high correlation with inhibitory effects showed by erosion area, MPO activity and MDA content in the stomach. Gastric histology also demonstrated the inhibition of damage by hydrogen-rich alkaline water. However, 8-OHdG level in serum did not have significant hydrogen-dose dependent effect. pH 9.5 showed higher but not significant inhibitory response compared with pH 8.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydrogen is effective in relieving the gastric injury induced by aspirin-HCl, and the inhibitory effect is dose-dependent. The reason behind this may be that hydrogen-rich water directly interacted with the target tissue, while the hydrogen concentration in blood was buffered by liver glycogen, evoking a suppressed dose-response effect. Drinking hydrogen-rich water may protect healthy individuals from gastric damage caused by oxidative stress.
authors.forename: Jinling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Guodong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saihara
authors.forename: Lingyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Velasquez
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P,R, China. luyun@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000818:Animals; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D020011:Protective Agents; D006859:Hydrogen; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine