title: Single-cell resolution imaging of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in vivo using a cell-penetrating caspase-activatable peptide probe.
abstract: Peptide probes for imaging retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis consist of a cell-penetrating peptide targeting moiety and a fluorophore-quencher pair flanking an effector caspase consensus sequence. Using ex vivo fluorescence imaging, we previously validated the capacity of these probes to identify apoptotic RGCs in cell culture and in an in vivo rat model of N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neurotoxicity. Herein, using TcapQ488, a new probe designed and synthesized for compatibility with clinically-relevant imaging instruments, and real time imaging of a live rat RGC degeneration model, we fully characterized time- and dose-dependent probe activation, signal-to-noise ratios, and probe safety profiles in vivo. Adult rats received intravitreal injections of four NMDA concentrations followed by varying TcapQ488 doses. Fluorescence fundus imaging was performed sequentially in vivo using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and individual RGCs displaying activated probe were counted and analyzed. Rats also underwent electroretinography following intravitreal injection of probe. In vivo fluorescence fundus imaging revealed distinct single-cell probe activation as an indicator of RGC apoptosis induced by intravitreal NMDA injection that corresponded to the identical cells observed in retinal flat mounts of the same eye. Peak activation of probe in vivo was detected 12 hours post probe injection. Detectable fluorescent RGCs increased with increasing NMDA concentration; sensitivity of detection generally increased with increasing TcapQ488 dose until saturating at 0.387 nmol. Electroretinography following intravitreal injections of TcapQ488 showed no significant difference compared with control injections. We optimized the signal-to-noise ratio of a caspase-activatable cell penetrating peptide probe for quantitative non-invasive detection of RGC apoptosis in vivo. Full characterization of probe performance in this setting creates an important in vivo imaging standard for functional evaluation of future probe analogues and provides a basis for extending this strategy into glaucoma-specific animal models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America ; Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America ; Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Seth T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America ; Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piwnica-Worms
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Barnett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D004596:Electroretinography; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods; D005453:Fluorescence; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000737:chemistry; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D059010:Single-Cell Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015335:Molecular Probes; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D020169:Caspases