title: Obesity prevalence in relation to gut microbial environments capable of producing equol or O-desmethylangolensin from the isoflavone daidzein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have observed associations between the gut microbiome and obesity. O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA) and equol are gut bacterial metabolites of daidzein, a compound found in high amounts in soy foods. Approximately 80-95% and 25-60% of individuals harbor gut microbial communities capable of producing ODMA or equol, respectively. Given that other phenotypes of gut bacterial metabolism of dietary compounds have been associated with obesity, we hypothesized that daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes would be associated with obesity. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of ODMA-producer and equol-producer phenotypes in obese, overweight and normal-weight individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults aged 18-95 years (n=297) provided a first-void urine sample after a 3-day soy challenge, and urinary ODMA and equol concentrations were used to classify individuals as producers or non-producers. Body mass index was calculated from self-reported weight and height.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 60 ODMA non-producers and 173 equol non-producers. Obese individuals were 2.8 times more likely to be ODMA non-producers (odds ratio (OR)=2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 6.2) compared with normal-weight individuals, when adjusted for age, race (white vs non-white), and gender and menopausal status (male, premenopausal female and postmenopausal female). Obesity was not associated with equol-producer phenotype (OR=1.1, 95% CI: 0.5, 2.2). Stronger associations with obesity were observed in the ODMA non-producers who were also equol producers than in the equol non-producers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this analysis suggest that the ODMA-producer phenotype, but not equol-producer phenotype, is associated with obesity in adults. These results support further work to replicate these findings and evaluate the mechanisms of the observed associations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.identifier: 0000000223180791
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Frankenfeld
authors.affiliation: Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wähälä
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lampe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D060754:Equol / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D045730:Soy Foods / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D060754:Equol; C004742:daidzein; C050052:O-desmethylangolensin