title: Effect of hoof orientation and ballast on acceleration and vibration in the hoof and distal forelimb following simulated impacts ex vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We wished to add to the existing baseline data on impact loading of the distal limb as a precursor to assessing the potential role of impact in injury and joint disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of 3 hoof-strike conditions (toe first, flat and heel first) and 2 specimen masses (with and without a ballast of ∼2% body mass) on impact deceleration and vibration frequencies and energies at the hoof, first phalanx and third metacarpal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanical experiments in cadaver material.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight cadaver limbs were subjected to randomised, repeated controlled trials, in which the hoof was struck by a pendulum impact-testing machine (impact velocity, 3.55 m/s) in the 3 strike and 2 mass conditions. Data from triaxial accelerometers on the hoof, first phalanx and third metacarpal quantified, for all trials, the peak impact acceleration, frequencies in the first 6.4 ms following impact, the frequency with the most energy, 95% of the total energy and the frequency at 95% cumulative energy. The effects of the strike and mass conditions on each variable were statistically tested using repeated-measures ANOVA (α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Signal energy reaching the third metacarpal was 6-31% of that at the hoof. A heel-first strike produced the largest peak accelerations and highest frequencies among all strike conditions, and changing the mass had no effect regardless of strike condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large accelerations that occur upon impact of the hoof with the ground are attenuated by the distal structures of the equine limb, but still carry considerable energy within the signal that could be damaging to tissue and are dependent on hoof-strike condition but not ballast. Our results suggest that impact loading on the hoof could be a factor in contributing to bone injury and joint disease in the distal limb.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McCarty
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Thomason
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bignell
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology*; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration
keywords: acceleration; biomechanics; hoof; horse; impact; metacarpophalangeal