title: Antibacterial effects and biocompatibility of titanium surfaces with graded silver incorporation in titania nanotubes.
abstract: Most commercial dental implants are made of titanium (Ti) because Ti possesses excellent properties such as osseointegration. However, many types of Ti products still suffer from insufficient antibacterial capability and bacterial infection after surgery remains one of the most common and intractable complications. In this study, a dual process encompassing anodization and silver plasma immersion ion implantation (Ag PIII) is utilized to produce titania nanotubes (TiO₂-NTs) containing Ag at different sites and depths. The concentration and depth of the incorporated Ag can be tailored readily by changing the PIII parameters. The Ag-embedded TiO₂-NTs which retain the nanotubular morphology are capable of sterilizing oral pathogens as opposed to pure Ti plates and pristine TiO₂-NTs. Biological assays indicate that the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of the sample plasma-implanted at a lower voltage of 0.5 kV (NT-Ag-0.5) is significantly compromised due to the large amount of surface Ag. On the other hand, the sample implanted at 1 kV (NT-Ag-1.0) exhibits unimpaired effects due to the smaller surface Ag accumulation. Sample NT-Ag-1.0 is further demonstrated to possess sustained antibacterial properties due to the large embedded depth of Ag and the technique and resulting materials have large potential in dental implants.
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Physics & Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Stomatology, The 518th Military Hospital, Xi'an 710043, China.
authors.forename: Shenglin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics & Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Huaiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics & Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Haobo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Changshun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Qianli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Mengyuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Huiling
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Yicheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China. Electronic address: wqtzym@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yumei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China. Electronic address: zhaolingzhou1983@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lingzhou
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics & Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: paul.chu@cityu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000188:Actinobacillus / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000494:pharmacology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D058626:Plasma Gases; C009495:titanium dioxide; D012834:Silver; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Antibacterial effects; Biocompatibility; Plasma immersion ion implantation; Silver; Titania nanotubes