title: Manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI): a powerful new imaging method to study tinnitus.
abstract: Manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) is a method used primarily in basic science experiments to advance the understanding of information processing in central nervous system pathways. With this mechanistic approach, manganese (Mn(2+)) acts as a calcium surrogate, whereby voltage-gated calcium channels allow for activity driven entry of Mn(2+) into neurons. The detection and quantification of neuronal activity via Mn(2+) accumulation is facilitated by "hemodynamic-independent contrast" using high resolution MRI scans. This review emphasizes initial efforts to-date in the development and application of MEMRI for evaluating tinnitus (the perception of sound in the absence of overt acoustic stimulation). Perspectives from leaders in the field highlight MEMRI related studies by comparing and contrasting this technique when tinnitus is induced by high-level noise exposure and salicylate administration. Together, these studies underscore the considerable potential of MEMRI for advancing the field of auditory neuroscience in general and tinnitus research in particular. Because of the technical and functional gaps that are filled by this method and the prospect that human studies are on the near horizon, MEMRI should be of considerable interest to the auditory research community. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Annual Reviews 2014>.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Wayne State University Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: cacacea@wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Cacace
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brozoski
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Center, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Champagne, Champaign, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Odintsov
authors.affiliation: SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergkvist
authors.affiliation: SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castracane
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Wayne State University Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Jinsheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Avril Genene
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008345:Manganese / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D009622:Noise; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012459:Salicylates; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D003287:Contrast Media; D012459:Salicylates; D008345:Manganese