title: Geographic atrophy: a histopathological assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Geographic atrophy (GA) is the major cause of blind registration in Western communities, although, with few exceptions, it is less common than choroidal neovascular disease. The variation of phenotype implies that age-related macular degeneration (AMD) does not follow the same course from one case to another and that phenotyping may be important before initiating a therapeutic trial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell loss and other changes at the RPE-choroid interface in donated human eyes in which visual loss was deemed to be due to GA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histological study of a consecutive series of eyes donated by individuals previously diagnosed clinically as having GA. Donors were chosen on the basis of available clinical records (from MidAmerica Transplant Services, St Louis, Missouri; the Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Iowa City; and the Utah Lions Eye Bank, Salt Lake City) and selected were those considered to have GA due to AMD. Tissues in the regions of atrophy were examined with light, electron, and autofluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most of the 37 donors examined, there was marked loss of photoreceptor cells for variable distances distal from the edge of the GA. Rod loss was greater than cone loss. An inverse relationship existed between the quantity of autofluorescent inclusions in the RPE and the thickness of sub-RPE basal laminar deposit. Integrity of the choroid varied from one eye to another and was not related strictly to photoreceptor survival. In some eyes, photoreceptor loss existed in the absence of obvious morphological changes in the Bruch membrane or RPE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the view that photoreceptor loss occurs early in AMD in a proportion of cases and imply that photoreceptor-cell loss may contribute to the functional loss recorded in early stages of AMD at least in part. The variation of changes from one eye to another implies that patients selected for a specific prophylactic therapy for early AMD should be chosen on the basis of the characteristics of their disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, England.
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Moran Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hageman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016570:Bruch Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D057092:Geographic Atrophy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000473:pathology*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology*; D014019:Tissue Donors