title: Protein kinase C mediates memory consolidation of taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis.
abstract: In Lymnaea stagnalis, in order to obtain a 10 min short-term memory (STM) of taste avoidance conditioning (TAC) at least 10 paired presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS), sucrose, and an unconditioned stimulus (US), tactile stimulation to the animal's head, are required. Pre-exposure of snails to the protein kinase C (PKC) α and ε activator bryostatin (Bryo) facilitated STM formation in that only 5 paired CS-US trials were required. Typically 20 paired presentations of the CS-US are required for formation of STM and LTM. However, 20 paired presentations do not result in STM or LTM if snails are pre-incubated with a PKC inhibitor, Ro-32-0432. We also found that LTM lasting longer than 48 h was acquired with Bryo incubation for 45 min even after termination of the conditioning paradigm. These data suggest that activation of the α and ε isozymes of PKC is crucially involved in the formation of LTM and provide further support for a mechanism that has been conserved across the evolution of species ranging from invertebrate molluscs to higher mammals.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, 410-0321 Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takigami
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sunada
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lukowiak
authors.affiliation: Program in Sensory Physiology & Behavior, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuzirian
authors.affiliation: Blanchette Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, 9601 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3332, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Alkon
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, 410-0321 Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan; School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, 410-0321 Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan. Electronic address: manabu@tokai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D054713:Bryostatins / Q000494:pharmacology; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008195:Lymnaea; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D054713:Bryostatins; D011493:Protein Kinase C
keywords: Bryostatin; Long-term memory; Lymnaea stagnalis; Memory consolidation; Protein kinase C; Ro-32-0432; Short-term memory; Taste avoidance conditioning