title: Linking TEM analytical spectroscopies for an assumptionless compositional analysis.
abstract: The classical implementation for putting quantitative figures on maps to reveal elemental compositions in transmission electron microscopy is by analytical methods like X-ray and energy-loss spectroscopy. Typically, the technique in use often depends on whether lighter or heavier elements are present and-more practically-which calibrations are available or sample-related properties are known. A framework linking electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) signals such that absolute volumetric concentrations can be derived without assumptions made a priori about the unknown sample, is largely missing. In order to combine both techniques and harness their respective potentials for a light and heavy element analysis, we have set up a powerful hardware configuration and implemented an experimental approach, which reduces the need for estimates on many parameters needed for quantitative work such as densities, absolute thicknesses, theoretical ionization cross-sections, etc. Calibrations on specimens with known geometry allow the measurement of inelastic mean free paths. As a consequence, mass-thicknesses obtained from the EDX ζ-factor approach can be broken up and quantities like concentrations and partial energy-differential ionization cross-sections become accessible. ζ-factors can then be used for conversion into EELS cross-sections that are hard to determine otherwise, or conversely, connecting EDXS and EELS in a quantitative manner quite effectively.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI),Graz University of Technology and Centre for Electron Microscopy,Steyrergasse 17,8010 Graz,Austria.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kothleitner
authors.affiliation: Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI),Graz University of Technology and Centre for Electron Microscopy,Steyrergasse 17,8010 Graz,Austria.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grogger
authors.affiliation: Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI),Graz University of Technology and Centre for Electron Microscopy,Steyrergasse 17,8010 Graz,Austria.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dienstleder
authors.affiliation: Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI),Graz University of Technology and Centre for Electron Microscopy,Steyrergasse 17,8010 Graz,Austria.
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hofer