title: At the edges of embodiment: determinants of breastfeeding for first nations women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Canada, First Nations women are far less likely to breastfeed than other women. First Nations people have been subjected to massive health and social disparities and are at the lowest end of the scale on every measure of well-being. The purpose of this study is to understand the experiences, strengths, and challenges of breastfeeding for First Nations women. Central to the current research is the notion of an embodiment within indigenous women's health and, more specifically, breastfeeding perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guided by an indigenous feminist standpoint, our research study evolved through honest discussions and is informed by relevant public health literature on breastfeeding. We collected quantitative data through a survey on demographics and feeding practices, and we conducted focus groups in three Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Manitoba, and Ontario) over a period of 1 year (2010) from 65 women in seven First Nation communities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three overarching themes are discussed: social factors, including perceptions of self; breastfeeding environments; and intimacy, including the contribution of fathers. The main findings are that breastfeeding is conducive to bed sharing, whereas a history of residential school attendance, physical and psychological trauma, evacuations for childbirth, and teen pregnancy are obstacles to breastfeeding. Also, fathers play a pivotal role in a woman's decision to breastfeed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study contribute to informing public health by reconsidering simplistic health promotion and public health policies and, instead, educating First Nations communities about the complexity of factors associated with multiple breastfeeding environments.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Family Social Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada .
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eni
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Phillips-Beck
authors.forename: Punam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D003657:Decision Making; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006266:Health Education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain; D011247:Pregnancy; D011639:Public Opinion; D012649:Self Concept; D012944:Social Support; D013997:Time Factors; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology