title: ATP directed agent, 8-chloro-adenosine, induces AMP activated protein kinase activity, leading to autophagic cell death in breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  8-chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) is a unique ribonucleoside analog which is currently in a phase I clinical trial for hematological malignancies. Previously, we demonstrated in breast cancer cells that a 3-day treatment with 10 μM 8-Cl-Ado causes a 90% loss of clonogenic survival. In contrast, there was only a modest induction of apoptosis under these conditions, suggesting an alternative mechanism for the tumoricidal activity of 8-Cl-Ado.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cellular metabolism, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway signaling, as well as autophagy induction was evaluated in breast cancer cell lines treated with 8-Cl-Ado. The effects of knocking down essential autophagy factors with small interfering RNA on 8-Cl-Ado-inhibited cell survival was assessed in breast cancer cells by examining apoptosis induction and clonogenic survival. In vivo efficacy of 8-Cl-Ado was measured in two breast cancer orthotopic model systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that in breast cancer cell lines, the metabolism of 8-Cl-Ado results in depletion of endogenous ATP that subsequently induces the phosphorylation and activation of the energy sensor, AMPK. This was associated with an attenuation of mTOR signaling and an induction of the phosphorylation of the autophagy factor, Unc51-like kinase 1 on Ser555. 8-Cl-Ado-mediated induction of autophagy was evident by increased aggregates of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) which was associated with its conversion to its lipidated form, LC3B-II, p62 degradative flux, and increased formation of acidic vesicular organelles. Additionally, transfection of MCF-7 cells with siRNA to ATG7 or beclin 1 provided partial protection of the cells to 8-Cl-Ado cytotoxicity as measured by clonogenicity. In vivo, 8-Cl-Ado inhibited growth of both MCF-7 and BT-474 xenograft tumors. Moreover, in 9 of 22 BT-474 tumors treated with 100 mg/kg/day 3 times a week, there was an absence of macroscopically detectable tumor after 3 weeks of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrates that 8-Cl-Ado treatment activates the AMPK pathway leading to autophagy induction of in breast cancer cells, eliciting, in part, its tumoricidal effects. Additionally, 8-Cl-Ado effectively inhibited in vivo tumor growth in mice. Based on this biological activity, we are planning to test 8-Cl-Ado in the clinic for patients with breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1950, P,O, Box 301429, Houston, TX 77230-1429, USA. cmstellre@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stellrecht
authors.forename: Hima V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Vangapandu
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Weiqun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Shujun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shentu
mesh_terms: D015762:2-Chloroadenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D051379:Mice; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D015762:2-Chloroadenosine; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; C075440:8-chloroadenosine