title: Potential pathway of anti-inflammatory effect by New Zealand honeys.
abstract: The role of honey in wound healing continues to attract worldwide attention. This study examines the anti-inflammatory effect of four honeys on wound healing, to gauge its efficacy as a treatment option. Isolated phenolics and crude extracts from manuka (Leptospermum scoparium), kanuka (Kunzea ericoides), clover (Trifolium spp.), and a manuka/kanuka blend of honeys were examined. Anti-inflammatory assays were conducted in HEK-Blue™-2, HEK-Blue™-4, and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)2-Wild Type (NOD2-WT) cell lines, to assess the extent to which honey treatment impacts on the inflammatory response and whether the effect was pathway-specific. Kanuka honey, and to a lesser extent manuka honey, produced a powerful anti-inflammatory effect related to their phenolic content. The effect was observed in HEK-Blue™-2 cells using the synthetic tripalmitoylated lipopeptide Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4) ligand, suggesting that honey acts specifically through the toll-like receptor (TLR)1/TLR2 signaling pathway. The manuka/kanuka blend and clover honeys had no significant anti-inflammatory effect in any cell line. The research found that kanuka and manuka honeys have an important role in modulating the inflammatory response associated with wound healing, through a pathway-specific effect. The phenolic content of honey correlates with its effectiveness, although the specific compounds involved remain to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tomblin
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lynnette R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Dug Yeo
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Comvita New Zealand Ltd, Paengaroa, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlothauer
keywords: Kunzea ericoides; Leptospermum scoparium; Trifolium; clover; inflammatory response; kanuka; manuka; phenolics; wound healing