title: Empyema and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in children under five years of age.
abstract: We compared bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (BPP) and pneumococcal empyema (PE), in terms of clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings, in under-fives. A cross-sectional nested cohort study, involving under-fives (102 with PE and 128 with BPP), was conducted at 12 centers in Argentina, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic. Among those with PE, mean age was higher; disease duration was longer; and tachypnea, dyspnea, and high leukocyte counts were more common. Among those with BPP, fever and lethargy were more common. It seems that children with PE can be distinguished from those with BPP on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. Because both conditions are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, prompt diagnosis is crucial.
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, São Paulo, Brazil, Associate Professor. Department of Epidemiology, University of São Paulo School of Public Health, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Regina Alves
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São Paulo Paulista, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil, Associate Professor II. Federal University of São Paulo Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiana Maria Costa
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nascimento-Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Pedro de Elizalde Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Researcher. Pedro de Elizalde Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.affiliation: Santa Casa School of Medical Sciences in São Paulo, Department of Pediatrics, São Paulo, Brazil, Associate Professor. Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa School of Medical Sciences in São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eitan Naaman
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Berezin
authors.affiliation: Durand Municipal Hospital, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Head. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Durand Municipal Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruvinsky
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Associate Professor. Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro School of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clemax Couto
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sant'Anna
authors.affiliation: Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil, Center Director. Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina de Cunto
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brandileone
authors.affiliation: Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil, Associate Professor. Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria de Fátima Bazhuni Pombo
authors.initials: Mde F
authors.lastname: March
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Medicine, Recife, Brazil, Coordinator. Pediatric Clinic, Professor Fernando Figueira Institute of Integrative Medicine, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.affiliation: Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Head. Department of Infectious Diseases, Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feris-Iglesias
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, WashingtonDC, USA, Senior Neonatal and Child Health Advisor. Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Benguigui
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Full Professor of Pediatrics. Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Augusto Moreira
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Camargos
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004653:Empyema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment