title: A systematic development process for patient decision aids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The original version of the International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) recommended that patient decision aids (PtDAs) should be carefully developed, user-tested and open to scrutiny, with a well-documented and systematically applied development process. We carried out a review to check the relevance and scope of this quality dimension and, if necessary, to update it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our review drew on three sources: a) published papers describing PtDAs evaluated in randomised controlled trials and included in the most recent Cochrane Collaboration review; b) linked papers cited in the trial reports that described how the PtDAs had been developed; and c) papers and web reports outlining the development process used by organisations experienced in developing multiple PtDAs. We then developed an extended model of the development process indicating the various steps on which documentation is required, as well as a checklist to assess the frequency with which each of the elements was publicly reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Key features common to all patient decision aid (PtDA) development processes include: scoping and design; development of a prototype; 'alpha' testing with patients and clinicians in an iterative process; 'beta' testing in 'real life' conditions (field tests); and production of a final version for use and/or further evaluation. Only about half of the published reports on the development of PtDAs that we reviewed appear to have been field tested with patients, and even fewer had been reviewed or tested by clinicians not involved in the development process. Very few described a distribution strategy, and surprisingly few (17%) described a method for reviewing and synthesizing the clinical evidence. We describe a model development process that includes all the original elements of the original IPDAS criterion, expanded to include consideration of format and distribution plans as well as prototype development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The case for including each of the elements outlined in our model development process is pragmatic rather than evidence-based. Optimal methods for ensuring that each stage of the process is carried out effectively require further development and testing.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coulter
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stilwell
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kryworuchko
authors.forename: Patricia Dolan
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: Chirk Jenn
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Trudy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Weijden
mesh_terms: D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D010358:Patient Participation; D016730:Program Development