title: Modulation of Alternaria infectoria cell wall chitin and glucan synthesis by cell wall synthase inhibitors.
abstract: The present work reports the effects of caspofungin, a β-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor, and nikkomycin Z, an inhibitor of chitin synthases, on two strains of Alternaria infectoria, a melanized fungus involved in opportunistic human infections and respiratory allergies. One of the strains tested, IMF006, bore phenotypic traits that conferred advantages in resisting antifungal treatment. First, the resting cell wall chitin content was higher and in response to caspofungin, the chitin level remained constant. In the other strain, IMF001, the chitin content increased upon caspofungin treatment to values similar to basal IMF006 levels. Moreover, upon caspofungin treatment, the FKS1 gene was upregulated in IMF006 and downregulated in IMF001. In addition, the resting β-glucan content was also different in both strains, with higher levels in IMF001 than in IMF006. However, this did not provide any advantage with respect to echinocandin resistance. We identified eight different chitin synthase genes and studied relative gene expression when the fungus was exposed to the antifungals under study. In both strains, exposure to caspofungin and nikkomycin Z led to modulation of the expression of class V and VII chitin synthase genes, suggesting its importance in the robustness of A. infectoria. The pattern of A. infectoria phagocytosis and activation of murine macrophages by spores was not affected by caspofungin. Monotherapy with nikkomycin Z and caspofungin provided only fungistatic inhibition, while a combination of both led to fungal cell lysis, revealing a strong synergistic action between the chitin synthase inhibitor and the β-glucan synthase inhibitor against this fungus.
authors.affiliation: CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anjos
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Branca M A
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Luísa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: Neil A R
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Gow
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002686:Chitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002687:Chitin Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005936:Glucans; D002686:Chitin; D002687:Chitin Synthase