title: Continuous Mandatory Onsite Consultant Intensivists in the ICU: Impacts on Patient Outcomes.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the impacts on patient outcomes of continuous versus on-demand access to certified consultant intensivists in the intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  
  Two general adult ICUs within the same health-care organization were compared in terms of patient outcomes. One unit featured continuous mandatory presence of a consultant intensivist (unit A), whereas the other had continuous access to a consultant intensivist during daytime hours but only on-demand access during the night-time hours (unit B). The data collected from these 2 units over the same 12-month period included sex, age, APACHE II score, disease category (medical, surgical, or traumatic), ICU mortality, and length of stay. A subgroup analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of disease severity, age, sex, and disease category on mortality.
  
  
  
  When adjusted for disease severity, mortality was significantly lower in unit A with continuous mandatory 24-hour presence of a consultant intensivist compared with unit B with on-demand access to a consultant intensivist after working hours. Old age, female sex, and a higher APACHE II score were associated with poorer outcomes at both sites. The subgroup analysis revealed that the difference in mortality was only significant among medical patients but not among surgical or trauma patients.
  
  
  
  An improved survival rate was observed only among medical patients admitted to the ICU with mandatory continuous access to a consultant intensivist, despite the presence of greater disease severity in the population admitted to this unit.
authors.affiliation: From the *King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh; †King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; ‡Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; §Quality Management, King Saud Chest Specialty Hospital, Riyadh, Professor of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; ∥Professor of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and ¶Associate Professor, State University of New York, New York.
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baharoon
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Alyafi
authors.forename: Hani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamim
authors.forename: Hamdan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Jahdali
authors.forename: Eman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alsafi
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Sayyari
authors.forename: Qanta
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003253:Consultants; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index