title: Transcriptional enhancers: from properties to genome-wide predictions.
abstract: Cellular development, morphology and function are governed by precise patterns of gene expression. These are established by the coordinated action of genomic regulatory elements known as enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. More than 30 years after the initial discovery of enhancers, many of their properties have been elucidated; however, despite major efforts, we only have an incomplete picture of enhancers in animal genomes. In this Review, we discuss how properties of enhancer sequences and chromatin are used to predict enhancers in genome-wide studies. We also cover recently developed high-throughput methods that allow the direct testing and identification of enhancers on the basis of their activity. Finally, we discuss recent technological advances and current challenges in the field of regulatory genomics.
authors.affiliation: 1] Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), 1030 Vienna, Austria. [2].
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shlyueva
authors.affiliation: 1] Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), 1030 Vienna, Austria. [2].
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stampfel
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D016678:Genome; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D014157:Transcription Factors