title: Statistical modeling approach to quantitative analysis of interobserver variability in breast contouring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a new approach for interobserver variability analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight radiation oncologists specializing in breast cancer radiation therapy delineated a patient's left breast "from scratch" and from a template that was generated using deformable image registration. Three of the radiation oncologists had previously received training in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group consensus contouring for breast cancer atlas. The simultaneous truth and performance level estimation algorithm was applied to the 8 contours delineated "from scratch" to produce a group consensus contour. Individual Jaccard scores were fitted to a beta distribution model. We also applied this analysis to 2 or more patients, which were contoured by 9 breast radiation oncologists from 8 institutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The beta distribution model had a mean of 86.2%, standard deviation (SD) of ±5.9%, a skewness of -0.7, and excess kurtosis of 0.55, exemplifying broad interobserver variability. The 3 RTOG-trained physicians had higher agreement scores than average, indicating that their contours were close to the group consensus contour. One physician had high sensitivity but lower specificity than the others, which implies that this physician tended to contour a structure larger than those of the others. Two other physicians had low sensitivity but specificity similar to the others, which implies that they tended to contour a structure smaller than the others. With this information, they could adjust their contouring practice to be more consistent with others if desired. When contouring from the template, the beta distribution model had a mean of 92.3%, SD ± 3.4%, skewness of -0.79, and excess kurtosis of 0.83, which indicated a much better consistency among individual contours. Similar results were obtained for the analysis of 2 additional patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed statistical approach was able to measure interobserver variability quantitatively and to identify individuals who tended to contour differently from the others. The information could be useful as feedback to improve contouring consistency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Electronic address: jyang4@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Jinzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Valerie K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: George H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Welela
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tereffe
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Lifei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balter
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Laurence E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Court
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: X Allen
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Scripps Proton Therapy Center, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D032921:Consensus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015588:Observer Variation; D018787:Radiation Oncology; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods