title: Cholesteatoma has a high prevalence in Turner syndrome, highlighting the need for earlier diagnosis and the potential benefits of otoscopy training for paediatricians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Girls with Turner syndrome are prone to cholesteatoma, a serious suppurative middle ear disease. We aimed to confirm its high prevalence in Turner syndrome, identify risk factors and suggest possible strategies for earlier detection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 179 girls with Turner syndrome between 1989 and 2012 to identify cases of cholesteatoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven girls (3.9%) had cholesteatoma (index girls) and each was compared with three age-matched girls without cholesteatoma (comparison girls). All the index girls had either the 45,X or 45,X/46X,i(Xq) karyotypes. Nine ears were initially affected, with three recurrences in two girls. Median age at first cholesteatoma presentation was 11.9 years (range: 7.5-15.2), with otorrhoea for three (range: one to seven) months in all 12 affected ears. Index girls had a significantly higher proportion of previous recurrent acute (p = 0.007) and chronic otitis media (p = 0.008), chronic perforation (p = 0.038) aural polyps (p < 0.0001) and tympanic membrane retraction (p = 0.0001) than comparison girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cholesteatoma has a high prevalence in Turner syndrome. Risk factors include 45,X and 46,XiXq karyotypes; a history of chronic otitis media, tympanic membrane retraction and persistent otorrhoea; and older age. Earlier recognition of ear disease is needed and otoscopy training for paediatricians caring for Turner syndrome patients may be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Section of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: D B N
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gault
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kubba
authors.forename: M S C
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wynne
authors.forename: M D C
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001298:Audiology; D002648:Child; D018424:Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D059785:Karyotype; D038781:Otoscopy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis
keywords: Karyotype; Middle ear disease; Otolaryngology