title: Pharyngeal airway space, hyoid bone position, and head posture after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in Class III patients: long-term evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine the effect of bimaxillary orthognathic surgery on pharyngeal airway, hyoid bone, and craniocervical posture in Class III bimaxillary surgery patients. (2) To evaluate short-term and long-term results. (3) To compare short- and long-term values.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six Class III adult patients treated with bimaxillary surgery were included in the study. Cephalometric records were taken before treatment (T1), before surgery (T2), and 5 months (T3), 1.4 years (T4), 3 years (T5), and 5 years (T6) postsurgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were identified in craniocervical angulation between time intervals. There was a significant superior movement of hyoid bone at postsurgery (T3; P < .05); however, adaptation occurred to the normal position in the long term. A nonsignificant decrease occurred at the oropharyngeal middle pharyngeal distance parameter; however, this was compensated with a significant increase between T5 and T6 (P < .001). A significant decrease was observed in the hypopharyngeal Go-P parameter between T3 and T1 (P < .01), but it recovered with a nonsignificant increase in the long term. A significant increase in nasopharyngeal area was observed between T3 and T1 (P < .05). The hypopharyngeal area significantly increased between T5 and T6, and PNS-R significantly increased between T3 and T1 (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharyngeal areas adversely affected after surgery recover at long-term follow-up; thus, adaptation occurs after bimaxillary surgery.
authors.affiliation: a  Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, University of Ankara, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ruchengiz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Efendiyeva
authors.forename: Halise
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aydemir
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karasu
authors.forename: Ufuk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Toygar-Memikoğlu
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000601:surgery*; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort / Q000379:methods; D059229:Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus / Q000379:methods; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011187:Posture; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Airway; Bimaxillary surgery; Class III; Long-term