title: The short-term effect of flavonoid-rich dark chocolate on retinal vessel diameter in glaucoma patients and age-matched controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of flavonoid-rich dark chocolate and non-flavonoid-rich white chocolate on retinal vessel diameter in glaucoma patients and age-matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty glaucoma patients and 30 age-matched subjects were assigned to dark or white chocolate by randomization with forced equal distribution. The number in each of the four groups was 15. Measured parameters included systemic blood pressure (BP), blood glucose levels, static retinal vessel analysis, as measured by central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) (which relates to the diameter of the central retinal artery), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) (which relates to the diameter of central retinal vein) and the arterio-venous ratio (AVR), which represents the CRAE/CRVE ratio, dynamic retinal vessel analysis as measured by the change in vessel diameter in response to flicker light stimulation. Three recording cycles from each were averaged.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure parameters (systolic BP, diastolic BP and pulse), IOP and blood glucose levels did not differ significantly between both groups before and after consumption of white or dark chocolate. Static vessel analysis did not show any significant changes in CRAE, CRVE or AVR before and after dark or white chocolate in both groups (p > 0.05). Mean dilatation of the venules in the control group was 3.2 ± 0.9 % before dark chocolate and 4.2 ± 1.4 % after dark chocolate intake, which was statistically significantly different (p = 0.01). Mean dilatation of the arterioles in the control group was 2.8 ± 1.8 % before dark chocolate and 3.5 ± 1.8 % after dark chocolate intake with a trend to statistical significance (p = 0.14), but not reaching the significance level. Mean diameter changes in the glaucoma group did not show any significant differences after dark chocolate consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed a significant improvement of venous vasodilatation 2 hr after dark chocolate intake in the control group, but not in the glaucoma group. This effect might be indicative of an increased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) after dark chocolate consumption. The lack of finding a significant venous response after dark chocolate in the glaucoma group might be related to the already impaired endothelial function in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Naim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Terai
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gedenk
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spoerl
authors.forename: Lutz E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Pillunat
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stodtmeister
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002182:Candy; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D012169:Retinal Vein / Q000502:physiology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005419:Flavonoids
keywords: dark chocolate; dynamic vessel analysis; flavonoids; glaucoma; nitric oxide