title: Productivity costs in patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disease-specific reductions in patient productivity can lead to substantial economic losses to society. The purpose of this study was to: 1) define the annual productivity cost for a patient with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and 2) evaluate the relationship between degree of productivity cost and CRS-specific characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, multi-institutional, observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human capital approach was used to define productivity costs. Annual absenteeism, presenteeism, and lost leisure time was quantified to define annual lost productive time (LPT). LPT was monetized using the annual daily wage rates obtained from the 2012 U.S. National Census and the 2013 U.S. Department of Labor statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 55 patients with refractory CRS were enrolled. The mean work days lost related to absenteeism and presenteeism were 24.6 and 38.8 days per year, respectively. A total of 21.2 household days were lost per year related to daily sinus care requirements. The overall annual productivity cost was $10,077.07 per patient with refractory CRS. Productivity costs increased with worsening disease-specific QoL (r = 0.440; p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study have demonstrated that the annual productivity cost associated with refractory CRS is $10,077.07 per patient. This substantial cost to society provides a strong incentive to optimize current treatment protocols and continue evaluating novel clinical interventions to reduce this cost.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rudmik
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Jess C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mace
authors.forename: Zachary M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Soler
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chronic rhinosinusitis; absenteeism; cost; economic; indirect cost; presenteeism; productivity; sinusitis