title: Effect of weight load added to wrists on manual non-exploratory and exploratory behaviors in infants.
abstract: Investigating manual actions when infants' upper limbs are heavier can provide information on whether mechanical forces can influence the early ability of exploring grasped objects. This study assessed whether additional weight load affected typical infants' manual non-exploratory and exploratory behaviors. Ten healthy full-term infants were evaluated longitudinally at 5, 6, and 7 months of age. They were tested consecutively without weight and with a weight of 20% of the total upper limb mass (M = 74.7-85.3 g) attached to their wrists while seated in a baby chair. During each condition, a malleable rubber object was presented atinfant's midline to elicit reaching, grasping, and object exploration for 2 min. Reactions were recorded using three digital cameras. Behaviors were coded as non-exploratory (dropping) and manual exploratory behaviors (waving, banging, rotating, alternating and mouthing) and were computed by frequencies of their occurrence. The analyses indicated that the frequency of dropping increased in the weight condition independent of age. This indicates that the non-exploratory behavior was affected by the load disturbance imposed by the additional weight.
authors.forename: Daniele de Almeida
authors.initials: Dde A
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Aline de Martins
authors.initials: Ade M
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: Raquel de Paula
authors.initials: Rde P
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Eloisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tudella
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D014953:Wrist