title: A green procedure using ozone for Cleaning-in-Place in the beverage industry.
abstract: Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) in the beverage industry is typically carried out in production lines with alkaline and acidic solutions with detergents. This cleaning not only produces alkaline and acidic wastewater with detergents but also takes significant time. One of the important targets for CIP is adsorbed odorous compounds on gaskets, hence, we have tried to establish a rapid and green CIP process to remove traces of such compounds, especially d-limonene, an odorous component of orange juice, using two approaches; an ozone cleaning method and a change of gasket material from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber to silicone rubber. By changing the gasket material from EPDM rubber to silicone rubber, the removability of d-limonene by typical alkaline and acidic cleanings with detergents was improved. However, complete removal of 4 mg g(-1) of d-limonene on both EPDM and silicone gaskets could not be achieved even using a series of conventional cleaning procedures that included alkaline and acidic cleaning for 220 min. Ozone treatment dramatically improved the removability of d-limonene, removing 87% from the EPDM gasket at 60 min and 100% from the silicone gasket at 30 min. The combination of the silicone gasket and ozone treatment resulted in the most effective cleaning. The main removal mechanism for ozone treatment was confirmed to be oxidation by molecular ozone. Effectiveness of changing the gasket material from EPDM rubber to silicone rubber in reducing residual amounts of odorous compounds adsorbed on the gaskets was also confirmed for furfural and 4-vinylguaiacol.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University, 1-5-3 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8513, Japan. Electronic address: wataru@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University, 1-5-3 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8513, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Art and Science, The Open University of Japan, 2-11 Wakaba, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8586, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsumasa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001628:Beverages; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000737:chemistry; D003902:Detergents / Q000737:chemistry; D020724:Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D006139:Guaiacol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D000441:Hexanols / Q000737:chemistry; D000077222:Limonene; D009812:Odorants; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D012826:Silicone Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D003902:Detergents; D020724:Elastomers; D005030:Ethylenes; D000441:Hexanols; D016877:Oxidants; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D013729:Terpenes; C505585:ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer; D010126:Ozone; C036260:1-hexanol; D006139:Guaiacol; C014245:4-vinylguaiacol; D000077222:Limonene; D005662:Furaldehyde
keywords: Cleaning-in-Place (CIP); Gasket; Limonene; Odorous compound; Ozone