title: Short communication: Use of young bulls in the United States.
abstract: The availability of genomic evaluations since 2008 has resulted in many changes to dairy cattle breeding programs. One such change has been the increased contribution of young bulls (0.8 to 3.9 yr old) to those programs. The increased use of young bulls was investigated using pedigree data and breeding records obtained from the US national dairy database (Beltsville, MD). The adoption of genotyping was so rapid that by 2009, >90% of all Holstein artificial insemination (AI) service sires and 86% of Jersey AI service sires were genotyped, regardless of age. The percentage of sons sired by young bulls increased by 49 percentage points (10% in 2008 compared with 59% in 2012) due to the onset of genomic evaluations for Holsteins and by 46 percentage points for Jerseys (11 and 57%, respectively). When limiting these data to sons retained for breeding purposes through AI, the increase was even more dramatic, increasing approximately 80 percentage points from 2008 to 2012 for both Holsteins and Jerseys (1, 5, 28, 52, and 81% for Holsteins and 3, 4, 43, 46, and 82% for Jerseys from 2008 through 2012). From US breeding records from 2007 through 2012, 24,580,793 Holstein and 1,494,095 Jersey breedings were examined. Young bulls accounted for 28% and 25% of Holstein and Jersey breedings in 2007, respectively. These percentages increased to 51% of Holstein and 52% of Jersey breedings in 2012, representing 23- and 27-percentage-unit increases, respectively. Matings to genotyped young bulls have rapidly increased while the use of nongenotyped bulls has diminished since the onset of genomics. Mean sire age for Holstein male progeny born in 2012 was 2.7 yr younger than males born in 2006, and 1.3 yr younger for females; corresponding values for Jerseys were 2.3 and 0.9 yr. Holstein male offspring had an increase of 281 kg between 2006 and 2012, compared with 197 kg between 2000 and 2006 for parent averages (PA) for milk, an increase of 84 kg between the 2 periods. Jersey male offspring had an increase of 49 kg between the 2 periods. To demonstrate the economic impact of the differential use of young bulls, herds were grouped by the frequency of their use of young bulls, and average PTA for milk and net merit for cows that were bred in 2003 through 2012 were calculated. In 2012, herds using >75% young bulls created offspring that had a PA of +52 kg for milk and +$58 net merit compared with herds using no young bulls. Jersey herds using >75% young bulls created offspring that had a PA of +142 kg for milk and +$63 for net merit compared with herds using no young bulls. Use of young bulls has greatly reduced the generation interval and improved the rate of genetic gain since the implementation of genomic evaluations.
authors.affiliation: Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350. Electronic address: Jana.Hutchison@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.affiliation: Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bickhart
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D003142:Communication; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D016678:Genome; D005838:Genotype; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D036801:Parturition; D010375:Pedigree; D012098:Reproduction; D014481:United States
keywords: breeding; genomics; young bull