title: Evaluation of chloropicrin as a soil fumigant against Ralstonia solanacarum in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) production in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chloropicrin (Pic) offers a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) against Ralstonia solanacarum in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) production. MB is scheduled to be withdrawn from routine use by 2015 in developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pic treatments were evaluated in a laboratory study and in three commercial ginger fields.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laboratory studies showed that the EC50 value and EC80 value of Pic were 2.7 and 3.7 mg a.i. kg-1 soil, respectively. Field trials in highly infested soil revealed that treatments of Pic at the dose of 50 g m-2 covered with totally impermeable film (TIF) or polyethylene film (PE) sharply reduced Ralstonia solanacarum and maintained high ginger yields. Both of the Pic treatments provided results similar to, or in some cases slightly lower than, MB with respect to Ralstonia solanacarum control, plant survival, plant growth and yield. All of the fumigant treatments were significantly better than the non-treated control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirms that the Pic is a promising alternative with good efficacy against Ralstonia solanacarum for ginger production and could be used in integrated pest management programs in China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liangang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiuxia
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dongdong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Taotao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Canbin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Meixia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aocheng
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002681:China; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005651:Fumigation; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D043367:Ralstonia / Q000187:drug effects; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; C100187:chloropicrin