title: Clinical orthopedic examination findings in the upper extremity: correlation with imaging studies and diagnostic efficacy.
abstract: Different orthopedic tests are used to evaluate internal derangements of joints. Radiologic examinations like magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are ordered on the basis of results of these tests to narrow the clinical diagnosis and formulate a treatment plan. Although these tests are clinically useful, the test terminology can be confusing and the significance of the tests not clearly understood. This article helps explain the clinical jargon of tests performed for the major joints of the upper extremity and their proper use and diagnostic value in conjunction with MR imaging. The article presents a structured algorithmic approach to explain the tests. For each joint, a hierarchy of clinical tests is performed, starting with general observation and range of motion, followed by more specific tests tailored to evaluate individual or grouped anatomic structures. MR imaging findings and clinical tests complement each other in making a final diagnosis. However, because of the varied sensitivity and specificity of the clinical tests and MR imaging, it is important to be familiar with their diagnostic value before making clinical decisions. Knowledge of clinical jargon and the proper use and diagnostic value of orthopedic tests can aid in interpretation of radiologic images by focusing search patterns, thus allowing comprehensive evaluation and optimized reporting. It also enhances communication with the orthopedist, thereby helping maintain continuity of care. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205 (T.P., A.J.S., K.J., R.M.D.); Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo (K.A.R.); and Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Md (S.A.H.).
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Aubrey J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Slaughter
authors.forename: Kirk A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Kedar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jambhekar
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: S Ashfaq
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hasan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004551:Elbow Joint; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010808:Physical Examination; D012785:Shoulder Joint; D014955:Wrist Joint