title: Sex differences in benzodiazepine use in the HIV-infected population.
abstract: In the HIV-infected population there is a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, conditions that often coexist with drug and alcohol dependence. Symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders are frequently managed with benzodiazepines, a class of medication often abused. We examined whether HIV-infected patients were more likely to fill a benzodiazepine prescription than their uninfected counterparts using a privately insured, nationally representative sample receiving clinical care between January 2007 and December 2009. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to quantify the likelihood of receiving a benzodiazepine were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models. We examined the presence of interaction between HIV infection and sex using backwards elimination and by comparing stratum-specific OR to identify clinically meaningful differences. Overall, 323,796 beneficiaries were included in the sample, of which 723 were HIV infected. Bivariate analyses showed that compared to the uninfected sample, HIV-infected patients were more likely to have filled a benzodiazepine prescription (24% vs. 19%) during the study period. HIV-infected patients were also more likely to be male (80% vs. 44%), black (21% vs. 7%) and have a diagnosis of depression (12% vs. 8%) or insomnia (6% vs. 3%) than were uninfected patients. Adjusted for other covariates, HIV infection was associated with an increase (OR): 1.68, 95% CI: 1.39, 2.02) in the likelihood of filling a benzodiazepine prescription. When stratified by sex, HIV-infected males were more likely (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.67) than uninfected males to fill a benzodiazepine prescription while there was no observed difference in the likelihood of filling a benzodiazepine prescription between HIV-infected and uninfected females (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.73, 1.70). Our findings suggest that HIV-infected patients, particularly HIV-infected males, are more likely to fill benzodiazepine prescriptions than their uninfected counterparts, highlighting the need for further research to investigate reasons for these observed differences.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science , Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wixson
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Brouwer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines
keywords: HIV; benzodiazepine; drug utilisation; psychiatric disorders; sex differences