title: Outcomes with arteriovenous fistulas in a pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative guidelines recommend permanent access in dialysis patients aged 0 to 19 years who weigh >20 kg and are unlikely to receive a transplant within 1 year. Unfortunately, >80% of these patients currently receive dialysis through a permanent catheter and are exposed to the associated risks and shortcomings. With a clear imperative to increase the incident use of permanent access in pediatric patients, our objective was to examine the long-term outcomes of pediatric arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed of all AVFs created in a hemodialysis (HD) population aged 0 to 19 years at a single institution from 1999 to 2012. Data abstracted included age, weight, etiology of renal failure, time on dialysis, central venous catheter history, and transplantation history. Data were analyzed to determine the influence of these variables on primary and secondary patency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 101 AVFs were performed in 93 patients, of whom 65 patients (70%) were male. Mean patient age was 14 years (range, 3-19 years), and mean weight was 51 kg (range, 12-131 kg). At the time of AVF creation, 66 patients (82%) were already receiving HD, with a mean length of HD dependence of 18 months. At the time of surgery, 78% of patients had a previous central venous catheter, and 24% had two or more catheters. Procedures performed included 43 radiocephalic fistulas, 29 brachiocephalic fistulas, 20 basilic vein transpositions, and 9 femoral vein transpositions. Mean follow-up was 2.5 years. The 2-year and 4-year primary and secondary patency rates were 83% and 92%, and 65% and 83%, respectively. Increasing age was correlated with improved primary patency (P = .02) but had no effect on secondary patency. Weight, etiology, catheter location, and catheter history were not significantly associated with primary or secondary patency. During the postoperative period, 68 patients (75%) received a renal transplant, with a mean time to transplant of 556 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AVFs demonstrate excellent long-term patency with minimal complications in pediatric HD patients, regardless of weight. Concerted efforts should be made to improve the incident use of AVFs in all pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. Electronic address: sarah.wartman@med.usc.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wartman
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
authors.forename: Wayne S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Gradman
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
authors.forename: Fred A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000601:surgery; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013350:Subclavian Vein; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency; D055815:Young Adult