title: Diagnosis of emergencies/urgencies in gynecology and during the first trimester of pregnancy.
abstract: Several surgical and/or medical emergencies/urgencies may occur in gynecologic patients and in pregnant women during the first trimester. Particularly, ectopic pregnancies, ruptured or hemorrhagic ovarian cysts, ovarian or adnexal torsions, threatened or inevitable miscarriages, phlogistic gynecological disorders, complications involving the uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and spontaneous uterine rupture are possible acute complications. The diagnosis is suspected on the basis of symptoms (acute pelvic and/or abdominal pain, with or without vaginal bleeding or discharge, until acute abdomen with peritonitis), by means physical evaluation (abdominal, pelvic, and bimanual gynecological examinations), by means of transabdominal (TAS) and/or transvaginal (TVS) sonography, and laboratory tests. However, the diagnosis is often not that simple, especially when the symptoms and clinical signs are minimal, and ultrasound (US) examination is not diriment. The differential diagnosis of abdominal/pelvic pain is broad and includes primarily gastrointestinal and urogenital disorders. Generally, TAS should usually be used in conjunction with TVS for evaluation of the female pelvis. If the US examination is not conclusive, CT or MRI, especially in pregnant patients, should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Ospedale S. Maria della Scaletta, Imola, Bologna Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zucchini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Ospedale S. Maria della Scaletta, Imola, Bologna Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marra
keywords: Adnexal mass; Adnexal torsion; Beta-HCG; Hemorrhage; Rupture; TAS; TVS