title: A proposed definition of the 'activity' of surface sites on lactose carriers for dry powder inhalation.
abstract: A new definition of the activity of surface sites on lactose carriers for dry powder inhalation is proposed which relates to drug detachment during dispersion. The new definition is expected to improve the understanding of 'carrier surface site activity', which stimulates the unambiguous communication about this subject and may aid in the rational design and interpretation of future formulation studies. In contrast to the currently prevailing view on carrier surface site activity, it follows from the newly proposed definition that carrier surface site activity depends on more variables than just the physicochemical properties of the carrier surface. Because the term 'active sites' is ambiguous, it is recommended to use the term 'highly active sites' instead to denote carrier surface sites with a relatively high activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: f.grasmeijer@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Floris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grasmeijer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: h.w.frijlink@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Henderik W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Frijlink
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.h.de.boer@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Anne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: de Boer
mesh_terms: D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D007785:Lactose
keywords: Active site; Adhesive mixture; Carrier surface site activity; Dry powder inhalation