title: Universal formation of compositionally graded bulk heterojunction for efficiency enhancement in organic photovoltaics.
abstract: A universal method is reported to form graded bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) by a simple solvent-fluxing process. Donors are enriched at the anode and acceptors are enriched at cathode side, matching the gradient electron and hole current across the film. Efficiency enhancements by 15-50% are achieved for all BHJ systems tested compared with the optimized regular BHJ OPVs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0526.
authors.forename: Zhengguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yongbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: VanDerslice
authors.forename: Jihua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ondrej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duscher
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang