title: Gradient-echo in-phase and opposed-phase chemical shift imaging: role in evaluating bone marrow.
abstract: Chemical shift imaging (CSI) provides valuable information for assessing the bone marrow, while adding little to total examination time. In this article, we review the uses of CSI for evaluating bone marrow abnormalities. CSI can be used for differentiating marrow-replacing lesions from a range of non-marrow-replacing processes, although the sequence is associated with technical limitations and pitfalls. Particularly at 3 T, susceptibility artefacts are prevalent, and optimal technical parameters must be implemented with appropriate choices for echo times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dreizin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahlawat
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Servizio di Radiologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Del Grande
authors.affiliation: The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: lfayad1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fayad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000473:pathology; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000473:pathology