title: Risk factors for pseudoaldosteronism with rhabdomyolysis caused by consumption of drugs containing licorice and differences between incidence of these conditions in Japan and other countries: case report and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism is thought to involve the inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by glycyrrhetinic acid. Some risk factors have been reported, but differences between Japan and other countries have not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 79-year-old woman was hospitalized because of pseudoaldosteronism with rhabdomyolysis caused by ingestion of herbal medicines containing licorice. She had been prescribed shakuyakukanzobushito (decocted, 3 g of licorice) and keishikajutsubuto (decocted, 2 g of licorice) for the treatment of lower back pain and had been taking antihypertensive agents for the treatment of essential hypertension. After taking the herbal medicines for 2 weeks, the patient developed weakness of the extremities and pain in both thighs. On admission, she had hypertension, oliguria, an elevated serum creatine kinase level, hypokalemia, alkalemia associated with metabolic alkalosis, low plasma renin activity, and low plasma aldosterone levels. Intravenous and oral potassium supplementation and the administration of spironolactone resulted in the normalization of her condition within approximately 2 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An analysis of case reports of pseudoaldosteronism with rhabdomyolysis revealed that in Japan, most cases occurred in elderly women with essential hypertension and were caused by drugs such as herbal medicines. In contrast, in other countries, many cases involved younger men, and the dominant causes were foods containing licorice. The use of herbal medicines is increasing all over the world, and when a patient with risk factors is prescribed an herbal medicine containing licorice, careful follow-up is required.
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine , Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan .
authors.forename: Tetsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagawa
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006035:Glycyrrhiza / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D056929:Liddle Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012206:Rhabdomyolysis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult