title: Comparing the contributions of well-being and disease status to employee productivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare employee overall well-being to chronic disease status, which has a long-established relationship to productivity, as relative contributors to on-the-job productivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from two annual surveys of three companies were used in longitudinal analyses of well-being as a predictor of productivity level and productivity change among 2629 employees with diabetes or without any chronic conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Well-being was the most significant predictor of productivity cross-sectionally in a model that included disease status and demographic characteristics. Longitudinally, changes in well-being contributed to changes in productivity above and beyond what could be explained by the presence of chronic disease or other fixed characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the use of well-being as the broader framework for understanding, explaining, and improving employee productivity in both the healthy and those with disease.
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Health Research, Healthways, Inc, Franklin, Tenn.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Gandy
authors.forename: Carter
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coberley
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Elizabeth Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Rula
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D012189:Retrospective Studies