title: Using surface markers for MRI guided breast conserving surgery: a feasibility survey.
abstract: Breast MRI is frequently performed prior to breast conserving surgery in order to assess the location and extent of the lesion. Ideally, the surgeon should also be able to use the image information during surgery to guide the excision and this requires that the MR image is co-registered to conform to the patient's position on the operating table. Recent progress in MR imaging techniques has made it possible to obtain high quality images of the patient in the supine position which significantly reduces the complexity of the registration task. Surface markers placed on the breast during imaging can be located during surgery using an external tracking device and this information can be used to co-register the images to the patient. There remains the problem that in most clinical MR scanners the arm of the patient has to be placed parallel to the body whereas the arm is placed perpendicular to the patient during surgery. The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of co-registration based on a surface marker approach and, in particular, to determine what effect the difference in a patient's arm position makes on the accuracy of tumour localization. Obtaining a second MRI of the patient where the patient's arm is perpendicular to body axes (operating room position) is not possible. Instead we obtain a secondary MRI scan where the patient's arm is above the patient's head to validate the registration. Five patients with enhancing lesions ranging from 1.5 to 80 cm(3) in size were imaged using contrast enhanced MRI with their arms in two positions. A thin-plate spline registration scheme was used to match these two configurations. The registration algorithm uses the surface markers only and does not employ the image intensities. Tumour outlines were segmented and centre of mass (COM) displacement and Dice measures of lesion overlap were calculated. The relationship between the number of markers used and the COM-displacement was also studied. The lesion COM-displacements ranged from 0.9  to 9.3 mm and the Dice overlap score ranged from 20% to 80%. The registration procedure took less than 1 min to run on a standard PC. Alignment of pre-surgical supine MR images to the patient using surface markers on the breast for co-registration therefore appears to be feasible.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON, Canada, L1H 7K4.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siegler
authors.forename: Amen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Modhafar
authors.forename: Claire M B
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: Donald B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Plewes
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Martel
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted