title: Neuroprotective effects of sevoflurane against electromagnetic pulse-induced brain injury through inhibition of neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis.
abstract: Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) causes central nervous system damage and neurobehavioral disorders, and sevoflurane protects the brain from ischemic injury. We investigated the effects of sevoflurane on EMP-induced brain injury. Rats were exposed to EMP and immediately treated with sevoflurane. The protective effects of sevoflurane were assessed by Nissl staining, Fluoro-Jade C staining and electron microscopy. The neurobehavioral effects were assessed using the open-field test and the Morris water maze. Finally, primary cerebral cortical neurons were exposed to EMP and incubated with different concentration of sevoflurane. The cellular viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were assayed. TUNEL staining was performed, and the expression of apoptotic markers was determined. The cerebral cortexes of EMP-exposed rats presented neuronal abnormalities. Sevoflurane alleviated these effects, as well as the learning and memory deficits caused by EMP exposure. In vitro, cell viability was reduced and LDH release was increased after EMP exposure; treatment with sevoflurane ameliorated these effects. Additionally, sevoflurane increased SOD activity, decreased MDA levels and alleviated neuronal apoptosis by regulating the expression of cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2. These findings demonstrate that Sevoflurane conferred neuroprotective effects against EMP radiation-induced brain damage by inhibiting neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shannxi Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Li-Chun
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Li-Ya
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of People?'s Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Li
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Ning
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Zhen
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Han-Fei
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Li-Xian
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008738:Methyl Ethers; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D053148:Caspase 3