title: Integrating social contact and environmental data in evaluating tuberculosis transmission in a South African township.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Population models of tuberculosis transmission have not accounted for social contact structure and the role of the environment in which tuberculosis is transmitted.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized extensions to the Wells-Riley model of tuberculosis transmission, using exhaled carbon dioxide as a tracer gas, to describe transmission patterns in an endemic community. Drawing upon social interaction data and carbon dioxide measurements from a South African township, we created an age-structured model of tuberculosis transmission in households, public transit, schools, and workplaces. We fit the model to local data on latent tuberculosis prevalence by age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most tuberculosis infections (84%) were estimated to occur outside of one's own household. Fifty percent of infections among young adults (ages 15-19) occurred in schools, due to high contact rates and poor ventilation. Despite lower numbers of contacts in workplaces, assortative mixing among adults with high rates of smear-positive tuberculosis contributed to transmission in this environment. Households and public transit were important sites of transmission between age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with molecular epidemiologic estimates, a minority of tuberculosis transmission was estimated to occur within households, which may limit the impact of contact investigations. Further work is needed to investigate the role of schools in tuberculosis transmission.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Rochelle P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Walensky
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016358:Contact Tracing / Q000379:methods*; D004777:Environment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D012919:Social Behavior; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: environment; epidemiology; mathematical models; social contacts; tuberculosis