title: Psychosocial outcomes among youth with spinal cord injury by neurological impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine psychosocial outcomes of youth with spinal cord injury (SCI) as a function of neurological level (paraplegia/tetraplegia) and severity (American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three pediatric SCI specialty centers in the USA. Participants Youth with SCI ages 5-18 with neurological impairment classifications of: tetraplegia AIS ABC (tetraplegia ABC), paraplegia AIS ABC (paraplegia ABC), or AIS D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Children's Depression Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and forty youth participated; 57% were male; 60% were Caucasian, 21% Hispanic, 7% African-American, 2% Native American, and 3% reported "other". Their mean age was 8.15 years (standard deviation (SD) = 5.84) at injury and 13.18 years (SD = 3.87) at interview. Ninety-six youth (28%) had tetraplegia ABC injuries, 191 (56%) paraplegia ABC injuries, and 53 (16%) AIS D injuries. Neurological impairment was significantly related to participation and quality of life (QOL). Specifically, youth with paraplegia ABC and AIS D injuries participated in more activities than youth with tetraplegia ABC (P = 0.002; P = 0.018, respectively) and youth with paraplegia ABC participated more often than youth with tetraplegia ABC (P = 0.006). Youth with paraplegia ABC reported higher social QOL than youth with tetraplegia ABC (P = 0.001) and AIS D injuries (P = 0.002). Groups did not differ regarding mental health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions should target youth with tetraplegia ABC, as they may need support in terms of participation, and both youth with tetraplegia ABC and AIS D injuries in terms of social integration.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riordan
authors.forename: Erin H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Klaas
authors.forename: Lawrence C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Vogel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D062309:Community Integration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation
keywords: Outcome assessment (healthcare); Paraplegia; Pediatrics; Spinal cord injuries; Tetraplegia