title: Comparison of the preventive effects of pretreatment of lidocaine with a tourniquet and a premixed injection of lidocaine on propofol-LCT/MCT injection pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lidocaine has been used widely to prevent propofol injection pain. Various methods of administration exist, such as lidocaine premixed with propofol or lidocaine pretreatment using a tourniquet, but it is unclear which method of lidocaine administration is more effective for the prevention of injection pain of propofol LCT/MCT. The purpose of this study was to compare pretreatment of lidocaine with a tourniquet and a premixed injection of lidocaine to prevent injection pain of propofol-LCT/MCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly allocated into the pretreatment group (n = 117) or the premixed group (n = 117). The pretreatment group was pretreated with 2 ml of lidocaine 2%, held with a tourniquet, before propofol-LCT/MCT injection. The premixed group was injected with a premixed solution of propofol-LCT/MCT and 2 ml of lidocaine 2%. To evaluate the incidence and severity of pain, spontaneous verbal expressions of pain, movement of hand, frowning, and moaning were recorded, and the patients were asked to recall their pain with the visual analogue score (VAS) 30 minutes after awakening from anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, injection pain occurred in 13.7% of the pretreatment group and 15.4% of the premixed group, without any statistical difference (P = 0.71). There was no difference in spontaneous verbal expressions of pain, movement of hand, frowning, and moaning between the two groups. The pain intensity (VAS) also showed no difference between the two groups (P = 0.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment of lidocaine with a tourniquet showed no more benefit to prevent injection pain of propofol LCT/MCT compared to a premixed injection with lidocaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Byon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kil Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jang Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Kwon
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Deog
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Doo Ik
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Emulsions; Injections; Lidocaine; Pain; Propofol; Tourniquets