title: Treatment of opioid-related central sleep apnea with positive airway pressure: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the various modalities of positive airway pressure (PAP) in the treatment of opioid-related central sleep apnea (CSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were screened through March 2013 to identify articles which investigated treatment of opioid related CSA with PAP. Eligible articles were identified in a staged process and were assessed by two investigators independently. The methodological quality of the reporting of eligible articles was assessed using a set of questions addressing both general and statistical methodologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five articles met the inclusion criteria for a total of 127 patients. All patients had been on opioids for at least 6 months. The dose ranged from 10 mg to 450 mg daily of morphine equivalent dose. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was proven mostly ineffective in reducing central apneic events. Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) with and without supplemental oxygen achieved elimination of central apneas in 62 percent of patients. Adaptive servo ventilation (ASV) yielded conflicting results with 58 percent of participants attaining a central apnea index <10 per hour. The presence of ataxic breathing predicted poor response to PAP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence on the efficacy of PAP in opioid-related CSA is inconclusive. With the increasing use of opioids, further studies are needed to assess optimal PAP therapy and predictors of success in this group of patients.
authors.affiliation: The Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Western New York, Buffalo, New York; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Roopika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: The Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Western New York, Buffalo, New York; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adamo
authors.affiliation: The Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Western New York, Buffalo, New York; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kufel
authors.affiliation: The Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Western New York, Buffalo, New York; Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Jahan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Porhomayon
authors.affiliation: The Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Western New York, Buffalo, New York; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Solh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid