title: Coupling Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) with Electrotherapy: Fighting Iatrogenic Opioid Dependence.
abstract: The endemic of legal opioid iatrogenic induced prescription drug abuse is of major world-wide concern. Understanding pain pathways and the role of dopaminergic tone in the neurophysiology of pain relief provides potential therapeutic solutions. A 2011 NIDA report indicated that approximately 8.7% of the entire US population above the age of 12 years has used a psychoactive drug within the past 30 days. It has been reported that the overall genetic contribution to the variance of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) was approximately 60% but each candidate gene evaluated by GWAS was relatively small. In an attempt to combat this global endemic we are proposing a number of alternative strategies. Prevention of death due to opioid overdose and attenuation of prescription abuse should focus on strategies that target 1) high-dosage medical users; 2) persons who seek care from multiple doctors; 3) persons involved in "drug diversion"; 4) genetic testing for addiction liability and severity indices; 5) non-pharmacolgical analgesic treatments such as electrotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA ; Department of Holistic Medicine, National Institute for Holistic Addiction STudies, Inc. North Miami Beach, Fl, USA ; Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA ; Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purbe Medinpur, West Bengal, India ; Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown, Rhode Island, USA ; Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach California, USA ; Department of Nutrigenomics, IGENE LLC., Austin Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston, VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oscar-Berman
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania, Philidelphia, Pennslyvania, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dinubile
authors.affiliation: Department of Holistic Medicine, National Institute for Holistic Addiction STudies, Inc. North Miami Beach, Fl, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA ; Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Braverman
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Truesdell
authors.affiliation: Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purbe Medinpur, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Debmalya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University at Buffalo & Harvard University, Psychiatrist, WNY VAMC, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Badgaiyan
keywords: Analgesia; Dopamine; Electrotherapy; Genetic addiction risk score; Pain; Substance use disorder (SUD)