title: Breakfast consumption frequency is associated with grip strength in a population of healthy Japanese adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have reported that regular consumption of breakfast is associated with health benefits. However, only a few studies have examined the association between frequency of breakfast consumption and muscular function. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between frequency of breakfast consumption and muscle strength among apparently healthy Japanese adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cross-sectional study design was used. Between 2008 and 2011 in Sendai, Japan, 1415 Japanese adult employees (1069 men and 346 women) aged between 19 and 83 years participated in the study. Grip strength, as measured by a handheld digital dynamometer, was used as an indicator of muscle strength. Frequency of breakfast consumption during the previous month was assessed using a brief self-administered dietary history questionnaire, and the results were divided into three categories for analysis: low (≤2 days week⁻¹), middle (3-5 days week⁻¹) and high (≥6 days week⁻¹). Multivariate analysis was performed using analysis of covariance, with covariates mainly including socio-demographic, lifestyle-related and health-related factors. After adjusting for several potential confounders, grip strength was shown to be positively associated with breakfast consumption frequency (geometric means, 95% confidence interval (CI): low frequency, 36.2 (35.7-36.8) kg; middle frequency, 36.7 (36.0-37.5) kg; high frequency, 37.0 (36.6-37.5) kg; P for trend = 0.03). Grip strength per kilogramme body weight (kg kg⁻¹) was also positively associated with frequency of breakfast consumption (P for trend = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cross-sectional study reveals a positive association between breakfast consumption frequency and muscle strength in apparently healthy adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070 Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Momma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chujo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otomo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan; Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan. Electronic address: nagatomi@med.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagatomi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D015415:Biomarkers; D062408:Breakfast; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Adults; Breakfast consumption frequency; Muscle strength; Physical fitness