title: Enhanced antibacterial effects of clove essential oil by nanoemulsion.
abstract: The aim of present study was to develop and evaluate nanoemulsion formulations of clove essential oil (CEO) for its antibacterial effects in comparison with pure CEO and standard amikacin antibiotic (positive control). Different nanoemulsions of CEO were developed by aqueous phase titration method via construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams and investigated for thermodynamic stability and self-nanoemulsification tests. Selected formulations (F1-F5) were characterized for droplet size distribution, viscosity, zeta potential, transmittance and surface morphology. Based on lowest droplet size (29.1 nm), lowest PI (0.026), lowest viscosity (34.6 cp), optimal zeta potential (-31.4 mV), highest transmittance (99.4 %) and lowest concentration of Triacetin (8 % w/w), CEO nanoemulsion F1 (containing 1 % w/w of CEO, 8 % w/w of Triacetin, 15 % w/w of Tween-80, 15 % w/w of Labrasol and 61 % w/w of water) was subjected to antibacterial studies in comparison with pure oil and standard amikacin. The antibacterial effects of F1 were found to be superior over pure oil against all bacterial strains investigated. However, the antibacterial effects of F1 were highly comparable with standard amikacin against all bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of F1 were observed in the range of 0.075-0.300 % w/w as compared to pure oil (MICs 0.130-0.500 % w/w) and standard amikacin (MICs 2-16 μg/ml). These results indicated the potential of nanoemulsions for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of natural bioactive ingredients such as CEO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University.
authors.forename: Md Khalid
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Anwer
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.forename: Elmutasim Osman
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ibnouf
authors.forename: Faiyaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shakeel
mesh_terms: D000583:Amikacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D045783:Clove Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions; D049329:Nanostructures; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D045783:Clove Oil; D004655:Emulsions; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D000583:Amikacin