title: Evaluation of cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity and physicochemical properties of a calcium aluminate-based endodontic material.
abstract: A calcium aluminate-based endodontic material, EndoBinder, has been developed in order to reduce MTA negative characteristics, preserving its biological properties and clinical applications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, pH, solubility and water sorption of EndoBinder and to compare them with those of white MTA (WMTA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicity was assessed through a multiparametric analysis employing 3T3 cells. Antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Staphylococcus aureus. (ATCC 25923) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10556) was determined by the agar diffusion method. pH was measured at periods of 3, 24, 72 and 168 hours. Solubility and water sorption evaluation were performed following ISO requirements. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey`s test with a significance level of 5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EndoBinder and WMTA were non-cytotoxic in all tested periods and with the different cell viability parameters. There was no statistical differences between both materials (P>.05). All tested materials were inhibitory by direct contact against all microbial strains tested. EndoBinder and WMTA presented alkaline pH in all tested times with higher values of pH for WMTA (P<.05). Both materials showed values complying with the solubility minimum requirements. However, EndoBinder showed lower solubility than WMTA (P<.05). No statistical differences were observed regarding water sorption (P>.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under these experimental conditions, we concluded that the calcium aluminate-based endodontic material EndoBinder demonstrated suitable biological and physicochemical properties, so it can be suggested as a material of choice in root resorption, perforations and root-end filling.
authors.affiliation: Grande Rio University, Health and Science Center, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, Health and Science Center, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, PiracicabaSP, Brazil, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel Rodrigo
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.affiliation: State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, PiracicabaSP, Brazil, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tiago Pereira
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, PiracicabaSP, Brazil, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thais Mageste
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.affiliation: State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, PiracicabaSP, Brazil, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rogério Castilho
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Jacinto
authors.affiliation: State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, PiracicabaSP, Brazil, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, PiracicabaSP, Brazil, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Augusto
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zaia
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012995:Solubility; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; C557697:EndoBinder; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D014867:Water; C035219:calcium aluminate