title: Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on salivary microbial parameters at 6 months: a controlled observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the microbial changes in children with fixed orthodontic appliances compared with a control group of children without orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five children, aged between 12 and 16 years, participated in this study. Forty-eight subjects were fitted with fixed orthodontic appliances and forty-seven were free of any such appliances. The follow-up was 6 months for all children. The association between orthodontic appliances and high levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp was assessed with logistic regression models, taking age, sex, pH and buffer capacity into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences at baseline between the two groups were not statistically significant. We found that wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance was associated with high levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp (adjusted OR: 6.65, 95% CI [1.98-22.37]; 9.49, 95% CI [2.57-35.07], respectively), independently of other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The originality of the present epidemiological study was to evaluate the evolution of salivary microbial parameters in a population of children with fixed orthodontic appliances. Our results show an increase of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp values during the follow-up. The whole dental workforce should be aware that preventive measures are of paramount importance during orthodontic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Toulouse, France, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maret
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Department of Orthodontics, Toulouse, France, Department of Orthodontics, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Laboratoire Universitaire LU 51: Maladies parodontales, déséquilibres systémiques et biomatériaux (MPDSB), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marchal-Sixou
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Department of Public Health, Toulouse, France, Department of Public Health, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Laboratoire Universitaire LU 51: Maladies parodontales, déséquilibres systémiques et biomatériaux (MPDSB), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Noël
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Vergnes
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Department of Public Health, Toulouse, France, Department of Public Health, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Laboratoire Universitaire LU 51: Maladies parodontales, déséquilibres systémiques et biomatériaux (MPDSB), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Toulouse, France, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgelin-Gurgel
authors.affiliation: UMCG Groningen, Center of Dentistry and Oral Health, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontology, Groningen, Netherlands, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontology, Center of Dentistry and Oral Health, UMCG Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Der Sluis
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Department of Public Health, Toulouse, France, Department of Public Health, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Laboratoire Universitaire LU 51: Maladies parodontales, déséquilibres systémiques et biomatériaux (MPDSB), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sixou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification*