title: In vivo fluorescence imaging of biomaterial-associated inflammation and infection in a minimally invasive manner.
abstract: Implant-associated inflammation and bacterial infection severely limit the functional performance of medical devices and are a major cause of implant failure. Therefore, it is crucial to develop methodologies to monitor/image implant-associated aseptic inflammation and bacterial infection in a minimally invasive manner. Here, we exploited near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) molecular probes injected locally at the implant site to perform minimally invasive, simultaneous imaging of inflammation, and infection associated with implanted polymer disks. The hydro-sulfo-Cy5 (H-s-Cy5) probe detected reactive oxygen species associated with inflammatory responses to both aseptic and biofilm-containing implants, whereas diaminocyanine sulfonate selectively detected nitric oxide associated with a biofilm on the biomaterial at acute time points (<4 days). This imaging modality also allows longitudinal monitoring because of high specificity and fast clearance rate of the fluorescent probes. Taken together, these NIRF molecular probes represent a useful tool to directly image inflammatory responses and infections associated with implanted devices for the diagnosis of device-associated inflammation and infection as well as the development of effective therapies.
authors.affiliation: Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Shalu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Shivaram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selvam
authors.forename: Khalilah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reddie
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maity
authors.forename: Niren
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Andrés J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: García
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018441:Biofilms; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: bacteria; fibrosis; implant; macrophage; near-infrared fluorescence; nitric oxide; reactive oxygen species