title: Functionalized carbon nanoparticles, blacks and soots as electron-transfer building blocks and conduits.
abstract: Functionalized carbon nanoparticles (or blacks) have promise as novel active high-surface-area electrode materials, as conduits for electrons to enzymes or connections through lipid films, or as nano-building blocks in electroanalysis. With previous applications of bare nanoblacks and composites mainly in electrochemical charge storage and as substrates in fuel cell devices, the full range of benefits of bare and functionalized carbon nanoparticles in assemblies and composite (bio)electrodes is still emerging. Carbon nanoparticles are readily surface-modified, functionalized, embedded, or assembled into nanostructures, employed in bioelectrochemical systems, and incorporated into novel electrochemical sensing devices. This focus review summarizes aspects of a rapidly growing field and some of the recent developments in carbon nanoparticle functionalization with potential applications in (bio)electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and electroanalytical processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY (UK).
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Charlotte L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Tony D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mitchels
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Opallo
authors.forename: Omotayo A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Arotiba
authors.forename: Kenneth I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Ozoemena
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marken
keywords: biosensors; carbon dots; fluorescence; layered compounds; nanostructures; voltammetry