title: Could the type of treatment for chronic kidney disease affect the auditory system?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as the presence of renal injury that leads to the slow and progressive loss of kidney function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare audiological tests between patients with CKD receiving different types of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a clinical and experimental study. Groups were divided according to treatment: hemodialysis (n = 35), peritoneal dialysis (n = 15), and conservative (n = 51), and were compared to 27 healthy controls. Patients older than 60 years; those with congenital hearing loss, genetic syndromes, and middle-ear infections; and those who had been submitted to a kidney transplant were excluded. Audiologic evaluation included pure-tone audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem response (ABR). The variables considered were gender, age, diagnosis of arterial hypertension, time since the diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension, CKD stage, duration of CKD, and duration of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The variables age, presence of arterial hypertension, and time of CKD were statistically significant and controlled. The auditory thresholds measured by pure-tone threshold audiometry were worse for the conservative treatment group, and the III-V interval of the ABR of the conservative treatment group was significantly greater than that of the hemodialysis groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conservative treatment group presented worse audiological tests, regardless of hypertension and diabetes, reinforcing that patients need to undergo a complete hearing assessment for better understanding of the disease and its effects on the auditory system.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia, Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia, Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Priscila Suman
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia, Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia, Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Daniela Polo Camargo da
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Clínica Médica, BotucatuSP, Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Luis Cuadrado
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia, Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia, Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Jair Cortez
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Montovani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult