title: The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 in Sri Lanka: its demographic cost, timing, and propagation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As an island and a former British colony, Sri Lanka is a case of special interest for the study of 1918-1919 influenza pandemic because of its potential for isolation from as well as integration into the world epidemiologic system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate population loss attributable to the influenza pandemic and weekly district-level excess mortality from the pandemic to analyze its spread across the island.
  
  
  METHODS
  To measure population loss, we estimated a population growth model using a panel of 100 district-level observations on population for five consecutive censuses from 1891 to 1931, allowing for a one-time drop in population in 1918-1919. To estimate weekly excess mortality from the pandemic, we estimated a seasonally adjusted weekly time series of district-specific mortality estimates from vital registration records, ranked them, and plotted the ranks on weekly maps to create a picture of the geographic pattern of propagation across Sri Lanka.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total loss of population from the influenza pandemic was 307 000 or approximately 6·7% of the population. The pandemic peaked in two discrete (northern and southern) regions in early October of 1918 and in a third (central) region in early March 1919.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The population loss estimate is significantly higher than earlier estimates of mortality from the pandemic in Sri Lanka, suggesting underreporting of influenza-attributable deaths and a role for influenza-related fertility declines. The spatial pattern of peak mortality indicates the presence of two distinct entry points and three distinct epidemiologic regions, defined by population density and ethnicity, in colonial Sri Lanka.
authors.affiliation: Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Dilshani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarathchandra
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000502:physiology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D058873:Pandemics; D012621:Seasons; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: 1918-1919 influenza pandemic; Ceylon; Sri Lanka; epidemic; influenza; island; mortality; spread