title: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract modulates CHOP/GADD153 to promote androgen receptor degradation and decreases xenograft tumor growth.
abstract: The Mediterranean diet has long been attributed to preventing or delaying the onset of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and various solid organ cancers. In this particular study, a rosemary extract standardized to carnosic acid was evaluated for its potential in disrupting the endoplasmic reticulum machinery to decrease the viability of prostate cancer cells and promote degradation of the androgen receptor. Two human prostate cancer cell lines, 22Rv1 and LNCaP, and prostate epithelial cells procured from two different patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were treated with standardized rosemary extract and evaluated by flow cytometry, MTT, BrdU, Western blot and fluorescent microscopy. A significant modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins was observed in cancer cells while normal prostate epithelial cells did not undergo endoplasmic reticulum stress. This biphasic response suggests that standardized rosemary extract may preferentially target cancer cells as opposed to "normal" cells. Furthermore, we observed standardized rosemary extract to decrease androgen receptor expression that appears to be regulated by the expression of CHOP/GADD153. Using a xenograft tumor model we observed standardized rosemary extract when given orally to significantly suppress tumor growth by 46% compared to mice not receiving standardized rosemary extract. In the last several years regulatory governing bodies (e.g. European Union) have approved standardized rosemary extracts as food preservatives. These results are especially significant as it is becoming more likely that individuals will be receiving standardized rosemary extracts that are a part of a natural preservative system in various food preparations. Taken a step further, it is possible that the potential benefits that are often associated with a "Mediterranean Diet" in the future may begin to extend beyond the Mediterranean diet as more of the population is consuming standardized rosemary extracts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sakina M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Petiwala
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berhe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gongbo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Angela G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Puthenveetil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ozair
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Larisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nonn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jeremy J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D059748:Proteolysis; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D027542:Rosmarinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000378:metabolism*; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; C497249:DDIT3 protein, human; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP