title: Burden and predictors of hypertension in India: results of SEEK (Screening and Early Evaluation of Kidney Disease) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension (HTN) is one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The objective of the study was to investigate the burden and predictors of HTN in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  6120 subjects participated in the Screening and Early Evaluation of Kidney disease (SEEK), a community-based screening program in 53 camps in 13 representative geographic locations in India. Of these, 5929 had recorded blood pressure (BP) measurements. Potential predictors of HTN were collected using a structured questionnaire for SEEK study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HTN was observed in 43.5% of our cohort. After adjusting for center variation (p < 0.0001), predictors of a higher prevalence of HTN were older age ≥ 40 years (p < 0.0001), BMI of ≥ 23 Kg/M2 (p < 0.0004), larger waist circumference (p < 0.0001), working in sedentary occupation (p < 0.0001), having diabetes mellitus (p < 0.0001), having proteinuria (p < 0.0016), and increased serum creatinine (p < 0.0001). High school/some college education (p = 0.0016), versus less than 9th grade education, was related with lower prevalence of HTN. Of note, proteinuria and CKD were observed in 19% and 23.5% of HTN subjects. About half (54%) of the hypertensive subjects were aware of their hypertension status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HTN was common in this cohort from India. Older age, BMI ≥ 23 Kg/M2, waist circumference, sedentary occupation, education less, diabetes mellitus, presence of proteinuria, and raised serum creatinine were significant predictors of hypertension. Our data suggest that HTN is a major public health problem in India with low awareness, and requires aggressive community-based screening and education to improve health.
authors.forename: Youssef M K
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.forename: Bharati V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Sai Ram
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Keithi-Reddy
authors.forename: Vidya N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: C
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ballal
authors.forename: P
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authors.lastname: Gaccione
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authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Issacs
authors.forename: Sanjiv
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authors.lastname: Jasuja
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kirpalani
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kher
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Modi
authors.forename: Georgy
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authors.lastname: Nainan
authors.forename: Jai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Mohan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rajapurkar
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Rajanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sreedhara
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Bharat V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Sham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunder
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Sridevi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seetharam
authors.forename: Tatapudi Ravi
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. asingh@partners.org.
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017281:Cost of Illness; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate