title: Increased pro-angiogenic factors, infiltrating neutrophils and CD163(+) macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients.
abstract: Infiltration of inflammatory cells and production of pro-angiogenic factors are important in lung cancer immunity. The distributions of those cells and their contributions to the production of pro-angiogenic factors and the activation phenotype of macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from lung cancer patients remain unclear. We analyzed the presence of distinct inflammatory cells and the macrophage activation phenotype together with the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) within BALF from 54 smoking lung cancer patients including 36 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 9 adenocarcinoma (AC), and 9 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in comparison with those from 13 non-smoking and 7 smoking patients with nonspecific chronic inflammation and 8 non-smoking normal controls. We found a significantly lower percentage of total macrophages and a much higher percentage of neutrophils among all inflammatory cells in BALF from lung cancer and non-specific chronic inflammation patients. BALF from AC patients had a significantly higher percentage of lymphocytes. CD163(+)) macrophages predominantly existed in BALF from SCLC patients. BALF of lung cancer patients had markedly higher levels of IL-8 and VEGF. Interestingly, IL-8 level was positively correlated to the numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes. VEGF level was inversely correlated to the number of lymphocytes but positively to cancer cells in SCC cases, whereas no correlation existed between CD163(+)) macrophages and the levels of IL-8 and VEGF. Our results suggest that the detection of infiltrating inflammatory cells and pro-angiogenic factors in BALF will be helpful for diagnosis of cancerous inflammation in lungs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 40038, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 40038, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 40038, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 40038, China.
authors.forename: Lang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 40038, China.
authors.forename: Sen-lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 40038, China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 40038, China.
authors.forename: You-hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 40038, China. Electronic address: zhangxia45@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 40038, China. Electronic address: bianxiuwu@263.net.
authors.forename: Xiu-wu
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Bian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000276:immunology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000276:immunology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000276:immunology*; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D016209:Interleukin-8; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
keywords: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); Lung cancer; Macrophages; Neutrophils; Pro-angiogenic factors