title: Evaluation of seasonal dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium and lead in schoolchildren through the analysis of meals served by public schools of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
abstract: Dietary exposure to arsenic (AS), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) of Brazilian schoolchildren living in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, was assessed. Food samples including rice, beans, vegetables, fruits, and meat served daily by public schools were collected as presented in different seasons. Metallic elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The main sources of As, Cd, and Pb were found to be rice, vegetables, and pork, respectively. Further, in some food types there were seasonal differences in the concentrations of metallic elements. The mean daily intakes of As, Cd, and Pb based upon the association between food consumption data and the observed concentrations of metals in their diet were 6.9 μg, 0.9 μg, and 0.6 μg for As, Cd, and Pb, respectively. These findings are below the toxicological reference values provided by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
authors.affiliation: a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo, Monte Alegre , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia Ramos
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Nacano
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001938:Brazil; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005522:Food Services; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D062409:Lunch; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012275:Oryza / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D012574:Schools; D012621:Seasons; D012639:Seeds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014504:Urban Health; D014675:Vegetables / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D001151:Arsenic