title: Contemporary genetic structure, phylogeography and past demographic processes of wild boar Sus scrofa population in Central and Eastern Europe.
abstract: The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is one of the most widely distributed mammals in Europe. Its demography was affected by various events in the past and today populations are increasing throughout Europe. We examined genetic diversity, structure and population dynamics of wild boar in Central and Eastern Europe. MtDNA control region (664 bp) was sequenced in 254 wild boar from six countries (Poland, Hungary, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the European part of Russia). We detected 16 haplotypes, all known from previous studies in Europe; 14 of them belonged to European 1 (E1) clade, including 13 haplotypes from E1-C and one from E1-A lineages. Two haplotypes belonged respectively to the East Asian and the Near Eastern clade. Both haplotypes were found in Russia and most probably originated from the documented translocations of wild boar. The studied populations showed moderate haplotype (0.714±0.023) and low nucleotide diversity (0.003±0.002). SAMOVA grouped the genetic structuring of Central and Eastern European wild boar into three subpopulations, comprising of: (1) north-eastern Belarus and the European part of Russia, (2) Poland, Ukraine, Moldova and most of Belarus, and (3) Hungary. The multimodal mismatch distribution, Fu's Fs index, Bayesian skyline plot and the high occurrence of shared haplotypes among populations did not suggest strong demographic fluctuations in wild boar numbers in the Holocene and pre-Holocene times. This study showed relatively weak genetic diversity and structure in Central and Eastern European wild boar populations and underlined gaps in our knowledge on the role of southern refugia and demographic processes shaping genetic diversity of wild boar in this part of Europe.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Szilvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kusza
authors.affiliation: Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Podgórski
authors.affiliation: Department of Science for Nature and Environmental Resources, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scandura
authors.affiliation: Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Borowik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jávor
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus.
authors.forename: Vadim E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Sidorovich
authors.affiliation: State National Park Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Brest Oblast, Kamenec Raion, Kamenyuki, Belarus.
authors.forename: Aleksei N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Bunevich
authors.affiliation: Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Luhansk, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolesnikov
authors.affiliation: Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogumiła
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jędrzejewska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005061:Europe, Eastern; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D058974:Phylogeography; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial