title: Increased expression of Capn4 is associated with the malignancy of human glioma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent evidence indicates that the increased expression of calpain small subunit 1 (Capn4) is associated with tumorigenesis. This study was designed to explore the role which Capn4 plays in human glioma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We detected the expression of Capn4 by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays and tissue samples. Following the down-regulation of Capn4 in glioma cell lines by a specific short hairpin RNA, the function of Capn4 in invasion, migration, and proliferation was assessed. We then evaluated the prognostic role of Capn4 using univariate and multivariate analysis in 94 glioblastoma (GBM) patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glioma tissues exhibited notably higher expression of Capn4 compared with control brain tissues and was positively correlated with histological malignancy. The down-regulation of Capn4 in glioma cells led to a decrease in invasion and migration in vitro. Through univariate analysis, the prognosis of GBM patients with Capn4 overexpression was significantly poorer with respect to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, Capn4(high) was demonstrated to be a negative independent prognostic indicator for PFS and OS in GBM patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overexpression of Capn4 is a novel negative prognostic marker, and Capn4 may be used as a new target in therapeutic strategies for human glioma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Zeng-Xin
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Jing-Jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002154:Calpain / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014945:Wound Healing; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D002154:Calpain; C527669:CAPNS1 protein, human
keywords: Capn4; Gliomas; Invasion; Malignancy; Prognosis