title: Difference of neuro- and immunomodulatory steroids and selected hormone and lipid concentrations between Toxoplasma-free and Toxoplasma-infected but not CMV-free and CMV-infected schizophrenia patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Toxoplasma gondii, the protozoan parasite infecting about 30% population worldwide, is suspected to be the etiological agent of certain form of schizophrenia disease. Toxoplasma is known to change levels of certain neurotransmitters, cytokines and several hormones in both infected animals and humans. A common feature of toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia is a disorder of immune system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we studied the levels of five neuro- and immunomodulatory steroids, selected hormones and lipids in sera of 173 schizophrenia patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Toxoplasma infected schizophrenia patients expressed only insignificantly lower concentration of neuro- and immunomodulatory DHEA metabolites. Infected women had higher concentration of glucose while infected men had higher concentration of cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. No significant effect of human cytomegalovirus infection on the concentration of the above parameters was observed. The difference in the concentration of DHEA metabolites faded with the decrease of the concentration of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies (i.e. with the duration of Toxoplasma infection) while the difference in the concentration of cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol increased with the decrease of the concentration of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis in male (53.2%) but not female (29.8%) schizophrenia patients was unusually high in comparison with prevalence of toxoplasmosis in a general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provided an explanation for seemingly decreasing prevalence of toxoplasmosis in schizophrenia patients observed in current studies (increased concerns about the rights of patients resulting in absence of non-cooperative Toxoplasma-positive patients in the study population) and suggest possible explanation for reported positive correlation between prevalence of toxoplasmosis and incidence of cardiovascular diseases (accelerated atherosclerotic development due to increased level of cholesterol and LDL in Toxoplasma infected humans).
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flegr
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Príplatova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hampl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bicikovíá
authors.affiliation: Prague Psychiatric Centre, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ripova
authors.affiliation: Prague Psychiatric Centre, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D002784:Cholesterol