title: Physical activity in subjects with multiple sclerosis with focus on gender differences: a survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing research that examines gender-issues in multiple sclerosis (MS), but little focus has been placed on gender-issues regarding physical activity. The aim of the present study was to describe levels of physical activity, self-efficacy for physical activity, fall-related self-efficacy, social support for physical activity, fatigue levels and the impact of MS on daily life, in addition to investigating gender differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample for this cross-sectional cohort study consisted of 287 (84 men; 29.3%) adults with MS recruited from the Swedish Multiple Sclerosis Registry. A questionnaire was sent to the subjects consisting of the self-administrated measurements: Physical Activity Disability Survey - Revised, Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale, Falls-Efficacy Scale (Swedish version), Social Influences on Physical Activity, Fatigue Severity Scale and Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale. Response rate was 58.2%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men were less physically active, had lower self-efficacy for physical activity and lower fall-related self-efficacy than women. This was explained by men being more physically affected by the disease. Men also received less social support for physical activity from family members. The level of fatigue and psychological consequences of the disease were similar between the genders in the total sample, but subgroups of women with moderate MS and relapsing remitting MS experienced more fatigue than men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men were less physically active, probably a result of being more physically affected by the disease. Men being more physically affected explained most of the gender differences found in this study. However, the number of men in the subgroup analyses was small and more research is needed. A gender perspective should be considered in strategies for promoting physical activity in subjects with MS, e.g. men may need more support to be physically active.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anens
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emtner
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section for Physiotherapy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. karin.hellstrom@neuro.uu.se.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hellström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012042:Registries; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology