title: Delayed antibiotic prescribing strategies for respiratory tract infections in primary care: pragmatic, factorial, randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the effectiveness of different strategies involving delayed antibiotic prescription for acute respiratory tract infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open, pragmatic, parallel group, factorial, randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  889 patients aged 3 years and over with acute respiratory tract infection, recruited between 3 March 2010 and 28 March 2012 by 53 health professionals in 25 practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients judged not to need immediate antibiotics were randomised to undergo four strategies of delayed prescription: recontact for a prescription, post-dated prescription, collection of the prescription, and be given the prescription (patient led). During the trial, a strategy of no antibiotic prescription was added as another randomised comparison. Analysis was intention to treat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean symptom severity (0-6 scale) at days 2-4 (primary outcome), antibiotic use, and patients' beliefs in the effectiveness of antibiotic use. Secondary analysis included comparison with immediate use of antibiotics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean symptom severity had minimal differences between the strategies involving no prescription and delayed prescription (recontact, post-date, collection, patient led; 1.62, 1.60, 1.82, 1.68, 1.75, respectively; likelihood ratio test χ(2) 2.61, P=0.625). Duration of symptoms rated moderately bad or worse also did not differ between no prescription and delayed prescription strategies combined (median 3 days v 4 days; 4.29, P=0.368). There were modest and non-significant differences in patients very satisfied with the consultation between the randomised groups (79%, 74%, 80%, 88%, 89%, respectively; likelihood ratio test χ(2) 2.38, P=0.667), belief in antibiotics (71%, 74%, 73%, 72%, 66%; 1.62, P=0.805), or antibiotic use (26%, 37%, 37%, 33%, 39%; 4.96, P=0.292). By contrast, most patients given immediate antibiotics used antibiotics (97%) and strongly believed in them (93%), but with no benefit for symptom severity (score 1.76) or duration (median 4 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategies of no prescription or delayed antibiotic prescription result in fewer than 40% of patients using antibiotics, and are associated with less strong beliefs in antibiotics, and similar symptomatic outcomes to immediate prescription. If clear advice is given to patients, there is probably little to choose between the different strategies of delayed prescription.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN38551726.
authors.affiliation: University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leydon
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mullee
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stuart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents