title: The vitamin D hypothesis revisited: race-based disparities in birth outcomes in the United States and ultraviolet light availability.
abstract: Skin color has been proposed to contribute to race-based health disparities in the United States because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) light-induced vitamin D synthesis. The prediction of this hypothesis, herein named the UVD hypothesis, is that racial disparities in health outcomes are correlated with UV light availability. This paper investigates whether UV light availability is associated with disparities in the rates of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB) between whites and blacks, because these outcomes are thought to be influenced by vitamin D status and to shape disease risk in later life. Data on LBW and PTB from 2007 (n = 2,825,620 births) were compared with data on UV light exposure across the United States. Contrary to the predictions of the UVD hypothesis, LBW and PTB rate disparities were greatest in states with the highest UV light exposure. Notably, income inequality was positively and significantly related to LBW and PTB disparities, even after controlling for UV light availability. The results of this analysis demonstrate that there is a significant environmental gradient in racial disparities in birth outcomes in the United States, but other social or environmental factors associated with living in the southern United States are likely stronger contributors to disparities in birth outcomes than UV light-induced vitamin D status.
authors.forename: Zaneta M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Thayer
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People
keywords: health disparities; low birth weight; preterm birth; skin color