title: Susceptibility-based analysis of dynamic gadolinium bolus perfusion MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An algorithm is developed for the reconstruction of dynamic, gadolinium (Gd) bolus MR perfusion images of the human brain, based on quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The method is evaluated in five perfusion scans obtained from four different patients scanned at 3 Tesla, and compared with the conventional analysis based on changes in the transverse relaxation rate ΔR2 * and to theoretical predictions. QSM images were referenced to ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for each dynamic of the perfusion sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Images of cerebral blood flow and blood volume were successfully reconstructed from the QSM-analysis, and were comparable to those reconstructed using ΔR2 *. The magnitudes of the Gd-associated susceptibility effects in gray and white matter were consistent with theoretical predictions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QSM-based analysis may have some theoretical advantages compared with ΔR2 *, including a simpler relationship between signal change and Gd concentration. However, disadvantages are its much lower contrast-to-noise ratio, artifacts due to respiration and other effects, and more complicated reconstruction methods. More work is required to optimize data acquisition protocols for QSM-based perfusion imaging.
authors.affiliation: The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; FM Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonekamp
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.forename: Peter C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: van Zijl
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA
keywords: cerebral blood flow; dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI; perfusion; quantitative susceptibility mapping