title: Application of bacteriophages specific to hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria in raw poultry by-products.
abstract: Hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria (SPB) can spoil raw animal materials and release harmful hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas. The objective of this study was to apply a SPB-specific bacteriophage cocktail to control H2S production by SPB in different raw poultry by-products in the laboratory (20, 30, and 37°C) and greenhouse (average temperature 29 to 31°C, humidity 34.8 to 59.8%, and light intensity 604.8 Wm(2)) by simulating transportation and a rendering facility. The amount of H2S production was determined using either test strips impregnated with lead acetate or a H2S monitor. In the laboratory, phage treatment applied to fresh chicken meat inoculated with SPB, spoiled chicken meat, chicken guts, and chicken feathers reduced H2S production by approximately 25 to 69% at temperatures from 20 to 37°C. In the greenhouse, phage treatment achieved approximately a 30 to 85% reduction of H2S yield in chicken offal and feathers. Among all phage treatments, multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 exhibited the highest inhibitory activities against SPB on H2S production. Several factors such as initial SPB level, temperature, and MOI affect lytic activities of bacteriophages. Our study demonstrated that the phage cocktail is effective to reduce the production of H2S by SPB significantly in raw animal materials. This biological control method can control SPB in raw poultry by-products at ambient temperatures, leading to a safer working environment and high quality product with less nutrient degradation for the rendering industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiuping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens; D016971:Citrobacter freundii / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism*; D020611:Hafnia alvei / Q000378:metabolism*; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000378:metabolism*; D011202:Poultry Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide
keywords: bacteriophage; hydrogen sulfide; hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria; raw poultry by-product; rendering process