title: Preliminary Efficacy of a Behavioral Parent Training Program for Children With ADHD in Pakistan.
abstract: In an effort to address the lack of evidence-based interventions for ADHD in developing South Asian countries, we examined the preliminary efficacy of a behavioral parent training program in Pakistan.
  
  
  
  A quasi-experimental design was utilized. Eighty-five 4- to 12-year-old children with clinically significant ADHD symptoms participated: 55 were recruited from hospital clinics (active treatment group) and 30 were recruited from schools (waitlist control group). Parent and teacher ratings of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms and impairment were collected.
  
  
  
  Using intent-to-treat analyses, the treatment group showed significant pre-post improvement on parent-reported ODD symptoms and ADHD-related impairment. Teacher ratings showed no improvement.
  
  
  
  This study provides preliminary evidence for the feasibility and effectiveness of behavioral parenting training for children with ADHD in Pakistan and represents a critical first step in identifying evidence-based treatments for Pakistani children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: 1 National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tamkeen Ashraf
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: 2 University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.affiliation: 3 University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chronis-Tuscano
authors.affiliation: 4 Qauid E Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tariq
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ADHD; behavioral parent training; cultural adaptation; disruptive behavior disorders