title: A 3-dimensional rigid cluster thorax model for kinematic measurements during gait.
abstract: The trunk has been shown to work as an active segment rather than a passenger unit during gait and it is felt that trunk kinematics should be given more consideration during gait assessment. While 3-dimensional assessment of the thorax with respect to the pelvis and laboratory can provide a comprehensive description of trunk movement, the majority of existing 3-D thorax models demonstrate shortcomings such as the need for multiple skin marker configurations, difficult landmark identification and practical issues for assessment on female subjects. A small number of studies have used rigid cluster models to quantify thorax movement, however the models and points of attachment are not well described and validation rarely considered. The aim of this study was to propose an alternative rigid cluster 3-D thorax model to quantify movement during gait and provide validation of this model. A rigid mount utilising active markers was developed and applied over the 3rd thoracic vertebra, previously reported as an area of least skin movement artefact on the trunk. The model was compared to two reference thorax models through simultaneous recording during gait on 15 healthy subjects. Excellent waveform similarity was demonstrated between the proposed model and the two reference models (CMC range 0.962-0.997). Agreement of discrete parameters was very-good to excellent. In addition, ensemble average graphs demonstrated almost identical curve displacement between models. The results suggest that the proposed model can be confidently used as an alternative to other thorax models in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Gait Laboratory, Central Remedial Clinic, Vernon Avenue, Clontarf, Dublin 3, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: dkiernan@crc.ie.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kiernan
authors.affiliation: Gait Laboratory, Central Remedial Clinic, Vernon Avenue, Clontarf, Dublin 3, Ireland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Gait Laboratory, Central Remedial Clinic, Vernon Avenue, Clontarf, Dublin 3, Ireland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Simms
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009068:Movement; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000502:physiology; D010388:Pelvis / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology; D060726:Torso / Q000502:physiology
keywords: 3-Dimensional; Gait; Rigid cluster; Thorax; Validation