title: Organs-on-a-chip: a new tool for drug discovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of emerging in vitro tissue culture platforms can be useful for predicting human response to new compounds, which has been traditionally challenging in the field of drug discovery. Recently, several in vitro tissue-like microsystems, also known as 'organs-on-a-chip', have emerged to provide new tools for better evaluating the effects of various chemicals on human tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the organs-on-a-chip systems that have been recently developed. First, the authors introduce single-organ platforms, focusing on the most studied organs such as liver, heart, blood vessels and lung. Later, the authors briefly describe tumor-on-a-chip platforms and highlight their application for testing anti-cancer drugs. Finally, the article reports a few examples of other organs integrated in microfluidic chips along with preliminary multiple-organs-on-a-chip examples. The article also highlights key fabrication points as well as the main application areas of these devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This field is still at an early stage and major challenges need to be addressed prior to the embracement of these technologies by the pharmaceutical industry. To produce predictive drug screening platforms, several organs have to be integrated into a single microfluidic system representative of a humanoid. The routine production of metabolic biomarkers of the organ constructs, as well as their physical environment, have to be monitored prior to and during the delivery of compounds of interest to be able to translate the findings into useful discoveries.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine , Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polini
authors.forename: Ljupcho
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prodanov
authors.forename: Nupura S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bhise
authors.forename: Vijayan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manoharan
authors.forename: Mehmet R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dokmeci
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khademhosseini
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver; D008168:Lung; D044085:Microfluidics; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques