title: HbA1c variability as an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: a German/Austrian multicenter analysis on 35,891 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to analyze the effect of HbA1c variability on the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  35,891 patients with childhood, adolescent or adult onset of type 1 diabetes from a large multicentre survey, the German/Austrian prospective documentation system (DPV), were analysed. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine whether intra-individual HbA1c variability expressed as variation coefficient is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kaplan-Meier curves stratified by median HbA1c and variation coefficient revealed that retinopathy-free survival probability is lower when both median HbA1c and HbA1c variability are above the 50th percentile. Cox regression models confirmed this finding: After adjustment for age at diabetes onset, gender and median HbA1c, HbA1c variability was independently associated with the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy. Time-covariate interactions used to model non-proportionality indicated an effect decreasing with duration of diabetes for both median HbA1c and HbA1c variability. Predictive accuracy increased significantly when adding HbA1c variability to the Cox regression model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with type 1 diabetes, HbA1c variability adds to the risk of diabetic retinopathy independently of average metabolic control.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.affiliation: 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hammes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rami-Merhar
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenbauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schütt
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, St. Josefs Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Erhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001317:Austria; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin