title: The management of childhood urinary incontinence.
abstract: The International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) has undertaken an enormous effort to standardize both the terminology and management of various aspects of incontinence in children, including enuresis, bladder overactivity, dysfunctional voiding and psychological comorbidities. A number of guidelines have been published to aid those involved in the care of children with lower urinary tract symptoms. This review addresses a number of recommended diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, including urotherapy and pharmacological treatment, with emphasis on a focused medical history, information acquired from bladder diaries and uroflow evaluations. The major role of urotherapy is underlined with supportive pharmacotherapy, when indicated. The article provides both a summary of ICCS guidelines and a brief review of recently published papers related to the contemporary management of childhood incontinence, a health issue still underestimated by both the child's caregivers and healthcare providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology, Hypertension, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland, mmaternik@gumed.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maternik
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krzeminska
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zurowska
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000628:therapy*