title: Smoking and lipid-related indices in patients with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lipid-related indices, including the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, the ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol and lipid accumulation product, are known to be good discriminators for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships between smoking and the lipid indices in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were those who had been diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus at annual health check-ups at their places of work (n = 2563). The subjects were divided into three groups of non-smokers, light smokers (≤ 20 cigarettes/day) and heavy smokers (> 20 cigarettes/day). The relationships between smoking and the lipid indices were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both in all subjects and in the subjects without a habit of alcohol drinking, the LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio and the log-transformed triglyerides:HDL cholesterol ratio tended to be higher with an increase in the amount of smoking, and the log-transformed lipid accumulation product was significantly higher in heavy smokers than in non-smokers. In the non-alcohol drinking subjects, the odds ratios of heavy smokers vs. non-smokers for high LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio [2.32 (95% CI 1.40-3.84)], for high triglycerides:HDL cholesterol ratio [1.69 (95% CI 1.06-2.69)] and for high lipid accumulation product [1.65 (95% CI 1.02-2.67)] were significantly higher than a reference level of 1.00. The associations between smoking and the lipid indices were weaker in alcohol drinkers than in non-drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with diabetes, the levels of lipid-related indices were higher in smokers than in non-smokers, and cardiometabolic disorders, reflected by high lipid indices, are thought to be involved in the proneness of smokers to develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D044466:Asian People; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human