title: Characterization of the designer benzodiazepine diclazepam and preliminary data on its metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
abstract: Designer benzodiazepines, first offered in online shops selling 'research chemicals' in 2012, provide an attractive alternative to prescription-only benzodiazepines as they are readily available over the Internet at a low price. However, as data regarding pharmacokinetic parameters, metabolism, and detectability in biological fluids are limited, they present a challenge for forensic laboratories. Most recently, diclazepam (other names: 2-chlorodiazepam, Ro 5-3448 or 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) emerged as a new compound in this class of drugs. In this paper, this new designer benzodiazepine was characterized utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. Furthermore, a self-experiment was performed to gain preliminary data on pharmacokinetic properties and to identify the main metabolites. For this purpose, one tablet of diclazepam (declared amount: 1 mg) was ingested by one of the authors, and serum as well as urine samples were collected for 14 and 21 days, respectively. Based on this study, diclazepam has an approximate elimination half-life of 42 h and is metabolized into the pharmacologically active benzodiazepines delorazepam, lorazepam, and lormetazepam which can be detected in urine for 6, 19, and 11 days, respectively, when applying the presented LC-MS/MS method. In serum, the consumption could be proven between 99 h post-intake targeting the parent compound and up to 10 days targeting the metabolite delorazepam. As immunochemical assays are applied for screening purposes quite often, detectability using this technique was assessed, especially since detection of low-dosed benzodiazepines can be sometimes problematic. However, only one of the utilized immunochemical assays was capable of detecting the intake of one tablet diclazepam, and the positive results were restricted to a few urine samples showing relatively high creatinine concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology Department, University Medical Center Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Hebelstr. 27, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bjoern
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moosmann
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bisel
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Auwärter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D015198:Designer Drugs; C020967:2-chlorodiazepam; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003975:Diazepam
keywords: LC-MS/MS; benzodiazepines; designer drugs; diclazepam; metabolism