title: Red blood cell in vitro quality and function is maintained after S-303 pathogen inactivation treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past decade there has been a growth in the development of pathogen reduction technologies to protect the blood supply from emerging pathogens. This development has proven to be difficult for red blood cells (RBCs). However the S-303 system has been shown to effectively inactivate a broad spectrum of pathogens, while maintaining RBC quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A paired three-arm study was performed to compare the in vitro quality of S-303-treated RBCs with RBCs stored at room temperature (RT) for the duration of the treatment (18-20 hr) and control RBCs stored at 2 to 6°C. Products were sampled weekly over 42 days of storage (n = 10) and tested using an array of in vitro assays to measure quality, metabolism, and functional variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During S-303 treatment there was a slight loss of RBCs and hemoglobin (Hb < 5 g). Hemolysis, glucose consumption, and potassium release were similar in all groups during the 42 days of storage. S-303-treated RBCs had a significantly lower lactate concentration and pH compared to the paired controls. The S-303-treated RBCs had significantly higher adenosine triphosphate than the RT and control RBCs. There was a significant loss of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the S-303-treated products, which was also observed in the RT RBCs. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated similar RBC size, morphology, expression of CD47, and glycophorin A in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RBCs treated with S-303 for pathogen reduction had similar in vitro properties to the paired controls and were within transfusion guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Lacey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vidovic
authors.forename: Ryan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mufti
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Denese C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D019794:2,3-Diphosphoglycerate / Q000378:metabolism; D000166:Acridines / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001793:Blood Preservation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D058731:Blood Safety / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C506266:(N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl))-2-aminoethyl-3-((acridin-9-yl)amino)propionate; D000166:Acridines; D000477:Alkylating Agents; D006454:Hemoglobins; D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; D019794:2,3-Diphosphoglycerate; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005947:Glucose