title: Profile of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in patients of Parkinson's disease: a record based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is one of the most disabling complications of long-term pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of our study was to examine the clinical profile and determinants of severity of LID in Indian PD patients on levodopa therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of records of PD patients with LID was performed. All patients were on levodopa and carbidopa combination. Records of subjects with complete information about disease profile, drug intake, and dyskinesia were analyzed. Characterization of LID was based on responses to part IV of unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Records of 42 patients (M∶F  =  4·6∶1) were analyzed. The median Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage was 2·5 while median duration of levodopa therapy was 6·16 years (range: 1·91-14·58). Early morning dystonia was reported by 97·6% of the patients. Patients treated with ≧2 concomitant PD medication reported a significantly lower median UPDRS IV A score compared to patients treated with <2 number of concomitant drugs. A trend toward a lower UPDRS IV A score was associated with use of dopamine agonists (DA). Patients with H&Y score ≧3 had a significantly higher median total UPDRS IV A score than patients with H&Y score <3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early morning dystonia might be more common among Indian patients of LID. Use of a higher number of concomitant PD medications alongside levodopa is associated with a reduced severity of dyskinesia, even on prolonged use. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia is not only a drug-related phenomenon but the stage of PD itself also affects the dyskinesia severity.
authors.forename: Supriyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Richeek
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: Pritikanta
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Anupam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Pahari
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Suparna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010507:Periodicity; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa
keywords: Disease severity; Dyskinesia,; Levodopa,; Levodopa-induced dyskinesia,; Parkinson's disease,