title: Epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine with or without clonidine and postoperative pain in hemorrhoidectomies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the safety, pain intensity correlated with age and body mass index (BMI), epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine and clonidine in hemorrhoidectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients, both genders, 20-70 years old, ASA I or II, for hemorrhoidectomy were randomly divided into two groups: Control (n=38), epidural anesthesia with 14 mL of ropivacaine 0.75 % plus 0.0266 mL/kg of 0.9% saline solution; Experimental (n=42) epidural anesthesia with 14 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine plus 4.0 mcg/kg of clonidine. In preoperative and postoperative period were evaluated: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP ), heart rate (HR ), pulse oximetry (SpO2), electrocardiography (ECG), pain intensity (VAS ) in four, eight and, 12 hours and analgesic consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VAS values differed between four, eight and 12 hours in the Experimental Group, where correlation of VAS 12h with age (p<0.05) occurred and not with BMI and more patients (p<0.05) did not receive analgesics. SBP, DBP, HR changed similarly in both groups at 15, 30 and 45 min. The ECG and SpO2 remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clonidine (4mcg/kg) in epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine 0.75% in hemorrhoidectomy showed safety and greater analgesia within four hours. The pain at 12 hours showed correlation with age and not with body mass index.
authors.affiliation: Espirito Santo Federal University, Department of Surgical Clinic, VitoriaES, Brazil, Master, Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Ophthalmological Surgical and Applied Sciences, Minas Gerais Federal University (UFMG). Associate professor, Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Surgical Clinic, Espirito Santo Federal University (UFES), Vitoria-ES, Brazil. Conception, design and scientific content of the study.
authors.forename: João Florêncio de Abreu
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.affiliation: UFMG, Department of Surgery, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Associate Professor, Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Surgery, UFMG, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Conception and scientific content of the study.
authors.forename: Renato Santiago
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: EMESCAM, College of Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, VitoriaES, Brazil, Full Professor, Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, EMESCAM, Vitoria-ES, Brazil. Critical revision.
authors.forename: Danilo Nagib Salomão
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Paulo
authors.affiliation: Espirito Santo Federal University, Department of Surgery, VitoriaES, Brazil, IVPhD, Associate Professor, Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Surgery, Espirito Santo Federal University (UFES), Vitoria-ES, Brazil. Manuscript writing, critical revision.
authors.forename: Antonio Roberto
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Carraretto
authors.affiliation: UFES, Department of Surgical Clinic, VitoriaES, Brazil, VPhD, Associate Professor, Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Surgical Clinic, UFES, Vitoria-ES, Brazil. Statistical analysis, critical revision.
authors.forename: Marcos Celio
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brocco
authors.affiliation: UFES, Department of Surgical, VitoriaES, Brazil, Master, Assistant Professor, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery, UFES, Vitoria-ES Brazil. Statistical analysis, critical revision.
authors.forename: José Jorge
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D061865:Hemorrhoidectomy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D003000:Clonidine