title: Medroxyprogesterone acetate enhances monocyte-endothelial interaction under flow conditions by stimulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells is an important initial event in atherosclerosis and is partially mediated by adhesion molecule expression on the cell surface. Although estrogens inhibit atherosclerosis development, effects of coadministered progestogen remain controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of progestogen on cytokine-stimulated human umbilical venous endothelial cell (HUVEC) expression of adhesion molecules.
  
  
  METHODS
  In HUVECs, adhesion molecule mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR. Protein expression was quantified by immunocytochemistry and ELISAs. To mimic the monocyte adherence to endothelial cells, we used a flow chamber system to assess progestogen effects on U937 monocytoid cell adherence to HUVEC monolayers. We also examined the suppression effects of adhesion molecules with small interference RNAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mRNA levels of adhesion molecules in HUVECs treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or 17β-estradiol + MPA were 1.7- to 2.5-fold higher than those in the control. MPA increased the protein expression of E-selectin, P-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 compared with that for the control (83.0 ± 0.7, 34.8 ± 1.2, and 5.4 ± 0.0 ng/mL, respectively), whereas other progestogens or 17β-estradiol additive to progestogens did not significantly change expression. MPA significantly increased U937 monocytoid cell adherence compared with the control (56.0 ± 1.5 vs 46.5 ± 3.5 adherent cells per 10 fields) but did not increase adherence to HUVECs with knocked down intercellular adhesion molecule-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MPA increases cell adhesion molecule expression on HUVECs, causing increased numbers of monocytoid cells to adhere to HUVECs. These MPA effects may be a risk factor for atherogenesis on endothelial cells in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitake
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: Taisuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Suganuma
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Seiki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwasa
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kitawaki
mesh_terms: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate