title: Use of antidiabetic drugs in the U.S., 2003-2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe market trends for antidiabetic drugs, focusing on newly approved drugs, concomitant use of antidiabetic drugs, and effects of safety concerns and access restrictions on thiazolidinedione use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally projected data on antidiabetic prescriptions for adults dispensed from U.S. retail pharmacies were extracted from IMS Health Vector One National and Total Patient Tracker for 2003-2012 and from Encuity Research Treatment Answers and Symphony Health Solutions PHAST Prescription Monthly for 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since 2003, the number of adult antidiabetic drug users increased by 42.9% to 18.8 million in 2012. Metformin use increased by 97.0% to 60.4 million prescriptions dispensed in retail pharmacies in 2012. Among antidiabetic drugs newly approved for marketing between 2003 and 2012, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor sitagliptin had the largest share with 10.5 million prescriptions in 2012. Rosiglitazone use plummeted to <13,000 prescriptions dispensed in retail or mail-order pharmacies in 2012. Concomitancy analyses showed that 44.9% of metformin use was for monotherapy. Between 33.4 and 48.1% of sulfonylurea, DPP-4 inhibitor, thiazolidinedione, and glucagon-like peptide 1 analog use was not accompanied by metformin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antidiabetic drug market is characterized by steady increases in volume, and newly approved drugs experienced substantial uptake, especially DPP-4 inhibitors. The use of rosiglitazone has been negligible since restrictions were put in place in 2011. Further study is needed to understand why one-third to one-half of other noninsulin antidiabetic drug use was not concomitant with metformin use despite guidelines recommending that metformin be continued when other agents are added to treatment.
authors.affiliation: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-6364.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hampp
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borders-Hemphill
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Moeny
authors.forename: Diane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Wysowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008389:Marketing of Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014230:Triazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D011719:Pyrazines; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014230:Triazoles; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D008687:Metformin; C089946:2,4-thiazolidinedione; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate