title: Do personal stories make patient decision aids more effective? A critical review of theory and evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient decision aids support people to make informed decisions between healthcare options. Personal stories provide illustrative examples of others' experiences and are seen as a useful way to communicate information about health and illness. Evidence indicates that providing information within personal stories affects the judgments and values people have, and the choices they make, differentially from facts presented in non-narrative prose. It is unclear if including narrative communications within patient decision aids enhances their effectiveness to support people to make informed decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of primary empirical research employing a systematic review method investigated the effect of patient decision aids with or without a personal story on people's healthcare judgements and decisions. Searches were carried out between 2005-2012 of electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO), and reference lists of identified articles, review articles, and key authors. A narrative analysis described and synthesised findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 734 citations identified, 11 were included describing 13 studies. All studies found participants' judgments and/or decisions differed depending on whether or not their decision aid included a patient story. Knowledge was equally facilitated when the decision aids with and without stories had similar information content. Story-enhanced aids may help people recall information over time and/or their motivation to engage with health information. Personal stories affected both "system 1" (e.g., less counterfactual reasoning, more emotional reactions and perceptions) and "system 2" (e.g., more perceived deliberative decision making, more stable evaluations over time) decision-making strategies. Findings exploring associations with narrative communications, decision quality measures, and different levels of literacy and numeracy were mixed. The pattern of findings was similar for both experimental and real-world studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient evidence that adding personal stories to decision aids increases their effectiveness to support people's informed decision making. More rigorous research is required to elicit evidence about the type of personal story that a) encourages people to make more reasoned decisions, b) discourages people from making choices based on another's values, and c) motivates people equally to engage with healthcare resources.
authors.forename: Hilary L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Winterbottom
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Butow
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dillard
authors.forename: Deb
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feldman-Stewart
authors.forename: Floyd J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jibaja-Weiss
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Volk
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D054626:Consumer Health Information; D003657:Decision Making; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D033262:Narration; D010358:Patient Participation