title: TEGDMA and filler particles from dental composites additively attenuate LPS-induced cytokine release from the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to incomplete curing and material degradation, cells in the oral cavity may be exposed to monomers and filler particles from dental composite fillings. The objective of the present study was to investigate if combined exposures to particles and a methacrylate monomer from composite fillings resulted in additive effects on the macrophage immune response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two filler particles, Nanosilica (12 nm) and Quartz (1 μm), were studied at concentrations 0.5-4 μg/cm(2), while the methacrylate monomer triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was applied at 5 and 50 μM. RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to monomers and/or particles for 24 h, with a subsequent 24 h combined exposure to monomers and/or particles and the bacterial factor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate an immune response. Release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured as well as the cellular viability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-exposure to Nanosilica and Quartz resulted in an additive attenuation of the LPS-induced IL-1β release. Moreover, co-exposure to TEGDMA and both types of filler particles also resulted in an additive attenuation, although with a weak synergistic trend. The cellular viability and TNF-α release were not significantly affected by the exposures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings emphasize the necessity of considering effects of combined exposure to dental degradation products in future risk assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attenuated cytokine release could have implications for the macrophage immune response and result in impaired bacterial clearance. Further studies are necessary to determine implications for formation of dental biofilms and caries development.
authors.affiliation: Nordic Institute of Dental Materials AS, PO Box 3874, Ullevaal Stadion, 0805, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gro H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Mathisen
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ansteinsson
authors.forename: Jan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Samuelsen
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becher
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Anette K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bølling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D011791:Quartz / Q000633:toxicity; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011791:Quartz; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012822:Silicon Dioxide