title: ICF and ICF-CY lessons learned: Pandora's box of personal factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to examine the component of "personal factors" described as a contextual factor in the ICF and ICF-CY.
  
  
  METHODS
  A critical examination of the construct of "personal factors" and description of the component was made with reference to conceptual and taxonomic criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The "personal factors" component in the ICF/ICF-CY is not defined, there is no taxonomy of codes, there is no explicit purpose stated for its use and no guidelines are provided for its application. In spite of these constraints, the component of "personal factors" is being applied as part of the classifications. Such uncontrolled applications constitute significant risks for the status of ICF/ICF-CY as the WHO reference classification in that: (a) the component is accepted for use by default simply by being applied; (b) component content is expanded with idiosyncratic exemplars by users; and (c) there is potential misuse of "personal factors" in documenting personal attributes, including "blaming the victim".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of formal codes, any application of the component of "personal factors" lacks the legitimacy that documentation with a scientific taxonomy should provide. Given the growing use of the ICF/ICF-CY globally, a priority for the revision process should be to determine if there is in fact need for "personal" or any other factors in the ICF/ICF-CY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A central contribution of the ICF/ICF-CY is the universal language of codes for the components of body structure, body function, activities and participation and Environmental Factors. As such the codes provide taxonomical legitimacy and power for documenting dimensions of functioning and disability in clinical and rehabilitation contexts. As there are no codes of "personal factors", there is no basis for documentation of the component. Demographic information, if needed for identification, should be recorded in customary formats, independent of any component or codes of the ICF/ICF-CY.
authors.affiliation: School of Education, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA .
authors.forename: Rune J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Simeonsson
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lollar
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Björck-Åkesson
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granlund
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Qiu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhuoying
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D064702:International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Classification; ICF; ICF-CY; personal factors