title: Sarcomere gene mutations are associated with increased cardiovascular events in left ventricular hypertrophy: results from multicenter registration in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the occurrence of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertensive heart disease (HHD) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with or without sarcomere gene mutations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although HHD and HCM are associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), few data exist regarding the difference in prognosis between them.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 256 patients with LVH (>13 mm) screened for sarcomere gene mutations. We divided them into 3 groups: the first had HHD without sarcomere gene mutations (group H), the second had sarcomere gene mutations (group G), and the third had neither sarcomere gene mutations nor HHD (group NG). We compared the occurrence of sudden cardiac death, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, admission for heart failure, and atrial fibrillation for 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group G (n = 78, 36 men; mean age, 53.4 years) experienced more total cardiovascular events than group H (n = 45, 32 men; mean age, 67.4 years) (p = 0.042) after adjustments for age and sex, although there was no significant difference in total cardiovascular events between groups H and NG (n = 98, 66 men; mean age, 62.0 years). With Kaplan-Meier analysis, group G exhibited a significantly higher incidence of admission for heart failure (p = 0.017) and atrial fibrillation (p = 0.045) than group H in those 50 years of age and older. Additionally, there was a significant difference in total cardiovascular events between groups G and NG (p = 0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that HCM with sarcomere gene mutations can be associated with increased cardiovascular events compared with HHD or HCM without sarcomere gene mutations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Chuwa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tei
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinugawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitakaze
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Issei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Komuro
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masa-aki
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kawashiri
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ino
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan. Electronic address: myamagi@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000235:genetics*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality
keywords: heart failure; left ventricular hypertrophy; prognosis; sarcomere gene mutations