title: α- and β-papillomavirus infection in a young patient with an unclassified primary T-cell immunodeficiency and multiple mucosal and cutaneous lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Correlating human papillomavirus (HPV) type with the clinical and histopathological features of skin lesions (from genital and nongenital sites) can present a diagnostic challenge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, HPV infection patterns were correlated with pathology and clinical presentation in lesional and nonlesional body sites from a young patient with a primary T-cell immunodeficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV infection was evaluated at both DNA and protein levels by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient's genital lesions were caused exclusively by α-genotypes (high-risk type HPV-51 in the anal and low-risk type HPV-72 in the penile condylomas). The opposite was true for the skin lesions, which were infected by β-genotypes alone (HPV-8 and HPV-24). HPV-24 was the predominant type in terms of viral load, and the only one found in productive areas of infection. The patient had already developed high-grade dysplasia in the anal condyloma-like lesions, and showed areas of early-stage dysplasia in the lesions caused by the β-genotype HPV-24.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The basic origin of the immunodeficiency is not yet defined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide proof of principle that both α- and β-genotypes can cause overt dysplastic lesions when immunosurveillance is lost, which is not restricted to epidermodysplasia verruciformis.
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Novara, Italy; Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Landini
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borgogna
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peretti
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zavattaro
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Medical School of Novara, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boldorini
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Medical School of Novara, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Miglio
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doorbar
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Virology, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravanini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine Angelo Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine Angelo Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moratto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine Angelo Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Badolato
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Novara, Italy; Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Andrea
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Novara, Italy. Electronic address: gariglio@med.unipmn.it.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gariglio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D052686:Betapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003218:Condylomata Acuminata / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005838:Genotype; D006197:Hair / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D008231:Lymphopenia / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000821:virology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D000081207:Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: papillomavirus; primary immunodeficiency; skin cancer; viral carcinogenesis; viral life cycle