title: Cell viability of fibroblasts to pifenidone and sirolimus: a future concept for drug eluting stents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently one of the major problems that interventional pulmonologists have to face is the increased proliferation of fibrinous tissue on the site of the stent placement, and usually at the two ends.
  
  
  METHODS
  The drugs rapamycin and pirfenidone were chosen for our experiment. Fibroblasts were also cultured in order to administer pirfenidone and rapamycin in different concentrations. The following cell viability methods were used: (a) Senescence - Cell Titer Assay, (b) Necrosis - Cyto Tox Assay and (c) Apoptosis - Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapamycin has minimal to no effect on fibroblasts regarding apoptosis, senescence and necrosis. 0.1 to 1 μM. Pirfenidone concentrations lead to an elevated cell metabolism because cells try to evade the cytotoxic effect of the drug. Increasing Pirfenidone concentrations lead to higher apoptosis rates. 10 μM pirfenidone induces the highest apoptosis rates in this experiment and reduce cell viability to a minimum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Necrosis is unaffected by the investigated drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert F H
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, G. Papanikolaou, General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Mairinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Kaid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Darwiche
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, G. Papanikolaou, General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. Electronic address: pzarog@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freitag
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011728:Pyridones; C093844:pirfenidone; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D020123:Sirolimus
keywords: Everolimus; Everolimus (Pub Chem CID: 6442177); Paclitaxel (Pub Chem CID: 441276); Pirfenidone; Pirfenidone (Pub Chem CID: 40632); Rapamycin; Rapamycin (Pub Chem CID: 5284616); Zotarolimus; Zotarolimus (Pub Chem CID: 23375907)