title: Mechanical properties of suspensory fixation devices for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: comparison of the fixed-length loop device versus the adjustable-length loop device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No definite consensus has been reached regarding the optimal technique for graft fixation to the femur in an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical strength of two cortical suspension devices which were the TightRope (TR), a new adjustable-length loop device, and the EndoButton (EB), a well-established fixed-length loop device.
  
  
  METHODS
  The devices were tested under cyclic and pull-to-failure loading conditions in both an isolated device setup and a specimen setup using porcine femora and bovine flexor tendons. In particular, we examined the influence of tendon and device lengths, whereby the total length of the bone tunnel was fixed to 35 mm and an effective length of tendon in the bone tunnel was adjusted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the isolated device testing, the EB showed significantly higher ultimate tensile strength than the TR. The displacement after preloading for the EB was statistically lower than that for the TR, and retained a significant difference after the cyclic load. In contrast, specimen testing showed no statistical difference in the displacement among the EB group and TR groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that the EB provides greater mechanical strength than the TR. An important new finding was the measurement of initial displacement from the initiation of fixation until loading began using 50 N of tension. In isolated device testing, the TR induced significantly more displacement than the EB during preloading, which could reflect the TR loop's stretching capacity until a certain amount of tension is applied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. Electronic address: eguchi-ak@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deie
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamae
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Andry
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Usman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002417:Cattle; D004867:Equipment Design; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D008422:Materials Testing; D023421:Models, Animal; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D013552:Swine; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery; D013718:Tensile Strength
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; Biomechanics; EndoButton; Suspensory fixation device; TightRope