title: Has industry funding biased studies of the protective effects of alcohol on cardiovascular disease? A preliminary investigation of prospective cohort studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There have been no previous quantitative analyses of the possible effects of industry funding on alcohol and health research. This study examines whether findings of alcohol's protective effects on cardiovascular disease may be biased by industry funding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Findings from a recent systematic review of prospective cohort studies were combined with public domain data on alcohol industry funding. The six outcomes evaluated were alcohol's effects on cardiovascular disease mortality, incident coronary heart disease, coronary heart disease mortality, incident stroke, stroke mortality and mortality from all causes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find no evidence of possible funding effects for outcomes other than stroke. Whether studies find alcohol to be a risk factor or protective against incident stroke depends on whether or not there is possible industry funding [risk ratio (RR) 1.07 (0.97-1.17) for those without concern about industry funding compared with RR 0.88 (0.81-0.94)]. For stroke mortality, a similar difference is not statistically significant, most likely because there are too few studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dedicated high-quality studies of possible alcohol industry funding effects should be undertaken, and these should be broad in scope. They also need to investigate specific areas of concern, such as stroke, in greater depth.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCambridge
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hartwell
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics; D015982:Bias; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019649:Food Industry / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000191:economics; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: alcohol; alcohol industry; bias; cardiovascular disease; health benefits