title: Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northern Europe with particular reference to Southern Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In northern Europe, the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) of the European subtype is usually transmitted to humans by the common tick Ixodes ricinus. The aims of the present study are (i) to obtain up-to-date information on the TBEV prevalence in host-seeking I. ricinus in southern and central Sweden; (ii) to compile and review all relevant published records on the prevalence of TBEV in ticks in northern Europe; and (iii) to analyse and try to explain how the TBE virus can be maintained in natural foci despite an apparently low TBEV infection prevalence in the vector population.
  
  
  METHODS
  To estimate the mean minimum infection rate (MIR) of TBEV in I. ricinus in northern Europe (i.e. Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland) we reviewed all published TBEV prevalence data for host-seeking I. ricinus collected during 1958-2011. Moreover, we collected 2,074 nymphs and 906 adults of I. ricinus from 29 localities in Sweden during 2008. These ticks were screened for TBEV by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MIR for TBEV in nymphal and adult I. ricinus was 0.28% for northern Europe and 0.23% for southern Sweden. The infection prevalence of TBEV was significantly lower in nymphs (0.10%) than in adult ticks (0.55%). At a well-known TBEV-endemic locality, Torö island south-east of Stockholm, the TBEV prevalence (MIR) was 0.51% in nymphs and 4.48% in adults of I. ricinus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the ratio of nymphs to adult ticks in the TBEV-analysed sample differs from that in the I. ricinus population in the field, the MIR obtained will not necessarily reflect the TBEV prevalence in the field. The relatively low TBEV prevalence in the potential vector population recorded in most studies may partly be due to: (i) inclusion of uninfected ticks from the 'uninfected areas' surrounding the TBEV endemic foci; (ii) inclusion of an unrepresentative, too large proportion of immature ticks, compared to adult ticks, in the analysed tick pools; and (iii) shortcomings in the laboratory techniques used to detect the virus that may be present in a very low concentration or undetectable state in ticks which have not recently fed.
authors.forename: John H-O
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Golovljova
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vene
authors.affiliation: Medical Entomology Unit, Subdepartment of Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden. Thomas.Jaenson@ebc.uu.se.
authors.forename: Thomas G T
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Jaenson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004669:Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004675:Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D018884:Ixodes / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009758:Nymph; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012621:Seasons; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral