title: Candidate gene association study for diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether variants in a set of eight candidate genes are associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a cohort of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study. Patients with T2DM were recruited from the Desheng community in urban Beijing and assigned into a DR group or diabetic without retinopathy (DWR) group, based on the duration of diabetes and grading of fundus images. Twenty-six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within eight candidate genes, including PPARγ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), erythropoietin, aldose reductase, protein kinase C-β, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, were analyzed using the MassARRAY genotyping system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 500 patients with T2DM (216 with DR and 284 with DWR) were enrolled in the study. Significant associations of DR were noted with genotypes of four SNPs-rs699947 (p<0.001), rs833061 (p = 0.001), rs13207351 (p<0.001), and rs2146323 (p=0.006)--in the VEGF gene and one variant, rs2071559, in the KDR gene (p=0.034). After adjustment for covariates, significant association of DR remained with the homozygous genotype of the minor allele for the SNPs rs699947 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-11.19), rs833061 (OR = 3.72, 95% CI: 1.17-11.85), rs13207351 (OR = 3.76, 95% CI: 1.21-11.71), and rs2146323 (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.46-5.37) in the VEGF gene as well as the SNP rs2071559 (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.08-2.41) in the KDR gene. However, only rs699947 and rs13207351 in the VEGF gene remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. No associations were found in other genes tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data expanded previous observations on the association of DR with variants in the VEGF gene in Chinese patients with T2DM. Moreover, a possible association between DR and KDR polymorphisms is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China ; Department of Ophthalmology, the Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiufen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China ; Department of Ophthalmology, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China ; Sekwa Institute of Vision Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xuetao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apiradee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Sekwa Institute of Vision Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Torkel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Snellingen
authors.affiliation: Sekwa Institute of Vision Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xipu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ningli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ningpu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers