title: Comparisons of Shewanella strains based on genome annotations, modeling, and experiments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shewanella is a genus of facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria that have highly adaptable metabolism which allows them to thrive in diverse environments. This quality makes them an attractive bacterial target for research in bioremediation and microbial fuel cell applications. Constraint-based modeling is a useful tool for helping researchers gain insights into the metabolic capabilities of these bacteria. However, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is the only strain with a genome-scale metabolic model constructed out of 21 sequenced Shewanella strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work, we updated the model for Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and constructed metabolic models for three other strains, namely Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, and Shewanella denitrificans OS217 which span the genus based on the number of genes lost in comparison to MR-1. We also constructed a Shewanella core model that contains the genes shared by all 21 sequenced strains and a few non-conserved genes associated with essential reactions. Model comparisons between the five constructed models were done at two levels - for wildtype strains under different growth conditions and for knockout mutants under the same growth condition. In the first level, growth/no-growth phenotypes were predicted by the models on various carbon sources and electron acceptors. Cluster analysis of these results revealed that the MR-1 model is most similar to the W3-18-1 model, followed by the MR-4 and OS217 models when considering predicted growth phenotypes. However, a cluster analysis done based on metabolic gene content revealed that the MR-4 and W3-18-1 models are the most similar, with the MR-1 and OS217 models being more distinct from these latter two strains. As a second level of comparison, we identified differences in reaction and gene content which give rise to different functional predictions of single and double gene knockout mutants using Comparison of Networks by Gene Alignment (CONGA). Here, we showed how CONGA can be used to find biomass, metabolic, and genetic differences between models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed four strain-specific models and a general core model that can be used to do various in silico studies of Shewanella metabolism. The developed models provide a platform for a systematic investigation of Shewanella metabolism to aid researchers using Shewanella in various biotechnology applications.
authors.forename: Wai Kit
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Trang T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Klaus N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Lovendahl
authors.forename: Jenna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Llull
authors.forename: Margrethe H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Serres
authors.forename: Margaret F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Romine
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA. reed@engr.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004579:Electron Transport; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D020592:Shewanella / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon