title: [The gymnastics shoulder].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adult gymnasts show a high prevalence of various shoulder pathologies. Due to the specific equipment used in gymnastics and the high training schedule with weekly training times up to 32 h, the shoulders of gymnasts are mostly subjected to symmetrical bilateral weight bearing. This is in contrast to overhead throwing, racket and martial arts sport forms in which the load is mainly located on the dominant side.
  Structural lesions of the shoulder and shoulder girdle in male gymnasts can arise due to high repetitive support and swing forces during exercises on the six specific types of apparatus and particularly the rings.
  
  
  METHODS
  These lesions particularly affect the biceps tendon anchor, the long head of the biceps tendon and the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle. Because possible pathologies can increasingly occur even in younger gymnasts, awareness of the treating physician and also the trainer should be increased.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early initiation of intensive conservative treatment and arthroscopic interventions in cases of failure of non-operative management are relevant for satisfying results. Modern arthroscopic reconstructive techniques are available for treating structural lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nevertheless, in almost 30 % of the patients the occurrence of shoulder pain or the necessity for surgical interventions will prevent them from achieving the national or international level of competition. This underlines the necessity for development of prevention programs.
authors.affiliation: Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie (CMSC) und Centrum für Sportwissenschaft und Sportmedizin (CSSB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doyscher
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Boschert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheibel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006173:Gymnastics / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult