title: GC-MS analysis of blood for the metabonomic investigation of the effects of physical exercise and allopurinol administration on rats.
abstract: Exhaustive exercise is a generator of free radicals and reactive species in mammals. Allopurinol is a known inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, a source of free radicals during exercise. In this study, the influence of allopurinol on the metabolic profile of blood plasma of rats that had undergone exhaustive swimming was investigated by GC-MS. Rats were divided into four groups: (i) placebo administration, no exercise; (ii) placebo administration followed by exercise until exhaustion; (iii) allopurinol administration, no exercise; and (iv) allopurinol administration followed by exercise until exhaustion. Samples obtained following the aforementioned treatments were analyzed on GC-MS after two-step derivatization (methoxymation and silylation). GC-MS analysis in full scan acquisition achieved the quantitation of 86 metabolites in 45min. GC-MS data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis methods. Safe classification/prediction of the samples was accomplished according to exercise and allopurinol administration. Separation of the study groups according to exercise was mainly due to lactic acid, pyruvic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, uracil, oxalic acid, pyroglutamic acid and stearic acid (p<0.05). Separation according to allopurinol administration was mainly due to compounds of the purine catabolic pathway and amino acids. Allopurinol administration was not found to modulate the metabolic responses to exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pechlivanis
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasia Chrysovalantou
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chatziioannou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece; Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62110 Serres, Greece.
authors.forename: Aristidis S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Veskoukis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kouretas
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mougios
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece. Electronic address: gtheodor@chem.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Georgios A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Theodoridis
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000493:Allopurinol
keywords: Allopurinol; GC–MS; Metabolomics; Metabonomics; Physical exercise