title: The mutual influences between depressed Macaca fascicularis mothers and their infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the influence of infant rearing on the behavior of depressed adult female Macaca fascicularis and the influence of depressed infant-rearing adult female Macaca fascicularis on their infants in a free enclosure environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, 20 depressed subjects and then 20 healthy subjects were randomly selected from a total population of 1007 adult female Macaca fascicularis subjects. Four depressed subjects and eight healthy subjects were rearing infants. By focal observation, three trained observers video-recorded the selected subjects over a total observational period of 560 hours. The video footage was analyzed by qualified blinded analysts that coded the raw footage into quantitative behavioral data (i.e., durations of 53 pre-defined behavioral items across 12 behavioral categories) for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between infant-rearing and non-rearing healthy subjects, ten differential behaviors distributed across five behavioral categories were identified. Between infant-rearing and non-rearing depressed subjects, nine behaviors distributed across five behavioral categories were identified. Between infant-rearing healthy and infant-rearing depressed subjects, fifteen behaviors distributed across six behavioral categories were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infant-rearing depressed adult female Macaca fascicularis subjects may have a worse psychological status as compared to non-rearing depressed counterparts. Infant rearing may negatively influence depressed Macaca fascicularis mothers. Infant-rearing depressed subjects were less adequate at raising infants as compared to infant-rearing healthy subjects. Thus, maternal depression in this macaque species may negatively impact infatile development, which is consistent with previous findings in humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Qinming
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Qingyuan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Deyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Narayan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Melgiri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006120:Grooming; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D009043:Motor Activity