title: Active transport between home and school assessed with GPS: a cross-sectional study among Dutch elementary school children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active transport to school is associated with higher levels of physical activity in children. Promotion of active transport has therefore gained attention as a potential target to increase children's physical activity levels. Recent studies have recognized that the distance between home and school is an important predictor for active travel among children. These studies did not yet use the promising global positioning system (GPS) methods to objectively assess active transport. This study aims to explore active transport to school in relation to the distance between home and school among a sample of Dutch elementary school children, using GPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine children, aged 6-11 years, were recruited in six schools that were located in five cities in the Netherlands. All children were asked to wear a GPS receiver for one week. All measurements were conducted between December 2008 and April 2009. Based on GPS recordings, the distance of the trips between home and school were calculated. In addition, the mode of transport (i.e., walking, cycling, motorized transport) was determined using the average and maximum speed of the GPS tracks. Then, proportion of walking and cycling trips to school was determined in relation to the distance between home and school.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of all school trips that were recorded (n=812), 79.2% were classified as active transport. On average, active commuting trips were of a distance of 422 meters with an average speed of 5.2 km/hour. The proportion of walking trips declined significantly at increased school trip distance, whereas the proportion of cycling trips (β=1.23, p<0.01) and motorized transport (β=3.61, p<0.01) increased. Almost all GPS tracks less than 300 meters were actively commuted, while of the tracks above 900 meters, more than half was passively commuted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the current research setting, active transport between home and school was the most frequently used mode of travel. Increasing distance seems to be associated with higher levels of passive transport. These results are relevant for those involved in decisions on where to site schools and residences, as it may affect healthy behavior among children.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dessing
authors.affiliation: TNO, Department of Life Style, Leiden, The Netherlands. s.i.devries@hhs.nl.
authors.forename: Sanne I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Jamie M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Pierik
mesh_terms: D001642:Bicycling; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016138:Walking