title: Current and potential therapeutic strategies for mucopolysaccharidoses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of rare inherited metabolic diseases caused by genetic defects in the production of lysosomal enzymes. MPSs are clinically heterogeneous and are characterized by progressive deterioration in visceral, skeletal and neurological functions. This article aims to review the classification and pathophysiology of MPSs and discuss current therapies and new targeted agents under development.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search through PubMed was performed for relevant articles and treatment guidelines on MPSs published in English for years 1970 to September of 2013 inclusive. The references listed in the identified articles, prescribing information of the drugs approved for the treatment of MPSs, as well as recent clinical trial information posted on Clinicaltrials.gov website, were reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Until recently, supportive care was the only option available for the management of MPSs. In the early 2000s, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of MPS I, II and VI. Clinical trials of ERT showed substantial improvements in patients' somatic symptoms; however, no benefit was found in the neurological symptoms because the enzymes do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), another potentially curative treatment, is not routinely advocated in clinical practice due to its high risk profile and lack of evidence for efficacy, except in preserving cognition and prolonging survival in young patients with severe MPS I. In recent years, substrate reduction therapy (SRT) and gene therapy have been rapidly gaining greater recognition as potential therapeutic avenues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is effective for the treatment of many somatic symptoms, particularly walking ability and respiratory function, and remains the mainstay of MPS treatment. The usefulness of HSCT has not been established adequately for most MPSs. Although still under investigation, SRT and gene therapy are promising MPS treatments that may prevent the neurodegeneration not affected by ERT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea; Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D056947:Enzyme Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009083:Mucopolysaccharidoses / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D035583:Rare Diseases
keywords: enzyme replacement therapy; glycosaminoglycan; lysosomal storage disease; mucopolysaccharidosis; rare disease; substrate reduction therapy; systematic review; treatment strategies