title: Modified clay minerals efficiency against chemical and biological warfare agents for civil human protection.
abstract: Sorption efficiencies of modified montmorillonite and vermiculite of their mono ionic Na and organic HDTMA and HDP forms were studied against chemical and biological warfare agents such as yperite and selected bacterial strains. Yperite interactions with modified clay minerals were observed through its capture in low-density polyethylene foil-modified clay composites by measuring yperite gas permeation with using chemical indication and gas chromatography methods. The antibacterial activities of synthetized organoclays were tested against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species in minimum inhibitory concentration tests. The obtained results showed a positive influence of modified clay minerals on the significant yperite breakthrough-time increase. The most effective material was the polyethylene-Na form montmorillonite, while the polyethylene-Na form vermiculite showed the lowest efficiency. With increasing organic cations loading in the interlayer space the montmorillonite efficiency decreased, and in the case of vermiculite an opposite effect was observed. Generally the modified montmorillonites were more effective than modified vermiculites. The HDP cations seem to be more effective compare to the HDTMA. The antibacterial activity tests confirmed efficiency of all organically modified clay minerals against Gram-positive bacteria. The confirmation of antibacterial activity against Y. pestis, plague bacteria, is the most interesting result of this part of the study.
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, Poruba, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic; Energy Units for Utilization of non Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, Poruba, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic. Electronic address: daniela.placha@vsb.cz.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plachá
authors.affiliation: National Institute for NBC Protection, Kamenná 71, Milín 262 31, Czech Republic. Electronic address: rosenbergova@sujchbo.cz.
authors.forename: Kateřina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosenbergová
authors.affiliation: National Institute for NBC Protection, Kamenná 71, Milín 262 31, Czech Republic. Electronic address: slabotinsky@sujchbo.cz.
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slabotínský
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, Poruba, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic. Electronic address: katerina.mamulova.kutlakova@vsb.cz.
authors.forename: Kateřina Mamulová
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kutláková
authors.affiliation: Regional Materials Science and Technology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, Poruba, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic. Electronic address: sona.studentova@vsb.cz.
authors.forename: Soňa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Studentová
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, Poruba, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic. Electronic address: grazyna.simha@vsb.cz.
authors.forename: Gražyna Simha
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Martynková
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D054045:Biological Warfare Agents; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000737:chemistry*; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D011481:Protective Clothing
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D054045:Biological Warfare Agents; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D001546:Bentonite; C003760:vermiculite; C010504:polyacrylonitrile; D020959:Polyethylene; D009151:Mustard Gas
keywords: Antibacterial activity; Clay mineral; Mustard gas; Permeation; Yperite