title: Changes in injury-related hospital emergency department presentations associated with the imposition of regulatory versus voluntary licensing conditions on licensed venues in two cities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regulatory and collaborative intervention strategies have been developed to reduce the harms associated with alcohol consumption on licensed venues around the world, but there remains little research evidence regarding their comparative effectiveness. This paper describes concurrent changes in the number of night-time injury-related hospital emergency department presentations in two cities that implemented either a collaborative voluntary approach to reducing harms associated with licensed premises (Geelong) or a regulatory approach (Newcastle).
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper reports findings from Dealing with Alcohol-Related problems in the Night-Time Economy project. Data were drawn from injury-specific International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision codes for injuries (S and T codes) presenting during high-alcohol risk times (midnight--5.59 am, Saturday and Sunday mornings) at the emergency departments in Geelong Hospital and Newcastle (John Hunter Hospital and the Calvary Mater Hospital), before and after the introduction of licensing conditions between the years of 2005 and 2011. Time-series, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average analyses were conducted on the data obtained from patients' medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant reductions in injury-related presentations during high-alcohol risk times were found for Newcastle since the imposition of regulatory licensing conditions (344 attendances per year, P < 0.001). None of the interventions deployed in Geelong (e.g. identification scanners, police operations, radio networks or closed-circuit television) were associated with reductions in emergency department presentations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that mandatory interventions based on trading hours restrictions were associated with reduced emergency department injury presentations in high-alcohol hours than voluntary interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Ashlee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Busija
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tindall
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Droste
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gillham
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Coomber
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiggers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D012926:Social Control, Formal; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: alcohol; emergency department; injury; violence