title: The effect of pH and chloride concentration on the stability and antimicrobial activity of chlorine-based sanitizers.
abstract: Chlorinated water and electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water solutions were made to compare the free chlorine stability and microbicidal efficacy of chlorine-containing solutions with different properties. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was greatest in fresh samples (approximately 9.0 log CFU/mL reduction). Chlorine loss in "aged" samples (samples left in open bottles) was greatest (approximately 40 mg/L free chlorine loss in 24 h) in low pH (approximately 2.5) and high chloride (Cl(-) ) concentrations (greater than 150 mg/L). Reduction of E. coli O157:H7 was also negatively impacted (<1.0 log CFU/mL reduction) in aged samples with a low pH and high Cl(-) . Higher pH values (approximately 6.0) did not appear to have a significant effect on free chlorine loss or numbers of surviving microbial cells when fresh and aged samples were compared. This study found chloride levels in the chlorinated and EO water solutions had a reduced effect on both free chlorine stability and its microbicidal efficacy in the low pH solutions. Greater concentrations of chloride in pH 2.5 samples resulted in decreased free chlorine stability and lower microbicidal efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, The Univ. of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St, Griffin, GA, 30223, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Yen-Con
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004572:Electrolysis; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002712:Chlorides; D004202:Disinfectants; D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine
keywords: antibacterial activity; chloride; sanitizer; stability