title: High specialisation in the pollination system of Mandevilla tenuifolia (J.C. Mikan) Woodson (Apocynaceae) drives the effectiveness of butterflies as pollinators.
abstract: Butterfly pollination in the tropics is considered somewhat effective or solely effective in a few plant species. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Mandevilla tenuifolia (Apocynaceae), which has floral attributes associated with psychophily, has strategies adapted to pollination by butterflies, restricting other floral visitors and making these insects act as efficient pollinators. We analysed the floral and reproductive biology of M. tenuifolia, as well as the frequency and efficiency of its flower visitors. M. tenuifolia is an herb whose flowers have strong herkogamy and secondary pollen presentation on the style head, which corresponds to 60.4% of pollen on the anthers. Flower longevity and the long period of receptivity of the stigmatic region associated with the large amount of pollen removed in the first visits suggest that flowers remain functionally female during part of anthesis. Butterflies, mainly of the families Nymphalidae and Pieridae, are the only pollinators of M. tenuifolia. Despite being self-compatible, M. tenuifolia depends on biotic vectors for fruit production. A non-significant difference in fruit set between controlled treatments and natural conditions suggests that the pollinators are efficient. The inclination resulting from the landing of butterflies on flowers, together with flower morphology, guiding the insect proboscis inside the floral tube, as well as the frequency and efficiency of butterfly visits, are evidence of the close relationship between butterflies and M. tenuifolia, and also of the efficiency of these insects as pollinators.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.
authors.forename: L D A
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.forename: Z G M
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Quirino
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029062:Apocynaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D002080:Butterflies / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination; D012098:Reproduction
keywords: Apocynaceae; Caatinga; fruit abortion; pollination; psychophily; secondary pollen presentation