title: Mind wandering, sleep quality, affect and chronotype: an exploratory study.
abstract: Poor sleep quality impairs cognition, including executive functions and concentration, but there has been little direct research on the relationships between sleep quality and mind wandering or daydreaming. Evening chronotype is associated with poor sleep quality, more mind wandering and more daydreaming; negative affect is also a mutual correlate. This exploratory study investigated how mind wandering and daydreaming are related to different aspects of sleep quality, and whether sleep quality influences the relationships between mind wandering/daydreaming and negative affect, and mind wandering/daydreaming and chronotype. Three surveys (Ns = 213; 190; 270) were completed with Chinese adults aged 18-50, including measures of sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, mind wandering, daydreaming, chronotype and affect (positive and negative). Higher frequencies of mind wandering and daydreaming were associated with poorer sleep quality, in particular with poor subjective sleep quality and increased sleep latency, night-time disturbance, daytime dysfunction and daytime sleepiness. Poor sleep quality was found to partially mediate the relationships between daydreaming and negative affect, and mind wandering and negative affect. Additionally, low positive affect and poor sleep quality, in conjunction, fully mediated the relationships between chronotype and mind wandering, and chronotype and daydreaming. The relationships between mind wandering/daydreaming and positive affect were also moderated by chronotype, being weaker in those with a morning preference. Finally, while daytime sleepiness was positively correlated with daydream frequency, it was negatively correlated with a measure of problem-solving daydreams, indicating that more refined distinctions between different forms of daydreaming or mind wandering are warranted. Overall, the evidence is suggestive of a bi-directional relationship between poor sleep quality and mind wandering/daydreaming, which may be important in attempts to deal with sleep problems and improve sleep quality. These findings and further research on this topic may also have implications for definitions and theories of mind wandering and daydreaming.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavorial Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carciofo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavorial Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Training College, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavorial Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005201:Fantasy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult