title: FTO genotype, dietary protein, and change in appetite: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A common obesity-risk variant rs9939609 in the fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene was recently shown to affect appetite, and the gene is sensitive to the regulation of amino acids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the interaction between FTO genotype and protein intake on the long-term changes in appetite in a randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped FTO rs9939609 in 737 overweight adults in the 2-y Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial and assessed 4 appetite-related traits including cravings, fullness, hunger, and prospective consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that dietary protein significantly modified genetic effects on changes in food cravings and appetite scores at 6 mo after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, baseline body mass index, weight change, and baseline value for respective outcomes (P-interaction = 0.027 and 0.048, respectively). The A allele was associated with a greater decrease in food cravings and appetite scores in participants with high-protein-diet intake (P = 0.027 and 0.047, respectively) but not in subjects in the low-protein-diet group (P = 0.384 and 0.078, respectively). The weight regain from 6 to 24 mo attenuated gene-protein interactions. Protein intakes did not modify FTO genotype effects on other appetite measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that individuals with the FTO rs9939609 A allele might obtain more benefits in a reduction of food cravings and appetite by choosing a hypocaloric and higher-protein weight-loss diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00072995.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition (TH, QQ, FBH, FMS, and LQ) and Epidemiology (FBH), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (YL, FBH, and LQ); and the Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA (GAB and DAW).
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qibin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; D001066:Appetite / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; C526492:FTO protein, human