title: Interaction between gas cooking and GSTM1 null genotype in bronchial responsiveness: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased bronchial responsiveness is characteristic of asthma. Gas cooking, which is a major indoor source of the highly oxidant nitrogen dioxide, has been associated with respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function. However, little is known about the effect of gas cooking on bronchial responsiveness and on how this relationship may be modified by variants in the genes GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1, which influence antioxidant defences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in subjects with forced expiratory volume in one second at least 70% of predicted who took part in the multicentre European Community Respiratory Health Survey, had bronchial responsiveness assessed by methacholine challenge and had been genotyped for GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1-rs1695. Information on the use of gas for cooking was obtained from interviewer-led questionnaires. Effect modification by genotype on the association between the use of gas for cooking and bronchial responsiveness was assessed within each participating country, and estimates combined using meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, gas cooking, as compared with cooking with electricity, was not associated with bronchial responsiveness (β=-0.08, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.25, p=0.648). However, GSTM1 significantly modified this effect (β for interaction=-0.75, 95% CI -1.16 to -0.33, p=4×10(-4)), with GSTM1 null subjects showing more responsiveness if they cooked with gas. No effect modification by GSTT1 or GSTP1-rs1695 genotypes was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased bronchial responsiveness was associated with gas cooking among subjects with the GSTM1 null genotype. This may reflect the oxidant effects on the bronchi of exposure to nitrogen dioxide.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: André F S
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Adaikalavan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castro-Giner
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Cosetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minelli
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Accordini
authors.affiliation: University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Inga-Cecilie
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Sørheim
authors.affiliation: Pédiatrie, CHU de Grenoble, Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
authors.affiliation: Tartu University Hospital, Lung Clinic, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Rain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jõgi
authors.affiliation: UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Balding
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norbäck
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, Dept. of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verlato
authors.affiliation: Unit of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivieri
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Probst-Hensch
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jan-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zock
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D004560:Electricity; D005062:European Union; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D005838:Genotype; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059206:Natural Gas; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D059206:Natural Gas; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1
keywords: Asthma