title: Carbon paste electrode modified with cuo-nanoparticles as a probe for square wave voltammetric determination of atrazine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrazine (ATZ) is a widely used herbicide in most countries because of its low cost and good selectivity. The concentration of ATZ that the EPA considers safe to consume in drinking water is 3 ppb. Therefore, recently, there have been concerns about its determination in trace levels. This compound is not electro-active, so in this research indirect electrochemical method for its detection in low levels was proposed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of this study is the indirect determination of ATZ in water samples by voltammetry using nano-particle modified electrode.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nano-CuO modified carbon paste electrode (NMCPE) is constructed and its application for indirect square wave voltammetric (SWV) detection of ATZ is reported. The sensing performance mechanism of the nano-CuO modified carbon paste electrode toward atrazine is due to complexation of the analyte with Cu (II) ion. The peak current for copper (II) reduction decreases with increase in the ATZ concentration and is monitored for its determination. Instrumental and chemical parameters influencing the detection of ATZ were optimized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that decrease in peak current was proportional to ATZ concentration over the range of 5-75 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 2 ng/mL and 5.6 ng/mL (n = 20), respectively. The relative standard deviation (n = 10) for the determination of 10 and 50 ng/mL of ATZ solution was estimated as 4.9% and 4.2 %, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This easily fabricated electrode together with the fast and sensitive SW voltammetry was successfully applied for the determination of concentration of ATZ at trace levels, in different water samples.
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Nadereh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rahbar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hooshang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parham
keywords: Atrazine; Cupric Oxide; Nanoparticles