title: Chronic ketamine treatment-induced changes in contractility characteristics of the mouse detrusor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand bladder contractility changes induced by chronic ketamine treatment, noting the prevalence of its abuse worldwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mouse model of chronic ketamine treatment was used and detrusor strip contractility was measured. Rising and falling phases of contractile responses as well as maximal, average sustained and phasic contractions were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While maximal contractility of ketamine-treated strips was identical to the saline controls, the former displayed slower contraction rates under K(+)-Krebs, carbachol and electrical stimulation. The decay phase of electrically stimulated responses was also slower at most stimulation frequencies in the ketamine-treated strips. Greater sensitivity to varying the strengths of stimuli was observed in the ketamine-treated strips.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altered contractility characteristics of the bladder after chronic ketamine treatment were revealed, which could potentially be useful in the development of improved treatment regimens.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, E204 Science Centre East Block, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Hong Chai
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Wai Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ping-Chung
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Yew
authors.forename: Willmann
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D007649:Ketamine; D002217:Carbachol