title: Racial segregation and maternal smoking during pregnancy: a multilevel analysis using the racial segregation interaction index.
abstract: Drawing from both the place stratification and ethnic enclave perspectives, we use multilevel modeling to investigate the relationships between women's race/ethnicity (i.e., non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Asian, and Hispanic) and maternal smoking during pregnancy, and examine if these relationships are moderated by racial segregation in the continental United States. The results show that increased interaction with whites is associated with increased probability of maternal smoking during pregnancy, and racial segregation moderates the relationships between race/ethnicity and maternal smoking. Specifically, living in a less racially segregated area is related to a lower probability of smoking during pregnancy for black women, but it could double and almost triple the probability of smoking for Asian women and Hispanic women, respectively. Our findings provide empirical evidence for both the place stratification and ethnic enclave perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Center for Social and Demographic Analysis, University at Albany, State University of New York, USA.
authors.forename: Tse-Chuan
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, USA. Electronic address: carla.shoff@cms.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, USA.
authors.forename: Aggie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Noah
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, USA.
authors.forename: Nyesha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: Department of Demography, University of Texas San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: Corey S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sparks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D063505:Racism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Maternal smoking; Multilevel models; Pregnancy; Race/ethnicity; Racial segregation