title: Fat water decomposition using globally optimal surface estimation (GOOSE) algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article focuses on developing a novel noniterative fat water decomposition algorithm more robust to fat water swaps and related ambiguities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field map estimation is reformulated as a constrained surface estimation problem to exploit the spatial smoothness of the field, thus minimizing the ambiguities in the recovery. Specifically, the differences in the field map-induced frequency shift between adjacent voxels are constrained to be in a finite range. The discretization of the above problem yields a graph optimization scheme, where each node of the graph is only connected with few other nodes. Thanks to the low graph connectivity, the problem is solved efficiently using a noniterative graph cut algorithm. The global minimum of the constrained optimization problem is guaranteed. The performance of the algorithm is compared with that of state-of-the-art schemes. Quantitative comparisons are also made against reference data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed algorithm is observed to yield more robust fat water estimates with fewer fat water swaps and better quantitative results than other state-of-the-art algorithms in a range of challenging applications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed algorithm is capable of considerably reducing the swaps in challenging fat water decomposition problems. The experiments demonstrate the benefit of using explicit smoothness constraints in field map estimation and solving the problem using a globally convergent graph-cut optimization algorithm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: Mathews
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacob
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000465:Algorithms; D001834:Body Water; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique
keywords: fat water decomposition; graph cut; minimum-cost closed set; noniterative; optimal surface