title: Prodromal features for Parkinson's disease--baseline data from the TREND study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of non-motor features are known to precede motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD). They are supposed to already represent the prodromal neurodegenerative state in those who later develop PD and are thus called prodromal markers. In this study, three prodromal markers, depression, rapid eye movement behaviour disorder (RBD) and hyposmia, were selected and were related to other prodromal features in elderly individuals without PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Tübinger Evaluation of Risk Factors for Early Detection of Neurodegeneration (TREND) study, 698 healthy individuals aged 50-80 years reporting one or more of the selected prodromal markers (SPMs), but without neurodegenerative disorders, were evaluated and classified according to the status of prodromal markers. Other prodromal PD-related features were assessed with a 23-item questionnaire and compared between participants with and without the three SPMs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with the SPMs for PD endorsed more of the additional possible prodromal features of PD than those without; of 23 possible prodromal features, the median number identified amongst participants with no SPMs was two, compared with four with one marker, five with two and seven with three (P < 0.001). Regarding individual SPMs, participants with depression and RBD endorsed five of 23 markers, compared with three for those with hyposmia (P = 0.001). There was no significant increase in the number of prodromal features amongst those with two SPMs compared with those with only one marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with the SPMs for PD report a higher prevalence of other prodromal PD symptoms. This may indicate that these markers can identify individuals at risk for PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaenslen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wurster
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godau
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lerche
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Eschweiler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maetzler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000150:complications; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D020187:REM Sleep Behavior Disorder / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Parkinson's disease; prodromal phase; risk markers