title: Catastrophizing-a prognostic factor for outcome in patients with low back pain: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological factors including catastrophizing thoughts are believed to influence the development of chronic low back pain (LBP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prognostic importance of catastrophizing as a coping strategy in patients with LBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included patients with LBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Work-related outcomes and perceived measures including return to work, pain, and disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  In September 2012, the following databases were searched: BIOSIS, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, OTSeeker, PeDRO, PsycInfo, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. To ensure completeness of the search, a hand search and a search of bibliographies were conducted and all relevant references included. All observational studies investigating the prognostic value of catastrophizing in patients with LBP were eligible. Included were studies with 100 and more patients and follow-up of at least 3 months. Excluded were studies with poor methodological quality, short follow-up duration, and small sample size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,473 references were retrieved, and 706 references remained after the removal of duplicates. For 77 references, the full text was assessed and 19 publications based on 16 studies were included. Of four studies that investigated work-related outcomes, two found catastrophizing to be associated with work status. Most studies that investigated self-reported outcome measures (n=8, 66%) found catastrophizing to be associated with pain and disability at follow-up in acute, subacute, and chronic LBP patients. In most studies that applied cutoff values, patients identified as high catastrophizers experienced a worse outcome compared with low catastrophizers (n=5, 83%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is some evidence that catastrophizing as a coping strategy might lead to delayed recovery. The influence of catastrophizing in patients with LBP is not fully established and should be further investigated. Of particular importance is the establishment of cutoff levels for identifying patients at risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Horten Centre for Patient-Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, Occupational and Industrial Orthopedic Center (OIOC), New York University, 63 Downing St, New York, NY 10014, USA. Electronic address: Maria.Wertli@usz.ch.
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wertli
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Horten Centre for Patient-Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rebekka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eugster
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Horten Centre for Patient-Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Held
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Horten Centre for Patient-Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steurer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Horten Centre for Patient-Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kofmehl
authors.affiliation: NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, Occupational and Industrial Orthopedic Center (OIOC), New York University, 63 Downing St, New York, NY 10014, USA.
authors.forename: Sherri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiser
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000523:psychology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D011379:Prognosis; D020127:Recovery of Function; D062707:Return to Work
keywords: Back pain; Catastrophizing; Fear avoidance; Fear-avoidance beliefs; Low back pain; Prognosis; Prognostic factors