title: Primary care behavioral interventions to prevent or reduce illicit drug use and nonmedical pharmaceutical use in children and adolescents: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug use among youths is associated with negative health and social consequences. Even infrequent use increases the risk for serious adverse events by increasing risk-taking behaviors in intoxicated or impaired persons.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the benefits and harms of primary care-relevant interventions designed to prevent or reduce illicit drug use or the nonmedical use of prescription drugs among youths.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through 4 June 2013; MEDLINE through 31 August 2013; and manual searches of reference lists and gray literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two investigators independently reviewed 2253 abstracts and 144 full-text articles. English-language trials of primary care-relevant behavioral interventions that reported drug use, health outcomes, or harms were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  One investigator abstracted data from good- and fair-quality trials into prespecified evidence tables, and a second investigator checked these data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six trials were included, 4 of which examined the effect of the intervention on a health or social outcome. One trial found no effect of the intervention on marijuana-related consequences or driving under the influence of marijuana; 3 trials generally found no reduction in depressed mood at 12 or 24 months. Four of the 5 trials assessing self-reported marijuana use found statistically significant differences favoring the intervention group participants (such as a between-group difference of 0.10 to 0.17 use occasions in the past month). Three trials also reported positive outcomes in nonmedical prescription drug use occasions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The body of evidence was small, and there were heterogeneous measures of outcomes of limited clinical applicability. Trials primarily included adolescents with little or no substance use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence is inadequate on the benefits of primary care-relevant behavioral interventions in reducing self-reported illicit and pharmaceutical drug use among adolescents.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
authors.forename: Carrie D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Patnode
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: Brittany U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Burda
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Perdue
authors.forename: Evelyn P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Whitlock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D055553:Prescription Drugs