title: C-reactive protein concentration predicts change in body mass index during childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation may constitute an underlying mechanism for increased risk of developing chronic diseases in later years, but few prospective studies have assessed the influence of low-grade inflammation on body weight gain, particularly among children in low- to middle-income settings with lower prevalence of overweight and obesity. We aimed to investigate whether C-reactive protein (CRP), as a biomarker of low-grade inflammation, predicts changes in body mass index-for-age z scores (BAZ) during childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based longitudinal study was conducted in the Brazilian Amazon among children aged ≤10 years in 2007, with follow-up visits in 2009 and 2012. Outcome was annual change in BAZ. As the main exposure of interest, CRP concentrations were divided into four categories, with values <1 mg/L divided in tertiles plus a fourth category with values ranging from 1 to 10 mg/L. Children were simultaneously screened for iron and vitamin A deficiencies, diarrhea, and wheezing. We used mixed-effect linear regression models to measure the effect of CRP concentrations on annual BAZ change and linear regression models to explore CRP predictors at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 1007 children had CRP and anthropometric data [mean (SD) age: 5.3 (2.9) years; 50.9% male, 84.5% mulatto/mixed-race, 14.0% at risk for overweight or obesity, 4.8% stunted]; 737 were successfully followed up. Morbidities and nutritional deficiencies were widespread. Among participants aged >5 years, children in the highest tertile of CRP <1 mg/L at baseline, regarded as an indicator of low-grade inflammation, had a 0.04 z/y higher gain in BAZ (95% CI: 0.01, 0.09 z/y) during follow-up. CRP was positively associated with household poverty and worse nutritional indicators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found evidence of a role for low-grade inflammation in predicting annual BAZ gain among children aged >5 years.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Nutrition Program, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Barbara H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marly A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cardoso
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000175:diagnosis; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007501:Iron