title: Sodium alginate ameliorates indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury via inhibiting translocation in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of sodium alginate (AL-Na) on indomethacin-induced small intestinal lesions in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastric injury was assessed by measuring ulcerated legions 4 h after indomethacin (25 mg/kg) administration. Small intestinal injury was assessed by measuring ulcerated legions 24 h after indomethacin (10 mg/kg) administration. AL-Na and rebamipide were orally administered. Myeloperoxidase activity in the stomach and intestine were measured. Microvascular permeability, superoxide dismutase content, glutathione peroxidase activity, catalase activity, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, mucin content and enterobacterial count in the small intestine were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AL-Na significantly reduced indomethacin-induced ulcer size and myeloperoxidase activity in the stomach and small intestine. AL-Na prevented increases in microvascular permeability, superoxide dismutase content, glutathione peroxidase activity and catalase activity in small intestinal injury induced by indomethacin. AL-Na also prevented decreases in red blood cells and white blood cells in small intestinal injury induced by indomethacin. Moreover, AL-Na suppressed mucin depletion by indomethacin and inhibited infiltration of enterobacteria into the small intestine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that AL-Na ameliorates non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal enteritis via bacterial translocation.
authors.affiliation: Atsuki Yamamoto, Tomokazu Itoh, Reishi Nasu, Ryuichi Nishida, Pharmaceutical research laboratories, Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kawachinagano, Osaka 586-0006, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Atsuki Yamamoto, Tomokazu Itoh, Reishi Nasu, Ryuichi Nishida, Pharmaceutical research laboratories, Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kawachinagano, Osaka 586-0006, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: Atsuki Yamamoto, Tomokazu Itoh, Reishi Nasu, Ryuichi Nishida, Pharmaceutical research laboratories, Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kawachinagano, Osaka 586-0006, Japan.
authors.forename: Reishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nasu
authors.affiliation: Atsuki Yamamoto, Tomokazu Itoh, Reishi Nasu, Ryuichi Nishida, Pharmaceutical research laboratories, Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kawachinagano, Osaka 586-0006, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishida
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001284:Atrophy; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004751:Enteritis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007213:Indomethacin; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: Bacterial translocation; Gastrointestinal mucosal injury; Mucin; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Sodium alginate