title: Low copy target detection by Droplet Digital PCR through application of a novel open access bioinformatic pipeline, 'definetherain'.
abstract: Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) represents a new and alternative platform to conventional quantitative-PCR (qPCR) for the quantitation of DNA templates. However, the proposed improvement in sensitivity and reproducibility offered by ddPCR is not yet fully proven, partly because the delineation between positive and negative responses is not always clear. Data are presented demonstrating the sensitivity of the ddPCR system to both reagent concentrations and choice of cut-off for defining positive and negative results. By implementing k-nearest clustering, cut-offs are produced that improve the accuracy of ddPCR where target DNA is present at low copy numbers, a key application of ddPCR. This approach is applied to human albumin and HIV-1 proviral DNA ddPCR quantitative protocols. This tool is coded in JavaScript and has been made available for free in a web browser at http://www.definetherain.org.uk. Optimisation of the analyses of raw ddPCR data using 'definetherain' indicates that low target number detection can be improved by its implementation. Further application to patient samples will help define the clinical utility of this approach.
authors.affiliation: Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, UK; IUH, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gärtner
authors.affiliation: Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, UK; Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford, UK; Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, UK; Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.affiliation: Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, UK; Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford, UK; Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: john.frater@ndm.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frater
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012709:Serum Albumin
keywords: Droplet Digital PCR; HIV-1; Quantitative PCR; k means clustering