title: Not all water mazes are created equal: cyclin D2 knockout mice with constitutively suppressed adult hippocampal neurogenesis do show specific spatial learning deficits.
abstract: Studies using the Morris water maze to assess hippocampal function in animals, in which adult hippocampal neurogenesis had been suppressed, have yielded seemingly contradictory results. Cyclin D2 knockout (Ccnd2(-/-)) mice, for example, have constitutively suppressed adult hippocampal neurogenesis but had no overt phenotype in the water maze. In other paradigms, however, ablation of adult neurogenesis was associated with specific deficits in the water maze. Therefore, we hypothesized that the neurogenesis-related phenotype might also become detectable in Ccnd2(-/-) mice, if we used the exact setup and protocol that in our previous study had revealed deficits in mice with suppressed adult neurogenesis. Ccnd2(-/-) mice indeed learned the task and developed a normal preference for the goal quadrant, but were significantly less precise for the exact goal position and were slower in acquiring efficient and spatially more precise search strategies. Upon goal reversal (when the hidden platform was moved to a new position) Ccnd2(-/-) mice showed increased perseverance at the former platform location, implying that they were less flexible in updating the previously learned information. Both with respect to adult neurogenesis and behavioral performance, Ccnd2(+/-) mice ranged between wild types and knockouts. Importantly, hippocampus-dependent learning was not generally impaired by the mutation, but specifically functional aspects relying on precise and flexible encoding were affected. Whether ablation of adult neurogenesis causes a specific behavioral phenotype thus also depends on the actual task demands. The test parameters appear to be important variables influencing whether a task can pick up a contribution of adult neurogenesis to test performance.
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garthe
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaczmarek
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Filipkowski
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kempermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D056742:Cyclin D2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018782:Maze Learning; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D055495:Neurogenesis; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C486196:Ccnd2 protein, mouse; D056742:Cyclin D2
keywords: Adult neurogenesis; Morris water maze; cognitive flexibility; dentate gyrus; pattern separation; plasticity; proliferation; spatial learning; stem cells; strategies