title: Trypanosoma brucei adenine-phosphoribosyltransferases mediate adenine salvage and aminopurinol susceptibility but not adenine toxicity.
abstract: African trypanosomes, like all obligate parasitic protozoa, cannot synthesize purines de novo and import purines from their hosts to build nucleic acids. The purine salvage pathways of Trypanosoma brucei being redundant, none of the involved enzymes is likely to be essential. Nevertheless they can be of pharmacological interest due to their role in activation of purine nucleobase or nucleoside analogues, which only become toxic when converted to nucleotides. Aminopurine antimetabolites, in particular, are potent trypanocides and even adenine itself is toxic to trypanosomes at elevated concentrations. Here we report on the T. brucei adenine phosphoribosyltransferases TbAPRT1 and TbAPRT2, encoded by the two genes Tb927.7.1780 and Tb927.7.1790, located in tandem on chromosome seven. The duplication is syntenic in all available Trypanosoma genomes but not in Leishmania. While TbAPRT1 is cytosolic, TbAPRT2 possesses a glycosomal targeting signal and co-localizes with the glycosomal marker aldolase. Interestingly, the distribution of glycosomal targeting signals among trypanosomatid adenine phosphoribosyltransferases is not consistent with their phylogeny, indicating that the acquisition of adenine salvage to the glycosome happened after the radiation of Trypanosoma. Double null mutant T. brucei Δtbaprt1,2 exhibited no growth phenotype but no longer incorporated exogenous adenine into the nucleotide pool. This, however, did not reduce their sensitivity to adenine. The Δtbaprt1,2 trypanosomes were resistant to the adenine isomer aminopurinol, indicating that it is activated by phosphoribosyl transfer. Aminopurinol was about 1000-fold more toxic to bloodstream-form T. brucei than the corresponding hypoxanthine isomer allopurinol. Aminopurinol uptake was not dependent on the aminopurine permease P2 that has been implicated in drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lüscher
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lamprea-Burgunder
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, 4000 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fabrice E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RA, UK.
authors.forename: Harry P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, 4000 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mäser
keywords: Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase; African trypanosomes; Aminopurinol; Purine salvage