title: Endoscopic examination of the urethra and the urinary bladder in dogs -- indications, contraindications and performance technique.
abstract: This paper discusses indications, contraindications, and likely complications following the endoscopic examination of the urethra and the urinary bladder in dogs. In addition, the procedure performance techniques and evaluation of the particular sections of the lower urinary tract are presented as well as the equipment used for the urethrocystoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland. maciek_grzegory@wp.pl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grzegory
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spuzak
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glińska-Suchocka
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicpoń
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathomorphology, Division of Pathomorphology and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haloń
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D014521:Urethra; D001743:Urinary Bladder; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*