title: Maternal history of diabetes is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk in Chinese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Positive family history is associated with increased type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, and reflects both genetic and environmental risks. Several studies have suggested an excess maternal transmission of T2D, although the underlying mechanism is unknown. We aimed to examine the association between maternal diabetes and cardiometabolic risk in the offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parental history of diabetes and clinical data including anthropometric traits, fasting plasma glucose and insulin (FPG, FPI), blood pressure and lipid profile were collected from 2581 unrelated Chinese offspring (2026 adolescents from a population-based school survey and 555 adults from a community-based health screening programme). A subset of subjects (n=834) underwent oral glucose tolerance test to measure the glucose and insulin concentrations at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min for evaluation of the areas under the curve (AUC) of glucose and insulin at 0-120 min, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and bell-cell function, insulinogenic index, insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and oral disposition index (DI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive parental history of diabetes was associated with increased risk of obesity (odd ratios (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI))=1.48 (1.10-2.00)), central obesity (OR (95% CI)=1.67 (1.21-2.32)), higher FPI, HOMA-IR, 2-h insulin, AUC of glucose at 0-120 min, triglycerides, reduced ISI and DI. Compared with individuals without parental diabetes, offspring with diabetic mother had significantly increased risk of obesity (OR (95% CI)=1.59 (1.07-2.35)), central obesity (OR (95% CI)=1.88 (1.23-2.88)), higher glucose levels and BP, were more insulin resistant but also had impaired first-phase insulin response and worse lipid profile. However, paternal history of diabetes had no effect on any of the studied traits, except higher body mass index, waist circumference in females and FPG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggested that maternal history of diabetes conferred increased risk of cardiometabolic abnormalities, and was associated with both insulin resistance and impaired first-phase insulin secretion. Further investigation into the mechanism of transgenerational diabetes is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C H T
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong [2] CUHK-PWH IDF Centre of Education, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: A O Y
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tutino
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong [2] CUHK-PWH IDF Centre of Education, Hong Kong [3] Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: P C Y
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong [2] CUHK-PWH IDF Centre of Education, Hong Kong [3] Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong [4] Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: A P S
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong [2] CUHK-PWH IDF Centre of Education, Hong Kong [3] Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: So
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong [2] CUHK-PWH IDF Centre of Education, Hong Kong [3] Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong [4] Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: J C N
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong [2] CUHK-PWH IDF Centre of Education, Hong Kong [3] Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong [4] Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: R C W
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ma