title: Growth differentiation factor 6 and transforming growth factor-beta differentially mediate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, composition, and micromechanical properties of nucleus pulposus constructs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, there is huge research focus on the development of novel cell-based regeneration and tissue-engineering therapies for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration and the associated back pain. Both bone marrow-derived (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) are proposed as suitable cells for such therapies. However, currently no consensus exists as to the optimum growth factor needed to drive differentiation to a nucleus pulposus (NP)-like phenotype. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growth differentiation factor-6 (GDF6), compared with other transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily members, on discogenic differentiation of MSCs, the matrix composition, and micromechanics of engineered NP tissue constructs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient-matched human AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs were seeded into type I collagen hydrogels and cultured in differentiating media supplemented with TGF-β3, GDF5, or GDF6. After 14 days, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of chondrogenic and novel NP marker genes and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content of the construct and media components were measured. Additionally, construct micromechanics were analyzed by using scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  GDF6 stimulation of BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs resulted in a significant increase in expression of novel NP marker genes, a higher aggrecan-to-type II collagen gene expression ratio, and higher sGAG production compared with TGF-β or GDF5 stimulation. These effects were greater in AD-MSCs than in BM-MSCs. Furthermore, the acoustic-wave speed measured by using SAM, and therefore tissue stiffness, was lowest in GDF6-stiumlated AD-MSC constructs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that GDF6 stimulation of AD-MSCs induces differentiation to an NP-like phenotype and results in a more proteoglycan-rich matrix. Micromechanical analysis shows that the GDF6-treated AD-MSCs have a less-stiff matrix composition, suggesting that the growth factor is inducing a matrix that is more akin to the native NP-like tissue. Thus, this cell and growth-factor combination may be the ideal choice for cell-based intervertebral disc (IVD)-regeneration therapies.
authors.forename: Louise E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sherratt
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Derby
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hoyland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D055431:Growth Differentiation Factor 6 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C525906:GDF6 protein, human; D055431:Growth Differentiation Factor 6; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta