title: Plasma glucose regulation and mortality in Korea: a pooled analysis of three community-based cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although diabetes is a well-known risk factor for death, its impact on cancer death is not clearly understood. Furthermore, it remains controversial whether impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are associated with increased risk of mortality. We investigated the impact of diabetes or glucose tolerance categories on all cause and cause-specific mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality analysis was conducted in three population-based cohort studies of 3,801 participants, divided according to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (normal; stage 1 IFG [5.6≤FPG<6.1 mmol/L]; stage 2 IFG [6.1≤FPG<7.0 mmol/L]; diabetes mellitus [DM]-FPG); or 2-hour glucose after 75 g glucose loading (2hPG) (normal; IGT; DM-2hPG), or a combination of FPG and 2hPG criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median follow-up of 11.0 years, 474 subjects died from all causes. Hazard ratios (HRs) for all cause death were higher in those with diabetes as defined by either FPG or 2hPG criteria than their normal counterparts (HR, 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6 to 2.9 for DM-FPG; HR, 2.0, 95% CI, 1.5 to 2.7 for DM-2hPG). Similarly, diabetes defined by either FPG or 2hPG was associated with cancer death (HR, 2.9, 95% CI, 1.7 to 5.0; and HR, 2.1, 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.9, respectively). Although neither IFG nor IGT conferred higher risk for death, when combining stage 2 IFG and/or IGT, the risk of all cause death was higher than in subjects with normal glucose regulation (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes is associated with higher risk of death from all causes and cancer. In subjects without diabetes, stage 2 IFG and/or IGT confers increased risk for mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea.
authors.forename: Nan Hee
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Jun
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jee-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Joong-Yeol
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea.
authors.forename: Chol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hong Kyu
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and Bioengineering, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yongsoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Glucose intolerance; Mortality