title: Clinical orthopedic examination findings in the lower extremity: correlation with imaging studies and diagnostic efficacy.
abstract: The lower-extremity anatomy is complex and normal function is dependent on intact osteochondral, musculotendinous, and ligamentous structures. Injury may result in pain and functional limitation. Specific clinical tests are used to help isolate and define the pathoanatomy; however, their terminology may be confusing to the radiologist and the diagnostic value of these tests may not be well understood. This article presents an algorithmic approach to evaluation of the hip, knee, and ankle to improve the radiologist's understanding of lower-extremity physical examination. Knowledge of test terminology, clinical utility, and diagnostic accuracy will improve clinical and radiologic correlation. The article reviews the common clinical tests used to evaluate the lower extremity and provides an algorithm to establish a clinical examination road map and rapidly review the clinical utility and study hierarchy of a particular test. The sensitivity and specificity of the clinical tests and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are reviewed because these parameters vary, and an understanding of the diagnostic utility of both the clinical and imaging tests is important in accurately formulating a definitive diagnosis. The structured algorithmic approach to lower-extremity examination described here, knowledge of test jargon, and familiarity with the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical and MR imaging examinations may help the radiologist focus image search patterns and provide detailed and clinically relevant reports. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205 (A.J.S., K.J., R.M.D., T.P.); Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo (K.A.R.); and Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Md (S.A.H.).
authors.forename: Aubrey J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Slaughter
authors.forename: Kirk A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Kedar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jambhekar
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: S Ashfaq
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pandey
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000843:Ankle Joint; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006621:Hip Joint; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007719:Knee Joint; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010808:Physical Examination