title: Dyspnea-12-Arabic: testing of an instrument to measure breathlessness in Arabic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop the Dyspnoea-12-Arabic (D-12-A) questionnaire and test its reliability and validity for the assessment of breathlessness in Arabic speaking patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Jordan.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Breathlessness is a complex multidimensional symptom which incorporates physiology and psychology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The D-12-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Quality of Life Index pulmonary version (QLI-P) were completed by 67 Jordanian patients with COPD. Cronbach alpha was used to assess internal consistency, and Pearson product-moment correlation calculated for construct validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The D-12-A and its sub-components ('physical' and 'affective') demonstrated excellent internal reliability (Cronbach alpha range from 0.88 to 0.91). D-12-A scores correlated significantly with other relevant outcome measures and demonstrated good construct validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The D-12-A should provide clinicians and researchers with a useful tool for the assessment of breathlessness in Arabic speaking patients with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 11942, Amman, Jordan. Electronic address: e.algamal@ju.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Ekhlas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Al-Gamal
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Room 5.320 Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Janelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yorke
authors.affiliation: Al-Balqa' Applied University, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Mohammed K E A
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Al-Shwaiyat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Arabic translation; Breathlessness; COPD; Dyspnea; Instrument-development; Jordan; Patients