title: Combined EEG-fNIRS decoding of motor attempt and imagery for brain switch control: an offline study in patients with tetraplegia.
abstract: Combining electrophysiological and hemodynamic features is a novel approach for improving current performance of brain switches based on sensorimotor rhythms (SMR). This study was conducted with a dual purpose: to test the feasibility of using a combined electroencephalogram/functional near-infrared spectroscopy (EEG-fNIRS) SMR-based brain switch in patients with tetraplegia, and to examine the performance difference between motor imagery and motor attempt for this user group. A general improvement was found when using both EEG and fNIRS features for classification as compared to using the single-modality EEG classifier, with average classification rates of 79% for attempted movement and 70% for imagined movement. For the control group, rates of 87% and 79% were obtained, respectively, where the "attempted movement" condition was replaced with "actual movement." A combined EEG-fNIRS system might be especially beneficial for users who lack sufficient control of current EEG-based brain switches. The average classification performance in the patient group for attempted movement was significantly higher than for imagined movement using the EEG-only as well as the combined classifier, arguing for the case of a paradigm shift in current brain switch research.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Blokland
authors.forename: Loukianos
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spyrou
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thijssen
authors.forename: Thijs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eijsvogels
authors.forename: Willy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Colier
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Floor-Westerdijk
authors.forename: Rutger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vlek
authors.forename: Jorgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruhn
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farquhar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface