title: A survey on depression among infertile women in Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The desire of many young women to become parents may be influenced by the premium placed on children by society. In Africa, children are highly valued for social, cultural and economic reasons. Infertile and childless women in Africa are therefore confronted with a series of societal discrimination and stigmatization which may lead to psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. Even though some research has been done on the prevalence of infertility in Ghana, very little is known about the psychological impact of childlessness among infertile women. The present study aimed to examine prevalence and severity of depression in relation to age, type of infertility and duration of infertility in Ghanaian infertile women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 infertile women who met the selection criteria and had agreed to participate in the study were interviewed using the Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire from December 2012 to April 2013 at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale/Ghana. Data concerning socio-demographic characteristics such as age, monthly income, duration of infertility, marital status, educational level, number of previous conception, number of previous children, religion, as well as occupation of the respondents were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depression among the women was 62.0% with the level of depression showing a significant positive correlation with age of the women and the duration of infertility. The level of depression was significantly higher among subjects with low or no formal education and among the unemployed. Women with primary infertility also presented with high depression scores as measured by BDI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the prevalence of depression among the infertile women is high, especially among infertile women age 26 and above, those who are less educated, those with primary infertility, as well as those who have been diagnosed as infertile for more than 3 years. Interventions to decrease and prevent the development of severe depression among these patients should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana. sandoow@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abass
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alhassan
authors.forename: Abdul Razak
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ziblim
authors.forename: Sirina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muntaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D017533:Marital Status; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D063508:Social Discrimination / Q000523:psychology; D057545:Social Stigma; D013997:Time Factors; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult