title: Upper extremity kinematics and kinetics during the performance of a stationary wheelie in manual wheelchair users with a spinal cord injury.
abstract: No comprehensive biomechanical study has documented upper extremity (U/E) kinematics and kinetics during the performance of wheelchair wheelies among manual wheelchair users (MWUs). The aim of this study was to describe movement strategies (kinematics), mechanical loads (kinetics), and power at the nondominant U/E joints during a wheelie among MWUs with spinal cord injury (SCI). During a laboratory assessment, 16 MWUs with SCI completed four wheelie trials on a rigid surface. Each participant's wheelchair was equipped with instrumented wheels to record handrim kinetics, while U/E and wheelchair kinematics were recorded with a 3D motion analysis system. The greatest mean and peak total net joint moments were generated by the shoulder flexors (mean = 7.2 ± 3.5 N·m; peak = 20.7 ± 12.9 N·m) and internal rotators (mean = 3.8 ± 2.2 N·m; peak = 11.4 ± 10.9 N·m) as well as by the elbow flexors (mean = 5.5 ± 2.5 N·m; peak = 14.1 ± 7.6 N·m) during the performance of wheelies. Shoulder flexor and internal rotator efforts predominantly generate the effort needed to lift the front wheels of the wheelchair, whereas the elbow flexor muscles control these shoulder efforts to reach a state of balance. In combination with a task-specific training program that remains essential to properly learn how to control wheelies among MWUs with SCI, rehabilitation professionals should also propose a shoulder flexor, internal rotator, and elbow flexor strengthening program.
authors.affiliation: Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lalumiere
authors.forename: Dany H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Routhier
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bouyer
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Desroches
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005082:Physical Exertion; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D019415:Torque; D014910:Wheelchairs