title: Effective atomic numbers of some tissue substitutes by different methods: A comparative study.
abstract: Effective atomic numbers of some human organ tissue substitutes such as polyethylene terephthalate, red articulation wax, paraffin 1, paraffin 2, bolus, pitch, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyvinylchloride, and modeling clay have been calculated by four different methods like Auto-Zeff, direct, interpolation, and power law. It was found that the effective atomic numbers computed by Auto-Zeff, direct and interpolation methods were in good agreement for intermediate energy region (0.1 MeV < E < 5 MeV) where the Compton interaction dominates. A large difference in effective atomic numbers by direct method and Auto-Zeff was observed in photo-electric and pair-production regions. Effective atomic numbers computed by power law were found to be close to direct method in photo-electric absorption region. The Auto-Zeff, direct and interpolation methods were found to be in good agreement for computation of effective atomic numbers in intermediate energy region (100 keV < E < 10 MeV). The direct method was found to be appropriate method for computation of effective atomic numbers in photo-electric region (10 keV < E < 100 keV). The tissue equivalence of the tissue substitutes is possible to represent by any method for computation of effective atomic number mentioned in the present study. An accurate estimation of Rayleigh scattering is required to eliminate effect of molecular, chemical, or crystalline environment of the atom for estimation of gamma interaction parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Vishwanath P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Badiger
keywords: Atomic numbers; Compton scattering; Rayleigh scattering; gamma; mixture rule; tissue substitutes