title: Use of scar and capsule flap for preventing the contour deformity after applying tissue expansion in patients with scar.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue expansion is a reconstruction method often used to repair the tissue loss that results after removing soft tissue lesions such as scars, tumors, and giant hairy nevi. However, because the pressure of a tissue expander applies in all directions almost equally, along with the desired expansion of skin and subcutaneous fat tissue, the muscle and bone underneath the expander become depressed simultaneously. Even with a successful expansion of the tissue itself, the conventional surgical procedure results to frequent aesthetically dissatisfying outcomes because of contour irregularities. However, no studies have been conducted regarding the correction of these secondary deformities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A surgical method to prevent secondary depression deformity was performed on a total of 80 patients who had undergone scar revision using tissue expansion between May 2002 and April 2012. First, the scar tissue was de-epithelized and transposed to fill the depressed area as a buried flap. Second, the capsule formed around a tissue expander was elevated as a flap and turned over to fill the depressed area. Lastly, the thickened capsule at the margins of the expander was used as a free capsule graft, which provides additional supports. Four plastic surgeons analyzed the postoperative aesthetic results after the surgery in an outpatient follow-up clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were complications of tissue expansion in 7 patients: 5 had minor complications, which were successfully addressed with conservative treatments, and 2 had major complications, which required tissue expander removal during the course. In more than 85% of the patients, satisfactory postoperative aesthetic results were achieved without any perceivable depression or asymmetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secondary depression deformity induced by a tissue expander can be effectively prevented with a simple operative technique using capsule flaps, scar tissue flaps, and free capsule grafts.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Jun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yoonho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004954:Esthetics / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000209:etiology; D015626:Tissue Expansion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015625:Tissue Expansion Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing; D055815:Young Adult