title: Expression of histone deacetylases 1, 2 and 3 in urothelial bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are known to be associated with an overexpression in different types of cancer such as colon and prostate cancer. In this study we aimed to evaluate the protein expression of class I HDACs in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tissue microarray containing 348 tissuesamples from 174 patients with a primary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder was immunohistochemically stained for HDAC 1, 2 and 3. Intensity of staining was evaluated and the association with clinico-pathological features and prognosis was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High HDAC expression levels were found in 40 to 60% of all investigated urothelial carcinomas (HDAC-1: 40%, HDAC-2: 42%, HDAC-3: 59%).HDAC-1 and HDAC-2 were significantly associated with higher tumour grades.Although all three markers could not predict progression in univariate analyses, high HDAC-1 expression was associated with a trend toward poorer prognosis. Patients with high-grade tumours and high expression levels of HDAC-1 were more likely to progress compared to all other patients (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-grade noninvasive papillary bladder tumours are associated with high expression levels of HDAC-1 and HDAC-2. High grade tumours in combination with high expression of HDAC-1 showed a worse prognosis than the other tumours. The high expression levels of HDACs observed particularly in high grade urothelial bladder cancer clearly warrant subsequent studies on the potential use of HDAC inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poyet
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bastian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jentsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hermanns
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schweckendiek
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.|Department of Urology, Hegau-Bodensee Hospital, Singen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Helge
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidtpeter
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tullio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sulser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.|Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn D-53127, Germany.
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kristiansen