title: [Clinical profile of persistent generalized muscle contraction following the insult of developing brain].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Persons with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) caused by injury to the developing brain sometimes present generalized hypertonia in a specific position with extreme muscle overactivity persisting for most of the time during wakefulness. This "persistent generalized muscle contraction" is often associated with bad humor, sleep disturbance, hyperhidrosis, wasting, elevation of serum creatine kinase levels, regular daytime use of hypnotic or sedative medication, and the necessity to maintain the neck or hip in a flexed position manually. The aim of this study is to elucidate the clinical profile of this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively examined the medical records and brain imaging data of 66 SMID patients in the state of persistent generalized muscle contraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients could be classified into 2 major categories on the basis of clinical presentation and brain imaging: (A) those with premature birth and bilateral lesion of globus pallidus interna (kernicterus) (n = 16), and (B) those with various widespread bilateral basal ganglia/thalamic and/or cerebral lesions such as hypoxia-ischemia, acute encephalopathy, malformation, etc (n = 50). Group A assumed an asymmetrical tonic-neck-reflex-like position, torsion of the trunk, fluctuation of hypertonia, and better mental development. Three of them exhibited extreme hypertonia resembling status dystonicus. Group B often exhibited persistent and fixed retroflexion of the neck and trunk or opisthotonus. Drugs such as oral muscular relaxants were ineffective in both groups. Injection of botulinum toxin into the cervical and paravertebral muscles partially alleviated symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent generalized muscle contraction in SMID has at least two different types. Group A has characteristics of severe dystonic hypertonia that could lead to status dystonicus. Group B might have peculiar characteristics of muscle overactivity triggered by wakefulness or discomfort, which probably results from inability to achieve spontaneous muscle relaxation.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Mizue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iai
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokochi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins