title: The influence of foot orthoses on foot mobility magnitude and arch height index in adults with flexible flat feet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flexible flat foot is described as a reduction in the height of the medial longitudinal arch and may occur from abnormal foot pronation. A foot orthosis is thought to modify and control excessive pronation and improve arch height.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the immediate effect of three types of orthoses on foot mobility and the arch height index in subjects with flexible flat feet.
  
  
  METHODS
  A quasi-experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dorsal arch height, midfoot width, foot mobility and arch height index were assessed in 20 participants with flexible flat feet (mean age = 23.2 ± 3 years) for three different foot orthosis conditions: soft, semi-rigid and rigid University of California Biomechanics Laboratory (UCBL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum midfoot width at 90% with arch mobility in the coronal plane was shown in the semi-rigid orthosis condition. The semi-rigid orthosis resulted in the highest mean foot mobility in 90% of weight bearing, and the rigid orthosis (UCBL) had the lowest mean foot mobility. The soft orthosis resulted in foot mobility between that of the rigid and the semi-rigid orthosis. UCBL orthosis showed the highest arch height index, and the semi-rigid orthosis showed the lowest mean arch height index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to its rigid structure and long medial-lateral walls, the UCBL orthosis appears to limit foot mobility. Therefore, it is necessary to make an orthosis that facilitates foot mobility in the normal range of the foot arch. Future studies should address the dynamic mobility of the foot with using various types of foot orthoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there are many studies focussed on flat foot and the use of foot orthoses, the mechanism of action is still unclear. This study explored foot mobility and the influence of foot orthoses and showed that a more rigid foot orthosis should be selected based on foot mobility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical sciences, Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Roghaye
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sheykhi-Dolagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical sciences, Republic of Iran hassan_saeedi2@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saeedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical sciences, Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Behshid
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Farahmand
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical sciences, Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamyab
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gholizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Derayatifar
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D033023:Foot Joints / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D061826:Foot Orthoses / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Foot orthosis; arch height index; foot mobility magnitude