title: Prevalence of human papillomavirus among oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) has been hypothesised as a risk factor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but aetiological research has been limited by the varying methodology used for establishing HPV prevalence. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to estimate the prevalence of HPV DNA detected in OSCC tumours and the influence of study characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study-level estimates of overall and type-specific HPV prevalence were meta-analysed to obtain random-effects summary estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This analysis included 124 studies with a total of 13 832 OSCC cases. The average HPV prevalence (95% confidence interval) among OSCC cases was 0.277 (0.234, 0.320) by polymerase chain reaction; 0.243 (0.159, 0.326) by in situ hybridisation; 0.304 (0.185, 0.423) by immunohistochemistry; 0.322 (0.154, 0.490) by L1 serology; and 0.176 (0.061, 0.292) by Southern/slot/dot blot. The highest HPV prevalence was found in Africa and Asia, notably among Chinese studies from provinces with high OSCC incidence rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research should focus on quantifying HPV in OSCC cases using strict quality control measures, as well as determining the association between HPV and OSCC incidence by conducting large, population-based case-control studies. Such studies will provide a richer understanding of the role of HPV in OSCC aetiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Petrick
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA [2] Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Wyss
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA [3] Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Olshan
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence