title: Optical detection of radio waves through a nanomechanical transducer.
abstract: Low-loss transmission and sensitive recovery of weak radio-frequency and microwave signals is a ubiquitous challenge, crucial in radio astronomy, medical imaging, navigation, and classical and quantum communication. Efficient up-conversion of radio-frequency signals to an optical carrier would enable their transmission through optical fibres instead of through copper wires, drastically reducing losses, and would give access to the set of established quantum optical techniques that are routinely used in quantum-limited signal detection. Research in cavity optomechanics has shown that nanomechanical oscillators can couple strongly to either microwave or optical fields. Here we demonstrate a room-temperature optoelectromechanical transducer with both these functionalities, following a recent proposal using a high-quality nanomembrane. A voltage bias of less than 10 V is sufficient to induce strong coupling between the voltage fluctuations in a radio-frequency resonance circuit and the membrane's displacement, which is simultaneously coupled to light reflected off its surface. The radio-frequency signals are detected as an optical phase shift with quantum-limited sensitivity. The corresponding half-wave voltage is in the microvolt range, orders of magnitude less than that of standard optical modulators. The noise of the transducer--beyond the measured 800 pV Hz-1/2 Johnson noise of the resonant circuit--consists of the quantum noise of light and thermal fluctuations of the membrane, dominating the noise floor in potential applications in radio astronomy and nuclear magnetic imaging. Each of these contributions is inferred to be 60 pV Hz-1/2 when balanced by choosing an electromechanical cooperativity of ~150 with an optical power of 1 mW. The noise temperature of the membrane is divided by the cooperativity. For the highest observed cooperativity of 6,800, this leads to a projected noise temperature of 40 mK and a sensitivity limit of 5 pV Hz-1/2. Our approach to all-optical, ultralow-noise detection of classical electronic signals sets the stage for coherent up-conversion of low-frequency quantum signals to the optical domain.
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bagci
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zeuthen
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.affiliation: Joint Quantum Institute/NIST, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schliesser
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Polzik