title: Functional electrical stimulation cycling in youth with spinal cord injury: A review of intervention studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preliminary research suggests that functional electrical stimulation cycling (FESC) might be a promising intervention for youth with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the evidence on FESC intervention in youth with SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic literature searches were conducted during December 2012. Two reviewers independently selected titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. Of 40 titles retrieved, six intervention studies met inclusion criteria and were assessed using American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine Levels of Evidence and Conduct Questions for Group Design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study results were tabulated based on levels of evidence, with outcomes categorized according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health framework. Evidence from the six included studies suggests that FESC is safe for youth with SCI, with no increase in knee/hip injury or hip displacement. Results from one level II randomized controlled trial suggest that a thrice weekly, 6-month FESC program can positively influence VO2 levels when compared with passive cycling, as well as quadriceps strength when compared with electrical stimulation and passive cycling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FESC demonstrates limited yet encouraging results as a safe modality to mitigate effects of inactivity in youth with SCI. More rigorous research involving a greater number of participants is needed before clinicians can be confident of its effectiveness.
authors.forename: Tanja A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mayson
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent; Bicycling; Child; Electrical stimulation; Spinal cord injuries