title: Transglutaminase 2 inhibitor abrogates renal cell carcinoma in xenograft models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) inhibitor GK921 alone reverses renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumor growth. RCC is resistant to both radiation and chemotherapy, and the prognosis remains poor. Despite the recent therapeutic success of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in RCC, approximately one-third of RCC patients develop metastatic disease. The expression of TGase 2 is markedly increased in most RCC cell lines, as well as in clinical samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previously, we introduced the quinoxaline derivative GK13 as a lead compound for TGase 2 inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of GK13 on TGase 2 was improved in GK921 (3-(phenylethynyl)-2-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazine). GK921 efficacy was tested using sulforhodamine in vitro as well as a xenograft tumor models using ACHN and CAKI-1 RCC cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GK921 showed cytotoxicity to RCC (average GI50 in eight RCC cell lines: 0.905 μM). A single treatment with GK921 almost completely reduced tumor growth by stabilizing p53 in the ACHN and CAKI-1 preclinical xenograft tumor models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGase 2 inhibitor GK921 abrogates RCC growth in xenograft tumor models, suggesting the possibility of a new therapeutic approach to RCC.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Mi
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Se-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Nayeon
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dongwan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Yong-Bock
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Seon-Hyeong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young-Dae
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Soo-Youl
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C000588709:3-(phenylethynyl)-2-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)pyrido(3,2-b)pyrazine; D011719:Pyrazines; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins