title: The involvement of proteoglycans in the human plasma prekallikrein interaction with the cell surface.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of human plasma prekallikrein assembly and processing in cells and to determine whether proteoglycans, along with high molecular weight kininogen (H-kininogen), influence this interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the endothelial cell line ECV304 and the epithelial cell lines CHO-K1 (wild type) and CHO-745 (deficient in proteoglycans). Prekallikrein endocytosis was studied using confocal microscopy, and prekallikrein cleavage/activation was determined by immunoblotting using an antibody directed to the prekallikrein sequence C364TTKTSTR371 and an antibody directed to the entire H-kininogen molecule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 37°C, prekallikrein endocytosis was assessed in the absence and presence of exogenously applied H-kininogen and found to be 1,418.4±0.010 and 1,070.3±0.001 pixels/cell, respectively, for ECV304 and 1,319.1±0.003 and 631.3±0.001 pixels/cell, respectively, for CHO-K1. No prekallikrein internalization was observed in CHO-745 in either condition. Prekallikrein colocalized with LysoTracker in the absence and presence of exogenous H-kininogen at levels of 76.0% and 88.5%, respectively, for ECV304 and at levels of 40.7% and 57.0%, respectively, for CHO-K1. After assembly on the cell surface, a plasma kallikrein fragment of 53 kDa was predominant in the incubation buffer of all the cell lines studied, indicating specific proteolysis; plasma kallikrein fragments of 48-44 kDa and 34-32 kDa were also detected in the incubation buffer, indicating non-specific cleavage. Bradykinin free H-kininogen internalization was not detected in CHO-K1 or CHO-745 cells at 37°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prekallikrein interaction with the cell surface is temperature-dependent and independent of exogenously applied H-kininogen, which results in prekallikrein endocytosis promoted by proteoglycans. Prekallikrein proteolysis/activation is influenced by H-kininogen/glycosaminoglycans assembly and controls plasma kallikrein activity.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Lopes
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Veronez
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Biotechnology Research Group - UNIBAN, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Katia R B
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helena B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Nader
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivarne L S
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Tersariol
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guacyara
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Motta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001710:Biotin / Q000378:metabolism; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007704:Kininogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011288:Prekallikrein / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000097:blood*; D059748:Proteolysis
chemical_list: D007704:Kininogens; D011509:Proteoglycans; D001710:Biotin; D011288:Prekallikrein