title: Acute and chronic toxicity of selected disinfection byproducts to Daphnia magna, Cyprinodon variegatus, and Isochrysis galbana.
abstract: Ballast water treatment has become a major issue in the last decade due to the problem of invasive species transported and released by the uptake and discharge of ballast water for shipping operations. One of the important issues considering ballast water treatment is to determine whether treated ballast water, once discharged, is safe to the aquatic environment. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) has determined that prior to approval of a ballast water management system, aquatic toxicity data must be available for both the active substance and relevant byproducts. Many proposed ballast water treatment systems use chlorine as the active ingredient. Although there are sufficient toxicity data concerning active substances such as chlorine, there are limited toxicity data concerning disinfection (halogenated) byproducts including dibromochloromethane, four haloacetic acids and sodium bromate. Acute and chronic toxicity were determined for these disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Acute toxicity values ranged from 96-h LC50s of 46.8 mg/l for Daphnia magna for both dibromochloromethane and sodium bromate to a 96-h LC50 of 376.4 mg/l for Cyprinodon variegatus for tribromoacetic acid. Acute Isochrysis galbana population growth effect values ranged from a 72-h EC10 of 39.9 mg/l for dichloroacetic acid to a 72-h EC50 of 15,954 mg/l for sodium bromate. Chronic toxicity mortality/reproduction effects values for D. magna ranged from a 21-d IC25 of 160.9 mg/l for tribromoacetic acid to a 21-d LOEC of 493.0 mg/l for trichloroacetic acid. Chronic toxicity mortality/growth values for C. variegatus ranged from a 32-d IC25 of 246.8 mg/l for trichloroacetic acid to a 32-d LOEC of 908.1 mg/l for tribromoacetic acid. I. galbana 96-h chronic population growth effects values ranged from an EC10 of 38.5 mg/l for trichloroacetic acid to an LOEC of 500.0 mg/l for tribromoacetic acid. Acute to chronic ratios for all of these DBPs ranged from 0.8 to 3.0. Based on toxicity/ecorisk categories generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, these disinfection byproducts would be considered either slightly toxic or practically nontoxic to the aquatic organisms tested.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA; University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College Park, MD, USA. Electronic address: dfisher2@umd.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College Park, MD, USA; University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yonkos
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedel
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001959:Bromates / Q000633:toxicity; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D058087:Haptophyta / Q000187:drug effects; D007695:Killifishes; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000633:toxicity; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D001959:Bromates; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C032707:chlorodibromomethane; C060553:sodium bromate
keywords: Acute toxicity; Aquatic species; Ballast water treatment; Chronic toxicity; Disinfection byproducts (DBPs); Halogenated byproducts