title: Screening process failures for hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: More than 60% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed at a late stage, suggesting potential breakdowns in the HCC screening process. Understanding which steps in the screening process are not being performed is essential for designing effective interventions. To characterize HCC screening process failures, a retrospective cohort study of patients with cirrhosis diagnosed with HCC at a large urban safety-net hospital was conducted between 2005 and 2012. Screening process failures during the year before HCC diagnosis were characterized into 3 categories: absence of surveillance, failure of detection, and delayed follow-up. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of screening process failures. A total of 185 patients with cirrhosis and HCC were identified, of whom 91 (49%) were diagnosed at an early stage (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer system stage A). Only 16 (8.6%) patients successfully completed the screening process. Absence of surveillance was the most common screening process failure, found in 75.7% of all patients, and was associated with trends toward lower rates of early tumor detection (odds ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.23-1.09) and worse overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.49-1.25). Failure of detection and delayed follow-up were found in 11.4% and 2.7% of patients, respectively.
authors.affiliation: From the aDepartment of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health Hospital System; bHarold C. Simmons Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center; and Departments of cClinical Sciences and dSurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Amit G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Singal
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Marrero
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yopp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies