title: Trends in dietary fiber intake in Chinese aged 45 years and above, 1991-2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the time trends in total dietary fiber (DF) intake, DF food sources and total DF intake per 1000 kcal (DF density) in Chinese adults aged 45 years and above in the past 20 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011. Adults who were aged 45 years and above were included in each round. Water-insoluble DF intake was calculated by substituting the water-insoluble DF content of each food in the Chinese Food Composition Table (FCT) for food intake. Total DF was calculated according to the convert index, which indicates the ratio between total DF and water-insoluble DF for each food group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean daily total DF intake in males was 19.5 g/day in 1991 and 19.4 g/day in 2011. In females, it was 17.5 g/day in 1991 and 17.6 g/day in 2011. DF density increased in both males and females from 2004 to 2011. It was 9.0 g/1000 kcal in males and 9.5 g/1000 kcal in females in 2011. The major food sources of water-insoluble DF were cereals and vegetables. Communities with different levels of urbanization showed different trends in total DF intake: decreased consumption (2.9 g) in residents of low-urbanization communities and increased consumption (3.1 g) in those of high-urbanization communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The average total DF intake in Chinese adults aged 45 years and above remained at a stable level. DF density increased because of slight decrease in energy intake. More public health messages should be disseminated, especially to the residents of low-urbanization communities, so as to increase their daily DF intake to a level close to the recommended DF intake.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Chinese Nutrition Society, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011446:Prospective Studies