title: Teachers' perceptions about children's movement and learning in early childhood education programmes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Efforts to improve the academic skills of preschool-aged children have resulted in approaches that tend to limit children's movement. However, movement experiences have long been considered important to children's learning and have received increased attention because of the obesity epidemic. Early childhood educators are important sources of information about if and how to promote learning and school readiness through movement, but little effort has been made to understand teachers' views on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted six focus groups with 37 teachers from a Head Start programme with centres in three cities in eastern Pennsylvania. We inquired about: (1) how movement influences children's learning; (2) what types of movement experiences are most beneficial for children; (3) what settings best support children's movement; and (4) challenges related to children's movement. To identify key themes from the focus groups, transcripts were analysed using an inductive method of coding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Teachers' views were expressed in four major themes. First, young children have an innate need to move, and teachers respond to this need by using movement experiences to prepare children to learn and to teach academic concepts and spatial awareness. However, teachers wanted more training in these areas. Second, movement prepares children for school and for life by building children's confidence and social skills. Third, teachers and children benefit from moving together because it motivates children and promotes teacher-child relationships. Finally, moving outdoors promotes learning by engaging children's senses and promoting community interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More training may be required to help early childhood educators use movement experiences to teach academic concepts and improve children's spatial awareness. Future interventions could examine the impacts on children's movement and learning of having teachers move with children during outdoor free play and including more natural features in the design of outdoor play areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gehris
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gooze
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Whitaker
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005178:Faculty; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement; D010414:Pennsylvania; D010465:Perception; D011204:Poverty Areas; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: emotional bonds; interpersonal relations; obesity; physical activity; play; preschool