title: Uncertainties of 4-dimensional computed tomography-based tumor motion measurement for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate how well tumor motion measured prior to treatment based on 4-dimensional computer tomography (4DCT) reflects actual tumor motion during beam-on throughout the course of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients who had lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatments were retrospectively selected. All patients had 4DCT simulation for treatment planning, from which tumor motion ranges were measured (R4DCT). Tumor motion was monitored during treatment using megavoltage (MV) imaging. Tumor motion trajectories were extracted from cine MV images and were used to determine mean and maximum tumor motion range (Mean RMV, Max RMV) throughout entire course of treatment. Comparison and correlations between mean and max RMV and R4DCT were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, an insignificant difference was found between mean RMV and R4DCT (P = .67, mean [±SD] difference = -0.7 [±1.6] mm); meanwhile a significant difference was found between Max RMV and R4DCT (P = .03, mean [± SD] difference = 1.9 [±1.6] mm). The difference between RMV and R4DCT was found inversely proportional to R4DCT (Y = -0.4X + 0.6, r = 0.76). Max RMV was greater than R4DCT in all patients; difference between the 2 showed no correlation with R4DCT (Y = -0.02X + 1.9, r = 0.05). Correlation between Mean RMV and R4DCT and between Max RMV and R4DCT can be expressed as Y = 0.7X (r = 0.88) and Y = 0.8X (r = 0.50), respectively. The same analysis performed on tumors that moved less than 5 mm from 4DCT revealed the following correlations: Y = 1.3X (r = 0.83) and Y = 1.7X (r = 0.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tumor motion measured from 4DCT approximates the overall average tumor motion range, but consistently underestimates the overall maximum tumor motion range. These findings may lead to a potential strategy for managing uncertainties of 4DCT in the application of lung SBRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Fang-Fang
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Electronic address: jing.cai@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results