title: Morphology and efficiency of a specialized foraging behavior, sediment sifting, in neotropical cichlid fishes.
abstract: Understanding of relationships between morphology and ecological performance can help to reveal how natural selection drives biological diversification. We investigate relationships between feeding behavior, foraging performance and morphology within a diverse group of teleost fishes, and examine the extent to which associations can be explained by evolutionary relatedness. Morphological adaptation associated with sediment sifting was examined using a phylogenetic linear discriminant analysis on a set of ecomorphological traits from 27 species of Neotropical cichlids. For most sifting taxa, feeding behavior could be effectively predicted by a linear discriminant function of ecomorphology across multiple clades of sediment sifters, and this pattern could not be explained by shared evolutionary history alone. Additionally, we tested foraging efficiency in seven Neotropical cichlid species, five of which are specialized benthic feeders with differing head morphology. Efficiency was evaluated based on the degree to which invertebrate prey could be retrieved at different depths of sediment. Feeding performance was compared both with respect to feeding mode and species using a phylogenetic ANCOVA, with substrate depth as a covariate. Benthic foraging performance was constant across sediment depths in non-sifters but declined with depth in sifters. The non-sifting Hypsophrys used sweeping motions of the body and fins to excavate large pits to uncover prey; this tactic was more efficient for consuming deeply buried invertebrates than observed among sediment sifters. Findings indicate that similar feeding performance among sediment-sifting cichlids extracting invertebrate prey from shallow sediment layers reflects constraints associated with functional morphology and, to a lesser extent, phylogeny.
authors.affiliation: Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Hernán
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: López-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arbour
authors.affiliation: Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.affiliation: Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.affiliation: Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rodney L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Honeycutt
authors.affiliation: Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kirk O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Winemiller
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D023681:Cichlids / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013045:Species Specificity; D014329:Tropical Climate