title: Rats given linseed oil in microemulsion forms enriches the brain synaptic membrane with docosahexaenoic acid and enhances the neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
abstract: Long chain n-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are essential for the normal functioning of the brain. The vegetarian sections of the population get only alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) through their diet as a source of n-3 fatty acids. Hence, in this group of the population, the ALAs need to be converted to DHA through the action of the desaturase and the elongase enzymes. However, the conversion of the ALA to the DHA is very minimal (<2%) in mammals. Our recent studies have shown that the conversion of the ALA to the DHA can be enhanced significantly when given in the microemulsion forms. This work was undertaken to study the feasibility of enriching the synaptic membranes of rat brain with the DHA by providing the microemulsions of linseed oil (LSO) containing ALA. The rats were fed LSO as microemulsions in whey protein or in lipoid for 60 days through gavage. The rats given LSO microemulsions in lipoid showed higher levels of the DHA in the brain synaptic membrane when compared to rats given LSO without emulsion formation. This decreased the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio of the brain synaptic membrane. This also increased the membrane fluidity, Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase activity, and acetylcholine esterase activity in the synaptic membranes. Furthermore, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ ATPase activity, monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B activity was lowered in the rats given LSO in the microemulsion form. The dopamine and the serotonin levels in the brain were increased in the rats given LSO in the microemulsion form with lipoid as compared to those given LSO without the preemulsion formation. This study indicates that the LSO microemulsions in the lipoid can enhance the synaptic membrane DHA levels and influence the functions associated with the brain in a beneficial manner.
authors.forename: Dhavamani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sugasini
authors.forename: Belur R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Lokesh
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D004655:Emulsions; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008560:Membrane Fluidity; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D013570:Synaptic Membranes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D012701:Serotonin; D008043:Linseed Oil; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C548246:Ache protein, rat; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Alpha-linolenic acid; Brain synaptic membrane; Docosahexaenoic acid; Linseed oil microemulsion; Lipoid