title: [Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children and adolescents].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the treatment of cholelithiasis in adults, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the method of first choice. There is plentiful literary evidence of the low complication incidence in this age group, but similar assessment is lacking in the paediatric population. In this work, the authors focus on cholelithiasis in children and the possible use of laparoscopy in the diagnostic - therapeutic scheme.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 148 patients operated on by laparoscopic cholecystectomy between 2002 and 2011 at the Department of Paediatric Surgery, Orthopaedics and Traumatology of University Hospital Brno. The first objective of the study was to evaluate the length of surgery; the second one was the occurrence of complications which were divided into intraoperative and postoperative. Intraoperative complications were subdivided into severe and moderate, postoperative complications into early and late. The last objective was to evaluate the benefit (number of complications, treatment outputs) of intraoperative cholangiography for obstructive jaundice before the surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the above mentioned period, 143 laparoscopic cholecystectomies and five laparoscopic cholecystectomies including splenectomy were performed. The average age of the patients was 13.9 years; the average length of laparoscopic surgery was 52 minutes. One major, serious intraoperative complication (0.7%) was recorded - injury to the ductus hepaticus communis. Moderate intraoperative complications occurred in 4.5%. Furthermore, one serious early postoperative complication (0.7%) - bleeding from the cystic artery --and one minor (0.7%) - in a patient with acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - was recorded. Late postoperative complications occurred in 4% of the patients. Conversion of laparoscopic operation with a definitive resolution of the serious condition was performed in one patient because of the aforementioned serious intraoperative complications. Eleven patients underwent intraoperative cholangiography; extraction of stones from the bile duct was performed in six cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative cholangiography in children and adolescents can be recommended as a safe and effective imaging modality for patients with preoperative evidence of biliary obstruction. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children and adolescents can be clearly recommended as an effective and safe surgical technique convenient for paediatric patients.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Starý
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Macháček
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doušek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hnilička
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tůma
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Plánka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D061646:Operative Time; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013156:Splenectomy