title: A whole-grain cereal-based diet lowers postprandial plasma insulin and triglyceride levels in individuals with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Until recently, very few intervention studies have investigated the effects of whole-grain cereals on postprandial glucose, insulin and lipid metabolism, and the existing studies have provided mixed results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week intervention with either a whole-grain-based or a refined cereal-based diet on postprandial glucose, insulin and lipid metabolism in individuals with metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one men and women age range 40-65 years, with the metabolic syndrome were recruited to participate in this study using a parallel group design. After a 4-week run-in period, participants were randomly assigned to a 12-week diet based on whole-grain products (whole-grain group) or refined cereal products (control group). Blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the intervention, both fasting and 3 h after a lunch, to measure biochemical parameters. Generalized linear model (GLM) was used for between-group comparisons. Overall, 26 participants in the control group and 28 in the whole-grain group completed the dietary intervention. Drop-outs (five in the control and two in the whole-grain group) did not affect randomization. After 12 weeks, postprandial insulin and triglyceride responses (evaluated as average change 2 and 3 h after the meal, respectively) decreased by 29% and 43%, respectively, in the whole-grain group compared to the run-in period. Postprandial insulin and triglyceride responses were significantly lower at the end of the intervention in the whole-grain group compared to the control group (p = 0.04 and p = 0.05; respectively) whereas there was no change in postprandial response of glucose and other parameters evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A twelve week whole-grain cereal-based diet, compared to refined cereals, reduced postprandial insulin and triglycerides responses. This finding may have implications for type 2 diabetes risk and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy. Electronic address: rgiacco@isa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giacco
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costabile
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Della Pepa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anniballi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Griffo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangione
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cipriano
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viscovo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, BioCentre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landberg
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Research Council, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacini
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rivellese
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riccardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000097:blood; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D016014:Linear Models; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010349:Patient Compliance; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Cereal fiber; Glucose metabolism; Insulin metabolism; Lipids; Whole-grains