title: Use of alcohol and drugs among health professionals in Norway: a study using data from questionnaires and samples of oral fluid.
abstract: Working under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol may affect safety and job performance. However, the size of this possible problem among health professionals (HPs) is unknown. The aim of this study was threefold: (i) to analyze samples of oral fluid and self-reported data from questionnaires to investigate the prevalence of alcohol and drugs among a sample of HPs in Norway, (ii) to study self-reported absence from or impairment at work due to alcohol and/or drug use, and (iii) to examine whether such use and absence/impairment due to such use depend on socio-demographic variables.A total of 916 of the 933 invited HPs from hospitals and pharmacies participated in the study (participation rate = 98.2%), and 81.1% were women. Associations were analyzed in bi-variate cross tables with Chi-square statistics to assess statistical significance.Alcohol was not detected in any of the samples. Ethyl glucuronide, a specific alcohol metabolite, was found in 0.3% of the collected samples. Illicit drugs and medicinal drugs were identified in 0.6% and 7.3% of the samples, respectively. Both analytical results and self-reported use of alcohol and drugs during the past 12 months indicate that recent and past year alcohol and drug use was lower among HPs than among workers in other business areas in Norway, Europe and US. Nevertheless, several HPs reported absence from work due to alcohol (0.9%) and medicinal drug use (0.8%) during the past 12 months. A substantial part (16.7%) of the self-reported medicinal drug users reported absence from work because of use of medicinal drugs during the past 12 months, and more than 1/4 of those reported in-efficiency at work because of the use of medicinal drugs during the past 12 months. Reduced efficiency at work due to alcohol use during the past 12 months was reported by 12.2%.This sample of HPs seldom used illicit drugs, few had a high level of alcohol consumption, and few tested positive for medicinal drugs. Absence or hangover related to the use of medicinal drugs or alcohol appeared to be a bigger issue than the acute intoxication or the use of illicit drugs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P,O, Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. hier@fhi.no.
authors.forename: Hilde Marie Erøy
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Edvardsen
authors.forename: Ritva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karinen
authors.forename: Inger Synnøve
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Moan
authors.forename: Elisabeth Leere
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Oiestad
authors.forename: Asbjørg Solberg
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Christophersen
authors.forename: Hallvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gjerde