title: Establishing the effectiveness of patient decision aids: key constructs and measurement instruments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Establishing the effectiveness of patient decision aids (PtDA) requires evidence that PtDAs improve the quality of the decision-making process and the quality of the choice made, or decision quality. The aim of this paper is to review the theoretical and empirical evidence for PtDA effectiveness and discuss emerging practical and research issues in the measurement of effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  This updated overview incorporates: a) an examination of the instruments used to measure five key decision-making process constructs (i.e., recognize decision, feel informed about options and outcomes, feel clear about goals and preferences, discuss goals and preferences with health care provider, and be involved in decisions) and decision quality constructs (i.e., knowledge, realistic expectations, values-choice agreement) within the 86 trials in the Cochrane review; and b) a summary of the 2011 Cochrane Collaboration's review of PtDAs for these key constructs. Data on the constructs and instruments used were extracted independently by two authors from the 86 trials and any disagreements were resolved by discussion, with adjudication by a third party where required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 86 studies provide considerable evidence that PtDAs improve the decision-making process and decision quality. A majority of the studies (76/86; 88%) measured at least one of the key decision-making process or decision quality constructs. Seventeen different measurement instruments were used to measure decision-making process constructs, but no single instrument covered all five constructs. The Decisional Conflict Scale was most commonly used (n = 47), followed by the Control Preference Scale (n = 9). Many studies reported one or more constructs of decision quality, including knowledge (n = 59), realistic expectation of risks and benefits (n = 21), and values-choice agreement (n = 13). There was considerable variability in how values-choice agreement was defined and determined. No study reported on all key decision-making process and decision quality constructs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence of PtDA effectiveness in improving the quality of the decision-making process and decision quality is strong and growing. There is not, however, consensus or standardization of measurement for either the decision-making process or decision quality. Additional work is needed to develop and evaluate measurement instruments and further explore theoretical issues to advance future research on PtDA effectiveness.
authors.forename: Karen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Sepucha
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Borkhoff
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lally
authors.forename: Carrie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Matlock
authors.forename: Chirk Jenn
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ropka
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joseph-Williams
authors.forename: Celia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006282:Health Personnel; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D010358:Patient Participation