title: Endotoxin inactivation via steam-heat treatment in dilute simethicone emulsions used in biopharmaceutical processes.
abstract: Simethicone emulsion is used to regulate foaming in cell culture operations in biopharmaceutical processes. It is also a potential source of endotoxin contamination. The inactivation of endotoxins in dilute simethicone emulsions was assessed as a function of time at different steam temperatures using a Limulus amebocyte lysate kinetic chromogenic technique. Endotoxin inactivation from steam-heat treatment was fit to a four-parameter double exponential decay model, which indicated that endotoxin inactivation was biphasic, consisting of fast and slow regimes. In the fast regime, temperature-related effects were dominant. Transitioning into the slow regime, the observed temperature dependence diminished, and concentration-related effects became increasingly significant. The change in the Gibbs free energy moving through the transition state indicated that a large energy barrier must be overcome for endotoxin inactivation to occur. The corresponding Arrhenius pre-exponential factor was >>10(12) s(-1) suggesting that endotoxins in aqueous solution exist as aggregates. The disorder associated with the endotoxin inactivation reaction pathway was assessed via the change in entropy moving through the transition state. This quantity was positive indicating that endotoxin inactivation may result from hydrolysis of individual endotoxin molecules, which perturbs the conformation of endotoxin aggregates, thereby modulating the biological activity observed. Steam-heat treatment decreased endotoxin levels by 1-2 logarithm (log) reduction (LRV), which may be practically relevant depending on incoming raw material endotoxin levels. Antifoam efficiency and cell culture performance were negligibly impacted following steam-heat treatment. The results from this study show that steam-heat treatment is a viable endotoxin control strategy that can be implemented to support large-scale biopharmaceutical manufacturing.
authors.affiliation: Amgen Inc., 40 Technology Way, West Greenwich, RI, 02817.
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Britt
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galvin
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gammell
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nti-Gyabaah
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boras
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kolwyck
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Presente
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Naugle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001709:Biotechnology; D016466:CHO Cells; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000737:chemistry*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000592:standards; D012841:Simethicone / Q000737:chemistry*; D013227:Steam; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D004731:Endotoxins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013227:Steam; D012841:Simethicone
keywords: antifoam; biopharmaceutical industry; cell culture; depyrogenation; endotoxin