title: The community of needle endophytes reflects the current physiological state of Norway spruce.
abstract: This study investigated fungal endophytes in the needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies) cuttings in relation to host tree growth. We also determined the prevalence of endophytes in needles incubated for six months. The cuttings originated from clonal origins showing slow- and fast-growth in long-term field trials but the heritable differences in growth rate were not yet detected among the studied cutting. Endophytes were isolated from surface-sterilized needles with culture-free DNA techniques. No significant differences were observed between endophyte communities of slow- and fast-growing clonal origins. However, the endophyte community correlated with the current growth rate of cuttings suggesting that endophytes reflect short- rather than long-term performance of a host. The concentration of condensed tannins was similar in slow- and fast-growing clonal origins but it showed a negative relationship with endophyte species richness, implying that these secondary compounds may play an important role in spruce tolerance against fungal infections. More than a third of endophyte species were detected in both fresh and decomposing needles, indicating that many needle endophytes are facultative saprotrophs. Several potentially pathogenic fungal species were also found within the community of saprotrophic endophytes.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland. Electronic address: tiina.rajala@metla.fi.
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rajala
authors.affiliation: Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland. Electronic address: sannakajsa.velmala@metla.fi.
authors.forename: Sannakajsa M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Velmala
authors.affiliation: Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland. Electronic address: risto.m.vesala@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vesala
authors.affiliation: Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland. Electronic address: aino.smolander@metla.fi.
authors.forename: Aino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smolander
authors.affiliation: Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland. Electronic address: taina.pennanen@metla.fi.
authors.forename: Taina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pennanen
mesh_terms: D058448:Biota; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D060026:Endophytes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D028222:Picea / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal
keywords: Condensed tannins; Host tree vitality; Lophodermium piceae; Needle endophytic fungi; Norway spruce (Picea abies)