title: [Drug-drug interactions: interactions between xenobiotics].
abstract: Drug-drug interactions (DDI) are a major topic in programs for continuous medical education (CME). Many physicians are afraid of being trapped into charges of malpractice; however, DDI cannot be avoided in many cases. They belong to routine medical practice and it is often impossible to avoid them. Moreover, they do not just occur between drugs but between any kind of foreign substance (xenobiotica), such as food (e.g. grapefruit juice, broccoli, barbecue) as well as legal (e.g. tobacco smoke, caffeine and alcohol) and illegal drugs. Therefore, the medical challenge is not just to avoid any interaction. Instead the physician faces the question of how to proceed with drug treatment in the presence of such interactions. Based on the medical education a physician has to judge first of all whether there is a risk for interactions in the prescription being planned for an individual patient. The classification of interactions proposed in this article (PD1-PD4, PK1-PK3) might help as a sort of check list. For more detailed information the physician can then consult one of the many databases available on the internet, such as PSIAConline (http://www.psiac.de) and MediQ (http://www.mediq.ch). Pharmacokinetic interactions can be easily assessed, monitored and controlled by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Besides these tools it is important to keep in mind that nobody knows everything; even physicians do not know everything. So take pride in asking someone who might help and for this purpose AGATE offers a drug information service AID (http://www.amuep-agate.de). Just good for nothing, without being based on any kind of medical approach are computer programs that judge prescriptions without taking into account a patient's individual peculiarities. In case these types of programs produce red exclamation marks or traffic lights to underline their judgment, they might even work in a contrapuntal way by just eliciting insecurity and fear.
authors.affiliation: Klinische Pharmakologie am Lehrstuhl mit Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 84, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland, ekkehard.haen@klinik.uni-regensburg.de.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haen
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001711:Biotransformation; D057189:Checklist; D015897:Comorbidity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004346:Drug Information Services; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000502:physiology; D019338:Polypharmacy; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D015262:Xenobiotics; D001569:Benzodiazepines