title: Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones in fresh culinary herbs imported from Southeast Asia.
abstract: Since multidrug resistant bacteria are frequently reported from Southeast Asia, our study focused on the occurrence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in fresh imported herbs from Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. Samples were collected from fresh culinary herbs imported from Southeast Asia in which ESBL-suspected isolates were obtained by selective culturing. Analysis included identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, susceptibility testing, XbaI-PFGE, microarray, PCR and sequencing of specific ESBL genes, PCR based replicon typing (PBRT) of plasmids and Southern blot hybridization. In addition, the quinolone resistance genotype was characterized by screening for plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and parC. The study encompassed fifty samples of ten batches of culinary herbs (5 samples per batch) comprising nine different herb variants. The herbs originated from Thailand (Water morning glory, Acacia and Betel leaf), Vietnam (Parsley, Asian pennywort, Houttuynia leaf and Mint) and Malaysia (Holy basil and Parsley). By selective culturing 21 cefotaxime resistant Enterobacteriaceae were retrieved. Array analysis revealed 18 isolates with ESBL genes and one isolate with solely non-ESBL beta-lactamase genes. Mutations in the ampC promoter region were determined in two isolates with PCR and sequencing. The isolates were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=9), Escherichia coli (n=6), Enterobacter cloacae complex (n=5) and Enterobacter spp. (n=1). All isolates tested were multidrug resistant. Variants of CTX-M enzymes were predominantly found followed by SHV enzymes. PMQR genes (including aac(6')-1b-cr, qnrB and qnrS) were also frequently detected. In almost all cases ESBL and quinolone resistance genes were located on the same plasmid. Imported fresh culinary herbs from Southeast Asia are a potential source for contamination of food with multidrug resistant bacteria. Because these herbs are consumed without appropriate heating, transfer to human bacteria cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Electronic address: kees.veldman@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Veldman
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kant
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dierikx
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alieda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Essen-Zandbergen
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wit
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mevius
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D015363:Quinolones
keywords: ESBL; Herbs; Multidrug-resistant; PMQR