title: Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in North India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health problem in India and constitutes an important cause of mortality and morbidity. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess health-related quality of life (HRQL) and its determinants in patients with COPD from India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 126 patients (73.81% male) were enrolled using convenient sampling prospectively in this cross-sectional study. Eligible patients were assessed for socioeconomic status, anthropometric measures, COPD severity, dyspnea and health status using the Hindi version of St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Linear regression model was used to examine the association between risk factors and HRQL score (a higher score indicating poorer HRQL), adjusting for age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean total score for SGRQ in the patients was 52.66 ± 12.89, indicating a marked impairment of HRQL. Impairment was associated with the severity of airway obstruction, but within each Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage, the variation (SD) was wide [stage I: 47.8 ± 12.3 (n = 14); stage II: 49.28 ± 11.69 (n = 47); stage III: 53.47 ± 11.69 (n = 44); stage IV: 61.75 ± 14.14 (n = 21)]. A regression analysis showed that body mass index, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ), dyspnea grade, and depression were associated with poor HRQL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRQL of COPD patients was significantly impaired across stages. Marked impairment of HRQL was found even in patients with mild disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Negi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Raval
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires