title: Acquired abdominal intercostal hernia: case report and systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The protrusion of abdominal viscera through an intercostal space under an intact diaphragm is a very rare condition. The aim of this study is to elucidate the etiology, clinical features, and therapeutic options on what several authors call "abdominal intercostal hernia" (AIH).
  
  
  METHODS
  A typical case of AIH of the 9th left intercostal space in a 48-year-old man is presented. A literature search was conducted on the Medline and Scopus databases. Only acquired AIHs (AAIHs) were considered, while lung, transdiaphragmatic, and congenital intercostal hernias were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen studies met selection criteria and a total of 20 patients were useful for analysis. Etiology was related mainly to traumatism (65 %) or to previous surgery (20 %). The intercostal defects were mostly located under the 9th rib without significant differences as to side. The main symptom was chest swelling (85 %), often associated with discomfort or pain (76 %). Acute complications such as incarceration and strangulation occurred in three patients. CT was the most employed diagnostic tool (80 %). Early diagnosis was made in 25 % of cases. Seventeen patients underwent hernia repair with either open (73 %) or laparoscopic approach (28 %), and various techniques with and without prosthesis were described. Recurrence occurred in 28.6 % of patients, during a mean follow-up of 8.6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AAIH should be always suspected when chest swelling occurs after a minor or major trauma, and CT must be promptly performed to rule out diaphragmatic or abdominal viscera injury. This condition requires surgery to prevent serious complications, the first-choice technique should be mesh tension-free repair.
authors.affiliation: 1st Institute of General Surgery, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, enricoerdas@medicina.unica.it.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Licheri
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Calò
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pomata
mesh_terms: D046449:Hernia, Abdominal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D059685:Herniorrhaphy; D006801:Humans; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D013526:Surgical Mesh