title: Advances in imaging of tuberculosis: the role of ¹⁸F-FDG PET and PET/CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the main applications, advantages and limitations of ¹⁸F-FDG PET and PET/computed tomography (CT), and some other tracers in imaging of tuberculosis (TB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In pulmonary TB, granulomas typically demonstrate increased ¹⁸F-FDG uptake, and areas of active TB can be differentiated from old or inactive disease by dual time point imaging. However, standardized uptake value measurements are high in both TB and malignant lesions, with significant overlap that limits their usefulness. In extrapulmonary TB, ¹⁸F-FDG PET detects more tuberculous lesions than CT, is of value in assessing response to tuberculostatic treatment, and helps in diagnosing spinal infection and identifying TB-related spondylitis; however, again, differentiation of malignant versus TB lymph node involvement is problematic. ¹⁸F-FDG PET can also be considered a marker of disease status in patients with HIV and TB co-infection. Overall, evaluation of treatment response is potentially the most important clinical application of ¹⁸F-FDG PET in TB, owing to its ability to distinguish active from inactive disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ¹⁸F-FDG PET and PET/CT may assist early diagnosis and facilitate differentiation between malignancies and TB, identification of extrapulmonary TB, staging of TB, and assessment of treatment response.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa bInstitute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mariza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vorster
authors.forename: Mike M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sathekge
authors.forename: Jamshed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bomanji
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006099:Granuloma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18