title: A normative study of the digit span in an educationally diverse elderly population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of demographic variables on Digit Span test (DS) performance in an educationally diverse elderly population and to provide normative information.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DS was administered to 784 community-dwelling volunteers aged 60-90 years with an educational history of from zero to 25 years of full-time education. People with serious neurological, medical and psychiatric disorders (including dementia) were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, education and gender were found to be significantly associated with performance on the DS. Based on the results obtained, DS norms were stratified by age (2 strata), education (3 strata), and gender (2 strata).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results on DS performance suggest that both attention and working memory are influenced by age, education and gender. The present study provides reasonably comprehensive normative information on the DS for an educationally diverse elderly population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Program for Cognitive Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Program for Cognitive Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Hyun
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Kyung
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jee Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Shin Gyeom
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Gyeonggi Provincial Hospital for the Elderly, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Choul
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Hyeong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jhoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Woong
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Program for Cognitive Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Inn
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Woo
keywords: Age factors; Education; Koreans; Neuropsychological tests; Reference standards; Sex