title: Squamous neoplasia of the scrotum: a series of 29 cases.
abstract: The current epidemiology and clinicopathologic features of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the scrotum are largely unknown because of its low incidence. We describe the histopathologic features, immunohistochemistry, and human papillomavirus (HPV) status of 29 patients with scrotal SCC. The mean age at presentation was 55 years (range, 30 to 74 y). White to black ratio was 1.9:1. There was no predominant occupation, with the majority being white-collar professionals. Clinical history of condylomas was present in 5 patients, and 7 patients had a history of multiple skin cancers including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and other SCCs. Other comorbidities included human immunodeficiency virus infection (n=2), kidney transplant (n=1), leukemia/lymphoma (n=2), hidradenitis suppurativa (n=1), chronic scrotal infections with abscess (n=1), inflamed epidermal inclusion cyst (n=1), and lichen planus (n=1). One patient had a history of regular tanning bed use. Morphologically, the majority was usual type (n=17), followed by basaloid (n=7) and warty (n=5). Nineteen cases were in situ, and 10 were invasive. Three patients had inguinal lymphadenopathy; in 1, metastasis was confirmed. Suprabasal nuclear staining for Ki67 was considered positive. For p16, a continuous band of nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was considered positive, and a noncontinuous or absence of staining was considered negative. p16 was positive in 10 cases; high-risk HPV was confirmed in 7 cases. Ki67 was positive in 8/17 (47%) usual, 6/7 (85.7%) basaloid, and 3/5 (60%) warty type. p53 was positive in 5/17 (29.4%) usual, 2/7 (28.6%) basaloid, and 1/5 (20%) warty type. All patients were treated with local excision only; 13 had positive margins. Three patients were treated with imiquimod after local excision. The median follow-up was 30 months. Three patients recurred and were treated with re-excision; 1 patient received radiotherapy. Overall, the morphologic, immunohistochemical, and HPV studies show that, similar to SCC of the vulva or penis, the SCC of the scrotum can be divided into 2 major groups. Group 1 (38.5%): positive for p16 and elevated Ki67. This group is associated with HPV infection and displays predominantly a basaloid or warty morphology, although a number of them are of usual type. Group 2 (61.5%): negative for p16. This group has variable Ki67 expression, is consistently negative for HPV, and displays predominantly usual-type morphology. SCC of the scrotum in the United States currently affects primarily white-collar professionals. The majority present with in situ lesions, and the high rate of positive margins at first excision suggests that they are clinically ill-defined lesions. No longer are occupational exposures to carcinogens the major etiology of scrotal SCC. Rather in contemporary times, common risk factors include HPV infection, immunocompromised states, and chronic scrotal inflammatory conditions.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Pathology §Oncology ∥Urology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore ‡Miraca LifeScience Laboratory, Glen Burnie, MD †Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matoso
authors.forename: Hillary M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allbritton
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000737:chemistry / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D015897:Comorbidity; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000032:analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005834:Genital Neoplasms, Male / Q000737:chemistry / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D061809:Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012611:Scrotum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004279:DNA, Viral; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53