title: The effects of sleep restriction on executive inhibitory control and affect in young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Young adults regularly experience restricted sleep due to a range of social, educational, and vocational commitments. Evidence suggests that extended periods of sleep deprivation negatively impact affective and inhibitory control mechanisms leading to behavioral consequences such as increased emotional reactivity and impulsive behavior. It is less clear whether acute periods of restricted sleep produce the same behavioral consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen young adults (m = 8 and f = 12) with habitual late bedtime (after 22:30 h) and wake time (after 06:30 h) completed a range of objective and subjective measures assessing sleepiness (psychomotor vigilance task and Karolinska sleepiness scale), inhibitory control (emotional go/no-go task and a balloon analog risk task), and affect (positive and negative affective schedule). Testing was counterbalanced across participants and occurred on two occasions once following restricted sleep and once following habitual sleep 1 week apart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with habitual sleep, sleep restriction produced significantly slower performance on the psychomotor vigilance task and higher subjective ratings of sleepiness on the Karolinska sleepiness scale. Sleep restriction also caused a significant decrease in positive affect but no change in negative affect on the affective schedule. Inhibitory control efficiency was significantly differentiated, with participants showing an increase in risk taking on the balloon analog risk task, but there was no evidence of increased reactivity to negative stimuli on the emotional go/no-go task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that even acute periods of sleep loss may cause deficits in affective experiences and increase impulsive and potentially high-risk behavior in young adults.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuropsychology Research Group, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address: k.rossa@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kalina R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Rossa
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuropsychology Research Group, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Alicia C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuropsychology Research Group, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011793:Queensland; D011930:Reaction Time; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Emotions; Impulsive behavior; Risk taking; Sleep deprivation