title: Maternal and personal religious engagement as predictors of early onset and frequent substance use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether maternal and offspring's religiosity independently predict age of onset and frequency of substance use in offspring, and whether gender differentiates these associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the Mater Hospital and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a birth cohort study. Participants were a cohort of 3,537 persons who were born during 1981-83 and were followed-up to 21 years. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate relative risk of substance use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both maternal and offspring's religious practice were associated with later onset and less frequent substance use. After adjustment for potential confounding and maternal religious background, offspring who were not attending church were more likely to report early onset of tobacco smoking (OR = 5.1; 95% CI: 2.8-9.4), alcohol drinking (OR = 17.4; 95% CI: 8.9-33.9) and cannabis use (OR = 7.5; 95% CI: 3.4-16.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of this study suggest family and personal religious practices are predictors of less substance use problems in adolescents and young adult males and females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Religious engagement functions as a deterrent to adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use.
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Mount Isa Hospital, Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayatbakhsh
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clavarino
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jake M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Najman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult