title: Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and ileal transposition surgeries on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle and liver.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and ileal transposition (IT) surgeries produce weight loss and improve diabetic control; however, the mechanisms of glycemic improvements are largely unknown. Because skeletal muscle and liver play a key role in glucose homeostasis, we compared the effects of RYGB and IT surgeries on key molecules of glucose and lipid metabolism in muscle and liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to RYGB, IT, or sham surgeries; sham-animals were ad-lib fed or pair-fed to RYGB rats (n = 7-9/group). At 8 weeks postoperatively, blood samples were collected for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin analyses by ELISA. Leg muscle and liver tissues were analyzed for mRNA (RT-qPCR) and/or protein abundance (immuno blotting) of important molecules of glucose and lipid metabolism [glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα), cytochrome C oxidase-IV (COX-IV), citrate synthase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1), medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 α (PGC-1 α), PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC), uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma GLP-1 concentrations were increased comparably with RYGB and IT. RYGB and IT increased muscle GLUT-4 protein content, muscle hexokinase mRNA, and liver PFK mRNA. IT increased muscle AMPKα and COX-IV protein content and liver citrate synthase activity. IT increased muscle CPT-1, MCAD and PRC mRNA, whereas RYGB increased UCP-3 mRNA in muscle and liver, and PGC-1 α mRNA in liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that RYGB and IT surgeries lead to enhanced GLP-1 secretion and produce similar stimulatory effects on important molecules of glucose metabolism but differential effects on key molecules of lipid oxidation in muscle and liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pezeshki
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: pchelika@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Prasanth K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chelikani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015390:Gastric Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D007082:Ileum / Q000601:surgery*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Glucose metabolism; Gut hormones; Ileal transposition; Lipid metabolism; Roux-en Y gastric bypass