title: Inactivation of airborne Enterococcus faecalis and infectious bursal disease virus using a pilot-scale ultraviolet photocatalytic oxidation scrubber.
abstract: High microbial concentrations and emissions associated with livestock houses raise health and environmental concerns. A pilot-scale ultraviolet photocatalytic oxidation (UV-PCO) scrubber was tested for its efficacy to inactivate aerosolized Enterococcus faecalis and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Microbial reduction was determined by the difference in microbial concentrations measured in the upstream and downstream isolators that were connected to the two ends of the UV-PCO scrubber. Two UV irradiance levels were tested by using one or two UV lamps. The theoretical average UV irradiances were 6,595 microW cm(-2) with one UV lamp and 12,799 microW cm(-2) with two UV lamps. At the tested ventilation rate (70 m3 hr(-1)), the contact time was 1 sec. Reduction rate and other two indexes (k-value and Z-value) that normalized UV radiation were calculated to describe the extent of microbial inactivation. The UV-PCO scrubber eliminated > 99.7% of airborne E. faecalisfrom the incoming airstream under one UV lamp irradiance, and the reduction was further increased by 0.2-0.3% when the second UV lamp was added. The reduction rate for airborne IBDV was 72.4% with one UV lamp. The calculated k-values were 0.501-0.594 cm2 mJ(-1) for airborne E. faecalis and 0.217 cm2 mJ(-1) for IBDV The Z-value of airborne E. faecalis to UV irradiance was 9.3 (+/- 1.6) x 10(-4) cm2 microW(-1) sec(-1). The results indicate that a UV-PCO scrubber can serve as an effective and efficient technology for inactivating airborne bacteria and virus. Scaling up of the pilot-scale scrubber for field use will require considerations such as design air treatment capacity, UV irradiance level, contact time, dust concentration, susceptibility of target microorganisms, and expected reduction rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work demonstrated that a UV-PCO scrubber can be used to inactivate animal-associated airborne microorganisms, thus reducing microbial emissions from livestock houses and minimizing the biological impact to ambient environment. The microbial reduction efficiency by the UV-PCO scrubber varied depended on the level of UV irradiation and the target microbial species. The tested viral species (infectious bursal disease virus) was more resistant to the UV-PCO scrubber as compared to its counterpart bacterial species (E. faecalis).
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: André J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Aarnink
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xin
mesh_terms: D000390:Air Ionization; D000391:Air Microbiology; D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006813:Humidity; D007243:Infectious bursal disease virus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays