title: The role of the complement system in age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common retinal disease in older people. In Europe, about 1.6% of persons over age 65 and more than 13% of persons over age 85 have late-stage AMD, which can severely impair vision. The development of AMD is influenced both by environmental factors and by a strong hereditary component.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selectively searched the PubMed database for articles published between April 2001 and November 2013 with the key words "age-related macular degeneration," "risk factor," "complement," and "therapy." The website www.clinicaltrials.gov was also used to search for relevant clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Old age and smoking are confirmed risk factors for AMD. Moreover, genetic association studies have pointed to signaling pathways in which the complement system, a part of the individual's innate immune system, takes on a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Several clinical trials designed to interfere specifically with these pathomechanisms have yielded rather disappointing results, although a phase II study of the monoclonal antibody lampalizumab showed that blocking complement factor D lessened the progression of geographic atrophy. A risk model based on 13 genetic markers was found to have positive predictive values in predisposed individuals that ranged from 5.1% (in persons aged 65 to 69) to 91.7% (in persons aged 85 or older). It should be borne in mind that 50% of patients with AMD are not carriers of risk-associated markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no rationale at present for genetic testing to estimate the individual risk of developing AMD. Several recent clinical trials have incorporated current pathophysiological knowledge, but nearly all of these trials have yielded negative findings, with only one exception.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London.
authors.forename: Bernhard H F
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charbel Issa
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grassmann
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Holz
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D003165:Complement System Proteins