title: Infant body composition and adipokine concentrations in relation to maternal gestational weight gain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate associations of maternal gestational weight gain and body composition and their impact on offspring body composition and adipocytokine, glucose, and insulin concentrations at age 4 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study including 31 mother-infant pairs (N = 62). Maternal body composition was assessed using doubly labeled water. Infant body composition was assessed at 4 months using air displacement plethysmography, and venous blood was assayed for glucose, insulin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and leptin concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rate of gestational weight gain in midpregnancy was significantly associated with infant fat mass (r = 0.41, P = 0.03); rate of gestational weight in late pregnancy was significantly associated with infant fat-free mass (r = 0.37, P = 0.04). Infant birth weight was also strongly correlated with infant fat-free mass at 4 months (r = 0.63, P = 0.0002). Maternal BMI and maternal fat mass were strongly inversely associated with infant IL-6 concentrations (r = -0.60, P = 0.002 and r = -0.52, P = 0.01, respectively). Infant fat-free mass was inversely related to infant adiponectin concentrations (r = -0.48, P = 0.008) and positively correlated with infant blood glucose adjusted for insulin concentrations (r = 0.42, P = 0.04). No significant associations for leptin were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Timing of maternal weight gain differentially impacts body composition of the 4-month-old infant, which in turn appears to affect the infant's glucose and adipokine concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding author: Paul W. Franks, paul.franks@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Angela C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Estampador
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pomeroy
authors.forename: Frida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renström
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mogren
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Domellöf
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Franks
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D033261:Maternal-Fetal Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin