title: Multipotential stromal cell abundance in cellular bone allograft: comparison with fresh age-matched iliac crest bone and bone marrow aspirate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To enumerate and characterize multipotential stromal cells (MSCs) in a cellular bone allograft and compare with fresh age-matched iliac crest bone and bone marrow (BM) aspirate.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSC characterization used functional assays, confocal/scanning electron microscopy and whole-genome microarrays. Resident MSCs were enumerated by flow cytometry following enzymatic extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allograft material contained live osteocytes and proliferative bone-lining cells defined as MSCs by phenotypic and functional capacities. Without cultivation/expansion, the allograft displayed an 'osteoinductive' molecular signature and the presence of CD45(-)CD271(+)CD73(+)CD90(+)CD105(+) MSCs; with a purity over 100-fold that of iliac crest bone. In comparison with BM, MSC numbers enzymatically released from 1 g of cellular allograft were equivalent to approximately 45 ml of BM aspirate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cellular allograft bone represents a unique nonimmune material rich in MSCs and osteocytes. This osteoinductive graft represents an attractive alternative to autograft bone or composite/synthetic grafts in orthopedics and broader regenerative medicine settings.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Room 5.24, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Baboolal
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Room 5.24, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: Sally A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boxall
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Room 5.24, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: Yasser M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: El-Sherbiny
authors.affiliation: NuVasive, Inc., Biologics R&D, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Room 5.24, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cuthbert
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Room 5.24, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Room 5.24, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGonagle
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Room 5.24, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology*
keywords: bone marrow; cellular allograft; multipotential stromal cells; osteocytes