title: A supportive family environment in childhood enhances the level and heritability of sense of coherence in early adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effects of genetic and environmental factors on sense of coherence (SOC) in young adulthood and whether family environment measured in childhood modifies these effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  SOC was measured at 20-27 years of age in 3,193 Finnish twins using the Antonovsky's 13-item short scale. The twins and their parents had rated their emotional family environment independently when the twins were 12 years of age. The data were analyzed using applications of structural linear equation modeling to twin data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females rated SOC 2.42 points lower than males. Additive genetic factors explained 39% of the variation of SOC in males and 49% in females, whereas the rest of the variation was explained by environmental factors unique to each twin individual. For the dimensions of SOC, the highest genetic correlation was found between comprehensibility and manageability (0.90 in males and 0.97 in females). SOC was strongest in the participants who had reported supportive family atmosphere and low relational tensions to parents in childhood. These participants also had higher genetic variance and lower unique environmental variance of SOC when compared to those who reported emotionally more stressful family environment. The results were similar when we used parental rating of family environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic factors are important for SOC, but genetic influences are much greater in supportive family environments. This emphasizes the importance of childhood home for the development of strong SOC.
authors.affiliation: Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, 00014, Helsinki, Finland, karri.silventoinen@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Karri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silventoinen
authors.forename: Salla-Maarit
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Volanen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vuoksimaa
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D060685:Sense of Coherence; D012944:Social Support; D014427:Twins / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult