title: Heavy domestic, but not recreational, physical activity is associated with low back pain: Australian Twin low BACK pain (AUTBACK) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between domestic and recreational physical activity (PA) and low back pain (LBP) after adjusting for genetic and environmental influences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twins were recruited through the Australian twin registry. LBP prevalence and domestic (vigorous gardening/heavy yard work) and recreational (light walking, moderate/vigorous) PA were assessed by a validated questionnaire. Associations were analysed using a cross-sectional analysis of the complete sample of 486 twins, including a matched case-control analysis of 69 twin pairs discordant for LBP. Logistic regression and the lincom post-estimation method were used for the analysis. Odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The case-control analysis showed that LBP was significantly associated with heavy domestic PA (OR 2.88, 95 % CI 1.29-6.43), whereas no significant association was found with any form of recreational PA. The results of the lincom command indicated that being engaged in both heavy domestic and recreational PA (light walking or moderate/vigorous) was associated with a significantly increased probability of LBP compared with being engaged only in recreational PA (light walking or moderate/vigorous, ORs 3.48-4.22). Using the whole sample, we found weaker associations but in the same direction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found evidence that heavy domestic PA is associated with an increased probability of LBP, and the combination of heavy domestic and recreational PA might increase the probability of LBP more so than heavy domestic or recreational PA alone. Associations being greater when using the co-twin case-control analysis indicate that genetic and environmental factors influence the relationship between PA and LBP, and demonstrate the value of a twin design.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, m.huebscher@neura.edu.au.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hübscher
authors.forename: Manuela L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Daniela R G
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Junqueira
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Refshauge
authors.forename: Chris G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.forename: Paulo H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult