title: A strategically designed small molecule attacks alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in tumor cells through a redox process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Targeting cancer cell metabolism is recognized as a promising arena for development of cancer chemotherapeutics. Moreover, redox metabolism is also systematically altered in tumor cells. Indeed, there is growing reason to believe that tumor-specific alteration of redox control of metabolism will be central to understanding and attacking malignancy. We report here that lipoate analog CPI-613 attacks a gate-keeping, lipoate-using metabolic enzyme, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), by a redox mechanism selectively in tumors cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CPI-613 inhibited KGDH function strongly and rapidly, selectively in tumor cells. Moreover, CPI-613 induced a correspondingly rapid, powerful redox signal in tumor cell mitochondria. This signal was associated with redox modification of KGDH (including extensive enzyme glutathionylation and redox blockage of enzyme lipoate sulfhydryls), correlating with KGDH inactivation. The source of this tumor-specific mitochondrial redox modulatory signal was not electron transport complexes (I or III), but was largely or entirely the E3 (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase) component of dehydrogenases, including KGDH. Finally, we demonstrated that KGDH activity was redox regulated (in tumor cells), as expected if a tumor-specific redox process (auto)regulates KGDH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that lipoate analog CPI-613 attacks redox control of KGDH activity in tumor cells, perhaps by modulation of an existing lipoate-sensitive allosteric process normally governing tumor cell KGDH activity. Together with its previously reported, mechanistically distinct (non-redox) effects on the other major, lipoate-using mitochondrial metabolic enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase, CPI-613's KGDH effects indicate that this agent simultaneously attacks multiple central, essential components of tumor cell metabolic regulation.
authors.forename: Shawn D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schauble
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Keppler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. paul.bingham@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zachar