title: Incidence of complex regional pain syndrome after foot and ankle surgery.
abstract: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is an uncommon complication of orthopedic surgery, and few investigators have considered the incidence in foot and ankle surgery. In the present retrospective cohort study of 390 patients who had undergone elective foot and/or ankle surgery in our department from January to December 2009, the incidence of postoperative CRPS was calculated and explanatory variables were analyzed. A total of 17 patients (4.36%) were identified as meeting the International Association for the Study of Pain criteria for the diagnosis of CRPS. Of the 17 patients with CRPS, the mean age was 47.2 ± 9.7 years, and 14 (82.35%) were female. All the operations were elective, and 9 (52.94%) involved the forefoot, 3 (17.65%) the hindfoot, 3 (17.65%) the ankle, and 2 (11.76%) the midfoot. Twelve patients (70.59%) had new-onset CRPS after a primary procedure, and 5 (29.41%) had developed CRPS after multiple surgeries. Three patients (17.65%) had documented nerve damage intraoperatively and thus developed new-onset CRPS type 2. Blood test results were available for 14 patients (82.35%) at a minimum of 3 months postoperatively, and none had elevated inflammatory markers. Five of the patients (29.41%) were smokers, and 8 (47.06%) had had a pre-existing diagnosis of anxiety and/or depression. From our findings, we recommend that middle-age females and those with a history of anxiety or depression, who will undergo elective foot surgery, should be counseled regarding the risk of developing CRPS during the consent process. We recommend similar studies be undertaken in other orthopedic units, and we currently are collecting data from other orthopedic departments within Scotland.
authors.affiliation: Core Surgical Training Programme, West of Scotland, UK. Electronic address: m.rewhorn@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rewhorn
authors.affiliation: West of Scotland Orthopaedic Training Programme, UK.
authors.forename: Andraay H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Infirmary of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Infirmary of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Moir
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hairmyres Hospital, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Roslyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000601:surgery; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000209:etiology*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: CRPS; causalgia; complication; nerve injury; reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome; surgery