title: Effectiveness of the 'Healthy School and Drugs' prevention programme on adolescents' substance use: a randomized clustered trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of the Healthy School and Drugs programme on alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use among Dutch early adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clustered trial with two intervention conditions (i.e. e-learning and integral).
  
  
  METHODS
  General population of 11-15-year-old adolescents in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3784 students of 23 Dutch secondary schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured digital questionnaires were administered pre-intervention and at 32 months follow-up. The primary outcome measures were new incidences of alcohol (life-time and 1-month prevalence), tobacco (life-time and 1-month prevalence) and marijuana use (life-time prevalence).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Main effect analyses showed no programme effects on incidences of alcohol consumption (life-time prevalence: e-learning condition: B = 0.102, P = 0.549; integral condition: B = -0.157, P = 0.351; 1-month prevalence: e-learning condition: B = 0.191, P = 0.288; integral condition: B = -0.140, P = 0.445), tobacco consumption (life-time prevalence: e-learning condition: B = 0.164, P = 0.444; integral condition: B = 0.160, P = 0.119; 1-month prevalence: e-learning condition: B = 0.088, P = 0.746; integral condition: B = 0.261, P = 0.093), or marijuana consumption (life-time prevalence: e-learning condition: B = 0.070, P = 0.732; integral condition: B = 0.186, P = 0.214).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The non-significant impact of the Healthy School and Drugs programme (a Dutch school-based prevention programme for early adolescents) on incidences of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use indicates that the programme is either ineffective or implemented inadequately.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinjan
authors.forename: Geertjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Overbeek
authors.forename: Ad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vermulst
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Monshouwer
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: Wilma A M
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D012572:School Health Services; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol use; early adolescents; marijuana use; prevention; randomized clustered trial; tobacco use