title: Comparison of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and misoprostol for pain relief during and after hysterosalpingography: prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether vaginal misoprostol or oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce pain during and 30 minutes after hysterosalpingography (HSG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized prospective, controlled, parallel-group study (Canadian Task Force classification I).
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-eight women with primary infertility who underwent HSG for evaluation of infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Group 1 received 200 μg misoprostol vaginally 6 hours before HSG; group 2, 50 mg diclofenac potassium orally 45 to 60 minutes before HSG; and group 3, no medication. The primary outcome of the study was to evaluate the severity of pain during and 30 minutes after the procedure using a visual analog scale (VAS) ranging from 1 (very favorable) to 10 (very unfavorable). The secondary outcomes were to assess the rate of completion and the vasovagal effects including nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness, syncope, hypotension, and bradycardia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant difference in the median (25%-75%) VAS pain scores between women administered vaginal misoprostol (median, 6.7 cm; range, 4.7-9 cm) and the control group (median, 6.7 cm; range, 4.6-8.8 cm) during the HSG. However, women in the NSAID group (median, 5.5 cm; range, 3-7.6 cm) reported less pain than did those in the misoprostol group (p = .009) and the control group (p = .03). At 30 minutes after HSG, there was no significant difference in the median VAS pain scores between patients administered NSAIDs (median, 2.3 cm; range, 1.4-4.2) or misoprostol (median, 2.3 cm; range, 1.2-4.4) and the control group (median, 2.2 cm; range, 1.3-4.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no benefit in terms of pain reduction with the use of misoprostol during HSG or at 30 minutes after the procedure. However, NSAIDs are associated with pain relief during the HSG procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hikmet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hassa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey. Electronic address: tufanoge@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tufan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oge
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yunus
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Derya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burkankulu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016595:Misoprostol
keywords: Hysterosalpingography; Misoprostol; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Visual analog scale