title: Analysis of anoxybacillus genomes from the aspects of lifestyle adaptations, prophage diversity, and carbohydrate metabolism.
abstract: Species of Anoxybacillus are widespread in geothermal springs, manure, and milk-processing plants. The genus is composed of 22 species and two subspecies, but the relationship between its lifestyle and genome is little understood. In this study, two high-quality draft genomes were generated from Anoxybacillus spp. SK3-4 and DT3-1, isolated from Malaysian hot springs. De novo assembly and annotation were performed, followed by comparative genome analysis with the complete genome of Anoxybacillus flavithermus WK1 and two additional draft genomes, of A. flavithermus TNO-09.006 and A. kamchatkensis G10. The genomes of Anoxybacillus spp. are among the smaller of the family Bacillaceae. Despite having smaller genomes, their essential genes related to lifestyle adaptations at elevated temperature, extreme pH, and protection against ultraviolet are complete. Due to the presence of various competence proteins, Anoxybacillus spp. SK3-4 and DT3-1 are able to take up foreign DNA fragments, and some of these transferred genes are important for the survival of the cells. The analysis of intact putative prophage genomes shows that they are highly diversified. Based on the genome analysis using SEED, many of the annotated sequences are involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The presence of glycosyl hydrolases among the Anoxybacillus spp. was compared, and the potential applications of these unexplored enzymes are suggested here. This is the first study that compares Anoxybacillus genomes from the aspect of lifestyle adaptations, the capacity for horizontal gene transfer, and carbohydrate metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kian Mau
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Monash School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Han Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kok-Gan
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore.
authors.forename: Giek Far
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saleha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chun Shiong
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ummirul Mukminin
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Kahar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kian Piaw
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Chai
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D058677:Anoxybacillus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D004260:DNA Repair; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D045482:Hot Springs / Q000382:microbiology; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D039002:Prophages / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D014764:Viral Proteins; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases