title: Sipuleucel-T and immunotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunotherapy represents an emerging modality of treatment utilized in patients with prostate cancer, among various other malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sipuleucel-T is an autologous active cellular immunotherapy that has demonstrated improved survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The IMPACT trial led to the FDA approval of sipuleucel-T as first-line treatment for men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mCRPC. Additional immunotherapies in cancer have shown promising results in clinical studies. These include ProstVac, which is a poxvirus vaccine targeting prostate-specific antigen, and cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1). The combination of sipuleucel-T with both androgen deprivation therapy and androgen signaling agents has demonstrated robust and augmented immune responses. The responses to immunotherapy are often seen via different parameters compared with other therapies, including increased T-cell activation and antibody response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of immunotherapy in cancer continues to grow and encompass agents with different mechanisms, and ongoing efforts to identify appropriate timing of therapy and patients for use is integral to the management of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Podium B, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology Program , 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 , USA +1 202 444 9094 ; +1 202 444 9429 ; NAD103@gunet.georgetown.edu.
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Roesch
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014020:Tissue Extracts; C511774:sipuleucel-T