title: Surveillance for yellow Fever virus in non-human primates in southern Brazil, 2001-2011: a tool for prioritizing human populations for vaccination.
abstract: In Brazil, epizootics among New World monkey species may indicate circulation of yellow fever (YF) virus and provide early warning of risk to humans. Between 1999 and 2001, the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul initiated surveillance for epizootics of YF in non-human primates to inform vaccination of human populations. Following a YF outbreak, we analyzed epizootic surveillance data and assessed YF vaccine coverage, timeliness of implementation of vaccination in unvaccinated human populations. From October 2008 through June 2009, circulation of YF virus was confirmed in 67 municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul State; vaccination was recommended in 23 (34%) prior to the outbreak and in 16 (24%) within two weeks of first epizootic report. In 28 (42%) municipalities, vaccination began more than two weeks after first epizootic report. Eleven (52%) of 21 laboratory-confirmed human YF cases occurred in two municipalities with delayed vaccination. By 2010, municipalities with confirmed YF epizootics reported higher vaccine coverage than other municipalities that began vaccination. In unvaccinated human populations timely response to epizootic events is critical to prevent human yellow fever cases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco A B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; La Salle University, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jader da C
authors.initials: Jda C
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edmilson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daltro F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: da Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiologic Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando J C
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Faraco
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiologic Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marilina A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bercini
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiologic Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kátia C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Vettorello
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiologic Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiologic Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohrdieck
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiologic Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tani M S
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ranieri
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiologic Surveillance, Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schermann
authors.affiliation: Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alethéa F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sperb
authors.affiliation: Health Surveillance Coordination, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.affiliation: Central State Public Health Laboratory, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zenaida M A
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Secretariat for Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandro P M
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Secretariat for Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zouraide G
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Secretariat for Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvana L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Pan American Health Organization, Brasília, Brazil; Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flannery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D018419:Primate Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods; D015004:Yellow Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D022341:Yellow Fever Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015005:Yellow fever virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D022341:Yellow Fever Vaccine