title: Acute bilateral leg amputation following combat injury in UK servicemen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to characterise the injuries and surgical management of British servicemen sustaining bilateral lower limb amputations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The UK Military Trauma Registry was searched for all cases of primary bilateral lower limb amputation sustained between March 2004 and March 2010. Amputations were excluded if they occurred more than 7 days after injury or if they were at the ankle or more distal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1694 UK military patients injured or killed during this six-year study period. Forty-three of these (2.8%) were casualties with bilateral lower limb amputations. All casualties were men with a mean age of 25.1 years (SD 4.3): all were injured in Afghanistan by Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). Six casualties were in vehicles when they were injured with the remaining 37 (80%) patrolling on foot. The mean New Injury Severity Score (NISS) was 48.2 (SD 13.2): four patients had a maximum score of 75. The mean TRISS probability of survival was 60% (SD 39.4), with 18 having a survival probability of less than 50% i.e. unexpected survivors. The most common amputation pattern was bilateral trans-femoral (TF) amputations, which was seen in 25 patients (58%). Nine patients also lost an upper limb (triple amputation): no patients survived loss of all four limbs. In retained upper limbs extensive injuries to the hands and forearms were common, including loss of digits. Six patients (14%) sustained an open pelvic fracture. Perineal/genital injury was a feature in 19 (44%) patients, ranging from unilateral orchidectomy to loss of genitalia and permanent requirement for colostomy and urostomy. The mean requirement for blood products was 66 units (SD 41.7). The maximum transfusion was 12 units of platelets, 94 packed red cells, 8 cryoprecipitate, 76 units of fresh frozen plasma and 3 units of fresh whole blood, a total of 193 units of blood products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings detail the severe nature of these injuries together with the massive surgical and resuscitative efforts required to firstly keep patients alive and secondly reconstruct and prepare them for rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (RCDM), Birmingham, UK; Institute of Naval Medicine, Gosport, Hampshire, UK. Electronic address: Jowan@doctors.net.uk.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Penn-Barwell
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (RCDM), Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (RCDM), Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (RCDM), Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Sargeant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003125:Colostomy; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000293:injuries*; D006428:Hemipelvectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008887:Military Medicine; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Amputation; Blast; Combat; Injuries; Mines; Pelvic fracture; War; Wounds