title: Chemopreventive effects of the polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 on the carcinogenesis process of the upper aerodigestive tract induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in Swiss mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the potential chemopreventive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 in Swiss mice submitted to oral and oesophageal carcinogenesis induction by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO).
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals underwent carcinogenesis induction with 50 µg/mL 4-NQO for eight weeks. The animals were divided into groups: Group I-4-NQO induction without chemoprevention, Group II-chemoprevention with the addition of 5% fish oil (FO) in their diet after 4-NQO carcinogenesis induction, and Group III-chemoprevention with 5% FO in their diet during and after 4-NQO carcinogenesis induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  THE INCIDENCE OF INVASIVE ORAL CARCINOMA WAS: Group I (72.9%), Group II (84.2%), and Group III (64.7%); p = 0.34. The difference in the incidence of invasive oesophageal carcinoma was statistically significant: Group I (37.8%), Group II (68.4%), and Group III (29.4%); p = 0.02.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4-NQO induction led to cancer in the majority of animals. Chemoprevention with FO brought no benefit in preventing the carcinogenesis process initiated by 4-NQO for oral cancer. The suggestive pro-tumour action of FO when given after tumour post-initiation seems to demonstrate that this fatty acid can potentialise the action of 4-NQO in the oesophagus carcinogenesis of the Swiss mice.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Programme in Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil and Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Alameda Augusto Stelfeld, 2134 Curitiba, PR 80730-150, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo Ribeiro
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gama
authors.affiliation: Oral Pathology Laboratory, Dentistry, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, PR 81200-100, Brazil.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giovanini
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy and Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro Universitário da Fundação Educacional de Barretos, Barretos, SP 14784-400, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Scarmato
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: de Rosa
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory, Pathology, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC 88302-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel Cury
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04021-001, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Luiz Vettore
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80730-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Flávia
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Cardoso Costa
authors.affiliation: Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80730-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Talini
authors.affiliation: Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80730-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feniman
authors.affiliation: Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80730-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.affiliation: Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80730-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Celso Felipe
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Júnior
authors.affiliation: Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80730-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coco
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Programme in Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil and Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Alameda Augusto Stelfeld, 2134 Curitiba, PR 80730-150, Brazil ; Head and Neck Oncology Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP 14784-400, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Lopes
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carvalho
keywords: 4-NQO; carcinogenesis; chemoprevention; head and neck cancer; squamous cell carcinoma; unsaturated fatty acids