title: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in French nursing homes: an association between high carriage rate among residents, environmental contamination, poor conformity with good hygiene practice, and putative resident-to-resident transmission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the spread of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 38 nursing homes (NHs) in the Centre region of France.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a multicenter prevalence study and evaluated extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLE and CPE, respectively) colonization of 1,155 residents. The colonizing isolates were studied by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA typing. We observed hygiene practices and studied the contamination of the environment in 8 NHs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 114 residents were ESBLE carriers (9.9%); none were CPE carriers. A total of 82.6% of the ESBLE were Escherichia coli. ESBLE colonization was associated with poor health status (P = .002), malignancy (P = .006), urinary incontinence (P = .007), fecal incontinence (P = .002), previous hospitalization (P = .033), and carbapenem treatment (P = .040). The clonal relationship between isolates within NHs suggested resident-to-resident ESBLE transmission in 15 NHs. ESBLE isolates were recovered from 6 of 232 bedrooms studied. A total of 1,533 observations revealed low rates of conformity for hand hygiene (25.7%), the use of gloves (45.9%) and protective clothing (13.3%), and waste management (46.7%). Conformity rates correlated inversely with ESBLE carriage rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In most of the participating NHs, improved application of standard precautions during incontinence care is needed, and greater efforts to clean the environment of residents are required.
authors.affiliation: Réseau des Hygiénistes du Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cochard
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aubier
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quentin
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van der Mee-Marquet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002353:Carrier State; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D063373:Hand Hygiene; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases