title: A novel eco-friendly technique for efficient control of lime water softening process.
abstract: Lime softening is an established type of water treatment used for water softening. The performance of this process is highly dependent on lime dosage. Currently, lime dosage is adjusted manually based on chemical tests, aimed at maintaining the phenolphthalein (P) and total (M) alkalinities within a certain range (2 P - M > or = 5). In this paper, a critical study of the softening process has been presented. It has been shown that the current method is frequently incorrect. Furthermore, electrical conductivity (EC) has been introduced as a novel indicator for effectively characterizing the lime softening process.This novel technique has several advantages over the current alkalinities method. Because no chemical reagents are needed for titration, which is a simple test, there is a considerable reduction in test costs. Additionally, there is a reduction in the treated water hardness and generated sludge during the lime softening process. Therefore, it is highly eco-friendly, and is a very cost effective alternative technique for efficient control of the lime softening process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. mohamad_ostovar@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ostovar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amiri
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D020113:Phenolphthalein / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014880:Water Softening / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D020113:Phenolphthalein; C016538:lime