title: Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during late pregnancy affects fatty acid composition of mature breast milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate how maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake at different periods during pregnancy affects the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in mature human milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted involving 45 pregnant women, aged between 18 and 35 y, who had full-term pregnancies and practiced exclusive or predominant breast-feeding. Mature breast milk samples were collected after the 5th postpartum week by manual expression; fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Fatty acid intake during pregnancy and puerperium was estimated through multiple 24-h dietary recalls. Linear regression models, adjusted by postpartum body mass index and deattenuated, were used to determine associations between estimated fatty acids in maternal diet during each trimester of pregnancy and fatty acid content in mature human milk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive association was identified between maternal intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (β, 1.873; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.545, 3.203) and docosahexaenoic acid (β, 0.464; 95% CI, 0.212-0.714) during the third trimester of pregnancy, as well as the maternal dietary ω-3 to ω-6 ratio (β, 0.093; 95% CI, 0.016-0.170) during the second and third trimesters and postpartum period, with these fatty acids content in mature breast milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maternal dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid content during late pregnancy may affect the fatty acid composition of mature breast milk. Additionally, the maternal dietary intake of ω-3 to ω-6 fatty acid ratio, during late pregnancy and the postpartum period, can affect the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of breast milk.
authors.affiliation: Program in Community Health in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School at the São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Program in Community Health in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School at the São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barbieiri
authors.affiliation: Program in Internal Medicine in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School at the São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela S F de
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School at the São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alceu A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jordão
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School at the São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gleici da Silva Castro
authors.initials: Gda S
authors.lastname: Perdoná
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School at the São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: Daniss@fmrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Daniela S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sartorelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6
keywords: Dietary intake; Human milk; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Pregnancy; Trans fatty acids; n-3 fatty acids; n-6 fatty acids