title: Parental, peer and school experiences as predictors of alcohol drinking among first and second generation immigrant adolescents in Israel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ecological perspectives stress the importance of environmental predictors of adolescent alcohol use, yet little research has examined such predictors among immigrant adolescents. This study examines parental, peer and school predictors of alcohol drinking (casual drinking, binge drinking and drunkenness) among Israeli-born adolescents and first and second generation adolescent immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Ethiopia in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study uses data from the 2010 to 2011 Israeli Health Behaviors of School age Children (HBSC) survey and includes a representative sample of 3059 adolescents, aged 11-17. Differences between the groups for drinking were examined using Pearson's chi square. Logistic regression models were used to examine group specific predictors of drinking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First generation FSU and both Ethiopian groups reported higher levels of binge drinking and drunkenness than Israeli-born adolescents. All immigrant groups reported lower levels of parental monitoring than native born adolescents; both first generation groups reported difficulties talking to parents; and first generation FSU and second generation Ethiopian adolescents reported greater time with friends. Group specific logistic regression models suggest that while parent, peer and school variables all predicted alcohol use among Israeli adolescents, only time spent with peers consistently predicted immigrant alcohol use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings highlight specific vulnerability of first generation FSU and second generation Ethiopian adolescents to high levels of drinking and the salience of time spent with peers as predicting immigrant adolescent drinking patterns. They suggest that drinking patterns must be understood in relation to country of origin and immigration experience of a particular group.
authors.affiliation: Bar Ilan University, Department of Criminology and the school of education, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. Electronic address: sophiewalsh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sophie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Bar Ilan University, Department of Criminology and the school of education, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Djalovski
authors.affiliation: Bar Ilan University, Department of Criminology and the school of education, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
authors.forename: Meyran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boniel-Nissim
authors.affiliation: Bar Ilan University, Department of Criminology and the school of education, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
authors.forename: Yossi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harel-Fisch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010379:Peer Group; D012574:Schools; D012923:Social Class; D014586:USSR / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Adolescents; Alcohol use; Immigrant generation; Israel; Parental relationships; Peers; School perceptions