title: Extracellular functions of glycolytic enzymes of parasites: unpredicted use of ancient proteins.
abstract: In addition of their usual intracellular localization where they are involved in catalyzing reactions of carbohydrate and energy metabolism by glycolysis, multiple studies have shown that glycolytic enzymes of many organisms, but notably pathogens, can also be present extracellularly. In the case of parasitic protists and helminths, they can be found either secreted or attached to the surface of the parasites. At these extracellular localizations, these enzymes have been shown to perform additional, very different so-called "moonlighting" functions, such as acting as ligands for a variety of components of the host. Due to this recognition, different extracellular glycolytic enzymes participate in various important parasite-host interactions such as adherence and invasion of parasites, modulation of the host's immune and haemostatic systems, promotion of angiogenesis, and acquisition of specific nutrients by the parasites. Accordingly, extracellular glycolytic enzymes are important for the invasion of the parasites and their establishment in the host, and in determining their virulence.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Amaranta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez-Arreaza
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Wilfredo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Juan Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Concepción
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Paul A M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Michels
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela. Electronic address: avilan@ula.ve.
authors.forename: Luisana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Avilán
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000201:enzymology*; D006019:Glycolysis; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006487:Hemostasis; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007107:Immune System / Q000378:metabolism; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D015801:Helminth Proteins
keywords: Exosomes; Extracellular localization; Glycolytic enzymes; Host-parasite interactions; Moonlighting functions; Shedding vesicles