title: Educational inequalities in obesity among Mexican women: time-trends from 1988 to 2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is one of the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. Trends in educational inequalities in obesity prevalence among Mexican women have not been analysed systematically to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from four nationally representative surveys (1988, 1999, 2006, and 2012) of a total of 51 220 non-pregnant women aged 20 to 49. Weight and height were measured during home visits. Education level (higher education, high school, secondary, primary or less) was self-reported. We analysed trends in relative and absolute educational inequalities in obesity prevalence separately for urban and rural areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nationally, age-standardised obesity prevalence increased from 9.3% to 33.7% over 25 years to 2012. Obesity prevalence was inversely associated with education level in urban areas at all survey waves. In rural areas, obesity prevalence increased markedly but there was no gradient with education level at any survey. The relative index of inequality in urban areas declined over the period (2.87 (95%CI: 1.94, 4.25) in 1988, 1.55 (95%CI: 1.33, 1.80) in 2012, trend p<0.001). Obesity increased 5.92 fold (95%CI: 4.03, 8.70) among urban women with higher education in the period 1988-2012 compared to 3.23 fold (95%CI: 2.88, 3.63) for urban women with primary or no education. The slope index of inequality increased in urban areas from 1988 to 2012. Over 0.5 M cases would be avoided if the obesity prevalence of women with primary or less education was the same as for women with higher education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expected inverse association between education and obesity was observed in urban areas of Mexico. The declining trend in relative educational inequalities in obesity was due to a greater increase in obesity prevalence among higher educated women. In rural areas there was no social gradient in the association between education level and obesity across the four surveys.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perez Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McMunn
authors.affiliation: Centro de investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rivera Dommarco
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brunner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult