title: Forkhead box C2 promoter variant c.-512C>T is associated with increased susceptibility to chronic venous diseases.
abstract: Chronic venous disease (CVD) is one of the most prevalent yet underrated disorders worldwide. High heritability estimates of CVD indicate prominent genetic components in its etiology and pathology. Mutations in human forkhead box C2 (FoxC2) gene are strongly associated with valve failure in saphenous and deep veins of lower extremities. We explored the association of genetic variants of FoxC2 as well as FoxC2 mRNA and protein expression levels with CVD of lower limbs. We systematically sequenced the single coding exon, 5' and 3' flanking regions of FoxC2 gene in 754 study subjects which includes 382 patients with CVD and 372 healthy subjects. Four novel and three reported polymorphisms were identified in our cohort. Three variants in 5' flanking region and one in 3' flanking region of FoxC2 gene were significantly associated with CVD risk. FoxC2 mRNA in vein tissues from 22 patients was 4±1.42 fold increased compared to saphenous veins from 20 normal subjects (p<0.01). FoxC2 protein was also significantly upregulated in varicose veins compared to control samples. The c.-512C>T (rs34221221: C>T) variant which is located in the FoxC2 putative promoter region was further analyzed. Functional analysis of c.-512C>T revealed increased mRNA and protein expression in patients with homozygous TT genotype compared to heterozygous CT and wild CC genotypes. Luciferase assay indicated higher transcriptional activity of mutant compared to wild genotype of this variant. These findings suggested that c.-512C>T variant of FoxC2 was strongly associated with susceptibility to CVD and also that this variant resulted in FoxC2 overexpression. To obtain a mechanistic insight into the role of upregulated FoxC2 in varicosities, we overexpressed FoxC2 in venous endothelial cells and observed elevated expression of arterial markers Dll4 and Hey2 and downregulation of venous marker COUP-TFII. Our study indicates altered FoxC2-Notch signaling in saphenous vein wall remodeling in patients with varicose veins.
authors.affiliation: Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Sumi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Surendran
authors.affiliation: Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Athira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Girijamma
authors.affiliation: St. Thomas Institute of Research on Venous Diseases, Changanassery, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Radhakrishnan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Sri Jayadeva Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Kalpana S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ramegowda
authors.affiliation: Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Divya H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Jissa V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Thulaseedharan
authors.affiliation: Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Ravikumar B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lakkappa
authors.affiliation: Sri Jayadeva Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Giridhar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kamalapurkar
authors.affiliation: Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Chandrasekharan C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kartha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D014680:Veins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C082078:mesenchyme fork head 1 protein