title: Acute symptoms of posttraumatic stress and dissociative experiences among female israeli civilians exposed to war: the roles of intrapersonal and interpersonal sources of resilience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The positive personality characteristics of optimism, hope, self-esteem, and perceived availability of social support are believed to play an important role in psychological adjustment to stressful life events. For example, these characteristics have been shown to be associated with fewer mood disturbances in response to a variety of stressors. However, relatively little is known about the extent to which these characteristics serve as sources of resilience among civilians during real-time exposure to war.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This "natural laboratory" study examined the role that individual differences both in intrapersonal (i.e., positive personality features of hope, optimism, and self-esteem) and in interpersonal (i.e., perceived social support from family, friends, and significant others) sources of resilience may play in the development of acute anxiety symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative experiences during exposure to war.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nonclinical community sample of 140 female adults was assessed during real-time exposure to missile and rocket fire during an eruption of violence in the Middle East in November 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrate that both intrapersonal and interpersonal sources of resilience were negatively associated with acute PTSD and dissociative symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study provide evidence that both intrapersonal and interpersonal sources of resilience may significantly mitigate the risk for acute anxiety symptoms among civilian communities exposed to traumatic events.
authors.affiliation: Sapir Academic College.
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Besser
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Virgil
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zeigler-Hill
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Neria
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D004213:Dissociative Disorders; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D065026:Hope; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007557:Israel; D008016:Life Change Events; D008875:Middle Aged; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D014857:Warfare; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: PTSD; dissociative experiences; hope; optimism; self-esteem; social support, war zone; trauma, resilience