title: Effect of dairy calcium from cheese and milk on fecal fat excretion, blood lipids, and appetite in young men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium from different dairy sources might affect blood lipids and fecal fat excretion differently because of differences in the food matrix and nutritional composition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether milk- and cheese-based diets with similar calcium contents affect a saturated fatty acid-induced increase in blood lipids differently.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen healthy, young men participated in a randomized 3 × 2-wk crossover study in which the following 3 isocaloric diets that were similar in fat contents and compositions were compared: control diet [nondairy diet (~500 mg Ca/d)], milk diet [semiskimmed milk-based diet (1700 mg Ca/d)], and cheese diet [semihard cow-cheese-based diet (1700 mg Ca/d)]. Blood was drawn before and after each period, and feces were collected for 5 d during each period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Saturated fatty acid-induced increases in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were lower with the milk diet (mean ± SD: 0.57 ± 0.13 and 0.53 ± 0.11 mmol/L, respectively) (P < 0.01) and cheese diet (0.41 ± 0.15 and 0.47 ± 0.12 mmol/L, respectively) (P < 0.05) than with the control diet (0.89 ± 0.12 and 0.84 ± 0.11 mmol/L, respectively). Fecal fat excretion increased more with the consumption of both the milk (5.2 ± 0.4 g/d) and cheese (5.7 ± 0.4 g/d) diets than with the control diet (3.9 ± 0.3 g/d) (P < 0.001). Changes in blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipid ratios did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with the control diet, milk- and cheese-based diets attenuated saturated fatty acid-induced increases in total and LDL cholesterol and resulted in increased fecal fat excretion; however, effects of milk and cheese did not differ. Because the diets contained similar amounts of saturated fat, similar increases in total and LDL cholesterol could be expected; however, both milk and cheese attenuated these responses, which seem to be explained by their calcium contents. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01317251.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Karina V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Soerensen
authors.forename: Tanja K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Thorning
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: Janne K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lorenzen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002611:Cheese; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol