title: Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma: molecular pathways, treatment options and new targeted therapies.
abstract: The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been identified as important to normal embryonic development in living organisms and it is implicated in processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue patterning. Aberrant Hh pathway has been involved in the pathogenesis and chemotherapy resistance of different solid and hematologic malignancies. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and medulloblastoma are two well-recognized cancers with mutations in components of the Hh pathway. Vismodegib has recently approved as the first inhibitor of one of the components of the Hh pathway (smoothened). This review attempts to provide current data on the molecular pathways involved in the development of BCC and the therapeutic options available for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic BCC, and the new targeted therapies in development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, C/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruiz Salas
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alegre
authors.forename: Joan Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Garcés
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Puig
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009386:Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000813:Anilides; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; C538724:HhAntag691; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C491023:SMO protein, human; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors
keywords: basal cell carcinoma; hedgehog; locally advanced; metastatic; vismodegib