title: Trends in patterns of intermediate uveitis in a tertiary institution in Singapore.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to describe the characteristics and etiologic causes of intermediate uveitis (IU) patients seen by a tertiary eye center in Singapore over 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of the clinical records of consecutive new cases of IU that presented to the uveitis subspecialty clinic from 2004-2011 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. Data collected included demographics, clinical and laboratory findings. Diagnoses were based on standardized clinical history, ophthalmological examination and investigations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 66 new cases of IU, comprising 5.7% of 1168 new uveitis patients. The median age of diagnosis was 40 years (mean 39.4±15.9), with largest subgroup of the patients in the age group of 41-60 years (36.4%). The majority was Chinese (57.6%), followed by Asian Indians (18.2%) and Malays (16.7%). The ethnicity distribution was dissimilar to our ethnic distribution in Singapore (p<0.001) with an increased incidence of IU in the Asian Indian population. Most were idiopathic (59.1%) in etiology, followed by tuberculosis (TB) (15.2%). Ocular complications developed in 21 patients (31.8%), with cystoid macular edema (CME) being the commonest (28.8%). Severe vitritis occurred in 9.1% of patients, and was significantly associated with TB-associated IU (p<0.001). There was a downward trend for the incidence of the proportion of IU patients over the total uveitis patients (p = 0.021), with Spearman's rho of -0.786.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the downward trend, TB-associated IU was still of higher prevalence compared to less endemic areas, emphasizing the need for increased TB surveillance. A high index of suspicion for TB-associated IU is required in patients with severe vitritis. Comparisons with other countries revealed disparities in the IU etiologies, indicating possible geographical differences. Prevalence of known immune-mediated etiologies of IU is less compared to the western population. Our study also suggests a probable predisposition of the Singapore local Indian population for IU.
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Su L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Eagle Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Wee K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Elizabeth P Y
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Eagle Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Teoh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications; D015867:Uveitis, Intermediate / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D055815:Young Adult