title: Long term estimations of low frequency noise levels over water from an off-shore wind farm.
abstract: This article focuses on computations of low frequency sound propagation from an off-shore wind farm. Two different methods for sound propagation calculations are combined with meteorological data for every 3 hours in the year 2010 to examine the varying noise levels at a reception point at 13 km distance. It is shown that sound propagation conditions play a vital role in the noise impact from the off-shore wind farm and ordinary assessment methods can become inaccurate at longer propagation distances over water. Therefore, this paper suggests that methodologies to calculate noise immission with realistic sound speed profiles need to be combined with meteorological data over extended time periods to evaluate the impact of low frequency noise from modern off-shore wind farms.
authors.affiliation: Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Teknikringen 8, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bolin
authors.affiliation: A˚F Sound and Vibration, Kvarnbergsgatan 2, SE-411 05 Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almgren
authors.affiliation: Swedish Meteorologic and Hydrologic Institute, Folkborgsvägen 17, SE-601 76 Norrköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Esbjörn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.affiliation: Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Teknikringen 8, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karasalo
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000465:Algorithms; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009038:Motion; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011210:Power Plants; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D014867:Water