title: Highly reliable procedural teams: the journey to spread the universal protocol in diagnostic imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Joint Commission’s Universal Protocol has been widely implemented in surgical settings since publication in 2003. The elements improved patient safety in operating rooms, and the same rigor is being applied to procedures occurring in other health care arenas, in particular, diagnostic imaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In 2011, Kaiser Permanente West Los Angeles’s Diagnostic Imaging Department desired to adapt previous work on Universal Protocol implementation to improve patient safety in interventional radiology and mammography procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The teams underwent human factors training and then adapted key interventions used in surgical suites to their workflows. Time-out posters, use of whiteboards, "glitch books," and regular audits provided structure to overcome the risks that human factors present.
  
  
  METHODS
  Staff and physician perceptions of the teamwork and safety climates in their modalities were measured using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire at baseline and at 18 months after training. Unusual Occurrence Reports were also reviewed to identify events and near misses that could be prevented. Implementation of key process changes were identified as process measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perception of the safety climate improved 25% in interventional radiology and 4.5% in mammography. Perception of the teamwork climate decreased 5.4% in interventional radiology and 16.6% in mammography. Unusual occurrences were underreported at baseline, and there is ongoing reluctance to document near misses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work provides important considerations of the impact of departmental cultures for the implementation of the Universal Protocol in procedural areas. It also reveals unexpected challenges, and requires long-term effort and focus.
authors.affiliation: Project Manager for Medical Group Administration for the West Los Angeles Medical Center in CA. julie.b.ross@kp.org.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Assistant Medical Center Administrator for the Southern California Permanente Medical Group at the West Los Angeles Medical Center in CA. debby.a.wolf@kp.org.
authors.forename: Debby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Family Medicine Physician at the West Los Angeles Medical Center in CA. kimberly.c.reece@kp.org.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reece
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D057189:Checklist / Q000592:standards; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000592:standards*; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires