title: Can Socioeconomic status indicators predict caries risk in schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia? a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and identify significant socioeconomic predictors of dental caries among children aged 9 and 14 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 24 elementary and middle schools in Jeddah was selected. All 3rd and 8th graders were screened (N = 1655) for caries. A parent questionnaire was administered to collect information on selected socioeconomic indicators. Untreated caries was the outcome of interest. Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages; crude and adjusted odds ratios of caries association with SES were produced with 95% confidence intervals and P-values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1655 students were examined. The overall caries experience was 83.13%. Untreated caries prevalence in primary and permanent teeth of all students was 63.01% and 56.7%, respectively. In primary teeth, mother's education, family income and having medical insurance were significant unadjusted predictors of caries. Family income was the only adjusted predictor of caries in primary teeth. In permanent teeth, most SES indicators were significant in the univariate analysis. However, mother's education was the only adjusted variable associated with caries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of caries is rising and aggregate measures of SES did not distinguish between children with or without caries, particularly among younger children. The most powerful individual SES predictors of caries were family monthly income and parents' education. Until a more valid aggregate measure of SES is available, community wide approaches to caries prevention and risk reduction for all young children should be utilised to reduce SES-related caries risk.
authors.forename: Dania Ebrahim
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Al Agili
authors.forename: Sumer M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Alaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003729:Dental Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education; D009909:Oral Health; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000473:pathology