title: Bioaccessibility of vitamin A, vitamin C and folic acid from dietary supplements, fortified food and infant formula.
abstract: In the Netherlands, vitamin intake occurs mainly via food and for some vitamins also via fortified food. In addition, some people take dietary supplements. Information on the bioavailability of vitamins is important for a good estimation of the actual exposure to vitamins. Furthermore, for a reliable intake estimation, it is important to know the accurateness of the claimed vitamin concentration on the product label. In the current study, the amount of vitamin A, vitamin C, and folic acid in different products and their maximum bioavailability (bioaccessibility) were investigated. In about half of the products, the amount of vitamins significantly deviated from the declared amounts. The vitamin bioaccessibility ranged from <1% to 100%. When assessing the dietary intake exposure of vitamins, it is important to take into account both the possible deviation from the declared level and (the variability of) the bioaccessibility of the vitamin in the products.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and.
authors.forename: E F A
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Brandon
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bouwmeester
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zuidema
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alewijn
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D004063:Digestion; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000592:standards; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000191:economics; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009426:Netherlands; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012995:Solubility; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D005492:Folic Acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Bioaccessibility; bioavailability; folic acid; vitamin A; vitamin C