title: Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of 10 common edible flowers from China.
abstract: The free and bound phenolic compounds in 10 common Chinese edible flowers were investigated using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Their antioxidant capacities were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). Free factions were more prominent in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than bound fractions. Paeonia suffruticosa and Flos lonicerae showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) 235.5 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/g of dry weight and total flavonoid content 89.38 mg rutin equivalents/g of dry weight. The major phenolic compounds identified were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin. P. suffruticosa had the highest antioxidant capacity in the DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC assays, which were 1028, 2065, 990 μmol Trolox equivalents/g of dry weight, respectively, whereas Rosa chinensis had the highest FRAP value (2645 μmol Fe(2+) equivalents /g of dry weight). The P. suffruticosa soluble phenolics had the highest CAA, with the median effective dose (EC50 ) 26.7 and 153 μmol quercetin equivalents/100 g of dry weight in the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and no PBS wash protocol, respectively. TPC was strongly correlated with antioxidant capacity (R = 0.8443 to 0.9978, P < 0.01), which indicated that phenolics were the major contributors to the antioxidant activity of the selected edible flowers.
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Univ., College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Risk Assessment of Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Jiajia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yirong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Baiyi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yinzhou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Shuqin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Canxi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D031239:Lonicera / Q000737:chemistry*; D029596:Paeonia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010945:Plants, Edible / Q000737:chemistry; D011794:Quercetin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D012431:Rutin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D012431:Rutin; D005707:Gallic Acid; D011794:Quercetin; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: cellular antioxidant activity; edible flowers; flavonoids; phenolic compounds; radical-scavenging activity