title: Depression and anxiety in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the literature pertaining to the prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with prostate cancer as a function of treatment stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  4494 patients with prostate cancer from primary research investigations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of clinical depression and anxiety in patients with prostate cancer as a function of treatment stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 27 full journal articles that met the inclusion criteria for entry into the meta-analysis resulting in a pooled sample size of 4494 patients. The meta-analysis of prevalence rates identified pretreatment, on-treatment and post-treatment depression prevalences of 17.27% (95% CI 15.06% to 19.72%), 14.70% (95% CI 11.92% to 17.99%) and 18.44% (95% CI 15.18% to 22.22%), respectively. Pretreatment, on-treatment and post-treatment anxiety prevalences were 27.04% (95% CI 24.26% to 30.01%), 15.09% (95% CI 12.15% to 18.60%) and 18.49% (95% CI 13.81% to 24.31%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the prevalence of depression and anxiety in men with prostate cancer, across the treatment spectrum, is relatively high. In light of the growing emphasis placed on cancer survivorship, we consider that further research within this area is warranted to ensure that psychological distress in patients with prostate cancer is not underdiagnosed and undertreated.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care & Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leydon
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eardley
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewith
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: MENTAL HEALTH; STATISTICS & RESEARCH METHODS