title: Effects of modifying the World Health Organization standard operating procedures for malaria microscopy to improve surveillance in resource poor settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with fever are screened for malaria in specially-established malaria diagnostic laboratories set up in rural hospitals in the Northern and Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka. Large numbers of blood smears negative for malaria parasites are being screened daily. Good quality smears are essential to maintain a high diagnostic competency among the technical staff. The modifications made to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard operating procedures to improve the quality of smears have been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A blinded, controlled, interventional study was conducted in 22 intervention and 21 control malaria diagnostic laboratories. Changes were made to the WHO standard operating procedure protocols to prepare, stain and examine blood smears for malaria parasite detection which were implemented in intervention laboratories. These included wipe-cleaning slides, preparing both thick and thin smears on the same slide, reversing the order of collecting blood for thick and thin smears, dry fixing thick smear for 20-25 minutes under table lamp, polishing the edge of spreader slide with sand paper and fixing the thin smear with methanol if not stained within four hours. Parameters with respect to quality of the smear as per WHO criteria were studied using randomly selected slides, and time taken for the report to be issued was recorded in both groups before and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences observed in the parameters studied at baseline between the two groups or pre and post intervention in the control group. In the intervention group streak formation in thin smears was reduced from 29.4% to 5.0%. The average fixing time of thick smears was reduced from 2.4 hours to 20 minutes. Inappropriate thickness of thick smears reduced from 18.3% to 1.5%. Overall quality of thick smears and thin smears increased from 76.1% to 98.0% and 81.7% to 87.0%, respectively. The quality of slides bearing both thick and thin smears increased from 60.0% to 87.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New protocols with amendments to the WHO standard technical procedures ensure that good quality blood smears are prepared rapidly to diagnose malaria and the time required to issue the reports was reduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. ferndeep@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sumadhya D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: Ratnasiri L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ihalamulla
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wickremasinghe
authors.forename: Nipun L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: de Silva
authors.forename: Janani H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Thilakarathne
authors.forename: Pandu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wijeyaratne
authors.forename: Risintha G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Premaratne
mesh_terms: D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013188:Sri Lanka; D013997:Time Factors; D014944:World Health Organization