title: Artifact reduction of ultrasound Nakagami imaging by combining multifocus image reconstruction and the noise-assisted correlation algorithm.
abstract: Several studies have investigated Nakagami imaging to complement the B-scan in tissue characterization. The noise-induced artifact and the parameter ambiguity effect can affect performance of Nakagami imaging in the detection of variations in scatterer concentration. This study combined multifocus image reconstruction and the noise-assisted correlation algorithm (NCA) into the algorithm of Nakagami imaging to suppress the artifacts. A single-element imaging system equipped with a 5 MHz transducer was used to perform the brightness/depth (B/D) scanning of agar phantoms with scatterer concentrations ranging from 2 to 32 scatterers/mm(3). Experiments were also carried out on a mass with some strong point reflectors in a breast phantom using a commercial scanner with a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer operated at multifocus mode. The multifocus radiofrequency (RF) signals after the NCA process were used for Nakagami imaging. In the experiments on agar phantoms, an increasing scatterer concentration from 2 to 32 scatterers/mm(3) led to backscattered statistics ranging from pre-Rayleigh to Rayleigh distributions, corresponding to the increase in the Nakagami parameter measured in the focal zone from 0.1 to 0.8. However, the artifacts in the far field resulted in the Nakagami parameters of various scatterer concentrations to be close to 1 (Rayleigh distribution), making Nakagami imaging difficult to characterize scatterers. In the same scatterer concentration range, multifocus Nakagami imaging with the NCA simultaneously suppressed two types of artifacts, making the Nakagami parameter increase from 0.1 to 0.8 in the focal zone and from 0.18 to 0.7 in the far field, respectively. In the breast phantom experiments, the backscattered statistics of the mass corresponded to a high degree of pre-Rayleigh distribution. The Nakagami parameter of the mass before and after artifact reduction was 0.7 and 0.37, respectively. The results demonstrated that the proposed method for artifact reduction allows a sensitive and effective scatterer characterization by Nakagami imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan tsuiph@mail.cgu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Po-Hsiang
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Nakagami image; artifact; backscattering; envelope statistics; tissue characterization