title: Intracage ammonia levels in static and individually ventilated cages housing C57BL/6 mice on 4 bedding substrates.
abstract: The relationship among ammonia levels, cage-changing frequency, and bedding types is an important and potentially controversial topic in the laboratory animal science community. Some bedding options may not provide sufficient urine absorption and bacterial regulation to minimize ammonia production during the interval between cage changes. High intracage ammonia levels can cause subclinical degeneration and inflammation of nasal passages, rhinitis and olfactory epithelial necrosis in exposed mice. Here we sought to compare the effects of 4 commonly used bedding substrates (1/4-in. irradiated corncob, reclaimed wood pulp, aspen wood chips, and recycled newspaper) on ammonia generation when housing female C57BL/6 mice in static and individually ventilated caging. Intracage ammonia levels were measured daily for 1 wk (static cage experiment) or 2 wk (IVC experiment). The results of this study suggest that the corncob, aspen wood chip, and recycled newspaper beddings that we tested are suitable for once-weekly cage changing for static cages and for changing every 2 wk for IVC. However, ammonia levels were not controlled appropriately in cages containing reclaimed wood pulp bedding, and pathologic changes occurred within 1 wk in the nares of mice housed on this bedding in static cages.
authors.affiliation: Office of Laboratory Animal Care, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA. cferrecchia@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Christie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ferrecchia
authors.affiliation: Office of Laboratory Animal Care, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Office of Laboratory Animal Care, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Andel
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D001512:Bedding and Linens / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010209:Paper; D014691:Ventilation / Q000592:standards; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia