title: CXC chemokines CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL12 are variably expressed in patients with sickle cell disease and carriers: are they predictive tools for disease complications?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sickle cell hemoglobinopathies are amongst a group of genetic disorders resulting from a single base-pair DNA mutation at the beta chain of hemoglobin. Chemokines and cytokines play a part in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and infectious diseases. They are also involved in balancing angiogenesis/angiostasis processes to form new vascular networks. We aimed the present study to measure the circulating CXC chemokines CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL12 in the plasma of sickle cell patients (SCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Kerman Special Disease Center and Rafsanjan Molecular Medicine Research Center during 2010 to 2011. Peripheral blood specimens were collected from 77 children with SCD and 70 controls. Serum samples were isolated and CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL12 were measured using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings of this study demonstrated that serum concentrations of CXCL1 and CXCL12 were elevated in SCD patients when compared with controls. Results also showed that the circulating levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were decreased in SCD patients in comparison to control subjects. However, we found increased levels of CXC chemokines in SCD patients suffering from pain crisis but the difference was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results of this study it can probably be concluded that the balance between angiogenesis/angiostasis CXC chemokines is an important predictive factor for initiation of complications in SCD patients. The elevated level of pro-inflammatory CXC chemokines may also be related to inflammatory responses associated with SCD complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ostadebrahimi
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazari
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Farahmandnia
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology-Oncology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Behjat Kalantary
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Khandany
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hosssein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khorramdelazad
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hakimizadeh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaeian
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholamhossein
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hassanshahi
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018925:Chemokines