title: Use of neuroenhancement drugs: prevalence, frequency and use expectations in Switzerland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates the use expectations, prevalence and frequency of neuroenhancement drug (ND) use among the Swiss male population, separating college students from others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young Swiss men were invited to participate in the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. A total of 5,967 participants responded to questions on six types of NDs (wakefulness medication, antidepressants, Alzheimer's disease medication, Parkinson's disease medication, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication, and beta-blockers). The frequency of use depending on five expectations (to enhance wakefulness, attention, memory, concentration and stress reduction) was analyzed for a twelve-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) About 3% of the sample indicated use of at least one ND; (2) ADHD medication was the most prevalent; (3) The type of ND preferred differed depending on academic status (4). Quantitatively, over the year, college student users used ND much less frequently than other users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of ND use is low in Switzerland relative to other countries such as the United States. Patterns of ND use differed depending on academic status, suggesting that while college student ND users tended to do so rarely (probably to enhance cognitive abilities for exams), non-college male users used other NDs more frequently (probably to "get high").
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Av. Beaumont 21 Bis, Pavillon 2, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Stephane.Deline@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deline
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland. stephanie.baggio@unil.ch.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baggio
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Av. Beaumont 21 Bis, Pavillon 2, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Joseph.Studer@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Av. Beaumont 21 Bis, Pavillon 2, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Adjua-Alexandra.NGoran@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Alexandra A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: N'Goran
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland. Marc.Dupuis@unil.ch.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Av. Beaumont 21 Bis, Pavillon 2, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Yves.Henchoz@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Henchoz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, Zurich CH-8001, Switzerland. meichun.mohler-kuo@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Meichun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohler-Kuo
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Av. Beaumont 21 Bis, Pavillon 2, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Jean-Bernard.Daeppen@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Jean-Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Daeppen
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Av. Beaumont 21 Bis, Pavillon 2, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland. Gerhard.Gmel@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gmel
mesh_terms: D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013557:Switzerland; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002491:Central Nervous System Agents