title: Identification and characterization of a salivary-pellicle-binding peptide by phage display.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dental biofilms are associated with oral diseases, making their control necessary. One way to control them is to prevent initial bacterial adherence to the salivary pellicle and thereby eventually decrease binding of late colonizing potential pathogens. The goal of this study was to generate a salivary-pellicle-binding peptide (SPBP) with antifouling activity towards primary colonizing bacteria. In order to achieve this goal we aimed to: (i) identify novel SPBPs by phage display; (ii) characterize the binding and antifouling properties of the selected SPBPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A library of 2×10(9) phages displaying a random sequence of 12-mer peptides was used to identify peptides that bound selectively to the in vitro salivary pellicle. Three rounds of panning resulted in the selection of 10 pellicle-binding phages, each displaying a novel peptide sequence. The peptides were synthesized and their binding to the in vitro salivary pellicle was characterized in the presence and absence of calcium ions and Tween-20. The antifouling property of hydroxyapatite (HA) and saliva-coated HA discs treated with and without SPBPs were evaluated against Streptococcus gordonii.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten unique SPBPs were identified using the phage display. One of these peptides, SPBP 10 (NSAAVRAYSPPS), exhibited significant binding to the in vitro salivary pellicle which was neither influenced by calcium ions, nor affected by up to 0.5% Tween-20. Its antifouling property against S. gordonii was significantly higher on the treated surfaces than on untreated surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the phage display library enabled us to find a specific SPBP with antifouling property towards S. gordonii.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: N.Cukkemane@acta.nl.
authors.forename: Nivedita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cukkemane
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Floris J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bikker
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nazmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Enno C I
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Veerman
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000737:chemistry*; D018441:Biofilms; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D054773:Streptococcus gordonii
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: In vitro salivary pellicle; Phage display; Salivary-pellicle-binding peptide; Streptococcus gordonii