title: Removal of penicillin G from aqueous phase by Fe+3-TiO2/UV-A process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anomalous use of antibiotics and their entrance into the environment have increased concerns around the world. These compounds enter the environment through an incomplete metabolism and a considerable amount of them cannot be removed using conventional wastewater treatment. Therefore, the main objectives of this research are evaluation of the feasibility of using ultraviolet radiation (UV-A) and fortified nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with Fe+3 to remove penicillin G (PENG) from aqueous phase and determining the optimum conditions for maximum removal efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the maximum removal rate of penicillin G occurred in acidic pH (pH = 3) in the presence of 90 mg/L Fe+3-TiO2 catalyst. In addition, an increase in pH caused a decrease in penicillin G removal rate. As the initial concentration of penicillin G increased, the removal rate of antibiotic decreased. Moreover, due to the effect of UV on catalyst activation in Fe+3-TiO2/UV-A process, a significant increase was observed in the rate of antibiotic removal. All of the variables in the process had a statistically significant effect (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrated that the antibiotic removal rate increased by decreasing pH and increasing the amount of catalyst and contact time. In conclusion, Fe+3-TiO2/UV-A process is an appropriate method for reducing penicillin G in polluted water resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. mdehghany@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mansooreh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dehghani
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nasseri
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Samaei
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anushiravani