title: Do we protect the pelvic floor with non-elective cesarean? A study of 3-D/4-D pelvic floor ultrasound immediately after delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare levator defect, loss of tenting, change in biometric measurements of the levator ani and genital hiatus according to the mode of delivery, length of the labor, Bishop score, birthweight and head circumference immediately after delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy-one primiparous women who delivered either by vaginal delivery or cesarean were prospectively evaluated. Two 3-D volumes (one at rest, one on Valsalva maneuver) were recorded in the supine position after voiding, and levator biometry, levator defect and loss of tenting were determined on the axial plane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 171 nulliparous women, 84 had vaginal delivery and 87 had cesarean delivery. All hiatal dimensions on resting and maximal Valsalva were found to be higher in the vaginal delivery group. Levator defect rate was found to be significantly higher in the vaginal delivery group (P<0.0001). We found a positive correlation with head circumference, fetal weight and first stage labor length in women who delivered vaginally. In the cesarean delivery group, mean fetal head circumference, fetal weight, length of first stage of labor and Bishop score were higher in women with levator ani defect. Loss of tenting rate was significantly higher in vaginal delivery women (P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Labor itself, and factors such as fetal head circumference and fetal weight that cause prolongation of labor, can induce levator ani muscle defect or microtrauma which in turn can cause morphological alterations of the levator hiatus.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Research and Training Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aydın
authors.forename: Muazzez Ayça
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tuncel
authors.forename: Çağrı Arıoğlu
authors.initials: ÇA
authors.lastname: Aydın
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight; D006257:Head / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059952:Pelvic Floor Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cesarean section; levator ani muscle; levator hiatus; pelvic floor anatomy; pelvic floor imaging