title: Comparison of bacterial communities in sands and water at beaches with bacterial water quality violations.
abstract: Recreational water quality, as measured by culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), may be influenced by persistent populations of these bacteria in local sands or wrack, in addition to varied fecal inputs from human and/or animal sources. In this study, pyrosequencing was used to generate short sequence tags of the 16S hypervariable region ribosomal DNA from shallow water samples and from sand samples collected at the high tide line and at the intertidal water line at sites with and without FIB exceedance events. These data were used to examine the sand and water bacterial communities to assess the similarity between samples, and to determine the impact of water quality exceedance events on the community composition. Sequences belonging to a group of bacteria previously identified as alternative fecal indicators were also analyzed in relationship to water quality violation events. We found that sand and water samples hosted distinctly different overall bacterial communities, and there was greater similarity in the community composition between coastal water samples from two distant sites. The dissimilarity between high tide and intertidal sand bacterial communities, although more similar to each other than to water, corresponded to greater tidal range between the samples. Within the group of alternative fecal indicators greater similarity was observed within sand and water from the same site, likely reflecting the anthropogenic contribution at each beach. This study supports the growing evidence that community-based molecular tools can be leveraged to identify the sources and potential impact of fecal pollution in the environment, and furthermore suggests that a more diverse bacterial community in beach sand and water may reflect a less contaminated site and better water quality.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.affiliation: School of Freshwater Sciences, Great Lakes Water Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.affiliation: Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Geosciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Amaral-Zettler
authors.affiliation: Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mitchell L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sogin
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gast
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001493:Bathing Beaches / Q000592:standards*; D044822:Biodiversity; D002140:California; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008404:Massachusetts; D010802:Phylogeny; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D060753:Water Quality