title: The global burden of respiratory disease-impact on child health.
abstract: Respiratory disease is the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with infants and young children especially susceptible. The spectrum of disease ranges from acute infections to chronic non-communicable diseases. Five respiratory conditions dominate-acute respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, tuberculosis (TB), and lung cancer. Pneumonia remains the predominant cause of childhood mortality, causing nearly 1.3 million deaths each year, most of which are preventable. Asthma is the commonest non-communicable disease in children. Pediatric TB constitutes up to 20% of the TB caseload in high incidence countries. Environmental exposures such as tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution, and poor nutrition are common risk factors for acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Pediatric and adult respiratory disease is closely linked. Early childhood respiratory infection or environmental exposures may lead to chronic disease in adulthood. Childhood immunization can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of childhood pneumonia; childhood immunization is also effective for reducing pneumonia in the elderly. The Forum of International Respiratory Societies (FIRS), representing the major respiratory societies worldwide, has produced a global roadmap of respiratory diseases, Respiratory Disease in the World: Realities of Today-Opportunities for Tomorrow. This highlights the burden of respiratory diseases globally and contains specific recommendations for effective strategies. Greater availability and upscaled implementation of effective strategies for prevention and management of respiratory diseases is needed worldwide to improve global health and diminish the current inequities in health care worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zar
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Ferkol
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002675:Child, Preschool; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: International health; asthma; child; pneumonia; tuberculosis