title: Panacea, a semantic-enabled drug recommendations discovery framework.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Personalized drug prescription can be benefited from the use of intelligent information management and sharing. International standard classifications and terminologies have been developed in order to provide unique and unambiguous information representation. Such standards can be used as the basis of automated decision support systems for providing drug-drug and drug-disease interaction discovery. Additionally, Semantic Web technologies have been proposed in earlier works, in order to support such systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The paper presents Panacea, a semantic framework capable of offering drug-drug and drug-diseases interaction discovery. For enabling this kind of service, medical information and terminology had to be translated to ontological terms and be appropriately coupled with medical knowledge of the field. International standard classifications and terminologies, provide the backbone of the common representation of medical data while the medical knowledge of drug interactions is represented by a rule base which makes use of the aforementioned standards. Representation is based on a lightweight ontology. A layered reasoning approach is implemented where at the first layer ontological inference is used in order to discover underlying knowledge, while at the second layer a two-step rule selection strategy is followed resulting in a computationally efficient reasoning approach. Details of the system architecture are presented while also giving an outline of the difficulties that had to be overcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Panacea is evaluated both in terms of quality of recommendations against real clinical data and performance. The quality recommendation gave useful insights regarding requirements for real world deployment and revealed several parameters that affected the recommendation results. Performance-wise, Panacea is compared to a previous published work by the authors, a service for drug recommendations named GalenOWL, and presents their differences in modeling and approach to the problem, while also pinpointing the advantages of Panacea. Overall, the paper presents a framework for providing an efficient drug recommendations service where Semantic Web technologies are coupled with traditional business rule engines.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece. doulaver@iti.gr.
authors.forename: Charalampos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doulaverakis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nikolaidis
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleontas
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kompatsiaris