title: Clostridium difficile enteritis: a new role for an old foe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small bowel involvement of Clostridium difficile is increasingly encountered. Data on many management aspects are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To synthesis existing reports and assess the frequency, pathophysiology, outcomes, risk factors, diagnosis and management of C. difficle enteritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate evidence regarding frequency, pathophysiology, risk factors, optimal diagnosis, management and outcomes for C. difficle enteritis. Three major databases (PubMed, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library) were searched. The review included original articles reporting C. difficle enteritis from January 1950 to December 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. difficle enteritis is rare but increasingly encountered. Presentation is variable and distinct predisposing factors include emergency surgery, white race and increased age. Diagnosis generally involves a sensitive but often non specific screening test for C. difficile antigens. Oral metronidazole represents first line therapy and surgery may be required for complications. Outcomes are inconsistent but may be improving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high index of clinical suspicion, early diagnosis and treatment are vital. Further prospective studies are needed to determine the significance of asymptomatic small bowel C. difficile infections.
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent's University Hospital, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Dublin 4, Ireland. Electronic address: sdfkilleen@eircom.net.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Killeen
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent's University Hospital, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent's University Hospital, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent's University Hospital, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: O' Connell
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent's University Hospital, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Winter
mesh_terms: D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000382:microbiology; D009026:Mortality; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Clostridium difficile; Diagnosis and management; Pathophysiology; Risk factors; Small bowel