title: The effect of physical activity and body mass index on menopausal symptoms in Turkish women: a cross-sectional study in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Considering the fact that, due to recent evidence, many women no longer prefer hormone replacement therapy, it is especially important to develop intervention options to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Although there is conflicting evidence concerning effectiveness, there is an indication that physical activity and weight control may be useful for alleviating symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical activity and body mass index on menopausal symptoms among menopausal women in Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  305 women between the ages of 45 and 60 who visited the health center for various reasons were recruited into this cross-sectional study. Menopausal women, who visited one of five family physicians working in the same area, were included in the analyses. The Menopause Rating Scale, International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a generic medical and socio-demographic information questionnaire were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who were physically active had lower total menopausal (p < 0.001), somato-vegetative (p = 0.004), psychological (p = 0.002), and urogenital (p < 0.001) symptom scores than women who were less active. No differences in vasomotor symptoms were recorded related to physical activity level; significant differences were found for most menopausal symptoms, including sleep (p = 0.009) and sexual (p = 0.043) problems, joint and muscular discomfort (p < 0.001) and vaginal dryness (p = 0.016). BMI was not associated with total menopausal symptoms and with the subscales, excluding depressive mood (p = 0.009). A significant increasing trend in the rate of depressive mood was observed from normal through overweight to obese participants. The mean scores of the total menopausal symptoms were lower among the participants who were well educated, currently working and without chronic diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical activity may play an important role in alleviating menopausal symptoms. As part of preventive medicine, primary care physicians should also stress lifestyle changes, including physical activity, to manage menopausal symptoms.
authors.affiliation: 1st Family Health Center, Iğdır, Turkey. drnesli293@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Makbule Neslisah
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Mehtap
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kartal
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guldal
mesh_terms: D018771:Arthralgia / Q000503:physiopathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005222:Mental Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D019529:Sexuality; D012890:Sleep; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013546:Sweating; D014421:Turkey; D014621:Vagina / Q000503:physiopathology