title: Epidemiology and staging of renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Incidence and mortality trends attributed to kidney cancer exhibit marked regional variability, likely related to demographic, environmental, and genetic factors. Efforts to identify reversible factors, which lead to the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), have led not only to a greater understanding of the etiology of RCC but also the genetic and histologic characteristics of renal tumors. This article describes this evolution by discussing contemporary RCC incidence and mortality data, the risk factors for development of RCC, the histologic features, and anatomic and integrated staging systems that guide treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ridge
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Bradley B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Pua
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Madoff
keywords: epidemiology and staging; incidence; kidney cancer; mortality; renal cell carcinoma; risk factors