title: Reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid prevents the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension.
abstract: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling of the pulmonary artery (PA). Recently, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inappropriate adaptation through the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been disclosed in various types of diseases. Here we examined whether ER stress is involved in the pathogenesis of PAH. Four weeks of chronic normobaric hypoxia increased right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure by 63% compared with that in normoxic controls and induced RV hypertrophy and medial thickening of the PA in C57BL/6J mice. Treatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), a chemical chaperone, significantly reduced RV systolic pressure by 30%, attenuated RV hypertrophy and PA muscularization, and increased total running distance in a treadmill test by 70% in hypoxic mice. The beneficial effects of 4-PBA were associated with suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines and ER stress markers, including Grp78 and Grp94 in the activating transcription factor-6 branch, sXbp1 and Pdi in the inositol-requiring enzyme-1 branch and Atf4 in the PKR-like ER kinase branch, and reduced phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α in the lung. The pattern of changes in ER stress and inflammatory markers by 4-PBA in the lung of the PAH model was reproduced in PA smooth muscle cells by chronic stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor-BB or hypoxia. Furthermore, knockdown of each UPR branch sensor activated other branches and promoted proliferation of PA smooth muscle cells. The findings indicate that activation of all branches of the UPR and accompanying inflammation play a major role in the pathogenesis of PAH, and that chemical chaperones are potentially therapeutic agents for PAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furuhashi
authors.forename: Shutaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishimura
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fuseya
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuchihashi
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010654:Phenylbutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; C000717248:Hspa5 protein, mouse; D010654:Phenylbutyrates; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C075773:4-phenylbutyric acid; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: chemical chaperone; endoplasmic reticulum stress; inflammation; platelet-derived growth factor; pulmonary arterial hypertension; vascular smooth muscle cell