title: Vitamin D insufficiency in a sunshine-sufficient area: southern Ethiopia.
abstract: Background. Although the photosynthesis and bioavailability of vitamin D are influenced by various factors, vitamin D is produced in the skin by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight. However, vitamin D insufficiency is being recognized as a common problem, even in areas with abundant sunshine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed vitamin D status by measuring plasma 25(OH)D concentrations in rural women in southern Ethiopia living in the Rift Valley at 7 degree3' N latitude. Methods. Nonpregnant women (n = 202) living in three adjacent rural communities volunteered to participate in this cross-sectional study. Demographic, socioeconomic, health, and food frequency data were acquired by questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements and a fasting venipuncture blood sample were obtained by qualified professionals. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. ELISA kits from ImmunoDiagnostic Systems were used to determine concentrations of 25(OH)D with external quality control standards from UTAK Laboratories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The self-reported mean +/- SD age was 30.8 +/- 7.8 years. The mean number of pregnancies was 4.7 +/- 2.7, household size was 6.0 +/- 2.6, and BMI was 20.0 +/- 2.2. None of the participants reported ever consuming vitamin D-rich foods, fortified foods, or dietary supplements. Only 15.8% of the participants had 25(OH) D levels above 50 nmol/L, and 14.8% were below 30 nmol/L, which represents risk of deficiency relative to bone health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D insufficiency is a serious problem in the study population, and living near the Equator does not assure adequate vitamin D status.
authors.affiliation: Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia. taferege@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tafere
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gebreegziabher
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stoecker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010298:Parity; D012424:Rural Population; D013472:Sunlight; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D