title: A review of pain measures for hospitalized children with cognitive impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this review were to examine pain measures for hospitalized children with cognitive impairment who are unable to self-report and to describe the best available evidence for their clinical utility in acute care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches to identify published evidence were conducted and studies reviewed. Reported psychometrics and feasibility of the Non-Communicating Child's Pain Checklist-Postoperative Version, Individualized Numeric Rating scale, Pediatric Pain Profile, and revised Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, and Consolability scale were examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These four measures have established validity and reliability. However, clinical utility findings varied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The revised Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, and Consolability scale has demonstrated feasibility in acute care settings related to ease of use, time requirements, and flexibility regarding caregiver input.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Quinn R
authors.initials: QR
authors.lastname: Crosta
authors.forename: Teresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000451:nursing*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive impairment; communication disorder; developmental delay; developmental disability; intellectual disability; language disability; learning disability; nonverbal; pain assessment; pain measures; review