title: Islamic fasting and multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Month-long daytime Ramadan fasting pose s major challenges to multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Muslim countries. Physicians should have practical knowledge on the implications of fasting on MS. We present a summary of database searches (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed) and a mini-symposium on Ramadan fasting and MS. In this symposium, we aimed to review the effect of fasting on MS and suggest practical guidelines on management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, fasting is possible for most stable patients. Appropriate amendment of drug regimens, careful monitoring of symptoms, as well as providing patients with available evidence on fasting and MS are important parts of management. Evidence from experimental studies suggests that calorie restriction before disease induction reduces inflammation and subsequent demyelination and attenuates disease severity. Fasting does not appear to have unfavorable effects on disease course in patients with mild disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≤3). Most experts believed that during fasting (especially in summer), some MS symptoms (fatigue, fatigue perception, dizziness, spasticity, cognitive problems, weakness, vision, balance, gait) might worsen but return to normal levels during feasting. There was a general consensus that fasting is not safe for patients: on high doses of anti-convulsants, anti-spastics, and corticosteroids; with coagulopathy or active disease; during attacks; with EDSS score ≥7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that MS patients should have tailored care. Fasting in MS patients is a challenge that is directly associated with the spiritual belief of the patient.
authors.forename: Soodeh Razeghi
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jahromi
authors.affiliation: MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. msahrai@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sahraian
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ashtari
authors.forename: Hormoz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ayromlou
authors.forename: Massoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Etemadifar
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghaffarpour
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mohammadianinejad
authors.forename: Shahriar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nafissi
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nickseresht
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shaygannejad
authors.forename: Mansoreh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Togha
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Torabi
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ziaie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018450:Disease Progression; D005215:Fasting / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology