title: Measurement of small ion beams by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry using new 10(13) Ohm resistors.
abstract: We tested 5 newly manufactured - prototype - 10(13)Ohm resistors in the feedback loop of Faraday cup amplifiers to measure small ion beams by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (TIMS). The high Ohmic resistors installed in the TRITON Plus at the VU University Amsterdam theoretically have 10 times lower noise levels relative to the default 10(11)Ohm resistors. To investigate the precision and accuracy of analyses using these new amplifiers we measured Sr and Nd isotopes of reference standards at a range of ion currents (3.2×10(-16) to 1×10(-12) A, corresponding to intensities of 32 μV to 100 mV on a default 10(11)Ohm amplifier) and on small amounts of material (100 and 10 pg). Internal precision and external reproducibility for Sr and Nd isotope ratios are both better when collected on 10(13) compared 10(12)Ohm resistors and to the default 10(11)Ohm resistors. At an (87)Sr ion current of 3×10(-14) A (3 mV on a 10(11)Ohm amplifier) the internal precision (2 SE) of (87)Sr/(86)Sr is 5 times better for 10(13)Ohm resistors compared to 10(11)Ohm resistors. The external reproducibility (2 SD) at this beam intensity is 9 times better. Multiple 100 and 10 pg Sr standards, ran to exhaustion, yielded low (87)Sr/(86)Sr compared to the long term average (e.g. 10 pg average=0.710083±164 (n=11) instead of 0.710244±12, n=73). The average off-set for 10 pg standards can be explained by a loading blank contribution of 1.3 pg. In contrast, Nd data on 100 pg and 10 pg samples are accurate suggesting that Nd loading blanks do not compromise the data. The external reproducibility of (143)Nd/(144)Nd on 100 pg samples is 125 ppm and 3.3‰ on 10 pg samples (2 RSD=relative standard deviation, n=10). Thus, variability in Nd and Sr isotope ratios in the 4th decimal place, e.g. (143)Nd/(144)Nd 0.5110-0.5119 or (87)Sr/(86)Sr 0.7100-0.7109, can be resolved in 10 to 100 pg samples provided that the procedural blanks and chemical separation are optimal. For measurements in the beam intensity range usually covered by ion counting (<3 mV or 2×10(5) cps) we obtain a (143)Nd/(144)Nd internal precision (2 SE) of 480 ppm for a (143)Nd intensity of 6.25×10(4) cps (1 mV) and 1% at an intensity of 2×10(3) cps (32 μV on a 10(11)Ohm amplifier). We find that at intensities higher than 2×10(4) cps the precision using the 10(13)Ohm resistors is better than for ion counting owing to instability and non-linearity behaviour of the ion counting system. Our results indicate that between 2×10(4) cps and an ion current of 2×10(-13) A (20 mV on a 10(11)Ohm amplifier) it is beneficial to use the high gain amplifiers instead of (multi) ion counting or Faraday cups equipped with the standard 10(11)Ohm resistors. This finding suggests that the newly developed high gain resistors could potentially be valuable in applications that currently use (multiple) ion counting to measure small ion beams (e.g. U-series, Re-Os, Pu, Pb). In addition to improved precision, the use of Faraday cups equipped with high resistance amplifiers is more practical in terms of the required calibration procedure and in the flexibility in the collector set-up compared to using multiple ion counting arrays.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.m.koornneef@vu.nl.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Koornneef
authors.affiliation: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath-Str. 11, Bremen, 28199, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouman
authors.affiliation: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath-Str. 11, Bremen, 28199, Germany.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Schwieters
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Davies
keywords: 10(13) Ohm resistors; Neodymium isotopes; Strontium isotopes; Sub nanogram sample analysis; TRITON Plus; Themal ionisation mass spectrometry