title: Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? Methods used in the comparative risk assessment of household air pollution.
abstract: In the Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) done as part of the Global Burden of Disease project (GBD-2010), the global and regional burdens of household air pollution (HAP) due to the use of solid cookfuels, were estimated along with 60+ other risk factors. This article describes how the HAP CRA was framed; how global HAP exposures were modeled; how diseases were judged to have sufficient evidence for inclusion; and how meta-analyses and exposure-response modeling were done to estimate relative risks. We explore relationships with the other air pollution risk factors: ambient air pollution, smoking, and secondhand smoke. We conclude with sensitivity analyses to illustrate some of the major uncertainties and recommendations for future work. We estimate that in 2010 HAP was responsible for 3.9 million premature deaths and ∼4.8% of lost healthy life years (DALYs), ranking it highest among environmental risk factors examined and one of the major risk factors of any type globally.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7360; email: krksmith@berkeley.edu , hradair@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kirk R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adair-Rohani
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balmes
authors.forename: Zoë
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chafe
authors.forename: Mukesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dherani
authors.forename: H Dean
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Hosgood
authors.forename: Sumi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rehfuess
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution