title: Intravenous acetaminophen and intravenous ketorolac for management of pediatric surgical pain: a literature review.
abstract: Pediatric surgical patients are a population at risk of inadequate pain management. The American Society of Anesthesiologists' 2012 Practice Guidelines for Acute Pain Management in the Perioperative Setting recommend a multimodal approach as the most effective way to prevent and treat pain in children. A multimodal approach entails the use of 2 or more analgesic medications that act by different mechanisms, to maximally target a variety of pain receptors and reduce the potential for side effects. One method for incorporating a multimodal approach is to augment intravenous (IV) opioids with nonopioid IV analgesics. Ketorolac and acetaminophen are the 2 nonopioid IV analgesics currently available for use in the United States. This article provides a review of the literature of IV ketorolac and IV acetaminophen regarding their pharmacology, analgesic efficacy, limitations, and practical considerations, with a focus on patients 16 years of age and younger.
authors.forename: Kit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baley
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michalov
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kossick
authors.forename: Mason
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDowell
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000293:Adolescent; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009719:Nurse Anesthetists; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000082:Acetaminophen; D020910:Ketorolac