title: Obesity, abdominal obesity, physical activity, and caloric intake in US adults: 1988 to 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity and abdominal obesity are associated independently with morbidity and mortality. Physical activity attenuates these risks. We examined trends in obesity, abdominal obesity, physical activity, and caloric intake in US adults from 1988 to 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.37% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.44) per year in both women and men. Average waist circumference increased by 0.37% (95% CI, 0.30-0.43) and 0.27% (95% CI, 0.22-0.32) per year in women and men, respectively. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity increased substantially, as did the prevalence of abdominal obesity among overweight adults. Younger women experienced the greatest increases. The proportion of adults who reported no leisure-time physical activity increased from 19.1% (95% CI, 17.3-21.0) to 51.7% (95% CI, 48.9-54.5) in women, and from 11.4% (95% CI, 10.0-12.8) to 43.5% (95% CI, 40.7-46.3) in men. Average daily caloric intake did not change significantly. BMI and waist circumference trends were associated with physical activity level but not caloric intake. The associated changes in adjusted BMIs were 8.3% (95% CI, 6.9-9.6) higher among women and 1.7% (95% CI, 0.68-2.8) higher among men with no leisure-time physical activity compared with those with an ideal level of leisure-time physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analyses highlight important dimensions of the public health problem of obesity, including trends in younger women and in abdominal obesity, and lend support to the emphasis placed on physical activity by the Institute of Medicine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif. Electronic address: uri.ladabaum@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ladabaum
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
authors.forename: Ajitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mannalithara
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
authors.forename: Parvathi A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Myer
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
authors.forename: Gurkirpal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Abdominal obesity; Adiposity; Body mass index; Calories; Diet; Exercise; Obesity; Physical activity; Waist circumference; Weight