title: Adolescents with chronic pain and associated functional disability: A descriptive analysis.
abstract: The purpose of this research was to describe the biopsychosocial characteristics of adolescents with chronic pain and functional disability. Data were obtained from a registry of 100 adolescents (mean age = 15.84, SD = 2.72; 21 males) admitted to an interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program. Clinician ratings were used to categorize coping and personality styles. The most common chief complaint at admission was limb pain (n = 44), followed by headache (n = 21) and abdominal pain (n = 17). Eighteen patients presented with other types of pain. The most frequent triggers to pain were physical trauma, medical condition or disability, and surgery or another medical procedure. Sleep problems, mental health difficulties, and high academic performance were common. Seven previously identified pain-associated disability factors, including passive or dependent coping style, chronic illness in a parent, personality consistent with alexithymia, unresolved family problems, early pain experiences, learning/developmental difficulties, and perfectionistic personality, were common. Ninety-eight adolescents presented with two or more of these contributing factors. Fifty-six adolescents had four or more of the factors. Adolescents with chronic pain and associated disability presented with numerous biopsychosocial factors that relate to their impairment. The understanding and attention to these factors will be important for successful rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wojtowicz
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, USA banezg@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Gerard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Banez
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: Functional disability; pain; pediatrics