title: A general method for assessing brain-computer interface performance and its limitations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When researchers evaluate brain-computer interface (BCI) systems, we want quantitative answers to questions such as: How good is the system's performance? How good does it need to be? and: Is it capable of reaching the desired level in future? In response to the current lack of objective, quantitative, study-independent approaches, we introduce methods that help to address such questions. We identified three challenges: (I) the need for efficient measurement techniques that adapt rapidly and reliably to capture a wide range of performance levels; (II) the need to express results in a way that allows comparison between similar but non-identical tasks; (III) the need to measure the extent to which certain components of a BCI system (e.g. the signal processing pipeline) not only support BCI performance, but also potentially restrict the maximum level it can reach.
  
  
  METHODS
  For challenge (I), we developed an automatic staircase method that adjusted task difficulty adaptively along a single abstract axis. For challenge (II), we used the rate of information gain between two Bernoulli distributions: one reflecting the observed success rate, the other reflecting chance performance estimated by a matched random-walk method. This measure includes Wolpaw's information transfer rate as a special case, but addresses the latter's limitations including its restriction to item-selection tasks. To validate our approach and address challenge (III), we compared four healthy subjects' performance using an EEG-based BCI, a 'Direct Controller' (a high-performance hardware input device), and a 'Pseudo-BCI Controller' (the same input device, but with control signals processed by the BCI signal processing pipeline).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results confirm the repeatability and validity of our measures, and indicate that our BCI signal processing pipeline reduced attainable performance by about 33% (21 bits min(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our approach provides a flexible basis for evaluating BCI performance and its limitations, across a wide range of tasks and task difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: N Jeremy
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Ann-Katrin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Häuser
authors.forename: Gerwin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schalk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces / Q000592:standards*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D055815:Young Adult