title: Why don't plants have diabetes? Systems for scavenging reactive carbonyls in photosynthetic organisms.
abstract: In the present paper, we review the toxicity of sugar- and lipid-derived RCs (reactive carbonyls) and the RC-scavenging systems observed in photosynthetic organisms. Similar to heterotrophs, photosynthetic organisms are exposed to the danger of RCs produced in sugar metabolism during both respiration and photosynthesis. RCs such as methylglyoxal and acrolein have toxic effects on the photosynthetic activity of higher plants and cyanobacteria. These toxic effects are assumed to occur uniquely in photosynthetic organisms, suggesting that RC-scavenging systems are essential for their survival. The aldo-keto reductase and the glyoxalase systems mainly scavenge sugar-derived RCs in higher plants and cyanobacteria. 2-Alkenal reductase and alkenal/alkenone reductase catalyse the reduction of lipid-derived RCs in higher plants. In cyanobacteria, medium-chain dehydrogenases/reductases are the main scavengers of lipid-derived RCs.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Ginga
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shimakawa
authors.affiliation: *Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: *Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: *Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: *Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.affiliation: *Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: Chikahiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miyake
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000378:metabolism; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D000074408:Aldo-Keto Reductases; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D010944:Plants / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; D000171:Acrolein; D000074408:Aldo-Keto Reductases; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase