title: Aggregate cost of mammography screening in the United States: comparison of current practice and advocated guidelines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy exists over how often and at what age mammography screening should be implemented. Given that evidence supports less frequent screening, the cost differences among advocated screening policies should be better understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the aggregate cost of mammography screening in the United States in 2010 and compare the costs of policy recommendations by professional organizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model was developed to estimate the cost of mammography screening in 2010 and 3 screening strategies: annual (ages 40 to 84 years), biennial (ages 50 to 69 years), and U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines (biennial for those aged 50 to 74 years and personalized based on risk for those younger than 50 years and based on comorbid conditions for those 75 years and older).
  
  
  METHODS
  United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 40 to 85 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mammography annually, biennially, or following USPSTF guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost of screening per year, using Medicare reimbursements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated cost of mammography screening in the United States in 2010 was $7.8 billion, with approximately 70% of women screened. The simulated cost of screening 85% of women was $10.1 billion, $2.6 billion, and $3.5 billion for annual, biennial, and USPSTF guidelines, respectively. The largest drivers of cost (in order) were screening frequency, percentage of women screened, cost of mammography, percentage of women screened with digital mammography, and percentage of mammography recalls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cost estimates and assumptions used in the model were conservative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost of mammography varies by at least $8 billion per year on the basis of screening strategy. The USPSTF guidelines are based on the scientific evidence to date to maximize patient benefit and minimize harm but also result in far more effective use of resources.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  University of California and the Safeway Foundation.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Donoghue
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: Elissa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ozanne
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Esserman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000191:economics*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States