title: Cumulative risk assessment for plasticizer-contaminated food using the hazard index approach.
abstract: Phthalates strongly and adversely affect reproduction, development and liver function. We did a cumulative risk assessment for simultaneous exposure to nine phthalates using the hazard index (HI) and the levels of nine phthalates in 1200 foodstuff samples. DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) present the highest level (mean: 0.443 mg/kg) in 1200 samples, and the highest average daily dose (ADD) was found in DEHP, ΣDBP(i + n) (the sum of dibutyl phthalate [DBP] isomers [DnBP + DiBP]) posed the highest risk potential of all the phthalates. In seven phthalates, the 95th percentiles of the ADDs for ΣDBP(i + n) in 0-6-yr-old children accounted for 91% (79-107%) of the tolerable daily intake, and the 95th percentiles of the HIs for the anti-androgenic effects of five phthalates in 0-3-yr-old children and 4-6-yr-old girls were >1. We conclude that the health of younger Taiwanese may be adversely affected by overexposure of phthalate-contaminated foods.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan. Electronic address: cclee@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010968:Plasticizers; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate
keywords: Average daily dose; Cumulative risk assessment; Hazard index; Phthalate esters; Plasticizer-contaminated food