title: The prevalence of airway obstruction among Japanese HIV-positive male patients compared with general population; a case-control study of single center analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have suggested that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and/or the airway colonization of Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pcj) impact on the progression of airway obstruction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between HIV infection, airway colonization of Pcj and airway obstruction in Japanese male patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of 49 HIV-positive and 257 HIV-negative men were enrolled in this study. Airway obstruction was determined by spirometry. Cigarette smoking was determined by a self report. Laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Among HIV positive patients, the airway colonization of Pcj was evaluated by induced sputum using the real time polymerase chain reaction method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight out of 49 (97.9%) HIV-positive patients received antiretroviral therapy, and their median CD4 cell counts were 491/μL (79-935). The prevalence of airway obstruction as determined by spirometry was 10.2% (5/49) in HIV-positive subjects and 2.4% (5/208) in HIV-negative subjects (p = 0.024). Compared with the control group, HIV-positive patients were significantly younger (median age 44 vs 40, p = 0.019). After adjusting for age, pack-years of smoking, HIV infection was an independent risk factor for airway obstruction (OR; 10.93, 95%CI 1.99-60.1, p = 0.006). None of patient was detected the airway colonization of Pcj.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection was an independent risk factor for airway obstruction regardless of airway colonization of Pcj. Health-care providers should be aware of the increased likelihood of airway obstruction among HIV-positive patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan. Electronic address: hnhideta@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hideta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan.
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tateyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tasato
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan.
authors.forename: Shusaku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haranaga
authors.affiliation: Nakagami Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishimine
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan.
authors.forename: Futoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.affiliation: Omoromachi Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaneshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan.
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006678:HIV / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology; D013147:Spirometry
keywords: Airway colonization of Pneumocystis jirovecii; Airway obstruction; HIV; Smoking