title: Developing and testing a measurement tool for assessing predictors of breakfast consumption based on a health promotion model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an instrument for measuring Health Promotion Model constructs in terms of breakfast consumption, and to identify the constructs that were predictors of breakfast consumption among Iranian female students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire on Health Promotion Model variables was developed and potential predictors of breakfast consumption were assessed using this tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred female students, mean age 13 years (SD ± 1.2 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two middle schools from moderate-income areas in Qom, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health Promotion Model variables were assessed using a 58-item questionnaire. Breakfast consumption was also measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal consistency (Cronbach alpha), content validity index, content validity ratio, multiple linear regression using stepwise method, and Pearson correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Content validity index and content validity ratio scores of the developed scale items were 0.89 and 0.93, respectively. Internal consistencies (range, .74-.91) of subscales were acceptable. Prior related behaviors, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and competing demand and preferences were 4 constructs that could predict 63% variance of breakfast frequency per week among subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The instrument developed in this study may be a useful tool for researchers to explore factors affecting breakfast consumption among students. Students with a high level of self-efficacy, more prior related behavior, fewer perceived barriers, and fewer competing demands were most likely to regularly consume breakfast.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Education, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: t_rahimi20@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dehdari
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Education, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Naheed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aryaeian
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Hospital Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Information, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmood Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gohari
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Jabiz Modaresi
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Esfeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D062408:Breakfast; D002648:Child; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010290:Parents; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Pender's Health Promotion Model; breakfast; measurement; students; validity