title: Effects of nasal obstruction on maturation of the jaw-opening reflex in growing rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nasal obstruction during growth changes craniofacial morphology and function. However, the etiological mechanisms of these changes are unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nasal obstruction during growth on the maturation of the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) using an electrophysiological technique. We focused on the oral sensory receptors that regulate the activities and reflexes of the orofacial muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty 6-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups (n = 30 each). The experimental group underwent unilateral nasal obstruction at 8 days of age. The JOR was evoked by bilateral, low-intensity electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve. The electromyographic responses were recorded bilaterally from the digastric muscles at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The latency of the JOR was significantly longer and the peak-to-peak amplitude was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group at each age, while the duration was not significantly different. Intragroup comparison of the latency, peak-to-peak amplitude, and duration at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age revealed no significant differences in either the control or experimental groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unilateral nasal obstruction during growth may have significant effects on maturation of craniofacial function.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiha
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Funaki
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiranuma
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. Electronic address: skokai.orts@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kokai
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D007568:Jaw / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology*; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Growth; Nasal obstruction; Oral sensory receptor; Rat; jaw-opening reflex