title: Anemia and iron deficiency in heart failure.
abstract: Anemia is a common comorbidity in patients with heart failure (HF) and is associated with poor prognosis. Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, confers increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Along with the altered iron metabolism in HF patients, inflammation creates challenges in the interpretation of laboratory parameters used to diagnose anemia in HF. Since the RED-HF trial failed to demonstrate any benefit from the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) on mortality or morbidity in HF patients, ESAs are no longer considered a treatment option, although intravenous iron has potential as therapy for anemic and nonanemic HF patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Services, Saint John Hospital and Medical Center, 22101 Moross Road, Detroit, MI 48236, USA.
authors.forename: Natasha P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Mercer University, 707 Pine Street, Macon, GA 31201, USA. Electronic address: ghali_jk@mercer.edu.
authors.forename: Jalal K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ghali
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Anemia; Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents; Heart failure; Iron deficiency; Iron therapy