title: Studying the enhancement of programmed cell death by combined AG1024 and paclitaxel in a model of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a clonal malignancy of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells that is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and expansion of myeloid progenitors. Myeloid progenitors express the fusion oncogene BCR-ABL, which has uncontrollable activity in malignant cells and prevents the cell apoptosis caused by some antineoplastic agents, such as paclitaxel. Targeting these abnormalities by blocking the tyrosine kinase enzymes of BCR-ABL is a promising approach for chronic myelogenous leukemia therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conventional Liu's staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance the contrast in microscopic images, aiding the observation of cell morphology. The MTT assay, flow cytometry of the sub-G1 analysis and the TUNEL assay were applied to estimate the apoptosis levels. RT-PCR and western blot methods were used to evaluate the key molecules conferring anti-cell-death properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1024 were evaluated with regard to the regulation of BCR-ABL expression, inhibition of cell proliferation, and enhanced paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in BCR-ABL-expressing K562 cell lines. AG1024 downregulated the expression of BCR-ABL and anti-apoptosis factors, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, which were present in K562 cells. Moreover, the combination of AG1024 with paclitaxel inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced paclitaxel-induced apoptosis within 24h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, the present study shows that the combination of AG1024 with paclitaxel inhibited model cancer cell proliferation, suggesting a new use of paclitaxel-based chemotherapy for cancer control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: haoyuan818.nano97g@g2.nctu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hao-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: fhko@mail.nctu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Fu-Hsiang
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Ko
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D020032:Tyrphostins; C447031:tyrphostin AG 1024; D017239:Paclitaxel
keywords: AG1024; Chemotherapy; Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Paclitaxel