title: Ultrasound findings associated to gallbladder carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the most relevant ultrasound findings associated with gallbladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive and retrospective study was made of clinical features and imaging studies in patients subjected to surgery for gallbladder neoplasm in the Reina Sofía General University Hospital (Murcia) during the time period 2000-2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15 cases of gallbladder cancer were found during the study period, 9 of whom were women. The mean age was 77 years (range 61-96). Pain was the principal complaint. The patients had cholelithiasis in 13 cases, smoking in 2 cases, and obesity in 3 cases. The ultrasound showed gallbladder wall thickening (>4mm) in 8 cases, intraluminal mass in 4, scleroatrophic gallbladder in 2, and mass replacing the gallbladder in one. Only in 4 cases was the suspicion of gallbladder carcinoma established preoperatively. According to the pTNM staging, 4 patients were carcinoma in situ (Tis), one case T1a, 6 cases T2, 3 cases T3 and one case T4. In 7 cases, the only evidence was the preoperative ultrasound, and in 8 the study was completed with an abdominal CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis of gallbladder cancer is rare. The ultrasound diagnostic approach is difficult; only a localized thickening coexisting with gallstones seems to be significant, and requires a biopsy. The image of a mass and a stone occupying the gallbladder is associated with later stages of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, España.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zevallos Maldonado
authors.affiliation: Sección de Ecografía, Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, España.
authors.forename: Maria Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ruiz Lopez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cirugía General, Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España. Electronic address: migova@terra.es.
authors.forename: Francisco Miguel
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez Valverde
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, España.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alarcon Soldevilla
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pastor Quirante
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, España.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garcia Medina
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Cholecystosonography; Colecistosonografía; Cáncer de vesícula biliar; Estudio ecográfico; Gallbladder carcinoma; Ultrasound study