title: A neglected cause for chronic spontaneous urticaria in children: Helicobacter pylori.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aetiology of chronic urticaria is usually considered idiopathic. There is a paucity of research both on the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the aetiology of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CU) in children and also on which patients H. pylori should be investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  All paediatric and adult patients who presented to the allergy outpatient clinic due to CU between January 2011 and July 2012 were included in this prospective, randomised study. Stool samples from all patients were examined for the H. pylori antigen. Paediatric and adult patients who had a positive stool test for the H. pylori antigen were reassessed following eradication therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two children with CU and 35 adults with CU were enrolled in the study. Ten of the 32 (31.2%) children and 18 of the 35 (51.4%) adults were H. pylori positive (p=0.09). All children with positive-H. pylori were older than eight years of age. There was a significant positive correlation between age and the frequency of H. pylori infection (p<0.001; r=0.61). The presence of H. pylori was not significantly associated with the presence of GI (gastrointestinal) symptoms (p>0.05). Following H. pylori eradication, urticarial symptoms recovered in 15 of the adults (83.3%) and 10 of the paediatric (100%) patients (p=0.172).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the current study we found that H. pylori is common among children with CU, particularly after eight years of age. We suggest that CU patients with an unknown aetiology should be routinely screened for H. pylori even if they do not present with GI symptoms and that those with H. pylori-positive results may receive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Turgut Ozal University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: akelma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Akelma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Turgut Ozal University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: nevzatcizmeci@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Cizmeci
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Turgut Ozal University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: eminmete@gmail.com.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mete
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Turgut Ozal University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: naile_tufan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tufan
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Department of Pulmonology, Turgut Ozal University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: bubozkur@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014581:Urticaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adult; Children; Chronic spontaneous urticaria; Helicobacter pylori; Prevalence