title: Effects of balanced deep-sea water on adipocyte hypertrophy and liver steatosis in high-fat, diet-induced obese mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of balanced deep-sea water (BDSW) on adipocyte hypertrophy and liver steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  BDSW was prepared by mixing deep-sea water (DSW) mineral extracts and desalinated water. C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet or HFD with or without BDSW with different hardness (500, 1000, or 2000) for 20 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BDSW suppressed body weight gain in HFD-fed mice. Histopathologic assays of the fat and liver revealed that BDSW inhibited the increase in adipocyte size and improved severe liver steatosis in HFD-fed mice. BDSW suppressed the expression of adipogenic, lipogenic, lipolytic, and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and increased the expression of adipokines and β-oxidation genes in fat. In the liver, BDSW suppressed the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis, and increased the expression of genes related to β-oxidation. Furthermore, BDSW improved the impaired phosphorylation of IRS-1, LKB1, AMPK, and mTOR in fat and liver tissues of HFD-fed mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that BDSW has potential as an anti-lipidemic agent, given its ability to suppress body weight gain and liver steatosis through the regulation of lipid metabolism by signal molecule activation.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Geun
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Jung-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Eun Ji
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Yun Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Shon
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D006984:Hypertrophy; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D012623:Seawater; D014867:Water; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Adipose hypertrophy; Deep sea water; High-fat diet; Liver steatosis; Obesity