title: A nanovesicle topical formulation of Bhut Jolokia (hottest capsicum): a potential anti-arthritic medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bhut Jolokia is a capsicum variety indigenous to Northeast India and is recognized as the hottest capsicum variety of the world. The ethnobotanical survey revealed that it has potential anti-arthritic activity but its topical adverse events restrict its usability. In the present study, the semipurified capsaicinoids extract of Bhut Jolokia was formulated as a topical formulation via ethosomal nanovesicle approach, which enhanced the acceptability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prepared formulation was optimized by surface response methodology and characterized for morphology, zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry study and permeation and penetration studies. The experimental formulations were characterized on Freunds complete adjuvant-induced chronic arthritis model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethosomal nanovesicles prepared with the semipurified capsaicinoids extract demonstrated good anti-arthritic activity in rat model, superior to Thermagel (a marketed formulation of capsaicin) in the reduction of joint swelling and pain throughout the observation period. Nanovesicle formulation showed better tolerability and acceptance on both animal and human models. Results obtained from the study strengthen the potential application of Bhut Jolokia semipurified extract in an ethosomal nanovesicle carrier as a topical analgesic as well as an anti-arthritic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant positive results, with reduced irritant effect of the semipurified capsaicinoids extract of Bhut Jolokia-loaded ethosomal nanovesicle carrier, suggest that it could be one of the choices for formulation development in anti-arthritic medicine.
authors.affiliation: Dibrugarh University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dibrurarh, 786004 , India sarwa.khomendra@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Khomendra K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sarwa
authors.forename: Pranab J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mazumder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002212:Capsicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004337:Drug Carriers; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D010936:Plant Extracts