title: The influence of childhood abuse, adult stressful life events and temperaments on depressive symptoms in the nonclinical general adult population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown the interaction between heredity and childhood stress or life events on the pathogenesis of major depression. We hypothesized that childhood abuse, affective temperaments, and adult stressful life events interact and influence depressive symptoms in the general adult population and tested this hypothesis in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 294 participants from the nonclinical general adult population were studied using the following self-administered questionnaire surveys: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Life Experiences Survey (LES), Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A), and Child Abuse and Trauma Scale (CATS). The data were analyzed with single and multiple regressions and structural equation modeling (Amos 20.0).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Childhood abuse indirectly predicted the severity of the depressive symptoms through affective temperaments measured by TEMPS-A in the structural equation modeling. Four temperaments - depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious - directly predicted the severity of depressive symptoms and the negative appraisal of life events during the past year. The negative appraisal of life events during the past year mildly, but significantly, predicted the severity of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subjects of this study were nonclinical. The findings might not be generalized to patients with mood disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that childhood abuse, especially neglect, indirectly increased depressive symptoms through increased affective temperaments, which, in turn, increase the negative appraisal of stressful life events. An important role of affective temperaments in the effect of childhood abuse and stressful life events on depressive symptoms was suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. Electronic address: tinoue@med.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuhito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toyomaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakato
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitaichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kameyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashishita
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wakatsuki
authors.affiliation: Translation Research and Clinical Trial Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oba
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Human Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kusumi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament
keywords: Affective temperaments; Childhood abuse; Depression; Stressful life events; Structural equation model; TEMPS-A