title: Molecular dynamics guided design of tocoflexol: a new radioprotectant tocotrienol with enhanced bioavailability.
abstract: There is a pressing need to develop safe and effective radioprotector/radiomitigator agents for use in accidental or terrorist-initiated radiological emergencies. Naturally occurring vitamin E family constituents, termed tocols, that include the tocotrienols, are known to have radiation-protection properties. These agents, which work through multiple mechanisms, are promising radioprotectant agents having minimal toxicity. Although α-tocopherol (AT) is the most commonly studied form of vitamin E, the tocotrienols are more potent than AT in providing radioprotection and radiomitigation. Unfortunately, despite their very significant radioprotectant activity, tocotrienols have very short plasma half-lives and require dosing at very high levels to achieve necessary therapeutic benefits. Thus, it would be highly desirable to develop new vitamin E analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties, specifically increased elimination half-life and increased area under the plasma level versus time curve. The short elimination half-life of the tocotrienols is related to their low affinity for the α-tocopherol transfer protein (ATTP), the protein responsible for maintaining the plasma level of the tocols. Tocotrienols have less affinity for ATTP than does AT, and thus have a longer residence time in the liver, putting them at higher risk for metabolism and biliary excretion. We hypothesized that the low-binding affinity of tocotrienols to ATTP is due to the relatively more rigid tail structure of the tocotrienols in comparison with that of the tocopherols. Therefore, compounds with a more flexible tail would have better binding to ATTP and consequently would have longer elimination half-life and, consequently, an increased exposure to drug, as measured by area under the plasma drug level versus time curve (AUC). This represents an enhanced residence of drug in the systemic circulation. Based on this hypothesis, we developed a new class of vitamin E analogues, the tocoflexols, which maintain the superior bioactivity of the tocotrienols with the potential to achieve the longer half-life and larger AUC of the tocopherols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Cesar M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Compadre
authors.forename: Awantika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Shraddha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.forename: Guangrong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.forename: Sanchita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiaei
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boerma
authors.forename: Kottayil I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Varughese
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauer-Jensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001682:Biological Availability; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015195:Drug Design; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D024508:Tocotrienols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D024508:Tocotrienols; C017763:alpha-tocopherol transfer protein; C000593014:delta-tocoflexol; D014810:Vitamin E
keywords: bioavailability; countermeasures; molecular dynamics; radiation protection; tocoflexol; tocotrienol