title: Long-Term Outcome of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Refractory Epilepsy: A Longitudinal 4 year Follow-up Study in Korea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the long-term outcome of patients with refractory epilepsy who were treated with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation is designed as an uncontrolled, open-label, retrospective and long-term study. From June 1999 to October 2009, 20 patients were suitable for inclusion criteria: 4-year follow-up and documented seizure frequency before and after implantation. Seizure frequency was collected by clinical recording and interview. Primary outcome measures were the reduction in mean seizure frequency and responder rate (seizure frequency reduction of >50%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 20 patients (M:F=16:4), mean age at the time of implantation was 22.3 years (range 8-44) and mean disease duration was 13.9 years (range 1-37). Mean maximum stimulation output current was 1.90 mA (range 0.25-3.5). Overall mean seizure frequency reduction rate was 61.8% at 4 year follow-up comparison with baseline (p<0.001). Proposition of responder (> 50% seizure frequency reduction) of yearly follow-up were 40 % at 1 yr, 50% at 2 yrs, 45% at 3 yrs, and 60% at 4 yrs. There was no difference of stimulation parameter between the responders and non-responders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term outcome of VNS suggests that VNS is an effective treatment option that can be alternative to surgery in patients with refractory epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Chyul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Yeon
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jounhong Ryan
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Brain-Nerve Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Bong
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hong
keywords: Epilepsy; Outcome; Refractory epilepsy; Vagus nerve stimulation