title: Reliability and validity of isometric knee extensor strength test with hand-held dynamometer depending on its fixation: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the reliability and validity of hand-held dynamometer (HHD) depending on its fixation in measuring isometric knee extensor strength by comparing the results with an isokinetic dynamometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven healthy female volunteers participated in this study. The subjects were tested in seated and supine position using three measurement methods: isometric knee extension by isokinetic dynamometer, non-fixed HHD, and fixed HHD. During the measurement, the knee joints of subjects were fixed at a 35° angle from the extended position. The fixed HHD measurement was conducted with the HHD fixed to distal tibia with a Velcro strap; non-fixed HHD was performed with a hand-held method without Velcro fixation. All the measurements were repeated three times and among them, the maximum values of peak torque were used for the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data from the fixed HHD method showed higher validity than the non-fixed method compared with the results of the isokinetic dynamometer. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between fixed HHD and isokinetic dynamometer method were statistically significant (supine-right: r=0.806, p<0.05; seating-right: r=0.473, p<0.05; supine-left: r=0.524, p<0.05), whereas Pearson correlation coefficients between non-fixed dynamometer and isokinetic dynamometer methods were not statistically significant, except for the result of the supine position of the left leg (r=0.384, p<0.05). Both fixed and non-fixed HHD methods showed excellent inter-rater reliability. However, the fixed HHD method showed a higher reliability than the non-fixed HHD method by considering the intraclass correlation coefficient (fixed HHD, 0.952-0.984; non-fixed HHD, 0.940-0.963).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fixation of HHD during measurement in the supine position increases the reliability and validity in measuring the quadriceps strength.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Won Kuel
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Don-Kyu
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Mook
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Si Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kang
keywords: Dimensional measurement accuracy; Isometric contraction; Knee joint; Muscle strength dynamometer; Physical restraint