title: Bis-enoxacin blocks rat alveolar bone resorption from experimental periodontitis.
abstract: Periodontal diseases are multifactorial, caused by polymicrobial subgingival pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. Chronic periodontal infection results in inflammation, destruction of connective tissues, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone resorption, and ultimately tooth loss. Enoxacin and a bisphosphonate derivative of enoxacin (bis-enoxacin) inhibit osteoclast formation and bone resorption and also contain antibiotic properties. Our study proposes that enoxacin and/or bis-enoxacin may be useful in reducing alveolar bone resorption and possibly bacterial colonization. Rats were infected with 10(9) cells of polymicrobial inoculum consisting of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia, as an oral lavage every other week for twelve weeks. Daily subcutaneous injections of enoxacin (5 mg/kg/day), bis-enoxacin (5, 25 mg/kg/day), alendronate (1, 10 mg/kg/day), or doxycycline (5 mg/day) were administered after 6 weeks of polymicrobial infection. Periodontal disease parameters, including bacterial colonization/infection, immune response, inflammation, alveolar bone resorption, and systemic spread, were assessed post-euthanasia. All three periodontal pathogens colonized the rat oral cavity during polymicrobial infection. Polymicrobial infection induced an increase in total alveolar bone resorption, intrabony defects, and gingival inflammation. Treatment with bis-enoxacin significantly decreased alveolar bone resorption more effectively than either alendronate or doxycycline. Histologic examination revealed that treatment with bis-enoxacin and enoxacin reduced gingival inflammation and decreased apical migration of junctional epithelium. These data support the hypothesis that bis-enoxacin and enoxacin may be useful for the treatment of periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mercedes F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sasanka S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chukkapalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Irina M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Velsko
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ju-Youn
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Indraneel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Calogero
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dolce
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edgardo J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Toro
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: L Shannon
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Holliday
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lakshmyya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kesavalu
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D015365:Enoxacin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008334:Mandible / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D010519:Periodontium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014208:Treponema / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D015365:Enoxacin