title: Temporomandibular disorders in patients with schizophrenia using antipsychotic agents: a discussion paper.
abstract: Patients with psychiatric problems show a tendency to develop temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Particularly, patients with schizophrenia are quite likely to have signs and symptoms of TMD due to the impairment of their oral health, the use of antipsychotic drugs, and other general health problems. In nonschizophrenic populations, TMD have been considered as the main cause of nondental pain in the orofacial region, involving mechanisms associated with changes in masticatory activity at the cortical and neuromuscular levels. Individuals with schizophrenia do not usually complain of pain, and TMD is misdiagnosed in this population. In this paper, we aimed to review the clinical aspects of TMD in people with schizophrenia on antipsychotic drug therapy.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arão Nogueira
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marion Alves
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil ; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Pondé
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: de Sena
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomorphology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil ; Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Abrahão Fontes
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Baptista
keywords: antipsychotic agents; pain; schizophrenia; temporomandibular joint