title: Sniffing out pain: An in vivo intranasal study of analgesic efficacy.
abstract: Orofacial pain is a common encounter in dentistry (affecting 12% of the population) and is a primary reason for patients seeking emergency care. Dentists often prescribe oral analgesics, which have disadvantages of decreased absorption rates and delayed onset. Intranasal (IN) delivery takes advantage of a large surface area of mucosal tissue for rapid absorption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of IN ketorolac for endodontic pain using a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled parallel design study.
  
  
  
  Twenty patients presenting with moderate to severe endodontic pain were selected to receive IN treatment with placebo (n = 10) or ketorolac (n = 10) 30 minutes before endodontic treatment was started and immediately after the completion of endodontic treatment. Baseline pain levels were recorded before IN treatment. Pain levels were also recorded at 15 and 30 minutes after the initial IN dosing (before endodontic treatment); 30 minutes after completion of endodontic treatment; and 4, 8, and 12 hours after the initial IN spray.
  
  
  
  IN ketorolac alone or with endodontic treatment showed significantly better pain relief compared with IN placebo spray alone or with endodontic treatment at 30 minutes after the first or second intranasal dose and at 4 hours after the first intranasal dose.
  
  
  
  These results suggest that IN ketorolac may provide a novel and efficacious method for pain relief in endodontic pain patients. How to cite the article: Maroli S, Srinath HP, Goinka C, Yadav NS, Bhardwaj A, Varghese RK. Sniffing out pain: An in vivo intranasal study of analgesic efficacy. J Int Oral Health 2014;6(1):66-71.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, St. Joseph Dental College, Duggirala, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sohani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maroli
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, St. Joseph Dental College, Duggirala, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Srinath
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, St. Joseph Dental College, Duggirala, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Chanchal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goinka
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, People's Dental Academy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Naveen S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Vananchal Dental College & Hospital, Farathiya, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India.
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.affiliation: Professor & Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, New Horizon Dental College & Research Institute, Sikri, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh, India.
authors.forename: Rana K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Varghese
keywords: Endodontic pain; NSAID; intra nasal; pain survey