title: Tips and troubleshooting for transpapillary metal stenting for distal  malignant biliary obstruction.
abstract: Endoscopic placement of a self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) has become a mainstream treatment to relieve non-resectable distal malignant biliary obstructions—its longer patency and cost-effectiveness were demonstrated in comparison with plastic biliary stents in several randomized controlled trials. Despite advances in ERCP devices and SEMSs themselves to enable safe and effective biliary drainage via a SEMS, several significant aspects of the endoscopic placement of SEMS must be considered; otherwise, SEMS-related complications and early SEMS dysfunction may occur. Also, SEMS dysfunction, including occlusion and migration, occurs at a certain frequency in the long term, and appropriate reintervention is necessary to preserve the quality of life of the patient. Here, we present tips for endoscopic transpapillary SEMS placement for distal malignant biliary obstruction and reintervention for SEMS dysfunction.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isayama
authors.forename: Yousuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kogure
authors.forename: Natsuyo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koike
mesh_terms: D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D001661:Biliary Tract Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000628:therapy; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents