title: Synovial fluid response to extensional flow: effects of dilution and intermolecular interactions.
abstract: In this study, a microfluidic cross-slot device is used to examine the extensional flow response of diluted porcine synovial fluid (PSF) samples using flow-induced birefringence (FIB) measurements. The PSF sample is diluted to 10× 20× and 30× its original mass in a phosphate-buffered saline and its FIB response measured as a function of the strain rate at the stagnation point of the cross-slots. Equivalent experiments are also carried out using trypsin-treated PSF (t-PSF) in which the protein content is digested away using an enzyme. The results show that, at the synovial fluid concentrations tested, the protein content plays a negligible role in either the fluid's bulk shear or extensional flow behaviour. This helps support the validity of the analysis of synovial fluid HA content, either by microfluidic or by other techniques where the synovial fluid is first diluted, and suggests that the HA and protein content in synovial fluid must be higher than a certain minimum threshold concentration before HA-protein or protein-protein interactions become significant. However a systematic shift in the FIB response as the PSF and t-PSF samples are progressively diluted indicates that HA-HA interactions remain significant at the concentrations tested. These interactions influence FIB-derived macromolecular parameters such as the relaxation time and the molecular weight distribution and therefore must be minimized for the best validity of this method as an analytical technique, in which non-interaction between molecules is assumed.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Centro de Estudos de Fenómenos de Transporte, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Haward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D044085:Microfluidics; D012212:Rheology; D013552:Swine; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*