title: Normal hip, knee and ankle range of motion in the Turkish population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of gender and cultural habits on hip, knee and ankle range of motion (ROM) and to determine the differences between the ROM of right and left side symmetric joints of the lower extremities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 987 (513 males and 474 females) healthy volunteers. Individuals with a history of illness, prior surgery or trauma involving any joint of either lower extremity were excluded from the study. The terminology and techniques of measurements used were those suggested by the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left side passive hip flexion and active internal rotation was higher than the right side. Passive flexion of the hip joint was higher in male subjects and internal and external rotation was higher in female subjects. In the knee joint, passive extension was higher in males. Plantarflexion and inversion of the ankle joint were higher in male subjects and dorsiflexion and eversion were higher in female subjects. The differences were considered insignificant in clinical terms as all were less than 3 degrees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no clinically significantly difference between right and left side hip, knee and ankle joints ROM. Gender and cultural habits do not appear to have clinically significantly effects on lower extremity joint ROM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hallaçeli
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Vedat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Uruç
authors.affiliation: Health Services Vocational College, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Halil Hakan
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Raif
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ozden
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Antakya State Hospital, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ciğdem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hallaçeli
authors.affiliation: Halil Bayraktar Health Services Vocational College, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ferhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soyuer
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tuba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ince Parpucu
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yengil
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Uğur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cavlak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012399:Rotation; D012737:Sex Factors; D014421:Turkey; D055815:Young Adult