title: Dysphagia risk assessment in acute left-hemispheric middle cerebral artery stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bedside evaluation of dysphagia may be challenging in left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke due to frequently existing aphasia. Here we analyse the predictive value of common bedside screening tests and of two items of cortical dysfunction, aphasia and buccofacial apraxia (BFA), for the detection of dysphagia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively examined 67 consecutive patients with clinical and imaging evidence of acute (<72 h) left MCA stroke. Dysphonia, dysarthria, abnormal volitional cough and abnormal gag reflex were assessed followed by a standardized 50-ml water-swallowing test determining the symptoms cough and voice change after swallow. Aphasia and BFA were assessed according to defined criteria. Fibre-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) was performed for validation of dysphagia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  41 (61%) patients had FEES-proven dysphagia. Abnormal gag reflex, abnormal volitional cough, cough after swallow, aphasia and BFA were significantly more frequent in dysphagic as compared to non-dysphagic patients, while dysphonia, dysarthria and voice change after swallow were not. Aphasia and BFA had the highest sensitivity (97 and 78%, respectively) and high negative predictive values (89 and 68%, respectively) for dysphagia. Multivariate regression analysis did not identify an independent predictor of dysphagia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In left MCA stroke, the sensitivity and specificity of common bedside dysphagia screening methods are low. In contrast, aphasia and BFA have a high sensitivity and high negative predictive power, presumably due to the neuro-anatomical overlap between cortical regions involved in swallowing, speech production, imitation and voluntary movement control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Sriramya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Somasundaram
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neumann-Haefelin
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isenmann
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hattingen
authors.forename: Matthias W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Oliver C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001037:Aphasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D001072:Apraxias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003371:Cough; D003679:Deglutition; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005683:Gagging; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications*; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014833:Voice Quality; D014836:Volition