title: TiO2 nanoparticles induced hippocampal neuroinflammation in mice.
abstract: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been used in various medical and industrial areas. However, the impacts of these nanoparticles on neuroinflammation in the brain are poorly understood. In this study, mice were exposed to 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg body weight TiO2 NPs for 90 consecutive days, and the TLRs/TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway associated with the hippocampal neuroinflammation was investigated. Our findings showed titanium accumulation in the hippocampus, neuroinflammation and impairment of spatial memory in mice following exposure to TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, TiO2 NPs significantly activated the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α, nucleic IκB kinase, NF-κB-inducible kinase, nucleic factor-κB, NF-κB2(p52), RelA(p65), and significantly suppressed the expression of IκB and interleukin-2. These findings suggest that neuroinflammation may be involved in TiO2 NP-induced alterations of cytokine expression in mouse hippocampus. Therefore, more attention should be focused on the application of TiO2 NPs in the food industry and their long-term exposure effects, especially in the human central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yuguan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ze
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ze
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Anan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qiuping
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biomaterials Built Together by Ministry of Science and Technology and Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fashui
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D052003:NF-kappa B p52 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D052003:NF-kappa B p52 Subunit; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase