title: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) neurofeedback: implementations and applications.
abstract: Neurofeedback (NFB) allows subjects to learn how to volitionally influence the neuronal activation in the brain by employing real-time neural activity as feedback. NFB has already been performed with electroencephalography (EEG) since the 1970s. Functional MRI (fMRI), offering a higher spatial resolution, has further increased the spatial specificity. In this paper, we briefly outline the general principles behind NFB, the implementation of fMRI-NFB studies, the feasibility of fMRI-NFB, and the application of NFB as a supplementary therapy tool.
authors.affiliation: Biomedizinische NMR GmbH, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, German ; Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kampus Kesihatan, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wan Ilma
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Dewiputri
authors.affiliation: Biomedizinische NMR GmbH, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, German ; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road Cambridge, CB2 7EF, England.
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Auer
keywords: fMRI; learning; neurofeedback; self-regulation