title: Mothers, fathers, sons and daughters: parental sensitivity in families with two children.
abstract: Most studies on early childhood parenting include only mothers. Fathers are rarely observed in interaction with their young children, although they play an important role in the socialization of their children. In this study, we observed parenting of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters in families with two children, using a within-family approach in a sample with systematically varying family constellations. Participants included 389 families with two children (1 and 3 years of age). Parenting practices were coded during free play using the Emotional Availability Scales (Biringen, 2008). Findings revealed that mothers showed higher levels of sensitivity and lower levels of intrusiveness toward their children than fathers. Furthermore, mothers and fathers were more sensitive and less intrusive toward their oldest child than toward their youngest child. Fathers' higher intrusiveness toward the youngest child was only found in the case of a youngest boy. Child gender was not related to parenting in any of the other analyses. Our results suggest that parent gender is more salient than child gender in the prediction of parenting practices in early childhood.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University.
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Hallers-Haalboom
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University.
authors.forename: Judi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mesman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University.
authors.forename: Marleen G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Groeneveld
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University.
authors.forename: Joyce J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Endendijk
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University.
authors.forename: Sheila R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: van Berkel
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University.
authors.forename: Lotte D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: van der Pol
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University.
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bakermans-Kranenburg
mesh_terms: D001722:Birth Order / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009426:Netherlands; D009679:Nuclear Family; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents; D012737:Sex Factors