title: Noise annoyance is related to the presence of urban public transport.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between noise annoyance and public transport as a source of noise has not been studied previously. The aim was to study noise annoyance in an urban population due to the presence, the type and the number of public transport vehicles, in relation to other acoustical and non-acoustical parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample comprised 5861 adults residing in 118 streets in the city center of Belgrade. The presence, the type and the number of public transport vehicles were assessed using official transport maps and matched with residential addresses. Noise annoyance was assessed by a questionnaire including a self-report five-graded scale. 'High noise annoyance' was defined by merging 'very' and 'extremely' annoyed answers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant predictors of high noise annoyance were the presence of public transport at daytime (yes vs. no) (odds ratio=1.47, 95% confidence interval=1.28-1.70), and at night (yes vs. no) (OR=1.39, 95% CI=1.20-1.61). Residing in the streets with more than 79 public transport vehicles per hour (3rd tercile vs. 1st tercile) predicted high noise annoyance at daytime (OR=1.64, 95% CI=1.18-2.27). Residing in the streets with buses and trams at night ('bus and tram' vs. no public transport) increased the risk of high noise annoyance (OR=2.67, 95% CI=1.78-4.09). These associations were independent from noise sensitivity, orientation of bedroom windows, floor level, and equivalent noise levels. Living in the apartment with bedroom windows facing the street was the strongest confounder for the association between noise annoyance, noise levels and public transport.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study has identified the presence of public transport at daytime and at night as a significant and independent predictor of high noise annoyance. Future intervention measures should concern the presence, the type and the number of public transport vehicles in order to reduce noise annoyance reactions in urban areas.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: katarina.paunovic@mfub.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paunović
authors.affiliation: Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Belojević
authors.affiliation: Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jakovljević
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009624:Noise, Transportation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Noise annoyance; Noise sensitivity; Noise transport