title: Identification of symptom clusters among patients with heart failure: an international observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Virtually all patients with heart failure experience multiple symptoms simultaneously, yet clinicians and researchers usually consider symptoms in isolation. Recognizing and responding early to escalating symptoms is essential to preventing hospitalizations in heart failure, yet patients have considerable difficulty recognizing symptoms. Identification of symptom clusters could improve symptom recognition, but cultural differences may be present that must be considered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and compare symptom clusters in heart failure patients from the United States, Europe and Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In- and out-patient settings in three regions of the world: Asia (i.e., China and Taiwan); Europe (i.e., the Netherlands and Sweden); and the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 720 patients with confirmed heart failure. Propensity scoring using New York Heart Association Classification was used to match participants from each of the three regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptoms were identified using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. To identify symptom clusters we used cluster analysis with the hierarchical cluster agglomerative approach. We used the Euclidean distance to measure the similarity of variables. Proximity between groups of variables was measured using Ward's method. The resulting clusters were displayed with dendrograms, which show the proximity of variables to each other on the basis of semi-partial R-squared scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a core group of symptoms that formed two comparable clusters across the countries. Dyspnea, difficulty in walking or climbing, fatigue/increased need to rest, and fatigue/low energy were grouped into a cluster, which was labeled as a physical capacity symptom cluster. Worrying, feeling depressed, and cognitive problems were grouped into a cluster, which was labeled as an emotional/cognitive symptom cluster. The symptoms of edema and trouble sleeping were variable among the countries and fell into different clusters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the diversity in cultures studied, we found that symptoms clustered similarly among the cultural groups. Identification of similar symptoms clusters among patients with heart failure may improve symptom recognition in both patients and healthcare providers.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, College of Nursing, United States. Electronic address: dmoser@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, School of Nursing, United States.
authors.forename: Kyoung Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, United States.
authors.forename: Jia-Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, College of Nursing, United States.
authors.forename: Gia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mudd-Martin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Welfare Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tiny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
authors.affiliation: Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, College of Nursing, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsuey-Yuan
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Shandong University, School of Nursing, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Xui-Zhen
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strömberg
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, College of Nursing, United States.
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lennie
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, United States.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riegel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: Cognitive symptoms; Emotional symptoms; Heart failure; Physical symptoms; Symptom clusters