title: Abnormal repolarization as the basis for late potentials and fractionated electrograms recorded from epicardium in experimental models of Brugada syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that late potentials and fractionated electrogram activity are due to delayed depolarization within the anterior aspects of right ventricular (RV) epicardium in experimental models of Brugada syndrome (BrS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical reports have demonstrated late potentials on signal-averaged electrocardiography (ECG) recorded in patients with BrS. Recent studies report the appearance of late potentials and fractionated activity on bipolar electrograms recorded in the epicardium of the RV outflow tract in patients with BrS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Action potential and bipolar electrograms were recorded at epicardial and endocardial sites of coronary-perfused canine RV wedge preparations, together with a pseudo-ECG. The transient outward potassium current agonist NS5806 (5 μM) and the Ca(2+)-channel blocker verapamil (2 μM) were used to pharmacologically mimic the BrS genetic defect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fractionated electrical activity was observed in RV epicardium, but not in endocardium, as a consequence of heterogeneities in the appearance of the second upstroke of the epicardial action potential, and discrete high-frequency spikes developed as a result of concealed phase 2 re-entry. In no case did we observe primary conduction delay as the cause of the BrS ECG phenotype or of late potential or fractionated electrogram activity. Quinidine (10 μM) and the phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors cilostazol (10 μM) and milrinone (2.5 μM) restored electrical homogeneity, thus abolishing all late potentials and fractionated electrical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data point to an alternative pathophysiological basis for late potentials and fractionated electrical activity recorded in the right ventricle in the setting of BrS. We demonstrate an association of such activity with abnormal repolarization and not with abnormal depolarization or structural abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: Tamás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Szél
authors.affiliation: Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York. Electronic address: ca@mmrl.edu.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antzelevitch
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D053840:Brugada Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010496:Pericardium / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cardiac arrhythmias; electrophysiology; pharmacology