title: Effects of nonlinear resistance and aerobic interval training on cytokines and insulin resistance in sedentary men who are obese.
abstract: Regular exercise training has been shown to reduce systemic inflammation, but there is limited research directly comparing different types of training. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of nonlinear resistance training (NRT) and aerobic interval training (AIT) on serum interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-20, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), and aerobic capacity in middle-aged men who are obese. Sedentary volunteers were assigned to NRT (n = 12), AIT (n = 12), and (CON, n = 10) control groups. The experimental groups performed 3 weekly sessions for 12 weeks, whereas the CON grouped maintained a sedentary lifestyle. Nonlinear resistance training consisted of 40-65 minutes of weight training at different intensities with flexible periodization. Aerobic interval training consisted of running on a treadmill (4 sets of 4 minutes at 80-90% of maximal heart rate, with 3-minute recovery intervals). Serum IL-10, IL-20, and TNF-α levels did not change significantly in response to training (all p > 0.05), but IL-10:TNF-α ratio increased significantly with AIT compared with CON (2.95 ± 0.84 vs. 2.52 ± 0.65; p = 0.02). After the training period, maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly in AIT and NRT compared with CON (both p < 0.001; 46.7 ± 5.9, 45.1 ± 3.2, and 41.1 ± 4.7 ml·kg·min, respectively) and in AIT than in NRT (p = 0.001). The 2 exercise programs were equally effective at reducing insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance) (both p ≤ 0.05; AIT: 0.84 ± 0.34, NRT: 0.84 ± 0.27, and CON: 1.62 ± 0.56) and fasting insulin levels (both p ≤ 0.05; AIT: 3.61 ± 1.48, NRT: 3.66 ± 0.92, and CON: 6.20 ± 2.64 μU·ml), but the AIT seems to have better anti-inflammatory effects (as indicated by the IL-10:TNF-α ratio) compared with NRT.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Physical Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; and 3Department of Sport and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikseresht
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Agha-Alinejad
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Azarbayjani
authors.forename: Khosrow
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D055070:Resistance Training; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; C422042:interleukin 20