title: Anti-tumour effects of polysaccharides isolated from Artemisia annua L by inducing cell apoptosis and immunomodulatory anti-hepatoma effects of polysaccharides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well known that various polysaccharides present anti-tumour effects by inducing cell apoptosis and immunomodulation. However, it is still unclear about the roles of polysaccharides isolated from Artemisia apiacea (HQG) to hepatoma and its underlying mechanism. The objective of the study was to examine the anti-hepatoma effects of HQG and its related mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  HQG was prepared in house and the quality and purity were confirmed by infra-red spectrum and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Tumour-bearing mice induced by injection of mouse hepatoma H22 cells were used to evaluate the tumour growth inhibition by HQG administration. Cell immunostaining, JC1 staining and flow cytometer were performed to examine the cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential change and immunomodulation in response to HQG treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HQG treatment inhibited hepatoma growth in tumour-bearing mice. Cell apoptosis rate of human hepatoma 7402 cells and of the cells from ascites in tumour-bearing mice was increased after HQG treatment. Mitochondrial membrane potential in human hepatoma 7402 cells was decreased after HQG treatment. CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes subpopulation was increased while the ratio of CD4+/ CD8+ decreased in tumour-bearing mice after HQG administration. IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion was increased in spleen lymphocytes in tumour-bearing mice after HQG administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study concluded that polysaccharides isolated from Artemisia apiacea (HQG) can inhibit hepatoma cell growths by facilitating cell apoptosis and immuno-defence.
authors.affiliation: Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
authors.forename: Jiayu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 136000.
authors.forename: Jiaqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Haiyan People's Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314300, China.
authors.forename: Xintai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhjiang 318000, China.
authors.forename: Chibo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D031172:Artemisia annua / Q000737:chemistry*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides
keywords: Polysaccharides isolated from Artemisia apiacea (HQG); anti-tumour effects; cell apoptosis; immunomodulation; tumour growth