title: Daily kiwifruit consumption did not improve blood pressure and markers of cardiovascular function in men with hypercholesterolemia.
abstract: Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is a key lifestyle modification in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Kiwifruit has previously been shown to have favorable effects on blood pressure (BP), likely through inhibiting angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity. We hypothesized that the replacement of 2 fruit servings in a healthy diet with 2 green kiwifruit a day would significantly improve BP and other markers of cardiovascular function, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance, in a group of hypercholesterolemic men. Using a controlled cross-over study design, 85 subjects completed a 4-week healthy diet run-in period before randomization to one of two 4-week intervention sequences in which they either consumed 2 green kiwifruit a day plus a healthy diet (intervention) or consumed a healthy diet alone (control). Blood pressure and other measures of cardiovascular function (using a Finometer MIDI [Finapres Medical Systems B.V, Amsterdam, The Netherlands] and standard oscillometric device) and anthropometric measurements were taken before and at the end of the treatment periods. A physical activity questionnaire was completed during the last visit. Subjects were found to be predominantly normotensive (43.5%) or prehypertensive (50.6%) and quite physically active (>30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity/day in >80% subjects). No significant differences were seen for BP or any of the other markers, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance. In conclusion, in this hypercholesterolemic, nonhypertensive group, no beneficial effects on BP or other markers of cardiovascular function were seen when consuming 2 kiwifruit a day against the background of a healthy diet.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Cheryl S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: R.Kruger@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Rozanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Cathryn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Conlon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Pamela R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: von Hurst
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand; CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Welma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stonehouse
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: Angiotensin I-converting enzyme; Blood pressure; Clinical trial; Finometer; Kiwifruit; Men