title: A systematic review of special events to promote breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Special events are common community-based strategies for health promotion. This paper presents findings from a systematic literature review on the impact of special events to promote breast, cervical or colorectal cancer education and screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles in English that focused on special events involving breast, cervical, and/or colorectal cancer conducted in the U.S. and published between January 1990 and December 2011 were identified from seven databases: Ovid, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstract, Cochrane Libraries, and EconLit. Study inclusion and data extraction were independently validated by two researchers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 20 articles selected for screening out of 1,409, ten articles on special events reported outcome data. Five types of special events were found: health fairs, parties, cultural events, special days, and plays. Many focused on breast cancer only, or in combination with other cancers. Reach ranged from 50-1732 participants. All special events used at least one evidence-based strategy suggested by the Community Guide to Preventive Services, such as small media, one-on-one education, and reducing structural barriers. For cancer screening as an outcome of the events, mammography screening rates ranged from 4.8% to 88%, Pap testing was 3.9%, and clinical breast exams ranged from 9.1% to 100%. For colorectal screening, FOBT ranged from 29.4% to 76%, and sigmoidoscopy was 100% at one event. Outcome measures included intentions to get screened, scheduled appointments, uptake of clinical exams, and participation in cancer screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Special events found in the review varied and used evidence-based strategies. Screening data suggest that some special events can lead to increases in cancer screening, especially if they provide onsite screening services. However, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that special events are effective in increasing cancer screening. The heterogeneity of populations served, event activities, outcome variables assessed, and the reliance on self-report to measure screening limit conclusions. This study highlights the need for further research to determine the effectiveness of special events to increase cancer screening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA. cescoff@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Cam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escoffery
authors.forename: Kirsten C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kegler
authors.forename: Regine
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authors.lastname: Haardörfer
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Shuting
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authors.forename: Erika
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authors.lastname: Pinsker
authors.forename: Katherine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
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authors.forename: Marcia G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ory
authors.forename: Roshan
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authors.lastname: Bastani
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Betsy C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Risendal
authors.forename: Theresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: Gloria D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Coronado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000846:Anniversaries and Special Events; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*