title: Doctors' attitudes towards prescribing opioids for refractory dyspnoea: a single-centred study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dyspnoea is a distressing and common symptom in palliative care. There is evidence that opioids can improve the experience of dyspnoea. Limited data suggest that doctors' attitudes may be a barrier to prescribing opioids for the relief of refractory dyspnoea. This study explored UK hospital doctors' experience of, and attitudes towards, prescribing opioids for refractory dyspnoea in advanced disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anonymous semistructured questionnaires were distributed by convenience sampling. Data were collated and descriptive analysis performed. Doctors of all grades attending routine educational events within the medical directorate of a UK district general hospital were included in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five questionnaires were analysed. Most doctors (61/64) reported a willingness to prescribe opioids for refractory dyspnoea, although the majority felt less confident than when prescribing opioids for pain. Three-quarters of doctors (49/65) had initiated, or under supervision, prescribed opioids for refractory dyspnoea. This was most often for a patient in the last hours/days of life (44/49), followed by patients with cancer (34/49), heart failure (26/49) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (21/49). Confidence in prescribing was highest in relation to the dying and lowest in COPD. A significant proportion (40/64) of respondents expressed concerns when prescribing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This group of doctors was aware of the use of opioids for refractory dyspnoea and reported a willingness to prescribe opioids for this symptom. However, confidence varied considerably depending on clinical context. Fears about side effects were prevalent and should be addressed. Doctors would benefit from clearer guidance on prescribing regimes, specifically in circumstances other than the dying patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, UK.
authors.forename: Savvas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadjiphilippou
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah-Elizabeth
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Odogwu
authors.affiliation: Pilgrims Hospices in East Kent & East Kent University Foundation Hospital Trust, Canterbury, UK.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dand