title: B-type natriuretic peptide clinical activation in aortic stenosis: impact on long-term survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to define the association between serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) activation and survival after the diagnosis of aortic stenosis (AS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In AS, the link between BNP levels and clinical outcome is in dispute. Failure to account for the normal shifting of BNP ranges with aging in men and women, not using hard endpoints (survival), and not enrolling large series of patients have contributed to the uncertainty.
  
  
  METHODS
  A program of prospective measurement of BNP levels with Doppler echocardiographic AS assessment during the same episode of care was conducted. BNP ratio (measured BNP/maximal normal BNP value specific to age and sex) >1 defined BNP clinical activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1,953 consecutive patients with at least moderate AS (aortic valve area 1.03 ± 0.26 cm(2); mean gradient 36 ± 19 mm Hg), median BNP level was 252 pg/ml (interquartile range: 98 to 592 pg/ml); BNP ratio 2.46 (interquartile range 1.03 to 5.66); ejection fraction (EF) 57% ± 15%, and symptoms present in 60% of patients. After adjustment for all survival determinants, BNP clinical activation (BNP ratio >1) independently predicted mortality after diagnosis (p < 0.0001; hazard ratio [HR]: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.55 to 2.35) and provided incremental power to the survival predictive model (p < 0.0001). Eight-year survival was 62 ± 3% with normal BNP levels, 44 ± 3% with BNP ratio of 1 to 2 (adjusted HR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.90), 25 ± 4% with BNP ratio of 2 to 3 (adjusted HR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.63 to 2.75), and 15 ± 2% with BNP ratio of ≥3 (adjusted HR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.94 to 3.05). This strong link to survival was confirmed in asymptomatic patients with normal EF (adjusted HR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.57 to 3.56] for BNP clinical activation and 2.10 [95% CI: 1.32 to 3.36] for BNP ratio of 1 to 2, 2.25 [95% CI: 1.31 to 3.87] for BNP ratio of 2 to 3, 3.93 [95% CI: 2.40 to 6.43] for BNP ratio of ≥3). Aortic valve replacement was associated with survival improved by a similarly high margin (p = 0.54) with BNP ratio of <2 (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.52 to 0.89; p = 0.003) or BNP ratio of >2 (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.66; p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large series of patients with AS, BNP clinical activation was associated with excess long-term mortality incrementally and independently of all baseline characteristics. Higher mortality with higher BNP clinical activation, even in asymptomatic patients, emphasizes the importance of appropriate clinical interpretation of BNP levels in managing patients with AS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Marie-Annick
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Clavel
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malouf
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Hector I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Michelena
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Rakesh M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic address: sarano.maurice@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enriquez-Sarano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain
keywords: Doppler echocardiography; aortic stenosis; natriuretic peptide; valvular heart disease