title: Using structural equation modeling to understand prescription stimulant misuse: a test of the Theory of Triadic Influence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a theory-driven model of health behavior to predict the illicit use of prescription stimulants (IUPS) among college students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A probability sample of 554 students from one university located in California (response rate=90.52%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Students completed a paper-based survey developed with guidance from the Theory of Triadic Influence. We first assessed normality of measures and checked for multicollinearity. A single structural equation model of frequency of IUPS in college was then tested using constructs from the theory's three streams of influence (i.e., intrapersonal, social situation/context, and sociocultural environment) and four levels of causation (i.e., ultimate causes, distal influences, proximal predictors, and immediate precursors).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 18% of students reported engaging in IUPS during college, with frequency of use ranging from never to 40 or more times per academic term. The model tested had strong fit and the majority of paths specified within and across streams were significant at the p<0.01 level. Additionally, 46% of the variance in IUPS frequency was explained by the tested model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest the utility of the TTI as an integrative model of health behavior, specifically in predicting IUPS, and provide insight on the need for multifaceted prevention and intervention efforts.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, United States. Electronic address: NBavarian@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Niloofar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bavarian
authors.affiliation: Oregon State University, United States.
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Flay
authors.affiliation: Oregon State University, United States.
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ketcham
authors.affiliation: Oregon State University, United States.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, United States.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, United States.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, United States.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Saltz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011582:Psychological Theory; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: Health behavior theory; Prescription stimulants; Prevention; Substance use