title: The effect of frame rate on the ability of experienced gait analysts to identify characteristics of gait from closed circuit television footage.
abstract: Forensic gait analysis is increasingly being used as part of criminal investigations. A major issue is the quality of the closed circuit television (CCTV) footage used, particularly the frame rate which can vary from 25 frames per second to one frame every 4s. To date, no study has investigated the effect of frame rate on forensic gait analysis. A single subject was fitted with an ankle foot orthosis and recorded walking at 25 frames per second. 3D motion data were also collected, providing an absolute assessment of the gait characteristics. The CCTV footage was then edited to produce a set of eight additional pieces of footage, at various frame rates. Practitioners with knowledge of forensic gait analysis were recruited and instructed to record their observations regarding the characteristics of the subject's gait from the footage. They were sequentially sent web links to the nine pieces of footage, lowest frame rate first, and a simple observation recording form, over a period of 8 months. A sample-based Pearson product-moment correlation analysis of the results demonstrated a significant positive relationship between frame rate and scores (r=0.868, p=0.002). The results of this study show that frame rate affects the ability of experienced practitioners to identify characteristics of gait captured on CCTV footage. Every effort should therefore be made to ensure that CCTV footage likely to be used in criminal proceedings is captured at as high a frame rate as possible.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Community Services, Jordanthorpe Health Centre, 1 Dyche Close, Sheffield, England, S8 8DJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: ivanbirch@btinternet.com.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Community Services, Jordanthorpe Health Centre, 1 Dyche Close, Sheffield, England, S8 8DJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: wesley.vernon@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Wesley
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, Scotland, G4 0BA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: J.G.Burrow@gcu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burrow
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Community Services, Jordanthorpe Health Centre, 1 Dyche Close, Sheffield, England, S8 8DJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: jeremy.walker@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D056667:Biometric Identification / Q000379:methods*; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015588:Observer Variation; D012984:Software; D013690:Television
keywords: CCTV; Frame rate; Gait analysis