title: Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) in human breast milk from several Asian countries.
abstract: In this study, the concentrations of 10 organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were determined in 89 human breast milk samples collected from Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Among the targeted PFRs, tris(2-chloroexyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the predominant compounds and were detected in more than 60% of samples in all three countries. The concentrations of PFRs in human breast milk were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the Philippines (median 70 ng g(-1) lipid wt.) than those in Japan (median 22 ng g(-1) lipid wt.) and Vietnam (median 10 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). The present results suggest that the usage of products containing PFRs in the Philippines is higher than those of Japan and Vietnam. Comparing with a previous literature survey in Sweden, the levels of PFRs in human breast milk from the Philippines were 1.5-2 times higher, whereas levels in Japan and Vietnam were 4-20 times lower, suggesting that these differences might be due to their variation in the usage of flame-retarded products utilized in each country. When daily intake of PFRs to infants via human breast milk was estimated, some individuals accumulated tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and TCEP were close to reference dose (RfD). This is the first report to identify PFRs in human breast milk samples from Asian countries.
authors.affiliation: Seamangeum Regional Environmental Office, 100 Seogok-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-870, Republic of Korea; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Joon-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan. Electronic address: t.isobe@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Minh
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Tue
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katsura
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Toxicological Centre, Unviersity of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Govindan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malarvannan
authors.affiliation: Technology Center for Marine Survey, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Agus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudaryanto
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, KyungHee University, Seochen-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang-Hyeon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Science Education Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines.
authors.forename: Maricar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prudente
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Pham Hung
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Viet
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanabe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D008875:Middle Aged; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D010679:Philippines; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014744:Vietnam; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds
keywords: Asia; Human breast milk; Human exposure; PFRs