title: Whole-body angular momentum during stair ascent and descent.
abstract: The generation of whole-body angular momentum is essential in many locomotor tasks and must be regulated in order to maintain dynamic balance. However, angular momentum has not been investigated during stair walking, which is an activity that presents a biomechanical challenge for balance-impaired populations. We investigated three-dimensional whole-body angular momentum during stair ascent and descent and compared it to level walking. Three-dimensional body-segment kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data were collected from 30 healthy subjects. Angular momentum was calculated using a 13-segment whole-body model. GRFs, external moment arms and net joint moments were used to interpret the angular momentum results. The range of frontal plane angular momentum was greater for stair ascent relative to level walking. In the transverse and sagittal planes, the range of angular momentum was smaller in stair ascent and descent relative to level walking. Significant differences were also found in the ground reaction forces, external moment arms and net joint moments. The sagittal plane angular momentum results suggest that individuals alter angular momentum to effectively counteract potential trips during stair ascent, and reduce the range of angular momentum to avoid falling forward during stair descent. Further, significant differences in joint moments suggest potential neuromuscular mechanisms that account for the differences in angular momentum between walking conditions. These results provide a baseline for comparison to impaired populations that have difficulty maintaining dynamic balance, particularly during stair ascent and descent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA. Electronic address: asilverm@mines.edu.
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Neptune
authors.affiliation: Center for the Intrepid, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX USA.
authors.forename: Emily H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Sinitski
authors.affiliation: Center for the Intrepid, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Biomechanics; Climb; Dynamic balance; Gait; Stairs