title: Cognition, academic achievement, and epilepsy in school-age children: a case-control study in a developing country.
abstract: We conducted a case-control study of 33 Jamaican children 7 to 12years old with uncomplicated epilepsy and 33 of their classroom peers matched for age and gender to determine whether epilepsy resulted in differences in cognitive ability and school achievement and if socioeconomic status or the environment had a moderating effect on any differences. Intelligence, language, memory, attention, executive function, and mathematics ability were assessed using selected tests from NEPSY, WISCR, TeaCh, WRAT3 - expanded, and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices. The child's environment at home was measured using the Middle Childhood HOME inventory. Socioeconomic status was determined from a combination of household, crowding, possessions, and sanitation. We compared the characteristics of the cases and controls and used random effects regression models (using the matched pair as the cluster) to examine the relationship between cognition and epilepsy. We found that there was no significant difference in IQ, but children with epilepsy had lower scores on tests of memory (p<0.05), language (p<0.05), and attention (p<0.01) compared with their controls. In random effects models, epilepsy status had a significant effect on memory (coefficient=-0.14, CI: -0.23, -0.05), language (coefficient=-0.13, CI: -0.23, -0.04), and mathematics ability (coefficient=-0.01, CI: -0.02, -0.00). Adjustment for the home environment and socioeconomic status and inclusion of interaction terms for these variables did not alter these effects. In conclusion, we found that epilepsy status in Jamaican children has a significant effect on performance on tests of memory, language, and mathematics and that this effect is not modified or explained by socioeconomic status or the child's home environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona, Jamaica. Electronic address: roxanne.melbournechambers@uwimona.edu.jm.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Melbourne Chambers
authors.affiliation: Bustamante Hospital for Children, Arthur Wint Drive, Kingston, Jamaica. Electronic address: nadinelevy.morrison74@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morrison-Levy
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, UWI, Mona, Jamaica. Electronic address: susan.changlopez@uwimona.edu.jm.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Bustamante Hospital for Children, Arthur Wint Drive, Kingston, Jamaica. Electronic address: judymtapper@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tapper
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, UWI, Mona, Jamaica. Electronic address: susan.walker@uwimona.edu.jm.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, UWI, Mona, Jamaica. Electronic address: marshall.tullochreid@uwimona.edu.jm.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tulloch-Reid
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001288:Attention; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003906:Developing Countries; D004522:Educational Status; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007563:Jamaica; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
keywords: Achievement; Cognition; Country; Developing; Epilepsy; Jamaica