title: Disentangling the Influence of Mutation and Migration in Clonal Seagrasses Using the Genetic Diversity Spectrum for Microsatellites.
abstract: The recurrent lack of isolation by distance reported at regional scale in seagrass species was recently suggested to stem from stochastic events of large-scale dispersal. We explored the usefulness of phylogenetic information contained in microsatellite loci to test this hypothesis by using the Genetic Diversity Spectrum (GDS) on databases containing, respectively, 7 and 9 microsatellites genotypes for 1541 sampling units of Posidonia oceanica and 1647 of Cymodocea nodosa The simultaneous increase of microsatellite and geographic distances that emerges reveals a coherent pattern of isolation by distance in contrast to the chaotic pattern previously described using allele frequencies, in particular, for the long-lived P. oceanica These results suggest that the lack of isolation by distance, rather than the resulting from rare events of large-scale dispersal, reflects at least for some species a stronger influence of mutation over migration at the scale of the distribution range. The global distribution of genetic polymorphism may, therefore, result predominantly from ancient events of step-by-step (re)colonization followed by local recruitment and clonal growth, rather than contemporary gene flow. The analysis of GDS appears useful to unravel the evolutionary forces influencing the dynamics and evolution at distinct temporal and spatial scales by accounting for phylogenetic information borne by microsatellites, under an appropriate mutation model. This finding adds nuance to the generalization of the influence of large-scale dispersal on the dynamics of seagrasses.
authors.affiliation: From the Ifremer, Deep-LEP, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France (Arnaud-Haond and Moalic); the CCMAR, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal (Arnaud-Haond, Alberto and Serrão); the IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y de Sistemas Complejos, Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (Hernández-García and Eguiluz); the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (Alberto); the Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain (Duarte); and the UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia (Duarte). sarnaud@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnaud-Haond
authors.affiliation: From the Ifremer, Deep-LEP, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France (Arnaud-Haond and Moalic); the CCMAR, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal (Arnaud-Haond, Alberto and Serrão); the IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y de Sistemas Complejos, Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (Hernández-García and Eguiluz); the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (Alberto); the Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain (Duarte); and the UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia (Duarte).
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moalic
authors.affiliation: From the Ifremer, Deep-LEP, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France (Arnaud-Haond and Moalic); the CCMAR, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal (Arnaud-Haond, Alberto and Serrão); the IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y de Sistemas Complejos, Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (Hernández-García and Eguiluz); the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (Alberto); the Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain (Duarte); and the UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia (Duarte).
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hernández-García
authors.affiliation: From the Ifremer, Deep-LEP, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France (Arnaud-Haond and Moalic); the CCMAR, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal (Arnaud-Haond, Alberto and Serrão); the IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y de Sistemas Complejos, Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (Hernández-García and Eguiluz); the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (Alberto); the Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain (Duarte); and the UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia (Duarte).
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Eguiluz
authors.affiliation: From the Ifremer, Deep-LEP, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France (Arnaud-Haond and Moalic); the CCMAR, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal (Arnaud-Haond, Alberto and Serrão); the IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y de Sistemas Complejos, Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (Hernández-García and Eguiluz); the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (Alberto); the Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain (Duarte); and the UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia (Duarte).
authors.forename: Filipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alberto
authors.affiliation: From the Ifremer, Deep-LEP, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France (Arnaud-Haond and Moalic); the CCMAR, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal (Arnaud-Haond, Alberto and Serrão); the IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y de Sistemas Complejos, Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (Hernández-García and Eguiluz); the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (Alberto); the Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain (Duarte); and the UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia (Duarte).
authors.forename: Ester A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Serrão
authors.affiliation: From the Ifremer, Deep-LEP, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France (Arnaud-Haond and Moalic); the CCMAR, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal (Arnaud-Haond, Alberto and Serrão); the IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y de Sistemas Complejos, Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (Hernández-García and Eguiluz); the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (Alberto); the Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain (Duarte); and the UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia (Duarte).
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D035961:Alismatales / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D063148:Plant Dispersal
keywords: 
  Genetic Diversity Spectrum
  ; 
  clonality
  ; 
  genetic divergence
  ; 
  microsatellites
  ; 
  seagrass
  ; 
  stepwise mutation
  