title: Supraorbital stimulation does not induce an antidepressant-like response in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuromodulation therapies are currently being investigated as potential treatments for depression. One of these treatments involves the stimulation of supraorbital branches of the trigeminal nerve.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To show that supraorbital stimulation is effective in preclinical models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were given supraorbital stimulation at different settings in the forced swim test (FST) and open field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supraorbital stimulation did not induce an antidepressant-like response in rats undergoing the FST. This is in contrast to other neuromodulation treatments, such as deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy, which are all effective in this paradigm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supraorbital stimulation was ineffective in rats undergoing the FST. Such findings do not invalidate results of recent clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bregman
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
authors.forename: Mustansir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diwan
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
authors.forename: José N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nobrega
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada. Electronic address: Clement.Hamani@camh.ca.
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013550:Swimming; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Depression; Rats; Stimulation; Supraorbital nerve; Trigeminal nerve