title: Socioeconomic factors are associated with folate and vitamin B12 intakes and related biomarkers concentrations in European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study.
abstract: Because socioeconomic factors (SEFs) may influence dietary quality and vitamin intakes, this study aimed to examine associations between socioeconomic factors and folate and vitamin B12 intakes as well as their related biomarkers in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study. Vitamin intakes were obtained from two 24-hour recalls in 2253 participants (47% males). Vitamin B biomarkers were assessed in a subsample of 977 participants (46% males). Socioeconomic factors were assessed by questionnaire, and 1-way analysis of covariance and linear regression analysis were applied. For males and females, mean intakes of folate were 211.19 and 177.18 μg/d, and for vitamin B12, 5.98 and 4.54 μg/d, respectively. Levels of plasma folate, red blood cell folate, serum B12, and holotranscobalamin were 18.74, 807.19, 330.64, and 63.04 nmol/L in males, respectively, and 19.13, 770.16, 377.9, and 65.63 nmol/L in females, respectively. Lower folate intakes were associated with several SEFs, including maternal and paternal education in both sexes. Regarding folate biomarkers, lower plasma folate intakes were associated with single/shared care in males and with lower paternal occupation in females. Lower vitamin B12 intakes were associated with almost all the studied SEFs, except paternal occupation in both sexes. In females, when considering vitamin B12 biomarkers, lower plasma vitamin B12 was associated with lower maternal education and occupation, and lower holotranscobalamin was associated with lower maternal education and lower paternal occupation. In conclusion, from the set of socioeconomic determinants studied in a sample of European adolescents, maternal education and paternal occupation were more consistently associated with folate and vitamin B12 intakes and biomarkers concentrations.
authors.affiliation: GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iglesia
authors.affiliation: GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mouratidou
authors.affiliation: ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Romana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novakovic
authors.affiliation: ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Breidenassel
authors.affiliation: GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Pavón
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anouk
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geelen
authors.affiliation: Inserm U995, Faculté de Médecine, Université Lille 2, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.affiliation: University of Crete School of Medicine, GR-71033 Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, INRAN, Rome 00100, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mistura
authors.affiliation: Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Fátima Pérez
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: de Heredia
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Yanis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
authors.forename: Denes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stehle
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurinovic
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adrienne E J M
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cavelaars
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van't Veer
authors.affiliation: GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address: lmoreno@unizar.es.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12
keywords: Europe; Socioeconomic factors; adolescent; cross-sectional; folic acid; vitamin B(12)