title: Symplastic and apoplastic uptake and root to shoot translocation of nickel in wheat as affected by exogenous amino acids.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of exogenous amino acids on apoplastic and symplastic uptake and root to shoot translocation of nickel (Ni) in two wheat cultivars. Seedlings of a bread (Triticum aestivum cv. Back Cross) and a durum wheat cultivar (T. durum cv. Durum) were grown in a modified Johnson nutrient solution and exposed to two levels (50 and 100 μM) of histidine, glycine, and glutamine. Application of amino acids resulted in increasing symplastic to apoplastic Ni ratio in roots of both wheat cultivars, although glutamine and glycine were more effective than histidine under our experimental conditions. The amino acid used in the present study generally increased the relative transport of Ni from the roots to shoots in both wheat cultivars. Higher amounts of Ni were translocated to wheat shoots in the presence of histidine than the other amino acids studied, which indicated that histidine was more effective in translocation of Ni from roots to shoots. Amino acids used in the present study largely increased root symplastic Ni, but shoot Ni accumulation was much lower than the total Ni accumulation in roots, indicating a large proportion of Ni was retained or immobilized in wheat roots (either in the apoplastic or symplastic space), with only a very small fraction of Ni being translocated from the root to the shoot. According to the results, glutamine and glycine were more effective than histidine in enhancing the symplastic to apoplastic Ni ratio in the roots, while more Ni was translocated from the roots to the shoots in the presence of histidine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84154 Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dalir
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84154 Isfahan, Iran. Electronic address: amirhkhosh@cc.iut.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Khoshgoftarmanesh
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism*; D009532:Nickel / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism; D014908:Triticum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009532:Nickel
keywords: Amino acids; Apoplastic retention; Nickel; Symplastic uptake; Wheat