title: Multi-level modelling of employment probability trajectories and employment stability at 1, 2 and 5 years after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine trajectories of employment probability and stability over the first 5 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using multi-level modelling and multinomial logistic regressions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and five individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI who had been admitted to the Trauma Referral Centre for the Southeast region of Norway were followed up at 1, 2 and 5 years after the injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Employment status was dichotomized into employed and unemployed, while employment stability was categorized into stably employed, unstably employed and unemployed at 1, 2 and 5 years after injury. Being single, unemployment prior to injury, blue collar occupation, lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at hospital admission and greater length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) were significantly associated with being unemployed at 1, 2 and 5 years post-injury. Further, younger patients, those with a lower GCS, greater length of PTA and greater length of hospital stay were negatively associated with employment stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It could be wise to target patient population with these demographic and injury characteristics for more extensive follow-ups and vocational rehabilitation to help improve employment outcomes following injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway .
authors.forename: Marit V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Forslund
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arango-Lasprilla
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: Solrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sigurdardottir
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andelic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011336:Probability; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014478:Unemployment
keywords: Employment trajectories; job stability; prospective study; return to work; traumatic brain injury