title: Replicating the violence risk appraisal guide: a total forensic cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The performance of violence risk assessment instruments can be primarily investigated by analysing two psychometric properties: discrimination and calibration. Although many studies have examined the discrimination capacity of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) and other actuarial risk assessment tools, few have evaluated how well calibrated these instruments are. The aim of the present investigation was to replicate the development study of the VRAG in Europe including measurements of discrimination and calibration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a prospective study design, we assessed a total cohort of violent offenders in the Zurich Canton of Switzerland using the VRAG prior to discharge from prisons, secure facilities, and outpatient clinics. Assessors adhered strictly to the assessment protocol set out in the instrument's manual. After controlling for attrition, 206 offenders were followed in the community for a fixed period of 7 years. We used charges and convictions for subsequent violent offenses as the outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to measure discrimination, and Sanders' decomposition of the Brier score as well as Bayesian credible intervals were calculated to measure calibration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The discrimination of the VRAG's risk bins was modest (area under the curve = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.63-0.81, p<0.05). However, the calibration of the tool was poor, with Sanders' calibration score suggesting an average assessment error of 21% in the probabilistic estimates associated with each bin. The Bayesian credible intervals revealed that in five out of nine risk bins the intervals did not contain the expected risk rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of the calibration validity of risk assessment instruments needs to be improved, as has been done with respect to discrimination. Additional replication studies that focus on the calibration of actuarial risk assessment instruments are needed. Meanwhile, we recommend caution when using the VRAG probabilistic risk estimates in practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health Services, Office of Corrections, Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossegger
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health Services, Office of Corrections, Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endrass
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health Services, Office of Corrections, Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerth
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health Services, Office of Corrections, Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Health Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway.
authors.forename: Jay P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D057237:Criminals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013557:Switzerland; D014754:Violence; D055815:Young Adult