title: Testicular biopsy in psittacine birds (Psittaciformes): impact of endoscopy and biopsy on health, testicular morphology, and sperm parameters.
abstract: Histologic examination of a testicular biopsy sample may be required to evaluate the reproductive status of male psittacine birds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of testicular sampling from live birds by assessing the impact on the birds' health, testicular integrity, and sperm quality. Testicular biopsy samples were obtained by endoscopy 4 times during 12 months from 9 cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and 7 rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri). Only 2 of 16 birds showed testicular cicatrization or divided testicular tissue after a single endoscopy. Further complications, such as damage to the air sacs or bleeding, predominantly occurred in subsequent endoscopies. In both species, endoscopy and testicular biopsy caused only minor or transient effects on sperm production and sperm quality. These results support that a single testicular biopsy is a viable method for evaluating the reproductive status of male psittacine birds.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hänse
authors.forename: Maria-Elisabeth
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Krautwald-Junghanns
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reitemeier
authors.forename: Almuth
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Einspanier
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy / Q000662:veterinary; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011563:Psittaciformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D055101:Semen Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000662:veterinary; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology