title: Dust events, pulmonary diseases and immune system.
abstract: Incidences of sand storms have increased in recent years and there is evidence that these dusts can move across long distances. Sand dusts have different adverse effects on health, but one of the most important of them is pulmonary disease. After inhalation of dust, many dust particles are moved to the airways. Dust particles can be sensed by airways epithelial cells, activate macrophages, dendritic cells and innate immune cells and then initiate responses in various populations of specific immune cells such as T helper cells subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17), T cytotoxic cells and B cells. Initiation of inflammatory immune responses, activation of immune cells and releases of many cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory molecules, have variable pathologic affects on lung in different respiratory diseases. Unfortunately control of desert dusts is more difficult than control of air pollution. For prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases that are caused by desert dusts, researchers need well-designed epidemiological studies, combined with analysis of the precise composition of sand dusts, and the precise mechanisms of the immune responses. Recognizing the exact cellular and molecular immune mechanisms would be very useful to find new approaches for treatment of desert dust associated pulmonary diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran ; Departmentof Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine Tuxedo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nafiseh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Esmaeil
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran ; School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo Ontario, Canada;
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gharagozloo
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.affiliation: Departmentof Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine Tuxedo, New York, USA ; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine New York, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grunig
keywords: Sand dusts; T helper cells; cytokines and chemokines; pulmonary disease