title: Peripheral arterial disease, gender, and depression in the Heart and Soul Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in women, risk factors for PAD in women are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gender-specific risk factors for PAD were examined in a prospective cohort study of 1024 patients (184 women and 840 men) with stable coronary artery disease who were recruited between 2000 and 2002. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between traditional and nontraditional risk factors and PAD in men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAD was found in 11% of women and in 13% of men. Women with PAD had a similar prevalence of traditional risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking) compared with women without PAD and were significantly more likely to suffer from depression than women without PAD. Men with PAD were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, a history of smoking, a worse lipid profile, and higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers than men without PAD. A multivariate model showed depression was the strongest independent factor associated with PAD in women, whereas smoking and elevated fibrinogen were independently associated with PAD in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings suggest there are gender differences in risk factors for the development of PAD. Further research is needed to understand the role of depression in PAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif. Electronic address: marlene.grenon@ucsfmedctr.org.
authors.forename: S Marlene
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Grenon
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Beth E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; St. Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Mo.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smolderen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vittinghoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Whooley
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Jade
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hiramoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005340:Fibrinogen