title: Analysis of apparent integrated backscatter coefficient and backscattered spectral centroid shift in Calcaneus in vivo for the ultrasonic evaluation of osteoporosis.
abstract: The purposes of our study were to evaluate the correlation among apparent integrated backscatter coefficient (AIB), spectral centroid shift (SCS) of ultrasonic backscatter signals and bone mineral density (BMD) and to examine the effectiveness of ultrasound variables as predictors of osteoporosis. A total of 1011 persons aged 21-80 y old were included. All study participants underwent BMD measurements of the lumbar spine (LSBMD) and the femoral neck (FNBMD). The participants also underwent calcaneal measurements to determine AIB and SCS with central frequencies of 3.5 (one transducer) and 5.0 MHz (the other transducer). AIB decreased with age and was positively correlated with BMD, while SCS increased with age and was negatively correlated with BMD. The correlation coefficient of SCS with LSBMD and FNBMD at 3.5 MHz was -0.72 and -0.70, respectively. The correlation coefficient at 5.0 MHz was -0.75 and -0.74, respectively. The correlation coefficient of AIB with LSBMD and FNBMD at 3.5 MHz was 0.65 and 0.63. The correlation coefficient at 5.0 MHz was 0.59 and 0.55, respectively. The correlation between SCS and BMD was significantly better than the correlation between AIB and BMD. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, a significant difference was found between the areas under the curve for SCS and AIB at 3.5 MHz (0.781 vs. 0.715, respectively, p < 0.05), as well as at 5.0 MHz (0.782 vs. 0.709, respectively, p < 0.05). The optimum T-score threshold for SCS was -1.3 for both transducers. The sensitivity and specificity of SCS at 3.5 MHz and 5.0 MHz for the optimum threshold were 64%, 85%, 63% and 86%, respectively. In conclusion, the correlations among the ultrasound parameters and BMDs are strong. SCS performs better than AIB in differentiating patients with osteoporosis. Ultrasound variables may be taken into consideration as predictors of osteoporosis in the future considering its portability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Yun-qi
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Electronic Engineering Department of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Cheng-cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Ruo-yu
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Wen-ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China. Electronic address: Qi.qing@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Electronic Engineering Department of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China. Electronic address: tda@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ta
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China. Electronic address: dong.jian@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Electronic Engineering Department of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei-qi
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Backscatter; Bone density; Calcaneus; Osteoporosis; Ultrasonography