title: Prevalence of illicit drug use in pregnant women in a Wisconsin private practice setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to measure the prevalence of illicit drug use in our obstetric population, to identify the drugs being used, and to determine whether a modified version of the 4Ps Plus screening tool could serve as an initial screen.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, urine samples of 200 unselected patients presenting for initiation of prenatal care in a Wisconsin private practice were analyzed for evidence of the use of illicit drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 200 patients, 26 (13%) had evidence of drugs of abuse in their urine samples. Marijuana (7%) and opioids (6.5%) were the most commonly identified drugs. Adding 5 questions about drug or alcohol use to the obstetric intake questionnaire proved sensitive in identifying patients with high risks of having a positive drug screen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of drug use in our low-risk population was higher than expected and may reflect increasing rates of drug use across the United States. Enhanced screening should be performed to identify patients using illicit drugs in pregnancy to improve their care. Medical centers and communities may benefit from periodic testing of their community prevalence rates to aid in appropriate care planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, WI.
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schauberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, WI.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Newbury
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, WI.
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Colburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, WI.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Hamadani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: drug screening; illicit drug use; pregnancy; prenatal care