title: Effects of co-products on the life-cycle impacts of microalgal biodiesel.
abstract: Microalgal biodiesel production has been investigated for decades, yet it is not commercially available. Part of the problem is that the production process is energy and chemical intensive due, in part, to the high portion of microalgal biomass left as residues. This study investigated cradle-to-gate life-cycle environmental impacts from six different scenarios of microalgal biodiesel and its co-products. Ozone depletion, global warming, photochemical smog formation, acidification and eutrophication potentials were assessed using the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts (TRACI). Monte Carlo Analysis was conducted to investigate the processes with major contribution in each impact category. The market opportunity for each co-product was examined based on supply, demand and prices of the products that could potentially be substituted by the co-products. The results indicated that the scenario with the least life-cycle environmental impacts in all the five impact categories with the highest net energy ratio was the scenario utilizing a multitude of co-products including bioethanol from lipid-extracted microalgae (LEA), biomethane (to produce electricity and heat) from simultaneous saccharification-fermentation (SSF) residues, land-applied material from SSF residue anaerobic digestion (AD) solid digestate, recycling nutrients from SSF residue AD liquid digestate and CO2 recovered from SSF process contributed. Decreasing the energy consumption of the centrifuge in the land-applied material production process and increasing the lipid content of microalgae can reduce environmental footprints of the co-products. The same scenario also had the highest total income indicating their potential as co-products in the market.
authors.affiliation: School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; School of Logistics and Supply Chain, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand. Electronic address: Kullapa.Soratana@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Kullapa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soratana
authors.affiliation: School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States. Electronic address: wjbarr@asu.edu.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.affiliation: School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States. Electronic address: Amy.Landis@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Landis
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels / Q000191:economics / Q000382:microbiology*; D004777:Environment; D040541:Marketing; D058086:Microalgae / Q000378:metabolism*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels
keywords: Algae biodiesel prices; Anaerobic digestion; Life cycle assessment; Lipid extracted algae