title: Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on post-exercise markers of muscle damage.
abstract: The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) with and without the free acid form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB-FA) on markers of muscle damage following acute lower body resistance exercise. Forty recreationally resistance-trained men (22.3 ± 2.4 years) were randomly divided into one of the four groups: (1) Placebo (PL); (2) HMB-FA; (3) HMB-FA-CWI; (4) PL-CWI. HMB-FA groups ingested 3 g day(-1) and CWI groups submersed their lower body into 10-12 °C water for 10-min post-exercise. No differences between groups were observed for CK; however, PL-CWI had significantly greater elevations in myoglobin 30-min post-exercise compared to HMB-FA (p = 0.009) and PL (p = 0.005), and HMB-FA-CWI was significantly greater than HMB-FA (p = 0.046) and PL (p = 0.028). No differences between groups were observed for IL-6 and IL-10, although CRP was significantly greater 24-h post-exercise for PL-CWI compared to HMB-FA-CWI (p = 0.02) and HMB-FA (p = 0.046). Only HMB-FA-CWI showed significantly (p = 0.02) greater improvements in average power per repetition. CWI appeared to elevate myoglobin compared to other groups, while HMB-FA may have attenuated the increase in CRP when combined with CWI. Nevertheless, HMB-FA or CWI treatments did not appear to provide benefit over PL for recovery. Instead, the combination of CWI and HMB-FA improved performance recovery compared to other groups.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jajtner
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Kyle S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Carleigh H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: Gabriel J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pruna
authors.forename: Gerald T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Mangine
authors.forename: Tyler M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Scanlon
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bohner
authors.forename: Leonardo P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Maren S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fragala
authors.forename: Jay R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries*; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D014631:Valerates / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009211:Myoglobin; D014631:Valerates; D014867:Water; C004961:beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein