title: Electromembrane Surrounded Solid Phase Microextraction Followed by Injection Port Derivatization and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector Analysis for Determination of Acidic Herbicides in Plant Tissue.
abstract: Electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction (EM-SPME) of acidic herbicides was studied for the first time. In order to investigate the capability of this new microextraction technique to analyze acidic targets, chlorophenoxy acid (CPA) herbicides were quantified in plant tissue. 1-Octanol, was sustained in the pores of the wall of a hollow fiber and served as supported liquid membrane (SLM). Other EM-SPME related parameters, including extraction time, applied voltage, and pHs of the sample solution and the acceptor phase, were optimized using experimental design. A 20 min time frame was needed to reach the highest extraction efficiency of the analytes from a 24 mL alkaline sample solution across the organic liquid membrane and into the aqueous acceptor phase through a 50 V electrical field, and to their final adsorption on a carbonaceous anode. In addition to high sample cleanup, which made the proposed method appropriate for analysis of acidic compounds in a complicated media (plant tissue), 4.8% of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 0.6% of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were adsorbed on the anode, resulting in suitable detection limits (less than 5 ng mL-1), and admissible repeatability and reproducibility (intra- and interassay precision were in the ranges of 5.2-8.5% and 8.8-12.0%, respectively). Linearity of the method was scrutinized within the ranges of 1.0-500.0 and 10.0-500.0 ng mL-1for MCPA and 2,4-D, respectively, and coefficients of determination greater than 0.9958 were obtained. Optimal conditions of EM-SPME of the herbicides were employed for analysis of CPAs in whole wheat tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University , P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezazadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University , P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Yadollah
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamini
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology , Tehran 16315-1355, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University , P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tahmasebi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University , P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rezaei
keywords: acidic compounds; chlorophenoxy acid herbicides; electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction; gas chromatography; plant tissue