title: Effect of ball-milling and Fe-/Al-doping on the structural aspect and visible light photocatalytic activity of TiO2 towards Escherichia coli bacteria abatement.
abstract: Escherichia coli abatement was studied in liquid phase under visible light in the presence of two commercial titania photocatalysts, and of Fe- and Al-doped titania samples prepared by high energy ball-milling. The two commercial titania photocatalysts, Aeroxide P25 (Evonik industries) exhibiting both rutile and anatase structures and MPT625 (Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha), a Fe-, Al-, P- and S-doped titania exhibiting only the rutile phase, are active suggesting that neither the structure nor the doping is the driving parameter. Although the MPT625 UV-visible spectrum is shifted towards the visible domain with respect to the P25 one, the effect on bacteria is not increased. On the other hand, the ball milled iron-doped P25 samples exhibit low activities in bacteria abatement under visible light due to charge recombinations unfavorable to catalysis as shown by photoluminescence measurements. While doping elements are in interstitial positions within the rutile structure in MPT625 sample, they are located at the surface in ball milled samples and in isolated octahedral units according to (57)Fe Mössbauer spectrometry. The location of doping elements at the surface is suggested to be responsible for the sample cytotoxicity observed in the dark.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg IPCMS, UMR 7504, CNRS-ECPM-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schlur
authors.affiliation: Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg IPCMS, UMR 7504, CNRS-ECPM-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Begin-Colin
authors.affiliation: Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg IPCMS, UMR 7504, CNRS-ECPM-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilliot
authors.affiliation: Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg IPCMS, UMR 7504, CNRS-ECPM-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallart
authors.affiliation: Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, CS 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carré
authors.affiliation: Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zafeiratos
authors.affiliation: Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, CS 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: André
authors.affiliation: LUNAM, Université du Maine, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans IMMM, UMR, CNRS 6283, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Greneche
authors.affiliation: Aérial, Parc d'Innovation, rue Laurent Fries, F-67412 Illkirch, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hezard
authors.affiliation: Aérial, Parc d'Innovation, rue Laurent Fries, F-67412 Illkirch, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Desmonts
authors.affiliation: Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg IPCMS, UMR 7504, CNRS-ECPM-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess BP 43 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France. Electronic address: pourroy@ipcms.unistra.fr.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pourroy
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D055598:Chemical Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003460:Crystallization; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D008027:Light; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D015204:Spectroscopy, Mossbauer; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D000535:Aluminum; D014025:Titanium; D007501:Iron
keywords: Bacterial abatement; Charge recombination; Fe- and Al-doped TiO(2); High energy ball-milled TiO(2); Visible light photocatalysis