title: Effects of carpal tunnel syndrome on reach-to-pinch performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) compromises fine sensorimotor function during activities of daily living. Reach-to-pinch for a small object requires not only dexterity of the grasping digits, but also coordinated transport of the hand to the target. This study examined the effects of CTS on the kinematic performance of reach-to-pinch maneuver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven CTS subjects and 11 able-bodied (ABL) controls donned markers for motion capture of the hand, thumb and index finger during reach-to-pinch. Subjects were presented with a virtual target they could see without seeing their reaching upper-extremity. Subjects were instructed to reach to and grasp a virtual object as accurately and precisely as possible. Performance was assessed by variability of the movement trajectories of the digits and hand, the accuracy relative to the target, and precision of pinch contact over repetitive trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CTS group demonstrated significantly increased movement variability in inter-pad distance, joint angles, and transport of the hand compared to ABL controls (p<0.01). CTS subjects also exhibited reductions in accuracy (41%) and precision (33%) of their pinch contact location (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTS adversely affects the ability to execute the reach-to-pinch maneuver. Reduced performance was shown in terms of increased variability for both grasp and transport and the ability to locate the grasping digits relative to a target-object. These performance indices could be used for diagnostic and evaluative purposes of CTS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Raviraj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nataraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zong-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000503:physiopathology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*