title: Utero-tubal embryo transfer and vasectomy in the mouse model.
abstract: The transfer of preimplantation embryos to a surrogate female is a required step for the production of genetically modified mice or to study the effects of epigenetic alterations originated during preimplantation development on subsequent fetal development and adult health. The use of an effective and consistent embryo transfer technique is crucial to enhance the generation of genetically modified animals and to determine the effect of different treatments on implantation rates and survival to term. Embryos at the blastocyst stage are usually transferred by uterine transfer, performing a puncture in the uterine wall to introduce the embryo manipulation pipette. The orifice performed in the uterus does not close after the pipette has been withdrawn, and the embryos can outflow to the abdominal cavity due to the positive pressure of the uterus. The puncture can also produce a hemorrhage that impairs implantation, blocks the transfer pipette and may affect embryo development, especially when embryos without zona are transferred. Consequently, this technique often results in very variable and overall low embryo survival rates. Avoiding these negative effects, utero-tubal embryo transfer take advantage of the utero-tubal junction as a natural barrier that impedes embryo outflow and avoid the puncture of the uterine wall. Vasectomized males are required for obtaining pseudopregnant recipients. A technique to perform vasectomy is described as a complement to the utero-tubal embryo transfer.
authors.affiliation: Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland; borrillobermejo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bermejo-Alvarez
authors.affiliation: Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland.
authors.forename: Ki-Eun
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland.
authors.forename: Bhanu P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Telugu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D011247:Pregnancy; D011555:Pseudopregnancy; D014599:Uterus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*