title: Microvesicles derived from human Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by suppressing CX3CL1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) could reverse acute and chronic kidney injury by a paracrine or endocrine mechanism, and microvesicles (MVs) have been regarded as a crucial means of intercellular communication. In the current study, we focused on the therapeutic effects of human Wharton-Jelly MSCs derived microvesicles (hWJMSC-MVs) in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and its potential mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  MVs isolated from conditioned medium were injected intravenously in rats immediately after ischemia of the left kidney for 60 minutes. The animals were sacrificed at 24 hours, 48 hours and 2 weeks after reperfusion. The infiltration of inflammatory cells was identified by the immunostaining of CD68+ cells. ELISA was employed to determine the inflammatory factors in the kidney and serum von Willebrand Factor (VWF). Tubular cell proliferation and apoptosis were identified by immunostaining. Renal fibrosis was assessed by Masson's tri-chrome straining and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining. The CX3CL1 expression in the kidney was measured by immunostaining and Western blot, respectively. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with or without MVs for 24 or 48 hours under hypoxia injury to test the CX3CL1 by immunostaining and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After administration of hWJMSC-MVs in acute kidney injury (AKI) rats, renal cell apoptosis was mitigated and proliferation was enhanced, inflammation was also alleviated in the first 48 hours. MVs also could suppress the expression of CX3CL1 and decrease the number of CD68+ macrophages in the kidney. In the late period, improvement of renal function and abrogation of renal fibrosis were observed. In vitro, MVs could down-regulate the expression of CX3CL1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells under hypoxia injury at 24 or 48 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single administration of MVs immediately after ischemic AKI could ameliorate renal injury in both the acute and chronic stage, and the anti-inflammatory property of MVs through suppression of CX3CL1 may be a potential mechanism. This establishes a substantial foundation for future research and treatment.
authors.forename: Xiangyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Guangyuan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhongliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Deming
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Guanqun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mujun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yingjian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D000818:Animals; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059631:Wharton Jelly / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1