title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation attenuates motor and cognition impairments induced by bile duct ligation in a rat model of hepatic cirrhosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic cirrhosis (HC) is a common health problem with long-term consequences. Patients suffering from HC have been shown to have mental and cognitive impairments. Animal models of HC also confirm such impairments. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of pioglitazone on these impairments in a rat model of HC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were used for the current study. Bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery was performed and pioglitazone (20mg/kg, i.p., once a day) or saline administration was started two weeks after surgery for the next four weeks. Spatial learning (Morris water maze), passive avoidance (PA) learning (shuttle box), balance (rotarod) and muscle strength were evaluated in BDL and sham rats receiving pioglitazone or saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BDL rats had an increased level of hepatic enzymes and bilirubin. The increase in hepatic enzymes but not bilirubin by BDL was reversed by pioglitazone. BDL rats showed significant decrease in spatial learning which was reversed by pioglitazone. PA learning was also impaired in BDL rats compared to the other three groups; treatment with pioglitazone reversed these impairments in BDL rats. Balance on the rod was significantly reduced in the BDL and BDL+pioglitazone groups compared to the sham and sham+pioglitazone groups. Muscle strength was not altered in the BDL rats compared to the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the current study confirm previous findings regarding the deleterious effect of BDL on cognitive function. Pioglitazone showed promising results against cognitive impairments. Unchanged locomotion indicates that differences observed in spatial and PA learning are not due to motor deficits.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aghaei
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Electronic address: shabanimoh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shabani
authors.affiliation: Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Nikta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doustar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazeri
authors.affiliation: Experimental Medicine Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmadreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dehpour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001649:Bile Duct Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D001652:Bile Ducts; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008026:Ligation; D008106:Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077205:Pioglitazone
keywords: Bile duct ligation (BDL); Hepatic cirrhosis; Learning and memory; Motor function; Pioglitazone