title: Kolaviron, a natural flavonoid from the seeds of Garcinia kola, reduces LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages by combined inhibition of IL-6 secretion, and inflammatory transcription factors, ERK1/2, NF-κB, p38, Akt, p-c-JUN and JNK.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kolaviron (Kol-v), an important component of Garcinia kola seed has a variety of biologic activities, including anti-inflammatory properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the ability of Kol-v to block signalling pathways implicated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When macrophages pre-treated with Kol-v (15 and 25μM) were activated with LPS, phosphorylation of p38 and p-c-JUN but not IκBα degradation and phosphorylation of NF-κB (p65), ERK1/2, and IκBα were blocked. Furthermore, Kol-v suppressed LPS-induced increase in the expression of IL-18 gene and LPS-induced decrease in the mRNA expression of IP-10 but it had no effect on the LPS-induced decrease in the gene expression levels of IL-1α, IL-33, IL-1β, and IFNβ1-1. When macrophages pre-treated with Kol-v (50 and 100μM) were activated with LPS, phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, IκBα, and NFκB (p65) but not that of CREB was blocked by Kol-v. The protective effect of Kol-v on the LPS-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family member JNK was only observed at 100μM. At all concentrations of Kol-v (0-100μM) tested in this study, there was no effect of Kol-v on LPS-induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α but a concentration dependent inhibition of Kol-v on IL-6 secretion was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kol-v interferes with LPS signalling by reducing the activation of several inflammatory transcription factors and that its inhibitory action on IL-6 secretion correlates with inhibition of ERK1/2, p38, Akt, p-c-JUN and JNK signalling pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anti-inflammatory potential of Kol-v via inhibition of IL-6 secretion in RAW macrophage was established in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Redemption City, Ogun State, Nigeria. Electronic address: abarikwus@run.edu.ng.
authors.forename: Sunny O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Abarikwu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D029763:Garcinia kola / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014157:Transcription Factors; C045492:kolaviron
keywords: IL-6; Inflammation; Kolaviron; Lipopolysaccharide; MAPK; RAW macrophage