title: Induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase by a not-directly mutagenic carcinogen: a novel potential molecular mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The molecular mechanisms underlying the carcinogenic activity of not-directly mutagenic (Ames mutagenicity test-negative) carcinogens are not fully understood. Given recent findings that ectopic expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in somatic cells plays a critical role in carcinogenesis, we investigated whether several of the established not-directly mutagenic carcinogens induce AID expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prepared cells with stable expression of luciferase reporter gene containing the promoter of AID. We then used this system to examine the AID promoter activity of the non-genotoxic carcinogen: butyl benzyl phthalate, bisphenol A, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, cadmium chloride (Cd), and butylated hydroxyanisole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that Cd increased the promoter activity of AID and actually induced AID gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A not-directly mutagenic carcinogen, cadmium, has the potential to induce the AID gene, suggesting that this might represent a novel molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis of cadmium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan, tatemichi@tokai-u.jp.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatemichi
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakadate
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase)
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase); D003564:Cytidine Deaminase