title: Time-trend analysis on the Framingham risk score and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention without prior history of coronary vascular disease over the last 17 years: a study from the Mayo Clinic PCI registry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of data on the temporal trends of cardiovascular risk factors in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We investigated the secular trends of risk profiles of patients undergoing PCI without prior history of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  CVD risk factors are changed over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  This time-trend analysis from 1994 to 2010 was performed within the Mayo Clinic PCI Registry. Outcome measures were prevalence of CVD risk factors, including the Framingham risk score (FRS), at the time of admission for PCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this period, 12,055 patients without a history of CVD (mean age, 65.0 ± 12.4 years, 67% male) underwent PCI at the Mayo Clinic. Age distribution slightly shifted toward older age (P for trend <0.05), but sex did not change over time. Despite a higher prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus over time, actual blood pressure and lipid profiles improved (P for trend <0.001). Over time, FRS and 10-year CVD risk improved significantly (7.3 ± 3.2 to 6.5 ± 3.3, P for trend <0.001; and 11.0 to 9.0, P for trend <0.001, respectively). Body mass index, not included in the FRS, increased significantly (29.0 ± 5.2 to 30.1 ± 6.2 kg/m(2) , P for trend <0.001), whereas smoking prevalence did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study demonstrates that although traditional FRS and its associated predicted 10-year cardiovascular risk declined over time, the prevalence of risk factors increased in patients undergoing PCI. The study suggests the need for a new risk-factor assessment in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Moo-Sik
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Flammer
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.forename: Mandeep
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Charanjit S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rihal
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends*; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids