title: Analysis of triazine herbicides using an up-and-down-shaker-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: In dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, a few hundred microliters to a few milliliters of water-miscible dispersive solvent are commonly used to assist emulsification in aqueous samples. In the present study, a consistent and automatic up-and-down-shaker-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UDSA-DLLME) that does not require a dispersive solvent was developed. The enrichment factors (EFs) of the targets obtained using the automatic shaker were 361-1391 for UDSA-DLLME, 51-77 for ultrasonication, and 298-922 for vortexing. The linearity of the method was in the range 0.2-200μgL(-1), and its limit of detections was within 0.02-0.04μgL(-1). The intraday and interday relative standard deviations ranged from 5.7 to 10.0% and 5.5 to 10.3%, respectively. The relative recoveries of river and lake samples spiked with 2.0μgL(-1) of triazines were 94.2-102.2% and 98.5-104.1%, respectively. The technique provided high repeatability and recovery. No matrix interference from river and lake water was observed. The method also achieved high EFs compared with those obtained through other emulsification methods such as vortexing and ultrasonication. UDSA-DLLME is an alternative sample preparation technique with good performance.
authors.affiliation: Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan. Electronic address: paishanchen@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Pai-Shan
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wan-Yun
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Haung
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. Electronic address: sdhuang@mx.nthu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shang-Da
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME); Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS); Sample preparation; Triazine herbicides; Water sample analysis