title: Calcium supplements as source of trace elements: adequacy and safety of supplements with vitamin C, vitamin D and phosphate formulations.
abstract: Instrumental neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry were used to quantify trace elements in different national and multinational Ca supplements categorized on the basis of Ca with vitamin D, vitamin C and phosphate formulations. The supplements were found to contain low levels of Co, Cr and Cu with elevated amounts of Fe, K and Na. Toxic elements (As, Cd and Sb) were detected in very few samples at very low concentrations. The essential elements contribute to >3% of their respective Dietary Reference Intakes.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), PO Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan. Electronic address: swaheed161@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waheed
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), PO Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), PO Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Siddique
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D009501:Neutron Activation Analysis; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D014131:Trace Elements; D014807:Vitamin D; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS); Calcium supplements; Essential elements; Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA); Toxic elements