title: Childrearing Violence and Child Adjustment Following Exposure to Kenyan Post-election Violence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines parents' and children's exposure to short-term political violence and the relation between childrearing violence and child adjustment following widespread violence that erupted in Kisumu, Kenya after the disputed presidential election in December 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers of 100 Luo children (mean age = 8.46 years, 61% female) reported on their own use of childrearing violence at Time 1, approximately 4 months after the disputed election, and again at Times 2 (n= 95) and 3 (n= 95), approximately 12 and 24 months later, respectively. At Time 2, mothers reported about post-election violence directed at them and about their children's exposure to post-election violence. Children reported about their own externalizing behaviors at Times 1, 2, and 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children's exposure to post-election violence was related to Time 2 externalizing behavior, and childrearing violence at Time 1 predicted child externalizing behavior at Time 2. Exposure to post-election violence was not directly related to either childrearing violence or children's externalizing behavior by Time 3, although children's externalizing at Time 2 predicted more childrearing violence at Time 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support earlier work that links childrearing violence and children's exposure to political violence with increases in child externalizing behavior, but examined these links in the under-studied area of short-term political violence. Even though sudden and severe political violence may subside significantly in weeks or months, increased attention to long-term effects on parenting and child adjustment is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ann T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oburu
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lansford
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bacchini
keywords: child adjustment; child externalizing behavior; corporal punishment; parenting; parenting violence; political violence; sectarian violence