title: Prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of hepatitis B infection among HIV-infected patients in the State of MS, Central Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A cross-sectional study on prevalence of HBV and HDV infection, risk factors and genotype distribution of HBV infection was conducted among 848 HIV-infected patients in Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples of 848 participants were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and hepatitis surface antibody (anti-HBs). HBsAg positive samples were tested for anti-HBc IgM, HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HCV, and total anti-HDV. HBsAg and anti-HBc positive were subjected to DNA extraction. Viral DNA was amplified by semi-nested PCR for the regions pre-S/S and then purified and genotyped/subgenotyped by direct sequencing. Student's t-test, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare variables and to evaluate association between HBV positivity (defined as anti-HBc and/or HBsAg positivity) and risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 848 HIV infected patients investigated 222 had serological markers of HBV infection. The prevalence rate of HIV-HBV coinfection was 2.5% (21/848; 95% CI: 1.4-3.5%); 484 (57.1%) patients were susceptible for HBV infection. There were no cases of anti-HDV positive and only one (0.1%) anti-HCV-positive case among the HIV-HBV coinfected patients. Male gender, increasing age, family history of hepatitis, use of illicit drug, and homosexual activity were independent factors associated with HBV exposure. The phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene region revealed the presence of genotypes D (76.9%), F (15.4%) and A (7.7%) in the study sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the low prevalence of HIV-HBV infection and also highlights the need for early vaccination against HBV as well as testing for HBV, HCV and HDV in all HIV-infected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Electronic address: zacalusni@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Solange Zacalusni
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline Cordeiro
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tayana Serpa Ortiz
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréa Siqueira Campos
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lindenberg
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de , Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sheila Araújo
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.affiliation: Hematology and Hemotherapy Center of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina Sawada
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Campello Amaral
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Cássia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mendes-Corrêa
authors.affiliation: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Savassi-Ribas
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Rita Coimbra
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Motta-Castro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
keywords: Coinfection; HBV; HIV; Prevalence