title: Brain activation by music in patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state following diffuse brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate the brain activity potential of patients with impaired consciousness in a chronic stage of diffuse brain injury (DBI) using functional MRI (fMRI) following music stimulation (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients in a minimally conscious state (MCS) and five patients in a vegetative state (VS) due to severe DBI were enrolled along with 21 healthy adults. This study examined the brain regions activated by music and assessed topographical differences of the MS-activated brain among healthy adults and these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MS was shown to activate the bilateral superior temporal gyri (STG) of both healthy adults and patients in an MCS. In four of five patients in a VS, however, no significant activation in STG could be induced by the same MS. The remaining patient in a VS displayed the same MS-induced brain activation in STG as healthy adults and patients in an MCS and this patient's status also improved to an MCS 4 months after the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of STG activation by MS may predict a possible improvement of patients in a VS to MCS and fMRI employing MS may be a useful modality to objectively evaluate consciousness in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Brain Sciences, Chubu Medical Center for Prolonged Traumatic Brain Dysfunction, Kizawa Memorial Hospital, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine , Minokamo, Gifu , Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: Seisuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yonezawa
authors.forename: Yukinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kasuya
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shinoda
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001364:Awareness; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Brain injury; functional MRI; minimally conscious state; music; vegetative state