title: Mortality and molecular epidemiology associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in Escherichia coli from bloodstream infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rate of infections due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is growing worldwide. These infections are suspected to be related to increased mortality. We aimed to estimate the difference in mortality due to bloodstream infections (BSIs) with ESBL-positive and ESBL-negative E. coli isolates and to determine the molecular epidemiology of our ESBL-positive isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cohort study on consecutive patients with E. coli BSI between 2008 and 2010 at the Charité University Hospital. Collected data were ESBL production, basic demographic parameters, and underlying diseases by the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). The presence of ESBL genes was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Phylogenetic groups of ESBL-positive E. coli were determined by PCR. Risk factors for mortality were analyzed by multivariable regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 115 patients with BSI due to E. coli with ESBL phenotype and 983 due to ESBL-negative E. coli. Fifty-eight percent (n=67) of the ESBL-positive BSIs were hospital-acquired. Among the 99 isolates that were available for PCR screening and sequencing, we found mainly 87 CTX-M producers, with CTX-M-15 (n=55) and CTX-M-1 (n=21) as the most common types. Parameters significantly associated with mortality were age, CCI, and length of stay before and after onset of BSI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common ESBL genotypes in clinical isolates from E. coli BSIs were CTX-M-15 (58%) and CTX-M-1 (22%). ESBL production in clinical E. coli BSI isolates was not related to increased mortality. However, the common occurrence of hospital-acquired BSI due to ESBL-positive E. coli indicates future challenges for hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leistner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sakellariou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gürntke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kola
authors.affiliation: Friedrich Löffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
authors.affiliation: Friedrich Löffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.affiliation: Robert Koch Institute, FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Wernigerode, Germany.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.affiliation: Robert Koch Institute, FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Wernigerode, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gastmeier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwab
keywords: BSI; ESBL-genotype; mortality; sepsis