title: Healthcare Utilization, Legal Incidents, and Victimization Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Homeless and Vulnerably Housed Individuals: A Prospective Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the associations between a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subsequent healthcare utilization, legal involvement, and victimization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three major Canadian cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1181 homeless and vulnerably housed adults who were single and 18 years or older. Data for 968 participants (82%) were available at 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study. Data were collected using structured, in-person interviews at baseline in 2009 and approximately 1 year after baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported TBI, 12-item Short Form Health Survey, healthcare, and criminal justice use questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalence of TBI was 61%. A history of TBI was independently associated with emergency department (ED) use [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.96], being arrested or incarcerated (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.3-2.48) and being a victim of physical assault (AOR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.96-4.03) during the 1-year follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homeless and vulnerably housed individuals with a lifetime history of TBI are more likely to be ED users, arrested or incarcerated, and victims of physical assault over a 1-year follow-up period even after adjustment for health status and other confounders. These findings have public health and criminal justice implications and highlight the need for effective screening, treatment, and rehabilitation for TBI in this population.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario (Mr To and Mss O'Brien and Gogosis, and Dr Hwang); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Division of General Internal Medicine (Dr Palepu) and Measurement, Evaluation, and Research Methodology, Department of Educational & Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (Dr Hubley), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Royal Ottawa Health Care Group (Dr Farrell), School of Psychology and Centre for Research on Educational and Community Services (Dr Aubry), and Ottawa Inner City Health Initiative (Ms Muckle), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario; and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario (Dr Hwang).
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: To
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: OʼBrien
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palepu
authors.forename: Anita M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hubley
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aubry
authors.forename: Evie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gogosis
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Muckle
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D002170:Canada; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000523:psychology*