title: The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms and inflammatory markers in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on depression and chronic inflammation in hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four maintenance hemodialysis patients were randomized to ingest two omega-3 (each containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid) or placebo capsules, three times daily for 4 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, ferritin, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and ratios of IL-10 to IL-6 and IL-10 to TNF-α were measured at baseline and at the end of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Omega-3 supplement lowered BDI score significantly after 4 months of intervention. Among pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, only serum ferritin level and IL-10 to IL-6 ratio showed significant changes in favor of omega-3 supplement during the study. In linear regression model adjusted for baseline values, omega-3 treatment was a significant predictor of reduced serum CRP, ferritin, and iPTH levels, and increased IL-10 to IL-6 ratio. No significant association was found between the anti-inflammatory and anti-depressant effects of omega-3 supplement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplemental use of omega-3 fatty acids decreases depressive symptoms in hemodialysis patients apart from their anti-inflammatory effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gharekhani
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Khatami
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dashti-Khavidaki
authors.forename: Effat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Razeghi
authors.forename: Ahmad-Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Noorbala
authors.forename: Seyed-Saeed
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hashemi-Nazari
authors.forename: Mohammad-Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mansournia
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein