title: Dietary advices on carbohydrate intake for pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: The impact of the quality and quantity of carbohydrate intake on glycaemic control and pregnancy outcome was evaluated with focus on pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. For women with type 1 diabetes, a gestational weight gain within the lower range of the guidelines of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) is generally recommended. A low-glycaemic index diet is considered safe, and has shown, positive effects on the glycaemic control and pregnancy outcomes for both healthy women, those with type 2 diabetic and gestational diabetes (GDM). In general, carbohydrate counting does improve glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes. A moderately low carbohydrate diet with a carbohydrate content of 40% of the calories results in better glycaemic control and comparable obstetric outcomes in type 2 diabetes and GDM when compared to a diet with a higher carbohydrate content, and is regarded safe in diabetic pregnancy. In type 1 diabetes pregnancy, a moderately low carbohydrate diet with 40% carbohydrates has been suggested; however, a minimum intake of 175 g carbohydrate daily is recommended. Despite limited evidence the combination of a low-glycaemic index diet with a moderately low carbohydrate intake, using carbohydrate counting can be recommended for pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes .
authors.forename: Ann B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Roskjær
authors.forename: Jens Rikardt
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ronneby
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damm
authors.forename: Elisabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mathiesen
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D037001:Directive Counseling; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: Carbohydrate; carbohydrate counting; glycaemic index; low-carbohydrate-diet; pregnancy; type 1 diabetes