title: The measles virus hemagglutinin stalk: structures and functions of the central fusion activation and membrane-proximal segments.
abstract: The measles virus (MeV) membrane fusion apparatus consists of a fusion protein trimer and an attachment protein tetramer. To trigger membrane fusion, the heads of the MeV attachment protein, hemagglutinin (H), bind cellular receptors while the 96-residue-long H stalk transmits the triggering signal. Structural and functional studies of the triggering mechanism of other paramyxoviruses suggest that receptor binding to their hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) results in signal transmission through the central segments of their stalks. To gain insight into H-stalk structure and function, we individually replaced its residues with cysteine. We then assessed how stable the mutant proteins are, how efficiently they can be cross-linked by disulfide bonds, whether cross-linking results in loss of function, and, in this case, whether disulfide bond reduction restores function. While many residues in the central segment of the stalk and in the spacer segment above it can be efficiently cross-linked by engineered disulfide bonds, we report here that residues 59 to 79 cannot, suggesting that the 20 membrane-proximal residues are not engaged in a tetrameric structure. Rescue-of-function studies by disulfide bond reduction resulted in the redefinition and extension of the central fusion-activation segment as covering residues 84 to 117. In particular, we identified four residues located between positions 92 and 99, the function of which cannot be restored by disulfide bond reduction after cysteine mutagenesis. These mutant H proteins reached the cell surface as complex oligomers but could not trigger membrane fusion. We discuss these observations in the context of the stalk exposure model of membrane fusion triggering by paramyxoviruses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Measles virus, while being targeted for eradication, still causes significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we seek to understand how it enters cells by membrane fusion. Two viral integral membrane glycoproteins (hemagglutinin tetramers and fusion protein trimers) mediate the concerted receptor recognition and membrane fusion processes. Since previous studies have suggested that the hemagglutinin stalk transmits the triggering signal to the fusion protein trimer, we completed an analysis of its structure and function by systematic Cys mutagenesis. We report that while certain residues of the central stalk segment confer specificity to the interaction with the fusion protein trimer, others are necessary to allow folding of the H-oligomer in a standard conformation conducive to fusion triggering, and still other residues sustain the conformational change that transmits the fusion-triggering signal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, and Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Chanakha K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Navaratnarajah
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Generous
authors.forename: Swapna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Apte-Sengupta
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mateo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003545:Cysteine; D004220:Disulfides / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008459:Measles virus / Q000502:physiology*; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D016296:Mutagenesis; D055550:Protein Stability; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral; D003545:Cysteine