title: The postantifungal effect and phospholipase production of oral Candida albicans from smokers, diabetics, asthmatics, denture wearers and healthy individuals following brief exposure to subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate.
abstract: Candida albicans is the major aetiological agent of oral candidosis and one of its important virulent factors is the production of extracellular phospholipases, which can be modulated by subtherapeutic concentrations of antifungal agents thus decreasing their pathogenicity. Hence, considering that chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) is a common antimicrobial mouthwash used in dentistry and that its concentration in the mouth reaches subtherapeutic levels during dosage intervals due to the diluent effect of saliva and cleansing effect of the oral musculature, the postantifungal effect (PAFE) and the phospholipase production of oral C. albicans following brief exposure to subtherapeutic concentrations of CG was studied. Fifty C. albicans planktonic oral isolates obtained from smokers, diabetics, asthmatics using steroid inhalers, partial denture wearers and healthy individuals were exposed to three subtherapeutic concentrations of CG (0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125%) for 1 h. Isolates unexposed to CG was the control group. Thereafter the antiseptic was removed and the PAFE and phospholipase production was determined by a turbidometric method and a plate assay using an egg yolk agar medium respectively. Mean PAFE (hours) of 50 oral isolates of C. albicans following 1-h exposure to 0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125% CG was 6.97, 1.85 and 0.62 respectively. The phospholipase production of these isolates was significantly suppressed with a percentage reduction of 21.68, 18.20 and 14.04% following exposure to 0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125% CG respectively. Brief exposure of C. albicans isolates to subtherapeutic concentrations of CG would wield an antifungal effect by suppressing growth and phospholipase production, thereby quelling its pathogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Arjuna N B
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Ellepola
authors.forename: Bobby K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Z U
authors.initials: ZU
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D010740:Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004202:Disinfectants; D037521:Virulence Factors; D010740:Phospholipases; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Candida albicans; chlorhexidine gluconate; phospholipase; postantifungal effect