title: When should a liver resection be performed in patients with liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumours? A systematic review with practice recommendations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the benefits and risks of hepatic resection versus non-resectional liver-directed treatments in patients with potentially resectable neuroendocrine liver metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review identified 1594 reports which alluded to a possible liver resection for neuroendocrine tumour metastases, of which 38 reports (all retrospective), comprising 3425 patients, were relevant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty studies reported resection alone, and 16 studies reported overall survival (OS). Only two studies addressed quality-of-life (QoL) issues. Five-year overall survival was reported at 41-100%, whereas 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 5-54%. We identified no robust evidence that a liver resection was superior to any other liver-directed therapies in improving OS or PFS. There was no evidence to support the use of a R2 resection (debulking), with or without tumour ablation, to improve either OS or QoL. There was little evidence to guide sequencing of surgery for patients presenting in Stage IV with resectable disease, and none to support a resection of asymptomatic primary tumours in the presence of non-resectable liver metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-level recommendations are offered to assist in the management of patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases, along with recommendations for future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mickaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lesurtel
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nagorney
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mazzaferro
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Graeme J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Poston
mesh_terms: D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome