title: Automated breast image classification using features from its discrete cosine transform.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work aimed to improve breast screening program accuracy using automated classification. The goal was to determine if whole image features represented in the discrete cosine transform would provide a basis for classification. Priority was placed on avoiding false negative findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online datasets were used for this work. No informed consent was required. Programs were developed in Mathematica and, where necessary to improve computational performance ported to C++. The use of a discrete cosine transform to separate normal from cancerous breast tissue was tested. Features (moments of the mean) were calculated in square sections of the transform centered on the origin. K-nearest neighbor and naive Bayesian classifiers were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one features were generated and tested singly, and in combination of two or three. Using a k-nearest neighbor classifier, sensitivities as high as 98% with a specificity of 66% were achieved. With a naive Bayesian classifier, sensitivities as high as 100% were achieved with a specificity of 64%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole image classification based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) features was effectively implemented with a high level of sensitivity and specificity achieved. The high sensitivity attained using the DCT generated feature set implied that these classifiers could be used in series with other methods to increase specificity. Using a classifier with near 100% sensitivity, such as the one developed in this project, before applying a second classifier could only boost the accuracy of that classifier.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Radiology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Radiology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Flynn
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity