title: Effect of virtual reality PTSD treatment on mood and neurocognitive outcomes.
abstract: Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging tool to help treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previously published studies have shown that VR graded exposure therapy (VR-GET) treatment can result in improvements in PTSD symptoms. Less is known about the impact on depression, general anxiety, and neuropsychological functioning in patients with PTSD. This study examined changes in self-reports of PTSD, depression, and anxiety before and after treatment, and also examined neuropsychological functioning as assessed by a computerized test of simple reaction time, procedural reaction time, and performance on the congruent, incongruent, emotional, and neutral (match the color of the "nonsense word") Stroop tests. Results showed that subjects treated with VR-GET showed significant reductions in PTSD and anxiety severity and significant improvements on the emotional Stroop test. Changes in depression and other measures of neuropsychological function were not significant. Change scores on the emotional Stroop test did not correlate with changes in self-report measures of PTSD. Overall, these findings support the use of VR-GET as a treatment for PTSD but indicate that benefits may be narrowly focused. Additional treatments may be needed after or alongside VR-GET for service members with neuropsychological impairments.
authors.affiliation: 1 Directorate for Mental Health, Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McLay
authors.forename: Vasudha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spira
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wiederhold
authors.forename: Brenda K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wiederhold
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003863:Depression; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D057566:Self Report; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D057190:Stroop Test; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface