title: The behavioral and health consequences of sleep deprivation among U.S. high school students: relative deprivation matters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the strength of the association between sleep deprivation and negative behavioral and health outcomes varies according to the relative amount of sleep deprivation experienced by adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data of high school students (N=15,364) were analyzed. Associations were examined on weighted data using logistic regression. Twelve outcomes were examined, ranging from weapon carrying to obesity. The primary independent variable was a self-reported measure of average number of hours slept on school nights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants who reported deprivations in sleep were at an increased risk of a number of negative outcomes. However, this varied considerably across different degrees of sleep deprivation. For each of the outcomes considered, those who slept less than 5h were more likely to report negative outcomes (adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.38 to 2.72; p<.05 across all models) relative to sleeping 8 or more hours. However, less extreme forms of sleep deprivation were, in many instances, unrelated to the outcomes considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among U.S. high school students, deficits in sleep are significantly and substantively associated with a variety of negative outcomes, and this association is particularly pronounced for students achieving fewer than 5h of sleep at night.
authors.affiliation: Florida International University, Department of Criminal Justice, 11200 SW 8th Street, PCA-364B, Miami, FL 33199, USA. Electronic address: rmeldrum@fiu.edu.
authors.forename: Ryan Charles
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Meldrum
authors.affiliation: New York Institute of Technology, Behavioral Sciences, Northern Boulevard, PO Box 8000, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA. Electronic address: erestivo@nyit.edu.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Restivo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054041:Weapons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescence; Antisocial behavior; Health; Sleep deprivation; Substance use