title: Localization of epileptogenic zones in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) using graph theoretical analysis of ictal intracranial EEG: a preliminary investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Precise localization of epileptogenic zones is essential for the successful surgical treatment of refractory epilepsy including Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). The surgical resection areas are generally determined by epileptologists based on diverse neuroimaging modalities; however, exact epileptogenic zones cannot be accurately localized in many patients with LGS using the conventional methods. Therefore, new reliable algorithms are still required for enhancing the success rate of the resective epilepsy surgery. In the present study, we introduce an approach to localize epileptogenic zones in LGS based on the graph theoretical analysis of ical intracranial EEG (iEEG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients with LGS who became seizure-free after the resective epilepsy surgery were selected. Before the surgery, their epileptogenic zones were delineated using EEG, iEEG, and several conventional imaging modalities. Phase locking value (PLV) analysis was applied to construct functional connectivity networks during ictal events, and then several graph theoretical indices including betweenness centrality (BC) were evaluated for each iEEG sensor to find the primary hubs of the ictal epileptic network. The graph theoretical index values were then overlaid on 3D individual cortical surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The iEEG channels with high BC values coincided well with the surgical resection areas. Among various graph theoretical measures such as local efficiency, participation coefficient, and eigenvector centrality, only BC showed fair correspondence with the surgical resection areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary hubs in the ictal epileptic networks coincided well with areas of surgical resection in LGS patients with successful surgical outcomes. This observation warrants further studies to determine if the graph theoretical network analysis of ictal iEEG recordings can serve as a new auxiliary tool to localize epileptogenic zones in LGS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Youn
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon-Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kiwoong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Heung Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: ich@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chang-Hwan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Im
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D065768:Lennox Gastaut Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: Betweenness centrality; Epileptogenic zone; Graph theory; Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG); Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS); Phase locking value (PLV); Secondary generalized epilepsy