title: Dissociating effects of spatial learning from locomotor activity for ouabain-induced bipolar disorder-like rats.
abstract: Whether ouabain, a Na+ - and K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor, mimics cognitive impairments that can be dissociated from motor effects in the bipolar disorder-like animal model remains unclear. Ouabain and the vehicle aCSF were microinjected into the left lateral ventricle immediately, after 4h, and after 24h. The results showed that (a) locomotion responses of the Immediate group were significantly decreased compared to those of the aCSF group, particularly the first five minutes. (b) The ouabain-treated rats have longer latency and total distance traveled in the water maze task; however, the velocity was not affected for the ouabain group. (c) The analysis of covariance showed that the latency time (but not the total distance traveled and velocity) of the ouabain group was more impaired than that of the aCSF group, regardless of omitting total distance traveled and cross movement in the open field test. The latency might be more sensitive than the distance traveled and the velocity for assessing spatial learning. Dissociating the spatial learning from the movement may allow testing drug treatments of cognitive deficits independent of locomotor effects associated with bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ying-Chou
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: En-Nan
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chung-Lei
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan. Electronic address: chweihuang@mail.fgu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Andrew Chih Wei
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010042:Ouabain / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013550:Swimming
chemical_list: D010042:Ouabain
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Locomotor activity; Open field test; Ouabain; Spatial learning; Water maze test