title: Operative management of acquired thoracic dystrophy in adults after open pectus excavatum repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In young children, acquired thoracic dystrophy (ATD) is associated with extensive resection of cartilage, often during open pectus excavatum (PE) repair. Progressive dyspnea or exercise intolerance may develop in these patients secondary to cardiac compression or restrictive pulmonary function. Surgical treatment of ATD by attempting to increase the overall thoracic volume has been controversial. We describe our experience with adults presenting for surgical correction of ATD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective medical record review was performed for all patients with ATD presenting for surgical evaluation from December 2010 through February 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten adult male patients were evaluated for treatment of ATD after an open Ravitch procedure for PE. Nine patients, whose mean age was 34 years (range, 21-42 years), elected to proceed with surgical treatment. The mean age of the initial repair was 3.7 years. Extensive reconstruction, chest wall expansion, and placement of stainless steel support bars and titanium plating were performed in all patients. Eight patients had minor complications, and major complications occurred in 3 patients. Respiratory failure with prolonged ventilator support occurred in 3 patients. There were no reoperations or deaths. At mean follow-up of 16 months (range, 6-31 months), all patients subjectively reported improvement in their ability to exercise and in their symptoms, including dyspnea with exertion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATD may be associated with early childhood Ravitch repair. Adults may present with disabling symptoms related to cardiac compression and restrictive pulmonary function. Reconstruction with sternal elevation and expansion of the anterior chest subjectively improves symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona. Electronic address: jaroszewski.dawn@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Dawn E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jaroszewski
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Notrica
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Lisa E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
authors.forename: Fayaz A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Jesse J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lackey
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gruden
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: D Eric
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Steidley
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Kevin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
authors.forename: Farouk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mookadam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005660:Funnel Chest / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016268:Internal Fixators; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016683:Supine Position; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult