title: Association of DNA amplification with progress of BK polyomavirus infection and nephropathy in renal transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) is an important cause of renal allograft loss. Immunosuppression therapy in renal transplant recipients can lead to the reactivation of latent BK polyomavirus (BKV) infection, leading to BK viruria and viremia. This single-center study aimed to clarify the association between quantitative measurement of BKV DNA and the progression of BKV infection, and secondly to identify the risk factors associated with the evolution of viruria to viremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 266 patients who underwent renal transplantation in our center from October 2006 to February 2013. We examined the viral loads of BKV in urine and plasma by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay after screening all of the recipients by urinary sediment examination. BKVAN was diagnosed by histological examination with immunohistochemistry of the large T antigen in biopsy specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 22 recipients showed BK viruria alone, whereas 22 progressed to BK viremia, of which 6 patients were diagnosed with BKVAN. Among BKVAN patients, 2 cases progressed to graft loss at 59 months and 31 months after diagnosis, respectively. In BKVAN group, the plasma viral loads were significantly higher than those in viremia without nephropathy (P < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the evolution of viruria to viremia was associated with recipient age over 55 years (odds ratio, 32.08; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-489.5) and tacrolimus exposure (odds ratio, 11.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-107.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The progression from viremia to BKVAN was strongly associated with increasing plasma viral loads for BKV DNA. The cutoff value of 1 × 10(4) copies/mL for plasma viral loads could differentiate between BKVAN and viremia alone. Further, recipient age over 55 years and tacrolimus exposure were independently associated with the evolution of viruria to viremia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization Chiba, Japan. Electronic address: h.masayuki@cehpnet.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saigo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akutsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otsuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Chiba-East Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Organ Transplant Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kenmochi
mesh_terms: D001739:BK Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral