title: Decolorization and degradation of xenobiotic azo dye Reactive Yellow-84A and textile effluent by Galactomyces geotrichum.
abstract: Galactomyces geotrichum MTCC 1360 exhibited 86% decolorization of azo dye Reactive Yellow-84A (50mgL(-1)) within 30h at 30°C and pH 7.0 under static condition. Examination of azoreductase, laccase and tyrosinase enzyme activities confirmed their prominent role in Reactive Yellow-84A degradation. Considerable reduction of COD (73%) and TOC (62%) during degradation of the dye was indicative of conversion of complex dye into simple products, which were further analyzed by HPLC, FTIR, GC-MS and HPTLC. The degradation products were identified as 4(5-hydroxy, 4-amino cyclopentane) sulfobenzene and 4(5-hydroxy cyclopentane) sulfobenzene by GC-MS. In addition, when G. geotrichum was applied to decolorize textile effluent, it showed 85% of true color removal (ADMI removal) within 72h, along with a significant reduction in TOC and COD. Phytotoxicity studies revealed the less toxic nature of degraded Reactive Yellow-84A as compared to original dye.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416 004, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Govindwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Mayur B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kurade
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dhawal P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tamboli
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Akhil N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kabra
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Pil Joo
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416 004, India; Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea. Electronic address: tatobawaghmode@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tatoba R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Waghmode
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003116:Color; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D005848:Geotrichum / Q000378:metabolism*; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D042845:Laccase / Q000378:metabolism; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D009601:Nitroreductases; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D044647:Sargassum / Q000254:growth & development; D013696:Temperature; D013784:Textiles; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D042845:Laccase; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D009601:Nitroreductases; D062065:Wastewater; D015262:Xenobiotics; C545563:reactive yellow 84A; C021106:azoreductase
keywords: Azo reductase; Biodegradation; Decolorization; G. geotrichum MTCC 1360; Laccase; Reactive Yellow-84A