title: Early life adversity is associated with elevated levels of circulating leptin, irisin, and decreased levels of adiponectin in midlife adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early-life adversity, defined as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse and neglect before 18 years of age, is associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult life. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood, and whether adipomyokines are associated with early-life adversity independent of other factors such as body mass index, psychosocial risks, and health behaviors is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between early-life adversity and circulating the levels of the adipomyokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and irisin and the inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (CRP). DESIGN/SUBJECTS/SETTING: This study was a cross-sectional study of 95 adults at a university-based research center. We collected venous blood from participants and analyzed serum for leptin, adiponectin, irisin, and CRP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating leptin, irisin, and CRP levels were significantly higher in the highest adversity tertile group compared with low and middle tertile groups (P < .001 for leptin, P = .01 for irisin, and P = .02 for CRP). Adiponectin levels were lower in the highest tertile group compared with the low and middle tertile groups (P = .03). After adjusting for demographic variables, physical activity, diet, current mental health, and body mass index, the associations between early-life adversity leptin, irisin, and did not change. However, adiponectin and CRP levels were no longer significantly related to early life adversity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early-life adversity is directly associated with elevated circulating leptin and irisin, and indirectly associated with elevated CRP and decreased adiponectin. These findings suggest that these adipomyokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic abnormality in a population with significant early life adversity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Newborn Medicine (K.E.J.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (K.E.J., K.-H.P., L.Z., A.S.-E., B.T., M.B., C.S.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School (K.E.J., C.S.M.), Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Department of Family Medicine (K.-H.P.), Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Gyeonggi-do 431-070, Korea; Section of Endocrinology (L.Z., A.S.-E., B.T., M.B., C.S.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition (A.S.-E., B.T., C.S.M.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; Judge Baker Children's Center (N.U., D.W., C.R.D., J.A.C.), Boston, Massachusetts 02120; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.A.C.), Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794.
authors.forename: Kyoung Eun
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Joung
authors.forename: Kyung-Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Lesya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zaichenko
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahin-Efe
authors.forename: Bindiya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brinkoetter
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Usher
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Cynthia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crowell
authors.forename: Christos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; C577593:FNDC5 protein, human; D005353:Fibronectins; D020738:Leptin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein