title: Quantitative proteomics of heavy metal exposure in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals alterations in one-carbon metabolism enzymes upon exposure to zinc.
abstract: Plant zinc (Zn) homeostasis must be tightly regulated as the requirement for this micronutrient necessitates its uptake. However, excessive Zn can lead to toxicity and the plant must respond rapidly and effectively within its capacity to minimize damage. To detect mechanisms that may be important for coping with excess Zn we carried out a quantitative proteomics approach using 2D-DIGE to identify Zn-responsive proteins in microsomal fractions from leaves of 4day, 200μM Zn-treated, Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Of the eight proteins which showed significant changes in abundance in the Zn-treated samples and which met all of the selection criteria following statistical analysis, six were successfully identified by LC-MS/MS with 2 or more unique peptides. Three of the proteins were found to be involved in the one-carbon metabolism pathway; including glycine decarboxylase P protein, serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) and methionine synthase, all of which showed reduced abundance in the Zn-treated samples. Western blot analysis confirmed the decrease in SHMT, while changes in metal tolerance protein indicated plants were most likely actively sequestering Zn. Interestingly, excess Zn led to increased petiole length, a phenotype which may reflect the reduced levels of methionine, a key product of the one-carbon metabolism pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metal contamination is becoming an increasingly common environmental problem. High levels of zinc can be found in certain soils naturally or as a result of long-term anthropogenic activity which leads to its accumulation; i.e. use of fertilizers or industrial waste. The study of metal tolerant plants, particularly those classified as hyperaccumulators has been driven by the potential use of these plants for bioremediation purposes. However, the effects of heavy metal exposure on sensitive plants and the different cellular processes that are affected have received significantly less attention. We are interested in identifying proteins in A. thaliana that are induced as a result of exposure to subtoxic levels of heavy metals with the aim of discovering novel participants in heavy metal stress and adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Miraval, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México. Electronic address: bronwyn@ibt.unam.mx.
authors.forename: Bronwyn J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Barkla
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Miraval, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vera-Estrella
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Miraval, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México.
authors.forename: María Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Miranda-Vergara
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Miraval, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pantoja
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000737:chemistry; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D012696:Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D008715:Methionine / Q000737:chemistry; D008861:Microsomes / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics; D012987:Soil; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008670:Metals; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D020543:Proteome; D012987:Soil; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002244:Carbon; D008715:Methionine; D012696:Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Abiotic stress; DIGE; Differential in-gel electrophoresis; Mass spectrometry; Micronutrients