title: Effects of Campomanesia xanthocarpa on inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and lipid biomarkers in hypercholesterolemic individuals.
abstract: In Brazil, the edible plant Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg. (Myrtaceae), popularly known as "guavirova," has been studied in hypercholesterolemic individuals. The present work investigated the effects of C. xanthocarpa on inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and lipid biomarkers in hypercholesterolemic individuals. A total of 156 individuals were selected in a double-blind fashion and randomly divided into two groups in accordance with the intervals used in the criteria for hypercholesterolemia: individuals with total cholesterol (TC) levels between 200 and 240 mg/dL (undesirable level individuals - UL) and individuals with TC levels >240 mg/dL (hypercholesterolemic individuals - HL). Both groups had a control group (CG), which received placebo treatment, an encapsulated excipient group (lactose) and an experimental group that received 500 mg (EG 500), 750 mg (EG 750) or 1000 mg (EG 1000) of encapsulated C. xanthocarpa. The inflammatory processes (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein - hs-CRP), oxidative stress (advanced oxidation protein products-AOPPs; ischemia-modiﬁed albumin-IMA), endothelial dysfunction (nitric oxide - NOx) and biochemical (TC, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein - HDL, low-density lipoproteins - LDL, and very low-density lipoprotein - VLDL) parameters were measured before and 90 days after the initiation of treatment. A significant decrease in TC and LDL levels was observed in HL individuals from the EG 500 group (reduction of 29 ± 3% and 41 ± 5% to levels before treatment) compared to the CG group individuals. A significant reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory process components (reduction of 52 ± 11% in AOPPs, 32 ± 10% in IMA and 57 ± 7% in hs-CRP) and a significant increase in NOx (increase of 84 ± 27%) was observed in HL individuals in the EG 1000 group when compared to the CG group individuals. Treatment with encapsulated C. xanthocarpa reduced blood TC and LDL levels in hypercholesterolemic individuals. In addition to its effect on cholesterol levels, this plant reduced oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic individuals and improved the levels of NOx.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Atenção Integral à Saúde, Universidade de Cruz Alta, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Ricardo Nazário
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Viecili
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Fundação Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego Olschowsky
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirsten
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jênifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malheiros
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viecili
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodolfo Dahlem
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trevisan
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariane Arnoldi
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Vargas
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Bochi
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Noal
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Moresco
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Atenção Integral à Saúde, Universidade de Cruz Alta, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: jonzeni@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jonatas Zeni
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Klafke
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027822:Myrtaceae; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Advanced oxidation protein products; C-reactive protein; Hypercholesterolemia; Ischemia-modified albumin; Medicinal plant; Myrtaceae