title: Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome caused by herbal medicine: CT and MRI features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the CT and MRI features of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) caused by herbal medicine Gynura segetum.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CT and MRI features of 16 consecutive Gynura segetum induced HSOS cases (12 men, 4 women) were analyzed. Eight patients had CT; three patients had MRI, and the remaining five patients had both CT and MRI examinations. Based on their clinical presentations and outcomes, the patients were classified into three categories: mild, moderate, and severe. The severity of the disease was also evaluated radiologically based on the abnormal hepatic patchy enhancement in post-contrast CT or MRI images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ascites, patchy liver enhancement, and main right hepatic vein narrowing or occlusion were present in all 16 cases. Hepatomegaly and gallbladder wall thickening were present in 14 cases (87.5%, 14/16). Periportal high intensity on T2-weighted images was present in 6 cases (75%, 6/8). Normal liver parenchymal enhancement surrounding the main hepatic vein forming a clover-like sign was observed in 4 cases (25%, 4/16). The extent of patchy liver enhancement was statistically associated with clinical severity classification (kappa = 0.565).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ascites, patchy liver enhancement, and the main hepatic veins narrowing were the most frequent signs of herbal medicine induced HSOS. The grade of abnormal patchy liver enhancement was associated with the clinical severity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Xiang J
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Hai-yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
authors.forename: Min-ming
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001201:Ascites / Q000175:diagnosis; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D002765:Cholecystography; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000473:pathology; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006504:Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006529:Hepatomegaly / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000009:adverse effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
keywords: Computed tomography; Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome; Herbal medicine; Magnetic resonance imaging; Pyrrolizidine alkaloid