title: Suboptimal care and metabolic acidemia is associated with neonatal encephalopathy but not with neonatal seizures alone: a population-based clinical audit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and neonatal seizures without encephalopathy, and the association with metabolic acidemia. Secondly, to investigate the occurrence of suboptimal intrapartum care and its impact on neonatal outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical audit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two university hospitals in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonates ≥34 weeks with moderate or severe NE and neonatal seizures alone, i.e. without encephalopathy, from a population of 71 189 births, where umbilical blood gases were routinely analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonates were categorized depending on the presence of metabolic acidemia at birth by umbilical artery pH < 7.00, base deficit ≥12 mmol/L. Records were audited for suboptimal care and a decision was made on whether management was assessed to have impacted neonatal outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Encephalopathy and seizures alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 80 neonates with NE and 30 with seizures alone, of which 48 (60%) and none, respectively, had metabolic acidemia. Suboptimal care could be assessed in 77 and occurred in 28 (36%) NE cases and in one neonate with seizures alone (p < 0.001). In 47 NE cases with metabolic acidemia, suboptimal care occurred in 22 (47%) vs. 6/30 (20%) without metabolic acidemia (p = 0.02). Suboptimal care had an impact on outcome in 18/77 (23%) NE cases but in no cases with seizures alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suboptimal care was commonly seen with NE, particularly in neonates with metabolic acidemia, and also affected neonatal outcome. No such associations were found in neonates with seizures alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agren
authors.forename: Solveig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nordén-Lindeberg
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohlin
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000097:blood / Q000151:congenital / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D015148:Cardiotocography; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054869:Clinical Audit; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D013548:Sweden; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D010120:Oxytocics; D010121:Oxytocin
keywords: Asphyxia; labor; metabolic acidemia; neonatal encephalopathy; neonatal seizures; suboptimal care