title: Recombinant viruses initiated the early HIV-1 epidemic in Burkina Faso.
abstract: We analyzed genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 124 HIV-1 and 19 HIV-2 strains in sera collected in 1986 from patients of the state hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Phylogenetic analysis of the HIV-1 env gp41 region of 65 sequences characterized 37 (56.9%) as CRF06_cpx strains, 25 (38.5%) as CRF02_AG, 2 (3.1%) as CRF09_cpx, and 1 (1.5%) as subtype A. Similarly, phylogenetic analysis of the protease (PR) gene region of 73 sequences identified 52 (71.2%) as CRF06_cpx, 15 (20.5%) as CRF02_AG, 5 (6.8%) as subtype A, and 1 (1.4%) was a unique strain that clustered along the B/D lineage but basal to the node connecting the two lineages. HIV-2 PR or integrase (INT) groups A (n = 17 [89.5%]) and B (n = 2 [10.5%]) were found in both monotypic (n = 11) and heterotypic HIV-1/HIV-2 (n = 8) infections, with few HIV-2 group B infections. Based on limited available sampling, evidence suggests two recombinant viruses, CRF06_cpx and CRF02_AG, appear to have driven the beginning of the mid-1980s HIV-1 epidemic in Burkina Faso.
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Fonjungo
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marcia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kalish
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rayfield
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mika
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Orville
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heslop
authors.affiliation: Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (UFR/SDS), Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soudré
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pieniazek
mesh_terms: D002050:Burkina Faso; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny