title: Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans modulate migration and survival in zebrafish primordial germ cells.
abstract: Early in embryonic development, primordial germ cells (PGCs) are specified and migrate from the site of their origin to where the gonad develops, following a specific route. Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS-GAGs) are ubiquitous in extracellular matrix and the cell surface and have long been speculated to play a role during the migration of PGCs. In line with this speculation, whole-mount immunohistochemistry revealed the existence of HS-GAGs in the vicinity of migrating PGCs in early zebrafish embryos. To examine the roles of HS-GAGs during PGC migration, zebrafish heparanase 1 (hpse1), which degrades HS-GAGs, was cloned and overexpressed specifically in PGCs. The guidance signal for the migration of PGCs was disrupted with the overexpression of hpse1, as cluster formation and marginal localization at the blastoderm were significantly perturbed at 6 hours postfertilization. Furthermore, the number of PGCs was significantly decreased with the lack of vicinal HS-GAGs, as observed in the whole-mount in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR of the PGC marker gene vasa. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling indicated significantly increased apoptosis in PGCs overexpressing hpse1, suggesting that HS-GAGs contribute to the maintenance of PGC survival. In conclusion, HS-GAGs play multifaceted roles in PGCs during migration and are required both for guidance signals and multiplication of PGCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ke-Hsuan
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: ihliu@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: I-Hsuan
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*; D000099175:Heparanase
chemical_list: D005966:Glucuronidase; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D000099175:Heparanase
keywords: Chemokine; Heparan sulfate proteoglycan; Migration; Primordial germ cell; Survival