title: A retrospective trial comparing the effects of different anesthetic techniques on phantom pain after lower limb amputation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain and other sensations from an amputated or absent limb, called phantom pain and phantom sensations, are well-known phenomena.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effects of anesthetic techniques on phantom pain, phantom sensations, and stump pain after lower limb amputation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I to III were analyzed for 1 to 24 months after lower limb amputation in this retrospective study. Patients received general, spinal, or epidural anesthesia or peripheral nerve block for their amputations. Standardized questions were used to assess phantom limb pain, phantom sensation, and stump pain postoperatively. Pain intensity was assessed on a numeric rating scale (NRS) of 0 to 10. Patients' medical histories were determined from hospital records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who received epidural anesthesia and peripheral nerve block perceived significantly less pain in the week after surgery compared with patients who received general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia (NRS [SD] values, 2.68 [1.0] and 2.70 [1.0], respectively). After approximately 14 to 17 months, there was no difference in phantom limb pain, phantom sensation, or stump pain among the anesthetic techniques for amputation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients undergoing lower limb amputation, performing epidural anesthesia or peripheral nerve block, instead of general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia, might attenuate phantom and stump pain in the first week after operation. Anesthetic technique might not have an effect on phantom limb pain, phantom sensation, or stump pain at 14 to 17 months after lower limb amputation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevtap Hekimoglu
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alkin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colak
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cavidan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tutunculer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Necdet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sut
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Barış
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birtane
keywords: amputation stumps; anesthesia and analgesia; limb; phantom