title: Tailored Implementation for Chronic Diseases (TICD): a protocol for process evaluation in cluster randomized controlled trials in five European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the 'Tailored Implementation for Chronic Diseases (TICD)' project, five tailored implementation programs to improve healthcare delivery in different chronic conditions have been developed. These programs will be evaluated in distinct cluster-randomized controlled trials. This protocol describes the process evaluation across these trials, which aims to identify determinants of change in chronic illness care, to examine the validity of the tailoring methods that were applied, and to analyze the association of implementation activities and the effectiveness of the program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multilevel approach was used to develop five tailored implementation interventions. In order to guide the process evaluation in five distinct trials, the study protocols for the cluster randomized trials and the related process evaluations were developed simultaneously and iteratively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The process evaluation comprises three main components: a structured survey with health professionals in the trials, semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample of this study population, and standardized documentation of organizational practice characteristics. Norway will only conduct the qualitative part of the analysis because the survey and documentation of practice characteristics are considered to be not feasible. The evaluation is guided by 'logic models' of the implementation programs: frameworks that specify the linkages between the strategies used, the determinants addressed by tailoring, and the anticipated outcomes. Standardization of measures across trials is sought to facilitate analysis of aggregated data from the trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This process evaluation will need to find a balance between standardization of methods across trials and the tailoring of measures to the specificities of each trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb, 37, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany. cornelia.jaeger@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jäger
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: Jost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinhäuser
authors.forename: Eivind
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aakhus
authors.forename: Signe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flottorp
authors.forename: Maciek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Godycki-Cwirko
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Lieshout
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szecsenyi
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wensing
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome