title: Scanning a microhabitat: plant-microbe interactions revealed by confocal laser microscopy.
abstract: No plant or cryptogam exists in nature without microorganisms associated with its tissues. Plants as microbial hosts are puzzles of different microhabitats, each of them colonized by specifically adapted microbiomes. The interactions with such microorganisms have drastic effects on the host fitness. Since the last 20 years, the combination of microscopic tools and molecular approaches contributed to new insights into microbe-host interactions. Particularly, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) facilitated the exploration of microbial habitats and allowed the observation of host-associated microorganisms in situ with an unprecedented accuracy. Here I present an overview of the progresses made in the study of the interactions between microorganisms and plants or plant-like organisms, focusing on the role of CLSM for the understanding of their significance. I critically discuss risks of misinterpretation when procedures of CLSM are not properly optimized. I also review approaches for quantitative and statistical analyses of CLSM images, the combination with other molecular and microscopic methods, and suggest the re-evaluation of natural autofluorescence. In this review, technical aspects were coupled with scientific outcomes, to facilitate the readers in identifying possible CLSM applications in their research or to expand their existing potential. The scope of this review is to highlight the importance of confocal microscopy in the study of plant-microbe interactions and also to be an inspiration for integrating microscopy with molecular techniques in future researches of microbial ecology.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz Graz, Austria ; Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardinale
keywords: DsRed; GFP; confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM); cryptogams; endophyte; fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); pathogen; plant-microbe interactions