title: The innovative safe fixative for histology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry techniques: "pilot study using shellac alcoholic solution fixative".
abstract: The concerns over health and workplace hazards of formalin fixative, joined to its cross-linking of molecular groups that results in suboptimal immunohistochemistry, led us to search for an innovative safe fixative. Shellac is a natural material which is used as a preservative in foods and pharmaceutical industries. This study was undertaken to evaluate the fixation adequacy and staining quality of histopathological specimens fixed in the "shellac alcoholic solution" (SAS), and also to determine the validity of immunohistochemical staining of SAS-fixed material in comparison to those fixed in formalin. Fresh samples from 26 cases from various human tissues were collected at the frozen section room of King Abdulaziz University Hospital, and fixed in SAS fixative or in neutral buffered formaldehyde (NBF) for 12, 18, 24, and 48 h, and processed for paraffin sectioning. Deparaffinized sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunostained for different antigens. The tissues fixed in SAS for >18 h showed best staining quality of H&E comparable to NBF-fixed tissues. Comparison of the immunohistochemical staining of different tissues yielded nearly equivalent readings with good positive nuclear staining quality in both fixatives. These findings support the fixation and preservation adequacy of SAS. Furthermore, it was concluded that the good staining quality obtained with SAS-fixed tissues, which was more or less comparable with the quality obtained with the formalin fixed tissues, supports the validity of this new solution as a good innovative fixative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Awatif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali Jamal
authors.forename: Gamal Said
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Abd El-Aziz
authors.forename: Raid Mahmoud
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hamdy
authors.forename: Abdulmonem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hayani
authors.forename: Jaudah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Al-Maghrabi
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D005404:Fixatives / Q000009:adverse effects; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000009:adverse effects; D006416:Hematoxylin; D006652:Histological Techniques / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000009:adverse effects; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005404:Fixatives; D012116:Resins, Plant; D012996:Solutions; D005557:Formaldehyde; C003934:shellac; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D006416:Hematoxylin
keywords: Shellac; fixative; formalin; histology; histopathology; immunohistochemistry; safe; technique