title: Community-based wastewater treatment systems and water quality of an Indonesian village.
abstract: This paper examines the impact of community-based water treatment systems on water quality in a peri-urban village in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Water samples were taken from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), irrigation canals, paddy fields and wells during the dry and wet seasons. The samples were tested for biological and chemical oxygen demand, nutrients (ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and Escherichia coli. Water quality in this village is affected by the presence of active septic tanks, WWTP effluent discharge, small-scale tempe industries and external sources. We found that the WWTPs remove oxygen-demanding wastes effectively but discharged nutrients, such as nitrate and ammonia, into irrigation canals. Irrigation canals had high levels of E. coli as well as oxygen-demanding wastes. Well samples had high E. coli, nitrate and total nitrogen levels. Rainfall tended to increase concentrations of biological and chemical oxygen demand and some nutrients. All our samples fell within the drinking water standards for nitrate but failed the international and Indonesian standards for E. coli. Water quality in this village can be improved by improving the WWTP treatment of nutrients, encouraging more villagers to be connected to WWTPs and controlling hotspot contamination areas in the village.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117570 E-mail: hanshe_lim@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: NUS Environmental Research Institute, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411.
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Indonesian Society of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers, (Ikatan Ahli Teknik Penyehatandan Teknik Lingkungan Indonesia/IATPI), Apartemen Menteng Square, Tower A, floor 22 unit 2, Jl. Matraman Raya 30E, Jakarta Pusat, 10320, Indonesia.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bramono
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007214:Indonesia; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical