title: Reference intervals for urinary renal injury biomarkers KIM-1 and NGAL in healthy children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals in healthy children for two novel urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary biomarkers were determined in samples from children in the UK (n = 120) and the USA (n = 171) using both Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) and Luminex-based analytical approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  95% reference intervals for each biomarker in each cohort are presented and stratified by sex or ethnicity where necessary, and age-related variability is explored using quantile regression. We identified consistently higher NGAL concentrations in females than males (p < 0.0001), and lower KIM-1 concentrations in African-Americans than Caucasians (p = 0.02). KIM-1 demonstrated diurnal variation, with higher concentrations in the morning (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of reference intervals for KIM-1 and NGAL using two analytical methods in a healthy pediatric population in both UK and US-based populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK. d.antoine@liv.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McWilliam
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Antoine
authors.forename: Venkata
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sabbisetti
authors.forename: Robin E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J Steven
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Leeder
authors.forename: Joseph V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Bonventre
authors.forename: Rosalind L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: Munir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirmohamed
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000652:urine*; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus
keywords: KIM-1; nephrotoxicity; pediatric nephrology; proximal tubule