title: First record of bat-pollination in the species-rich genus Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bromeliaceae is a species-rich neotropical plant family that uses a variety of pollinators, principally vertebrates. Tillandsia is the most diverse genus, and includes more than one-third of all bromeliad species. Within this genus, the majority of species rely on diurnal pollination by hummingbirds; however, the flowers of some Tillandsia species show some characteristics typical for pollination by nocturnal animals, particularly bats and moths. In this study an examination is made of the floral and reproductive biology of the epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia macropetala in a fragment of humid montane forest in central Veracruz, Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reproductive system of the species, duration of anthesis, production of nectar and floral scent, as well as diurnal and nocturnal floral visitors and their effectiveness in pollination were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tillandsia macropetala is a self-compatible species that achieves a higher fruit production through outcrossing. Nectar production is restricted to the night, and only nocturnal visits result in the development of fruits. The most frequent visitor (75 % of visits) and the only pollinator of this bromeliad (in 96 % of visits) was the nectarivorous bat Anoura geoffroyi (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of chiropterophily within the genus Tillandsia. The results on the pollination biology of this bromeliad suggest an ongoing evolutionary switch from pollination by birds or moths to bats.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Casco de la ExHacienda Lucas Martín, Privada de Araucarias S/N. Col. Periodistas, C.P. 91019, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
authors.forename: Pedro Adrián
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Rodríguez
authors.forename: M Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: MacSwiney G
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krömer
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: García-Franco
authors.forename: Anina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knauer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers; D054817:Pollination; D012098:Reproduction; D031232:Tillandsia / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Anoura geofroyii; Bromeliaceae; Mexico; Tillandsia macropetala; bat-pollination; bromeliad; chiropterophily; floral visitors; humid montane forest; pollinator effectiveness