title: The prognostic significance of surgically treated hydrocephalus in leptomeningeal metastases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The median survival of leptomeningeal metastases is short despite therapy and is sometime associated with hydrocephalus. We investigated the prognostic significance of surgically treated hydrocephalus in leptomeningeal metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December 2005 and November 2012, 1343 patients had brain metastases from systemic solid tumors. Of these, 71 patients (5.3%) experienced leptomeningeal metastases from 45 lung cancers, 14 breast cancers, 4 gastric cancers and 8 other cancers. The mean age was 60 years (range 37-89). The clinical symptoms presented in the cerebral hemisphere and cerebellum in 58 patients, cranial nerve in 7 patients and spinal cord and nerves in 6 patients. Twenty-nine (40.8%) patients were Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis (RTOG-RPA) class II and 42 (59.2%) were class III. Hydrocephalus was associated in 18 (25.4%) patients and 7 patients underwent ventriculoperioneal shunt. The primary cancer, clinical symptoms, RTOG-RPA class, surgically treated hydrocephalus and systemic chemotherapy were analyzed as the prognostic factors for overall survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of leptomeningeal seeding was 5.0% of the brain metastases. The median duration of leptomeningeal metastases from first brain metastasis was 4.0 months and 24 (33.8%) patients showed leptomeningeal metastases as the first form of brain metastasis. The median overall survival (OS) was 2.1 months. Based on the univariate and multivariate analyses, RTOG-RPA class II patients, treatment of leptomeningeal metastases (such as radiotherapy or intrathecal chemotherapy) and systemic chemotherapy improved OS with statistical significance. Surgically untreated hydrocephalus (median OS, 1.7 months) showed poor OS compared with surgically treated hydrocephalus (median OS, 5.7 months) and no hydrocephalus (median OS, 2.3 months) without statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The leptomeningeal metastases were often associated with hydrocephalus and the surgical treatment was helpful in limited patients. The prognosis was related with RTOG-RPA class and treatment of local and systemic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea. Electronic address: jung-ty@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tae-Young
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Woong-Ki
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: In-Jae
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D055756:Meningeal Carcinomatosis / Q000150:complications / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011878:Radiotherapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Cancer; Hydrocephalus; Leptomeningeal; Long survival; Metastases