title: Comparability of nurse staffing measures in examining the relationship between RN staffing and unit-acquired pressure ulcers: a unit-level descriptive, correlational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various staffing measures have been used in examining the relationship between nurse staffing and patient outcomes. Little research has been conducted to compare these measures based on their explanatory power as predictors of nursing-sensitive outcomes. In this study, both administrative and nurse-reported measures were examined. Administrative measures included registered nurse (RN) skill mix and three versions of nursing hours per patient day (HPPD); nurse-reported measures included RN-reported number of assigned patients and RN-perceived staffing adequacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine correlations among six nurse staffing measures and to compare their explanatory power in relation to unit-acquired pressure ulcers (UAPUs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive, correlational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  2397 nursing units in 409 U.S. acute care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random-intercept logistic regression analyses were performed using 2011 data from a national database. Relationships between nurse staffing measures and UAPU occurrences were examined in eight models, each with one or more staffing measures as predictors. Characteristics of nursing units (RN workgroup education level and RN workgroup unit tenure) and hospitals (size, teaching status, and Magnet status) were included as control variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two versions of HPPD (total nursing HPPD and RN HPPD) and RN skill mix were significantly correlated with RN-reported number of assigned patients (r range=-0.87 to -0.75). These staffing measures had weaker correlations with RN-perceived staffing adequacy (r range=0.16 to 0.23). Of the six staffing variables, only RN-perceived staffing adequacy and RN skill mix were significantly associated with UAPU odds, the former being the better predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although RN-perceived staffing adequacy was not highly correlated with administrative measures of HPPD and RN skill mix, it was the strongest predictor of UAPU occurrences. RN-perceived staffing adequacy can serve as a more appropriate measure of staffing for nursing-sensitive outcomes research than administrative measures, as it reflects relevant aspects of staffing and involves an implicit adjustment for patient acuity.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: jchoi14@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: JiSun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Staggs
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing; D014481:United States
keywords: Acute care unit; Nursing staff; Nursing-sensitive outcomes