title: Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nausea, retching and vomiting are very commonly experienced by women in early pregnancy. There are considerable physical, social and psychological effects on women who experience these symptoms. This is an update of a review of interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy previously published in 2010.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness and safety of all interventions for nausea, vomiting and retching in early pregnancy, up to 20 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register and the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field's Trials Register (27 April 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials of any intervention for nausea, vomiting and retching in early pregnancy. We excluded trials of interventions for hyperemesis gravidarum, which are covered by another Cochrane review. We also excluded quasi-randomised trials and trials using a cross-over design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four review authors, in pairs, reviewed the eligibility of trials and independently evaluated the risk of bias and extracted the data for included trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven trials involving 5049 women, met the inclusion criteria. These trials covered many interventions, including acupressure, acustimulation, acupuncture, ginger, chamomile, lemon oil, mint oil, vitamin B6 and several antiemetic drugs. We identified no studies of dietary or other lifestyle interventions. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of P6 acupressure, auricular (ear) acupressure and acustimulation of the P6 point was limited. Acupuncture (P6 or traditional) showed no significant benefit to women in pregnancy. The use of ginger products may be helpful to women, but the evidence of effectiveness was limited and not consistent, though two recent studies support ginger over placebo. There was only limited evidence from trials to support the use of pharmacological agents including vitamin B6, and anti-emetic drugs to relieve mild or moderate nausea and vomiting. There was little information on maternal and fetal adverse outcomes and on psychological, social or economic outcomes. We were unable to pool findings from studies for most outcomes due to heterogeneity in study participants, interventions, comparison groups, and outcomes measured or reported. The methodological quality of the included studies was mixed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the high prevalence of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy, women and health professionals need clear guidance about effective and safe interventions, based on systematically reviewed evidence. There is a lack of high-quality evidence to support any particular intervention. This is not the same as saying that the interventions studied are ineffective, but that there is insufficient strong evidence for any one intervention. The difficulties in interpreting and pooling the results of the studies included in this review highlight the need for specific, consistent and clearly justified outcomes and approaches to measurement in research studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin, Ireland, 9.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Dónal P O
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: O'Mathúna
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dowswell
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000379:methods; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D048968:Morning Sickness / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D025101:Vitamin B 6