title: Autoimmune retinopathy and antiretinal antibodies: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current state for diagnosis and management of autoimmune retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature was performed, encompassing autoimmune retinopathy including paraneoplastic retinopathy (cancer-associated retinopathy, melanoma-associated retinopathy, and bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation) and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. Based on this review, current principles and techniques for diagnosis and the treatments reported for autoimmune retinopathy are discussed with the aim to clarify some of the confusion that exists regarding this complex entity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Autoimmune retinopathy encompasses a spectrum of retinal degeneration phenotypes. The clinical features, fundus characteristics, and electroretinogram findings for paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy are reviewed. The different antiretinal antibodies reported in these entities are described. The diagnostic approaches for detecting these antiretinal antibodies and their limitations are covered. The treatments reported for autoimmune retinopathy and their outcomes are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the myriad of antiretinal antibodies reported, challenges persist in determining which antibodies are pathogenic and which are benign and what factors cause antiretinal antibodies to become pathologic. There also remain difficulties in the detection and accurate measurement of antiretinal antibodies, and the response to therapeutic intervention in autoimmune retinopathy is variable.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and †Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, the Pangere Center for Hereditary Retinal Diseases, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Dilraj S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jampol
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D059545:Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000276:immunology; D051603:Recoverin / Q000276:immunology; D012160:Retina / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; C496731:RCVRN protein, human; D051603:Recoverin; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase