title: Cortical sources of resting-state EEG rhythms in "experienced" HIV subjects under antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment-naïve patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are characterized by diffuse abnormalities of resting-state cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms (Babiloni et al., 2012a). Here, we tested the hypothesis that these EEG rhythms vary as a function of the systemic immune activity and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resting-state eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 68 ART-HIV patients (mini mental state evaluation (MMSE) of 27.5 ± 0.3 SEM), in 60 treatment-naïve HIV subjects (MMSE of 27.5 ± 0.4 SEM) and in 75 age-matched cognitively normal subjects (MMSE of 29.3 ± 0.1 SEM). Based on the CD4 lymphocytes' count, we divided ART-HIV subjects into two subgroups: those with CD4>500 cells/μl (ART-HIV+) and those with CD4<500 cells/μl (ART-HIV-). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-12 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). Cortical EEG sources were estimated by LORETA software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Widespread theta, alpha, and beta sources were lower in ART-HIV subjects than in control subjects. Furthermore, occipital and temporal alpha 1 sources were lower in treatment-naïve HIV than in ART-HIV subjects. Moreover, the opposite was true for widespread pathological delta sources. Finally, parietal, occipital, and temporal alpha 1 sources were lower in ART-HIV- than in ART-HIV+ subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In ART-HIV subjects, cortical sources of resting-state alpha rhythms are related to systemic immune activity and cART.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This EEG procedure may produce biomarkers of treatment response in patients' brain compartments for longitudinal clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: claudio.babiloni@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babiloni
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN Foundation, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buffo
authors.affiliation: IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vecchio
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onorati
authors.affiliation: IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muratori
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferracuti
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roma
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battuello
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Donato
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN Foundation, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noce
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; ViiV Healthcare, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Campli
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianserra
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teti
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aceti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN Foundation, Naples, Italy; Department of Studies of Institutions and Territorial Systems, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soricelli
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases, "Tor Vergata" University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viscione
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases, "Tor Vergata" University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreoni
authors.affiliation: IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience & Orthopedics, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rossini
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pennica
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014054:Tomography; D019562:Viral Load
keywords: Alpha; Brain rhythms; CD4 lymphocyte; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Low-resolution brain electromagnetic source tomography (LORETA); Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG)