title: Real-time monitoring of ischemic and contralateral brain pO2 during stroke by variable length multisite resonators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry using variable length multi-probe implantable resonator (IR), was used to investigate the temporal changes in the ischemic and contralateral brain pO2 during stroke in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EPR signal to noise ratio (S/N) of the IR with four sensor loops at a depth of up to 11 mm were compared with direct implantation of lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc, oximetry probe) deposits in vitro. These IRs were used to follow the temporal changes in pO2 at two sites in each hemisphere during ischemia induced by left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats breathing 30% O2 or 100% O2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The S/N ratios of the IRs were significantly greater than the LiPc deposits. A similar pO2 at two sites in each hemisphere prior to the onset of ischemia was observed in rats breathing 30% O2. However, a significant decline in the pO2 of the left cortex and striatum occurred during ischemia, but no change in the pO2 of the contralateral brain was observed. A significant increase in the pO2 of only the contralateral non-ischemic brain was observed in the rats breathing 100% O2. No significant difference in the infarct volume was evident between the animals breathing 30% O2 or 100% O2 during ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EPR oximetry with IRs can repeatedly assess temporal changes in the brain pO2 at four sites simultaneously during stroke. This oximetry approach can be used to test and develop interventions to rescue ischemic tissue by modulating cerebral pO2 during stroke.
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for Viable Systems, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Geisel School of Medicine, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. Electronic address: Huagang.Hou@Dartmouth.EDU.
authors.forename: Huagang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for Viable Systems, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Geisel School of Medicine, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for Viable Systems, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Geisel School of Medicine, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Ruhong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for Viable Systems, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Geisel School of Medicine, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Nadeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for Viable Systems, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Geisel School of Medicine, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003199:Computer Systems; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014159:Transducers
keywords: Cerebral ischemia; EPR oximetry; Implantable resonator; Reperfusion; Stroke; pO(2)