title: Cytotoxicity and cellular mechanisms involved in the toxicity of CdS quantum dots in hemocytes and gill cells of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.
abstract: CdS quantum dots (QDs) show a great promise for treatment and diagnosis of cancer and for targeted drug delivery, due to their size-tunable fluorescence and ease of functionalization for tissue targeting. In spite of their advantages it is important to determine if CdS QDs can exert toxicity on biological systems. In the present work, cytotoxicity of CdS QDs (5 nm) at a wide range of concentrations (0.001-100 mg Cd/L) was screened using neutral red (NR) and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays in isolated hemocytes and gill cells of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The mechanisms of action of CdS QDs were assessed at sublethal concentrations (0.31-5 mg Cd/L) in the same cell types through a series of functional in vitro assays: production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT) activity, DNA damage, lysosomal acid phosphatase (AcP) activity, multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) transport activity, Na-K-ATPase activity (only in gill cells) and phagocytic activity and damage to actin cytoskeleton (only in hemocytes). Exposures to CdS QDs lasted for 24h and were performed in parallel with exposures to bulk CdS and ionic Cd. Ionic Cd was the most toxic form to both cell types, followed by CdS QDs and bulk CdS. ROS production, DNA damage, AcP activity and MXR transport were significantly increased in both cell types exposed to the 3 forms of Cd. CAT activity increased in hemocytes exposed to the three forms of Cd while in gill cells only in those exposed to ionic Cd. No effects were found on hemocytes cytoskeleton integrity. Effects on phagocytosis were found in hemocytes exposed to bulk CdS and to CdS QDs at concentrations equal or higher than 1.25 mg Cd/L but not in those exposed to ionic Cd, indicating a particle-specific effect on phagocytosis. In conclusion, cell-mediated immunity and gill cell function represent significant targets for CdS QDs toxicity.
authors.affiliation: CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katsumiti
authors.affiliation: EU Commission-Joint Research Centre, Institute of Health and Consumer Protection, NSB Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilliland
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arostegui
authors.affiliation: CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain. Electronic address: mirenp.cajaraville@ehu.es.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cajaraville
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D005880:Gills / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045663:Quantum Dots / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: CdS quantum dots; Cytotoxicity; In vitro; Mussel hemocytes and gill cells; Sublethal effects