title: Use of a lateral infraclavicular puncture to obtain proximal venous access with occluded subclavian/axillary venous systems for cardiac rhythm devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous occlusion is not uncommon and total venous obstruction with more proximal patency may occur in as many as 10% of previous implants. Many techniques are available to obtain ipsilateral access; however, most require special equipment or skills. We describe a technique of infraclavicular cannulation of the brachiocephalic vein ipsilateral to the occlusion that is safe and feasible for most implanters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with subclavian/axillary occlusions ipsilateral to the implanted device and requiring revision or upgrade of their system or venous occlusion with contraindication to implant on the contralateral side underwent lead addition/placement via a brachiocephalic approach. Following venography, an 18-gauge needle was used to gain brachiocephalic access. The needle was initially positioned in a lateral infraclavicular location. The needle was then advanced under the clavicle in a horizontal plane and advanced toward the sternal notch under fluoroscopic guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients underwent an attempt at brachiocephalic access. Cannulation of the brachiocephalic was possible in all 14 and lead(s) were successfully implanted in all. There were no complications with the procedure, specifically no pneumothoraces. In follow-up (mean 36 months, range 1-86 months), all implanted leads function well, with no evidence of lead failure or impedance changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A lateral infraclavicular approach is a safe and effective technique for obtaining brachiocephalic access when the subclavian/axillary vein is occluded. This technique is easy to learn and may be useful for implanters without the equipment or skills needed for lead extraction or microdissection or in cases where patients refuse these procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aizer
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Chinitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001367:Axillary Vein; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins; D058409:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices; D002404:Catheterization; D002968:Clavicle; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D011677:Punctures / Q000379:methods*; D012086:Reoperation; D013350:Subclavian Vein
keywords: brachiocephalic vein; venous occlusion