title: A review of the effects of hypoxia, sleep deprivation and transcranial magnetic stimulation on EEG activity in humans: challenges for drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Different kinds of challenge can alter cognitive process and electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms in humans. This can provide an alternative paradigms to evaluate treatment effects in drug discovery. Here, we report recent findings on the effects of challenges represented by sleep deprivation (SD), transient hypoxia, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in healthy volunteers on cognitive processes and EEG rhythms to build a knowledge platform for novel research for drug discovery in AD Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sleep pressure enhanced frontal delta rhythms (< 4 Hz) during the night, while SD increased slow rhythms in the theta range (4-7 Hz), and reduced resting state alpha rhythms (8-12 Hz) after the following day. Furthermore, SD transiently affected cognitive performance. In contrast, transient experimental hypoxia induced abnormal posterior resting state delta and alpha rhythms in healthy volunteers that resemble the abnormal EEG rhythms typically recorded in AD patients. However, the relationship between the cognitive and EEG effects of such challenges is poorly understood. TMS reversibly interfered with higher brain functions during EEG recordings, but few studies have investigated the relationship between the cognitive and EEG effects of TMS. In conclusion, SD is the most mature challenge model for testing new drugs for AD. Future investigation is needed to better understand the opportunities offered by TMS and hypoxia challenges.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babiloni
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Percio
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lizio
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Infarinato
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Blin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartres-Faz
authors.forename: Sophie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dix
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bentivoglio
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soricelli
authors.forename: Regis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bordet
authors.forename: Paolo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rossini
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. claudio.babiloni@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Jill C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000473:pathology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000473:pathology*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation