title: Salivary microbiota and metabolome associated with celiac disease.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the salivary microbiota and metabolome of 13 children with celiac disease (CD) under a gluten-free diet (treated celiac disease [T-CD]). The same number of healthy children (HC) was used as controls. The salivary microbiota was analyzed by an integrated approach using culture-dependent and -independent methods. Metabolome analysis was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-solid-phase microextraction. Compared to HC, the number of some cultivable bacterial groups (e.g., total anaerobes) significantly (P < 0.05) differed in the saliva samples of the T-CD children. As shown by community-level catabolic profiles, the highest Shannon's diversity and substrate richness were found in HC. Pyrosequencing data showed the highest richness estimator and diversity index values for HC. Levels of Lachnospiraceae, Gemellaceae, and Streptococcus sanguinis were highest for the T-CD children. Streptococcus thermophilus levels were markedly decreased in T-CD children. The saliva of T-CD children showed the largest amount of Bacteroidetes (e.g., Porphyromonas sp., Porphyromonas endodontalis, and Prevotella nanceiensis), together with the smallest amount of Actinobacteria. T-CD children were also characterized by decreased levels of some Actinomyces species, Atopobium species, and Corynebacterium durum. Rothia mucilaginosa was the only Actinobacteria species found at the highest level in T-CD children. As shown by multivariate statistical analyses, the levels of organic volatile compounds markedly differentiated T-CD children. Some compounds (e.g., ethyl-acetate, nonanal, and 2-hexanone) were found to be associated with T-CD children. Correlations (false discovery rate [FDR], <0.05) were found between the relative abundances of bacteria and some volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The findings of this study indicated that CD is associated with oral dysbiosis that could affect the oral metabolome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Ruggiero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Francavilla
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ercolini
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccolo
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vannini
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siragusa
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Filippis
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Pasquale
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Cagno
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Toma
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gozzi
authors.forename: Diana I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Serrazanetti
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobbetti
mesh_terms: D058448:Biota; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds