title: Clinical differences between cocaine-induced psychotic disorder and psychotic symptoms in cocaine-dependent patients.
abstract: The aim of this study is to compare the clinical characteristics of three groups of patients in treatment for cocaine dependence: patients without any psychotic symptoms (NS), patients with transient psychotic symptoms (PS) and patients with cocaine-induced psychotic disorder (CIPD). An observational and retrospective study of 150 cocaine-dependent patients undergoing treatment in the Drug Unit of the Psychiatry Department of University Hospital Vall d׳Hebron in Barcelona (Spain) using these three groups, NS, PS and CIPD, was performed. All patients were evaluated with the PRISM interview. ANOVA, χ2 tests and multivariate multinomial regression analysis were used to perform statistical analyses. Seven patients with a primary psychotic disorder were discharged. Forty-six patients (32.1%) did not report any psychotic symptoms. Ninety-seven patients (67.9%) presented with a history of any cocaine-induced psychotic symptom and were considered as the cocaine-induced psychotic (CIP) group. Among them, 39 (27.3%) were included in the PS group and 58 (40.6%) were included in the CIPD group. A history of imprisonment was found significantly more frequently in the PS group than in the NS group. The distribution of age at onset of dependence, lifetime cannabis abuse or dependence and imprisonment were significantly different between the NS and CIPD groups. We conclude that in cocaine-dependent patients, clinicians should be advised about the risk of development of psychotic symptoms. The presence of some psychotic symptoms could increase the potential risks of disturbing behaviours.
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic (CAS) Vall Hebron, Psychiatry Department, Vall Hebron Hospital-ASPB, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d׳Hebron, CIBERSAM, Universitad Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: croncero@vhebron.net.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roncero
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic (CAS) Vall Hebron, Psychiatry Department, Vall Hebron Hospital-ASPB, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comín
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic (CAS) Vall Hebron, Psychiatry Department, Vall Hebron Hospital-ASPB, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Constanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daigre
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic (CAS) Vall Hebron, Psychiatry Department, Vall Hebron Hospital-ASPB, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d׳Hebron, CIBERSAM, Universitad Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grau-López
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic (CAS) Vall Hebron, Psychiatry Department, Vall Hebron Hospital-ASPB, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d׳Hebron, CIBERSAM, Universitad Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Nieves
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martínez-Luna
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco José
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Eiroa-Orosa
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic (CAS) Vall Hebron, Psychiatry Department, Vall Hebron Hospital-ASPB, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d׳Hebron, CIBERSAM, Universitad Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barral
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; Addiction Research Group IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torrens
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d׳Hebron, CIBERSAM, Universitad Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Cocaine; Cocaine-induced psychosis; Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder; Dependence; PRISM; Psychosis; Psychotic symptoms