title: An exploratory study of Japanese fathers' knowledge of and attitudes towards HPV and HPV vaccination: does marital status matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No studies on male attitudes towards HPV and HPV vaccination have been conducted in Japan, and little is known globally whether attitudes of single fathers differ to those living with a female partner. This exploratory study assessed whether Japanese fathers were likely to have their daughter vaccinated against HPV in a publically funded program and whether any differences existed regarding attitudes and knowledge about HPV according to marital status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 27 fathers (16 single; 11 married) who took part in a study on HPV vaccine acceptability aimed at primary caregivers of girls aged 11-14 yrs in three Japanese cities between July and December 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knowledge about HPV was extremely poor (mean score out of 13 being 2.74 ± 3.22) with only one (3.7%) participant believing he had been infected with HPV and most (81.4%) believing they had no or low future risk. No difference existed regarding knowledge or awareness of HPV according to marital status. Concerning perceived risk for daughters, single fathers were significantly more likely to believe their daughter was at risk for both HPV (87.5% versus 36.4%; p=0.01) and cervical cancer (75.0% versus 27.3%; p=0.02). Acceptability of free HPV vaccination was high at 92% with no difference according to marital status, however single fathers were significantly more likely (p=0.01) to pay when vaccination came at a cost. Concerns specific to single fathers included explaining the sexual nature of HPV and taking a daughter to a gynecologist to be vaccinated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge about HPV among Japanese fathers is poor, but HPV vaccine acceptability is high and does not differ by marital status. Providing sexual health education in schools that addresses lack of knowledge about HPV as well as information preferences expressed by single fathers, may not only increase HPV vaccine acceptance, but also actively involve men in cervical cancer prevention strategies. However, further large-scale quantitative studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Oncology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan E-mail : sjbh1810@med.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Sharon Janet Bruce
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakuragi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009679:Nuclear Family; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines