title: Depression after heart failure and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate whether depression after heart failure (HF) was a predictor for subsequent cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in prospective observational studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pubmed, Embase, and PsycInfo databases were searched for prospective studies reported depression after HF and subsequent risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality (prior to May 2013). Pooled adjust hazard ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated separately for categorical risk estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies with 4012 HF patients were identified and analyzed. Pooled HR of all-cause mortality was 1.51 (95% CI 1.19-1.91) for depression compared with non-depressive patients. Subgroup analyses showed that major depression significantly increased all-cause mortality (HR=1.98, 95% CI 1.23-3.19), but not mild depression (HR=1.04, 95% CI 0.75-1.45). Pooled HR of cardiovascular mortality was 2.19 (95% CI 1.46-3.29) for depression compared with non-depressive patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major depression after HF was a predictor for subsequent all-cause mortality, but not mild depression. More well-designed studies are needed to explore the influence of depression and antidepressant medication use on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in HF patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
authors.forename: Junpeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. Electronic address: xinhuahu@126.com.
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D015984:Causality; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
keywords: All-cause mortality; Cardiovascular mortality; Depression; Heart failure; Meta-analysis