title: Changes in electrogustometry thresholds, tongue tip vascularization, density and form of the fungiform papillae in smokers.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in gustatory function in smokers of both sexes and identify any differences in the shape, density and vascularisation of the fungiform papillae (fPap) of smokers' tongue. Additional aim was to investigate any relation between the age, pack years and differences in shape, density, vascularization of fPap and sex. In 166 smokers (81 males, 85 females, age range 20-80 years), divided in age groups, electrogustometry (EGM) thresholds at the chorda tympani area, at the soft palate area and at the area of the vallate papillae were recorded bilaterally. Morphology and density of the fPap and blood vessels' density and morphology at the tip of the tongue were examined using contact endoscopy (CE). EGM thresholds of all smoking subjects tended to increase compared to the non-smoking participants. Morphology, vascularization and density of fPap were found to be worse in smokers than in non-smokers. Interestingly, some participants, despite having increased number of pack years, tended to have almost similar EGM thresholds with non-smoking subjects of the same age group. Smoking tends to affect density, morphology and vascularization of the fPap. There is a correlation between the duration of smoking (pack years) and the afore-mentioned parameters. The use of τ-Kendall criterion provided useful information about the different correlation between the EGM thresholds and vascularization, the EGM thresholds and morphology of fPap and EGM thresholds and density of fPap. The majority of smokers had elevated EGM thresholds compared to non-smokers. Smoking is an important factor which can lead to decreased taste acuity. The combination of methods, such as EGM and CE, can provide useful information about the morphology and function of taste buds. Of interest, women are less affected than men, irrespective of the age group.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department, Katholisches Klinikum, Rudolf-Virchow-Str.7, 56073, Koblenz, Germany, papavlid@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: Pavlos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavlidis
authors.forename: Charalampos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gouveris
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kekes
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002814:Chorda Tympani Nerve; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013652:Taste Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult