title: Multiple transgressions of Wallace's Line explain diversity of flightless Trigonopterus weevils on Bali.
abstract: The fauna of Bali, situated immediately west of Wallace's Line, is supposedly of recent Javanese origin and characterized by low levels of endemicity. In flightless Trigonopterus weevils, however, we find 100% endemism for the eight species here reported for Bali. Phylogeographic analyses show extensive in situ differentiation, including a local radiation of five species. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny and ancestral area reconstruction of Indo-Malayan-Melanesian species reveals a complex colonization pattern, where the three Balinese lineages all arrived from the East, i.e. all of them transgressed Wallace's Line. Although East Java possesses a rich fauna of Trigonopterus, no exchange can be observed with Bali. We assert that the biogeographic picture of Bali has been dominated by the influx of mobile organisms from Java, but different relationships may be discovered when flightless invertebrates are studied. Our results highlight the importance of in-depth analyses of spatial patterns of biodiversity.
authors.affiliation: SNSB-Zoological State Collection, , Münchhausenstrasse 21, Munich 81247, Germany, Division of Zoology, Cibinong Science Center, LIPI, , Jalan Raya Jakarta - Bogor, Cibinong, Indonesia, GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, , Munich, Germany, Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe (SMNK), , Erbprinzenstrasse 13, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tänzler
authors.forename: Emmanuel F A
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Toussaint
authors.forename: Yayuk R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Suhardjono
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balke
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riedel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D007214:Indonesia; D062312:Islands; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058974:Phylogeography; D013997:Time Factors; D048889:Weevils / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Bayesian relaxed clock; Indo-Australian archipelago; biogeography; endemism; phylogeography