title: Homocysteine and metabolic syndrome: from clustering to additional utility in prediction of coronary heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between homocysteine (Hcy) and metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related disorders remains to be unveiled. First, the role of Hcy-MetS interaction in prediction of coronary heart disease (CHD) was assessed. Next, we investigated whether serum Hcy improves CHD risk-prediction beyond MetS and traditional risk factors (TRFs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of 5893 community-dwelling participants (two sub-cohorts, 3286 diabetic and 2607 non-diabetic; ∼ 8.5 years of follow-up).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clustering of Hcy with MetS components was assessed using exploratory factor-analysis. Cox regression hazard ratio (HR) was used to predict CHD using Hcy level and MetS status. Baseline model included MetS and TRFs. Addition of Hcy and hyper-homocysteinemia (HHcy) to the baseline model was evaluated in two separate models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hcy was correlated with MetS components, especially with systolic blood pressure. The factor linking MetS to CHD is the factor through which Hcy is linked to MetS. HHcy and MetS interacted as risk factors for CHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hcy adds to the value of MetS and TRFs for CHD risk-prediction by reclassifying around 47.3-49.0% of the overall and 21.6-28.1% of the intermediate-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: esteghamati@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esteghamati
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hafezi-Nejad
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zandieh
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheikhbahaei
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebadi
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Manouchehr
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakhjavani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006710:Homocysteine
keywords: Biomarkers; Clinical utility; Coronary heart disease; Homocysteine; Metabolic syndrome