title: Mechanisms of setting reactions and interfacial behavior of a nano-filled resin-modified glass ionomer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to improve the short-comings of glass ionomers such as polishability and esthetics while preserving their excellent clinical bonding effectiveness, nanofiller technology has been introduced in a paste-paste resin-modified glass ionomer (nano-filled RMGI, Ketac Nano, KN, 3M ESPE). One objective of this study was to investigate if the introduction of nanotechnology had any significant effect on the setting reaction of the nanoionomer compared to a control RMGI, Vitremer (VM, 3M ESPE). Another objective was to determine the mechanism of bonding of KN in combination with its primer (KNP) to the tooth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were performed on KN and VM during the setting of the GIs. FTIR and XPS were also used to study the reaction of the primer of KN (KNP) with hydroxyapatite (HAP). Shear adhesion to dentin and enamel was measured with KN and compared with several RMGIs and one conventional glass ionomers (CGI). The interfaces were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  FTIR data show that KN undergoes both acid-base and methacrylate setting reactions of classical RMGIs. XPS and FTIR studies of the interaction KNP with HAP shows the formation of calcium-polycarboxylate bond. Shear adhesion and failure mode of KN to enamel and dentin were similar to the other RMGIs and CGI. SEM images of KN with tooth structure showed a tight interface with a thin but distinct layer of 2-3 microns attributed to the primer. This was also observed for VM but not for the other three materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KN showed two setting reactions expected in true RMGIs. The adhesion with dentin and enamel was similar to other glass-ionomers. The formation of calcium-polycarboxylate was also evident. This chemical bonding is a significant factor in the excellent long-term adhesion of these materials.
authors.affiliation: 3M ESPE Dental Products Division, 3M Company, 260-2B-12 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144, United States. Electronic address: afalsafi@mmm.com.
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falsafi
authors.affiliation: 3M ESPE Dental Products Division, 3M Company, 260-2B-12 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144, United States.
authors.forename: Sumita B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.affiliation: 3M ESPE Dental Products Division, 3M Company, 260-2B-12 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144, United States.
authors.forename: Joe D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Oxman
authors.affiliation: 3M ESPE Dental Products Division, 3M Company, 260-2B-12 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144, United States.
authors.forename: Tiffany T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ton
authors.affiliation: 3M ESPE Dental Products Division, 3M Company, 260-2B-12 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144, United States.
authors.forename: Hoa T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Bui
mesh_terms: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D036103:Nanotechnology; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements
keywords: Adhesion; F release; FTIR; Glass ionomer; Ketac Nano; Nanoionomer; Paste-paste system; Resin-modified glass ionomer; SEM; Setting reaction; XPS