title: Reading Without Speech Sounds: VWFA and its Connectivity in the Congenitally Deaf.
abstract: The placement and development of the visual word form area (VWFA) have commonly been assumed to depend, in part, on its connections with language regions. In this study, we specifically examined the effects of auditory speech experience deprivation in shaping the VWFA by investigating its location distribution, activation strength, and functional connectivity pattern in congenitally deaf participants. We found that the location and activation strength of the VWFA in congenitally deaf participants were highly comparable with those of hearing controls. Furthermore, while the congenitally deaf group showed reduced resting-state functional connectivity between the VWFA and the auditory speech area in the left anterior superior temporal gyrus, its intrinsic functional connectivity pattern between the VWFA and a fronto-parietal network was similar to that of hearing controls. Taken together, these results suggest that auditory speech experience has consequences for aspects of the word form-speech sound correspondence network, but that such experience does not significantly modulate the VWFA's placement or response strength. This is consistent with the view that the role of the VWFA might be to provide a representation that is suitable for mapping visual word forms onto language-specific gestures without the need to construct an aural representation.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Xiaosha
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caramazza
authors.affiliation: Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy.
authors.forename: Marius V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Peelen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Zaizhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Yanchao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003638:Deafness / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011932:Reading; D012146:Rest; D013060:Speech; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: auditory speech experience; congenitally deaf; functional connectivity; resting state; visual word form area