title: 3D TEE during catheter-based interventions.
abstract: Guidance of catheter-based procedures is performed using fluoroscopy and 2-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Both of these imaging modalities have significant limitations. Because of its 3-dimensional (3D) nature, 3D TEE allows visualizing the entire scenario in which catheter-based procedures take place (including long segments of catheters, tips, and the devices) in a single 3D view. Despite these undeniable advantages, 3D TEE has not yet gained wide acceptance among most interventional cardiologists and echocardiographists. One reason for this reluctance is probably the absence of standardized approaches for obtaining 3D perspectives that provide the most comprehensive information for any single step of any specific procedure. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe what we believe to be the most useful 3D perspectives in the following catheter-based percutaneous interventions: transseptal puncture; patent foramen ovale/atrial septal defect closure; left atrial appendage occlusion; mitral valve repair; and closure of paravalvular leaks.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland. Electronic address: francesco.faletra@cardiocentro.org.
authors.forename: Francesco Fulvio
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Faletra
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pedrazzini
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pasotti
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muzzarelli
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Dequarti
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murzilli
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Susanne Anna
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schlossbauer
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Iveta Petrova
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moccetti
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011677:Punctures; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
keywords: 2-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography; 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography; catheter-based percutaneous interventions