title: Standardization of the TEMPS-A in the Greek general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study evaluates the reliability and factor-structure replicability of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) in its Greek Version.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TEMPS-A was administered to a convenient sample of 734 subjects from the general Greek population (436 females; 59.4% and 298 males; 40.6%). Their mean age was 40.80±11.48 years (range 25-67 years). The analysis included the calculation of Chronbach's alpha, the calculation of the threshold to define dominant temperaments (+2 standard deviations or 95th percentile), confirmatory factor analysis and the calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients between the temperament scales scores. Analysis of Covariance with age as covariate and post-hoc t-test was used to search for differences in temperament scores between males and females. Also a table of percentile values corresponding to a raw score was created.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal consistency was excellent for the various temperaments (0.72-0.88). The factor analysis confirmed the five factor solution as the best factor solution. All TEMPS items were included in the final version of the scale in the Greek language.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study sample included subjects from the general population, but it is a convenient and not representative sample. Although the authors tried to select them on the basis of being mentally healthy and without a psychiatric history, there is always a degree of uncertainty. There is also always the possibility some of them to manifest a mental disorder in the future, thus being currently in a premorbid state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Greek version of the TEMPS-A, has good internal consistency and factor structure similar to what was found in other translations. Overall our results are in accord with the literature and in line with theoretical considerations as well as with empirical evidence.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Pylaia, Thessaloniki 55535, Greece. Electronic address: kfount@med.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Konstantinos N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Fountoulakis
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Pylaia, Thessaloniki 55535, Greece.
authors.forename: Melina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siamouli
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Pylaia, Thessaloniki 55535, Greece.
authors.forename: Matina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magiria
authors.affiliation: Psychologist, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pantoula
authors.affiliation: Psychologist, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moutou
authors.affiliation: Psychologist, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kemeridou
authors.affiliation: Psychologist, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mavridou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, 424 Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panagiotidis
authors.affiliation: Resident in Psychiatry, Mental Health Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Efimia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loli
authors.affiliation: Psychologist, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Batsiari
authors.affiliation: Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy; Centro Medico Genneruxi, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Preti
authors.affiliation: Mood Center Lucio Bini, Cagliari and Rome, Italy; McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rihmer
authors.affiliation: International Mood Disorders Center, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kareen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.affiliation: International Mood Disorders Center, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hagop
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiskal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013694:Temperament
keywords: Greek translation; TEMPS; Temperament; Validation