title: DNA damage response and DNA repair - dog as a model?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Companion animals like dogs frequently develop tumors with age and similarly to human malignancies, display interpatient tumoral heterogeneity. Tumors are frequently characterized with regard to their mutation spectra, changes in gene expression or protein levels. Among others, these changes affect proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR), which served as a basis for the development of numerous clinically relevant cancer therapies. Even though the effects of different DNA damaging agents, as well as DDR kinetics, have been well characterized in mammalian cells in vitro, very little is so far known about the kinetics of DDR in tumor and normal tissues in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to (i) the similarities between human and canine genomes, (ii) the course of spontaneous tumor development, as well as (iii) common exposure to environmental agents, canine tumors are potentially an excellent model to study DDR in vivo. This is further supported by the fact that dogs show approximately the same rate of tumor development with age as humans. Though similarities between human and dog osteosarcoma, as well as mammary tumors have been well established, only few studies using canine tumor samples addressed the importance of affected DDR pathways in tumor progression, thus leaving many questions unanswered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies in humans showed that misregulated DDR pathways play an important role during tumor development, as well as in treatment response. Since dogs are proposed to be a good tumor model in many aspects of cancer research, we herein critically investigate the current knowledge of canine DDR and discuss (i) its future potential for studies on the in vivo level, as well as (ii) its possible translation to veterinary and human medicine.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grosse
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. crohrer@vetclinics.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rohrer Bley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016678:Genome; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical