title: Comparison of osmolality and refractometric readings of Hispaniolan Amazon parrot (Amazona ventralis) urine.
abstract: To evaluate the relationship between osmolality and specific gravity of urine samples from clinically normal adult parrots and to determine a formula to convert urine specific gravity (USG) measured on a reference scale to a more accurate USG value for an avian species, urine samples were collected opportunistically from a colony of Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Samples were analyzed by using a veterinary refractometer, and specific gravity was measured on both canine and feline scales. Osmolality was measured by vapor pressure osmometry. Specific gravity and osmolality measurements were highly correlated (r = 0.96). The linear relationship between refractivity measurements on a reference scale and osmolality was determined. An equation was calculated to allow specific gravity results from a medical refractometer to be converted to specific gravity values of Hispaniolan Amazon parrots: USGHAp = 0.201 +0.798(USGref). Use of the reference-canine scale to approximate the osmolality of parrot urine leads to an overestimation of the true osmolality of the sample. In addition, this error increases as the concentration of urine increases. Compared with the human-canine scale, the feline scale provides a closer approximation to urine osmolality of Hispaniolan Amazon parrots but still results in overestimation of osmolality.
authors.forename: A Paige
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Vanessa L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Grunkemeyer
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bartges
mesh_terms: D046708:Amazona / Q000502:physiology / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012031:Refractometry / Q000662:veterinary*; D013046:Specific Gravity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000662:veterinary*