title: Entrainment of neural oscillations as a modifiable substrate of attention.
abstract: Brain operation is profoundly rhythmic. Oscillations of neural excitability shape sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. Intrinsic oscillations also entrain to external rhythms, allowing the brain to optimize the processing of predictable events such as speech. Moreover, selective attention to a particular rhythm in a complex environment entails entrainment of neural oscillations to its temporal structure. Entrainment appears to form one of the core mechanisms of selective attention, which is likely to be relevant to certain psychiatric disorders. Deficient entrainment has been found in schizophrenia and dyslexia and mounting evidence also suggests that it may be abnormal in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Accordingly, we suggest that studying entrainment in selective-attention paradigms is likely to reveal mechanisms underlying deficits across multiple disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: Daniel.Calderone@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Calderone
authors.affiliation: Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lakatos
authors.affiliation: Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA. Electronic address: Francisco.Castellanos@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D010507:Periodicity
keywords: EEG; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; dyslexia; entrainment; schizophrenia; selective attention