title: How do hospital professionals involved in a randomised controlled trial perceive the value of genotyping vs. PCR-ribotyping for control of hospital acquired C. difficile infections?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite scientific advances in typing of C. difficile strains very little is known about how hospital staff use typing results during periods of increased incidence (PIIs). This qualitative study, undertaken alongside a randomised controlled trial (RCT), explored this issue. The trial compared ribotyping versus more rapid genotyping (MLVA or multilocus variable repeat analysis) and found no significant difference in post 48 hour cases (C difficile transmissions).
  
  
  METHODS
  In-depth qualitative interviews with senior staff in 11/16 hospital trusts in the trial (5 MLVA and 6 Ribotyping). Semi-structured interviews were conducted at end of the trial period. Transcripts were content analysed using framework analysis supported by NVivo-8 software. Common sub-themes were extracted by two researchers independently. These were compared and organised into over-arching categories or 'super-ordinate themes'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trial recorded that 45% of typing tests had some impact on infection control (IC) activities. Interviews indicated that tests had little impact on initial IC decisions. These were driven by hospital protocols and automatically triggered when a PII was identified. To influence decision-making, a laboratory turnaround time < 3 days (ideally 24 hours) was suggested; MLVA turnaround time was 5.3 days. Typing results were predominantly used to modify initiated IC activities such as ward cleaning, audits of practice or staff training; major decisions (e.g. ward closure) were unaffected. Organisational factors could limit utilisation of MLVA results. Results were twice as likely to be reported as 'aiding management' (indirect benefit) than impacting on IC activities (direct effect). Some interviewees considered test results provided reassurance about earlier IC decisions; others identified secondary benefits on organisational culture. An underlying benefit of improved discrimination provided by MLVA typing was the ability to explore epidemiology associated with CDI cases in a hospital more thoroughly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ribotyping and MLVA are both valued by users. MLVA had little additional direct impact on initial infection control decisions. This would require reduced turnaround time. The major impact is adjustments to earlier IC measures and retrospective reassurance. For this, turnaround time is less important than discriminatory power. The potential remains for wider use of genotyping to examine transmission routes.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. ala.szczepura@coventry.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ala
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szczepura
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzoor
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stallard
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gossain
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hawkey
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021521:Ribotyping / Q000379:methods*