title: Galeata: chronic migraine independently considered in a medieval headache classification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic migraine is a quite recent concept. However, there are descriptions suggestive of episodic migraine since the beginning of scientific medicine. We aim to review main headache classifications during Classical antiquity and compared them with that proposed in the 11th century by Constantine the African in his Liber Pantegni, one of the most influential texts in medieval medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have carried out a descriptive review of Henricum Petrum's Latin edition, year 1539.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Headache classifications proposed by Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Galen of Pergamun and Alexander of Tralles, all of them classifying headaches into three main types, considered an entity (called Heterocrania or Hemicrania), comparable to contemporary episodic migraine.In ninth book of Liber Pantegni, headaches were also classified into three types and one of them, Galeata, consisted on a chronic pain of mild intensity with occasional superimposed exacerbations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Liber Pantegni we have firstly identified, as a separate entity, a headache comparable to that we currently define as chronic migraine: Galeata.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Avda Ramón y Cajal 3, 47005 Valladolid, Spain. gueneurol@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Angel Luís
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Peral
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Frutos González
authors.forename: María Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Pedraza-Hueso
mesh_terms: D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history*; D012014:Reference Books, Medical