title: Seasonal differences in jump performance in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea).
abstract: Fat storage is essential to the survival of many bird species, providing energy reserves, but can have an effect on locomotor performance with an associated potential increase in predation risk. In particular, the ability to initiate flight through jumping is critical to predator avoidance and may be influenced by changes in body mass (Mb). Here we investigate seasonal differences in the jump take-off performance of high Arctic Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea) resulting from around a 50% increase in Mb during winter as a result of fat deposition. Using force-plate data and videography, we reveal that, in the absence of alterations to take-off angle, winter Svalbard rock ptarmigan are unable to increase hind-limb power output during jumping to compensate for their increased Mb. As a result, peak take-off velocity is reduced by 42% and jump duration is also extended during winter. The consequences of reduced jumping performance upon Svalbard ptarmigan during winter may be relatively small given their low risk of predation during this season. It may be, however, that the observed reduction in jumping performance when fat may contribute to the sub-maximal pattern of fat acquisition observed in other bird species.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Lars P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Folkow
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Codd
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nudds
keywords: Arctic; Biomechanics; Birds; Body composition; Fat; Locomotion; Predation; Take-off