title: Magnetic resonance imaging of the iliac crest: age estimation   in under-20 soccer players.
abstract: Age assessment of living individuals represents a valuable tool in both forensic medicine and sports medicine. In soccer, age-related tournaments play an important role in guaranteeing equal chances to the competitors. However, age estimations in this field should not rely on imaging methods that include exposure to radiation. Therefore, the present study investigates the possibilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the iliac crest apophysis for the purpose of evaluating skeletal maturation in under-20 (U-20) soccer players. To this end, gradient echo 3D sequences of the whole pelvis of 152 male tournament soccer players between 18 and 22 years of age were prospectively evaluated. A four stage classification system was applied for the assessment of the apophyseal ossification. Reliable stage determination was possible in all cases. Further sub-classification did not appear feasible due to the limitations of MRI. Analysis of the statistical parameters showed that age medians increased steadily from stage to stage. However, they did not allow for further differentiation of skeletal maturity in the cohort studied. Thus, MRI of the iliac crest appears to be generally suitable in age diagnostics of living individuals, but further investigations, especially in a cohort of individuals aged between 10 and 20 years, are needed in order to establish this method as novel criterion in sports or forensic medicine.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wittschieber
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vieth
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timme
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmeling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D056352:Athletes; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000254:growth & development*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012916:Soccer; D055815:Young Adult