title: Novel sexual dimorphisms of sleep apnea syndrome in diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  OSAS, a frequently neglected, yet frequent comorbidity in T2DM, is associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome and central fat. OSAS is better documented in males, and this study explored novel gender dimorphisms in T2DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study: 815 T2DM (541 males; 274 females) classified into OSAS[-] and OSAS[+] were assessed for cardiometabolic risk factors, glucose homeostasis, micro/macroangiopathies, CV risk, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD); and GAD65 antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a gender dimorphism in glucose control (worse in females), apolipoprotein B100 (higher in females), with apoB100/apoA1 and log(TG)/HDL-C sexually dimorphic. There was also a marked gender dimorphism in GAD65 positivity, higher (+793%) in OSAS[+] females vs. males. There were clear sexual dimorphisms in macro-/microangioathies, regarding stroke, retinopathy and polyneuropathy. OSAS was not sexually dimorphic regarding age; education; and diabetes duration. There was a significant dimorphism in ethnicity. There were no gender-specific dimorphisms related to OSAS in anthropometrics, nor in hypertension, insulin sensitivity, or hyperbolic product loss rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report a series of novel OSAS-related sexual dimorphisms, concerning GAD65 auto-antibodies; polyneuropathy; atherogenic dyslipidemia [all increased in females]; diabetic retinopathy; North-Caucasian ethnicity; metabolic control; and TIA/stroke prevalence [all lower in females]. These findings raise challenging questions regarding the reciprocal pathophysiology between obstructive sleep disorders and cardiometabolic risk in T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: michel.hermans@diab.ucl.ac.be.
authors.forename: Michel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yovan P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Mahadeb
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katchunga
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cikomola Cirhuza
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sylvie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rousseau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000378:metabolism; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D001323:Autoantibodies; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2
keywords: Ethnicity; GAD65 antibodies; Gender; Microvascular; Sleep apnea syndrome; T2DM