title: Identification of transcriptional regulatory elements for Ntng1 and Ntng2 genes in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher brain function is supported by the precise temporal and spatial regulation of thousands of genes. The mechanisms that underlie transcriptional regulation in the brain, however, remain unclear. The Ntng1 and Ntng2 genes, encoding axonal membrane adhesion proteins netrin-G1 and netrin-G2, respectively, are paralogs that have evolved in vertebrates and are expressed in distinct neuronal subsets in a complementary manner. The characteristic expression patterns of these genes provide a part of the foundation of the cortical layer structure in mammals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used gene-targeting techniques, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-aided transgenesis techniques, and in vivo enhancer assays to examine transcriptional mechanisms in vivo to gain insight into how the characteristic expression patterns of these genes are acquired. Analysis of the gene expression patterns in the presence or absence of netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 functional proteins allowed us to exclude the possibility that a feedback or feedforward mechanism mediates their characteristic expression patterns. Findings from the BAC deletion series revealed that widely distributed combinations of cis-regulatory elements determine the differential gene expression patterns of these genes and that major cis-regulatory elements are located in the 85-45 kb upstream region of Ntng2 and in the 75-60 kb upstream region and intronic region of Ntng1. In vivo enhancer assays using 2-kb evolutionarily conserved regions detected enhancer activity in the distal upstream regions of both genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complementary expression patterns of Ntng1 and Ntng2 are determined by transcriptional cis-regulatory elements widely scattered in these loci. The cis-regulatory elements characterized in this study will facilitate the development of novel genetic tools for functionally dissecting neural circuits to better understand vertebrate brain function.
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaguchi
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishimura-Akiyoshi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuroki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onodera
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan. sitohara@brain.riken.jp.
authors.forename: Shigeyoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Itohara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D055879:Gene Knock-In Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D056426:Genetic Loci; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000075385:Netrins; D050436:Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional / Q000235:genetics*; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000075385:Netrins; C456263:Ntng2 protein, mouse; C413653:netrin-G1; D001616:beta-Galactosidase