title: Chronic fatigue in adult survivors of childhood cancer: associated symptoms, neuroendocrine markers, and autonomic cardiovascular responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic fatigue (CF) is a common late effect after childhood cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Based on findings among patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), this study explored symptoms, neuroendocrine markers, and autonomic cardiovascular responses associated with CFS in childhood cancer survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-term survivors of childhood lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia reporting CF were compared with survivors without CF. Data included patient-reported outcomes, clinical examination, head-up tilt test, and neuroendocrine markers in the blood and the urine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 102 included survivors, 15 were excluded from comparative analyses because of significant co-morbidity or pregnancy. Of the remaining 87 participants (median age 33.0 years, follow-up time 25.2 years), 35 had CF and 52 did not have CF. Compared with non-CF controls, CF cases reported a significantly (P < 0.01) higher frequency of symptoms typical of the CFS (muscle or joint pain or both and feeling confused/disoriented) and symptoms of autonomic dysfunction (palpitations, feeling intermittently heat and cold, and watery diarrhea). CF cases and controls did not differ regarding autonomic cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress, but the CF group had lower levels of plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (P = 0.002) and higher levels of urine norepinephrine (P = 0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survivors with CF reported a high symptom-burden compared with controls. There were few differences between both the groups regarding biomarkers, but slight alterations of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous activity were detected. CF in cancer survivors has features in common with the CFS, but further efforts are required to clarify the pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: bzeller@ous-hf.no.
authors.forename: Bernward
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zeller
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruud
authors.affiliation: National Resource Center for Late Effects after Cancer Treatment, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Havard Loge
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Adriani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanellopoulos
authors.affiliation: National Resource Center for Late Effects after Cancer Treatment, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamre
authors.affiliation: Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Godang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Vegard
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bruun Wyller
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D000328:Adult; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003221:Confusion / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000150:complications*; D018667:Tilt-Table Test; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D009638:Norepinephrine