title: Phylogenetic analysis and seroprevalence of influenza C virus in Mie Prefecture, Japan in 2012.
abstract: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR were used to detect 14 (6.6%) influenza C virus (InfC) among 213 clinical samples collected from children with respiratory symptoms in Mie Prefecture, Japan, between January 2012 and December 2012. Virus isolation using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and/or embryonated chicken eggs was also successful for 3 of the 14 PCR-positive samples. Eleven patients (78.6%) were aged <3 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene showed that the InfC detected in Mie Prefecture belonged to the C/Sao Paulo/82-related lineage. To determine the seroprevalence of InfC, a total of 575 serum samples from patients aged 1 month to 69 years in Mie Prefecture were screened by hemagglutination inhibition test using the C/Mie/199/2012 (C/Sao Paulo/82-related lineage) strain as the antigen. The samples with an antibody titer of ≥1:16 were designated as antibody-positive. The results showed that 53.7% of the 296 serum samples collected in 2011 and 85.3% of the 279 samples collected in 2012 were positive for antibodies against InfC, suggesting that an outbreak of InfC infection occurred in Mie Prefecture in 2012. Therefore, continuous and proactive monitoring is important to determine the number of InfC-infections and to better understand the epidemiology.
authors.affiliation: Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Shigehiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akachi
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.forename: Motoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamadera
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yuhki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwade
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kusuhara
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuta
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Sagako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naraya
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: Takamichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishinaka
authors.forename: Hideomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ihara
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuzaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D009982:Gammainfluenzavirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D012367:RNA, Viral