title: Rectus femoris transfer in cerebral palsy patients with stiff knee gait.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several studies have reported on the outcomes of rectus femoris transfer (RFT), few have investigated the multiple factors that could affect the results. Therefore, we evaluated the outcomes of RFT and analyzed factors that influence improvement and annual change in knee motion after surgery in patients with cerebral palsy (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed ambulatory patients with CP who were followed up after they had undergone RFT as part of a single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) and who had undergone preoperative and postoperative three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis between January 1995 and December 2012. Relevant kinematic values, including peak knee flexion, knee range of motion, and timing of peak knee flexion in the swing phase and gait deviation index (GDI) score, were the outcome measures. Improvements in rate of angle and GDI score were adjusted by multiple factors such as sex, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, anatomic type of CP, and concomitant surgeries as the fixed effects, and follow-up duration, laterality, and each subject as the random effects, all of which was performed using a linear mixed model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 290 patients (487 limbs) and 612 3D gait analysis (2-4 per patient) results were finally included in this study. At 2 years after RFT, estimated mean peak knee flexion (1.2°, p=0.005), estimated mean knee range of motion (10.7°, p<0.001), and estimated mean GDI score (7.3, p<0.001) increased significantly. Peak knee flexion in the swing phase occurred 5.4% earlier after surgery compared with that at baseline (p<0.001). In serial postoperative gait analyses, peak knee flexion in the swing phase occurred 0.8% earlier per year in patients with GMFCS level I or II (p=0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RFT as part of a SEMLS was effective in treating stiff knee gait. In serial postoperative gait analyses, patients with GMFCS level I or II showed better prognosis than those with level III with regard to timing of peak knee flexion in the swing phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic level IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mongji Hospital, Kyungki, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Yeol
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyungki, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soon-Sun
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyungki, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chin Youb
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyungki, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyungki, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Konyang University Hospital, Daejon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Gyun
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyungki, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woo Cheol
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Joon
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won Joon
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyungki, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: pmsmed@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Moon Seok
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cerebral palsy; Outcome; Rectus femoris transfer; Single event multilevel surgery; Stiff knee gait