title: Innovative strategy with potential to increase hemodialysis efficiency and safety.
abstract: Uremic toxins are mainly represented by blood urine nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Crea) whose removal is critically important in hemodialysis (HD) for kidney disease. Patients undergoing HD have a complex illness, resulting from: inadequate removal of organic waste, dialysis-induced oxidative stress and membrane-induced inflammation. Here we report innovative breakthroughs for efficient and safe HD by using a plasmon-induced dialysate comprising Au nanoparticles (NPs)-treated (AuNT) water that is distinguishable from conventional deionized (DI) water. The diffusion coefficient of K3Fe(CN)6 in saline solution can be significantly increased from 2.76, to 4.62 × 10(-6) cm s(-1), by using AuNT water prepared under illumination by green light-emitting diodes (LED). In vitro HD experiments suggest that the treatment times for the removals of 70% BUN and Crea are reduced by 47 and 59%, respectively, using AuNT water instead of DI water in dialysate, while additionally suppressing NO release from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cells.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan [2].
authors.forename: Hsiao-Chien
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan [3].
authors.forename: Hsiu-Chen
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan [2] Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsi-Hsien
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan [2] Biomedical Mass Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-Der
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan [2] Biomedical Mass Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Chuan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Mao
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan [2] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Chao
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Yen
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005292:Ferricyanides / Q000737:chemistry; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D061214:Patient Safety; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005292:Ferricyanides; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006046:Gold; D003404:Creatinine; C028033:potassium ferricyanide