title: Distinct systemic and central nervous system disease patterns in enterovirus and parechovirus infected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enteroviruses (EV) and human parechoviruses (HPeV) infections are increasingly identified in neonates and young children with sepsis, meningitis and encephalitis. We investigated EV and HPeV viral loads in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) among those presenting with sepsis or central nervous system (CNS) disease to gain understanding of the nature of these infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detections frequencies and viral loads of EV and HPeV RNA were compared in plasma and CSF obtained from infected children originally identified on sepsis or CNS screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two distinct infection profiles were identified; 11 subjects with CNS disease, showed higher or similar viral loads in CSF than in plasma (median plasma:CSF ratio 0.5), whereas 14 children with sepsis showed low or undetectable viral loads in CSF and high viral loads in plasma (mean ratio 5700). HPeV type 3 and one EV serotype (coxsackievirus B2) were primarily associated with the latter presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple detection of EV or HPeV RNA in CSF is not predictive of CNS disease, especially in the absence of clinical markers (i.e. pleocytosis). Screening of plasma can identify EV and HPeV RNA in a substantial proportion of sepsis cases, some of which will be missed if CSF samples alone are screened.
authors.affiliation: Specialist Virology Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK; Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK. Electronic address: heli.simmonds@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harvala
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Infection and Global Health, The Ronald Ross Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Infection and Global Health, The Ronald Ross Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simmonds
mesh_terms: D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000821:virology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008587:Meningitis, Viral / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D030061:Parechovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D010949:Plasma / Q000821:virology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load
keywords: Children; Enterovirus; Meningitis; Parechovirus; Picornavirus; Sepsis