title: Transfection of influenza A virus nuclear export protein induces the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha.
abstract: Influenza A virus genomic segments eight codes for non-structural 1 (NS1) protein that is involved in evasion of innate antiviral response, and nuclear export protein (NEP) that participates in the export of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, transcription and replication. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is highly expressed during influenza virus infections and is considered an anti-infective cytokine. NS1 and NEP proteins were overexpressed and their role on TNF-α expression was evaluated. Both TNF-α mRNA and protein increased in cells transfected with NEP but not with NS1. We further investigate if NS1 or NEP regulates the activity of TNF-α promoter. In the presence of NEP the activity of TNF-α promoter increased significantly compared with the control (83.5±2.9 vs. 30.9±2.8, respectively; p=0.001). This effect decreased 15-fold when the TNF-α promoter distal region was deleted, suggesting the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and NF-kB response elements. This was corroborated by testing the effect produced on TNF-α promoter by the treatment with Raf/MEK/ERK (U0126), NF-kB (Bay-11-7082) and PI3K (Ly294-002) cell signaling inhibitors. Treatment with U0126 and Bay-117082 reduced the activity of TNF-α promoter mediated by NEP (41.5±3.2, 70% inhibition; and 80.6±7.4, 35% inhibition, respectively) compared to mock-treated control. The results suggest a new role for NEP protein that participates in the transcriptional regulation of human TNF-α expression.
authors.affiliation: Lab. de Virología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, HGZ5, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 carretera Atlixco-Metepec, CP 74360 Metepec, Puebla, Mexico; Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103 F, CU-BUAP, San Manuel, CP 72550 Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: alelarasampablo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lara-Sampablo
authors.affiliation: Lab. de Virología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, HGZ5, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 carretera Atlixco-Metepec, CP 74360 Metepec, Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: flores_alonso_jc@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flores-Alonso
authors.affiliation: Lab. de Virología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, HGZ5, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 carretera Atlixco-Metepec, CP 74360 Metepec, Puebla, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nereyda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Jesús-Ortega
authors.affiliation: Lab. de Virología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, HGZ5, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 carretera Atlixco-Metepec, CP 74360 Metepec, Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: gerardo.santos.lopez@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santos-López
authors.affiliation: Lab. de Virología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, HGZ5, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 carretera Atlixco-Metepec, CP 74360 Metepec, Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: veronica_vallejo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vallejo-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103 F, CU-BUAP, San Manuel, CP 72550 Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: nora.rosas@correo.buap.mx.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rosas-Murrieta
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103 F, CU-BUAP, San Manuel, CP 72550 Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: sandrareyescarmona@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reyes-Carmona
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103 F, CU-BUAP, San Manuel, CP 72550 Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: irma.herrera@correo.buap.mx.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Herrera-Camacho
authors.affiliation: Lab. de Virología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, HGZ5, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 carretera Atlixco-Metepec, CP 74360 Metepec, Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: julio.reyes@imss.gob.mx.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes-Leyva
mesh_terms: D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C085820:INS1 protein, influenza virus; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins
keywords: Influenza virus; Nuclear export protein; Overexpression; Signaling pathway inhibitor; Transcriptional regulation; Tumor necrosis factor alpha