title: Common Factor Mechanisms in Clinical Practice and Their Relationship with Outcome.
abstract: This study investigates three common factor mechanisms that could affect outcome in clinical practice: response expectancy, the affective expectation model and motivational concordance. Clients attending a gestalt therapy clinic (30 clients), a sophrology (therapeutic technique) clinic (33 clients) and a homeopathy clinic (31 clients) completed measures of expectancy and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) before their first session. After 1 month, they completed PANAS and measures of intrinsic motivation, perceived effort and empowerment. Expectancy was not associated with better outcome and was no different between treatments. Although some of the 54 clients who endorsed highest expectations showed substantial improvement, others did not: 19 had no change or deteriorated in positive affect, and 18 had the same result for negative affect. Intrinsic motivation independently predicted changes in negative affect (β = -0.23). Intrinsic motivation (β = 0.24), effort (β = 0.23) and empowerment (β = 0.20) independently predicted positive affect change. Expectancy (β = -0.17) negatively affected changes in positive affect. Clients found gestalt and sophrology to be more intrinsically motivating, empowering and effortful compared with homeopathy. Greater improvement in mood was found for sophrology and gestalt than for homeopathy clients. These findings are inconsistent with response expectancy as a common factor mechanism in clinical practice. The results support motivational concordance (outcome influenced by the intrinsic enjoyment of the therapy) and the affective expectation model (high expectations can lead for some clients to worse outcome). When expectancy correlates with outcome in some other studies, this may be due to confound between expectancy and intrinsic enjoyment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common factors play an important role in outcome. Intrinsic enjoyment of a therapeutic treatment is associated with better outcome. Active engagement with a therapeutic treatment improves outcome. Unrealistic expectations about a therapeutic treatment can have a negative impact on outcome.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaitan-Sierra
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hyland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D005864:Gestalt Therapy; D006705:Homeopathy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D019222:Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical; D009042:Motivation; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011209:Power, Psychological; D013811:Psychotherapeutic Processes; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Affective Expectation Model; Common Factors; Mood Change; Motivation; Therapeutic Treatment