title: Chronic unlimited recording electrocorticography-guided resective epilepsy surgery: technology-enabled enhanced fidelity in seizure focus localization with improved surgical efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epilepsy surgery is at the cusp of a transformation due to the convergence of advancements in multiple technologies. Emerging neuromodulatory therapies offer the promise of functionally correcting neural instability and obviating the need for resective or ablative surgery in select cases. Chronic implanted neurological monitoring technology, delivered as part of a neuromodulatory therapeutic device or as a stand-alone monitoring system, offers the potential to monitor patients chronically in their normal ambulatory setting with outpatient medication regimens. This overcomes significant temporal limitations, pharmacological perturbations, and infection risks inherent in the present technology comprising subacute percutaneous inpatient monitoring of presurgical candidates in an epilepsy monitoring unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the pivotal study for the NeuroPace Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS) System, the authors assessed the efficacy of the RNS System to control seizures in a group of patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Prior to RNS System implantation, these patients were not candidates for further resective surgery because they had temporal lobe epilepsy with bilateral temporal sources, frontal lobe reflex epilepsy with involvement of primary motor cortex, and occipital lobe epilepsy with substantial involvement of eloquent visual cortex. Without interfering with and beyond the scope of the therapeutic aspect of the RNS System study, the authors were able to monitor seizure and epileptiform activity from chronically implanted subdural and depth electrodes in these patients, and, in doing so, they were able to more accurately localize the seizure source. In 5 of these study patients, in whom the RNS System was not effective, the notion of resective surgery was revisited and considered in light of the additional information gleaned from the chronic intracranial recordings obtained from various permutations of electrodes monitoring sources in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Through long-term analysis of chronic unlimited recording electrocorticography (CURE) from chronically implanted electrodes, the authors were able to further refine seizure source localization and sufficiently increase the expected likelihood of seizure control to the extent that 4 patients who had previously been considered not to be candidates for surgery did undergo resective surgery, and all have achieved seizure freedom. A fifth patient, who had a double-band heterotopia, underwent surgery but did not achieve significant seizure reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic unlimited recording electrocorticography-guided resective epilepsy surgery employs new monitoring technology in a novel way, which in this small series was felt to improve seizure localization and consequently the potential efficacy of resective surgery. This suggests that the CURE modality could improve outcomes in patients who undergo resective surgery, and it may expand the set of patients in whom resective surgery may be expected to be efficacious and therefore the potential number of patients who may achieve seizure freedom. The authors report 4 cases of patients in which this technique and technology had a direct role in guiding surgery that provided seizure freedom and that suggest this new approach warrants further study to characterize its value in presurgical evaluation. Clinical trial no.: NCT00572195 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: DiLorenzo
authors.forename: Erwin Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Mangubat
authors.forename: Marvin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D058542:Implantable Neurostimulators; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: AED = antiepileptic drug; CURE = chronic unlimited recording electrocorticography; ECoG = electrocorticographic; EEG = electroencephalography; IPG = implantable pulse generator; MEG = magnetoencephalography; RNS = Responsive Neurostimulation; RUMC = Rush University Medical Center; SISCOM = subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to MRI; VNS = vagus nerve stimulation; chronic monitoring; epilepsy surgery; intracranial electrodes; intracranial monitoring; seizure focus localization; subdural electrodes