title: In vivo evaluation of the genotoxic effects of gonadotropins on rat reticulocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gonadotropins, as ovulation-inducing drugs, have been used widely to treat infertility. An epidemiologic correlation between infertility therapy and ovarian cancer development has been reported. However, the effect of gonadotropins in the formation of reproductive tract cancers is controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine the in vivo genotoxic effects of gonadotropins on rat reticulocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, randomized, controlled study, rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups. The calculated rat doses of 0.65 human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), 0.95 hMG, 0.65 follitropin beta (FB), 0.95 FB, or normal saline (control group) were injected, respectively. These calculated rat doses (U/g) are based on average human gonadotropin doses of 150 and 225 IU/d for a 70-kg woman given in 2-mL saline (the control group received 2 mL of saline). Injections were administered once per day for 5 days, followed by 5 days of rest. Each treatment was repeated for 6 estrus cycles in the rats for a total of 12 estrus cycles. Six months after the last day of the 12(th) cycle, the rats were euthanized. Bone marrow tissues were removed, and pluripotent reticulocyte cells with micronuclei, nuclear buds, and binuclear abnormalities were analyzed using an in situ micronuclei assay under light microscopy. The proportion of micronucleated cells, cells with anaphase bridge, nuclear buds, and other nuclear abnormalities were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of cells with nuclear buds and binuclear abnormalities in the hMG 225 and FB 225 groups was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that from the hMG 150, FB 150, and control groups in the cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow stem cells. An increased rate of genotoxicity in all gonadotropin groups versus that of placebo was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In rats, the micronucleus genotoxicity assay suggests a dose-dependent gonadotropin effect on genomic instability in bone marrow stem cells in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onder
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Koc
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Simav Government Hospital, Kütahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Safak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozdemirci
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Topcuoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozturk
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
keywords: genotoxicity; gonadotropins; infertility; micronuclei; rat