title: Virus and cystic fibrosis: rhinoviruses are associated with exacerbations in adult patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have suggested the potential role of respiratory viruses in cystic fibrosis (CF) exacerbation, but their real impact is probably underestimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four sputum samples collected from 46 adult patients were included in the study: 33 samples were collected during exacerbation of CF, and 31 during the stable phase. After extraction, nucleic acids were tested for the presence of respiratory viruses. When rhinovirus (HRV) was detected, the 5'UTR and VP4/2 regions were sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. The characteristics of patients in exacerbation and stable phase were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viruses were found in 25% of samples. The HRV viruses were the most frequently detected followed by coronaviruses. Only the HRV detection was significantly associated with the occurrence of CF pulmonary exacerbation (p<0.027). Characterization of 5'UTR and VP4/2 regions of the HRV genome specified that HRV-A, -B, -C were detected. All HRV-C were recombinant HRV-Ca.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRV were the most frequently detected viruses; their detection was significantly associated with the occurrence of an exacerbation. The reality of viral recombination between HRV was demonstrated in CF patients for the first time, raising the role of viruses in lung microbiota. Further studies are now warranted to decipher virus impact in CF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Lille Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France; Molecular & Cellular Virology of Hepatitis C, Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ. Lille North of France. Electronic address: anne.goffard@univ-lille2.fr.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goffard
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Lille Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Lille Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salleron
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Lille Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herwegh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Lille Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France; Lille 2 University, Lille Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Ilka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Engelmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Grenoble Hospital, France.
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pneumology and Immuno-Allergology, Grenoble Hospital, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pneumology and Immuno-Allergology, CRCM adulte, Calmette Hospital, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Perrez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pneumology and Immuno-Allergology, CRCM adulte, Calmette Hospital, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prévotat
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Lille Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Anny
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dewilde
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Lille Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France; Center of Infection and Immunology of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur, Biology and Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens (BDEEP - EA4547), Lille, France; INSERM U1019, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delhaes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013183:Sputum / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Cystic fibrosis; PCR; Pulmonary exacerbation; Rhinovirus