title: Dietary intake of trace elements, minerals, and vitamins of patients on chronic hemodialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to estimate dietary intakes of trace elements, minerals, and vitamins in hemodialysis patients (HDP) of three centers in one metropolitan and two urban areas of Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily dietary intake was assessed using a 3-day diet diary in 128 HDP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean daily intakes of trace elements were as follows: zinc, 7.6 ± 5.4 mg; copper, 14.3 ± 11.8 mg; selenium, 28.3 ± 18.1 μg; and iron, 7.2 ± 4.1 mg (7.8 ± 2.6 mg in women, 6.9 ± 2.4 mg in men). The distribution of patients by daily intakes of trace elements showed most were under the recommended values, with the exception of copper intake, which was much higher. Mean daily intakes of minerals were as follows: magnesium, 174.4 ± 94.3 mg; phosphorus, 842.6 ± 576.8 mg; calcium, 371.8 ± 363.7 mg; potassium, 1,616.2 ± 897.3 mg; and sodium, 1,350 ± 1,281 mg. Mean daily intakes of vitamins were as follows: vitamin A, 486.1 ± 544.6 μg; vitamin B1, 0.86 ± 0.7 mg; vitamin B2, 1.1 ± 0.7 mg; vitamin B3, 13.3 ± 8.1 mg; vitamin C, 47.8 ± 50.3 mg; and vitamin E, 9.5 ± 3.6 mg. The distribution of patients by daily intakes of vitamins showed most were under the recommended values. Daily intakes of trace elements and vitamins were similar among the three centers and did not differ between dialysis and non-dialysis days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many HDP have daily dietary intakes of trace elements and vitamins below the recommended values, whereas the intake of copper is much higher.
authors.affiliation: Servizio Emodialisi, Istituto di Clinica Chirurgica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy, maubosso@tin.it.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bossola
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Stasio
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: Giusy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carlomagno
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Monteburini
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cenerelli
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santarelli
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boggi
authors.forename: Giacinto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miggiano
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vulpio
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mele
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tazza
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002118:Calcium; D003300:Copper; D015930:Diet Records; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008274:Magnesium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010758:Phosphorus; D011188:Potassium; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012964:Sodium; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014801:Vitamin A; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D014810:Vitamin E; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014131:Trace Elements; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D014810:Vitamin E; D010758:Phosphorus; D003300:Copper; D012964:Sodium; D007501:Iron; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium