title: The clinical presentation and management of carcinoid heart disease.
abstract: Carcinoid heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Although cases of carcinoid syndrome and severe carcinoid heart disease requiring urgent intervention are well described, many patients with significant carcinoid heart disease may have insidious symptoms or even be asymptomatic. As haemodynamically significant carcinoid heart disease may be clinically silent, specific and individualised considerations must be made as to the most appropriate clinical criteria and time point at which surgical valve replacement should be undertaken in patients with carcinoid heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Tumour Group, University Hospital Aintree, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK; Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK. Electronic address: rebeccadobson@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Tumour Group, University Hospital Aintree, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Aintree, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK; Neuroendocrine Tumour Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Tumour Group, University Hospital Aintree, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK; Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cuthbertson
mesh_terms: D002275:Carcinoid Heart Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic / Q000401:mortality; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Carcinoid heart disease; Management; Valve surgery