title: Electromyogram synergy control of a dexterous artificial hand to unscrew and screw objects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to their limited dexterity, it is currently not possible to use a commercially available prosthetic hand to unscrew or screw objects without using elbow and shoulder movements. For these tasks, prosthetic hands function like a wrench, which is unnatural and limits their use in tight working environments. Results from timed rotational tasks with human subjects demonstrate the clinical need for increased dexterity of prosthetic hands, and a clinically viable solution to this problem is presented for an anthropomorphic artificial hand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially, a human hand motion analysis was performed during a rotational task. From these data, human hand synergies were derived and mapped to an anthropomorphic artificial hand. The synergy for the artificial hand is controlled using conventional dual site electromyogram (EMG) signals. These EMG signals were mapped to the developed synergy to control four joints of the dexterous artificial hand simultaneously.Five limb absent and ten able-bodied test subjects participated in a comparison study to complete a timed rotational task as quickly as possible with their natural hands (except for one subject with a bilateral hand absence), eight commercially available prosthetic hands, and the proposed synergy controller. Each test subject used two to four different artificial hands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the able-bodied subjects, the developed synergy controller reduced task completion time by 177% on average. The limb absent subjects completed the task faster on average than with their own prostheses by 46%. There was a statistically significant improvement in task completion time with the synergy controller for three of the four limb absent participants with integrated prostheses, and was not statistically different for the fourth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed synergy controller reduced average task completion time compared to commercially available prostheses. Additionally, the synergy controller is able to function in a small workspace and requires less physical effort since arm movements are not required. The synergy controller is driven by conventional dual site EMG signals that are commonly used for prosthetic hand control, offering a viable solution for people with an upper limb absence to use a more dexterous artificial hand to screw or unscrew objects.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Nareen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karnati
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Akron, ASEC Rm, 101, Akron, OH, USA. engeberg@uakron.edu.
authors.forename: Erik D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Engeberg
mesh_terms: D000674:Amputees; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D004576:Electromyography; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000379:methods*