title: Source Apportionment and Elemental Composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia.
abstract: This paper presents the first comprehensive investigation of PM2.5 and PM10 composition and sources in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a multi-week multiple sites sampling campaign in Jeddah between June and September, 2011, and analyzed samples by XRF. The overall mean mass concentration was 28.4 ± 25.4 μg/m3for PM2.5 and 87.3 ± 47.3 μg/m3for PM10, with significant temporal and spatial variability. The average ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was 0.33. Chemical composition data were modeled using factor analysis with varimax orthogonal rotation to determine five and four particle source categories contributing significant amount of for PM2.5 and PM10 mass, respectively. In both PM2.5 and PM10 sources were (1) heavy oil combustion characterized by high Ni and V; (2) resuspended soil characterized by high concentrations of Ca, Fe, Al, and Si; and (3) marine aerosol. The two other sources in PM2.5 were (4) Cu/Zn source; (5) traffic source identified by presence of Pb, Br, and Se; while in PM10 it was a mixed industrial source. To estimate the mass contributions of each individual source category, the CAPs mass concentration was regressed against the factor scores. Cumulatively, resuspended soil and oil combustion contributed 77 and 82% mass of PM2.5 and PM10, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mamdouh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khodeir
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Magdy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alghamdi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mianhua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lung-Chi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Polina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maciejczyk