title: Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in the German ClinSurv HIV Cohort: long-term incidence and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) still presents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), including those on antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we aimed to determine the long-term incidence density rate (IDR) of TB and risk factors among PLWHA in relation to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of PLWHA enrolled from 2001 through 2011 in the German ClinSurv HIV Cohort were investigated using survival analysis and Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TB was diagnosed in 233/11,693 PLWHA either at enrollment (N = 62) or during follow-up (N = 171). The TB IDR during follow-up was 0.37 cases per 100 person-years (PY) overall [95% CI, 0.32-0.43], and was higher among patients who never started cART and among patients originating from Sub-Saharan Africa (1.23 and 1.20 per 100PY, respectively). In two multivariable analyses, both patients (I) who never started cART and (II) those on cART shared the same risk factors for TB, namely: originating from Sub-Saharan Africa compared to Germany (I, hazard ratio (HR); [95% CI]) 4.05; [1.87-8.78] and II, HR 5.15 [2.76-9.60], CD4+ cell count <200 cells/μl (I, HR 8.22 [4.36-15.51] and II, HR 1.90 [1.14-3.15]) and viral load >5 log10 copies/ml (I, HR 2.51 [1.33-4.75] and II, HR 1.77 [1.11-2.82]). Gender, age or HIV-transmission risk group were not independently associated with TB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the German ClinSurv HIV cohort, patients originating from Sub-Saharan Africa, with low CD4+ cell count or high viral load at enrollment were at increased risk of TB even after cART initiation. As patients might be latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, early screening for latent TB infection and implementing isoniazid preventive therapy in line with available recommendations is crucial.
authors.affiliation: Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr, 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany. KaroB@rki.de.
authors.forename: Basel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karo
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kollan
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer
authors.forename: Osamah
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hamouda
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fiebig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*