title: Cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: a systematic review focusing on guidelines, indications, and radiation dose risks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the paper is to identify, review, analyze, and summarize available evidence in three areas on the use of cross-sectional imaging, specifically maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in pre- and postoperative dental implant therapy: (1) Available clinical use guidelines, (2) indications and contraindications for use, and (3) assessment of associated radiation dose risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three focused questions were developed to address the aims. A systematic literature review was performed using a PICO-based search strategy based on MeSH key words specific to each focused question of English-language publications indexed in the MEDLINE database retrospectively from October 31, 2012. These results were supplemented by a hand search and gray literature search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve publications were identified providing guidelines for the use of cross-sectional radiography, particularly CBCT imaging, for the pre- and/or postoperative assessment of potential dental implant sites. The publications discovered by the PICO strategy (43 articles), hand (12), and gray literature searches (1) for the second focus question regarding indications and contraindications for CBCT use in implant dentistry were either cohort or case-controlled studies. For the third question on the assessment of associated radiation dose risk, a total of 22 articles were included. Publication characteristics and themes were summarized in tabular format.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported indications for CBCT use in implant dentistry vary from preoperative analysis regarding specific anatomic considerations, site development using grafts, and computer-assisted treatment planning to postoperative evaluation focusing on complications due to damage of neurovascular structures. Effective doses for different CBCT devices exhibit a wide range with the lowest dose being almost 100 times less than the highest dose. Significant dose reduction can be achieved by adjusting operating parameters, including exposure factors and reducing the field of view (FOV) to the actual region of interest.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Scarfe
authors.forename: Vida M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: Reinhilde
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D000075202:Contraindications; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants