title: Evaluation of mirrored muscle activity in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motor dysfunction in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) has been associated with bilateral changes in central motor processing, suggesting abnormal coupling between the affected and unaffected limb. We evaluated the occurrence of involuntary muscle activity in a limb during voluntary movements of the contralateral limb (i.e., mirror activity) in unilaterally affected patients to examine disinhibition of contralateral motor activity in CRPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mirror activity was examined during unimanual rhythmic flexion-extension movements of the wrist through in-depth analysis of electromyography recordings from the passive arm in 20 CRPS patients and 40 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of mirror-epochs was comparable for both arms in both CRPS patients and controls. Mirror-epochs in the affected arm of patients were comparable to those in controls. Mirror-epochs in the unaffected arm were shorter and showed less resemblance (in terms of rhythm and timing) to activity of the homologous muscle in the moving arm compared to mirror-epochs in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evidence for disinhibition of contralateral motor activity was found during unimanual movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although motor dysfunction in CRPS has been associated with bilateral changes in cortical motor processing, the present findings argue against disinhibition of interhemispheric projections to homologous muscles in the contralateral limb during unimanual movement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: p.j.m.bank@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Paulina J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bank
authors.affiliation: Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C Lieke E
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Peper
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marinus
authors.affiliation: Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; School of Sport and Education, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Beek
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacobus J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Hilten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004421:Dystonia / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014953:Wrist / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome; Dystonia; Electromyography; Mirror movements; Motor impairment