title: Retinol binding protein 4 concentrations relate to enhanced atherosclerosis in obese patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP) enhances metabolic risk and atherogenesis. Whether RBP4 contributes to cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed RBP4 concentrations and those of endothelial activation molecules including E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by ELISA, and the common carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid artery plaque by ultrasound in 217 (112 black and 105 white) patients with RA. Relationships were identified in potential confounder and mediator adjusted mixed regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RBP4 concentrations were associated with systolic and mean blood pressure, and those of glucose and E-selectin (partial R = -0.207 (p = 0.003), -0.195 (p = 0.006), -0.155 (p = 0.03) and -0.191 (p = 0.007), respectively in all patients); these RBP4-cardiovascular risk relations were mostly reproduced in patients with but not without adverse traditional or non-traditional cardiovascular risk profiles. RBP4 concentrations were not associated with atherosclerosis in all patients, but related independently to cIMT (partial R = 0.297, p = 0.03) and plaque (OR (95%CI) = 2.95 (1.31-6.68), p = 0.008) in those with generalized obesity, as well as with plaque in those with abdominal obesity (OR (95%CI)  = 1.95 (1.12-3.42), p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, RBP4 concentrations were inversely associated with metabolic risk and endothelial activation in RA. This requires further investigation. RBP4 concentrations were related to enhanced atherosclerosis in patients with generalized or/and abdominal obesity.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Dessein
authors.affiliation: Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Gavin R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Woodiwiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019040:E-Selectin; C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma