title: Are gender differences in external noses caused by differences in nasal septal growth?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nasal septum plays an important role in nasal growth, but there have been few reports on the relationship between the septum and nasal growth. The authors investigated the relationship between septa and external noses using computed tomography during the growth period.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-eight patients under the age of 21 were enrolled in this study between 2008 and 2012. The authors evaluated a total of 9 measurement items (five for nasal bones and septa, and four for external noses).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the final age group, most measurement items were significantly larger in males than in females. However, there was no remarkable difference between male and female growth processes. Nasal bridge length and nasal height were significantly correlated with the nasal bone or septum in almost all age groups. The relative proportion of the cartilaginous septum decreased significantly with age, and was negatively correlated with the perpendicular plate in all age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal septa and external noses were both larger in males than in females at the beginning of the study period, although not significantly. The differences became significant throughout the study due to differential increases between the sexes during the monitored growth spurts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jaehoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University Changwon Samsung Medical Center, Changwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoung Ouk
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Sub
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nam Gyun
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: suupsiro@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Jun Sik
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D055171:Nasal Cartilages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D009666:Nose / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D055172:Vomer / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Computed tomographic scan; Growth period; Nasal growth; Nasal septal cartilage; Sex difference