title: Artifacts in three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is subject to the same types of artifacts encountered on two-dimensional TEE. However, when displayed in a 3D format, some of the artifacts appear more "realistic," whereas others are unique to image acquisition and postprocessing. Three-dimensional TEE is increasingly used in the setting of percutaneous catheter-based interventions and ablation procedures, and 3D artifacts caused by the metallic components of catheters and devices are particularly frequent. Knowledge of these artifacts is of paramount relevance to avoid misinterpretation of 3D images. Although artifacts and pitfalls on two-dimensional echocardiography are well described and classified, a systematic description of artifacts in 3D transesophageal echocardiographic images and how they affect 3D imaging is still absent. The aim of this review is to describe the most relevant artifacts on 3D TEE, with particular emphasis on those occurring during percutaneous interventions for structural heart disease and ablation procedures.
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland. Electronic address: francesco.faletra@cardiocentro.org.
authors.forename: Francesco Fulvio
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Faletra
authors.affiliation: Tufts University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Alamelu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramamurthi
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Dequarti
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laura Anna
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moccetti
authors.affiliation: Tufts University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Natesa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandian
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Artifacts; Percutaneous catheter-based interventions; Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography