title: Rating locomotive crew diesel emission exposure profiles using statistics and Bayesian Decision Analysis.
abstract: For more than 20 years CSX Transportation (CSXT) has collected exposure measurements from locomotive engineers and conductors who are potentially exposed to diesel emissions. The database included measurements for elemental and total carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatics, aldehydes, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide. This database was statistically analyzed and summarized, and the resulting statistics and exposure profiles were compared to relevant occupational exposure limits (OELs) using both parametric and non-parametric descriptive and compliance statistics. Exposure ratings, using the American Industrial Health Association (AIHA) exposure categorization scheme, were determined using both the compliance statistics and Bayesian Decision Analysis (BDA). The statistical analysis of the elemental carbon data (a marker for diesel particulate) strongly suggests that the majority of levels in the cabs of the lead locomotives (n = 156) were less than the California guideline of 0.020 mg/m(3). The sample 95th percentile was roughly half the guideline; resulting in an AIHA exposure rating of category 2/3 (determined using BDA). The elemental carbon (EC) levels in the trailing locomotives tended to be greater than those in the lead locomotive; however, locomotive crews rarely ride in the trailing locomotive. Lead locomotive EC levels were similar to those reported by other investigators studying locomotive crew exposures and to levels measured in urban areas. Lastly, both the EC sample mean and 95%UCL were less than the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference concentration of 0.005 mg/m(3). With the exception of nitrogen dioxide, the overwhelming majority of the measurements for total carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatics, aldehydes, and combustion gases in the cabs of CSXT locomotives were either non-detects or considerably less than the working OELs for the years represented in the database. When compared to the previous American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) of 3 ppm the nitrogen dioxide exposure profile merits an exposure rating of AIHA exposure category 1. However, using the newly adopted TLV of 0.2 ppm the exposure profile receives an exposure rating of category 4. Further evaluation is recommended to determine the current status of nitrogen dioxide exposures. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resource: additional text on OELs, methods, results, and additional figures and tables.].
authors.affiliation: a Exposure Assessment Solutions, Inc. , Morgantown , West Virginia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hewett
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Bullock
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D011890:Railroads; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002244:Carbon; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: diesel emissions; elemental carbon; locomotive crew