title: Modeling 3D facial shape from DNA.
abstract: Human facial diversity is substantial, complex, and largely scientifically unexplained. We used spatially dense quasi-landmarks to measure face shape in population samples with mixed West African and European ancestry from three locations (United States, Brazil, and Cape Verde). Using bootstrapped response-based imputation modeling (BRIM), we uncover the relationships between facial variation and the effects of sex, genomic ancestry, and a subset of craniofacial candidate genes. The facial effects of these variables are summarized as response-based imputed predictor (RIP) variables, which are validated using self-reported sex, genomic ancestry, and observer-based facial ratings (femininity and proportional ancestry) and judgments (sex and population group). By jointly modeling sex, genomic ancestry, and genotype, the independent effects of particular alleles on facial features can be uncovered. Results on a set of 20 genes showing significant effects on facial features provide support for this approach as a novel means to identify genes affecting normal-range facial features and for approximating the appearance of a face from genetic markers.
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Denise K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Liberton
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Katleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kerri Matthes
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rosana
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ellen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Quillen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laurel N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauchet
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Arslan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Barsh
authors.affiliation: HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Devin M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Absher
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Puts
authors.affiliation: CIBIO: Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America; IPATIMUP: Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beleza
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rinaldo W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baynam
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suetens
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vandermeulen
authors.affiliation: Center for the Integration of Genetic Healthcare Technologies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Boster
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Shriver
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D001938:Brazil; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D004247:DNA