title: Prospective study of the association between dispositional optimism and incident heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although higher optimism has been linked with an array of positive health behaviors, biological processes, and cardiovascular outcomes, the relationship between optimism and heart failure has not been examined. In the United States, 80% of heart failures occur in adults aged 65+ years. Therefore, we examined whether higher optimism was linked with a reduced incidence of heart failure among older adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prospective data were from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative study of older US adults. Our sample included 6808 participants who were followed for 4 years. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess whether optimism was independently associated with incident heart failure. We adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, biological, and psychological covariates. Higher optimism was associated with a lower risk of incident heart failure during the follow-up period. In a model that adjusted for sociodemographic factors, each SD increase in optimism had an odds ratio of 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.85) for heart failure. Effects of optimism persisted even after adjusting for a wide range of covariates. There was also evidence of a dose-response relationship. As optimism increased, risk of developing heart failure decreased monotonically, with a 48% reduced odds among people with the highest versus lowest optimism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to suggest that optimism is associated with a lower risk of heart failure. If future studies confirm these findings, they may be used to inform new strategies for preventing or delaying the onset of heart failure.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychology (E.S.K., J.S.) and Institute for Social Research (J.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K.). kimeric@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychology (E.S.K., J.S.) and Institute for Social Research (J.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K.).
authors.forename: Jacqui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychology (E.S.K., J.S.) and Institute for Social Research (J.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K.).
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Kubzansky
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: behavior; epidemiology; heart failure; psychology; public health