title: Young adult waterpipe smokers: Smoking behaviors and associated subjective and physiological effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate smoking behaviors and subjective and physiological effects of nicotine on young adult occasional waterpipe smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study utilized a repeated-measures design that included one repeated factor for condition (nicotine and non-nicotine). For each participant, the sequencing of the repeated factor was assigned using random allocation. The two nicotine conditions were nicotine (0.75 g) and non-nicotine (0 g placebo) tobacco. Over the course of two weeks, twenty-two participants completed subjective (Acute Subjective Effects of Nicotine) and physiological (blood pressure, heart rate, and CO level) measures. Additional measures (QSU and MNWS-R) were used to assess for withdrawal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants (n=22) were young adults (23 ± 3.1years); 71% smoked waterpipe once a month in the past year and 29% smoked waterpipe 1-2 times per week. In addition, 60% reported sharing their waterpipe with friends while smoking. None of the participants reported using any other forms of tobacco products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under the nicotine condition, participants tended to smoke longer (i.e. smoking duration, p=0.004), take more puffs (p=0.03), take shorter puffs (p=0.03), and inhale less volume with each puff (p=0.02). The repeated measures analysis of the factor headrush revealed an effect of the nicotine condition (F=9.69, p<0.001, partial η(2)=0.31) and time (F=8.17, p=0.02, partial η(2)=0.30). Heart rate increased significantly across the nicotine condition (F=7.92, p=0.01, partial η(2)=0.31) and over time (F=12.64, p=0.01, partial η(2)=0.41).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates how differences between nicotine and non-nicotine waterpipe smoking are associated with changes in smoking behaviors, experiencing a headrush and an increase in heart rate.
authors.affiliation: Program of Excellence in the Addictions, College of Nursing, Washington State University, WA, USA. Electronic address: Kawkab.shishani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kawkab
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shishani
authors.affiliation: Program of Excellence in the Addictions, College of Nursing, Washington State University, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Donelle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.affiliation: Program of Excellence in the Addictions, College of Nursing, Washington State University, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Sterling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.affiliation: Program of Excellence in the Addictions, College of Nursing, Washington State University, WA, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D004244:Dizziness / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: Headrush; Nicotine; Self-regulation; Waterpipe; Young