title: T-condylar fractures of the distal humerus in children: does early motion affect final range of motion?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  T-condylar fractures of the distal humerus are infrequent injuries in children. There are little data regarding outcomes in this age group. The adult literature demonstrates a high rate of postinjury stiffness. We describe a large series of T-condylar fractures in children and set out to identify factors that influence the postoperative range of motion (ROM) in children. Our hypothesis was that starting motion early (<3 weeks) would favorably influence the postoperative ROM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were identified based on the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code for ORIF of supracondylar distal humerus fractures with intracondylar extension (24546). Patient records and radiographs were reviewed to determine the demographics, fracture characteristics, surgical approach and fixation, and postoperative immobilization time. Our outcome measure was ROM in flexion/extension at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and final follow-up. Patients were analyzed by Morrey's criteria of -30° extension and 130° flexion to assess for postoperative elbow stiffness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight potential patients from 1992 to 2010 were identified with specific T-condylar patterns. Twelve patients were excluded due to insufficient follow-up or lack of final ROM data. Our cohort included 26 patients (average age 13.4 years). The average postoperative immobilization time was 3.4 weeks (range 0.9-12 weeks). At the final follow-up, patients had -12° average extension and 130° average flexion. Nine patients (35 %) were stiff and 17 patients (65 %) had functional motion postoperatively. At 3 and 6 months, starting motion early yielded better flexion and extension ROM. Late-motion patients obtained similar results at the 1-year follow-up. Open fractures, gender, and age were all not significantly associated with elbow stiffness in our series, given the limited numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early ROM was associated with an earlier gain of functional motion without clear adverse consequences. Despite similar findings at the final follow-up, practitioners should consider instituting early ROM protocols to decrease the duration of stiffness and potential disability for the child and the family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue South, Suite R200, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ganley
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Jaimo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baldwin