title: Psychiatric diagnosis by telephone: is it an opportunity?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For reasons of feasibility, diagnostic telephone interviews are frequently used in research of psychiatric morbidity. However, it is unknown whether diagnostic telephone interviews are as valid as diagnostic face-to-face interviews.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Are diagnostic telephone interviews for psychiatric disorders as valid as diagnostic face-to-face interviews?
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of original studies in PubMed, PsychINFO and Embase was carried out. We included studies considering (1) the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic telephone interviews using face-to-face interviews as a golden standard and (2) the agreement between diagnostic telephone and diagnostic face-to-face interviews. Eligible were studies in the general population, in patients at risk for psychiatric disorders and in psychiatric outpatients. We assessed risk of bias with the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS) instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included sixteen studies. The included studies were generally small with thirteen studies reporting about <100 participants. Specificity was generally high in populations with low or intermediate prevalence of psychiatric morbidity. Sensitivity was low in these populations, but slightly higher in samples with more psychiatric disorders. Studies with a higher risk of psychiatric disorders generally reported higher percentages of agreement and higher kappa values. Considering the QUADAS-2 criteria, most studies had a medium or high risk of bias, especially concerning patient selection and unbiased judgement of the test. Of the six studies with a medium or low risk of bias, the three studies assessing current anxiety and depressive disorders yielded kappa values between 0.69 and 0.84, indicating good agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient evidence that diagnostic telephone interviews for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders are valid, although results for depression and anxiety disorders seem promising.
authors.affiliation: 117 Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, esther.muskens@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Esther M H
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Muskens
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.forename: Wilke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Groenleer
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Weel
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oude Voshaar
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Speckens
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019114:Remote Consultation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013689:Telephone