title: Anti-sporozoite antibodies as alternative markers for malaria transmission intensity estimation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reported malaria cases continue to decline globally, and this has been attributed to strategic implementation of multiple malaria control tools. Gains made would however need to be sustained through continuous monitoring to ensure malaria elimination and eradication. Entomological inoculation rate (EIR) is currently the standard tool for transmission monitoring but this is not sensitive enough, especially in areas of very low transmission. Transmission estimation models based on seroconversion rates (λ) of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum blood stage antigens are gaining relevance. Estimates of λ, which is the measure of transmission intensity, correlate with EIR but are limited by long-term persistence of antibodies to blood stage antigens. Seroprevalence of antibodies to sporozoite antigens may be better alternatives since these antigens usually have shorter immune exposure times. The aim of this study was to develop transmission estimation models based on the seroprevalence of antibodies to two P. falciparum sporozoite antigens (CSP, CelTOS) and compare with models based on the classical blood stage antigen AMA1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibody levels in archived plasma from three cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2009 in a low transmission area of Southern Ghana were assessed by indirect ELISA. Seroprevalence of antibodies against CSP, CelTOS and AMA1 were fitted to reversible catalytic models to estimate λ and corresponding seroreversion rates (ρ) for each antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the three models developed, the anti-CSP model predicted a 13-fold decrease in λ four years prior to the time of sampling (2009). Anti-AMA1 antibodies formed at a four-fold greater rate compared to that of anti-CelTOS antibodies, and anti-CSP antibodies during the period of decreased λ. In contrast, anti-AMA1 antibodies decayed at a five-fold slower rate relative to that of anti-CSP antibodies while anti-AMA1 and anti-CelTOS antibody decay rates were not significantly different. Anti-CSP antibodies were relatively short-lived as they formed at an 11.6-fold slower rate relative to their decay during the period of decreased λ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These features of anti-CSP antibodies can be exploited for the development of models for predicting seasonal, short-term changes in transmission intensity in malaria-endemic areas, especially as the elimination phase of malaria control is approached.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. akusi@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Kwadwo A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kusi
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bosomprah
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dodoo
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kyei-Baafour
authors.forename: Emmanuel K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.forename: Evelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angov
authors.forename: Sheetij
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sedegah
authors.forename: Kwadwo A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Koram
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission*; D008297:Male; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D034101:Sporozoites / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan