title: Preliminary investigation of an electromyography-controlled video game as a home program for persons in the chronic phase of stroke recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the preliminary effectiveness of surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback delivered via interaction with a commercial computer game to improve motor control in chronic stroke survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-blinded, 1-group, repeated-measures design: A1, A2, B, A3 (A, assessment; B, intervention).
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory and participants' homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of persons (N=9) between 40 and 75 years of age with moderate to severe upper extremity motor impairment and at least 6 months poststroke completed the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electromyography-controlled video game system targeted the wrist muscle activation with the goal of increasing selective muscle activation. Participants received several laboratory training sessions with the system and then were instructed to use the system at home for 45 minutes, 5 times per week for the following 4 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measures included duration of system use, sEMG during home play, and pre/post sEMG measures during active wrist motion. Secondary outcomes included kinematic analysis of movement and functional outcomes, including the Wolf Motor Function Test and the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory-9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One third of participants completed or exceeded the recommended amount of system use. Statistically significant changes were observed on both game play and pre/post sEMG outcomes. Limited carryover, however, was observed on kinematic or functional outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary investigation indicates that use of the electromyography-controlled video game impacts muscle activation. Limited changes in kinematic and activity level outcomes, however, suggest that the intervention may benefit from the inclusion of a functional activity component.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Electronic address: donosobrowne@duq.edu.
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Donoso Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Sarah Westcott
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Amber S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fechko
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Torey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Chet T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Moritz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012648:Self Care; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D018910:Video Games; D014953:Wrist / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Rehabilitation; Stroke; Technology; Telemedicine; Video games