title: Efficacy of drug detection by fully-trained police dogs varies by breed, training level, type of drug and search environment.
abstract: Some recent publications claim that the effectiveness of police canine drug detection is uncertain and likely minimal, and that the deterrent effect of dogs on drug users is low. It is also claimed that more scientific evidence is needed to demonstrate to what extent dogs actually detect drugs. The aim of this research was to assess experimentally, but in actual training and testing environments used by the Polish police, how effective dogs trained by the police were at illicit substance detection depending on factors such as type of drug, dog breed, dog experience with the searching site, and drug odor residuals. 68 Labrador retrievers, 61 German shepherds, 25 Terriers and 10 English Cocker Spaniels, of both sexes in each breed, were used. Altogether 1219 experimental searching tests were conducted. On average, hidden drug samples were indicated by dogs after 64s searching time, with 87.7% indications being correct and 5.3% being false. In 7.0% of trials dogs failed to find the drug sample within 10min. The ranking of drugs from the easiest to the most difficult to detect was: marijuana, hashish, amphetamine, cocaine, heroin. German shepherds were superior to other breeds in giving correct indications while Terriers showed relatively poor detection performance. Dogs were equally efficient at searching in well-known vs. unknown rooms with strange (i.e., non-target novelty) odors (83.2% correct indications), but they were less accurate when searching outside or inside cars (63.5% and 57.9% correct indications respectively). During police examination trials the dogs made more false alerts, fewer correct indications and searching time was longer compared to the final stage of the training. The drug odor may persist at a site for at least 48h. Our experiments do not confirm the recent reports, based on drug users' opinions, of low drug detection efficiency. Usefulness of drug detection dogs has been demonstrated here, even if their effectiveness may not be 100%, but different factors have to be taken into consideration to assure maximum effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behavior, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland. Electronic address: t.jezierski@ighz.pl.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jezierski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behavior, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adamkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behavior, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walczak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behavior, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sobczyńska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behavior, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Górecka-Bruzda
authors.affiliation: Delta Hedge Consulting, 4428 Atwood Road, Stone Ridge, NY 12484, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ensminger
authors.affiliation: K9 Resources, LLC, Kings Mills, OH 45034, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009812:Odorants; D016495:Police; D012903:Smell
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Dogs; Drug detection; Efficacy