title: Apoptosis of NOD.H2 h4 thyrocytes by low concentrations of iodide is associated with impaired control of oxidative stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enhanced iodide intake in NOD.H2(h4) mice accelerates the incidence and severity of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) via an unknown mechanism. A plausible hypothesis is that iodide-induced apoptosis of thyrocytes can create imbalances in antigenic load and/or disruption of immunoregulatory mechanisms that facilitate activation of autoreactive T cells in cervical lymph nodes draining the thyroid.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether NOD.H2(h4) thyrocytes, exposed to low NaI concentrations in vitro, are more susceptible to apoptosis compared to thyrocytes from CBA/J mice, which are resistant to iodide-accelerated SAT (ISAT). We also looked, at the transcriptional level, for differential activation of genes involved in apoptosis or oxidative stress pathways that may account for potential differences in iodide-mediated apoptosis between NOD.H2(h4) and CBA/J thyrocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that NOD.H2(h4) thyrocytes, cultured for 24 h at very low (4-8 μM) concentrations of NaI, exhibit high levels (40-55%) of apoptosis, as assessed microscopically following staining with fluorescent caspase inhibitors. Similar treatment of thyrocytes from CBA/J mice, which are resistant to ISAT, yielded significantly lower (10-20%) apoptotic rates. Expression analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction using arrays of apoptosis- and oxidative stress-related genes showed that NaI intake upregulates the expression of 22 genes involved in ROS metabolism and/or antioxidant function in CBA/J thyrocytes, whereas only two of these genes were upregulated in NOD.H2(h4) thyrocytes. Among the set of overexpressed genes were those encoding thyroid peroxidase (Tpo; 5.77-fold), glutathione peroxidases (Gpx2, Gpx4, Gpx7; 2.03-3.14-fold), peroxiredoxins (Prdx1, Prdx2, Prdx5; 2.27-2.97-fold), superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1; 3.57-fold), thioredoxin 1 (Txn1; 2.13-fold), and the uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 (Ucp2, Ucp3; 2.01-2.15-fold).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that an impaired control of oxidative stress mechanisms is associated with the observed high susceptibility of NOD.H2(h4) thyrocytes to NaI-mediated apoptosis, and suggest a contributing factor for the development of ISAT in this strain.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Canada .
authors.forename: Panayota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kolypetri
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carayanniotis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D012974:Sodium Iodide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012974:Sodium Iodide