title: Mate-guarding constrains feeding activity but not energetic status of wild male long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis).
abstract: Mate-guarding is an important determinant of male reproductive success in a number of species. Little is known however about the constraints of this behaviour, e.g. the associated energetic costs. We investigated these costs in long-tailed macaques where alpha males mate guard females to a lesser extent than predicted by the priority of access model. The study was carried out during two mating periods on three wild groups living in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. We combined behavioural observations on males' locomotion and feeding activity, GPS records of distance travelled and non-invasive measurements of urinary C-peptide (UCP), a physiological indicator of male energetic status. Mate-guarding led to a decrease in feeding time and fruit consumption suggesting a reduced intake of energy. At the same time, vertical locomotion was reduced, which potentially saved energy. These findings, together with the fact that we did not find an effect of mate-guarding on UCP levels, suggest that energy intake and expenditure was balanced during mate-guarding in our study males. Mate-guarding thus seems to not be energetically costly under all circumstances. Given that in strictly seasonal rhesus macaques, high-ranking males lose physical condition over the mating period, we hypothesise that the energetic costs of mate-guarding vary inter-specifically depending on the degree of seasonality and that males of non-strictly seasonal species might be better adapted to maintain balanced energetic condition year-round. Finally, our results illustrate the importance of combining behavioural assessments of both energy intake and expenditure with physiological measures when investigating energetic costs of behavioural strategies.
authors.affiliation: Jr. Research Group Primate Sexual Selection, Reproductive Biology Unit, German Primate Centre, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ; Courant Research Centre Evolution of Social Behaviour, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, Germany.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Girard-Buttoz
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Centre, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heistermann
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Erdiansyah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rahmi
authors.affiliation: Jr. Research Group Primate Sexual Selection, Reproductive Biology Unit, German Primate Centre, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marzec
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agil
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Panji Ahmad
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Fauzan
authors.affiliation: Jr. Research Group Primate Sexual Selection, Reproductive Biology Unit, German Primate Centre, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ; Courant Research Centre Evolution of Social Behaviour, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, Germany.
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
keywords: Feeding behaviour; Field endocrinology; Mating costs; Primates; Sexual selection; Urinary C-peptide