title: Blow me down: a new perspective on Aloe dichotoma mortality from windthrow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Windthrow, the uprooting of trees during storms associated with strong winds, is a well-established cause of mortality in temperate regions of the world, often with large ecological consequences. However, this phenomenon has received little attention within arid regions and is not well documented in southern Africa. Slow rates of post-disturbance recovery and projected increases in extreme weather events in arid areas mean that windthrow could be more common and have bigger impacts on these ecosystems in the future. This is of concern due to slow rates of post-disturbance recovery in arid systems and projected increases in extreme weather events in these areas. This study investigated the spatial pattern, magnitude and likely causes of windthrown mortality in relation to other forms of mortality in Aloe dichotoma, an iconic arid-adapted arborescent succulent and southern Africa climate change indicator species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that windthrown mortality was greatest within the equatorward summer rainfall zone (SRZ) of its distribution (mean = 31%, n = 11), and was derived almost exclusively from the larger adult age class. A logistic modelling exercise indicated that windthrown mortality was strongly associated with greater amounts of warm season (summer) rainfall in the SRZ, higher wind speeds, and leptosols. A statistically significant interaction term between higher summer rainfall and wind speeds further increased the odds of being windthrown. While these results would benefit from improvements in the resolution of wind and substrate data, they do support the hypothesised mechanism for windthrow in A. dichotoma. This involves powerful storm gusts associated with either the current or subsequent rainfall event, heavy convective rainfall, and an associated increase in soil malleability. Shallow rooting depths in gravel-rich soils and an inflexible, top-heavy canopy structure make individuals especially prone to windthrown mortality during storms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results highlight the importance of this previously unrecognised form of mortality in A. dichotoma, especially since it seems to disproportionately affect reproductively mature adult individuals in an infrequently recruiting species. Smaller, more geographically isolated and adult dominated populations in the summer rainfall zone are likely to be more vulnerable to localised extinction due to windthrow events.
authors.forename: Samuel Linton
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.affiliation: Plant Conservation Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. timm.hoffman@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Michael Timm
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Rick Frederick
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Durbach
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Archibald
mesh_terms: D000504:Aloe / Q000254:growth & development*; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D016015:Logistic Models; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011891:Rain; D013019:South Africa; D014197:Trees; D014919:Wind