title: The effects of sildenafil and n-acetylcysteine on ischemia and reperfusion injury in gastrocnemius muscle and femoral artery endothelium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine the effects of sildenafil and n-acetylcystein on ischemia/reperfusion injury in femoral artery endothelium and gastrocnemius muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 rats of Sprague-Dawley breed were randomly divided into four groups (n=8). Median laparotomy was performed, then a 120-minute ischemia was created by microvascular clamping of infrarenal aorta, followed by the release of clamping. In sildenafil group, 1 mg/kg of sildenafil infusion and in the n-acetylcystein group, 100 mg/kg of n-acetylcystein infusion was administered after release of clamps. Blood samples and tissue samples of femoral artery and gastrocnemius muscle were extracted for a histopathological evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of malondialdehyde in ischemia/reperfusion group (6.16±0.79) were higher compared to the control group (4.69±0.33), whereas a significant decrease was detected in sildenafil (5.17±0.50) and n-acetylcystein (4.96±0.49) groups. Femoral artery tissue sections of the control group, mean tumor necrosis factor alpha and hypoxy-induced factor-1 alpha immunoreactivity were found to be negative. In the ischemia/reperfusion group, mean tumor necrosis factor α immunoreactivity was intense and mean hypoxy-induced factor-1 alpha immunoreactivity was 51-75%. In the ischemia/reperfusion+Sildenafil and ischemia/reperfusion+NAS groups, mean tumor necrosis factor α immunoreactivity was slight and mean hypoxy-induced factor-1 alpha immunoreactivity was 26-50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, sildenafil and n-acetylcystein may reduce femoral artery endothelium and gastrocnemius muscle injury following lower extremity ischemia/reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aksu
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey drvyuksel@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serchat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chousein
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taştekin
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şahin
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: İşcan
authors.affiliation: Anesthesiology Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gönül
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sağiroğlu
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Suat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canbaz
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sunar
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: Femoral artery endothelium; gastrocnemius muscle; ischemia; n-acetylcystein; reperfusion; sildenafil