title: Meta-analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and risk of infection in dialysis patients.
abstract: Patients undergoing dialysis are particularly vulnerable to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. We performed a meta-analysis of published studies to estimate the prevalence of MRSA colonization in dialysis patients, time trends, and long-term risk of subsequent MRSA infections. Our search of the PubMed and Embase databases returned 5743 nonduplicate citations, from which we identified 38 relevant studies that included data on 5596 dialysis patients. The estimated prevalence of MRSA colonization was 6.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.2% to 8.5%). The prevalence increased over time but remained stable after 2000. Stratification of patients according to dialysis modality and setting revealed that 7.2% (95% CI, 4.9% to 9.9%) of patients on hemodialysis were colonized with MRSA compared with 1.3% (95% CI, 0.5% to 2.4%) of patients on peritoneal dialysis (P=0.01), and that a statistically significant difference existed in the percentage of colonized inpatients and outpatients (14.2% [95% CI, 8.0% to 21.8%] versus 5.4% [95% CI, 3.5% to 7.7%], respectively; P=0.04). Notably, the risk of developing MRSA infections increased among colonized hemodialysis patients compared with noncolonized patients (relative risk, 11.5 [95% CI, 4.7 to 28.0]). The long-term (6-20 months) probability of developing a MRSA infection was 19% among colonized hemodialysis patients compared with only 2% among noncolonized patients. In summary, 6.2% of dialysis patients are MRSA colonized, and the average prevalence of colonization has remained stable since 2000. Colonization in hemodialysis patients is associated with increased risk of MRSA infection.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Ioannis M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Zacharioudakis
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Fainareti N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Zervou
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Panayiotis D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Ziakas
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island emylonakis@lifespan.org.
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mylonakis
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010045:Outpatients; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors