title: The many faces of autophagy dysfunction in Huntington's disease: from mechanism to therapy.
abstract: Autophagy is the cellular process by which proteins, macromolecules, and organelles are targeted to and degraded by the lysosome. Given that neurodegenerative diseases involve the production of misfolded proteins that cannot be degraded by the protein quality-control systems of the cell, the autophagy pathway is now the focus of intense scrutiny, because autophagy is primarily responsible for maintaining normal cellular proteostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited CAG-polyglutamine repeat disorder, resulting from the production and accumulation of misfolded huntingtin (Htt) protein. HD shares key features with common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) and, thus, belongs to a large class of disorders known as neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Multiple independent lines of research have documented alterations in autophagy function in HD, and numerous studies have demonstrated a potential role for autophagy modulation as a therapeutic intervention. In this review, we consider the evidence for autophagy dysfunction in HD, and delineate different targets and mechanistic pathways that might account for the autophagy abnormalities detected in HD. We assess the utility of autophagy modulation as a treatment modality in HD, and suggest guidelines and caveats for future therapy development directed at the autophagy pathway in HD and related disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Constanza J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. Electronic address: alaspada@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Albert R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: La Spada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014199:Trehalose / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C086055:HTT protein, human; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C401859:temsirolimus; D014199:Trehalose; D020123:Sirolimus