title: Magnetic resonance imaging phenotyping of Becker muscular dystrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little information on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phenotypes of Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). This study presents the MRI phenotyping of the upper and lower extremities of a large cohort of BMD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, MRI images of 33 BMD subjects were evaluated for severity, distribution, and symmetry of involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Teres major, triceps long head, biceps brachii long head, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, vasti, adductor longus, adductor magnus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris muscles showed the highest severity and frequency of involvement. All analyzed muscles had a high frequency of symmetric involvement. There was significant variability of involvement between muscles within some muscle groups, most notably the arm abductors, posterior arm muscles, medial thigh muscles, and lateral hip rotators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a distinctive pattern of involvement of extremity muscles in BMD subjects.
authors.affiliation: Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, JHOC 5165, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faridian-Aragh
authors.forename: Kathryn R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Doris G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carrino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006615:Hip / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013848:Thigh / Q000473:pathology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Becker muscular dystrophy; MRI; fatty infiltration; lower extremity; muscular dystrophy; phenotype; upper extremity