title: Differences in risky sexual behaviors and HIV prevalence of circumcised and uncircumcised men in Uganda: evidence from a 2011 cross-sectional national survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Safe male circumcision (SMC) is a known efficacious intervention in the prevention of heterosexual HIV acquisition. However, there are perceptions that SMC may lead to behavior disinhibition towards risky sexual behaviors. We assessed the association between male circumcision, risky sexual behaviors and HIV prevalence among men in a nationally representative sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was extracted from the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (2011), a stratified two-stage cluster sample, with a total of 7,969 ever sexually active men aged 15-59 years. The association between risky sexual behaviors (non- marital/non-cohabiting sexual relations, non-use of condoms, transactional sex, multiple (4+) lifetime partners) and male circumcision status were determined using odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals, through logistic regression models. All analyses were conducted in Stata version 12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the prevalence of male circumcision was 28%; higher among men aged 25-34 years, 32%, and lowest among those aged 45-59 years, 18%. HIV prevalence was significantly lower among the circumcised, 4.8% compared to the uncircumcised men, 7.8% (p < 0.001). The commonest risky sexual behaviors were multiple life-time sexual partners (4+), 59%; non-use of condoms with non-marital sexual partners, 55%; and having non-marital sex, 33%. In comparison with the uncircumcised, circumcised men had higher odds of engaging in non-marital sex AOR = 1.26 (95% CI: 1.05-1.52), reporting multiple (4+) life-time partners, AOR = 1.46 (95% CI: 1.27-1.67). The odds of non-use of condoms with a non-marital partner were also significantly lower among the circumcised compared to the uncircumcised men, AOR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although risky sexual behaviors were more common among circumcised men, HIV prevalence was lower among the circumcised men relative to the uncircumcised. These observations suggest a need to promote the already known HIV intervention strategies especially among the circumcised men.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. pskibira@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Simon P S
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kibira
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nansubuga
authors.forename: Nazarius M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Tumwesigye
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Atuyambe
authors.forename: Fredrick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Makumbi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D014454:Uganda; D047568:Unsafe Sex