title: Hydrothermal conversion of lignin to substituted phenols and aromatic ethers.
abstract: Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin was performed using methanol and ethanol at various temperatures (200, 250 and 280°C) and residence times of 15, 30 and 45min. Maximum liquid product yield (85%) was observed at 200°C and 15min residence time using methanol. Increase in temperature was seen to decrease the liquid products yield. With increase in residence time, liquid yields first increased and then decreased. FTIR and (1)H NMR showed the presence of substituted phenols and aromatic ethers in liquid products and breakage of β-O-4 or/and α-O-4 ether bonds present in lignin during hydrothermal liquefaction was confirmed through FTIR of bio-residue. In comparison to the existing literature information, higher lignin conversion to liquid products and maximum carbon conversion (72%) was achieved in this study.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India.
authors.forename: Rawel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India.
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.affiliation: Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India.
authors.forename: Shashi Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.affiliation: Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India.
authors.forename: Bhavya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balagurumurthy
authors.affiliation: Indian Oil Corporation, R&D Centre, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Indian Oil Corporation, R&D Centre, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.affiliation: Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India. Electronic address: tbhaskar@iip.res.in.
authors.forename: Thallada
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhaskar
mesh_terms: D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D004987:Ethers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000737:chemistry*; D008031:Lignin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D004987:Ethers; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D010636:Phenols; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; D008031:Lignin
keywords: Bio-oil; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Lignin; Substituted phenols; Thermo-chemical conversion