title: Risk marker associations with venous thrombotic events: a cross-sectional analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the interrelations among, and risk marker associations for, superficial and deep venous events-superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  San Diego, California, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  2404 men and women aged 40-79 years from four ethnic groups: non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, African-American and Asian. The study sample was drawn from current and former staff and employees of the University of California, San Diego and their spouses/significant others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Superficial and deep venous events, specifically SVT, DVT, PE and combined deep venous events (DVE) comprising DVT and PE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant correlates on multivariable analysis were, for SVT: female sex, ethnicity (African-American=protective), lower educational attainment, immobility and family history of varicose veins. For DVT and DVE, significant correlates included: heavy smoking, immobility and family history of DVEs (borderline for DVE). For PE, significant predictors included immobility and, in contrast to DVT, blood pressure (BP, systolic or diastolic). In women, oestrogen use duration for hormone replacement therapy, in all and among oestrogen users, predicted PE and DVE, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings fortify evidence for known risk correlates/predictors for venous disease, such as family history, hormone use and immobility. New risk associations are shown. Striking among these is an association of PE, but not DVT, to elevated BP: we conjecture PE may serve as cause rather than consequence. Future studies should evaluate the temporal direction of this association. Oxidative stress and cell energy compromise are proposed to explain and predict many risk factors, operating through cell-death mediated triggering of coagulation activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Beatrice A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Golomb
authors.forename: Virginia T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Julie O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Denenberg
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koperski
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Criqui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D065840:Protective Factors; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens