title: Cadmium induces the differentiation of duck embryonic bone marrow cells into osteoclasts in vitro.
abstract: This study aimed to determine the in vitro effect of cadmium on the differentiation of duck embryonic bone marrow cells into osteoclasts. Bone marrow cells were harvested from 23-day old Gaoyou duck embryos and were cultured with either 50 nmol/L cadmium alone or different cadmium concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 50 nmol/L) in combination with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, pit formation assay with bovine cortical bone slices, and co-staining with tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-conjugated phalloidin and Hoechst 33258 were performed to determine the number of TRAP-positive cells and bone resorption activity. Cadmium at a concentration ⩾ 10 nmol/L in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner both the number of TRAP-positive cells (35-160%) and bone resorption activity (36-261%) (P<0.05). High cadmium concentrations in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL markedly promoted the formation of filamentous (F)-actin rings in differentiated osteoclasts. In conclusion, cadmium promotes in vitro the differentiation of duck embryonic osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Department of Bioscience, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, PR China.
authors.forename: Ying-Xiao
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
authors.forename: Jian-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
authors.forename: Xue-Zhong
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
authors.forename: Jian-Chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China. Electronic address: liuzongping@yzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zong-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004372:Ducks / Q000196:embryology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Bone marrow cell; Cadmium; Duck; Embryo; Osteoclast