title: Lipid intake in children under 3 years of age in France. A position paper by the Committee on Nutrition of the French Society of Paediatrics.
abstract: Lipids are an important source of energy for young children and play a major role in the development and functioning of nervous tissue. Essential fatty acids and their long-chain derivatives also fulfill multiple metabolic functions and play a role in the regulation of numerous genes. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail [ANSES]) have recently recommended a minimum daily intake in preformed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs): arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Mother's milk remains the only reference, but the large variability in its DHA content does not guarantee that breastfed children receive an optimal DHA intake if the mother's intake is insufficient. For children fed with infant formulas, ARA and DHA intake is often below the recommended intake because only one-third of infant formulas available on the market in France are enriched in LC-PUFAs. For all children, linoleic acid (LA) intake is on average higher than the minimal recommended values. The consequences of these differences between intake and recommended values are uncertain. A cautious attitude is to come close to the current recommendations and to advise sufficient consumption of DHA in breastfeeding women. For bottle-fed children, infant formulas enriched in LC-PUFAs and with moderate levels of LA should be preferred. LC-PUFA-rich fish should be consumed during breastfeeding, and adapted vegetable oils when complementary foods are introduced.
authors.affiliation: Institut de recherche pour le développement, 44, boulevard de Dunkerque, 13002 Marseille, France. Electronic address: andre.briend@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briend
authors.affiliation: Inra USC 2012, 35000 Rennes, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Legrand
authors.affiliation: Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bocquet
authors.affiliation: Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris-6, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Girardet
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bresson
authors.affiliation: Université Joseph-Fourier, 38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chouraqui
authors.affiliation: Université Nantes-Atlantique, 44035 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Darmaun
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux universitaires Paris Sud, CHU de Bicêtre, 94275 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Frelut
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goulet
authors.affiliation: Inserm U 1069, université de Tours, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hankard
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier-1, 34967 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rieu
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille université, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Simeoni
authors.affiliation: Université Lille-2, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turck
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidailhet
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010372:Pediatrics; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012955:Societies, Medical; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008055:Lipids; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid