title: Sleep-EEG in dizygotic twins discordant for Williams syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reports on twin pairs concordant and discordant for Williams syndrome were published before, but no study unravelled sleep physiology in these cases yet. We aim to fill this gap by analyzing sleep records of a twin pair discordant for Williams syndrome extending our focus on presleep wakefulness and sleep spindling.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification of the 7q11.23 region of a 17 years old dizygotic opposite-sex twin pair discordant for Williams syndrome. Polysomnography of laboratory sleep at this age was analyzed and followed-up after 1.5 years by ambulatory polysomnography. Sleep stages scoring, EEG power spectra and sleep spindle analyses were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The twin brother showed reduced levels of amplification for all of the probes in the 7q11.23 region indicating a typical deletion spanning at least 1.038 Mb between FKBP6 and CLIP2. The results of the twin sister showed normal copy numbers in the investigated region. Lower sleep times and efficiencies, as well as higher slow wave sleep percents of the twin brother were evident during both recordings. Roughly equal NREM, Stage 2 and REM sleep percents were found. EEG analyses revealed state and derivation-independent decreases in alpha power, lack of an alpha spectral peak in presleep wakefulness, as well as higher NREM sleep sigma peak frequency in the twin brother. Faster sleep spindles with lower amplitude and shorter duration characterized the records of the twin brother. Spectra show a striking reliability and correspondence between the two situations (laboratory vs. home records).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in sleep and specific neural oscillations including the alpha/sigma waves are inherent aspects of Williams syndrome.
authors.forename: Róbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bódizs
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gombos
authors.forename: Katalin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szocs
authors.forename: János M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Réthelyi
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerván
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kovács
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012890:Sleep; D012894:Sleep Stages; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*