title: Dysphagia due to inclusion body myositis: case presentation and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report aimed to present a case of inclusion body myositis presenting with dysphagia and to review the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report and literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inclusion body myositis is a chronic progressive acquired myopathy, uniquely distinguished by its selective muscle involvement, normal or moderately elevated muscle enzyme concentrations, and a progressive corticosteroid-resistant course. Compared to other inflammatory myopathies, the esophagus is the most commonly involved organ. Specifically, upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction often occurs. Dysphagia may be the only symptom at the time of presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike other inflammatory myopathies, dysphagia in inclusion body myositis is steroid resistant. Management can be difficult. The otolaryngologist must consider underlying neuromuscular processes when evaluating the patient presenting with oropharyngeal dysphagia.
authors.affiliation: Lakeshore Professional Voice Center, Lakeshore Ear, Nose and Throat Center, St. Clair Shores, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Lakeshore Professional Voice Center, Lakeshore Ear, Nose and Throat Center, St. Clair Shores, Michigan, USA Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA lakeshoreprofvoice@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D018979:Myositis, Inclusion Body / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: dysphagia; flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing; inclusion body myositis; myopathy; myotomy