title: Depression and its Relationship to Work Status and Income Among HIV Clients in Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite high levels of depression among persons living with HIV (PLWHIV), little research has investigated the relationship of depression to work status and income in PLWHIV in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the focus of this analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from a prospective longitudinal cohort of 798 HIV patients startingantiretroviral therapyin Kampala, Uganda were examined. In separate multivariate analyses, we examined whether depressive severity and symptom type [as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)] and major depression [diagnosed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)] were associated with work status and income, controlling for demographics, physical health functioning, work self-efficacy, social support and internalized HIV stigma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  14% of the sample had Major Depression and 66% were currently working. Each measure of depression (PHQ-9 total score, somatic and cognitive subscales; Major Depression diagnosis) was associated with not working and lower average weekly income in bivariate analysis. However, none of the depression measures remained associated with work and income in multivariate analyses that controlled for other variables associated with these economic outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that while depression is related to work and income, its influence may only be indirect through its relationship to other factors such as work self-efficacy and physical health functioning.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA, USA 90407.
authors.forename: Glenn J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA, USA 90407.
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ghosh-Dastidar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Mulago Hill, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Akena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dickens
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Mulago Hill, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Noeline
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakasujja
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Mulago Hill, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Elialilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.affiliation: Mengo Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Luyirika
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Mulago Hill, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Seggane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Musisi
keywords: HIV/AIDS; depression; income; physical health functioning; work; work self-efficacy