title: Non-natural manners of death among users of illicit drugs: Substance findings.
abstract: The aim of the study was to explore differences and similarities between the various non-natural manners of death (accident, suicide, homicide) regarding toxicological findings in illicit drug users. Medicolegal autopsy reports from the Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Oslo concerning deaths from 2000 to 2009 were investigated. Those aged 20-59 whose manner of death was non-natural and who tested positive for any narcotic drug (morphine/heroin, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, LSD, PCP, and high levels of GHB in addition to methadone and buprenorphine) were selected. All substance findings were registered and categorized (narcotics, ethanol, and medicinal products). Of the 1603 autopsies that met the selection criteria, 1204 were accidental intoxications, 122 accidents other than intoxication, 114 suicides by intoxication, 119 non-intoxication suicides, and 44 victims of homicide. Poly drug use was found in all manners of death. The drug profile as well as the mean number of substances (illicit drugs and medicinal products) varied from 2.9 to 4.6 substances per case, depending on the manner of death. Intoxication suicides had the highest number of substances and a total drug profile similar to accidental intoxications. Non-intoxication suicides had a total drug profile similar to homicide and accidents other than intoxication. The number of substances found per case increased during the decade, mainly due to increased findings of methadone, cannabis, amphetamines, and benzodiazepines. Methadone findings increased much more than buprenorphine. Methadone was found 20 times more often than buprenorphine in accidental intoxication cases. In summary, poly drug findings are common in adults who suffer a non-natural death while using illicit drugs. The different manners of death have some specific characteristics and significant differences regarding drug profile.
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse (DFMDA), Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: gede@fhi.no.
authors.forename: Gerd Jorunn M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Delaveris
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse (DFMDA), Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: brita.teige@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Brita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Teige
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse (DFMDA), Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, The Medical Faculty, P.O. Box 1078 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: srog@fhi.no.
authors.forename: Sidsel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rogde
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000401:mortality*; D000328:Adult; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality*; D055030:Drug Users / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics; D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: Forensic toxicology; Illicit drug; Non-natural manner of death; Post-mortem