title: Seasonal patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in digestive gland and arm of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) from the Northwest Atlantic.
abstract: Among organic pollutants existing in coastal areas, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great concern due to their ubiquity and carcinogenic potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seasonal patterns of PAHs in the digestive gland and arm of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) from the Northwest Atlantic Portuguese coast. In the different seasons, 18 PAHs were determined and the detoxification capacity of the species was evaluated. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD) activities were measured to assess phase I biotransformation capacity. Individual PAH ratios were used for major source (pyrolytic/petrogenic) analysis. Risks for human consumption were determined by the total toxicity equivalence approach. Generally, low levels of PAHs were detected in the digestive gland and in the arm of octopus, with a predominance of low molecular over high molecular weight compounds. PAHs exhibited seasonality in the concentrations detected and in their main emission sources. In the digestive gland, the highest total PAH levels were observed in autumn possibly related to fat availability in the ecosystem and food intake. The lack of PAH elimination observed in the digestive gland after captivity could be possibly associated to a low biotransformation capacity, consistent with the negligible/undetected levels of EROD and ECOD activity in the different seasons. The emission sources of PAHs found in the digestive gland varied from a petrogenic profile observed in winter to a pyrolytic pattern in spring. In the arm, the highest PAH contents were observed in June; nevertheless, levels were always below the regulatory limits established for food consumption. The carcinogenic potential calculated for all the sampling periods in the arm were markedly lower than the ones found in various aquatic species from different marine environments. The results presented in this study give relevant baseline data for environmental monitoring of organic pollution in coastal areas.
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Semedo
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-472 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-472 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filipa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Armanda
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reis-Henriques
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-472 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delerue-Matos
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-472 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: mferreira@ciimar.up.pt.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D049831:Octopodiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012621:Seasons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
keywords: Biotransformation; Octopus; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Source analysis; Total toxicity equivalence