title: Preclinical anatomical, molecular, and functional imaging of the lung with multiple modalities.
abstract: In vivo imaging is an important tool for preclinical studies of lung function and disease. The widespread availability of multimodal animal imaging systems and the rapid rate of diagnostic contrast agent development have empowered researchers to noninvasively study lung function and pulmonary disorders. Investigators can identify, track, and quantify biological processes over time. In this review, we highlight the fundamental principles of bioluminescence, fluorescence, planar X-ray, X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear imaging modalities (such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography) that have been successfully employed for the study of lung function and pulmonary disorders in a preclinical setting. The major principles, benefits, and applications of each imaging modality and technology are reviewed. Limitations and the future prospective of multimodal imaging in pulmonary physiology are also discussed. In vivo imaging bridges molecular biological studies, drug design and discovery, and the imaging field with modern medical practice, and, as such, will continue to be a mainstay in biomedical research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
authors.forename: Seth T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana;
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Foje
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana;
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Owers
authors.affiliation: Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Budde
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana;
authors.forename: W Matthew
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Leevy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; mhelms@emory.edu.
authors.forename: My N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Helms
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D061848:Optical Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: PAO-P1-lux bioluminescence; PET/SPECT/CT; epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) and fluid clearance; image molecular events in vivo; noninvasive lung imaging