title: Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder: an update on the pathology and cranial manifestations.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a syndrome encompassing skeletal and extra skeletal changes associated with chronic kidney disease. It progresses silently until an advanced clinical stage when complications impact on the quality of life and survival rates of patients. The maxillofacial manifestations are unique and may play an important role in the early identification of changes which could influence the management of these patients. The goal of this review is to highlight the maxillofacial features, pathology, and principles of management of CKD-MBD.
authors.affiliation: Oral Pathology and Consultant for Metabolic Bone Diseases, School of Oral Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Erich J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Raubenheimer
authors.forename: Claudia E E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Noffke
authors.forename: Hilde D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Hendrik
mesh_terms: D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D011788:Quality of Life; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals
keywords: bone mineral disorder; chronic kidney disease