title: Cellular immune responses and phagocytic activity of fishes exposed to pollution of volcano mud.
abstract: Since May 29, 2006, a mud volcano in the Brantas Delta of the Sidoarjo district has emitted mud that has inundated nearby villages. Pollution in this area has been implicated in detrimental effects on fish health. In fishes, leukocyte and phagocytic cells play a vital role in body defenses. We report for the first time the effect of "LUSI" volcano mud on the immune systems of fish in the Brantas Delta. The aim of this study was to find biomarkers to allow the evaluation of the effects of volcanic mud and anthropogenic pollution on fish health in the Brantas Delta. The study took places at the Brantas Delta, which was polluted by volcano mud, and at reference sites in Karangkates and Pasuruan. Leukocyte numbers were determined using a Neubauer hemocytometer and a light microscope. Differential leukocyte counts were determined using blood smears stained with May Grunwald-Giemsa, providing neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Macrophages were taken from fish kidney, and their phagocytic activity was measured. In vitro analyses revealed that leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts (DLC) were higher in Channa striata and Chanos chanos caught from the polluted area. Macrophage numbers were higher in Oreochromis mossambicus than in the other species, indicating that this species is more sensitive to pollution. In areas close to volcanic mud eruption, all specimens had lower phagocytic activity. Our results show that immune cells were changed and phagocytic activity was reduced in the polluted area indicating cytotoxicity and alteration of the innate immune system in fishes exposed to LUSI volcano mud and anthropogenic pollution.
authors.affiliation: BioEcotox, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia; Central Laboratory of Life Sciences (LSIH), University of Brawijaya, Indonesia. Electronic address: risjani@ub.ac.id.
authors.forename: Yenny
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Risjani
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Agric. Prod. Processing, Fac. of Agric. Technology, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Yunianta
authors.affiliation: TOXEM, University of Le Havre, France.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Couteau
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, University of Le Havre, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000276:immunology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D007214:Indonesia; D010473:Perciformes / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D017210:Tilapia / Q000276:immunology; D018707:Volcanic Eruptions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Brantas Delta; Immune cell; LUSI; Phagocytic activity; Pollution; Volcano mud