title: Prescription opioids for occupational injury: results from workers' compensation claims records.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to identify the prevalence of opioid prescription use in an Australian workers' compensation population and assess predictors of long-term use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective administrative data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  WorkSafe Victoria (Australia) workers' compensation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Workers with a workers' compensation claim were included if the injury/illness started in 2008 or 2009 (N = 54,931).
  
  
  METHODS
  Claim payments records dating up to 2 years postinjury were analyzed to determine receipt of prescription opioids. Long-term use was defined as use of any opioid beyond 1 year postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the follow-up period, 8,933 (16.3%) workers claimed prescription opioids: 10.0% claimed opioids in the first year only, and 6.3% claimed opioids beyond the first year. The most commonly received opioids were codeine (10.4%), oxycodone (7.5%), and tramadol (5.0%). Dextropropoxyphene, which is considered unsafe in many countries because of potentially fatal side effects, was used by 1.9% of injured workers. Progression to long-term use of opioids was common (N = 3,446; 39%): age (35-64 years; the association with age followed an inverse U-shaped curve), women, laborers, lower socioeconomic status, greater work disability, and greater hospital expense were associated with opioid use beyond the first year postinjury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prescription opioid use for workplace injury in Australia is common but not as common as reports from U.S. workers' compensation schemes. The type of opioid and number of repeat prescriptions are factors that should be carefully considered by practitioners prescribing opioids to injured workers: progression to long-term use is common and not fully explained by injury severity.
authors.affiliation: Monash Injury Research Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berecki-Gisolf
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collie
authors.forename: Roderick J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McClure
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057915:Drug Substitution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics
keywords: Analgesics; Pharmacoepidemiology; Workers' Compensation; Workplace Injury