title: The predicted impact of reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes on alcohol use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Product standards reducing the level of nicotine in cigarettes could significantly improve public health by reducing smoking behavior and toxicant exposure. However, relatively little is known about how the regulatory strategy could impact alcohol use, a closely related health behavior that is also a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. The primary objective of this paper is to predict the effect of nicotine reduction on alcohol use, identify priorities for future research, and highlight areas for mitigating any adverse outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We critically reviewed and integrated literatures examining the effects of very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes on smoking-related outcomes (nicotine exposure, nicotine withdrawal, and smoking as a cue to drink) and, in turn, the effects of those outcomes on alcohol use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current evidence suggests reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes may benefit public health by reducing alcohol use and problematic drinking over time as a consequence of reduced exposure to nicotine and the smoking cues associated with drinking. Nicotine withdrawal could increase risk of drinking, although these effects should be short-lived and could be mitigated by other sources of nicotine. Gender, hazardous drinking, and psychiatric comorbidities are likely to be important moderators of the effects of VLNC cigarettes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is imperative to broadly assess the public health impact of potential tobacco product regulations by including measures of closely related health behaviors that could be impacted by these interventions. Nicotine reduction in cigarettes may contribute to improved public health through reductions in alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA sls124@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dermody
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine