title: Characterisation and discrimination of various types of lac resin using gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques with quaternary ammonium reagents.
abstract: A variety of lac resin samples obtained from artists' suppliers, industrial manufacturers, and museum collections were analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and reactive pyrolysis GCMS with quaternary ammonium reagents. These techniques allowed a detailed chemical characterisation of microgram-sized samples, based on the detection and identification of derivatives of the hydroxy aliphatic and cyclic (sesquiterpene) acids that compose the resin. Differences in composition could be related to the nature of the resin, e.g. wax-containing (unrefined), bleached, or aged samples. Furthermore, differences in the relative abundances of aliphatic hydroxyacids appear to be associated with the biological source of the resin. The diagnostic value of newly characterised lac components, including 8-hydroxyacids, is discussed here for the first time. Identification of derivatised components was aided by AMDIS deconvolution software, and discrimination of samples was enhanced by statistical evaluation of data using principal component analysis. The robustness of the analyses, together with the minimal sample size required, make these very powerful approaches for the characterisation of lac resin in museum objects. The value of such analyses for enhancing the understanding of museum collections is illustrated by two case studies of objects in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art: a restorer's varnish on a painting by Luca Signorelli, and a pictorial inlay in an early nineteenth-century High Chest by George Dyer.
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia Museum of Art, Conservation Department, Box 7646, Philadelphia, PA 19101, USA. Electronic address: ksutherland@artic.edu.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.affiliation: Institute for Natural Resources and Agrobiology, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Box 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: del Río
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents
keywords: GCMS; Hydroxyacids; Lac resin; Museum artefacts; Quaternary ammonium reagents; Shellac