title: Human viral oncogenesis: a cancer hallmarks analysis.
abstract: Approximately 12% of all human cancers are caused by oncoviruses. Human viral oncogenesis is complex, and only a small percentage of the infected individuals develop cancer, often many years to decades after the initial infection. This reflects the multistep nature of viral oncogenesis, host genetic variability, and the fact that viruses contribute to only a portion of the oncogenic events. In this review, the Hallmarks of Cancer framework of Hanahan and Weinberg (2000 and 2011) is used to dissect the viral, host, and environmental cofactors that contribute to the biology of multistep oncogenesis mediated by established human oncoviruses. The viruses discussed include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV).
authors.affiliation: Viral Oncology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; AIDS Malignancies Scientific Working Group, Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department and Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA. Electronic address: emesri@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Enrique A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mesri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA. Electronic address: feitelso@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Feitelson
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: kmunger@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Munger
mesh_terms: D063646:Carcinogenesis; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications*