title: Transitions in gambling participation during late adolescence and young adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine transitions in gambling participation from late adolescence into emerging adulthood and to identify factors (i.e., gender, race, intervention status, lunch status, conduct disorder, parental monitoring, neighborhood environment, and substance use) that might influence these transitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Markov modeling was used to describe the movement between past-year gambling states (i.e., nongambling and gambling) across 5 years. Annual data on the past-year gambling behavior and substance use were collected from 515 young men and women starting at the age of 17 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Past-year gambling declined from 51% prevalence at the age of 17 years to 21% prevalence at the age of 22 years. Participants who reported no past-year gambling at a particular annual assessment had more than an 80% probability of also reporting no past-year gambling at the following assessment. Men were 1.07-2.82 times more likely than women to transition from past-year nongambling to gambling year to year, and women were 1.27-5.26 times more likely than men to transition from past-year gambling to nongambling year to year. In addition, gender and past-year tobacco use interacted such that men who used tobacco were most likely (and men who did not use tobacco least likely) to gamble at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transition rates between gambling states appear to be relatively stable over time from late adolescence into emerging adulthood; however, men and those who engage in substance use may be at an increased risk of gambling participation.
authors.affiliation: The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Bethany C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Grace P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Carla L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Storr
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ialongo
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York. Electronic address: ssm2183@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Silvia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescence; Alcohol; Drugs; Emerging adulthood; Gambling; Latent transition analysis; Marijuana; Markov models; Tobacco