title: Remodeling of white adipose tissue metabolism by physical training prevents insulin resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine the role of white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism in the prevention of insulin resistance (IR) by physical training (PT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6J mice were assigned into groups CHOW-SED (chow diet, sedentary; n=15), CHOW-TR (chow diet, trained; n=18), CAF-SED (cafeteria diet, sedentary; n=15) and CAF-TR (cafeteria diet, trained; n=18). PT consisted of running sessions of 60 min at 60% of maximal speed conducted five days per week for eight weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PT prevented body weight and fat mass accretion in trained groups and prevented hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and IR in the CAF-TR. The CAF-SED group presented higher leptin and free fatty acid and lower adiponectin serum levels compared with other groups. Lipolytic activity (in mmol/10(6) adipose cells) stimulated by isoproterenol increased in CHOW-TR (16347±3005), CAF-SED (18110±3788) and CAF-TR (15837±2845) compared with CHOW-SED (8377±2284). The CAF-SED group reduced FAS activity compared with CHOW-SED and CHOW-TR, reduced citrate synthase activity and increased DGAT2 content compared with other groups. Both trained groups reduced G6PDH activity and increased the expression of p-AMPK (Thr172) compared with sedentary groups. CAF-SED group had lower levels of AMPK, p-AMPK (Thr172), ACC and p-ACC (Ser79) compared with other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevention of IR by PT is mediated by adaptations in WAT metabolism by improving lipolysis, preventing an increase in enzymes responsible for fatty acid esterification and by activating enzymes that improve fat oxidation instead of fat storage.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Spinola
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute (InCor), Department of Medicine-LIM13, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Fonseca-Alaniz
authors.affiliation: School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: fabiana_evangelista@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Evangelista
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000378:metabolism*; D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000517:prevention & control; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000517:prevention & control; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008066:Lipolysis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D020738:Leptin; D007545:Isoproterenol
keywords: Insulin resistance; Lipolysis and lipogenesis; Physical training; White adipose tissue