title: Ardisia crispa roots inhibit cyclooxygenase and suppress angiogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In our previous studies conducted on Ardisia crispa roots, it was shown that Ardisia crispa root inhibited inflammation-induced angiogenesis in vivo. The present study was conducted to identify whether the anti-angiogenic properties of Ardisia crispa roots was partly due to either cyclooxygenase (COX) or/and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity inhibition in separate in vitro studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Benzoquinonoid fraction (BQ) was isolated from hexane extract by column chromatography, and later analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Anti-angiogenic effect was studied on mouse sponge implantation assay. Ardisia crispa ethanolic rich fraction (ACRH), quinone-rich fraction (QRF) and BQ were screened for COX assay to evaluate their selectivity towards two isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2), The experiment on soy lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory assay was also performed to determine the inhibitory effect of ACRH, QRF and BQ on soy LOX.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BQ was confirmed to consist of 2-methoxy-6-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone, when compared with previous data. Antiangiogenesis study exhibited a reduction of mean vascular density (MVD) in both ACRH and QRF, compared to control. In vitro study showed that both ACRH and QRF inhibited both COX-1 and COX-2, despite COX-2 inhibition being slightly higher than COX-1 in BQ. On the other hand, both ACRH and QRF were shown to have poor LOX inhibitory activity, but not BQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, ACRH and QRF might possibly exhibit its anti-angiogenic effect by inhibiting cyclooxygenase. However, both of them were shown to possess poor LOX inhibitory activity. On the other hand, BQ displayed selectivity to COX-2 inhibitory property as well as LOX inhibitory effect.
authors.forename: Dayang Erna Zulaikha Awang
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hamsin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor. roslida@medic.upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Roslida Abdul
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: Latifah Saiful
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Yazan
authors.forename: Che Norma Mat
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Taib
authors.forename: Looi Ting
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Yeong
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D031644:Ardisia / Q000737:chemistry*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D016227:Benzoquinones; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; C004532:quinone; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases