title: Causes and management of post-treatment apical periodontitis.
abstract: Endodontic treatment failure is usually characterised by the presence of post-treatment apical periodontitis, which may be persistent, emergent or recurrent. The major aetiology of post-treatment disease is persistent intraradicular infection, but in some cases a secondary intraradicular infection due to coronal leakage or an extraradicular infection may be the cause of failure. Understanding the causes of endodontic treatment failure is of paramount importance for the proper management of this condition. Teeth with post-treatment apical periodontitis can be managed by either nonsurgical endodontic retreatment or periradicular surgery, both of which have very high chances of restoring the health of the periradicular tissues and maintaining the tooth function in the oral cavity. This review article focuses on the aetiological factors of post-treatment apical periodontitis and discusses the indications and basics of the procedures for optimal clinical management of this condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Rôças
authors.affiliation: Private practice, Cetraro, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ricucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cardiology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hülsmann
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017211:Treatment Failure