title: Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.
abstract: Many methods for reducing implicit prejudice have been identified, but little is known about their relative effectiveness. We held a research contest to experimentally compare interventions for reducing the expression of implicit racial prejudice. Teams submitted 17 interventions that were tested an average of 3.70 times each in 4 studies (total N = 17,021), with rules for revising interventions between studies. Eight of 17 interventions were effective at reducing implicit preferences for Whites compared with Blacks, particularly ones that provided experience with counterstereotypical exemplars, used evaluative conditioning methods, and provided strategies to override biases. The other 9 interventions were ineffective, particularly ones that engaged participants with others' perspectives, asked participants to consider egalitarian values, or induced a positive emotion. The most potent interventions were ones that invoked high self-involvement or linked Black people with positivity and White people with negativity. No intervention consistently reduced explicit racial preferences. Furthermore, intervention effectiveness only weakly extended to implicit preferences for Asians and Hispanics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Calvin K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia.
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lehr
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerruti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University.
authors.forename: Jiyun-Elizabeth L
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Joy-Gaba
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Colgate University.
authors.forename: Arnold K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Bethany A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Teachman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California.
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wojcik
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California.
authors.forename: Spassena P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Koleva
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Boston College.
authors.forename: Larisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heiphetz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
authors.forename: Eva E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast.
authors.forename: Rhiannon N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Stern School of Business, New York University.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haidt
authors.affiliation: London Business School.
authors.forename: Selin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kesebir
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Carlee Beth
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Hillary S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: University of Modena and Reggio Emilia.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Padua.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dial
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sriram
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University.
authors.forename: Mahzarin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Banaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Nosek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063505:Racism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012938:Social Perception; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*