title: Transdermal delivery of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors.
abstract: The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of drugs has been in clinical use since the 1970s for the management of all grades of heart failure, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and prophylaxis of cardiovascular events. Because of the advantages associated with transdermal delivery compared with oral delivery many researchers have investigated the skin as a portal for administration of ACE inhibitors. This review summarises the various studies reported in the literature describing the development and evaluation of transdermal formulations of ACE inhibitors. Captopril, enalapril maleate, lisinopril dihydrate, perindopril erbumine and trandolapril are the most studied in connection with transdermal preparations. The methodologies reported are considered critically and the limitations of the various skin models used are also highlighted. Finally, opportunities for novel transdermal preparations of ACE inhibitor drugs are discussed with an emphasis on rational formulation design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Helal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: majella.lane@btinternet.com.
authors.forename: Majella E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002216:Captopril / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy; D004656:Enalapril / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020913:Perindopril / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; C052035:trandolapril; D004656:Enalapril; D002216:Captopril; D017706:Lisinopril; D020913:Perindopril
keywords: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor; Formulation; Models; Permeation; Skin; Transdermal