title: The effect of emodin on cytotoxicity, apoptosis and antioxidant capacity in the hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).
abstract: We determined the effect of emodin on the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm), and apoptosis in the hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Cultured cells were treated with different concentrations of emodin (0.04-25 μg/ml) for 24 h. We found that the cytotoxic effect of emodin was mediated by apoptosis, and that this apoptosis occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Emodin (1-25 μg/ml) significantly induced apoptosis accompanying by ΔΨm disruption and ROS generation and significantly reduced the SOD activities and T-AOC compared to the control. Thus, the oxidative effect of emodin may be attributed to the loss of the cell's ability to maintain the activity of its radical-scavenging enzymes. GSH was also significantly higher after 0.2-1 μg/ml emodin exposure, indicating that cells failed to maintain their redox balance when compensating for the increased oxidative stress. Our results suggest that emodin (1-25 μg/ml) exerts its cytotoxic effects via apoptosis by directly affecting the mitochondria.
authors.affiliation: Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agriculture University, Wuxi 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China. Electronic address: yt-cui1114@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agriculture University, Wuxi 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China. Electronic address: liub@ffrc.cn.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agriculture University, Wuxi 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China. Electronic address: xiej@ffrc.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agriculture University, Wuxi 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China. Electronic address: xup@ffrc.cn.
authors.forename: Pao
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agriculture University, Wuxi 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China.
authors.forename: H-Michael
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Habte-Tsion
authors.affiliation: Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agriculture University, Wuxi 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002347:Carps; D002460:Cell Line; D004642:Emodin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004642:Emodin
keywords: Apoptosis; Emodin; Grass carp; Hepatic cell; ROS