title: Twenty years post-NIH Revitalization Act: enhancing minority participation in clinical trials (EMPaCT): laying the groundwork for improving minority clinical trial accrual: renewing the case for enhancing minority participation in cancer clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act of 1993 mandated the appropriate inclusion of minorities in all NIH-funded research. Twenty years after this act, the proportion of minority patients enrolled in cancer clinical trials remains persistently low. Clinical trials are vehicles for the development and evaluation of therapeutic and preventive agents under scientifically rigorous conditions. Without representation in trials, it is projected that disparities in the cancer burden for minorities will increase.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this review article, the authors counted the frequency with which minorities were the primary focus of National Cancer Institute-sponsored clinical trials, examined citations from the PubMed database focusing on the search terms "NIH Revitalization Act of 1993" and "enhancing minority accrual to cancer clinical trials," and supplemented the review with their expertise in NIH-funded research related to minority accrual in cancer clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reporting and analyses of data based on minorities in clinical trials remain inadequate. Less than 2% of the National Cancer Institute's clinical trials focus on any racial/minority population as their primary emphasis. The current review of the literature indicated that the percentage of authors who reported their study sample by race/ethnicity ranged from 1.5% to 58%, and only 20% of the randomized controlled studies published in a high-impact oncology journal reported analyzing results by race/ethnicity. Proportionately greater population increases in minorities, accompanied by their persistent and disproportionate cancer burden, reinforce the need for their greater representation in clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renewing the emphasis for minority participation in clinical trials is warranted. Policy changes are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California; Cancer Control, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California.
authors.forename: Moon S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Primo N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Julie H T
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Debora A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Paterniti
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D018579:Patient Selection; D044469:Racial Groups; D012107:Research Design; D014481:United States
keywords: National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act; cancer clinical trials; clinical trial; disparities; minorities