title: Folding of the anterior cingulate cortex partially explains inhibitory control during childhood: a longitudinal study.
abstract: Difficulties in cognitive control including inhibitory control (IC) are related to the pathophysiology of several psychiatric conditions. In healthy subjects, IC efficiency in childhood is a strong predictor of academic and professional successes later in life. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is one of the core structures responsible for IC. Although quantitative structural characteristics of the ACC contribute to IC efficiency, the qualitative structural brain characteristics contributing to IC development are less-understood. Using anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated whether the ACC sulcal pattern at age 5, a stable qualitative characteristic of the brain determined in utero, explains IC at age 9. 18 children performed Stroop tasks at age 5 and age 9. Children with asymmetrical ACC sulcal patterns (n=7) had better IC efficiency at age 5 and age 9 than children with symmetrical ACC sulcal patterns (n=11). The ACC sulcal patterns appear to affect specifically IC efficiency given that the ACC sulcal patterns had no effect on verbal working memory. Our study provides the first evidence that the ACC sulcal pattern - a qualitative structural characteristic of the brain not affected by maturation and learning after birth - partially explains IC efficiency during childhood.
authors.affiliation: CNRS U8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France. Electronic address: gregoire.borst@parisdescartes.fr.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borst
authors.affiliation: CNRS U8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cachia
authors.affiliation: CNRS U8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: CNRS U8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: UNATI, Neurospin, I2BM, CEA, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: CNRS U8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pineau
authors.affiliation: CNRS U8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Poirel
authors.affiliation: UNATI, Neurospin, I2BM, CEA, France.
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mangin
authors.affiliation: CNRS U8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Houdé
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007802:Language; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Anterior cingulate cortex; Brain imaging; Cognitive control; Inhibitory control; Stroop; Sulcal pattern