title: Age estimation for forensic purposes in Italy: ethical issues.
abstract: Age assessment in children and young adults is a relevant medicolegal issue due to the gradual increase of persons devoid of proper identification documents in European countries. Because of the illegal immigration and growing crime rates among children and adolescents, age estimation for forensic purposes is often required. The scientific research and the extensive experience of forensic experts in the last decades focused on the use of radiographic methods addressed to evaluate the degree of skeletal or dental development as the most accurate parameters to estimate the chronological age of children and adolescents. This paper analyzes the ethical issues related to age estimation procedures based on radiographic methods, showing how the ethical principles of beneficence, nonmalevolence, justice, and autonomy may be guaranteed during the execution of the age assessment in forensic practice. The procedure might be conducted in accordance with international guidelines and protocols, though they need a higher homogenization and standardization. A strong collaboration between various scientific societies of professionals (forensic odontologists, forensic pathologists, forensic anthropologist, radiologists, pediatricians, and psychologists), who have been involved in age estimation for years, is needed to reach this goal.
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, federica.del@virgilio.it.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Focardi
authors.forename: Vilma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinchi
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Gian-Aristide
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Norelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000941:ethics*; D000366:Age Determination by Teeth; D026686:Beneficence; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D003415:Crime / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D033242:Minors / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic