title: Risk factors for fatty liver in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) may increase the risk of fatty liver disease. We determined the prevalence of and risk factors for fatty liver by comparing HIV-infected men with HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 719 MACS participants who consumed less than three alcoholic drinks daily, fatty liver was defined as a liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio <1 on noncontrast computed tomography (CT). We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene and in other genes previously associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Risk factors for fatty liver were determined using multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 254 HIV-uninfected men and 465 HIV-infected men, 56% were White with median age 53 years and median body mass index 25.8 kg/m(2). The vast majority of HIV-infected men (92%) were on ART, and 87% of the HIV-infected men were treated with a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for a median duration of 8.5 years. Overall, 15% of the cohort had fatty liver, which was more common in the HIV-uninfected compared with the HIV-infected men (19 vs. 13%, P=0.02). In multivariable analysis, HIV infection was associated with a lower prevalence of fatty liver (odds ratio (OR)=0.44, P=0.002), whereas a higher prevalence of fatty liver was seen in participants with PNPLA3 (rs738409) non-CC genotype (OR=2.06, P=0.005), more abdominal visceral adipose tissue (OR=1.08 per 10 cm(2), P<0.001), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ≥4.9 (OR=2.50, P=0.001). Among HIV-infected men, PNPLA3 (rs738409) non-CC genotype was associated with a higher prevalence of fatty liver (OR=3.30, P=0.001) and cumulative dideoxynucleoside exposure (OR=1.44 per 5 years, P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT-defined fatty liver is common among men at risk for HIV infection and is associated with greater visceral adiposity, HOMA-IR, and PNPLA3 (rs738409). Although treated HIV infection was associated with a lower prevalence of fatty liver, prolonged exposure to dideoxynucleoside analogs is associated with higher prevalence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Seaberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Latanich
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Budoff
authors.affiliation: Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Palella
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Mallory D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA [2] Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Post
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Chloe L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Thio
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008049:Lipase / Q000235:genetics; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D000217:Acyltransferases; D054512:Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D005819:Genetic Markers; D008049:Lipase; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C533682:PNPLA3 protein, human; D000217:Acyltransferases; D054512:Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent