title: Socio-cultural challenges to sexual health education for female adolescents in Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite clear reasons for necessity of sexual health education for adolescents, it is a contested issue and has faced challenges in most cultures. Providing sexual education for non-married adolescents is culturally unacceptable in most Muslim societies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This qualitative study addressed socio-cultural challenges to sexual health education for female adolescents in Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative data from female adolescents (14-18 yr), mothers, teachers, authorities in health and education organizations, health care providers and clergies were collected in two large cities of Iran including Mashhad and Ahvaz through focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis with MAXqda software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results revealed that the main socio-cultural challenges to sexual health education for adolescents in Iran are affected by taboos surrounding sexuality. The emergent categories were: denial of premarital sex, social concern about negative impacts of sexual education, perceived stigma and embarrassment, reluctance to discuss sexual issues in public, sexual discussion as a socio-cultural taboo, lack of advocacy and legal support, intergenerational gap, religious uncertainties, and imitating non-Islamic patterns of education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that cultural resistances are more important than religious prohibitions, and affect more the nature and content of sexual health education. However, despite existence of salient socio-cultural doubtful issues about sexual health education for adolescents, the emerging challenges are manageable to some extent. It is hoped that the acceptability of sexual health education for adolescents could be promoted through overcoming the cultural taboos and barriers as major obstacles.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Patient Safety and Health Quality, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Robab
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Latifnejad Roudsari
authors.affiliation: Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javadnoori
authors.affiliation: Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Marzieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasanpour
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hazavehei
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taghipour
keywords: Female adolescents; Qualitative research; Sex education