title: Suppression of adipocyte hypertrophy by polymethoxyflavonoids isolated from Kaempferia parviflora.
abstract: We previously demonstrated that ethyl acetate extracts of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker (KPE) improve insulin resistance in TSOD mice and showed that its components induce differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The present study was undertaken to examine whether KPE and its isolated twelve components suppress further lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. KPE reduced intracellular triglycerides in mature adipocytes, as did two of its components, 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone. Shrinkage of lipid droplets in mature adipocytes was observed, and mRNA expression levels of adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) were up-regulated by these two polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs). Furthermore, the protein expression level of ATGL and the release level of glycerol into the cell culture medium increased. In contrast, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, troglitazone, did not decrease intracellular triglycerides in mature adipocytes, and the mRNA expression level of PPARγ was not up-regulated in mature adipocytes treated with the two active PMFs. Therefore, suppression of lipid accumulation in mature adipocytes is unlikely to be enhanced by transcriptional activation of PPARγ. These results suggest that KPE and its active components enhance lipolysis in mature adipocytes by activation of ATGL and HSL independent of PPARγ transcription, thus preventing adipocyte hypertrophy. On the other hand, the full hydroxylated flavonoid quercetin did not show the suppressive effects of lipid accumulation in mature adipocyte in the same conditions. Consequently, methoxy groups in the flavones are important for the activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Yui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan. Electronic address: kiyotaka@my-pharm.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kiyotaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aburada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D008066:Lipolysis; D051379:Mice; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism*; D030521:Zingiberaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C576901:3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone; D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014280:Triglycerides; D008049:Lipase
keywords: 3T3-L1; Adipocyte; Anti-obesity; Diabetes; Kaempferia parviflora; Polymethoxyflavonoid