title: High serum phosphate and triglyceride levels in smoking women and men with CVD risk and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both low and high serum phosphate levels may be associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. As smoking increases risk for type 2 diabetes (as shown by dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia), we wanted to study whether smoking and type 2 diabetes were associated with serum phosphate and triglyceride levels independently from other CVD risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Upon admittance to the Vindeln Health Education Centre (VHE-centre) for a four-week comprehensive lifestyle intervention, the participants (1408 women and 1096 men) completed a questionnaire that included their smoking habits - current smoker or non-smoker. We used multiple linear regression analyses to investigate the association between smoking and other CVD risk factors with S-P and S-TG levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the non-type 2 diabetes populations, the smokers, compared to the non-smokers, had higher S-P and higher serum triglycerides (S-TG). In women, serum-TG in smokers with type 2 diabetes was higher than in smokers with non-type 2 diabetes. Non-type 2 diabetes patients exhibited an inverse relation between S-Glucose (S-Glu) and S-P and a positive association with S-TG. For men only, an association was seen between age (-) and S-Crea (-) and S-P. For women only, an association was seen between BMI (-) and S-Cholesterol (+) (S-Chol) and S-P.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to non-smokers, smoking women with non-type 2 diabetes and smoking men with type 2 diabetes had a higher level of S-P and S-TG. The association between smoking and S-P and S-TG levels still existed after adjusting for age and CVD risk factors in the multiple linear regression analyses.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The study has been registered as a sub-study to the Lifestyle Intervention Trial no. ISRCTN79355192.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, UMEÅ SE-901 87, Sweden. lena.haglin@vll.se.
authors.forename: Lena M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Håglin
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Törnkvist
authors.forename: Lennart O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Bäckman