title: Population-based incidence of diabetes in Australian youth aged 10-18 yr: increase in type 1 diabetes but not type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Global incidence of childhood type 2 diabetes has increased, with a greater rise amongst certain ethnic groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the change in the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Australian youth, aged 10-18 yr, in New South Wales, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population-based incidence study (2001-2008). Primary case ascertainment was from the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group Diabetes Register, secondary independent ascertainment from the National Diabetes Register.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 202 incident cases of type 2 diabetes (96 boys, 48%). The mean age at diagnosis (±SD) was 14.6 ± 2.5 yr; 93% were overweight (International Obesity Taskforce Grade ≥1). Mean HbA1c was 8.8 ± 2.8%. Ethnicity was Caucasian 31%, Indigenous Australian 20%, Southeast Asian 11%, North African/Middle Eastern 9%, and NewZealander/Melanesian/Polynesian 8%. The mean annual incidence of type 2 diabetes was 3.0 per 100 000 per year (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6-3.4) and did not change over time. The mean annual incidence of type 1 diabetes was 22.0 per 100 000 per year (95% CI: 20.8-23.1), and increased by 3.8% per year [incidence rate ratio IRR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02-1.06, p = 0.001]. Incidence was higher in Indigenous vs. non-Indigenous youth, IRR: 6.9 (95% CI: 4.7-10.2, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 10-18 yr old youth, in Australia, the incidence of type 2 diabetes has remained steady during the last decade; however, the incidence of type 1 diabetes continues to rise. Most common diabetes in Australian youth is type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Chi-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Helen J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Woodhead
authors.forename: Karan D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Crock
authors.forename: Neville J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Australia; Indigenous; epidemiology; type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes