title: Health improvement for men and hard-to-engage-men delivered in English Premier League football clubs.
abstract: Unhealthy behaviours represent modifiable causes of non-communicable disease. In men, concern focuses on those (i) demonstrating the poorest health, exacerbated by a lack of awareness of the risks that their lifestyles pose and (ii) who neither consult their doctor nor use health services. Classed as 'hard-to-engage', distinctive strategies are needed to reach these men. Impact and process evaluations assessed the effect of a programme of men's health-delivered in/by English Premier League football clubs. Men attended match-day events and/or weekly classes involving physical activity and health education. Validated self-report measures for demographics and lifestyle behaviours were completed pre- and post-intervention. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed on pre-versus-post-intervention differences in lifestyle profiles, whereas interviews (n = 57) provided men's accounts of programme experience. Participants were predominantly white British (70.4%/n = 2669), 18-44 (80.2%/n = 3032) and employed (60.7%/n = 1907). One-third (n = 860) 'never' visited their doctor. Over 85% (n = 1428) presented with combinations of lifestyle risk factors. Intention-to-treat analysis showed improvements (P < 0.001) in lifestyle profiles. Interviews confirmed recruitment of men who were hard-to-engage and unhealthy. Men were attracted through football and/or the clubs, whereas specific design factors impacted on participation. Limitations include use of self-reports, narrow demographics, small effect sizes, lack of follow-up and the absence of non-completers in interviews.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK and Centre for Men's Health, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS1 3EE, UK a.pringle@leedsmet.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.affiliation: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK and Centre for Men's Health, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS1 3EE, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zwolinsky
authors.affiliation: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK and Centre for Men's Health, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS1 3EE, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.affiliation: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK and Centre for Men's Health, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS1 3EE, UK.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK and Centre for Men's Health, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS1 3EE, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daly-Smith
authors.affiliation: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK and Centre for Men's Health, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS1 3EE, UK.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004739:England; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012916:Soccer; D055815:Young Adult