title: Prevalence of daytime urinary incontinence and related risk factors in primary school children in Turkey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary incontinence is one of the major urinary symptoms in children and adolescents and can lead to major distress for the affected children and their parents. In accordance with the definitions of the Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society, daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) is uncontrollable leakage of urine during the day. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of DUI in Turkish primary school children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The questionnaire, which covered sociodemographic variables and the voiding habits of the children, was completed by the parents of 2,353 children who were attending primary school in Denizli, a developing city of Turkey. The children's voiding habits were evaluated by use of the Dysfunctional Voiding and Incontinence Symptoms Score, which is a validated questionnaire. Children with a history of neurological or urological diseases were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participation rate was 91.9% (2,164 people). The overall prevalence of DUI was 8.0%. The incidence of DUI tended to decrease with increasing age and was not significantly different between genders (boys, 8.8%; girls, 7.3%; p=0.062). Age, maternal education level, family history of daytime wetting, settlement (urban/rural), history of constipation, urinary tract infection, and urgency were independent risk factors of DUI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings showed that DUI is a common health problem in primary school children. In an effort to increase awareness of children's voiding problems and the risk factors for urinary dysfunction in the population, educational programs and larger school-based screening should be carried out, especially in regions with low socioeconomic status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bolat
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Acibadem University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ismail Cenk
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali Ersin
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Zumrutbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Acibadem University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Saadettin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eskicorapci
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Eyup Burak
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Sancak
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zencir
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sinik
keywords: Child; Diurnal enuresis; Prevalence; Risk factors; Urination disorders