title: The use of dental putty in the assessment of hard surfaces within paved urban areas that may leave defined or patterned marks on bodies.
abstract: The identification of a patterned skin or scalp mark at autopsy can provide key forensic evidence in identifying an injury that may have been left by an assailant's footwear. It is also important to consider whether such a mark could alternatively have been left by the deceased coming into forceful contact with a hard surface at the scene of an incident, for example by falling. This study was designed to demonstrate how variable surfaces are within paved urban areas, including those which might leave marks resembling footwear patterns, and to evaluate whether dental putty impression lifting is a practical and effective adjunct to photography in assessing patterned surfaces. Eighteen 'scenes' of approximately 50 m² were assessed for different hard surfaces by photography and by the production of dental putty impression lifts. The number of hard surfaces varied between 4 and 12 per scene, with 90% (122/135) of all hard surfaces deemed likely to leave distinct marking on skin with forceful contact and 46% (62/135) a defined/regular mark potentially similar to a footwear injury (mean = 3.4 per scene). Dental putty proved to be an excellent tool in characterising hard surfaces, producing firm but slightly flexible lifts that can be used in combination with a commercially available inkless footwear impression kit to generate transparencies that help facilitate detailed comparison work. Whenever a potential footwear mark is identified at autopsy, a systematic examination of all hard surfaces at the scene is mandatory, and this process will be significantly strengthened by the use of dental putty.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham Medical School, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver Ross
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: University of Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lyall
authors.affiliation: Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK johnson177@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Christopher Paul
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D003760:Dental Impression Materials; D044707:Forensic Sciences / Q000379:methods*; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D010781:Photography; D012775:Shoes; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003760:Dental Impression Materials
keywords: Forensic pathology; dental putty; footwear; hard surfaces; patterned mark; trainers