title: Trauma-related altered states of consciousness: exploring the 4-D model.
abstract: Frewen and Lanius (in press) recently articulated a 4-D model as a framework for classifying symptoms of posttraumatic stress into those that potentially occur within normal waking consciousness (NWC) versus those that intrinsically represent dissociative experiences of trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC). Four dimensions were specified: time-memory, thought, body, and emotion. The 4-D model further hypothesizes that in traumatized persons, symptoms of TRASC, compared with NWC forms of distress, will be (a) observed less frequently; (b) less intercorrelated, especially as measured as moment-to-moment states; (c) observed more frequently in people with high dissociative symptomatology as measured independently; and (d) observed more often in people who have experienced repeated traumatization, particularly early developmental trauma. The aim of the present research was to begin to evaluate these 4 predictions of the 4-D model. Within a sample of 74 women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) primarily due to histories of childhood trauma, as well as within a 2nd sample of 504 undergraduates (384 females), the 1st 2 hypotheses of the 4-D model were supported. In addition, within the PTSD sample, the 3rd hypothesis was supported. However, inconsistent with the 4th hypothesis, severity of childhood trauma history was not strongly associated with TRASC. We conclude that the hypotheses articulated by the 4-D model were generally supported, although further research in different trauma-related disorders is needed, and the role of childhood trauma history in the etiology of TRASC requires further research.
authors.affiliation: a Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Frewen
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lanius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003243:Consciousness; D003710:Demography; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D013850:Thinking; D013995:Time
keywords: 4-D model; childhood abuse and neglect; depersonalization; dissociation; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC)