title: Publication and other reporting biases in cognitive sciences: detection, prevalence, and prevention.
abstract: Recent systematic reviews and empirical evaluations of the cognitive sciences literature suggest that publication and other reporting biases are prevalent across diverse domains of cognitive science. In this review, we summarize the various forms of publication and reporting biases and other questionable research practices, and overview the available methods for probing into their existence. We discuss the available empirical evidence for the presence of such biases across the neuroimaging, animal, other preclinical, psychological, clinical trials, and genetics literature in the cognitive sciences. We also highlight emerging solutions (from study design to data analyses and reporting) to prevent bias and improve the fidelity in the field of cognitive science research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: jioannid@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: John P A
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Marcus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Munafò
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fusar-Poli
authors.affiliation: Center for Open Science, and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Nosek
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: David
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D019336:Cognitive Science; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D017594:Publication Bias
keywords: bias; cognitive sciences; neuroscience; publication bias; reporting bias