title: Management of cutaneous human papillomavirus infection in immunocompromised patients.
abstract: Individuals with inherited immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, organ or bone marrow transplantation and with human immunodeficiency virus are particularly susceptible to developing severe, persistent and extensive manifestations of cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) disease. These complex cases require a unique and often multimodal approach to management. In this chapter, we discuss several states of immune compromise with increased susceptibility to HPV disease and review the literature on available management strategies including acitretin, cidofovir, Candida antigen, cimetidine, imiquimod, isotretinoin, fluorouracil, selenium, podophyllotoxin, photodynamic therapy, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and the quadrivalent HPV vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA.
authors.forename: Sowmya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varada
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Posnick
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alessa
authors.forename: Marigdalia K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Fort
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017193:Skin Diseases, Viral / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D000975:Antioxidants; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines