title: The maintenance of anthelmintic efficacy in sheep in a Mediterranean climate.
abstract: To determine how far management practices on small ruminant dairy flocks in southern Italy have influenced the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR), faecal egg count (FEC) reduction tests were run on 54 sheep farms using the FLOTAC technique with a sensitivity of 2 eggs per gram of faeces. Tests were run on groups of sheep (12-20 animals per group) using six anthelmintics administered orally: levamisole on 8 farms, ivermectin (half and full dose) on 8 farms, moxidectin on 3 farms, monepantel on 8 farms, netobimin on 22 farms (pooled samples) and albendazole on 5 farms (pooled samples). Different formulae and statistics were used to calculate FEC reductions and confidence intervals based on the presence of a control group and/or the use of pooled samples. A very high average efficacy was obtained with all anthelmintics tested as follows: levamisole 99.3% (range across farms 98-100%), ivermectin half dose 99.5% (98.0-100%), ivermectin full dose 99.9% (99.3-100%), moxidectin 100% (99.9-100%), monepantel 99.4% (97-100%), netobimin 99.1% (92-100%) and albendazole 100%. The results suggest that the development of AR in small ruminants could be limited in countries with a Mediterranean type of climate provided that refugia of the nematode populations are maintained, anthelmintic use is restricted and movement of animals is not permitted to spread resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Regione Campania, Italy. Electronic address: lrinaldi@unina.it.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK. Electronic address: Eric.Morgan@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Regione Campania, Italy. Electronic address: boscoant@tiscali.it.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK. Electronic address: Gerald.C.Coles@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gerald C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Coles
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Regione Campania, Italy. Electronic address: cringoli@unina.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cringoli
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards*; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D007558:Italy; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics
keywords: Anthelmintic resistance; FLOTAC; Faecal egg count reduction test; Gastrointestinal strongyles; Sheep