title: Time-course effects of aerobic interval training and detraining in patients with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exercise training can improve health of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, which MetS factors are most responsive to exercise training remains unclear. We studied the time-course of changes in MetS factors in response to training and detraining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty eight MetS patients (52 ± 8.8 yrs old; 33 ± 4 BMI) underwent 4 months (3 days/week) of supervised aerobic interval training (AIT) program. After 1 month of training, there were progressive increases in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and reductions in waist circumference and blood pressure (12 ± 3, -3.9 ± 0.4, and -12 ± 1%, respectively after 4 months; all P < 0.05). However, fasting plasma concentration of triglycerides and glucose were not reduced by training. Insulin sensitivity (HOMA), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) and exercise maximal fat oxidation (FOMAx) also progressively improved with training (-17 ± 5; 21 ± 2 and 31 ± 8%, respectively, after 4 months; all P < 0.05). Vastus lateralis samples from seven subjects revealed that mitochondrial O2 flux was markedly increased with training (71 ± 11%) due to increased mitochondrial content. After 1 month of detraining, the training-induced improvements in waist circumference and blood pressure were maintained. HDL-c and VO2peak returned to the values found after 1-2 months of training while HOMA and FOMAx returned to pre-training values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The health related variables most responsive to aerobic interval training in MetS patients are waist circumference, blood pressure and the muscle and systemic adaptations to consume oxygen and fat. However, the latter reverse with detraining while blood pressure and waist circumference are persistent to one month of detraining.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory and GENUD Group University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain. Electronic address: ricardo.mora@uclm.es.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mora-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory and GENUD Group University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory and GENUD Group University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamouti
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory and GENUD Group University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Elias
authors.affiliation: Social and Health Care Research Center, University of Castilla-La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cañete Garcia-Prieto
authors.affiliation: Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guadalupe-Grau
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saborido
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory and GENUD Group University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martin-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Center, Diputacion de Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guio de Prada
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory and GENUD Group University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ara
authors.affiliation: Social and Health Care Research Center, University of Castilla-La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martinez-Vizcaino
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Aerobic exercise; Cardiovascular disease; Fatty acid oxidation; Insulin resistance; Muscle mitochondria; Obesity therapy