title: Molecular modeling study on the dynamical structural features of human smoothened receptor and binding mechanism of antagonist LY2940680 by metadynamics simulation and free energy calculation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The smoothened (SMO) receptor, one of the Class F G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), is an essential component of the canonical hedgehog signaling pathway which plays a key role in the regulation of embryonic development in animals. The function of the SMO receptor can be modulated by small-molecule agonists and antagonists, some of which are potential antitumour agents. Understanding the binding mode of an antagonist in the SMO receptor is crucial for the rational design of new antitumour agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and dynamical network analysis are used to study the dynamical structural features of SMO receptor. Metadynamics simulation and free energy calculation are employed to explore the binding mechanism between the antagonist and SMO receptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MD simulation results and dynamical network analysis show that the conserved KTXXXW motif in helix VIII has strong interaction with helix I. The α-helical extension of transmembrane 6 (TM6) is detected as part of the ligand-binding pocket and dissociation pathway of the antagonist. The metadynamics simulation results illustrate the binding mechanism of the antagonist in the pocket of SMO receptor, and free energy calculation shows the antagonist needs to overcome about 38kcal/mol of energy barrier to leave the binding pocket of SMO receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The unusually long TM6 plays an important role on the binding behavior of the antagonist in the pocket of SMO receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results can not only profile the binding mechanism between the antagonist and Class F GPCRs, but also supply the useful information for the rational design of a more potential small molecule antagonist bound to SMO receptor.
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
authors.forename: Qifeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Gansu Computing Center, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Gansu Computing Center, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
authors.forename: Nengzhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
authors.forename: Huanxiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China. Electronic address: xjyao@lzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D010793:Phthalazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor
chemical_list: C581399:LY2940680; D010793:Phthalazines; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C491023:SMO protein, human; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor
keywords: Free energy calculation; GPCR; Metadynamics; Molecular dynamics simulation; Smoothened receptor