title: Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of maternal vitamin D supplementation: results of an open-label, randomized controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation in Pakistani women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine whether vitamin D (vitD) supplementation during pregnancy affects obstetric and neonatal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a university hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a single-center, open-label, randomized, controlled trial of routine care (group A, 200 mg ferrous sulfate and 600 mg calcium daily) vs vitD supplementation (group B, 4000 IU vitamin D3 daily), started at 20 weeks and continued till delivery. Maternal serum samples of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) were collected at baseline and delivery. Neonatal vitD status was assessed in cord blood or in neonatal serum samples within 48 hours of birth. Obstetric outcomes included gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, and preterm labor, and neonatal well-being included small for gestational age, birth weight, length, head circumference, and 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 207 gravidae enrolled, 193 completed the trial. Maternal age, vitD status, and gestational age at enrollment were comparable between the two groups. At delivery, maternal 25OHD was increased in group B (18.3 ± 11 ng/dL vs 8.82 ± 11.84 ng/dL (P = .001) compared with group A (6.9 ± 7.0 ng/dL vs 6.32 ± 3.97 ng/dL, P = .06). The obstetric outcomes were comparable between the two groups (P > .05). Neonatal 25OHD levels were significantly higher in group B compared with group A (19.22 ± 12.19 ng/dL vs 6.27 ± 5.2 ng/dL). There was positive correlation between maternal and neonatal 25OHD levels (r = 0.83, P = .001). One- and 5-minute Apgar scores were significantly higher in group B (7.10 ± 0.66 vs 6.90 ± 0.50, P = .026, and 8.53 ± 0.68 vs 8.33 ± 0.81, P = .051, respectively). Neonatal anthropometric parameters were comparable between the two groups (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal vitD supplementation improved maternal and neonatal vitD status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit II (N.H., S.R., R.K., S.A.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (R.K., F.H.K.), Dow Diagnostics and Reference Laboratory, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; Program for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (L.P), Program for Reproductive Aging and Bone Health (L.P.), and Yale Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (L.P.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
authors.forename: Nazli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Fatima H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Kanani
authors.forename: Shabana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramzan
authors.forename: Robina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kausar
authors.forename: Shabana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.forename: Rafiq
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khanani
authors.forename: Lubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D