title: BMP4 and FGF3 haplotypes increase the risk of tendinopathy in volleyball athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether genetic variants can be correlated with tendinopathy in elite male volleyball athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen single nucleotide polymorphisms within BMP4, FGF3, FGF10, FGFR1 genes were investigated in 138 elite volleyball athletes, aged between 18 and 35 years, who undergo 4-5h of training per day: 52 with tendinopathy and 86 with no history of pain suggestive of tendinopathy in patellar, Achilles, shoulder, and hip abductors tendons. The clinical diagnostic criterion was progressive pain during training, confirmed by magnetic resonance image. Genomic DNA was obtained from saliva samples. Genetic markers were genotyped using TaqMan real-time PCR. Chi-square test compared genotypes and haplotype differences between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analyzed the significance of covariates and incidence of tendinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis revealed participant age (p=0.005) and years of practice (p=0.004) were risk factors for tendinopathy. A significant association between BMP4 rs2761884 (p=0.03) and tendinopathy was observed. Athletes with a polymorphic genotype have 2.4 times more susceptibility to tendinopathy (OR=2.39; 95%CI=1.10-5.19). Also, association between disease and haplotype TTGGA in BMP4 (p=0.01) was observed. The FGF3 TGGTA haplotype showed a tendency of association with tendinopathy (p=0.05), and so did FGF10 rs900379. FGFR1 showed no association with disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that haplotypes in BMP4 and FGF3 genes may contribute to the tendon disease process in elite volleyball athletes.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Teams Department, Brazilian Volleyball Federation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Inácio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Salles
authors.affiliation: Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus Vinícius
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego Pinheiro
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.affiliation: Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daisy Anne
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.affiliation: Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valquiria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Quinelato
authors.affiliation: Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia Ladeira
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Bonato
authors.affiliation: Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Eugenia Leite
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandre Rezende
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: plcasado@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Priscila Ladeira
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Casado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D051518:Fibroblast Growth Factor 3 / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000235:genetics*; D054798:Volleyball / Q000293:injuries*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C525809:BMP4 protein, human; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; C496444:FGF3 protein, human; D051518:Fibroblast Growth Factor 3
keywords: Athletes; Genetic polymorphism; Risk factor; Tendinopathy