title: Which behaviour change techniques are most effective at increasing older adults' self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour? A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing self-efficacy is an effective mechanism for increasing physical activity, especially for older people.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to identify behaviour change techniques (BCTs) that increase self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour in non-clinical community-dwelling adults 60 years or over.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search identified 24 eligible studies reporting change in self-efficacy for physical activity following an intervention. Moderator analyses examined whether the inclusion of specific BCTs (as defined by CALO-RE taxonomy) was associated with changes in self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, interventions increased self-efficacy (d = 0.37) and physical activity (d = 0.14). Self-regulatory techniques such as setting behavioural goals, prompting self-monitoring of behaviour, planning for relapses, providing normative information and providing feedback on performance were associated with lower levels of both self-efficacy and physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many commonly used self-regulation intervention techniques that are effective for younger adults may not be effective for older adults.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Coupland 1 Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK, david.french@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Ellinor K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Olander
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mc Sharry
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D020377:Self Efficacy