title: Cardiac reactivity to and recovery from acute stress: temporal associations with implicit anxiety.
abstract: Excessive cardiac responses to stressful events are a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Adverse cardiac responses are usually attributed to conscious negative stress and emotions. Yet, cardiac responses might also be affected by emotions that are not consciously reported. Here we tested this hypothesis. Sixty participants were randomly allocated to an evaluated speaking stressor or control condition. Trait, state and implicit anxiety were assessed with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, visual analog scales and the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety, with the latter two assessed before and after the stressor. Results showed that the stressor did not significantly affect implicit anxiety. Yet, participants with high implicit anxiety after the stressor had an overall enhanced heart rate and larger stressor-induced decreases in heart rate variability. These associations were independent of conscious anxiety. The implications of the results for a better understanding of excessive cardiac activity are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Electronic address: bverkuil@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verkuil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brosschot
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, United States.
authors.forename: Julian F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thayer
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Heart rate variability; Implicit; Perseverative cognition; Stress; Unconscious