title: U.S. physicians' perspective of adult vaccine delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adults are at substantial risk for vaccine-preventable disease, but their vaccination rates remain low.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess practices for assessing vaccination status and stocking recommended vaccines, barriers to vaccination, characteristics associated with reporting financial barriers to delivering vaccines, and practices regarding vaccination by alternate vaccinators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mail and Internet-based survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey conducted from March to June 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  General internists and family physicians throughout the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A financial barriers scale was created. Multivariable linear modeling for each specialty was performed to assess associations between a financial barrier score and physician and practice characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rates were 79% (352 of 443) for general internists and 62% (255 of 409) for family physicians. Twenty-nine percent of general internists and 32% of family physicians reported assessing vaccination status at every visit. A minority used immunization information systems (8% and 36%, respectively). Almost all respondents reported assessing need for and stocking seasonal influenza; pneumococcal; tetanus and diphtheria; and tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines. However, fewer assessed and stocked other recommended vaccines. The most commonly reported barriers were financial. Characteristics significantly associated with reporting greater financial barriers included private practice setting, fewer than 5 providers in the practice, and, for general internists only, having more patients with Medicare Part D. The most commonly reported reasons for referring patients elsewhere included lack of insurance coverage for the vaccine (55% for general internists and 62% for family physicians) or inadequate reimbursement (36% and 41%, respectively). Patients were most often referred to pharmacies/retail stores and public health departments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surveyed physicians may not be representative of all physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improving adult vaccination delivery will require increased use of evidence-based methods for vaccination delivery and concerted efforts to resolve financial barriers, especially for smaller practices and for general internists who see more patients with Medicare Part D.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
authors.forename: Laura P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Carolyn B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harpaz
authors.forename: Mandy A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Sean T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brtnikova
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stokley
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Beaty
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Zambrano
authors.forename: Faruque
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hales
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kempe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007388:Internal Medicine; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D008875:Middle Aged; D010821:Physicians, Family; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines