title: Existence of a potential neurogenic system in the adult human brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevailingly, adult mammalian neurogenesis is thought to occur in discrete, separate locations known as neurogenic niches that are best characterized in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone (SVZ). The existence of adult human neurogenic niches is controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The existence of neurogenic niches was investigated with neurogenesis marker immunostaining in histologically normal human brains obtained from autopsies. Twenty-eight adult temporal lobes, specimens from limbic structures and the hypothalamus of one newborn and one adult were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neural stem cell marker nestin stained circumventricular organ cells and the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX) stained hypothalamic and limbic structures adjacent to circumventricular organs; both markers stained a continuous structure running from the hypothalamus to the hippocampus. The cell proliferation marker Ki-67 was detected predominantly in structures that form the septo-hypothalamic continuum. Nestin-expressing cells were located in the fimbria-fornix at the insertion of the choroid plexus; ependymal cells in this structure expressed the putative neural stem cell marker CD133. From the choroidal fissure in the temporal lobe, a nestin-positive cell layer spread throughout the SVZ and subpial zone. In the subpial zone, a branch of this layer reached the hippocampal sulcus and ended in the SGZ (principally in the newborn) and in the subiculum (principally in the adults). Another branch of the nestin-positive cell layer in the subpial zone returned to the optic chiasm. DCX staining was detected in the periventricular and middle hypothalamus and more densely from the mammillary body to the subiculum through the fimbria-fornix, thus running through the principal neuronal pathway from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus. The column of the fornix forms part of this pathway and appears to coincide with the zone previously identified as the human rostral migratory stream. Partial co-labeling with DCX and the neuronal marker βIII-tubulin was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these findings suggest the existence of an adult human neurogenic system that rises from the circumventricular organs and follows, at minimum, the circuitry of the hypothalamus and limbic system.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery Clinic, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr, Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil. adriano.nogueira@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors.forename: Adriano Barreto
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Mari Cleide
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sogayar
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colquhoun
authors.forename: Sheila Aparecida
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.forename: Ariel Barreto
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Paulo Eurípedes
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Marchiori
authors.forename: Manoel Jacobsen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D055495:Neurogenesis; D055815:Young Adult