title: Credentialing: the need for a national research agenda.
abstract: A national research agenda is needed to promote inquiry into the impact of credentialing on health care outcomes for nurses, patients, and organizations. Credentialing is used here to refer to individual credentialing, such as certification for nurses, and organizational credentialing, such as American Nurses Credentialing Center Magnet recognition for health care organizations or accreditation of providers of continuing education in nursing. Although it is hypothesized that credentialing leads to a higher quality of care, more uniform practice, and better patient outcomes, the research evidence to validate these views is limited. This article proposes a conceptual model in which both credentials and standards are posited to affect outcomes in health care. Potential research questions as well as issues in research design, measurement, data collection, and analysis are discussed. Credentialing in nursing has implications for the health care professions and national policy. A growing body of independent research that clarifies the relationship of credentialing in nursing to outcomes can make important contributions to the improvement of health care quality.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Joanne V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
authors.forename: Lynn Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Unruh
authors.affiliation: Organizational Systems and Adult Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Robin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Newhouse
authors.affiliation: Professional and Community Engagement, University of Arizona College of Nursing, Tucson, AZ.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koithan
authors.affiliation: Organizational Systems and Adult Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Meg
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johantgen
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Ronda G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Nursing and Patient Care Services, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Karen B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.affiliation: Institute for Credentialing Research, American Nurses Credentialing Center, Silver Spring, MD. Electronic address: vicki.lundmark@ana.org.
authors.forename: Vicki A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lundmark
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000592:standards*; D003406:Credentialing; D003625:Data Collection; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards*; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D012956:Societies, Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
keywords: Accreditation; Certification; Credentialing; Magnet; Nursing; Outcomes