title: Optimal conditions of LDR to protect the kidney from diabetes: exposure to 12.5 mGy X-rays for 8 weeks efficiently protects the kidney from diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reported the attenuation of diabetes-induced renal dysfunction by exposure to multiple low-dose radiation (LDR) at 25 mGy every other day by suppressing renal oxidative damage. We here explored the optimal conditions of LDR to protect the kidney from diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6J mice with type 1 diabetes were induced with multiple injections of low-dose streptozotocin. Diabetic mice received whole body X-irradiation at a dose of 12.5, 25 or 50 mGy every other day for either 4 or 8 weeks. Age-matched normal mice were similarly irradiated at the dose of 25 mGy for 4 or 8 weeks. The renal function and histopathological changes were examined at the 4th and 8th weeks of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes induced renal dysfunction is shown by the decreased creatinine and increased microalbumin in the urine. Renal oxidative damage, detected by protein nitration and lipid oxidation, and remodeling, reflected by increased expression of connective tissue growth factor, collagen IV and fibronectin, were significantly increased in diabetic mice. All these renal pathological and function changes in diabetic mice were significantly attenuated by exposure to LDR at all regimens, among which, however, exposure to LDR at 12.5 mGy for 8 weeks provided the best protective effect on the kidney of diabetic mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that whole-body LDR at 12.5 mGy every other day for 8 weeks is the optimal condition of LDR to protect the kidney from diabetes.
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 1000884, China.
authors.forename: Fengsheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Jiuwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Weiying
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Cai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Guixia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Changchun Institute for Food and Drug Control, Changchun 130000, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China. Electronic address: guanjunw2006@163.com.
authors.forename: Guanjun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. Electronic address: l0cai001@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Diabetic nephropathy; Low-dose radiation; Radiation adaptive response; Radiation hormesis; Renal pathogenesis; Renal remodeling