title: Soft-focused extracorporeal shock waves increase the expression of tendon-specific markers and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines in an adherent culture model of primary human tendon cells.
abstract: Focused extracorporeal shock waves have been found to upregulate the expression of collagen and to initiate cell proliferation in healthy tenocytes and to positively affect the metabolism of tendons, promoting the healing process. Recently, soft-focused extracorporeal shock waves have also been found to have a significant effect on tissue regeneration. However, very few in vitro reports have dealt with the application of this type of shock wave to cells, and in particular, no previous studies have investigated the response of tendon cells to this impulse. We devised an original model to investigate the in vitro effects of soft-focused shock waves on a heterogeneous population of human resident tendon cells in adherent monolayer culture. Our results indicate that soft-focused extracorporeal shock wave treatment (0.17 mJ/mm(2)) is able to induce positive modulation of cell viability, proliferation and tendon-specific marker expression, as well as release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This could prefigure a new rationale for routine employment of soft-focused shock waves to treat the failed healing status that distinguishes tendinopathies.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: laura.degirolamo@grupposandonato.it.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Girolamo
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stanco
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galliera
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.affiliation: Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato Foundation, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Arianna Barbara
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lovati
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica Gioia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marazzi
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Orthopaedic Department, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sansone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013710:Tendons / Q000166:cytology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D016207:Cytokines; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
keywords: Cell proliferation; Cytokines; Soft-focused extracorporeal shock waves; Tendinopathy; Tendon cells; Tendon-specific markers; Transforming growth factor β; Vascular endothelial growth factor