title: Anal, penile, and oral high-risk HPV infections and HPV seropositivity in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men.
abstract: The effects of single or multiple concordant HPV infections at various anatomical sites on type-specific HPV seropositivity are currently unknown. In this cross-sectional study we assessed whether high-risk HPV infections at various anatomical sites (i.e., anal canal, penile shaft, and oral cavity), as well as concordant infections at multiple anatomical sites, were associated with type-specific seropositivity in HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM. MSM aged ≥ 18 years were recruited in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (2010-2011). Baseline anal, penile, and oral samples were analyzed for HPV DNA and genotyped using a highly sensitive PCR and reverse line blot assay. Virus-like particle (VLP) based multiplex immunoassay was used to asses HPV-specific serum antibodies against L1 VLPs. The associations between HPV infections and type-specific seropositivity of seven high-risk HPV types (7-hrHPV: types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) were estimated using logistic regression analyses with generalized estimating equations. We found that 86% of 306 HIV-positive MSM and 62% of 441 HIV-negative MSM were seropositive for at least one 7-hrHPV type. 69% of HIV-positive and 41% of HIV-negative MSM were infected with at least one 7-hrHPV type at the anus, penis, or oral cavity. In multivariable analyses, 7-hrHPV seropositivity was associated with type-specific anal (and not penile) 7-hrHPV infection, and did not significantly increase with a higher number of infected anatomical sites. Oral 7-hrHPV infection showed a positive, albeit non-significant, association with seropositivity. In conclusion, seropositivity among MSM appears to be largely associated with anal HPV infection, irrespective of additionally infected anatomical sites.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vera M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: van Rijn
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sofie H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mooij
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Madelief
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mollers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arjen G C L
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Speksnijder
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Audrey J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henry J C
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Jan van Goyen Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Eeden
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fiona R M
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: van der Klis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hester E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: de Melker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marianne A B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van der Sande
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten F Schim
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: van der Loeff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000821:virology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000821:virology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D010413:Penis / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013045:Species Specificity