title: Development of a composite resin disclosing agent based on the understanding of tooth staining mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the surface composition of dental enamel and composite resin, assess the ability of dyes with different affinities to stain these surfaces, and use this information to develop a disclosing agent that stains composite resin more than dental enamel.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ten sound extracted teeth were collected and 60 discs of composite resin, 9 mm diameter and 3 mm thick, were prepared. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to determine the elemental composition on the different surfaces. A tooth shade spectrophotometer was used to assess the change in shade after staining the surfaces with different dyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  XPS analysis revealed that surfaces of both outer dental enamel and composite resin contained relatively high amounts of carbon, specifically hydrocarbons. Both dental enamel and composite surfaces were stainable with the hydrophobic dye (p<0.05); however, the composite resin was stained more than the dental enamel (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hydrophobic surface of dental enamel and composite resin might explain their high affinity to be stained by food and beverages containing hydrophobic molecules. The composite resin is more stainable by hydrophobic dyes than dental enamel. We used this information to develop an agent for disclosing composite resins that could be used to visualize composite resins that need to be removed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Removal of composite resin can be problematic, time consuming and stressful to the dental practitioner. A composite disclosing agent would help the dental practitioner identify the composite resin and facilitate its removal without damaging the adjacent healthy tooth tissues.
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohamed-Nur
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Abdallah
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Light
authors.affiliation: Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Wala M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Retrouvey
authors.affiliation: Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerruti
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: faleh.tamimimarino@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Faleh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tamimi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002212:Capsicum / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003474:Curcumin / Q000737:chemistry; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000737:chemistry; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003188:Composite Resins; C444701:Filtek Z250; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D011140:Polyurethanes; C029824:urethane dimethacrylate luting resin; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D010758:Phosphorus; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C074277:ethoxylated bis-phenol A dimethacrylate; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D002244:Carbon; C011049:oil red O; D003474:Curcumin; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: Composite resin; Dental enamel; Disclosing agent; Discoloration; Stains; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy