title: Primary antibody deficiencies at Queen Rania Children Hospital in Jordan: single center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary antibody deficiency, the most common primary immunodeficiency disorder, represents a heterogeneous spectrum of conditions caused by a defect in any critical stage of B cell development and is characterized by impaired production of normal amounts of antigen-specific antibodies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective study aimed at description and analysis of demographic, clinical, immunological features and complications of subjects diagnosed with primary antibody deficiency at a referral center in Jordan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of pediatric patients who were diagnosed as primary antibody deficiency (PAD) during the period from January 2006 to June 2013 were reviewed. Patients were diagnosed as PADs based on the Pan-American Group for Immunodeficiency (PAGID) and the European Society for Immunodeficiency (ESID) diagnostic criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total number of 53 patients with PAD were identified; 37(70%) males and 16(30%) females, 16(30%) patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia, 16(30%) patients with common variable immunodeficiency, 4(7.5%) patients with IgG subclass deficiency, 10(19%) cases with transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy and 7(13.5%) patients as undefined PAD. The most common infection among patients was pneumonia (62%); followed by suppurative otitis media in 49% of patients. Cytopenia was the most noted autoimmune association and was found at prevalence of 22 %, other autoimmune associations (17%) including inflammatory arthritis, discoid lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, vasculitis and celiac disease. The prevalence of long-term complications was 58%, the most frequent ones were; stunted growth in 13%, bronchiectasis and lymphoproliferation in 11% for each.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicated that congenital agammaglobulinemia and common variable immunodeficiency are the most frequent primary antibody deficiency in our patients. The awareness of families, general population as well as primary health physicians is crucial in the establishment of early diagnosis and prompt commencement of appropriate therapy for PADs.
authors.affiliation: Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology Division, Queen Rania Children Hospital, King Hussein Medical Center, Amman, Jordan, e-mail: zeyad97@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zeyad M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Habahbeh
authors.forename: Mohammad E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Abu-Shukair
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Almutereen
authors.forename: Raed M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Alzyoud
authors.forename: Adel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wahadneh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors