title: Impulsivity as a predictor of treatment outcome in substance use disorders: review and synthesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Impulsivity is a widely studied personality trait and research construct that has been implicated as a risk factor for substance use, including initiating and continuing use. However, relatively few studies have examined impulsivity as a predictor of treatment outcome. Because impulsivity has been operationalised in many different ways, cross-comparisons of empirical studies have been difficult.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched in September 2013. Reference lists of papers retrieved from this search were also manually scanned for additional resources. Studies were included if they presented data that assessed impulsivity as a predictor of treatment outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The body of literature reviewed in this paper suggests that higher pretreatment impulsivity, regardless of how it is measured, usually is associated with poorer treatment outcomes. Recent data indicate that some psychosocial and pharmacological treatments may directly impact impulsivity and thus represent an interesting avenue for further research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impulsivity appears to be a key predictor of substance use treatment outcomes and warrants more attention in the improvement of treatment outcomes. Suggestions for future research on the role of impulsivity in substance use treatment are provided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Loree
authors.forename: Leslie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lundahl
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ledgerwood
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: impulsivity; personality; relapse; substance use; treatment