title: Integrated metabolic spatial-temporal model for the prediction of ammonia detoxification during liver damage and regeneration.
abstract: The impairment of hepatic metabolism due to liver injury has high systemic relevance. However, it is difficult to calculate the impairment of metabolic capacity from a specific pattern of liver damage with conventional techniques. We established an integrated metabolic spatial-temporal model (IM) using hepatic ammonia detoxification as a paradigm. First, a metabolic model (MM) based on mass balancing and mouse liver perfusion data was established to describe ammonia detoxification and its zonation. Next, the MM was combined with a spatial-temporal model simulating liver tissue damage and regeneration after CCl4 intoxication. The resulting IM simulated and visualized whether, where, and to what extent liver damage compromised ammonia detoxification. It allowed us to enter the extent and spatial patterns of liver damage and then calculate the outflow concentrations of ammonia, glutamine, and urea in the hepatic vein. The model was validated through comparisons with (1) published data for isolated, perfused livers with and without CCl4 intoxication and (2) a set of in vivo experiments. Using the experimentally determined portal concentrations of ammonia, the model adequately predicted metabolite concentrations over time in the hepatic vein during toxin-induced liver damage and regeneration in rodents. Further simulations, especially in combination with a simplified model of blood circulation with three ammonia-detoxifying compartments, indicated a yet unidentified process of ammonia consumption during liver regeneration and revealed unexpected concomitant changes in amino acid metabolism in the liver and at extrahepatic sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IM of hepatic ammonia detoxification considerably improves our understanding of the metabolic impact of liver disease and highlights the importance of integrated modeling approaches on the way toward virtual organisms.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Freimut
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schliess
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoehme
authors.forename: Sebastian G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Henkel
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghallab
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Driesch
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Böttger
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guthke
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfaff
authors.forename: Jan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hengstler
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Häussinger
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drasdo
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zellmer
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008115:Liver Regeneration; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D010477:Perfusion
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia