title: Efficacy and safety of monotherapy with the novel sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a combined Phase 2 and 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, several oral antidiabetic drugs with new mechanisms of action have become available, expanding the number of treatment options. Sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs with an insulin-independent mechanism promoting urinary glucose excretion. We report the results of a combined Phase 2 and 3 clinical study (Japic CTI-101349) of the SGLT2 inhibitor tofogliflozin (CSG452, RG7201) in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficacy and safety of tofogliflozin were assessed in this multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind parallel-group study involving 230 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on diet/exercise therapy. Between 30 October 2010 and 28 February 2012, patients at 33 centers were randomized to either placebo (n = 56) or tofogliflozin (10, 20, or 40 mg; n = 58 each) orally, once daily for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline in HbA1c at week 24.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 229 patients were included in the full analysis set (placebo: n = 56; tofogliflozin 10 mg: n = 57; tofogliflozin 20 and 40 mg: n = 58 each). The least squares (LS) mean change (95% confidence interval) from baseline in HbA1c at week 24 was -0.028% (-0.192 to 0.137) in the placebo group, compared with -0.797% (-0.960 to -0.634) in the tofogliflozin 10 mg group, -1.017% (-1.178 to -0.856) in the tofogliflozin 20 mg group, and -0.870% (-1.031 to -0.709) in the tofogliflozin 40 mg group (p < 0.0001 for the LS mean differences in all tofogliflozin groups vs placebo). There were also prominent decreases in fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial glucose, and body weight in all tofogliflozin groups compared with the placebo group. The main adverse events were hyperketonemia, ketonuria, and pollakiuria. The incidence of hypoglycemia was low. Furthermore, most adverse events were classified as mild or moderate in severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tofogliflozin 10, 20, or 40 mg administered once daily as monotherapy significantly decreased HbA1c and body weight, and was generally well tolerated in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phase 3 studies were recently completed and support the findings of this combined Phase 2 and 3 study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was registered in the JAPIC clinical trials registry (ID: Japic CTI-101349).
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan. kka@med.kawasaki-m.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaku
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watada
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Utsunomiya
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terauchi
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tobe
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanizawa
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suganami
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007662:Ketosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051297:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D005960:Glucosides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C089180:SLC5A2 protein, human; D051297:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; C575086:6-((4-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3',4',5',6'-tetrahydro-6'-(hydroxymethyl)spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),2'-(2H)pyran)-3',4',5'-triol