title: Absolute and comparative cancer risk perceptions among smokers in two cities in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge about health effects of smoking motivates quit attempts and sustained abstinence among smokers and also predicts greater acceptance of tobacco control efforts such as cigarette taxes and public smoking bans. We examined whether smokers in China, the world's largest consumer of cigarettes, recognized their heightened personal risk of cancer relative to nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of Chinese people (N = 2,517; 555 current smokers) from 2 cities (Beijing and Hefei) estimated their personal risk of developing cancer, both in absolute terms (overall likelihood) and in comparative terms (relative to similarly aged people).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for demographics, smokers judged themselves to be at significantly lower risk of cancer than did nonsmokers on the comparative measure. No significant difference emerged between smokers and nonsmokers in absolute estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers in China did not recognize their heightened personal risk of cancer, possibly reflecting ineffective warning labels on cigarette packs, a positive affective climate associated with smoking in China, and beliefs that downplay personal vulnerability among smokers (e.g., I don't smoke enough to increase my cancer risk; I smoke high-quality cigarettes that won't cause cancer).
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD;
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Persoskie
authors.forename: Qunan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Wen-Ying Sylvia
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Bradford W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: Xiaoquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Guoming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yinghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zihao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Meijie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Xueqiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kreps
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult