title: Effects of low-level laser therapy on M1-related cytokine expression in monocytes via histone modification.
abstract: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used in the treatment of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis and allergic rhinitis. However, the effects of LLLT on human monocyte polarization into M1 macrophages are unknown. To evaluate the effects of LLLT on M1-related cytokine and chemokine production and elucidate the mechanism, the human monocyte cell line THP-1 was treated with different doses of LLLT. The expression of M1-related cytokines and chemokines (CCL2, CXCL10, and TNF-α) was determined by ELISA and real-time PCR. LLLT-associated histone modifications were examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Mitochondrial involvement in the LLLT-induced M1-related cytokine expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell surface markers for monocyte polarization. The results showed that LLLT (660 nm) significantly enhanced M1-related cytokine and chemokine expression in mRNA and protein levels. Mitochondrial copy number and mRNA levels of complex I-V protein were increased by LLLT (1 J/cm(2)). Activation of M1 polarization was concomitant with histone modification at TNF-α gene locus and IP-10 gene promoter area. This study indicates that LLLT (660 nm) enhanced M1-related cytokine and chemokine expression via mitochondrial biogenesis and histone modification, which may be a potent immune-enhancing agent for the treatment of allergic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chau-Zen
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yan-Hsiung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chang-Hung
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0169-2382
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsuan-Fu
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 482, Shanming Road, Siaogang District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hsing
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007834:Lasers; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D018925:Chemokines; D002843:Chromatin; D016207:Cytokines; D006657:Histones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha