title: Cerebral oximetry in cardiac anesthesia.
abstract: Cerebral oximetry based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is increasingly used during the perioperative period of cardiovascular operations. It is a noninvasive technology that can monitor the regional oxygen saturation of the frontal cortex. Current literature indicates that it can stratify patients preoperatively according their risk. Intraoperatively, it provides continuous information about brain oxygenation and allows the use of brain as sentinel organ indexing overall organ perfusion and injury. This review focuses on the clinical validity and applicability of this monitor for cardiac surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vretzakis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Stauroula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Georgopoulou
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stamoulis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stamatiou
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Kosmas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsakiridis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katsikogianis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kougioumtzi
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Machairiotis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsiouda
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mpakas
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beleveslis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koletas
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavros N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Siminelakis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anesthesiology Clinic, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece ; 2 Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Greece ; 3 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 6 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 7 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Anesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 9 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
keywords: Cerebral; anesthesia; brain; cardiac; monitor; oximetry; surgery