title: Toll-like receptor 6 and connective tissue growth factor are significantly upregulated in mitomycin-C-treated urothelial carcinoma cells under hydrostatic pressure stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common histologic subtype of bladder cancer. The administration of mitomycin C (MMC) into the bladder after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) is a common treatment strategy for preventing recurrence after surgery. We previously applied hydrostatic pressure combined with MMC in UC cells and found that hydrostatic pressure synergistically enhanced MMC-induced UC cell apoptosis through the Fas/FasL pathways. To understand the alteration of gene expressions in UC cells caused by hydrostatic pressure and MMC, oligonucleotide microarray was used to explore all the differentially expressed genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After bioinformatics analysis and gene annotation, Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) showed significant upregulation among altered genes, and their gene and protein expressions with each treatment of UC cells were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under treatment with MMC and hydrostatic pressure, UC cells showed increasing apoptosis using extrinsic pathways through upregulation of TLR6 and CTGF.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital , New Taipei City, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Shao-Kuan
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chih-Ang
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yu-Che
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chi-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wen-Yih
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ruoh-Chyu
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ruaan
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chia-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Wei-Wen
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chien
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C495368:TLR6 protein, human; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D016685:Mitomycin