title: Dietary exposure and health risk assessment for 14 toxic and essential trace elements in Yaoundé: the Cameroonian total diet study.
abstract: Dietary exposure to trace elements (aluminium, antimony, barium, cadmium, lead, nickel, vanadium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, germanium, lithium, strontium and tellurium) was assessed by the total diet study (TDS) method. Sixty-four pooled samples representing 96.5% of the diet in Yaoundé, Cameroon, were prepared "as consumed" before analysis. Consumption data were sourced from a households' budget survey. Dietary exposures were compared with health-based guidance or nutritional values and to worldwide TDS results. The health-based guidance value was exceeded by ≤ 0.2% of the study population for aluminium, antimony, barium, cadmium, nickel and vanadium. For lead, the observed 95th percentile of exposure (3.05 µg kg(-1) body weight day(-1)) equals the critical value considered by JECFA for cardiovascular effects; therefore, risk to health cannot be excluded for certain consumer groups. The population at risk of excess intake for manganese, copper, molybdenum and nickel was considered to be low (≤ 0.3%). The prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated at 5.9% for copper and was nil for molybdenum. Due to the lack of toxicological and/or nutritional consistent data to perform a risk assessment, dietary exposures to germanium, lithium, strontium and tellurium were provided as supplementary data. The food groups highest contributors to exposure were "tubers and starches" for aluminium (27%), lead (39%) and copper (26%), "cereals and cereal products" for cadmium (54%) and manganese (35%), "fruits, vegetables and oilseeds" for barium (34%), molybdenum (49%) and nickel (31%), "beverages" for antimony (27%) and "fish" for vanadium (43% - lower bound). Measures should be recommended to maintain low levels of exposure before the problem could become an important health or trade issue.
authors.affiliation: a Centre Pasteur of Cameroon , Yaoundé , Cameroon.
authors.forename: Marie-Madeleine
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gimou
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pouillot
authors.forename: U Ruth
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Charrondiere
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noël
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leblanc
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000965:Antimony / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D001464:Barium / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002163:Cameroon; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004435:Eating; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000032:analysis; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014639:Vanadium / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D014639:Vanadium; D001464:Barium; D007854:Lead; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D008982:Molybdenum; D000965:Antimony; D000535:Aluminum
keywords: Cameroon; dietary exposure; dietary intake; essential trace elements; risk characterisation; total diet study; toxic and/or potential trace elements; toxic trace elements