title: High coffee consumption and different brewing methods in relation to postmenopausal endometrial cancer risk in the Norwegian women and cancer study: a population-based prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coffee and its compounds have been proposed to inhibit endometrial carcinogenesis. Studies in the Norwegian population can be especially interesting due to the high coffee consumption and increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the country.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 97 926 postmenopausal Norwegian women from the population-based prospective Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Study, were included in the present analysis. We evaluated the general association between total coffee consumption and endometrial cancer risk as well as the possible impact of brewing method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate risks, and heterogeneity tests were performed to compare brewing methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During an average of 10.9 years of follow-up, 462 incident endometrial cancer cases were identified. After multivariate adjustment, significant risk reduction was found among participants who drank ≥8 cups/day of coffee with a hazard ratio of 0.52 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.34-0.79). However, we did not observe a significant dose-response relationship. No significant heterogeneity in risk was found when comparing filtered and boiled coffee brewing methods. A reduction in endometrial cancer risk was observed in subgroup analyses among participants who drank ≥8 cups/day and had a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and in current smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that in this population with high coffee consumption, endometrial cancer risk decreases in women consuming ≥8 cups/day, independent of brewing method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. oxana.gavrilyuk@uit.no.
authors.forename: Oxana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gavrilyuk
authors.forename: Tonje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Braaten
authors.forename: Guri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skeie
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dumeaux
authors.forename: Eiliv
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lund
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee