title: The genetic potential for key biogeochemical processes in Arctic frost flowers and young sea ice revealed by metagenomic analysis.
abstract: Newly formed sea ice is a vast and biogeochemically active environment. Recently, we reported an unusual microbial community dominated by members of the Rhizobiales in frost flowers at the surface of Arctic young sea ice based on the presence of 16S gene sequences related to these strains. Here, we use metagenomic analysis of two samples, from a field of frost flowers and the underlying young sea ice, to explore the metabolic potential of this surface ice community. The analysis links genes for key biogeochemical processes to the Rhizobiales, including dimethylsulfide uptake, betaine glycine turnover, and halocarbon production. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes characteristic of terrestrial root-nodulating Rhizobiales were generally lacking from these metagenomes. Non-Rhizobiales clades at the ice surface had genes that would enable additional biogeochemical processes, including mercury reduction and dimethylsulfoniopropionate catabolism. Although the ultimate source of the observed microbial community is not known, considerations of the possible role of eolian deposition or transport with particles entrained during ice formation favor a suspended particle source for this microbial community.
authors.affiliation: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Chris T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Berthiaume
authors.forename: E Virginia
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Armbrust
authors.forename: Jody W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Deming
mesh_terms: D020561:Alphaproteobacteria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D007053:Ice; D046448:Ice Cover / Q000382:microbiology*; D054892:Metagenome; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058889:Molecular Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007053:Ice; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Rhizobiales; frost flower; metagenomics