title: Effortful pitch glide: a potential new exercise evaluated by dynamic MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanics of the effortful pitch glide (EPG) with swallowing using dynamic MRI. The EPG is a combination of a pitch glide and a pharyngeal squeeze maneuver for targeting laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles. The authors hypothesized that the EPG would elicit significantly greater structural excursions of anterior hyoid, superior hyoid, hyolaryngeal approximation, laryngeal elevation, and lateral pharyngeal wall medialization compared with swallowing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven healthy, young subjects with a mean age of 25 were recruited. The EPG was first taught and verified via laryngoscopy. Then 2-planar (coronal and sagittal) dynamic MRI acquisitions captured 10 repeated swallows and 3 EPGs. Kinematic analyses of minimum and maximum excursion of anatomical landmarks were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed a nonsignificant difference between the 2 tasks for range of excursion with all measured biomechanics except for superior hyoid, where the swallow showed significantly greater excursion. This indicated that swallowing and EPG biomechanics were comparable, lending support for the potential use of the EPG as another nonswallowing exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest EPG may be an effective exercise to target several important swallowing muscles, especially the long pharyngeal muscles that elevate the larynx and shorten the pharynx in swallowing.
authors.forename: Keri Vasquez
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Miloro
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Langmore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000502:physiology; D007830:Larynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology