title: The beginning of metallurgy in the southern Levant: a late 6th millennium CalBC copper awl from Tel Tsaf, Israel.
abstract: The beginning of metallurgy in the ancient Near East attracts much attention. The southern Levant, with the rich assemblage of copper artifacts from the Nahal Mishmar cave and the unique gold rings of the Nahal Qanah cave, is regarded as a main center of early metallurgy during the second half of the 5th millennium CalBC. However, a recently discovered copper awl from a Middle Chalcolithic burial at Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley, Israel, suggests that cast metal technology was introduced to the region as early as the late 6th millennium CalBC. This paper examines the chemical composition of this item and reviews its context. The results indicate that it was exported from a distant source, probably in the Caucasus, and that the location where it was found is indicative of the social status of the buried individual. This rare finding indicates that metallurgy was first diffused [corrected] to the southern Levant through exchange networks and only centuries later involved local productionThis copper awl, the earliest metal artifact found in the southern Levant, indicates that the elaborate Late Chalcolithic metallurgy developed from a more ancient tradition.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Yosef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Garfinkel
authors.affiliation: German Archaeological Institute, Eurasia Department, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Klimscha
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, Department for Maritime Civilizations, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Sariel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shalev
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Groundstone Tools Research, Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D002048:Burial / Q000266:history; D003300:Copper / Q000266:history*; D005843:Geography; D049690:History, Ancient; D007557:Israel; D008669:Metallurgy / Q000266:history*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D003300:Copper