title: Serotype distribution and antibiotics susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumonia in Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of antibiotic resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae strains has caused significant health problems worldwide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance pattern and serotypes distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from clinical specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of fifty Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were isolated from Tehran Hospital's laboratory from 2008 to 2012. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using broth microdilution method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each strain was determined. to verify the resistant strains and demonstrate the presence of antibiotic resistant genes, the PCR was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study showed that three strains (6%) and six strains (12%) indicated intermediate resistance and complete resistance to penicillin, respectively, 58% strains were susceptible to ceftazidime, two ones (4%) indicated resistance to ciprofloxacin, one (2%) indicated intermediate resistance to ceftriaxone , two strains (4%) indicated complete resistance and four (8%) strains indicated resistance to vancomycin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with multiple resistance needs permanent monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates. We have found that ceftazidime is not a suitable drug for choosing the treatment of pneumococcal infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Tonokabon Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tonokabon, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Habibian
authors.affiliation: Health Management Research Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehrabi-Tavana
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Zyanab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.affiliation: Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izadi
authors.affiliation: Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Nematolah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jonaidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Tonokabon Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tonokabon, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Jalalodin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Darakhshanpoure
authors.affiliation: Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmode
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salesi
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Center for Communicable Disease Control, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohsen
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zahraei
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ramezan Ali
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ataee
keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Iran; Streptococcus pneumonia