title: Measuring color differences in automotive samples with lightness flop: a test of the AUDI2000 color-difference formula.
abstract: From a set of gonioapparent automotive samples from different manufacturers we selected 28 low-chroma color pairs with relatively small color differences predominantly in lightness. These color pairs were visually assessed with a gray scale at six different viewing angles by a panel of 10 observers. Using the Standardized Residual Sum of Squares (STRESS) index, the results of our visual experiment were tested against predictions made by 12 modern color-difference formulas. From a weighted STRESS index accounting for the uncertainty in visual assessments, the best prediction of our whole experiment was achieved using AUDI2000, CAM02-SCD, CAM02-UCS and OSA-GP-Euclidean color-difference formulas, which were no statistically significant different among them. A two-step optimization of the original AUDI2000 color-difference formula resulted in a modified AUDI2000 formula which performed both, significantly better than the original formula and below the experimental inter-observer variability. Nevertheless the proposal of a new revised AUDI2000 color-difference formula requires additional experimental data.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melgosa
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martínez-García
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez-Robledo
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perales
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Martínez-Verdú
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dauser