title: Effects of ventilation and catheter position on catheter movement on the tricuspid annulus during ablation in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are little data on the effect of catheter position and mechanical ventilation on ablation catheter stability during electrophysiology study in children. We sought to determine the magnitude of catheter movement with mechanical ventilation, the effect of ventilation maneuvers on catheter movement, and to compare the degree of movement observed between the right lateral (RL) and right posteroseptal (RPS) regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 2012 to June 2013, patients ≤ 21 years of age undergoing ablation for supraventricular tachycardia with CARTO® 3 (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) were included. During mapping the ablation catheter was placed in the RPS and RL regions and the magnitude of catheter movement (mm) was measured using CARTO® 3. Measurements were made during routine ventilation and with a maximal inspiration maneuver between end-expiration (ENDEX) and peak-inspiration (PEAKINS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one patients were included: 12 males (57%), age 13 ± 3 years, weight 55 ± 14 kg. Indications for ablation were: 10 Wolff-Parkinson-White, seven atrioventricular node re-entry tachycardia, four concealed accessory pathway. Mechanical ventilation was used in all cases. The magnitude of catheter movement was 3.6 ± 1.7 mm with routine ventilation and 6.2 ± 4.1 mm between ENDEX and PEAKINS (P ≤ 0.01). Catheter movement was greater in the RL compared to the RPS region with routine ventilation (RL 4.3 ± 1.6 vs RPS 3.0 ± 1.5; P < 0.01) and between ENDEX and PEAKINS (RL 8.3 ± 4.7 vs RPS 4.0 ± 1.7; P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ventilation and catheter position both have significant impact on the degree of catheter movement during ablation. Movement was greatest in the RL position. This may partially explain the lower success rates of ablation in the RL region.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Electrophysiology, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University-Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ceresnak
authors.forename: Madelyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kahana
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nappo
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pass
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D014261:Tricuspid Valve; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: SVT; ablation; electrophysiology - clinical; pediatrics