title: Targeted memory reactivation during slow wave sleep facilitates emotional memory consolidation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanisms by which auditory targeted memory reactivation (TMR) during slow wave sleep (SWS) influences the consolidation of emotionally negative and neutral memories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each of 72 (36 negative, 36 neutral) picture-location associations were encoded with a semantically related sound. During a subsequent nap, half of the sounds were replayed in SWS, before picture-location recall was examined in a final test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manchester Sleep Laboratory, University of Manchester.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 adults (3 male) mean age = 20.40 (standard deviation ± 3.07).
  
  
  METHODS
  TMR with auditory cues during SWS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance was assessed by memory accuracy and recall response times (RTs). Data were analyzed with a 2 (sound: replayed/not replayed) × 2 (emotion: negative/neutral) repeated measures analysis of covariance with SWS duration, and then SWS spindles, as the mean-centered covariate. Both analyses revealed a significant three-way interaction for RTs but not memory accuracy. Critically, SWS duration and SWS spindles predicted faster memory judgments for negative, relative to neutral, picture locations that were cued with TMR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMR initiates an enhanced consolidation process during subsequent SWS, wherein sleep spindles mediate the selective enhancement of reactivated emotional memories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK ; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cairney
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Durrant
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hulleman
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Penelope A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013016:Sound; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Emotional memory; memory consolidation; reactivation; sleep spindles; slow wave sleep