title: Plant GSK3 proteins regulate xylem cell differentiation downstream of TDIF-TDR signalling.
abstract: During plant radial growth typically seen in trees, procambial and cambial cells act as meristematic cells in the vascular system to self-proliferate and differentiate into xylem cells. These two processes are regulated by a signalling pathway composed of a peptide ligand and its receptor; tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor (TDIF) and TDIF RECEPTOR (TDR). Here we show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 proteins (GSK3s) are crucial downstream components of the TDIF signalling pathway suppressing xylem differentiation from procambial cells. TDR interacts with GSK3s at the plasma membrane and activates GSK3s in a TDIF-dependent fashion. Consistently, a specific inhibitor of plant GSK3s strongly induces xylem cell differentiation through BRI1-EMS SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1), a well-known target transcription factor of GSK3s. Our findings provide insight into the regulation of cell fate determination in meristem maintenance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
authors.forename: Tasuku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Kanagawa, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagami
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Kanagawa, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirasu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D052584:Xylem / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C456160:BES1 protein, Arabidopsis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009842:Oligopeptides; C532424:tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor, Arabidopsis; D011494:Protein Kinases; C524131:PXY protein, Arabidopsis; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3