title: Preventability of death in a medical intensive care unit at a university hospital in a developing country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and characteristics of preventable in-ICU deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  A one-year observational study was conducted in a medical ICU of a teaching hospital. All patients who died in medical ICU beyond 24 h were analyzed and reviewed during daily medical meeting. A death was considered preventable when it would not have occurred if the patient had received ordinary standards of care appropriate for the time of study. Preventability of death was classified by using a 1-6 point preventability scale. The types of medical errors causing preventable in-ICU deaths and the contributory factors to deaths were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  120 deaths (47 ± 19 years, 57 months-63 weeks) were analyzed (mortality: 23%; 95% confidence interval (CI):15-31%). At admission, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score was 18 ± 7.6 and Charlson comorbidity index was 1.3 ± 1.6. The main diagnosis was infectious disease (57%) and respiratory disease (23%). The median period between the ICU admission and death was 5 days. The rate of preventable in-ICU deaths was 14.1% (17/120). The most common medical errors related to occurrence of preventable in-ICU deaths were therapeutic error (52.9%) and inappropriate technical procedure (23.5%). The preventable in-ICU deaths were associated with inadequate training or supervision of clinical staff (58.8%), no protocol (47.1%), inadequate functioning of hospital departments (29.4%), unavailable equipment (23.5%), and inadequate communication (17.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our study, one to two in-ICU deaths would be preventable per month. Our results suggest that the implementation of supervision and protocols could improve outcomes for critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Ibn Sina of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Amine Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zeggwagh
authors.affiliation: Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Ibn Sina of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Houda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mouad
authors.affiliation: Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Ibn Sina of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dendane
authors.affiliation: Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Ibn Sina of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abidi
authors.affiliation: Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Ibn Sina of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Jihane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belayachi
authors.affiliation: Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Ibn Sina of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Naoufel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Madani
authors.affiliation: Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Ibn Sina of Rabat, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Redouane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abouqal
keywords: Adverse events; intensive care unit; medical errors; patient safety; preventable mortality