title: Influence of apnoeic oxygenation in respiratory and circulatory system under general anaesthesia.
abstract: Apnoeic oxygenation is an alternative technique of oxygenation which is recommended in the consecutive oxygen administration with varying flows (2-10 lt/min) through a catheter which is positioned over the keel of the trachea. Apnoeic oxygenation maintains for a significant period of time the oxygenation of blood in breathless conditions. This technique was first applied in 1947 by Draper, Whitehead, and Spencer and it was studied sporadically by other inventors too. However, the international literature shows few studies that have examined closely apnoeic oxygenation and its effects on Hemodynamic image and the respiratory system of the human body. Recently they have begun to arise some studies which deal with the application of this technique in several conditions such as difficult tracheal intubation, ventilation of guinea pigs in campaign conditions where the oxygen supply is limited and calculable, the application of this technique in combination with the use of extracorporeal removal of carbon dioxide (CO2). All the above indicate, the clinical use of this technique.
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolettas
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grosomanidis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kolettas
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Kosmas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsakiridis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katsikogiannis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsiouda
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kiougioumtzi
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Machairiotis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Drylis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kesisis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beleveslis
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 2 Anaesthesiology Department, 3 Cardiology Department, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Pulmonary Department, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 6 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 7 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 8 Internal Medicine Department, Regional Hospital of Samos, Samos, Greece ; 9 Onocology Department, 10 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
keywords: Tracheal apnoeic oxygenation; hemodynamic status; hypercapnic acidosis; oxygenation indices