title: Thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity and triiodothyronine levels are associated with pediatric Graves' ophthalmopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) occurs commonly in children with Graves' disease (GD). However, there are limited studies on the clinical manifestations and thyroid autoantibodies in pediatric GO. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of GO in childhood GD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and biochemical data from children and adolescents with GD were retrospectively reviewed. Eighty patients under 19 years of age were included in the present study. We compared the clinical and biochemical differences between patients with and without GO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine percent of the patients had GO, and 81% of the GO patients were females. Of these, two patients showed unilateral GO. Triiodothyronine (T3) levels were higher in GO patients than in those without GO. Anti-thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody titers were not significantly different between the two groups. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO Ab) positivity was 68% in the patients with GO and only 47% in the patients without GO. In multivariate regression analysis, high T3 levels and TPO Ab positivity were related to the presence of GO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children and adolescents with GD, TPO Ab positivity and high T3 levels could act as predictive factors for the presence of GO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, 93-6, Ji-dong, Paldal-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: So Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dae Gyun
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Byung Kyu
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase