title: Core stability exercises for low back pain in athletes: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence for the effectiveness of core stability exercises for treating athletes with low back pain (LBP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched several databases (Medline, AMED, CINAHL, SportDiscus, and EMBASE). Our eligibility criteria consisted of articles published in a peer-reviewed journal in English, using any prospective clinical study design, where athletes with nonspecific LBP were treated with core stability exercises in at least 1 study arm, and back pain intensity and/or disability were used as outcome measures. All included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, whereas non-RCT studies were assessed for quality using the Downs and Black checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies including 151 participants met the inclusion criteria, including 2 RCTs. The quality of the literature on this topic was deemed to be low overall, with only 1 non-RCT having a moderate quality score, and 1 RCT having a lower risk of bias. Four studies reported statistically significant decreases in back pain intensity in their core stability intervention group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quantity and quality of literature on the use of core stability exercises for treating LBP in athletes is low. The existing evidence has been conducted on small and heterogeneous study populations using interventions that vary drastically with only mixed results and short-term follow-up. This precludes the formulation of strong conclusions, and additional high quality research is clearly needed.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Graduate Education & Research, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; †Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada; ‡Sports Clinic, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; and §Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Kent J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stuber
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sajko
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hayden
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome