title: A novel papillomavirus in Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) faeces sampled at the Cape Crozier colony, Antarctica.
abstract: Papillomaviruses are epitheliotropic viruses that have circular dsDNA genomes encapsidated in non-enveloped virions. They have been found to infect a variety of mammals, reptiles and birds, but so far they have not been found in amphibians. Using a next-generation sequencing de novo assembly contig-informed recovery, we cloned and Sanger sequenced the complete genome of a novel papillomavirus from the faecal matter of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) nesting on Ross Island, Antarctica. The genome had all the usual features of a papillomavirus and an E9 ORF encoding a protein of unknown function that is found in all avian papillomaviruses to date. This novel papillomavirus genome shared ~60 % pairwise identity with the genomes of the other three known avian papillomaviruses: Fringilla coelebs papillomavirus 1 (FcPV1), Francolinus leucoscepus papillomavirus 1 (FlPV1) and Psittacus erithacus papillomavirus 1. Pairwise identity analysis and phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein gene clearly indicated that it represents a novel species, which we named Pygoscelis adeliae papillomavirus 1 (PaCV1). No evidence of recombination was detected in the genome of PaCV1, but we did detect a recombinant region (119 nt) in the E6 gene of FlPV1 with the recombinant region being derived from ancestral FcPV1-like sequences. Previously only paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses and avian pox viruses have been genetically identified in penguins; however, the majority of penguin viral identifications have been based on serology or histology. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a papillomavirus associated with a penguin species.
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7700, South Africa.|Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.|School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varsani
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kraberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, US Geological Survey, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.affiliation: HT Harvey and Associates, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Porzig
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Julian
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.affiliation: HT Harvey and Associates, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.affiliation: Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.affiliation: HT Harvey and Associates, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ainley
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D058507:Host Specificity; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D046429:Spheniscidae / Q000821:virology*; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins