title: A prospective comparative study of risperidone long-acting injectable for treatment-resistant schizophrenia with dopamine supersensitivity psychosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (DSP) is considered to be one cause of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). The authors investigated the efficacy of risperidone long-acting injections (RLAI) in patients with TRS and DSP.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a multicenter, prospective, 12-month follow-up, observational study that included unstable and severe TRS patients with and without DSP. 115 patients with TRS were recruited and divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of DSP which was judged on the basis of the clinical courses and neurological examinations. RLAI was administered adjunctively once every 2weeks along with oral antipsychotics. We observed changes in scores for the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S), Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) during the study. Of the assessed 94 patients, 61 and 33 were categorized into the DSP and NonDSP groups, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While baseline BPRS total scores, CGI-S scores and GAF scores did not differ, the ESRS score was significantly higher in the DSP group compared with the NonDSP group. Treatment significantly reduced BPRS total scores and CGI-S scores, and increased GAF scores in both groups, but the magnitudes of change were significantly greater in the DSP group relative to the NonDSP group. ESRS scores were also reduced in the DSP group. Responder rates (≥20% reduction in BPRS total score) were 62.3% in the DSP group and 21.2% in the NonDSP group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that DSP contributes to the etiology of TRS. Atypical antipsychotic drugs in long-acting forms, such as RLAI, can provide beneficial effects for patients with DSP.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  UMIN (UMIN000008487).
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: kanahara@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Nobuhisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Dowa-kai Chiba Hospital, 2-508 Hasama-cho, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-0822, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Satsuki-kai Sodegaura-satsukidai Hospital, 5-21 Nagaura-ekimae, Sodegaura-shi, Chiba 299-0246, Japan.
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishige
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, 6-19 Higashihon-machi, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muneoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Doujin-kai Kisaradzu Hospital, 2-3-1 Iwane, Kisaradzu-shi, Chiba 292-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Chiba Psychiatric Medical Center, 5 Toyosuna, Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 261-0024, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Koutoku-kai Sato Hospital, 948-1 Kunugizuka, Nanyo-shi, Yamagata 999-2221, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomotaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Choshi-Kokoro Clinic, 1-48-8 Shinsei-cho, Choshi-shi, Chiba 288-0056, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Tasuku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiina
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatomo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Choshi-Kokoro Clinic, 1-48-8 Shinsei-cho, Choshi-shi, Chiba 288-0056, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimoto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Asahi Hosipital, I-1326, Asahi-shi, Chiba 289-2511, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iyo
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018967:Risperidone; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Antipsychotics; Dopamine D2 receptor; Occupancy rate; Tolerance