title: Bladder neck contracture-incidence and management following contemporary robot assisted radical prostatectomy technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder neck contracture (BNC) is a well-recognized complication following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) for treatment of localized prostate cancer with a reported incidence of up to 1.4%. In this series, we report our institutional experience and management results.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospectively collected database of patients who underwent RARP by a single surgeon from 2006 to 2012 was reviewed. Watertight bladder neck to urethral anastomosis was performed over 18-French foley catheter. BNC was diagnosed by flexible cystoscopy in patients who developed symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction. Subsequently, these patients underwent cold knife bladder neck incisions. Patients then followed a strict self regimen of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). We identify the patient demographics, incidence of BNC, associated risk factors and success of subsequent management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total of 930 patients who underwent RARP for localized prostate cancer was identified. BNC was identified in 15 patients, 1.6% incidence. Mean patient age and preoperative prostate-specific antigen was 58.8 years old and 7.83 ng/mL (range, 2.5-14.55 ng/mL) respectively. Mean estimated blood loss was 361±193 mL (range, 50-650 mL). Follow-up was mean of 23.4 months. Average time to BNC diagnosis was 5.5 months. In three patients, a foreign body was identified at bladder neck. On multivariate analysis, estimated blood loss was significantly associated with development of BNC. All patients underwent cystoscopy and bladder neck incision with a 3-month CIC regimen. Out of 15 index patients, none had a BNC recurrence over the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BNC was identified in 1.6% of patients in our series following RARP. Intraoperative blood loss was a significant risk factor for BNC. In 20% of BNC patients a migrated foreign body was noted at vesicourethral anastomosis. Primary management of patients with BNC following RARP should be bladder neck incision and self CIC regimen.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Jaspreet Singh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Parihar
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA ; Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Sok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Isaac Yi
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Bladder neck contracture; Prostate cancer; Robotics