title: Cavitation measurement during sonic and ultrasonic activated irrigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this study were to quantify and to visualize the possible occurrence of transient cavitation (bubble formation and implosion) during sonic and ultrasonic (UAI) activated irrigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The amount of cavitation generated around several endodontic instruments was measured by sonochemiluminescence dosimetry inside 4 root canal models of human dimensions and varying complexity. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the sonochemiluminescence in the root canal was visualized with long-exposure photography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instrument oscillation frequency, ultrasonic power, and file taper influenced the occurrence and amount of cavitation. In UAI, cavitation was distributed between the file and the wall extending beyond the file and inside lateral canals/isthmuses. In sonic activated irrigation, no cavitation was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cavitation was shown to occur in UAI at clinically relevant ultrasonic power settings in both straight and curved canals but not around sonically oscillating instruments, driven at their highest frequency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, ACTA Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.macedo@acta.nl.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: Physics of Fluids Group and MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verhaagen
authors.affiliation: Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: David Fernandez
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.affiliation: Physics of Fluids Group and MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Versluis
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, ACTA Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wesselink
authors.affiliation: Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Sluis
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D049449:Luminescence; D008422:Materials Testing; D045423:Microbubbles; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009991:Oscillometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013010:Sonication; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014465:Ultrasonics
keywords: Activated irrigation; cavitation; sonic; sonochemiluminescence; ultrasonic