title: Hyperbaric area index calculated from ABPM elucidates the condition of CKD patients: the CKD-JAC study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High prevalence of masked hypertension as well as persistent hypertension was observed in the Chronic Kidney Disease Japan Cohort (CKD-JAC) study. We proposed a novel indicator of blood pressure (BP) load, hyperbaric area index (HBI), calculated from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) data. The characteristic of this index and its relationship with kidney function were also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CKD-JAC study, enrolled 2,977 patients, is a prospective observational study started in September 2007. ABPM was conducted in a sub-group from September 2007 to April 2010 and baseline ABPM data of 1,075 subjects (63.4 % male, 60.7 years old) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean systolic HBI of male and female patients were 242.3 and 176.5 mmHg×h, respectively. HBI sensitively reflected sex (54.7 mmHg×h higher in males than in females), seasonal effects (51.6 mmHg×h higher in winter than in summer), and advancing CKD stage [(16.5 mmHg×h higher) per -10 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in eGFR]. The HBI was a significant factor to associate with reduced kidney function, after adjusting with nocturnal BP change (NBPC), sex, and other variables (p value <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggested that HBI might be a novel sensitive indicator for the reduction of kidney function, independent of patterns of NBPC.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Support Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, siitky@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iimuro
authors.forename: Enyu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Kosaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akizawa
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hishida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents