title: Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium neavei in Mount Elgon focus of Eastern Uganda has been interrupted.
abstract: The study determined that Simulium neavei-transmitted onchocerciasis in Mount Elgon onchocerciasis focus had been interrupted. Annual mass treatment with ivermectin changed to two times per year along with vector elimination in 2007. Then, baseline microfilaria (mf) prevalence data of 1994 in five sentinel communities were compared with follow-up data in 2005 and 2011. Blood spots from 3,051 children obtained in 2009 were analyzed for Onchocerca volvulus immunoglobulin G4 antibodies. Fresh water crab host captures and blackflies collected indicated their infestation with larval stages of S. neavei and presence or absence of the vector, respectively. Mf rates dropped from 62.2% to 0.5%, and 1 (0.03%) of 3,051 children was positive for O. volvulus antibodies. Crab infestation dropped from 41.9% in 2007 to 0%, and S. neavei biting reduced to zero. Both remained zero for the next 3 years, confirming interruption of onchocerciasis transmission, and interventions were halted.
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida mkataba@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katabarwa
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lakwo
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Peace
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Habomugisha
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agunyo
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Byamukama
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oguttu
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ndyomugyenyi
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Ephraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tukesiga
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Galex Orukan
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Ochieng
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abwaimo
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Ambrose
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onapa
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Dennis W K
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lwamafa
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Unnasch
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Frank O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood*; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003386:Brachyura / Q000469:parasitology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007814:Larva; D008297:Male; D008842:Microfilariae; D017181:Onchocerca volvulus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D009855:Onchocerciasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D015995:Prevalence; D012843:Simuliidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D007559:Ivermectin