title: SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systematic Reviews (SRs) of experimental animal studies are not yet common practice, but awareness of the merits of conducting such SRs is steadily increasing. As animal intervention studies differ from randomized clinical trials (RCT) in many aspects, the methodology for SRs of clinical trials needs to be adapted and optimized for animal intervention studies. The Cochrane Collaboration developed a Risk of Bias (RoB) tool to establish consistency and avoid discrepancies in assessing the methodological quality of RCTs. A similar initiative is warranted in the field of animal experimentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provide an RoB tool for animal intervention studies (SYRCLE's RoB tool). This tool is based on the Cochrane RoB tool and has been adjusted for aspects of bias that play a specific role in animal intervention studies. To enhance transparency and applicability, we formulated signalling questions to facilitate judgment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resulting RoB tool for animal studies contains 10 entries. These entries are related to selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, reporting bias and other biases. Half these items are in agreement with the items in the Cochrane RoB tool. Most of the variations between the two tools are due to differences in design between RCTs and animal studies. Shortcomings in, or unfamiliarity with, specific aspects of experimental design of animal studies compared to clinical studies also play a role.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SYRCLE's RoB tool is an adapted version of the Cochrane RoB tool. Widespread adoption and implementation of this tool will facilitate and improve critical appraisal of evidence from animal studies. This may subsequently enhance the efficiency of translating animal research into clinical practice and increase awareness of the necessity of improving the methodological quality of animal studies.
authors.affiliation: SYRCLE at Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Carlijn.Hooijmans@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Carlijn R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hooijmans
authors.forename: Maroeska M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rovers
authors.forename: Rob B M
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Marlies
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leenaars
authors.forename: Merel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ritskes-Hoitinga
authors.forename: Miranda W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Langendam
mesh_terms: D032761:Animal Experimentation; D000818:Animals; D015982:Bias; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design