title: Packages of participation: Swedish employees' experience of Lean depends on how they are involved.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lean Production is a dominant approach in Swedish and global manufacturing and service industries. Studies of Lean's employee effects are few and contradictory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Employee effects from Lean are likely not uniform. This paper investigates the effect of employees' participation on their experiences of Lean.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated how different packages of employee participation in Lean affected manufacturing workers' experiences of Lean. During 2008-2011, qualitative and quantitative data were collected from Swedish manufacturing companies participating in the national Swedish Lean Production program Produktionslyftet. Data from 129 surveys (28 companies), 39 semi-structured interviews, and 30 reports were analyzed. In the main analysis, comparisons were made of the survey-reported Lean experiences of employees in three groups: temporary group employees (N = 36), who participated in Lean mostly through intermittent projects; continuous group employees (N = 69), who participated through standing improvement groups; and combined group employees (N = 24), who participated in both ways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous group employees had the most positive experience of Lean, followed by the combined group. Temporary group employees had the least positive experiences, being less likely than their counterparts to report that Lean improved teamwork, occupational safety, and change-related learning, decision making, and authority.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the importance of continuous, structured opportunities for participation but raise the possibility that more participation may result in greater workload and role overload, mitigating some benefits of employee involvement. Consequently, companies should consider involving employees in change efforts but should attend to the specific design of participation activities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ergonomics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), HELIX VINN Excellence Centre.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brännmark
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Holden
keywords: Job design; Lean Production; Organizational change; Organizational human factors; Quality of working life; macroergonomics