title: X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets: enamel abnormalities and oral clinical findings.
abstract: X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a genetic disorder related to alterations in bones and teeth formation, due to low levels of phosphate in blood. Oral findings in XLH have been enamel and dentine abnormalities, high pulp horns, large pulp chambers, and some cases of periapical abscesses related to teeth without caries or traumatic injuries. The aim of our study was to assess the presence of enamel alterations, such as microclefts and/or structure defects in patients with XLH and give guidelines of prevention of XLH dental complications. History taking, oral clinical and radiological examination in 10 young patients affected by XLH (average age of 9) and in 6 patients without XLH (average age of 8). Impressions were performed on the vestibular surfaces of teeth in order to obtain replicas. The replicas were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and compared to replicas of control group. The images of replicas of XLH patients showed deep microclefts and irregular enamel surface structure compared to replicas of control group. The replica of a patient with spontaneous periapical abscesses showed numerous enamel crater-shaped depressions and deep microcleavages penetrating into the enamel thickness. In absence of caries or fractures, the abscesses pathogenesis may be related to microcleavages of the enamel and dentin, which allow bacterial invasion of the pulp. There could be a relationship between XLH disease and enamel abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Dentistry for Special Need Patients Division, Dental School, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cremonesi
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nucci
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alkhamis
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchionni
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000473:pathology*; D003804:Dentin / Q000473:pathology; D053098:Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D014070:Tooth / Q000473:pathology
keywords: X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH); enamel abnormalities; large pulp chamber; scanning electron microscope; spontaneous abscesses