title: Screening for depression in people with epilepsy: comparative study among neurological disorders depression inventory for epilepsy (NDDI-E), hospital anxiety and depression scale depression subscale (HADS-D), and Beck depression inventory (BDI).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to assess and compare the psychometric properties of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Depression Subscale (HADS-D), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) as screening instruments for depression and suicidality in people with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-six people (54% women) diagnosed with epilepsy were recruited and evaluated on their sociodemographic and clinical features. Depression and suicide risk were assessed with a structured psychiatric interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus), and the performance of NDDI-E, HADS-D, and BDI was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity and specificity of BDI for the diagnosis of depression was around 90%; HADS-D and NDDI-E have sensitivity higher than 80%, and specificity was greater than 75%. For identifying suicide risk, the NDDI-E sensitivity was 92.9%, and HADS-D sensitivity was 85.7%, and a reasonable specificity (68%) was observed for both instruments. All instruments showed a negative predictive value of over 90%. Comparisons of the areas under the ROC curve for these instruments were not significantly different regarding depression or moderate/severe risk of suicide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three instruments evaluated have clinical utility in the screening of depression in people with epilepsy. Both NDDI-E and HADS-D are brief efficient screening instruments to identify depression in people with epilepsy. The BDI is a more robust instrument, but it takes longer to apply, which hampers its use by busy clinicians and by people with cognitive impairment.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Unit, Neurology Division, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Epilepsy Treatment Advanced Centre (NATE), Felicio Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Nogueira
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Unit, Neurology Division, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Marcelo K
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lessa
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Unit, Neurology Division, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Epilepsy Treatment Advanced Centre (NATE), Felicio Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Unit, Neurology Division, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Epilepsy Treatment Advanced Centre (NATE), Felicio Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Jardel
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Portela
authors.affiliation: NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, and Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede 2103SW, The Netherlands; SEIN - Epilepsy Institutes in the Netherlands Foundation, Heemstede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Josemir W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Unit, Neurology Division, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Electronic address: altexr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antonio Lucio
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013405:Suicide
keywords: Depression; Epilepsy; Screening; Temporal lobe epilepsy