title: Thyroid hormone analogues and derivatives: Actions in fatty liver.
abstract: Fatty liver or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a problem of increasing clinical significance and prevalence worldwide, is associated with increased risk for the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although several therapeutic approaches can be used in the context of NAFLD, dietary and physical activities are still the most frequently used strategies. Some pharmacological agents show promising results although no conclusions can be drawn from recent clinical trials. Thyroid hormones [THs; thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)] coordinate a diverse array of physiological events during development and lipid/energy homeostasis and have some potentially therapeutic actions which include inducing weight loss, and lowering plasma cholesterol levels and tissue adiposity. The thyroid hormones exert their physiological effects by binding to specific nuclear receptors [thyroid hormone receptors (TR)] of which the TRβ isoform is liver specific and has been considered a putative target for the treatment of dyslipidemia and fatty liver. In view of this, the aim of the review is (1) to provide an overview of the action of T3 on lipid metabolism with implications for liver steatosis and (2) to provide an update on the current knowledge concerning the administration of TRβ selective thyromimetics (GC-1 and MB07811), as well as of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine and its novel functional analogue TRC150094 in animal models of overweight and related disorders including primarily fatty liver.
authors.affiliation: Maria Coppola, Daniela Glinni, Maria Moreno, Federica Cioffi, Elena Silvestri, Fernando Goglia, Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coppola
authors.affiliation: Maria Coppola, Daniela Glinni, Maria Moreno, Federica Cioffi, Elena Silvestri, Fernando Goglia, Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glinni
authors.affiliation: Maria Coppola, Daniela Glinni, Maria Moreno, Federica Cioffi, Elena Silvestri, Fernando Goglia, Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Maria Coppola, Daniela Glinni, Maria Moreno, Federica Cioffi, Elena Silvestri, Fernando Goglia, Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cioffi
authors.affiliation: Maria Coppola, Daniela Glinni, Maria Moreno, Federica Cioffi, Elena Silvestri, Fernando Goglia, Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.affiliation: Maria Coppola, Daniela Glinni, Maria Moreno, Federica Cioffi, Elena Silvestri, Fernando Goglia, Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goglia
keywords: 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine; Fatty liver; Lipid metabolism; Thyroid hormones; Thyromimetics