title: Cortical and spinal mechanisms of task failure of sustained submaximal fatiguing contractions.
abstract: In this and the subsequent companion paper, results are presented that collectively seek to delineate the contribution that supraspinal circuits have in determining the time to task failure (TTF) of sustained submaximal contractions. The purpose of this study was to compare adjustments in supraspinal and spinal excitability taken concurrently throughout the performance of two different fatigue tasks with identical mechanical demands but different TTF (i.e., force-matching and position-matching tasks). On separate visits, ten healthy volunteers performed the force-matching or position-matching task at 15% of maximum strength with the elbow flexors to task failure. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), paired-pulse TMS, paired cortico-cervicomedullary stimulation, and brachial plexus electrical stimulation were delivered in a 6-stimuli sequence at baseline and every 2-3 minutes throughout fatigue-task performance. Contrary to expectations, the force-matching task TTF was 42% shorter (17.5 ± 7.9 min) than the position-matching task (26.9 ± 15.11 min; p<0.01); however, both tasks caused the same amount of muscle fatigue (p = 0.59). There were no task-specific differences for the total amount or rate of change in the neurophysiologic outcome variables over time (p>0.05). Therefore, failure occurred after a similar mean decline in motorneuron excitability developed (p<0.02, ES = 0.35-0.52) coupled with a similar mean increase in measures of corticospinal excitability (p<0.03, ES = 0.30-0.41). Additionally, the amount of intracortical inhibition decreased (p<0.03, ES = 0.32) and the amount of intracortical facilitation (p>0.10) and an index of upstream excitation of the motor cortex remained constant (p>0.40). Together, these results suggest that as fatigue develops prior to task failure, the increase in corticospinal excitability observed in relationship to the decrease in spinal excitability results from a combination of decreasing intracortical inhibition with constant levels of intracortical facilitation and upstream excitability that together eventually fail to provide the input to the motor cortex necessary for descending drive to overcome the spinal cord resistance, thereby contributing to task failure.
authors.affiliation: Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America; Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America.
authors.forename: Petra S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America; Department of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors