title: Brain training: rationale, methods, and pilot data for a specific visuomotor/visuospatial activity program to change progressive cognitive decline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research in the field of the aging brain has evolved to the extent that it is now commonly understood that actively engaging in cognitive tasks provides the potential of being beneficial in affecting the trajectory of age-related cognitive decline. What remains to be examined is the extent, and type, of program required to effect change in aging cognitively impaired individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address this issue, a cognitive program focusing on the use of visuospatial (VS)/visuomotor (VM) elements was applied to a group of six older individuals with identified progressive cognitive impairments. It was hypothesized that using tasks with VS and VM components may be beneficial in supporting overall brain performance, and subsequently assist individuals to perform well in various cognitive and behavioral tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that on many evaluative measures individuals remained stable, or improved in performance with medium-to-large effect sizes (e.g., 0.3-1.0). Thus, in a cognitively impaired population sample where decline would be the norm, our participants improved or remained stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel application of a VS/VM training program shows promise in addressing global cognitive decline, by targeting a brain area susceptible to early disruptions and providing it with additional and ongoing stimulative tasks in an effort to bolster its functioning and subsequently overall brain functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, British Columbia, Canada ; School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, British Columbia, Canada ; Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tippett
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Mireille N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Rizkalla
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Cognitive impairment; cognitive training; visuospatial/visuomotor