title: Lambertellin system, the mechanism for fungal replacement of Monilinia fructigena with Lambertella corni-maris without competitive inhibition on agar media.
abstract: The 'Lambertellin system' was disclosed which rationally explains the fungal replacement (mycoparasitism) of Monilinia fructigena (M. f., the host) with Lambertella corni-maris (L. corni-maris, the parasite) without competitive inhibition in the simultaneous incubations on agar media. The 'Lambertellin system' involves; (a) L. corni-maris secretes nontoxic lambertellols (1, 2) as the diffusible precursors of the authentic responsible substance 3 regardless of existence of the host M. f.; (b) In the absence of the host, the environment around the parasite is kept under neutral condition, and both 1 and 2 are readily transformed into 3; (c) Lambertellin (3) inhibits not only the host but also the parasite. The parasite degrades 3 for detoxification; and (d) Upon the host M. f. approaching closely to the area where the parasite inhabits, the environment around the parasite becomes acidic to stabilize 1 and 2, which gives them a chance to diffuse into the host area. Then these are gradually transformed into 3 to inhibit the host without damaging the parasite. This mechanism also accords with the progress of 'Natsu-Nenju' disease on apple fruits, which is known to be a mysterious phyto-disease because of two unique stages of its lifecycle, anamorphic (asexual) and teleomorphic (sexual). The 'Lambertellin system' would be categorized as a novel class of alleropathies.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3-Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Akane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3-Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3-Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3-Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3-Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3-Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan. Electronic address: hmasaru@hirosaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar / Q000737:chemistry*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D027845:Malus / Q000382:microbiology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009281:Naphthalenes; D013141:Spiro Compounds; D000362:Agar; C504281:lambertellin
keywords: Labeling experiments; Lambertellols; Mechanism; Mycoparasitism; The Lambertellin system