title: Estrogen as a novel agent for induction of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for osteogenic differentiation: in vivo bone tissue-engineering study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated whether the in vivo osteogenic differentiation potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells is enhanced by 17β-estradiol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized and divided into five experimental groups. For the surgical procedure, biparietal full-thickness bone defects (7 mm in diameter) were created. A chitosan-hydroxyapatite scaffold was used as the vehicle system for 17β-estradiol-loaded nanoparticles and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The first group, the blank defect group, was the control group. The defects were filled with either scaffold, estradiol, and scaffold; scaffold and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; or estradiol, scaffold, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells as experimental groups. The rats were killed at the end of weeks 4 and 12, and their calvariae were harvested for histologic and microtomographic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of estradiol, scaffold, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells revealed the highest median value (82.59 ± 17.17), and the difference was significant compared with the blank defect group (p = 0.004). Histologic samples demonstrated a significant difference between experimental groups for bone defect repair at the end of weeks 4 and 12 (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001). The estradiol, scaffold, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell group had the highest median score (3.00 ± 0.0) at week 12, which was significantly higher than scores for the scaffold and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell group and the blank defect group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  17β-Estradiol appears to be a novel and promising agent for future cell-based bone tissue-engineering studies.
authors.affiliation: Ankara and Nigde, Turkey From the Departments of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Histology and Embryology, and Anatomy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine; the Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering Departments, Hacettepe University; and the Department of Geological Engineering, Nigde University Faculty of Engineering.
authors.forename: Mert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calis
authors.forename: Tugrul Tolga
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Demirtas
authors.forename: Pergin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Atilla
authors.forename: İlkan
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Tatar
authors.forename: Orkun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ersoy
authors.forename: Gulseren
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Irmak
authors.forename: Hakan Hamdi
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Ayse Nur
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Cakar
authors.forename: Menemse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gumusderelioglu
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozgur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol