title: Human tibial torsion--morphometric assessment and clinical relevance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tibial torsion is an important anatomical parameter in clinical practice and displays variability among individuals. These variations are extremely significant in view of alignment guides such as those related to rotational landmarks of tibia in total knee arthroplasty. Further, precise knowledge and information pertaining to angle of tibial torsion also helps in correction of traumatic malunion or congenital maltorsion of tibia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study was carried out to determine the angle of tibial torsion in 100 adult dry tibia bones in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Amritsar. The study group comprised 50 males and 50 females with equal number of right- and left-sided bones. The measurements were meticulously recorded and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The results were analyzed and discussed in the light of existing literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the right side, it was found to be 29.84° ± 4.86°° (range = 22.00° -38.00°) in males and 28.92° ± 5.10°° (range = 15.00°-38.00°) in females. On the left side, it was found to be 28.00° ± 4.94°° (range = 20.00°-40.00°°) in males and 28.12° ± 4.28°° (range = 20.00°-37.00°°) in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is an endeavor to provide baseline data with reference to the angle of tibial torsion in the Indian population. The results of the study assume special importance in view of the technical advancements in reconstructive surgical procedures in orthopedic practice.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Rajan Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.forename: Jagdev Singh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kullar
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agnihotri
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Rajesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014102:Torsion Abnormality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery