title: Dynamics of soil bacterial communities in response to repeated application of manure containing sulfadiazine.
abstract: Large amounts of manure have been applied to arable soils as fertilizer worldwide. Manure is often contaminated with veterinary antibiotics which enter the soil together with antibiotic resistant bacteria. However, little information is available regarding the main responders of bacterial communities in soil affected by repeated inputs of antibiotics via manure. In this study, a microcosm experiment was performed with two concentrations of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) which were applied together with manure at three different time points over a period of 133 days. Samples were taken 3 and 60 days after each manure application. The effects of SDZ on soil bacterial communities were explored by barcoded pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from total community DNA. Samples with high concentration of SDZ were analyzed on day 193 only. Repeated inputs of SDZ, especially at a high concentration, caused pronounced changes in bacterial community compositions. By comparison with the initial soil, we could observe an increase of the disturbance and a decrease of the stability of soil bacterial communities as a result of SDZ manure application compared to the manure treatment without SDZ. The number of taxa significantly affected by the presence of SDZ increased with the times of manure application and was highest during the treatment with high SDZ-concentration. Numerous taxa, known to harbor also human pathogens, such as Devosia, Shinella, Stenotrophomonas, Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus, Leifsonia, Gemmatimonas, were enriched in the soil when SDZ was present while the abundance of bacteria which typically contribute to high soil quality belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Lysobacter, Hydrogenophaga, and Adhaeribacter decreased in response to the repeated application of manure and SDZ.
authors.affiliation: Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Guo-Chun
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Radl
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schloter-Hai
authors.affiliation: Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jechalke
authors.affiliation: Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.affiliation: Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Kornelia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smalla
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schloter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D064307:Microbiota; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013411:Sulfadiazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D013411:Sulfadiazine