title: Personalized normative feedback for depression symptoms: a qualitative pilot study of female undergraduates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This pilot study explored students' responses to feedback about their own and their peers' depression symptoms. The study also examined how experiences with the normative feedback might vary according to academic exposure to depression-related topics.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 9 weeks, female undergraduates (N=73) completed a weekly web-based version of the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire, which gauges depression symptom levels. Next, they participated in semi-structured face-to-face interviews where they responded to the personalized normative feedback. The interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students responded favorably to the feedback and without notable distress. The feedback increased students' awareness of their own depression symptoms and those of their peers. Those with higher academic exposure to depression-related topics were more likely to have accurate perceptions of their peers' depression symptoms and were less likely to be surprised by information in the feedback than students with less exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Personalized normative feedback for depression symptoms has potential as an effective tool for promoting more accurate views of personal and peer depression symptoms and reducing barriers to help-seeking. Students with less academic exposure to depression-related topics may benefit from increased knowledge of how to gauge their own depression symptoms and increased awareness of their peers' symptoms. Further research is needed to more fully evaluate the effects of this feedback and to directly assess the effects of this feedback on help-seeking behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, mhom@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hom
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heaney
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koopman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D010379:Peer Group; D010865:Pilot Projects; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult