title: The analgesic efficacy and safety of nefopam in patient-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery: A randomized, double-blind, prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy and side-effects of nefopam were prospectively compared with those of fentanyl for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) following cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients scheduled to undergo cardiac surgery were randomly assigned between three PCA groups (nefopam, fentanyl or nefopam + fentanyl). Pain was assessed at rest and during movement at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after surgery using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Total infused PCA volume, number of rescue drug injections, duration of intubation and length of stay in the intensive care unit were recorded. The incidence of adverse effects was noted at 48 h postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant between-group differences in VAS score, total PCA infusion volume or number of rescue injections (n = 92 per group). Nausea was significantly more common in the fentanyl group compared with both other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCA with nefopam alone provides suitable postoperative analgesia after cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyungmi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wook-Jong
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Kee
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In-Cheol
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea jysim@amc.seoul.kr.
authors.forename: Ji-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Sim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009340:Nefopam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009340:Nefopam; D005283:Fentanyl
keywords: Nefopam; adult cardiac surgery; patient-controlled analgesia