title: Unemployment as a risk factor for completed suicide: a psychological autopsy study.
abstract: This study adopts a psychological autopsy method to compare (1) unemployed suicides, (2) other suicides who were either employed or not in the labor force, and (3) psychiatric outpatients without any prior suicidal behavior. A total of 245 consecutive suicides from Province of Parma (Italy) with recorded employment status were included in the analysis. The control group included 41 psychiatric outpatients aged 18 to 64 years, who had not engaged in any previous suicidal act, and who were unemployed. The unemployed suicides had a risk 17 times higher to have had financial problems in the last 12 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0/149.5; p < 0.01) than other suicides. Unemployed suicides (compared to living unemployed controls) were 10 times more likely to have had poor social support (95% CI: 1.7/56.1; p < 0.01), 16 times more likely to have had any stressful life events in the past 12 months (95% CI: 2.5/103.9; p < 0.01), and 22 times more likely to have a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (95% CI: 2.4/203.2; p < 0.01). New suicide prevention strategies for those who are facing job loss need to focus on social support and personality disorders, as well as hopelessness and despair.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital , Sapienza University of Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innamorati
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Vittorio
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baratta
authors.forename: Vittoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Masotti
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badaracco
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008016:Life Change Events; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Italy; mental illness; psychological autopsy; suicide; unemployment