title: Kinship and social behavior of lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) in a central Amazon landscape.
abstract: We tested the hypothesis that tapirs tolerate individuals from adjacent and overlapping home ranges if they are related. We obtained genetic data from fecal samples collected in the Balbina reservoir landscape, central Amazon. Samples were genotyped at 14 microsatellite loci, of which five produced high quality informative genotypes. Based on an analysis of 32 individuals, we inferred a single panmictic population with high levels of heterozygosity. Kinship analysis identified 10 pairs of full siblings or parent-offspring, 10 pairs of half siblings and 25 unrelated pairs. In 10 cases, the related individuals were situated on opposite margins of the reservoir, suggesting that tapirs are capable of crossing the main river, even after damming. The polygamous model was the most likely mating system for Tapirus terrestris. Moran's I index of allele sharing between pairs of individuals geographically close (<3 km) was similar to that observed between individual pairs at larger distances (>3 km). Confirming this result, the related individuals were not geographically closer than unrelated ones (W = 188.5; p = 0.339). Thus, we found no evidence of a preference for being close to relatives and observed a tendency for dispersal. The small importance of relatedness in determining spatial distribution of individuals is unusual in mammals, but not unheard of. Finally, non-invasive sampling allowed efficient access to the genetic data, despite the warm and humid climate of the Amazon, which accelerates DNA degradation.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil; Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.
authors.forename: Gabriela M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonçalves da Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hrbek
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.
authors.forename: Eduardo M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Venticinque
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.
authors.forename: Izeni P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Farias
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001938:Brazil; D017753:Ecosystem; D056426:Genetic Loci; D014644:Genetic Variation; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D005843:Geography; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D010527:Perissodactyla / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011336:Probability; D012919:Social Behavior