title: Effects of combination treatment with policosanol and omega-3 fatty acids on platelet aggregation: A randomized, double-blind clinical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Policosanol is a mixture of long-chain primary aliphatic alcoholspurified from sugar cane wax that has cholesterol lowering and antiplatelet effects. Omega-3 fatty acids (FA) have triglyceride lowering and antiplatelet effects. Combination treatment with policosanol and omega-3 FA (Ω23FA) has been associated with significant inhibition of platelet aggregation in rabbits compared with either drug alone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combination treatment with Ω3FA (1 g/d) and policosanol (Ω3FA+Poli) compared with Ω3FA (1 g/d) plus placebo (Ω3FA+Pla) on platelet aggregation in human patients with hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, double-blind, clinical study at the Surgical Medical Research Center (Havana City, Cuba) recruited outpatients from lipid clinics, with some atherosclerotic risk factors. Outpatients of both sexes aged 20 to 75 years with serum total cholesterol (TC) levels ≥5 and <6 mmol/L were eligible to enroll. They were included in the study at the end of a 4-week diet stabilization period if their platelet aggregation to arachidonic acid (AA) was ≥50% and serum TC level remained ≥5 mmol/L. Patients were then evenly randomized to receive Ω3FA (1 g/d) + placebo or Ω3FA (1 g/d) + policosanol (10 mg/d) to be taken PO with the evening meal for 21 days. Treatment was assigned according to a randomization code using balanced blocks and a 1:1 allocation ratio. Inhibition of platelet aggregation to AA was the primary efficacy variable, while effects on platelet aggregation to collagen and epinephrine and on lipid profile were secondary variables. Drug compliance and adverse events (AEs) were monitored. Tolerability was assessed using physical examinations and laboratory test results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-four subjects were initially enrolled. Fifty-four patients (30 women, 24 men; mean [SD] age, 58.4 [12] years, [range, 40-70 years]) met the inclusion criteria and were randomized to treatment; 2 groups of 27. After 21 days, platelet aggregation to AA was significantly inhibited in the 2 groups. Ω3FA+Poli inhibited platelet aggregation to all agonists by ≥20%. Platelet aggregation to AA 1.0 and 1.5 mM was inhibited with combination treatment (39.6% and 33.9%, respectively; both P < 0.001 vs baseline; P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively, vs Ω3FA+Pla) and with Ω3FA+Pla (11.0% and 13.3%; both, P < 0.001). Combination treatment was more effective in inhibiting platelet aggregation to AA 1.0 and 1.5 mM in 28.6% (P < 0.001) and 20.6% (P < 0.01), respectively. Platelet aggregation to collagen 1 μg/mL was significantly inhibited with combination treatment and with Ω3FA+Pla compared with baseline (43.2% and 15.1%, respectively; both, P < 0.001), but the effects of combination treatment were significantly greater (P < 0.01). Platelet aggregation to epinephrine 0.1 mM was inhibited with Ω3FA+Poli and Ω3FA+Pla (34.8% and 20.1%; both, P < 0.001), with similar results for both groups. Bleeding time did not change significantly for either group and Ω3FA+Pla did not significantly change the lipid profile. Combination treatment did significantly reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (17.4%; P < 0.001 vs baseline, P < 0.05 vs Ω3FA+Pla) and TC (10.1%; P < 0.001 vs baseline, P < 0.05 vs Ω3FA+Pla), increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (18.0%; P < 0.001 vs baseline), but did not significantly change triglyceride levels. Three patients (2 from the Ω3FA+Poli group and 1 from the Ω3FA+Pla group) withdrew from the trial, though none were due to AEs. Two patients receiving combination treatment reported mild AEs (headache). All treatments were well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these patients, policosanol (10 mg/d) administered concomitantly with Ω3FA (1 g/d) enhanced the inhibition of platelet aggregation to AA and collagen, but not to epinephrine, compared with Ω3FA+Pla, without significantly affecting bleeding time. Concomitant treatment was also associated with reduced levels of LDL-C and TC and raised HDL-C levels. All treatments were well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Medical Research Center, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castaño
authors.affiliation: Center of NaturalProducts, National Center of Scientific Research, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Arruzazabala
authors.affiliation: Center of NaturalProducts, National Center of Scientific Research, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Center of NaturalProducts, National Center of Scientific Research, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mas
authors.affiliation: Center of NaturalProducts, National Center of Scientific Research, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carbajal
authors.affiliation: Center of NaturalProducts, National Center of Scientific Research, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Surgical Medical Research Center, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Illnait
authors.affiliation: Surgical Medical Research Center, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Sarahí
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Surgical Medical Research Center, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gámez
authors.affiliation: Surgical Medical Research Center, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Melbis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mesa
authors.affiliation: Center of NaturalProducts, National Center of Scientific Research, Havana City, Cuba.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández
keywords: antiplatelet drugs; cholesterol-lowering drugs; omega-3 fatty acids; platelet aggregation; policosanol