title: Ultrastructure of in vitro Matured Human Oocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 20% of recovered oocytes are immature and discarded in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures. These oocytes represent a potential resource for both clinical and basic science application.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructure architecture of in vitro matured human oocytes using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 204 immature oocytes from infertile patients who underwent ICSI cycles were included in this prospective study. Immature oocytes were divided into two groups: (i) GV oocytes (n = 101); and (ii) MI oocytes (n = 103). Supernumerary fresh in vivo matured oocytes (n = 10) were used as control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates of maturations were 61.38% for GV and 73.78% for MI oocytes in IVM medium (P = 0.07). However, the rate of oocyte arrest was significant between groups (P <0 .05). Ultrastructurally; in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes appeared round, with a homogeneous cytoplasm, an intact oolemma and an intact zona pellucida. However, immature oocytes indicated numerous large mitochondria-vesicle complexes (M-VC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrastructural changes of M-VC in IVM groups emphasize the need for further research in order to refine culture conditions and improve the implantation rate of in-vitro matured oocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahedi
authors.affiliation: Yazd Institute for Reproductive Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.affiliation: Yazd Institute for Reproductive Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soleimani
authors.affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Yazd, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Shekoufeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morshedizad
keywords: Germinal Vesicle Oocytes; In vitro Maturation; Metaphase-I Oocytes; Ultrastructure