title: Effect of sodium alginate addition to chocolate milk on glycemia, insulin, appetite and food intake in healthy adult men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sodium alginate reduces appetite and glycemia, when consumed in water- and sugar-based drinks. But, its effects when added to other commonly consumed beverages have not been reported. Because chocolate milk (CM) is criticized for raising blood glucose more than unflavored milk, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of adding a strong-gelling sodium alginate to CM on glycemia, insulinemia, appetite and food intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized crossover design, 24 men (22.9±0.4 years; 22.5±0.3 kg/m(2)) were provided with isovolumetric (325 ml) treatments of CM, 1.25% alginate CM, 2.5% alginate CM or 2.5% alginate solution. Sodium alginate had a ratio of 0.78:1 of mannuronic acid (M) to guluronic acid (G) residues, and was block distributed. Treatments were standardized for lactose, sucrose and calcium content, and provided 120 min before an ad libitum pizza meal during which food intake was measured. Appetite and blood glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and at intervals pre- and post-meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of 2.5% alginate to CM reduced peak glucose concentrations, at 30 min, by an average of 6% and 13% compared with 1.25% alginate CM (95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.02-1.08; P=0.037) and CM alone (95% CIs: 0.49-1.55; P=0.000) respectively. Insulin peaks at 30 min were lower by 46% after 2.5% alginate CM relative to CM (95% CIs: 3.49-31.78; P=0.009). Pre-meal appetite was attenuated dose dependently by alginate addition to CM; CM with 2.5% alginate reduced mean appetite by an average of 134% compared with CM alone (95% CIs: 8.87-18.98; P=0.000). However, total caloric intake at the pizza meal did not differ among treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of a strong-gelling sodium alginate to CM decreases pre-meal glycemia, insulinemia and appetite, but not caloric intake at a meal 2 h later, in healthy adult men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: El Khoury
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berengut
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubant
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000464:Alginates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007328:Insulin; C007896:guluronic acid; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C008324:mannuronic acid