title: Antenatal noninvasive DNA testing: clinical experience and impact.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nearly two decades ago, the discovery of circulating cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood created a paradigm shift in prenatal testing. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have facilitated the rapid translation of DNA-based testing into clinical antenatal care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this review, we summarize the technical approaches and current clinical applications of noninvasive testing using cell-free DNA in maternal plasma. We discuss the impact of these tests on clinical care, outline proposed integration models, and suggest future directions for the field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of cell-free DNA in maternal blood for the detection of fetal rhesus D antigen status, fetal sex, and common whole chromosomal aneuploidies is now well established, although testing for aneuploidy is still considered screening and not diagnostic. Further advances in technology and bioinformatics may see future clinical applications extend to the noninvasive detection of fetal subchromosomal aneuploidy, single gene disorders, and the entire fetal genome.
authors.affiliation: Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Millie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferres
authors.affiliation: Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Diana W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bianchi
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA