title: Lead and other elements in house dust of Japanese residences--source of lead and health risks due to metal exposure.
abstract: The levels of 25 elements in house dust collected from 100 general Japanese residences were measured. Factor analysis was applied on the multi-element data to explore source of Pb (median concentration 49.1 mg/kg) in house dust. Six factors were extracted and Pb was found to have great loading on the fifth factor with Sb and Sn, suggesting solder (Sn), and plastic and metals (Sb) may be the sources of Pb in the house dust of Japanese residences. No significant loading was found on soil-related factors indicating non-significant contribution of Pb in track-in soil. Seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn) were found in house dust at >10 times more condensed than crustal abundance. Health risk of these elements to children via the ingestion of house dust was estimated based on the comparison with tolerable daily intake and found to be non-significant for most of the elements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Studies, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan. Electronic address: junyosh@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshinaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Studies, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Studies, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yonemura
authors.affiliation: Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.affiliation: Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaido
authors.affiliation: Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Kodai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D008670:Metals; D014131:Trace Elements; D007854:Lead
keywords: Factor analysis; Health risk; House dust; Pb (lead); Sb (antimony); Sn (tin)