title: Production of human metabolites by gastrointestinal bacteria as a potential source of post-mortem alteration of antemortem drug/metabolite concentrations.
abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that bacterial species are capable of transforming complex chemical substances. Several of these species, native to the human gastrointestinal tract, are active in postmortem decomposition. They have potential to cause biotransformations affecting compound-to-metabolite ratios within the human body, especially after death. Investigation of postmortem effects could supply valuable information, especially concerning compound identification and confirmation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium perfringens on diazepam and flunitrazepam in Reinforced Clostridial Medium, and to compare bacterial biotransformation products to those of human metabolism. A decrease in diazepam concentration between pre- and post-incubation was observed for samples inoculated with Escherichia coli (14.7-20.2%) as well as Bacteroides fragilis (13.9-25.7%); however there was no corresponding increase in concentration for the monitored human metabolites. Flunitrazepam demonstrated a greater concentration loss when incubated with individual bacterial species as well as mixed culture (79.2-100.0%). Samples incubated with Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, and mixed culture resulted in nearly complete conversion of flunitrazepam. Increased 7-aminoflunitrazepam concentrations accounted for the majority of the conversion; however discrepancies in the mass balance of the reaction suggested the possibility of a minor metabolite that was not monitored in the current analysis. These experiments served as a pilot study and proof of concept that can be adapted and applied to a realm of possibilities. Ultimately, this methodology would be ideal to study compounds that are too toxic or lethal for animal and human metabolic investigations.
authors.affiliation: Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, E3400 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, 21010, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Martindale
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001441:Bacteroides fragilis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000378:metabolism*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism*; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000378:metabolism*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D003975:Diazepam
keywords: LC-MS/MS; anaerobic bacteria; diazepam; flunitrazepam; postmortem toxicology