title: Disposition and acute toxicity of imidacloprid in female rats after single exposure.
abstract: Single dose of imidacloprid (IMI-20mg/kg bodyweight) was orally administered in female rats. Its disposition along with two metabolites 6-chloro nicotinic acid (6-CNA) and 6-hydroxy nicotinic acid (6-HNA) was monitored in organs (brain, liver, kidney, and ovary) and bodily fluids (blood, urine) at 6, 12, 24 and 48h and faeces at 24 and 48h. Maximum concentration (Cmax) of IMI and metabolites in each organ and bodily fluid occurred after 12h. Area under curve (AUC) of IMI ranged from 35 to 358μg/ml/h; 6-CNA: 27.12-1006.42μg/ml/h and 6-HNA: 14.98-302.74μg/ml/h in different organs and bodily fluids. Clearance rate of IMI was maximum in ovary followed by kidney, liver, brain, faeces, blood and urine. Percent inhibition of acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) was comparable in brain and Red Blood Cells (RBC) at 6-48h which suggests the RBC-AChE as valid biomarker for assessing IMI exposure. It is evident that IMI was absorbed, metabolized, and excreted showing increased level of serum enzymes like Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and biochemical constituents like billirubin and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) at 48h. These data suggest that IMI is widely distributed, metabolized and induced toxicology effects at 20mg/kg bodyweight to female rats.
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
authors.forename: Upasana
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
authors.forename: Purushottam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Banasthali University, Newai, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: Veena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India. Electronic address: lpsrivastava@iitr.res.in.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000652:urine; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D011913:Rats, Inbred BB; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid; C046300:6-hydroxynicotinic acid; C035953:6-chloronicotinic acid; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: 6-CNA; 6-HNA; Disposition; Female rats; Imidacloprid; Toxicity