title: Cleaning effectiveness of implant prophylaxis instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the cleaning effectiveness of implant prophylaxis instruments on polished and acid-etched implant surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofilm layers of Streptococcus mutans were grown on a total of 80 titanium disks; 40 disks were polished and 40 were acid-etched. Five disks of each surface were cleaned using each of seven implant prophylaxis instruments: (1) manual plastic curette, (2) manual carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) curette, (3) sonic-driven prophylaxis brush, (4) rotating rubber cup with prophylaxis paste, (5) sonic-driven polyether ether ketone (PEEK) plastic tip, (6) ultrasonic-driven PEEK plastic tip, and (7) air polishing with amino acid (glycine) powder. Ten disks (five of each surface type) served as controls. After cleaning, the surfaces with remaining bacteria were assessed by light microscopy. Statistical analyses of the results were performed with one-way and two-way analyses of variance with Bonferroni-Dunn multiple comparisons post hoc analysis (α = .05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cleaning effectiveness of the plastic curette was significantly lower than those of all machine-driven instruments on the polished surface. Significantly lower cleaning effectiveness occurred with the CFRP curette compared to the prophylaxis brush and to both oscillating PEEK plastic tips on the polished surface. The rubber cup provided less cleaning effectiveness compared to the ultrasonic PEEK plastic tip and air polishing on the acid-etched surface. Superior results, with less than 4% of the biofilm remaining, were obtained for both oscillating PEEK plastic tips and air polishing on both implant surfaces. The cleaning ability of the prophylaxis brush, rubber cup, and ultrasonic PEEK plastic tip differed significantly between both surface structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cleaning effectiveness, ie, less than 4% of the biofilm remaining, was not observed with all tested implant prophylaxis instruments. The cleaning ability of the devices depended on the implant surface structure.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmage
authors.forename: Fisnik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kahili
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nergiz
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Scorziello
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Platzer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008853:Microscopy; D013295:Streptococcus mutans; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants