title: Topical cocaine vs adrenaline in endoscopic sinus surgery: a blinded randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adequate surgical field visualization is among the most important factors in preventing complications in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of topical cocaine vs adrenaline on surgical field visualization and intraoperative bleeding during FESS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial was conducted. A total of 37 patients that underwent FESS for chronic rhinosinusitis were randomized to the side of the nose that received adrenaline or cocaine-soaked patties, and the side that was operated first. The surgeon evaluating the bleeding was blinded to the vasoconstrictor allocation. At the commencement of surgery and at regular 15-minute intervals, the operating surgeon evaluated the extent of bleeding in the operative field according to a validated scale. At each assessment, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, and end tidal CO2 were also recorded. At the end of each side, total blood loss was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in the mean surgical field scores between the adrenaline and cocaine sides (2.04 ± 0.75 vs 2.17 ± 0.7, p = 0.24), nor the total blood loss (p = 0.43). On the cocaine side, there was a correlation between surgical field grade and duration of surgery (p < 0.05) as well as blood loss (p < 0.05) and MAP (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no difference in the quality of the surgical field achieved through the use of topical cocaine or adrenaline during FESS. Either of these agents can be effectively used for topical decongestion at the onset of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital del Salvador, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Constanza J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Valdes
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogado
authors.forename: Almoaidbellah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rammal
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samaha
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tewfik
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001811:Blood Volume Determination; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004724:Endoscopy; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000601:surgery; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000601:surgery*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D003042:Cocaine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: FESS; chronic rhinosinusitis; functional endoscopic sinus surgery; intraoperative bleeding; surgical field; vasoconstriction