title: Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors for specific language impairment: a prospective pregnancy cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although genetic factors are known to play a causal role in specific language impairment (SLI), environmental factors may also be important. This study examined whether there are prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors that are associated with childhood SLI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were members of the Raine Study, a prospective cohort investigation of pregnant women and their offspring. Parent report indicated that 26 children had received a clinical diagnosis of SLI. Data from antenatal and birth medical records were compared between the children with SLI and typically developing comparison children (N = 1,799).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences between the SLI and comparison groups in the individual prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors examined. Aggregate risk scores were calculated for each period on the basis of factors known to be associated with neurodevelopmental disorder. There were no group differences in aggregate risk scores in the prenatal and perinatal periods. However, significantly more children in the SLI group (50%) compared with the comparison group (27.6%) experienced 2 or more risk factors during the neonatal period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vast majority of prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal complications do not play a clear causal role in childhood SLI. However, poor neonatal health may signify increased risk for SLI.
authors.forename: Andrew J O
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Whitehouse
authors.forename: W M R
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Caleb
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ing
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Newnham
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000068104:Infant Health; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors