title: Invited review: GPCR structural characterization: Using fragments as building blocks to determine a complete structure.
abstract: The structural characterization of G protein-coupled receptors has surged since the development of methodologies to facilitate the crystallization of these highly helical, seven transmembrane, integral membrane receptors. In the past seven years, eighteen GPCR structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. The crystal structures represent a static picture of these conformationally flexible signal transducers. Analyses that probe their dynamics and conformational changes require other techniques, in particular solution state nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Such investigations are challenged by the size of GPCRs, their α-helical structure, which limits resonance dispersion, their tendencies to aggregate in micellar preparations and their conformational heterogeneity. For many years, groups have been studying GPCR fragments as a means to overcome some of these difficulties. The results of these fragment analyses are presented here. Review of the literature reveals that much of the original work depended on circular dichroism, infra-red spectroscopy and fluorescence approaches. High resolution structures obtained by NMR are compared, where applicable, to the available crystal structures. In most cases, the work done on fragments by biophysical analysis is validated by these comparisons. Our perspective on the field of GPCR fragment analysis is presented together with the future goals that must be considered if work with fragments is continued.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York (CUNY), Staten Island, NY, 10314.
authors.forename: Leah S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Katrina E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Fracchiolla
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naider
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
keywords: GPCR structure; NMR; membrane peptides; membrane protein fragments; membrane protein structure