title: Toxicokinetics of novel psychoactive substances: characterization of N-acetyltransferase (NAT) isoenzymes involved in the phase II metabolism of 2C designer drugs.
abstract: The 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine-derived designer drugs (so-called "2Cs") recently became of great importance on the illicit drug market as stimulating hallucinogens. They are distributed and consumed as "novel psychoactive substances" (NPS) without any safety testing at the forefront. As previous studies have shown, the 2Cs are mainly metabolized by O-demethylation, N-acetylation, or deamination. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the recombinant human N-acetyltransferase (NAT) isoforms 1 and 2 in the phase II metabolism of 2Cs. For these studies, cDNA-expressed recombinant human NATs were used and formation of metabolites after incubation was measured using GC-MS. NAT2 could be shown to be the only isoform catalyzing the reaction in vitro, hence it should be the only relevant enzyme for in vivo acetylation. In general, all metabolite formation reactions followed classic Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the affinity to human NAT2 was increasing with the volume of the 4-substituent. In consequence, a slow acetylator phenotype or inhibition of NAT2 could lead to decreased N-acetylation and might lead to an increased risk of side effects caused by these novel psychoactive substances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany. Electronic address: markus.meyer@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Markus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D015394:Molecular Structure
chemical_list: D015198:Designer Drugs; D006213:Hallucinogens; D007527:Isoenzymes; D000123:Acetyltransferases
keywords: 2Cs; Designer drug; Kinetics; N-Acetyltransferase; Phenethylamines