title: The lifelong maintenance of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by Nurr1 and engrailed.
abstract: Specific vulnerability and degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. A number of transcription factors regulate the birth and development of this set of neurons and some remain constitutively expressed throughout life. These maintenance transcription factors are closely associated with essential neurophysiological functions and are required ultimately for the long-term survival of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The current review describes the role of two such factors, Nurr1 and engrailed, in differentiation, maturation, and in normal physiological functions including acquisition of neurotransmitter identity. The review will also elucidate the relationship of these factors with life, vulnerability, degeneration and death of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in the context of Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, E508, Burlington Danes, Hammersmith Hospital, DuCane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. k.alavian@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kambiz N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Alavian
authors.forename: Sharmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeddi
authors.forename: Sahar I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Naghipour
authors.forename: Pegah
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nabili
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Licznerski
authors.forename: Travis S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tierney
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C539882:NR4A2 protein, human; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D014157:Transcription Factors; C106185:engrailed homeobox proteins