title: Gamma Knife radiosurgery for sellar and parasellar meningiomas: a multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parasellar and sellar meningiomas are challenging tumors owing in part to their proximity to important neurovascular and endocrine structures. Complete resection can be associated with significant morbidity, and incomplete resections are common. In this study, the authors evaluated the outcomes of parasellar and sellar meningiomas managed with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) both as an adjunct to microsurgical removal or conventional radiation therapy and as a primary treatment modality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter study of patients with benign sellar and parasellar meningiomas was conducted through the North American Gamma Knife Consortium. For the period spanning 1988 to 2011 at 10 centers, the authors identified all patients with sellar and/or parasellar meningiomas treated with GKRS. Patients were also required to have a minimum of 6 months of imaging and clinical follow-up after GKRS. Factors predictive of new neurological deficits following GKRS were assessed via univariate and multivariate analyses. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox multivariate regression analysis were used to assess factors predictive of tumor progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors identified 763 patients with sellar and/or parasellar meningiomas treated with GKRS. Patients were assessed clinically and with neuroimaging at routine intervals following GKRS. There were 567 females (74.3%) and 196 males (25.7%) with a median age of 56 years (range 8-90 years). Three hundred fifty-five patients (50.7%) had undergone at least one resection before GKRS, and 3.8% had undergone prior radiation therapy. The median follow-up after GKRS was 66.7 months (range 6-216 months). At the last follow-up, tumor volumes remained stable or decreased in 90.2% of patients. Actuarial progression-free survival rates at 3, 5, 8, and 10 years were 98%, 95%, 88%, and 82%, respectively. More than one prior surgery, prior radiation therapy, or a tumor margin dose < 13 Gy significantly increased the likelihood of tumor progression after GKRS. At the last clinical follow-up, 86.2% of patients demonstrated no change or improvement in their neurological condition, whereas 13.8% of patients experienced symptom progression. New or worsening cranial nerve deficits were seen in 9.6% of patients, with cranial nerve (CN) V being the most adversely affected nerve. Functional improvements in CNs, especially in CNs V and VI, were observed in 34% of patients with preexisting deficits. New or worsened endocrinopathies were demonstrated in 1.6% of patients; hypothyroidism was the most frequent deficiency. Unfavorable outcome with tumor growth and accompanying neurological decline was statistically more likely in patients with larger tumor volumes (p = 0.022) and more than 1 prior surgery (p = 0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gamma Knife radiosurgery provides a high rate of tumor control for patients with parasellar or sellar meningiomas, and tumor control is accompanied by neurological preservation or improvement in most patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: Fred A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Zeiler
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Samuel T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Gandhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Veronica L S
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Heyoung L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nakaji
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: Norissa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Honea
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondziolka
authors.forename: John Y K
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunwar
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petti
authors.forename: L Dade
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lunsford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008579:Meningioma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012658:Sella Turcica; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CN = cranial nerve; GKRS = Gamma Knife radiosurgery; Gamma Knife; SRS = stereotactic radiosurgery; meningioma; oncology; parasellar; radiosurgery; sellae; stereotactic radiosurgery