title: Miglitol increases energy expenditure by upregulating uncoupling protein 1 of brown adipose tissue and reduces obesity in dietary-induced obese mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Miglitol is an oral anti-diabetic drug that acts by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine. Recent studies have shown that miglitol reduces obesity in humans and rodents. However, its mechanisms have remained unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether miglitol generates heat by activating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), an enzyme involved in thermogenesis, in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high-fat diet alone (HF) or a high fat diet plus miglitol (HFM). Oxygen consumption (VO2) was used to estimate metabolic rate. A thermal imaging camera was used to quantify heat generation from interscapular brown adipose tissue. We analyzed the protein and gene expressions of UCP1 and the expressions of four proteins related to β3-adrenergic signaling in the pathway activating UCP1 (protein kinase A (PKA), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), p38 α mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38αMAPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 8 weeks, body weight, epididymal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue and the HOMA-R value of the HFM mice were significantly less than those of the HF mice. Food intake was not different between the HF and HFM mice. VO2 and BAT temperature were significantly higher in the HFM mice. Miglitol significantly enhanced the gene and protein expressions of UCP1 and the expressions of proteins related to β3-adrenergic signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Miglitol's anti-obesity effect was attributed to increased energy expenditure by upregulating UCP1 in BAT (i.e., by thermogenesis) and to enhancement of β3-adrenergic signaling in BAT.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465-Kajiicho, Hirokoji-Kawaramachi, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan. hisakazu@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hisakazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodo
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Kitaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kosaka
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Aoi
authors.forename: Kanji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikegaya
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hosoi