title: Reduction of motion artifacts in carotid MRI using free-induction decay navigators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a framework for prospective free-induction decay (FID)-based navigator gating for suppression of motion artifacts in carotid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to assess its capability in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  An FID-navigator, comprising a spatially selective low flip-angle sinc-pulse followed by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) readout, was added to a conventional turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence. Real-time navigator processing delivered accept/reject-and-reacquire decisions to the sequence. In this Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved study, seven volunteers were scanned with a 2D T2-weighted TSE sequence. A reference scan with volunteers instructed to minimize motion as well as nongated and gated scans with volunteers instructed to perform different motion tasks were performed in each subject. Multiple image quality measures were employed to quantify the effect of gating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in lumen-to-wall sharpness (2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.4), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (9.0 ± 2.0 vs. 8.5 ± 2.0), or image quality score (3.1 ± 0.9 vs. 2.6 ± 1.2) between the reference and gated images. For images acquired during motion, all image quality measures were higher (P < 0.05) in the gated compared to nongated images (sharpness: 2.3 ± 0.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.5, CNR: 8.5 ± 2.0 vs. 7.2 ± 2.0, score: 2.6 ± 1.2 vs. 1.8 ± 1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Artifacts caused by the employed motion tasks deteriorated image quality in the nongated scans. These artifacts were alleviated with the proposed FID-navigator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dyverfeldt
authors.forename: Vibhas S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saloner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: FID navigator; atherosclerosis; carotid MRI; carotid artery disease; motion compensation; motion suppression