title: Particulate air pollution and preeclampsia: a source-based analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between preeclampsia and maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) and 2.5 μm (PM2.5) mass and sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our analysis was based on a hospital cohort of pregnant women (N=3182) residing in Barcelona, Spain, during 2003-2005. Positive matrix factorisation source apportionment (PMF2) was used to identify sources of PM10 and PM2.5 samples obtained by an urban background monitor, resulting in detection of eight sources. We further combined traffic-related sources (brake dust, vehicle exhaust and secondary nitrate/organics) to generate an indicator of combined traffic sources. Logistic regression models were developed to estimate the association between preeclampsia and exposure to each PM source and mass separately during the entire pregnancy and trimester one, adjusted for relevant covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the exposure during the entire pregnancy, we found a 44% (95% CI 7% to 94%) and a 80% (95% CI 4% to 211%) increase in the risk of preeclampsia associated with one IQR increase in exposure to PM10 brake dust and combined traffic-related sources, respectively. These findings remained consistent after an alternative source apportionment method (Multilinear Engine (ME2)) was used. The results for PM2.5 mass and sources and also exposure during trimester one were inconclusive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk of preeclampsia was associated with exposure to PM10 brake dust and combined traffic-related sources.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Payam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dadvand
authors.affiliation: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ostro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal-Foetal Medicine, ICGON, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Figueras
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: María-Cruz
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Minguillón
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Basagaña
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Querol
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D004391:Dust; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions