title: Weight loss effects from vegetable intake: a 12-month randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Direct evidence for the effects of vegetable intake on weight loss is qualified. The study aimed to assess the effect of higher vegetable consumption on weight loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single blind parallel controlled trial was conducted with 120 overweight adults (mean body mass index=29.98 kg/m(2)) randomised to two energy deficit healthy diet advice groups differing only by doubling the serving (portion) sizes of vegetables in the comparator group. Data were analysed as intention-to-treat using a linear mixed model. Spearmans rho bivariate was used to explore relationships between percentage energy from vegetables and weight loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 months, the study sample lost 6.5±5.2 kg (P<0.001 time) with no difference between groups (P>0.05 interaction). Both groups increased vegetable intake and lost weight in the first 3 months, and the change in weight was significantly correlated with higher proportions of energy consumed as vegetables (rho=-0.217, P=0.024). Fasting glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels decreased (P<0.001 time) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased (P<0.001 time), with no difference between groups. Weight loss was sustained for 12 months by both groups, but the comparator group reported greater hunger satisfaction (P=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advice to consume a healthy low-energy diet leads to sustained weight loss, with reductions in cardiovascular disease risk factors regardless of an emphasis on more vegetables. In the short term, consuming a higher proportion of the dietary energy as vegetables may support a greater weight loss and the dietary pattern appears sustainable.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Smart Foods Centre, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tapsell
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Smart Foods Centre, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Batterham
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Smart Foods Centre, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Smart Foods Centre, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Smart Foods Centre, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Grafenauer
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Smart Foods Centre, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Probst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D050177:Overweight; D064787:Portion Size; D012527:Satiation; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014675:Vegetables; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides