title: The cost of fear: avoidant decision making in a spider gambling task.
abstract: Individuals with anxiety disorders typically avoid fear-relevant stimuli even if they miss potential rewards. However, few studies have accounted for such costs of fear-related avoidance in doing so. In this study, 51 spider fearful and 49 non-fearful participants completed the Spider Gambling Task, our modification of the Iowa Gambling Task, to investigate whether fear-relevant stimuli trigger avoidant decisions in the presence of potential rewards. In one version, advantageous choices were associated with pictures of spiders, whereas the same pictures were associated with disadvantageous choices in another version. Fearful participants generally avoided choices associated with pictures of spiders, which resulted in lower overall gains in the version with advantageous spider decks. Although this relative avoidance was sustained, fearful participants progressively approach more advantageous spider choices. These findings demonstrate that phobic fear results in irrational avoidant decisions which can result in considerable cost. Potential long-term rewards for approach may, however, diminish absolute avoidance behavior.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Chair of Clinical and Biological Psychology and Psychotherapy and Otto Selz Institute, University of Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pittig
authors.affiliation: General Psychology: Cognition, Department for Informatics and Applied Cognitive Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: General Psychology: Cognition, Department for Informatics and Applied Cognitive Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pawlikowski
authors.affiliation: School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Chair of Clinical and Biological Psychology and Psychotherapy and Otto Selz Institute, University of Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: alpers@uni-mannheim.de.
authors.forename: Georg W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Alpers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D003657:Decision Making; D004924:Escape Reaction; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013112:Spiders; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Behavioral avoidance; Decision making; Experimental psychopathology; Fear; Spider phobia