title: Consumption of whole grains and legumes modulates the genetic effect of the APOA5 -1131C variant on changes in triglyceride and apolipoprotein A-V concentrations in patients with impaired fasting glucose or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) -1131 T > C polymorphism is associated with mild hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetic subjects, and interacts with dietary fat in the determination of triglyceride concentrations. We examined whether a substitution of whole grains and legumes for refined rice in a high carbohydrate diet (about 65% of energy derived from carbohydrate) may modify the effect of this variant on changes in apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) and triglyceride concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped the APOA5 -1131 T > C in individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, who were randomly assigned to either a group ingesting whole grain and legume meals daily or a control group for 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After dietary intervention, we observed significant interactions between the APOA5 -1131 T > C polymorphism and carbohydrate sources (whole grains and legumes versus refined rice) in the determination of mean percent changes in triglyceride and apoA-V (P interactions <0.001 and =0.038, respectively). In the refined rice group (n = 93), the carriers of the risk C allele (n = 50) showed a greater increase in the mean percent changes of triglyceride and apoA-V than noncarriers after adjusting for HOMA-IR (P = 0.004 and 0.021, respectively). The whole grain and legume group (n = 92), however, showed a decrease in fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, and triglyceride, and an increase in apoA-V, irrespective of genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data showed that the magnitude of the genetic effect of the APOA5 -1131C variant on triglyceride and apoA-V levels was modulated when substituting consumption of whole grains and legumes for refined rice as a carbohydrate source in IFG or diabetic subjects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01784952.
authors.forename: Ryungwoo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Minjoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jey Sook
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: Sang-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea. jhleeb@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000072040:Apolipoprotein A-V; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects; D002523:Edible Grain; D007887:Fabaceae; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012275:Oryza; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D056910:Republic of Korea; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: C437704:APOA5 protein, human; D000072040:Apolipoprotein A-V; D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides