title: High prevalence of inactivity among young patients with type 1 diabetes in south Spain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe usual physical activity level and analyze its association with metabolic control and presence of microvascular complications in a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes (DM-1) in south Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, cross-sectional study that included one hundred thirty patients, aged 33.9 ± 11.5 years-old with disease duration of 16.5 ± 9.5 years that consecutively were recruited among patients attending the Endocrinology Service of Puerta del Mar University Hospital (Cádiz, Spain). Usual physical activity level was assessed using the "General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire" (GPPAQ) together with clinical, anthropometric, metabolic parameters and microvascular complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DM-1 patients were grouped in four categories of physical activity level: inactive (n = 33; 25.3%), moderately inactive (n = 31; 23.8%), moderately active (n = 26; 20.0%) and active (n = 40; 30.9%). We observed no significant differences in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level between the different physical activity groups analyzed. Patients classified as moderately active and active were more often men, significantly younger and presented lower plasmatic levels of triglycerides than patients classified as inactive or moderately inactive, with no differences in other clinical or anthropometric variables. In addition, active and moderately active patients had a lower prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and microvascular complications in general compared to inactive or moderately inactive patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Half of patients with type 1 diabetes evaluated were classified as inactive and these patients had a higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy than active patients. No difference in HbA1c levels was documented among different groups of physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education. University of Cádiz. Cádiz. Spain.. josegu.manzanedo@uca.es.
authors.forename: José Vicente
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez Manzanedo
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Service of Puerto Real University Hospital. Cádiz. Spain..
authors.forename: Florentino
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carral San Laureano
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Service of Puerto Real University Hospital. Cádiz. Spain..
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Service of Puerto Real University Hospital. Cádiz. Spain..
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayala Ortega
authors.affiliation: Ophtalmology Service of Puerta del Mar University Hospital. Cádiz. Spain..
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiménez Carmona
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Service of Puerta del Mar University Hospital. Cádiz. Spain..
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguilar Diosdado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology