title: Automation and validation of micronucleus detection in the 3D EpiDerm™ human reconstructed skin assay and correlation with 2D dose responses.
abstract: Recent restrictions on the testing of cosmetic ingredients in animals have resulted in the need to test the genotoxic potential of chemicals exclusively in vitro prior to licensing. However, as current in vitro tests produce some misleading positive results, sole reliance on such tests could prevent some chemicals with safe or beneficial exposure levels from being marketed. The 3D human reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay is a promising new in vitro approach designed to assess genotoxicity of dermally applied compounds. The assay utilises a highly differentiated in vitro model of the human epidermis. For the first time, we have applied automated micronucleus detection to this assay using MetaSystems Metafer Slide Scanning Platform (Metafer), demonstrating concordance with manual scoring. The RSMN assay's fixation protocol was found to be compatible with the Metafer, providing a considerably shorter alternative to the recommended Metafer protocol. Lowest observed genotoxic effect levels (LOGELs) were observed for mitomycin-C at 4.8 µg/ml and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) at 1750 µg/ml when applied topically to the skin surface. In-medium dosing with MMS produced a LOGEL of 20 µg/ml, which was very similar to the topical LOGEL when considering the total mass of MMS added. Comparisons between 3D medium and 2D LOGELs resulted in a 7-fold difference in total mass of MMS applied to each system, suggesting a protective function of the 3D microarchitecture. Interestingly, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a positive clastogen in 2D systems, tested negative in this assay. A non-genotoxic carcinogen, methyl carbamate, produced negative results, as expected. We also demonstrated expression of the DNA repair protein N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase in EpiDerm™. Our preliminary validation here demonstrates that the RSMN assay may be a valuable follow-up to the current in vitro test battery, and together with its automation, could contribute to minimising unnecessary in vivo tests by reducing in vitro misleading positives.
authors.affiliation: DNA Damage Research Group, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pfuhler
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Doak
authors.forename: G J S
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D045647:DNA Glycosylases / Q000235:genetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008741:Methyl Methanesulfonate / Q000633:toxicity; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000633:toxicity; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016685:Mitomycin; C036868:methyl carbamate; D008741:Methyl Methanesulfonate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D045647:DNA Glycosylases; C076131:DNA-3-methyladenine glycosidase II