title: Effect of alcohol use on the course of bipolar disorder: one-year follow-up study using the daily prospective Life Chart method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relatively little is known about the temporal relationship between alcohol use and subsequent mood changes in patients with bipolar disorder, and the available findings are inconsistent. The present study was a fine-grained analysis of the temporal relationship between alcohol use and short-term mood-switching probabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 137 patients with bipolar disorder who performed daily self-ratings of their mood symptoms and the number of alcohol units consumed for a period of up to 52 weeks by using the National Institute of Mental Health self-rated prospective Life Chart Method. At baseline, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was administered and demographic, social, and clinical characteristics were obtained. Multi-state models were used to assess the impact of the number of alcoholic drinks on patients' transition through different states of mood (depression, euthymia, and mania).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of alcohol use on the change in mood states was limited. For women in a depressive state, higher alcohol use was associated with a shorter time before entering the euthymic state [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.36, p < 0.05], whereas, for men in an euthymic state, higher alcohol use was associated with a longer time before entering a manic state (HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.92, p < 0.05). The correlation between the consumed number of drinks per week and the average mood severity score of the following week was -0.01 (p < 0.001), indicating that only 0.01% of the variance in mood severity in this population is explained by alcohol use. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study, using a fine-grained analysis, suggests that alcohol use does not have a direct effect on the course of bipolar disorder in patients using mood stabilizers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Zaane
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: van de Ven
authors.forename: Stasja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Draisma
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: Daily Prospective Life Chart Method; alcohol use; bipolar disorder; multi-state models