title: Mandatory oral glucose tolerance tests identify more diabetics in stable patients with chronic heart failure: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) are believed to have unrecognized diabetes, which is associated with a worse prognosis. This study aimed to describe glucose tolerance in a general stable CHF population and to identify determinants of glucose tolerance focusing on body composition and skeletal muscle strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was set up. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of CHF, stable condition and absence of glucose-lowering medication. Patients underwent a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), isometric strength testing of the upper leg and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Health-related quality of life and physical activity level were assessed by questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data of 56 participants were analyzed. Despite near-normal fasting glucose values, 55% was classified as prediabetic, 14% as diabetic, and 20% as normal glucose tolerant. Of all newly diagnosed diabetic patients, 79% were diagnosed because of 2 h glucose values only and none because of HbA1c. Univariate mixed model analysis revealed ischaemic aetiology, daily physical activity, E/E', fat trunk/fat limbs and extension strength as possible explanatory variables for the glucose curve during the glucose tolerance test. When combined in one model, only fat trunk/fat limbs and E/E' remained significant predictors. Furthermore, fasting insulin was correlated with fat mass/height2 (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001), extension strength (r = -0.33, p < 0.01) and triglycerides (r = 0.39, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm that a large majority of CHF patients have impaired glucose tolerance. This glucose intolerance is related to fat distribution and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.
authors.affiliation: REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, BE-3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: An Lm
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, BE-3500 Hasselt, Belgium.|Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, BE-3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, BE-3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vandoren
authors.affiliation: REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, BE-3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Westerlaken
authors.affiliation: I-BioStat, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, BE-3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Creemers
authors.affiliation: REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, BE-3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bert O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Eijnde
authors.affiliation: REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, BE-3500 Hasselt, Belgium.|Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, BE-3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dendale