title: Age-related changes in cognitive function and postural control in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study objectively analyzed postural instability and cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and a group of healthy elderly and middle-aged individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included ten healthy middle-aged individuals (range 42-57 years), 14 healthy elderly individuals (range 60-90 years) and 15 PD patients (range 58-93 years). Center of pressure (COP) parameters were determined by means of computed static posturography during free standing with open and closed eyes. The level of cognitive functioning was examined with mini mental state examination (MMSE) and counting backwards test (CBT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parkinson's disease patients showed significantly lower MMSE scores compared to healthy middle-aged (p = 0.004) and elderly individuals (p = 0.03). Mean duration of CBT in PD patients was significantly longer than in healthy subjects. COP parameters correlated with age of subjects and cognitive function (MMSE score). No significant differences in any stabilographic parameters were observed between healthy elderly subjects and PD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age is the most significant factor impacting upon the static balance of older individuals during free standing. Compared to middle-aged and elderly individuals without central nervous system impairment, patients with PD present with significant delay in cognitive processes associated with executive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland, monikazawadka@poczta.onet.pl.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zawadka-Kunikowska
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zalewski
authors.forename: Jacek J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Klawe
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawlak
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tafil-Klawe
authors.forename: Kornelia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kędziora-Kornatowska
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004856:Postural Balance