title: Palliative strategies for the management of primary and metastatic spinal tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Technological advances during the last few decades have improved the success rate of surgery for the treatment of malignant spinal tumors. Nonetheless, many patients present with widespread tumor burden and minimal life expectancy, which excludes them from being surgical candidates. For these patients, palliative management is recommended.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed prospective and retrospective clinical studies as well as case series regarding palliative treatments for primary and metastatic spinal tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analgesics, ranging from nonopioids to strong opioids, may be used depending on the degree of pain. Steroids may also improve pain relief, although they are associated with a number of adverse events. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are conservative treatments with high rates of pain relief and vertebral body stabilization. Radiotherapy is the gold standard for palliative management, with approximately 60% of patients experiencing a decrease in tumor-related spinal pain and up to 35% experiencing complete relief. Stereotactic radiosurgery delivers high doses of radiation to patients to provide pain relief while also sparing delicate anatomical structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palliative management of spinal tumors is diverse. Analgesics may be used in conjunction with radiotherapy and/or kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty to offer pain relief.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. zgokasl1@ jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Kaloostian
authors.forename: Alp
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yurter
authors.forename: Arnold B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Etame
authors.forename: Frank D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Vrionis
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sciubba
authors.forename: Ziya L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Gokaslan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*