title: Statistical parsing of varieties of clinical Finnish.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this paper, we study the development and domain-adaptation of statistical syntactic parsers for three different clinical domains in Finnish.
  
  
  METHODS
  The materials include text from daily nursing notes written by nurses in an intensive care unit, physicians' notes from cardiology patients' health records, and daily nursing notes from cardiology patients' health records. The parsing is performed with the statistical parser of Bohnet (http://code.google.com/p/mate-tools/, accessed: 22 November 2013).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A parser trained only on general language performs poorly in all clinical subdomains, the labelled attachment score (LAS) ranging from 59.4% to 71.4%, whereas domain data combined with general language gives better results, the LAS varying between 67.2% and 81.7%. However, even a small amount of clinical domain data quickly outperforms this and also clinical data from other domains is more beneficial (LAS 71.3-80.0%) than general language only. The best results (LAS 77.4-84.6%) are achieved by using as training data the combination of all the clinical treebanks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to develop a good syntactic parser for clinical language variants, a general language resource is not mandatory, while data from clinical fields is. However, in addition to the exact same clinical domain, also data from other clinical domains is useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of French Studies, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland. Electronic address: veronika.laippala@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laippala
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland. Electronic address: timo.viljanen@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Viljanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland. Electronic address: antti.airola@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Airola
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland. Electronic address: jenna.kanerva@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanerva
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland; The Hospital District of Southwest Finland, PL 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland. Electronic address: sanna.salantera@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Sanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salanterä
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland. Electronic address: tapio.salakoski@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salakoski
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland. Electronic address: filip.ginter@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ginter
mesh_terms: D057225:Data Mining; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007802:Language; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D009726:Nurses; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010820:Physicians; D009626:Terminology as Topic
keywords: Automatic syntactic analysis; Clinical language variants; Dependency parsing; Domain-adaptation; Finnish language; Information extraction; Natural language processing