title: Low toxicity for lung tumors near the mediastinum treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the local control, survival, and low toxicity observed at the Cooper University Hospital CyberKnife Center post stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in the treatment of lung tumors near the mediastinum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four medically inoperable lung cancer patients with tumors near the mediastinum were treated using the Accuray CyberKnife system (Accuray, Sunnyvale, CA) with Monte Carlo dose calculations and heterogeneity corrections from July 2008 to May 2010. The prescription dose ranged from 28.5 Gy to 60 Gy in 3-5 fractions. For conventional fractionation schemes, Emami et al(1) organized the dose tolerance limits into a unified format for clinical utility and partitioned them into 2 risk levels (5% and 50%) with preset volumes for most critical structures throughout the body. In contrast, statistical SBRT dose tolerance limits for mediastinal structures have not been established yet. We have sufficient experience at least to begin organizing a unified format with low-risk and high-risk partitions and preset volumes for 1-5 fractions exposing mediastinal structures. With the help of the (dose-volume histogram) DVH Evaluator, a software tool developed by our senior author, each treatment plan was assessed for safety and feasibility prior to treatment. The DVH Evaluator was also used to analyze the follow-up data and to create graphs of risk, called DVH Risk Maps, superimposing clinical data onto the unified SBRT dose tolerance limits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was not feasible to prescribe the doses of peripheral lung lesions for all tumors near the mediastinum because of known toxicity. The crude local tumor control rate achieved in our series was 92%. Median survival was 26.8 months for the primary lung cases and 9.6 months for the metastatic cases. No patients experienced grade 3 or higher toxicities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We affirm that SBRT is feasible in the treatment of centrally located lung cancers when the dose tolerance limits of critical structures are diligently respected. The low adverse event rates that we have experienced, combined with a good local tumor control rate, are encouraging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Roma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Sucha O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Asbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lacouture
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Noel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Niraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pahlajani
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Jinyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Nazish
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Croce
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, New Jersey. Electronic address: JimmGrimmJr@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jimm
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimm