title: Risk factors for the development of pleural empyema in children.
abstract: Pediatric pleural empyema has increased substantially over the past 20 years and reasons for this rise remain not fully explained. We investigated potential risk factors for the development of empyema in children by examining a cohort of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic characteristics, use of Ibuprofen prior to presentation and selected potential epidemiological risk factors were analyzed. Data were collected from a prospective etiological study of radiologically confirmed pneumonia in hospitalized children aged ≤16 years. One hundred sixty children were enrolled; 56% were male and 69% aged <5 years. Empyema complication developed in 40 (25%) children. Children with empyema were more frequently prescribed Ibuprofen prior to admission to hospital than those without (82% vs. 46.2%; OR 1.94, 97.5% credible interval 0.80-3.18). Bacterial infection was strongly associated with the development of empyema (OR 3.34, 97.5% credible interval 1.70-5.14). In contrast age, sex, maternal age, parental smoking, level of socioeconomic status, nursery attendance, asthma, household characteristics (bedrooms and number of occupants) were not significantly different between groups. In conclusion, children with pneumonia who developed empyema had more often received Ibuprofen prior to hospitalization and confirmed bacterial infection. We suggest a population-based study involving both primary and secondary care settings would help to investigate the role of Ibuprofen use in modulating the course of disease in children with pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.|Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Elemraid
authors.affiliation: Biological, Clinical and Environmental Systems Modelling Group, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.|Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Biological, Clinical and Environmental Systems Modelling Group, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alasdair P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Blain
authors.affiliation: Biological, Clinical and Environmental Systems Modelling Group, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Rushton
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.|Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gennery
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Ibuprofen; empyema; pediatrics; pneumonia; risk factors