title: Stormwater quality of spring-summer-fall effluent from three partial-infiltration permeable pavement systems and conventional asphalt pavement.
abstract: This study examined the spring, summer and fall water quality performance of three partial-infiltration permeable pavement (PP) systems and a conventional asphalt pavement in Ontario. The study, conducted between 2010 and 2012, compared the water quality of effluent from two Interlocking Permeable Concrete Pavements (AquaPave(®) and Eco-Optiloc(®)) and a Hydromedia(®) Pervious Concrete pavement with runoff from an Asphalt control pavement. The usage of permeable pavements can mitigate the impact of urbanization on receiving surface water systems through quantity control and stormwater treatment. The PP systems provided excellent stormwater treatment for petroleum hydrocarbons, total suspended solids, metals (copper, iron, manganese and zinc) and nutrients (total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus) by reducing event mean concentrations (EMC) as well as total pollutant loadings. The PPs significantly reduced the concentration and loading of ammonia (NH4(+)+NH3), nitrite (NO2(-)) and organic-nitrogen (Org-N) but increased the concentration and loading of nitrate (NO3(-)). The PP systems had mixed performances for the treatment of phosphate (PO4(3-)). The PP systems increased the concentration of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) but EMCs remained well below recommended levels for drinking water quality. Relative to the observed runoff, winter road salt was released more slowly from the PP systems resulting in elevated spring and early-summer Cl and Na concentrations in effluent. PP materials were found to introduce dissolved solids into the infiltrating stormwater. The release of these pollutants was verified by additional laboratory scale testing of the individual pavement and aggregate materials at the University of Guelph. Pollutant concentrations were greatest during the first few months after construction and declined rapidly over the course of the study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A4. Electronic address: jenn.drake@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W. Electronic address: abradfor@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program, Toronto and Region Conservation, 9550 Pine Valley Drive, Vaughan, ON, Canada L41 1A6.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Seters
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D003252:Construction Materials; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D009864:Ontario; D010539:Permeability; D010578:Petroleum; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010758:Phosphorus; D000641:Ammonia; C006647:asphalt; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Cold climate; Low permeability soil; Permeable pavement; Pollutant removal; Seasonal performance; Stormwater quality