title: Respiratory diseases are associated with molar-incisor hypomineralizations.
abstract: The objective of our study was to evaluate the association of molar-incisor hypomineralizations (MIHs) with prospectively collected potential causative factors from the first 4 years of life, e.g. respiratory diseases, breastfeeding, maternal smoking and parental education. A total of 692 children (10 years old) from the GINI birth cohort study participated. The dental examination included the registration of enamel hypomineralizations (EHs) according to the EAPD criteria. Children with EH were sub-categorized into those with at least one EH (MIH/1), those with a minimum of one EH on at least one first permanent molar (MIH/2) and those with EH on at least one first permanent molar and a permanent incisor (MIH/3). All relationships between causative factors and caries or MIH were evaluated using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses. EHs were observed in 37.9% (MIH/1), 14.7% (MIH/2) and 9.2% (MIH/3) of all subjects. After adjustment for confounding factors, 10-year-old children with at least one episode of respiratory disease had a significantly higher risk (2.48 times, adjusted OR) for the development of MIH/3. In case of breastfeeding, a non-significant association was observed. None of the tested factors was associated with either MIH/1 or MIH/2. Early respiratory diseases seem to be directly or indirectly related to MIH/3 only. The role of (systemic) medications used for treatment of these diseases needs to be investigated in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kühnisch
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mach
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiering
authors.forename: Inken
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brockow
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Roswitha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heinrich-Weltzien
authors.forename: Carl-Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berdel
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Berg
authors.forename: Sybille
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia-Godoy
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hickel
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: molar-incisor hypomineralization; enamel hypomineralizations; etiology; birth cohort study; epidemiology