title: Personally Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Pediatric Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Pediatric hearing loss is an increasingly recognized problem with significant implications. Increasing our quantitative understanding of potentially modifiable environmental risk factors for hearing loss may form the foundation for prevention and screening programs.
  
  
  
  To determine whether specific threshold exposure levels of personally modifiable risk factors for hearing loss have been defined, with the overarching goal of providing actionable guidance for the prevention of pediatric hearing loss.
  
  
  
  A systematic review was performed. Computerized searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were completed and supplemented with manual searches.
  
  
  
  Inclusion/exclusion criteria were designed to determine specific threshold values of personally modifiable risk factors on hearing loss in the pediatric population. Searches and data extraction were performed by independent reviewers.
  
  
  
  There were 38 criterion-meeting studies, including a total of 50,651 subjects. Threshold noise exposures significantly associated with hearing loss in youth included: (1) more than 4 hours per week or more than 5 years of personal headphone usage, (2) more than 4 visits per month to a discotheque, and (3) working on a mechanized farm. Quantified tobacco levels of concern included any level of in utero smoke exposure as well as secondhand exposure sufficient to elevate serum cotinine.
  
  
  
  Specific thresholds analyses are limited. Future studies would ideally focus on stratifying risk according to clearly defined levels of exposure, in order to provide actionable guidance for children and families.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Adam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Vasconcellos
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Meghann E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sapideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gilani
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA jennifer_shin@meei.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D008403:Mass Screening; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: adolescent; child; hearing loss; infant; noise; risk factor; tobacco