title: Implementation of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist in an Ethiopian Referral Hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist has a growing evidence base to support its role in improving perioperative safety, although its impact is likely to be directly related to the effectiveness of its implementation. There remains a paucity of documented experience from low-resource settings on Checklist implementation approaches. We report an implementation strategy in a public referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, based on consultation, local leadership, formal introduction, and supported supervision with subsequent audit and feedback.
  
  
  METHODS
  Planning, implementation and assessment took place from December 2011 to December 2012. The planning phase, from December 2011 until April 2012, involved a multidisciplinary consultative approach using local leaders, volunteer clinicians, and staff from non-governmental organisations, to draw up a locally agreed and appropriate Checklist. Implementation in April 2012 involved formal teaching and discussion, simulation sessions and role play, with supportive supervision following implementation. Assessment was performed using completed Checklist analysis and staff satisfaction questionnaires at one month and further Checklist analysis combined with semi-structured interviews in December 2012.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Checklist compliance rates were 83% for general anaesthetics at one month after implementation, with an overall compliance rate of 65% at eight months. There was a decrease in Checklist compliance over the period of the study to less than 20% by the end of the study period. The 'Sign out' section was reported as being the most difficult section of the Checklist to complete, and was missed completely in 21% of cases. The most commonly missed single item was the team introduction at the start of each case. However, we report high staff satisfaction with the Checklist and enthusiasm for its continued use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report a detailed implementation strategy for introducing the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist to a low-resource setting. We show that this approach can lead to high completion rates and high staff satisfaction, albeit with a drop in completion rates over time. We argue that maximal benefit of the Surgical Safety Checklist is likely to be when it engenders a conversation around patient safety within a department, and when there is local ownership of this process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bashford
authors.affiliation: Lifebox Foundation, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reshamwalla
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing & Midwifery, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McAuley
authors.affiliation: Global Health Leadership Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Nikole H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Global Health Leadership Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Zahirah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: McNatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Yohannes D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Gebremedhen
keywords: Anaesthesia; Checklists; Ethiopia; Low-resource settings; Patient safety; Quality improvement; Surgery