title: Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, no single U.S. surveillance system can provide estimates of the burden of all types of health care-associated infections across acute care patient populations. We conducted a prevalence survey in 10 geographically diverse states to determine the prevalence of health care-associated infections in acute care hospitals and generate updated estimates of the national burden of such infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  We defined health care-associated infections with the use of National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. One-day surveys of randomly selected inpatients were performed in participating hospitals. Hospital personnel collected demographic and limited clinical data. Trained data collectors reviewed medical records retrospectively to identify health care-associated infections active at the time of the survey. Survey data and 2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample data, stratified according to patient age and length of hospital stay, were used to estimate the total numbers of health care-associated infections and of inpatients with such infections in U.S. acute care hospitals in 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveys were conducted in 183 hospitals. Of 11,282 patients, 452 had 1 or more health care-associated infections (4.0%; 95% confidence interval, 3.7 to 4.4). Of 504 such infections, the most common types were pneumonia (21.8%), surgical-site infections (21.8%), and gastrointestinal infections (17.1%). Clostridium difficile was the most commonly reported pathogen (causing 12.1% of health care-associated infections). Device-associated infections (i.e., central-catheter-associated bloodstream infection, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, and ventilator-associated pneumonia), which have traditionally been the focus of programs to prevent health care-associated infections, accounted for 25.6% of such infections. We estimated that there were 648,000 patients with 721,800 health care-associated infections in U.S. acute care hospitals in 2011.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this multistate prevalence survey of health care-associated infections indicate that public health surveillance and prevention activities should continue to address C. difficile infections. As device- and procedure-associated infections decrease, consideration should be given to expanding surveillance and prevention activities to include other health care-associated infections.
authors.affiliation: From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.S.M., J.R.E., L.M.-H., S.K.F.) and Emory University School of Medicine (S.M.R.) - both in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (W.B.); Oregon Public Health Authority, Portland (Z.G.B.); New York-Rochester Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester, Rochester (G.D.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L.); Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford (M.M.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur (S.M.R.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T.); and Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore (L.E.W.).
authors.forename: Shelley S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Magill
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bamberg
authors.forename: Zintars G
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Beldavs
authors.forename: Ghinwa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dumyati
authors.forename: Marion A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kainer
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lynfield
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maloney
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McAllister-Hollod
authors.forename: Joelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nadle
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Lucy E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Fridkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003625:Data Collection; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005260:Female; D006782:Hospitals, Special; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult