title: Prognostic and predictive values of the immunoscore in patients with rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the tumor immune infiltrate, as recently evaluated with the Immunoscore methodology, could be a useful prognostic marker in patients with rectal cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of the immune infiltrate on patient's outcome was investigated in patients with or without preoperative chemoradiation therapy (pCRT). The density of total (CD3(+)) and cytotoxic (CD8(+)) T lymphocytes was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantified by a dedicated image analysis software in surgical specimens of patients with rectal cancer (n = 111) who did not receive pCRT and in tumor biopsies performed before pCRT from additional 55 patients. The results were correlated with tumor recurrence, patient's survival, and response to pCRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The densities of CD3(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes and the associated Immunoscore (from I0 to I4) were significantly correlated with differences in disease-free and overall survival (HR, 1.81 and 1.72, respectively; all P < 0.005). Cox multivariate analysis supports the advantage of the Immunoscore compared with the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging in predicting recurrence and survival (all P < 0.001). Lymph node ratio added information in a prognostic model (all P < 0.05). In addition, high infiltration of CD3(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes in tumor biopsies was associated with downstaging of the tumor after pCRT (CD3(+) cells; Fisher exact test P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Immunoscore could be a useful prognostic marker in patients with rectal cancer treated by primary surgery. The determination of the immune infiltrate in biopsies before treatment could be a valuable information for the prediction of response to pCRT.
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr T Popa"; Departments of Pathology and Surgical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology; Department of Pathology St. Spiridon Hospital, Iasi, Romania; Department of General and Digestive Surgery of the Georges Pompidou European Hospital and Department of Pathology of the Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Laboratory of Immunology, Immunomonitoring platform of the Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche medicale (INSERM) U872, Cordeliers Research Center; Paris-Descartes University; Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 University, Paris; and Department of Pathology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Maria-Gabriela
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Anitei
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeitoun
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mlecnik
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marliot
authors.forename: Nacilla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haicheur
authors.forename: Ana-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Todosi
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirilovsky
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lagorce
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bindea
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferariu
authors.forename: Mihai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danciu
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bruneval
authors.forename: Viorel
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Scripcariu
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chevallier
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zinzindohoué
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galon
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagès
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex