title: Anticarcinogenic effects of products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re, a major constituent of ginseng berry, on human gastric cancer cells.
abstract: Ginsenoside Re is a triol type triterpene glycoside and is abundantly present in ginseng berry. In the present study, we verified that ginsenoside Re can be transformed into less-polar ginsenosides, namely, Rg2, Rg6, and F4, by heat-processing. The products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re inhibited phosphorylation of CDK2 at Thr160 by upregulation of p21 level, resulting in S phase arrest. The products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re also activated caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, followed by cleavage of PARP, a substrate of caspase-3, in a dose-dependent manner. Concurrently, alteration of mitochondrial factors such as Bcl-2 and Bax was also observed. Moreover, pretreatment with Z-VAD-fmk abrogated caspase-8, -9, and -3 activations by the products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re. We further confirmed that the anticancer effects of the products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re in AGS cells are mainly mediated via generation of less-polar ginsenosides Rg6 and F4.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Medicine Institute & Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Gangneung 210-711, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuk-Jai
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Im-Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Young-Joo
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamabe
authors.forename: Dahae
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gwi Seo
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Miyoung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Kyung-Chul
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Su-Nam
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jungyeob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.forename: Dae-Woon
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Eom
authors.forename: Ki Sung
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C049864:ginsenoside Re; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9