title: Systemic neutralization of IL-17A significantly reduces breast cancer associated metastasis in arthritic mice by reducing CXCL12/SDF-1 expression in the metastatic niches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  IL-17A is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is normally associated with autoimmune arthritis and other pro-inflammatory conditions. Recently, IL-17A has emerged as a critical factor in enhancing breast cancer (BC)-associated metastases. We generated immune competent arthritic mouse models that develop spontaneous BC-associated bone and lung metastasis. Using these models, we have previously shown that neutralization of IL-17A resulted in significant reduction in metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism/s remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have utilized two previously published mouse models for this study: 1) the pro-arthritic mouse model (designated SKG) injected with metastatic BC cell line (4T1) in the mammary fat pad, and 2) the PyV MT mice that develop spontaneous mammary gland tumors injected with type II collagen to induce autoimmune arthritis. Mice were treated with anti-IL-17A neutralizing antibody and monitored for metastasis and assessed for pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with BC-associated metastasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We first corroborate our previous finding that in vivo neutralization of IL-17A significantly reduced metastasis to the bones and lungs in both models. Next, we report that treatment with anti-IL17A antibody significantly reduced the expression of a key chemokine, CXCL12 (also known as stromal derived factor-1 (SDF - 1)) in the bones and lungs of treated mice. CXCL12 is a ligand for CXCR4 (expressed on BC cells) and their interaction is known to be critical for metastasis. Interestingly, levels of CXCR4 in the tumor remained unchanged with treatment. Consequently, protein lysates derived from the bones and lungs of treated mice were significantly less chemotactic for the BC cells than lysates from untreated mice; and addition of exogenous SDF-1 to the lysates from treated mice completely restored BC cell migration. In addition, cytokines such as IL-6 and M-CSF were significantly reduced in the lung and bone lysates following treatment. The data presented suggests that systemic neutralization of IL-17A can block the CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling pathway by reducing the expression of SDF-1 in the metastatic niches and significantly reducing metastasis in both mouse models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our model, neutralization of IL-17A regulates SDF-1 expression in the metastatic niches either directly or indirectly via reducing levels of IL-6 and M-CSF.
authors.forename: Lopamudra Das
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahraei
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schettini
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Dahlia M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Besmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA. pmukherj@uncc.edu.
authors.forename: Pinku
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001168:Arthritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C514936:CXCR4 protein, mouse; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; C515256:Cxcl12 protein, mouse; D020381:Interleukin-17; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor