title: The frequency and nature of resolution of potential police provoked shooting encounters.
abstract: Helping people in acute psychiatric crisis has become an increasingly common part of modern community policing. In certain extreme cases, police may be faced with a suicidal individual who intends to intentionally provoke police to shoot them. While fatalities are fortunately rare, anecdotal reports from frontline police suggest that these kinds of encounters are occurring on a regular basis. This paper explores 2350 psychiatric crisis incidents over an eight-month period in Victoria, Australia, and assesses the frequency and nature of potential police-provoked shootings resolved through non-fatal means. Contextual factors relating to the person's behaviour and police responses, and the person's psychiatric and criminal histories were considered to elucidate characteristics common to these incidents. Results suggest that police are potentially encountering a person who is suicidal and trying to provoke police to shoot them more than twice a week. These individuals share a number of common characteristics with those who have been fatally shot in similar circumstances and are quite different from those who attempt self-inflicted suicide. Results are discussed in relation to the impact of previous criminal contact from both the suspect and police perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Australia.
authors.forename: Louise C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Australia. Electronic address: stuart.thomas@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Stuart D M
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Australia.
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kesic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003419:Crisis Intervention; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders; D008875:Middle Aged; D016495:Police; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology*; D014739:Victoria
keywords: Police; Provoked shooting; Psychiatric crisis