title: New studies of second and fourth digit ratio as a morphogenetic trait in subjects with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a disease that occurs during fetal development and can lead to virilization in females or death in newborn males if not discovered early in life. Because of this there is a need to seek morphological markers in order to help diagnose the disease. In order to test the hypothesis that prenatal hormones can affect the sexual dimorphic pattern 2D:4D digit ratio in individual with CAH, the aim of this study was to compare the digit ratio in female and male patients with CAH and control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2D:4D ratios in both hands of 40 patients (31 females-46, XX, and 9 males-46, XY) were compared with the measures of control individuals without CAH (100 males and 100 females).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females with CAH showed 2D:4D ratios typical of male controls (0.950 and 0.947) in both hands (P < 0.001). In CAH males the left hand 2D:4D ratio (0.983) was statistically different from that of male controls (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These finding support the idea that sexual dimorphism in skeletal development in early fetal life is associated with differences between the exposure to androgens in males and females, and significant differences associated with adrenal hyperplasia. Although the effects of prenatal androgens on skeletal developmental are supported by numerous studies, further investigation is yet required to clarify the disease and establish the digit ratio as a biomarker for CAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, 40170-290.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: L M A
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: L D E
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Santo
authors.forename: A C S S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: El-Hani
authors.forename: M B P
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Toralles
mesh_terms: D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000886:Anthropometry; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens
keywords: 2D:4D finger ratio; congenital adrenal hyperplasia; sexual dimorphism