title: Detectability of new psychoactive substances, 'legal highs', in CEDIA, EMIT, and KIMS immunochemical screening assays for drugs of abuse.
abstract: The increasing number of new psychoactive substances made available for recreational drug use has created a challenge for clinical toxicology and drug testing laboratories. As a consequence, the routine immunoassay drug testing may become less effective due to an increased occurrence of false negative and false positive screening results. This work aimed to extend the knowledge about analytical cross-reactivity of new substances in selected CEDIA, EMIT, and KIMS immunoassays for drugs-of-abuse screening. Urine standards were prepared by spiking blank urine with 45 new substances. Authentic urine samples from intoxication cases identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were also studied. Several new psychoactive substances were demonstrated to display cross-reactivity in the immunoassays. CEDIA Amphetamine/Ecstasy and EMIT d.a.u. Amphetamine Class tests showed the highest reactivity towards the new drugs, which was expected since many have amphetamine-like structure and activity. In the samples from authentic cases, five new substances displayed 100% detection rate in the CEDIA Amphetamine/Ecstasy test. In conclusion, cross-reactivity data in routine urine drug screening immunoassays for a number of new psychoactive substances not studied before were reported. In both spiked and authentic urine samples, some new substances showed significant cross-reactivity and are thus detectable in the routine screening methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, section of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Linnea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rausberg
authors.forename: Yasir
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Al-Saffar
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Villen
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helander
mesh_terms: D003429:Cross Reactions; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: CEDIA; EMIT; KIMS; drug screening; drug testing; immunoassay; new psychoactive substances; urine