title: Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory airway disease whose incidence and mortality increases every year. It is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to toxic particles or gases (usually cigarette smoke). A central role in the pathophysiology has been shown to play a chronic inflammation of the airways that is expressed primarily by hypersecretion of mucus, stenosis of the smaller airways and the establishment of pulmonary emphysema. There is an increasing trend for assessing the inflammatory pattern of inflammatory airway diseases through mediators measured by noninvasive techniques. Markers in biological fluids and exhaled air have been the subject of intense evaluation over the past few years, with some of them reaching their introduction into clinical practice, while others remain as research tools. Of particular interest for the scientific community is the discovery of clinically exploitable biomarkers associated with specific phenotypes of the disease. Studying the effects of therapeutic interventions in these biomarkers may lead to targeted therapy based on phenotype and this is perhaps the future of therapeutics in COPD.
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Angelis
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Porpodis
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Dionysios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spyratos
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kioumis
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaiwannou
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pitsiou
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Kosmas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsakiridis
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mpakas
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Stamatis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arikas
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsiouda
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katsikogiannis
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kougioumtzi
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Machairiotis
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Argyriou
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kessisis
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Cardiology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece ; 3 Internal Medicine Department, "Theageneio" Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 5 2nd Cardiac Surgery Department, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens, Greece ; 6 Oncology Department, "Saint Luke" Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); airway inflammation; biomarkers; non-invasive techniques; pathophysiology