title: Defense strategies used by two sympatric vineyard moth pests.
abstract: Natural enemies including parasitoids are the major biological cause of mortality among phytophagous insects. In response to parasitism, these insects have evolved a set of defenses to protect themselves, including behavioral, morphological, physiological and immunological barriers. According to life history theory, resources are partitioned to various functions including defense, implying trade-offs among defense mechanisms. In this study we characterized the relative investment in behavioral, physical and immunological defense systems in two sympatric species of Tortricidae (Eupoecilia ambiguella, Lobesia botrana) which are important grapevine moth pests. We also estimated the parasitism by parasitoids in natural populations of both species, to infer the relative success of the investment strategies used by each moth. We demonstrated that larvae invest differently in defense systems according to the species. Relative to L. botrana, E. ambiguella larvae invested more into morphological defenses and less into behavioral defenses, and exhibited lower basal levels of immune defense but strongly responded to immune challenge. L. botrana larvae in a natural population were more heavily parasitized by various parasitoid species than E. ambiguella, suggesting that the efficacy of defense strategies against parasitoids is not equal among species. These results have implications for understanding of regulation in communities, and in the development of biological control strategies for these two grapevine pests.
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France; INRA UMR 1065 Santé et Agroecologie du Vignoble, Institut des Science de la Vigne et du Vin, Ave E. Bourleaux, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France. Electronic address: fanny.vogelweith@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vogelweith
authors.affiliation: INRA UMR 1065 Santé et Agroecologie du Vignoble, Institut des Science de la Vigne et du Vin, Ave E. Bourleaux, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; Université de Bordeaux, INRA UMR 1065, Save, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Ave E. Bourleaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thiéry
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moret
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Eloïse
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colin
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motreuil
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moreau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004156:Catechol Oxidase; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D005602:France; D006434:Hemocytes; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000276:immunology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D009036:Moths / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; C038451:pro-phenoloxidase; D004156:Catechol Oxidase
keywords: Behavioral defense; Eupoecilia ambiguella; Immunological defense; Lobesia botrana; Parasitism; Physical defense