title: Effects of preemptive intravenous lornoxicam on the analgesic efficacy of epidural morphine and expression of chemokines in women undergoing hysterectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is believed that preemptive IV lornoxicam treatment can reduce the consumption of other analgesics, improve analgesic efficacy, and ameliorate immune function during patient-controlled IV analgesia. However, the effects of preemptive IV lornoxicam treatment on the analgesic efficacy of patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with morphine and on chemokine expression remain unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective, randomized, controlled study was to observe the effects of preemptive IV lornoxicam treatment on the analgesic efficacy of PCEA with morphine and on the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) in women undergoing hysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing elective hysterectomy with combined spinal and epidural anesthesia were randomized to 1 of 3 groups to receive IV lornoxicam 8 mg before anesthesia (group 1), lornoxicam 16-mg injection before anesthesia (group 2), or isotonic saline (control) before anesthesia. PCEA was used to treat postoperative pain, and a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Bruggemann Comfort Scale (BCS) were used to evaluate analgesic efficacy. Morphine consumption was recorded. To measure plasma concentrations of MCP-1 and SDF-1α via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, venous blood samples were obtained from patients at 4 separate times: before anesthesia (baseline); 0 (immediately after anesthesia administration); and 24 and 48 hours after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients (mean [SD] age, 41 [5] years; mean [SD] weight, 54 [6] kg) undergoing elective hysterectomy were included in the study. There were no significant differences in VAS scores, BCS scores, or morphine consumption between the 3 groups. Compared with baseline values, MCP-1 and SDF-1α concentrations were increased significantly immediately after surgery in all 3 groups (all, P < 0.01) and returned to near-baseline values at 24 hours postsurgery in groups 1 and 2, and by 48 hours postsurgery in the control group. MCP-1 and SDF-1α concentrations in groups 1 and 2 were significantly lower than those in the control group immediately (all, P < 0.01) and 24 hours postsurgery (all, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preemptive IV lornoxicam treatment was associated with attenuation of the plasma concentrations of MCP-1 and SDF-1α immediately after and 24 hours after hysterectomy and was associated with more rapid resolution to near-baseline concentrations of both cytokines in these patients compared with controls; however, it was not associated with significantly reducing epidural morphine consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qi-Feng
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan-Ning
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Suzhou University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yu-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Yun
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: analgesia; chemokine; hysterectomy; lornoxicam; morphine