title: Qualitative and quantitative assessment of viral contamination in bivalve molluscs harvested in Italy.
abstract: Bivalve molluscs are a well documented source of viral infection. Further data on shellfish viral contamination are needed to implement European Regulations with sanitary measures more effective against viral pathogens. To this aim, 336 samples of bivalve molluscs (185 mussels, 66 clams, 23 oysters and 62 samples from other species) collected in harvesting areas of class A and B of four Italian Regions were analyzed for qualitative and quantitative determination of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norovirus (NoV) GI and GII, using real time RT-PCR. The results showed a wide diffusion of viral contamination in the shellfish production areas considered. HAV prevalence was low (0.9%) with contamination levels that varied from 5 to 7 × 10(2)copies/g. On the contrary, NoV showed a high prevalence (51.5%), with a large variability according to the group considered (e.g. 47.8% for Crassostrea in Veneto, 79.7% for Mytilus in Campania, 84.6% for Tapes in Sardinia). NoV contamination affected class A and class B production areas to a different extent, with a statistically significant difference in both contamination prevalence (22.1% vs. 66.3%; p<0.0001) and quantity (average contamination level of 3.1 × 10(2) vs. 1.9 × 10(3) copies/g; p<0.05). The different species analyzed from class B harvesting areas (Mytilus, Tapes/Ruditapes and Crassostrea) showed a NoV prevalence respectively of 70.3%, 66.0% and 47.8% but comparable NoV contamination levels (between 8.4 × 10(2) and 4.9 × 10(3)copies/g). Other two bivalve species considered in the study (Donax spp. and Solen spp.) showed a relevant NoV presence (40.0% and 34.4% of samples). Finally, samples analyzed before and after commercial purification treatment showed a decrease of contamination prevalence after the treatment, but inconsistent results were recorded on NoV levels. The data obtained, together with other quantitative information to estimate consumer exposure, in association with studies on dose-response and on the effectiveness of post-harvest treatments, will provide a useful tool for the definition of microbiological criteria related to the different shellfish species.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, v.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: elisabetta.suffredini@iss.it.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suffredini
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lanni
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, v.le Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arcangeli
authors.affiliation: University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Zootechnical Sciences and Food Inspection, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pepe
authors.affiliation: University of Sassari, Department of Veterinary Medicine, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazzette
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, v.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciccaglioni
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, v.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Croci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000821:virology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007558:Italy; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
keywords: Hepatitis A; Norovirus; Quantitative analysis; Real time PCR; Shellfish