title: Use of services and associated costs for young adults with childhood hyperactivity/conduct problems: 20-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although childhood hyperactivity and conduct problems are associated with difficulties in adulthood, little is known about later service use or public expenditure costs in the UK.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the use of services and calculate recent (past 6 months) and early adulthood (since the age of 18 years) public expenditure costs incurred by young adults who had hyperactivity and/or conduct problems during childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 20-year follow-up of a community sample of 6- to 7-year-old boys (n = 83) with hyperactivity only, conduct problems only, mixed hyperactivity and conduct problems, and no behaviour problems (control). Information was obtained about service use; recent (past 6 months), and early adulthood (since age 18 years) public expenditure costs were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High levels of childhood conduct problems were associated with a two- to threefold increase in early adulthood costs, mainly driven by criminal justice contacts. Although the mixed problems group had the highest recent costs in terms of receipt of benefits and health and social care, they had the lowest criminal justice costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of early childhood conduct problems are particularly associated with increased health, social care and criminal justice costs in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Francesco D'Amico, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science; Martin Knapp, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Jennifer Beecham, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent; Seija Sandberg, MD, FRCPsych, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London; Eric Taylor, MB, FRCPsych(Hon), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Kapil Sayal, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.affiliation: Francesco D'Amico, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science; Martin Knapp, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Jennifer Beecham, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent; Seija Sandberg, MD, FRCPsych, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London; Eric Taylor, MB, FRCPsych(Hon), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Kapil Sayal, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.affiliation: Francesco D'Amico, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science; Martin Knapp, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Jennifer Beecham, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent; Seija Sandberg, MD, FRCPsych, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London; Eric Taylor, MB, FRCPsych(Hon), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Kapil Sayal, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beecham
authors.affiliation: Francesco D'Amico, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science; Martin Knapp, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Jennifer Beecham, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent; Seija Sandberg, MD, FRCPsych, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London; Eric Taylor, MB, FRCPsych(Hon), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Kapil Sayal, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Seija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.affiliation: Francesco D'Amico, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science; Martin Knapp, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Jennifer Beecham, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent; Seija Sandberg, MD, FRCPsych, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London; Eric Taylor, MB, FRCPsych(Hon), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Kapil Sayal, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Francesco D'Amico, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science; Martin Knapp, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Jennifer Beecham, PhD, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent; Seija Sandberg, MD, FRCPsych, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London; Eric Taylor, MB, FRCPsych(Hon), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry; Kapil Sayal, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Kapil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sayal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000191:economics*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000191:economics*; D003415:Crime / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data