title: Tumor necrosis factor-α and oral inflammation in patients with Crohn disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease often accompanied by periodontal symptoms. Based on its function in immune response, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and its genetic variants have been discussed as risk indicators in inflammatory processes. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of TNF-α polymorphisms on periodontal parameters and inflammatory lesions of oral mucosa as a characteristic of CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 142 patients with CD were included in the study. Oral soft tissue alterations and periodontal parameters were assessed. Genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes of TNF-α polymorphisms (rs1800629, cDNA-308G > A; and rs361525, cDNA-238G > A) were determined by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with CD who exhibit more severe oral soft tissue alterations were significantly more often A allele carriers of rs361525 than G allele carriers (14.2% versus 2.2%; P <0.001). Furthermore, A allele carriers had a higher mean periodontal probing depth (P <0.05), mean clinical attachment level (P <0.05), and sites with bleeding on probing (not significant). Similar results were obtained when evaluating A allele-containing genotypes (AG + AA) and haplotypes (GA). In multivariate analyses considering age, sex, smoking, and medication as confounders, the A allele was proven to be an independent risk indicator for oral soft tissue alterations in patients with CD. No genotype-dependent influence of rs1800629 was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TNF-α A allele of rs361525 represents a significant risk indicator for oral soft tissue alterations in patients with CD.
authors.affiliation: University School of Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Streetz
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trautwein
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gläser
authors.forename: Hans-Günter
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: Jamal M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000276:immunology; D005885:Gingival Hyperplasia / Q000276:immunology; D006147:Guanine; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000276:immunology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000276:immunology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006147:Guanine; D000225:Adenine
keywords: Crohn disease; inflammation; periodontitis; polymorphism, single nucleotide; tumor necrosis factor-alpha