title: Open groups: adaptations in implementing a parent training program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Programs that focus on positive parenting have been shown to improve parental attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors, and increase parent and child bonding. These programs are typically conducted in a closed group for-mat. However, when individual or community needs are more immediate, programmers sometimes opt for an open group format. To determine the effectiveness of this adaptation to an open group format, the present study compared both groups on parental out-comes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both closed and open group formats were offered and implemented between January 2009 and December 2012. Participants for both formats were recruited through similar means and the format placement for each family was determined by the immediacy of the need for an intervention, the time lapse until a new cycle would begin, and scheduling flexibility. Chi-Square analyses were conducted to determine demographic differences between the two groups and gain scores were calculated from the pre- and post-test AAPI-2 scales within a mixed MANOVA to determine group format effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Though open groups contained higher risk families; parental outcome improvements were significant for both groups. All participants, regardless of group membership, demonstrated the same statistically significant improvements following completion of the program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings provide support for adapting group formats when necessary to fit community and individual needs.
authors.affiliation: Evaluation Consulting Services, Inc., Virginia, United States.
authors.forename: Donna-Jean P
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, United States.
authors.forename: Lydia I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.affiliation: Prevention Services, Middle Peninsula-Northern Neck Community Services Board, Virginia, United States.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matteo-Kerney
authors.affiliation: Prevention Services, Middle Peninsula-Northern Neck Community Services Board, Virginia, United States.
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bagby
keywords: Parent education; Program adaptation; Program evaluation; Program implementation