title: Examining the use of spoken dialect indices with African American children in the southern United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the utility of different dialect indices that have been used to characterize the Non-Mainstream American English (NMAE) dialect of African American children. The relationships among 4 popular dialect indices were examined and compared with the results of a standardized tool used to classify the language variation of child speakers at 3 different grade levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used listener judgment ratings, 2 dialect density measures obtained from a narrative sample, a standardized tool (Part 1 of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation-Screener Test [DELV-ST; Seymour, Roper, & deVilliers, 2003]), and dialect variation scores (DVAR) obtained from the DELV-ST to characterize 113 African American children's spoken production of NMAE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grade-level effects on NMAE varied depending on the index used to measure dialect production. All of the dialect indices under investigation were related to one another. DELV-ST classification group effects were present on all but 1 of the indices used to capture NMAE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Newer measures of NMAE, such as the DELV-ST and DVAR scores, are comparable to older measures such as dialect density measures and listener judgment ratings. Like listener judgment ratings, the DELV-ST and DVAR scores offer clinicians and researchers alike a quicker alternative to dialect density measures for confirming and quantifying the spoken production of NMAE dialect. The present findings confirm that, depending on the type of data collected and questions posed, researchers and clinicians alike are able to choose from multiple, valid, and reliable measures of non-mainstream dialect use.
authors.forename: RaMonda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Kenn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Apel
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D007804:Language Development; D007805:Language Development Disorders; D008297:Male; D015144:Southeastern United States; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014705:Verbal Behavior