title: Insights into behavioral vulnerability to differential sleep pressure and circadian phase from a functional ADA polymorphism.
abstract: Sleep loss affects human behavior in a nonuniform manner, depending on the cognitive domain and also the circadian phase. Besides, evidence exists about stable interindividual variations in sleep loss-related performance impairments. Despite this evidence, only a few studies have considered both circadian phase and neurobehavioral domain when investigating trait-like vulnerability to sleep manipulation. By applying a randomized, crossover design with 2 sleep pressure conditions (40 h sleep deprivation vs. 40 h multiple naps), we investigated the influence of a human adenosine deaminase (ADA) polymorphism (rs73598374) on several behavioral measures throughout nearly 2 circadian cycles. Confirming earlier studies, we observed that under sleep deprivation the previously reported vulnerable G/A-allele carriers felt overall sleepier than G/G-allele carriers. As expected, this difference was no longer present when sleep pressure was reduced by the application of multiple naps. Concomitantly, well-being was worse in the G/A genotype under sleep loss when compared to the nap protocol, and n-back working memory performance appeared to be specifically susceptible to sleep-wake manipulation in this genotype. When considering psychomotor vigilance performance, however, a higher sensitivity to sleep-wake manipulation was detected in homozygous participants, but specifically at the end of the night and only for optimal task performance. Although these data are based on a small sample size and hence require replication (12 G/A- and 12 G/G-allele carriers), they confirm the assumption that interindividual differences regarding the effect of sleep manipulation highly depend on the cognitive task and circadian phase, and thus emphasize the necessity of a multimethodological approach. Moreover, they indicate that napping might be suitable to counteract endogenously heightened sleep pressure depending on the neurobehavioral domain.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Carolin F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Micheline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maire
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gabel
authors.forename: Antoine U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: Vitaliy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kolodyazhniy
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Strobel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Götz
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Landolt
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cajochen
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C548482:ADA protein, human; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D008550:Melatonin
keywords: adenosine deaminase; circadian phase; cognition; interindividual variability; sleep pressure; well-being