title: Biting by Anopheles funestus in broad daylight after use of long-lasting insecticidal nets: a new challenge to malaria elimination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria control is mainly based on indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets. The efficacy of these tools depends on the behaviour of mosquitoes, which varies by species. With resistance to insecticides, mosquitoes adapt their behaviour to ensure their survival and reproduction. The aim of this study was to assess the biting behaviour of Anopheles funestus after the implementation of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A study was conducted in Dielmo, a rural Senegalese village, after a second massive deployment of LLINs in July 2011. Adult mosquitoes were collected by human landing catch and by pyrethrum spray catch monthly between July 2011 and April 2013. Anophelines were identified by stereomicroscope and sub-species by PCR. The presence of circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum and the blood meal origin were detected by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anopheles funestus showed a behavioural change in biting activity after introduction of LLINs, remaining anthropophilic and endophilic, while adopting diurnal feeding, essentially on humans. Six times more An. funestus were captured in broad daylight than at night. Only one infected mosquito was found during day capture. The mean of day CSP rate was 1.28% while no positive An. funestus was found in night captures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mosquito behaviour is an essential component for assessing vectorial capacity to transmit malaria. The emergence of new behavioural patterns of mosquitoes may significantly increase the risk for malaria transmission and represents a new challenge for malaria control. Additional vector control strategies are, therefore, necessary.
authors.forename: Seynabou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sougoufara
authors.forename: Seynabou Mocote
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Diédhiou
authors.forename: Souleymane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doucouré
authors.forename: Nafissatou
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Diagne
authors.forename: Pape Mbacké
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sembène
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harry
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Trape
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sokhna
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Paludologie, Campus International UCAD-IRD Hann, BP 1386 CP 18524 Dakar, Sénégal. ousmane.ndiath@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mamadou Ousmane
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ndiath
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology*; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides