title: Development of new PCR primers by comparative genomics for the detection of Helicobacter suis in gastric biopsy specimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the infection rate of Helicobacter suis is significantly lower than that of Helicobacter pylori, the H. suis infection is associated with a high rate of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. In addition, in vitro cultivation of H. suis remains difficult, and some H. suis-infected patients show negative results on the urea breath test (UBT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Female C57BL/6J mice were orally inoculated with mouse gastric mucosal homogenates containing H. suis strains TKY or SNTW101 isolated from a cynomolgus monkey or a patient suffering from nodular gastritis, respectively. The high-purity chromosomal DNA samples of H. suis strains TKY and SNTW101 were prepared from the infected mouse gastric mucosa. The SOLiD sequencing of two H. suis genomes enabled comparative genomics of 20 Helicobacter and 11 Campylobacter strains for the identification of the H. suis-specific nucleotide sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral inoculation with mouse gastric mucosal homogenates containing H. suis strains TKY and SNTW101 induced gastric MALT lymphoma and the formation of gastric lymphoid follicles, respectively, in C57BL/6J mice. Two conserved nucleotide sequences among six H. suis strains were identified and were used to design diagnostic PCR primers for the detection of H. suis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a strong association between the H. suis infection and gastric diseases in the C57BL/6 mouse model. PCR diagnosis using an H. suis-specific primer pair is a valuable method for detecting H. suis in gastric biopsy specimens.
authors.affiliation: Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Tetsufumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Somay Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Katsushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shigenobu
authors.forename: Takehisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Masatomo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawakubo
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamiya
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smet
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flahou
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ducatelle
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haesebrouck
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D018247:Helicobacter heilmannii / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D057089:Pathology, Molecular / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: Helicobacter suis; PCR diagnosis; comparative genomics; gastric biopsy specimen; mouse infection model; next-generation sequencing