title: Real-time rotation estimation using histograms of oriented gradients.
abstract: This paper focuses on real-time rotation estimation for model-based automated visual inspection. In the case of model-based inspection, spatial alignment is essential to distinguish visual defects from normal appearance variations. Defects are detected by comparing the inspected object with its spatially aligned ideal reference model. Rotation estimation is crucial for the inspection of rotationally symmetric objects where mechanical manipulation is unable to ensure the correct object rotation. We propose a novel method for in-plane rotation estimation. Rotation is estimated with an ensemble of nearest-neighbor estimators. Each estimator contains a spatially local representation of an object in a feature space for all rotation angles and is constructed with a semi-supervised self-training approach from a set of unlabeled training images. An individual representation in a feature space is obtained by calculating the Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) over a spatially local region. Each estimator votes separately for the estimated angle; all votes are weighted and accumulated. The final estimation is the angle with the most votes. The method was evaluated on several datasets of pharmaceutical tablets varying in size, shape, and color. The results show that the proposed method is superior in robustness with comparable speed and accuracy to previously proposed methods for rotation estimation of pharmaceutical tablets. Furthermore, all evaluations were performed with the same set of parameters, which implies that the method requires minimal human intervention. Despite the evaluation focused on pharmaceutical tablets, we consider the method useful for any application that requires robust real-time in-plane rotation estimation.
authors.affiliation: Sensum, Computer Vision Systems, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Blaž
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bratanič
authors.affiliation: Sensum, Computer Vision Systems, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Imaging Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Franjo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pernuš
authors.affiliation: Sensum, Computer Vision Systems, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Imaging Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Boštjan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Likar
authors.affiliation: Sensum, Computer Vision Systems, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Imaging Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Dejan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomaževič
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D011786:Quality Control; D012399:Rotation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations