title: Nonenhanced renal MR angiography using steady-state free precession (SSFP) and time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP): repeatability and comparison of different tagging location.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively determine the repeatability of noncontrast-enhanced renal arterial angiography with steady-state free precession (SSFP) and time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP), and to compare the visibility of renal artery and its branches when different locations of tagging pulse were placed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six young healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study and were twice examined by noncontrast-enhanced renal arterial angiography with SSFP and Time-SLIP in 1.5T MR scanner. Measurement error and repeatability were assessed for each of the five major parameters [vessel-to-kidney ratio (VKR), grade of renal arterial branching, grading of image quality, diameter and area of the main renal artery] using the Bland-Altman plot. Two independent observers recorded the values of the parameters; Inter- and intra-observer agreement was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The same parameters, acquired at the tagging pulse placed just above the superior poles of both kidneys or closer to the main renal arteries, were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grading of arterial branching by the Time-SLIP SSFP was satisfactorily reproducible with the mean score of greater 3.83 indicating the visibility of branches within the renal parenchyma. The image quality was excellent for Segment I (the main trunk of renal artery) and good for Segment II (segmental branches pre renal parenchyma) and III (vessels within the renal parenchyma) with a satisfying repeatability between two examinations and a good inter- and intra-observer agreement. The ICCs for the inter- and intra-observer measurements of both diameter and area of the main arteries ranged from 0.781 to 0.934, indicating very good agreement. The repeatability of VKR was poor between the two examinations and at the two different tagging pulse locations. The position of tagging pulse in the origination of the main renal arteries was better than in the superior poles of kidneys as it provided a better visualization of arterial branches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noncontrast-enhanced renal artery angiography with SSFP and Time-SLIP yields reliable and reproducible visualization of normal renal arteries. Localization of the tagging pulse closer to the main renal arteries provides better visibility of renal artery and its branches than the tag placement just above the superior poles of both kidneys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha-Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Yuyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dejun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: She
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Dairong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult