title: Prior experience but not size of error improves motor learning on the split-belt treadmill in young children.
abstract: Children can modify learned motor skills, such as walking, to adapt to new environments. Movement errors in these new situations drive the learning. We used split-belt walking to determine whether size of the error affects the degree of learning. Twenty-two children (aged 2-5 y) walked on the split-belt treadmill on two separate days spaced 1 week apart. Twenty-eight adults served as controls. On Day 1, children experienced an abrupt change in belt speeds (from 1:1 to 2:1 differential) resulting in large errors, or a gradual change (same change in speed over 12-15 min), resulting in small errors. Learning was measured by the size of the aftereffect upon return to a 1:1 differential. On Day 2 (1 week later), the leg on the fast belt was reversed, as was the method of introducing the speed differential. We found that the error size did not affect learning. Unexpectedly, learning was greater on Day 2 compared to Day 1, especially for children under 4 y of age, despite the fact that the task was opposite to that of Day 1, and did not influence learning in adults. Hence, 11 additional children under 4 y of age were tested with belts running at the same speed on Day 1, and with a 2:1 speed differential (abrupt introduction) on Day 2. Surprisingly, learning was again greater on Day 2. We conclude that size of error during split-belt walking does not affect learning, but experience on a treadmill does, especially for younger children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.affiliation: Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Musselman
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tajino
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Chung
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jaynie F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D060865:Repetition Priming / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology