title: Lornoxicam versus tramadol for post-operative pain relief in patients undergoing ENT procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain following ear-nose and throat surgery is one of the most important complaints for which, several drugs are used. This prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial was designed to compare the analgesic effect of tramadol versus lornoxicam for post-operative pain relief in patients undergoing ENT surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty patients of ASA class I-II, who had undergone elective ENT surgical procedures under general anesthesia, were assigned in a randomized manner into three equal groups. Group L received lornoxicam8 mg IV, Group T received tramadol 1 mg/kg IV and Group C received IV saline after induction of anesthesia before the start of the surgery. Post-operative pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and sedation level was evaluated during stay in the post-anesthesia care unit with a four-point sedation scale. Intraoperative blood loss was estimated using the Five-Point Scale. Adverse events in the first 24 h post-operative were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VAS pain scores were significantly higher in Group C as compared with those in Groups L and T at 30 min and 1, 2, 4and 6 h post-operatively, with no significant difference between Group L and Group T. The amount of morphine consumption post-operatively was significantly lower in Group L (5.2 ± 2.5 mg) and Group T (5.0 ± 2.0 mg) as compared with that in Group C (7.4 ± 2.3 mg) (P = 0.001). The time for the first analgesic requirement was significantly less in Group L (92.62 ± 24.23 min) and Group T (88 ± 21.43 min) as compared with that in Group C (42.82 ± 25.61 min), with no significant difference between the other two groups. Estimated intraoperative blood loss score by the surgeons showed no significant difference between the three groups. The most frequent side-effects in the three groups were nausea and vomiting, and their incidence was significantly higher in the placebo group as compared with the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tramadol 1 mg/kg was comparable to lornoxicam 8 mg for post-operative pain relief in patients undergoing ENT surgical procedures; both drugs helped to reduce the post-operative opioid requirement and consequently minimized the related adverse effects of the opioids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Alexandria University, Egypt and King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ashraf A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdelhalim
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT, King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Collage of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Harethy
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Assiut University, Egypt, Consultant, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moustafa
keywords: ENT procedures; lornoxicam; post-operative pain relief; tramadol