title: Classes of oppositional-defiant behavior: concurrent and predictive validity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) has components of both irritability and defiance. It remains unclear whether children with variation in these domains have different adult outcomes. This study examined the concurrent and predictive validity of classes of oppositional defiant behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latent class analysis was performed on the oppositional defiant problems scale of the Child Behavior Checklist in two samples, one in the US (the Achenbach Normative Sample, N = 2029) and one in the Netherlands (the Zuid-Holland Study, N = 2076). A third sample of American children (The Vermont Family Study, N = 399) was examined to determine concurrent validity with DSM diagnoses. Predictive validity over 14 years was assessed using the Zuid-Holland Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four classes of oppositional defiant problems were consistent in the two latent class analyses: No Symptoms, All Symptoms, Irritable, and Defiant. Individuals in the No Symptoms Class were rarely diagnosed concurrently with ODD or any future disorder. Individuals in the All Symptoms Class had an increased frequency of concurrent childhood diagnosis of ODD and of violence in adulthood. Subjects in the Irritable Class had low concurrent diagnosis of ODD, but increased odds of adult mood disorders. Individuals in the Defiant Class had low concurrent diagnosis of ODD, but had increased odds of violence as adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only children in the All Symptoms class were likely to have a concurrent diagnosis of ODD. Although not diagnosed with ODD, children in the Irritable Class were more likely to have adult mood disorders and children in the Defiant Class were more likely to engage in violent behavior.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Althoff
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kuny-Slock
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hudziak
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Ende
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis; D057189:Checklist; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011743:Pyrimidines; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014230:Triazoles; D014481:United States
chemical_list: C540178:(5-methyl(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-7-yl)(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)amine; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014230:Triazoles
keywords: Child Behavior Checklist; Oppositional defiant disorder; longitudinal studies; validity