title: Modeling of time dependent localized flow shear stress and its impact on cellular growth within additive manufactured titanium implants.
abstract: Bone augmentation implants are porous to allow cellular growth, bone formation and fixation. However, the design of the pores is currently based on simple empirical rules, such as minimum pore and interconnects sizes. We present a three-dimensional (3D) transient model of cellular growth based on the Navier-Stokes equations that simulates the body fluid flow and stimulation of bone precursor cellular growth, attachment, and proliferation as a function of local flow shear stress. The model's effectiveness is demonstrated for two additive manufactured (AM) titanium scaffold architectures. The results demonstrate that there is a complex interaction of flow rate and strut architecture, resulting in partially randomized structures having a preferential impact on stimulating cell migration in 3D porous structures for higher flow rates. This novel result demonstrates the potential new insights that can be gained via the modeling tool developed, and how the model can be used to perform what-if simulations to design AM structures to specific functional requirements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Ziyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Julian R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010012:Osteogenesis; D016062:Porosity; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D033081:Shear Strength; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D014025:Titanium
keywords: additive manufacturing; cellular growth; fluid shear stress; numerical modeling; titanium porous structures