title: Obesity, central adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: a family-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess genetic and phenotypic correlations of obesity-related cardiometabolic risk factors in a family-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometric, body composition and biochemical measurements were collected on 999 members of 111 extended Midwestern US families of Northern European origin. Forward stepwise regression was used to identify which of Tanner stage, sex, Tanner stage by sex, body fat mass index, body fat percentage (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), visceral fat (VF)/subcutaneous fat (SubQF) (computed tomography scans for adults or magnetic resonance imaging for children), VF, SubQF, body mass index (BMI)% and waist to height ratio most influence homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), plasma triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children and adolescents, subcutaneous adiposity was the most significant covariate for HOMA (P < 0.001) and TG (P = 0.001), and BMI percentile for HDL-c (P = 0.002) and LDL-c (P < 0.001). In adults, waist-height ratio (P < 0.001), VF/SubQF ratio (P = 0.001) and BMI (P = 0.02) were most significant for HOMA; VF (P < 0.001) and BMI (P = 0.02) for TG and VF for LDL-c (P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subcutaneous adiposity at the waist is a more significant predictor of metabolic syndrome traits in children and adolescents than it is in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.|Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cerjak
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Jack W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.affiliation: TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.|Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blangero
authors.affiliation: TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.|Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Adolescent obesity; central adiposity; dyslipidaemia; insulin resistance