title: Effect of hospitalist workload on the quality and efficiency of care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hospitalist physicians face increasing pressure to maximize productivity, which may undermine the efficiency and quality of care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between hospitalist workload and the efficiency and quality of inpatient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 20,241 admissions of inpatients cared for by a private hospitalist group at a large academic community hospital system between February 1, 2008, and January 31, 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily hospitalist workload as measured by relative value units and patient encounters from the hospitalist billing records.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcomes were length of stay (LOS), cost, rapid response team activation, in-hospital mortality, patient satisfaction, and 30-day readmission rates. Key covariates included hospital occupancy and patient-level characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LOS increased as workload increased, particularly at lower hospital occupancy. For hospital occupancies less than 75%, LOS increased from 5.5 to 7.5 days as workload increased. For occupancies of 75% to 85%, LOS increased exponentially above a daily relative value unit of approximately 25 and a census value of approximately 15. At high occupancy (>85%), LOS was J-shaped, with significant increases at higher ranges of workload. After controlling for LOS, cost increased by $111 for each 1-unit increase in relative value unit and $205 for each 1-unit increase in census across the range of values. Changes in workload were not associated with the remaining outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing hospitalist workload is associated with clinically meaningful increases in LOS and cost. Although our findings should be validated in different clinical settings, our results suggest the need for methods to mitigate the potential negative effects of increased hospitalist workload on the efficiency and cost of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware2Christiana Care Value Institute, Newark, Delaware.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Christiana Medical Group, Newark, Delaware.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brice
authors.affiliation: Christiana Care Value Institute, Newark, Delaware.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.affiliation: Christiana Care Value Institute, Newark, Delaware.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kolm
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D057209:Hospital Rapid Response Team / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020445:Hospitalists / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D016526:Workload / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*