title: The challenge of maximizing safety in radiation oncology.
abstract: There is a growing interest in the evolving nature of safety challenges in radiation oncology. Understandably, there has been a great deal of focus on the mechanical and computer aspects of new high-technology treatments (eg, intensity-modulated radiation therapy). However, safety concerns are not limited to dose calculations and data transfer associated with advanced technologies. They also stem from fundamental changes in our workflow (eg, multiple hand-offs), the relative loss of some traditional "end of the line" quality assurance tools (port films and light fields), condensed fractionation schedules, and an under-appreciation for the physical limitations of new techniques. Furthermore, changes in our workspace and tools (eg, electronic records, planning systems), and workloads (eg, billing, insurance, regulations) may have unforeseen effects on safety. Safety initiatives need to acknowledge the multiple factors affecting risk. Our current challenges will not be adequately addressed simply by defining new policies and procedures. Rather, we need to understand the frequency and causes of errors better, particularly those that are most likely to cause harm. Then we can incorporate principles into our workspace that minimize these risks (eg, automation, standardization, checklists, redundancy, and consideration of "human factors" in the design of products and workspaces). Opportunities to enhance safety involve providing support through diligent examinations of staffing, schedules, communications, teamwork, and work environments. We need to develop a culture of safety in which all team members are alerted to the possibility of harm, and they all work together to maximize safety. The goal is not to eliminate every error. Rather, we should focus our attention on conditions (eg, rushing) that can cause real patient harm, and/or those conditions that reflect systemic problems that might lead to errors more likely to cause harm. Ongoing changes in clinical practice mandate continued vigilance to minimize the risks of error, combined with new, nontraditional approaches to create a safer patient environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Electronic address: marks@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Lawrence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Liyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Sha X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Katharin Deschesne
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.affiliation: Industrial Extension Service, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazur
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Ellen L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saponaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lachapelle
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Dee C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Baynes
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Adams