title: Elevated hyaluronan and hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor are associated with biochemical failure in patients with intermediate-grade prostate tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical course of prostate cancer (PCa) measured by biochemical failure (BF) after prostatectomy remains unpredictable in many patients, particularly in intermediate Gleason score (GS) 7 tumors, suggesting that identification of molecular mechanisms associated with aggressive PCa biology may be exploited for improved prognostication or therapy. Hyaluronan (HA) is a high molecular weight polyanionic carbohydrate produced by synthases (HAS1 through HAS3) and fragmented by oxidative/nitrosative stress and hyaluronidases (HYAL1 through HYAL4, SPAM1) common in PCa microenvironments. HA and HA fragments interact with receptors CD44 and hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR), resulting in increased tumor aggressiveness in experimental PCa models. This study evaluated the association of HA-related molecules with BF after prostatectomy in GS7 tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue microarrays were constructed from a 96-patient cohort. HA histochemistry and HAS2, HYAL1, CD44, CD44v6, and HMMR immunohistochemistry were quantified using digital pathology techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HA in tumor-associated stroma and HMMR in malignant epithelium were significantly and marginally significantly associated with time to BF in univariate analysis, respectively. After adjusting for clinicopathologic features, both HA in tumor-associated stroma and HMMR in malignant epithelium were significantly associated with time to BF. Although not significantly associated with BF, HAS2 and HYAL1 positively correlated with HMMR in malignant epithelium. Cell culture assays demonstrated that HMMR bound native and fragmented HA, promoted HA uptake, and was required for a promigratory response to fragmented HA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HA and HMMR are factors associated with time to BF in GS7 tumors, suggesting that increased HA synthesis and fragmentation within the tumor microenvironment stimulates aggressive PCa behavior through HA-HMMR signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rizzardi
authors.forename: Rachel Isaksson
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Koopmeiners
authors.forename: Colleen L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Lauren O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Marston
authors.forename: Nikolaus K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Rosener
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akentieva
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Warlick
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Eva A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Turley
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Schmechel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011379:Prognosis; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; C098946:hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid
keywords: biomarkers; digital pathology; hyaluronan; hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor; prostate cancer