title: Environmental acidification is not associated with altered plasma corticosterone levels in the stream-side salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus.
abstract: As environments become increasingly altered due to anthropogenic factors, interest is growing in how endocrine systems respond to pollution and environmental degradation. Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) are a type of stress hormones that are released upon activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and have widespread effects throughout the body. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to environmental acidification is associated with altered levels of plasma GCs in adult, stream-side Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders (Desmognathus ochrophaeus). We compared plasma corticosterone (CORT) in salamanders living in 9 streams that differed in pH. Although capture and handling induced a robust increase in plasma CORT in all populations of salamanders, we discerned no significant effect of environmental pH on baseline CORT or handling-induced CORT levels. In a laboratory study, low pH decreased salamander locomotory activity compared to acid-neutral controls, but there was no effect of pH on plasma CORT. Decreased locomotory activity is a common amphibian response to stress, indicating that low pH has adverse effects on Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders. Overall, we conclude that the effects of environmental pH on salamander behavior and other potential responses are not mediated by changes in plasma CORT levels. We discuss alternative explanations for our results and describe difficulties involved in searching for relationships between plasma GCs and environmental degradation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA. Electronic address: woodleys@duq.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Woodley
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ricciardella
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood*; D004777:Environment; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D045483:Rivers; D014562:Caudata / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Acidification; Amphibian; Corticosterone; Salamander; Stress; pH