title: Barriers to gene exchange in hybridizing field crickets: the role of male courtship effort and cuticular hydrocarbons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pre-zygotic barriers often involve some form of sexual selection, usually interpreted as female choice, as females are typically the choosier sex. However, males typically show some mate preferences, which are increasingly reported. Here we document previously uncharacterized male courtship behavior (effort and song) and cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles in the hybridizing crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. These two species exhibit multiple barriers to gene exchange that act throughout their life history, including a behavioral barrier that results in increased time to mate in heterospecific pairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that male mate choice (as courtship effort allocation) plays a more important role in the prezygotic behavioral barrier than previously recognized. In gryllids females ultimately decide whether or not to mate, yet we found males were selective by regulating courtship effort intensity toward the preferred (conspecific) females. Females were also selective by mating with more intensely courting males, which happened to be conspecifics. We report no differences in courtship song between the two species and suggest that the mechanism that allows males to act differentially towards conspecific and heterospecific females is the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) composition. CHC profiles differed between males and females of both species, and there were clear differences in CHC composition between female G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus but not between the males of each species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although many barriers to gene exchange are known in this system, the mechanism behind the mate recognition leading to reduced heterospecific mating remains unknown. The CHC profiles might be the phenotypic cue that allow males to identify conspecifics and thus to adjust their courtship intensity accordingly, leading to differential mating between species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Williams College, 31 Morley Drive, 01267 Williamstown, MA, USA. lsm1@williams.edu.
authors.forename: Luana S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Maroja
authors.forename: Zachary M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Erica L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003380:Courtship; D005260:Female; D006135:Gryllidae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D052586:Mating Preference, Animal; D012098:Reproduction; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014828:Vocalization, Animal
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons