title: Influence of smoking on disease severity and antimalarial therapy in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: analysis of 1002 patients from the EUSCLE database.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years it has been controversially discussed in the literature if smoking is associated with the activity of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and the efficacy of antimalarial agents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of smoking on disease severity and antimalarial treatment in patients with CLE using the Core Set Questionnaire of the European Society of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (EUSCLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1002 patients (768 female, 234 male) with different CLE subtypes were included in this cross-sectional study, which was performed in 14 different countries. Smoking behaviour was assessed by the EUSCLE Core Set Questionnaire in 838 patients and statistically analysed using an SPSS database. The results were correlated with the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) and the efficacy of antimalarial treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high percentage (87·2%) of the 499 patients with CLE, who have ever smoked, had already smoked at the date of their first diagnosis. Patients with intermittent CLE have ever smoked significantly more often than patients with subacute CLE (P < 0·05) and chronic CLE (P < 0·05). The total CLASI activity and damage score of patients with CLE was 6·6 ± 7·1 and 2·6 ± 4·3, respectively, and was higher in patients who have ever smoked than in nonsmokers. Antimalarial treatment was successful in 84·3% of cases, with a significantly higher efficacy in nonsmokers than in patients with CLE who have ever smoked (P < 0·05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis of a multicentre study population of 838 patients with CLE assessed by the EUSCLE Core Set Questionnaire confirms that smoking negatively influences CLE disease severity and the efficacy of antimalarial treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sigges
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Biazar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruland
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patsinakidis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Landmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonsmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials