title: Evaluation of the efficacy of DDT indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets against insecticide resistant populations of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ethiopia using experimental huts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Long-Lasting Insecticidal nets (LLINs) are major malaria vector control tools in Ethiopia. However, recent reports from different parts of the country showed that populations of Anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector, have developed resistance to most families of insecticides recommended for public health use which may compromise the efficacy of both of these key vector control interventions. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of DDT IRS and LLINs against resistant populations of An. arabiensis using experimental huts in Asendabo area, southwestern Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The susceptibility status of populations of An. arabiensis was assessed using WHO test kits to DDT, deltamethrin, malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin, fenitrothion and bendiocarb. The efficacy of LLIN (PermaNet 2.0), was evaluated using the WHO cone bioassay. Moreover, the effect of the observed resistance against malaria vector control interventions (DDT IRS and LLINs) were assessed using experimental huts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings of this study revealed that populations of An. arabiensis were resistant to DDT, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and malathion with mortality rates of 1.3%, 18.8%, 36.3% and 72.5%, respectively but susceptible to fenitrothion and bendiocarb with mortality rates of 98.81% and 97.5%, respectively. The bio-efficacy test of LLIN (PermaNet 2.0) against An. arabiensis revealed that the mosquito population showed moderate knockdown (64%) and mortality (78%). Moreover, mosquito mortalities in DDT sprayed huts and in huts with LLINs were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from their respective controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evaluation of the efficacy of DDT IRS and LLINs using experimental huts showed that both vector control tools had only low to moderate efficacy against An. arabiensis populations from Ethiopia. Despite DDT being replaced by carbamates for IRS, the low efficacy of LLINs against the resistant population of An. arabiensis is still a problem. Thus, there is a need for alternative vector control tools and implementation of appropriate insecticide resistance management strategies as part of integrated vector management by the national malaria control program.
authors.forename: Abebe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asale
authors.forename: Yehenew
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Getachew
authors.forename: Weriessaw
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hailesilassie
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Speybroeck
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. delenasaw.yewhalaw@ju.edu.et.
authors.forename: Delenasaw
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yewhalaw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D001681:Biological Assay; D003634:DDT / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005002:Ethiopia; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003634:DDT