title: A Major Facilitator Superfamily protein encoded by TcMucK gene is not required for cuticle pigmentation, growth and development in Tribolium castaneum.
abstract: Insect cuticle pigmentation and sclerotization (tanning) are vital physiological processes for insect growth, development and survival. We have previously identified several colorless precursor molecules as well as enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and processing to yield the mature intensely colored body cuticle pigments. A recent study indicated that the Bombyx mori (silkmoth) gene, BmMucK, which encodes a protein orthologous to a Culex pipiens quiquefasciatus (Southern house mosquito) cis,cis, muconate transporter, is a member of the "Major Facilitator Superfamily" (MFS) of transporter proteins and is associated with the appearance of pigmented body segments of naturally occurring body color mutants of B. mori. While RNA interference of the BmMucK gene failed to result in any observable phenotype, RNAi using a dsRNA for an orthologous gene from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, was reported to result in molting defects and darkening of the cuticle and some body parts, leading to the suggestion that orthologs of MucK genes may differ in their functions among insects. To verify the role and essentiality of the ortholog of this gene in development and body pigmentation function in T. castaneum we obtained cDNAs for the orthologous gene (TcMucK) from RNA isolated from the GA-1 wild-type strain of T. castaneum. The sequence of a 1524 nucleotides-long cDNA for TcMucK which encodes the putatively full-length protein, was assembled from two overlapping RT-PCR fragments and the expression profile of this gene during development was analyzed by real-time PCR. This cDNA encodes a 55.8 kDa protein consisting of 507 amino acid residues and includes 11 putative transmembrane segments. Transcripts of TcMucK were detected throughout all of the developmental stages analyzed. The function of this gene was explored by injection of two different double-stranded RNAs targeting different regions of the TcMucK gene (dsTcMucKs) into young larvae to down-regulate transcripts during subsequent stages of insect development until the adult stage. RNA interference of TcMucK had no observable effects on larval, pupal or adult pigmentation. In addition, it did not affect larval-larval, larval-pupal and pupal-adult molting or survival. Thus, in contrast to the results of Zhao et al. (2012), our study demonstrates that TcMucK is not essential for growth, development or cuticle pigmentation of T. castaneum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seulgi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mun
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osanai-Futahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Subbaratnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muthukrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Karl J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: arakane@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arakane
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010858:Pigmentation; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism; D011679:Pupa / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014231:Tribolium / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D010860:Pigments, Biological
keywords: Cuticle; Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS); MucK; Pigmentation; RNA interference (RNAi); Tribolium castaneum