title: Perfect timing: urgency, not driving situations, influence the best timing to activate warnings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different driving scenarios (urban, rural, highway) on the timing required by drivers from a two-stage warning system, based on car-to-car communication.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Car-to-car communication systems are designed to inform drivers of potential hazards at an early stage, before they are visible to them. Here, questions arise as to how drivers acknowledge early warnings and when they should be informed (first stage) and warned (second stage). Hence, optimum timing for presenting the information was tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  A psychophysical method was used to establish the optimum timing in three driving scenarios at different speed limits (urban: 50 km/h, rural: 100 km/h, highway: 130 km/h). A total of 24 participants (11 female, 13 male; M = 29.1 years, SD = 11.6 years) participated in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the optimum timing did not differ among the three scenarios.The first and second stages should ultimately be presented at different timings at each speed limit (first stage: 26.5 s, second stage: 12.1 s before a potential hazard).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that well-selected timing for activating information and warning is crucial for the acceptance of these systems. Appropriate timing for presenting the information and warning can be derived for these systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings will be integrated in further development of assistance systems based on car-to-x technology within the Car2X-Safety project of the Niedersächsisches Forschungszentrum Fahrzeugtechnik in Germany.This study was also supported by Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Werneke
authors.forename: Andro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleen
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vollrath
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001336:Automobiles; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011482:Protective Devices; D011825:Radar; D011930:Reaction Time; D055815:Young Adult