title: Effect of the menstrual cycle on inflammatory cytokines in the periodontium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of different levels of steroid hormones, as experienced during puberty, pregnancy and menopause, on the periodontium have been demonstrated, but changes in sex hormone levels during the menstrual cycle, and the influence of these changes on the periodontium, remain unresolved. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the menstrual cycle on the levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid and on periodontal clinical parameters, including the gingival bleeding index (GBI) and the modified gingival index (MGI), in periodontally healthy women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven periodontally healthy women with a regular menstrual cycle were included in the study. Clinical parameters, including the GBI, the MGI and the simplified oral health index, were recorded during menstruation, ovulation and premenstruation phases (e.g. on days 1-2, 12-14 and 22-24, respectively) of the menstrual cycle. Gingival crevicular fluid and unstimulated saliva were collected, at each study phase, for assessment of IL-1β, TNF-α, estrogen and progesterone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the GBI and the MGI increased significantly during the menstrual cycle, and were significantly higher during ovulation than during menstruation or premenstruation (p < 0.001). No significant change in the simplified oral health index was observed during the menstrual cycle ( p = 0.18). The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α increased during the different phases of the menstrual cycle, but only the change in the TNF-α concentration was significant ( p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that changes occurring during the menstrual cycle influence the periodontium and induce inflammatory conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Dental Materials Research Center, Dental Faculty, Babol University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khosravisamani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maliji
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seyfi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azadmehr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abd Nikfarjam
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madadi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jafari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000276:immunology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000276:immunology*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000276:immunology; D010060:Ovulation / Q000276:immunology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010519:Periodontium / Q000276:immunology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: gingival crevicular fluid; interleukin-1beta; menstrual cycle; periodontium; tumor necrosis factor-alpha