title: Forms of energy delivery during cryo-cooled radiofrequency ablation for optimization of the ablation result.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Energy transfer from radiofrequency (RF) applicator to tissue is both precondition and limiting factor. The purpose of this ex vivo study was to examine the influence of form of energy delivery on ablation result during RF ablation with cryo-cooled applicators.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eight ablations were performed in ex vivo bovine liver under continuous energy delivery (A), pulsed energy delivery with reduced current during ablation pause (B) and impedance-dependent energy delivery. Maximum ablation time was 20 min. Early termination of ablation in case of loss of conductivity. Optimal ablation parameters were assessed. Short axis diameter of the ablation zone and ablation duration were determined. Ablation results under mode A, B and C were compared with analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer HSD test. Influence of ablation duration on short axis diameter was evaluated with regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly largest short axis diameter (51.1 mm ± SD 2.3; p = 0.01) was reached with impedance-dependent energy delivery (pulsed: 46.1 mm ± SD 5.6; continuous: 44.4 mm ± SD 4.1). Significantly longest ablation duration (1061.6 s ± SD 42.4; p = 0.01) was reached with impedance-dependent energy delivery (pulsed: 815.7 s ± 41.3; continuous: 715.3 s ± SD 82.2). Linear correlation between ablation duration and short axis diameter was calculated (R = 0.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modification of energy delivery during RF ablation with cryo-cooled applicators improves energy transfer to tissue and enables larger ablation zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Impedance-dependent energy delivery prevents early termination in kryo-based RF-ablation,• Impedance-dependent energy delivery enables larger ablation zones than continuous energy delivery,• Reduced current during ablation pause does not improve ablation results.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.affiliation: ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH, ERBE, Derendingen.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitsaer
authors.affiliation: ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH, ERBE, Derendingen.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voigtländer
authors.affiliation: ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH, ERBE, Derendingen.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Enderle
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Claussen
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clasen
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rempp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*