title: Diagnostic and prognostic role of preoperative circulating CA 15-3, CA 125, and beta-2 microglobulin in renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: CA 15-3, CA 125 and β-2 microglobulin are three common tumor markers currently used for diagnosis, prognosis, assessment of therapeutic response, and/or to evaluate recurrence in breast and ovarian cancer and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders, respectively. In the present prospective study we assessed the role of these three serum proteins as biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as well as any association between tumor marker levels and clinical-pathological parameters. CA 15-3, CA 125, and β-2 microglobulin were preoperatively measured in 332 patients who underwent nephrectomy for RCC. Estimates of cancer-specific survival (CSS) was calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the most significant variables for predicting CSS. Preoperatively, 35.2% (n = 117), 9.6% (n = 32) and 30.4% (n = 101) of the patients had abnormal levels of CA 15-3, CA 125 and β-2 microglobulin, respectively. Statistically significant differences resulted between CA 15-3, CA 125 and β-2 microglobulin values and tumor size, Fuhrman grade, presence of lymph node, and visceral metastases. CSS was significantly decreased for patients with high levels of CA 15-3, CA 125, and β-2 microglobulin (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.001, resp.). At multivariate analysis only age, the presence of visceral metastases, and high levels of CA 15-3 were independent adverse prognostic factors for CSS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7807-1229
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lucarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7718-7676
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ditonno
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bettocchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vavallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rutigliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Galleggiante
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Hygiene, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Angela Maria Vittoria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Larocca
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Loreto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gesualdo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grandaliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco Paolo
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Selvaggi
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battaglia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018394:CA-125 Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D018394:CA-125 Antigen; D018396:Mucin-1; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin