title: Biodegradation pattern and tissue integration of native and cross-linked porcine collagen soft tissue augmentation matrices - an experimental study in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Within the last decades, collagen types I and III have been established as a sufficient biomaterial for GBR and GTR procedures. They might also be an adequate matrix for soft tissue augmentations. However, collagen materials differ significantly regarding resorption time, biodegradation pattern and the invasion of inflammatory cells.The aim of the present study was to compare the biodegradation and tissue integration of native, differently processed and cross-linked collagen scaffolds in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four experimental porcine collagen matrices of 1.0 mm thickness, developed for soft tissue augmentation procedures, were tested. Based on the same native dermal Type I and III collagen, native (ND, Mucoderm prototype), specifically defatted (DD), ethylene dioxide cross-linked (ECL) and dehydrothermally cross-linked (DCL) dermis collagen (AAP/Botiss Biomaterials, Berlin, Germany) were evaluated. Two specimens of 1 × 1 cm were fixed around a non-absorbable spacer using non-absorbable sutures. After rehydration, specimens (N = 8) were randomly allocated in unconnected subcutaneous pouches on the back of 40 Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five groups (1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks), including eight animals each. After each period, eight rats were sacrificed and explanted specimens were prepared for histological analysis. The following parameters were evaluated: membrane thickness as a sign of biodegradation and volume stability, cell ingrowth, vascularization, tissue integration and foreign body reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biodegradation pattern of the non cross-linked collagen scaffolds differed only slightly in terms of presence of inflammatory cells and cell invasion into the matrix. In terms of biodegradation, ECL displayed a considerable slower resorption than ND, DCL and DD. Chemical cross-linking using ethylene dioxide showed a significant higher invasion of inflammatory cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of the present study it was concluded that the processing techniques influenced the collagen properties in a different intensity. Dehydrothermal cross-linking and special defatting did not notably change the biodegradation pattern, whereas cross-linking using ethylene dioxide led to significant higher volume stability of the matrix. However, ECL showed an increased inflammatory response and compromised tissue integration. Therefore, ethylene dioxide seems to be not suitable for stabilization of collagen matrices for soft tissue augmentation procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str, 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany. daniel.rothamel@uk-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rothamel
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fienitz
authors.forename: Arndt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Happe
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreppel
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nickenig
authors.forename: Joachim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Zöller
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013552:Swine; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D003094:Collagen