title: Verbal learning in the context of background music: no influence of vocals and instrumentals on verbal learning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether listening to background music enhances verbal learning performance is still a matter of dispute. In this study we investigated the influence of vocal and instrumental background music on verbal learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  226 subjects were randomly assigned to one of five groups (one control group and 4 experimental groups). All participants were exposed to a verbal learning task. One group served as control group while the 4 further groups served as experimental groups. The control group learned without background music while the 4 experimental groups were exposed to vocal or instrumental musical pieces during learning with different subjective intensity and valence. Thus, we employed 4 music listening conditions (vocal music with high intensity: VOC_HIGH, vocal music with low intensity: VOC_LOW, instrumental music with high intensity: INST_HIGH, instrumental music with low intensity: INST_LOW) and one control condition (CONT) during which the subjects learned the word lists. Since it turned out that the high and low intensity groups did not differ in terms of the rated intensity during the main experiment these groups were lumped together. Thus, we worked with 3 groups: one control group and two groups, which were exposed to background music (vocal and instrumental) during verbal learning. As dependent variable, the number of learned words was used. Here we measured immediate recall during five learning sessions (recall 1 - recall 5) and delayed recall for 15 minutes (recall 6) and 14 days (recall 7) after the last learning session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Verbal learning improved during the first 5 recall sessions without any strong difference between the control and experimental groups. Also the delayed recalls were similar for the three groups. There was only a trend for attenuated verbal learning for the group passively listened to vocals. This learning attenuation diminished during the following learning sessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exposure to vocal or instrumental background music during encoding did not influence verbal learning. We suggest that the participants are easily able to cope with this background stimulation by ignoring this information channel in order to focus on the verbal learning task.
authors.affiliation: Psychological Institute, Department of Neuropsychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. lutz.jaencke@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jäncke
authors.forename: Eliane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brügger
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brummer
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scherrer
authors.forename: Nsreen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alahmadi
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult