title: The influence of salt (NaCl) on ochratoxin A biosynthetic genes, growth and ochratoxin A production by three strains of Penicillium nordicum on a dry-cured ham-based medium.
abstract: Iberian dry-cured ham is colonised by moulds during the ripening process. The environmental conditions occurring during the process including the salt content predisposes the surface to colonisation by Penicillium species, including Penicillium nordicum which can contaminate the curing ham with ochratoxin A (OTA). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of NaCl (10% and 22%=0.94 and 0.87 water activity (aw)) on the activation of two genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway for OTA production, otapksPN and otanpsPN, relative growth and phenotypic OTA production by three strains of P. nordicum (CBS 110.769, FHSCC1 and FHSCC2) on a ham-based medium over a period of 12days at 25°C. Growth of the three strains was faster at 0.87 than 0.94 aw on the ham-based media. However, some intra- and inter-strain differences were observed. Of the three strains, only two (CBS 110.789; FHSCC2) were able to express the two genes involved in the biosynthesis of OTA in the two salt treatments. RT-qPCR showed that the temporal expression of the two genes (otapksPN and otanpsPN) was relatively similar for the wild type strain (FHSCC2) at both 0.94 and 0.87 aw over the 12day period. However, in the type strain (CBS 110.769) expression increased rapidly at 0.94 aw but was significantly lower at 0.87 aw. Expression of these two genes occurred after 3day incubation, while phenotypic OTA production was observed only after 6days in the two toxigenic strains. The other strain did not produce any OTA. The OTA concentrations confirmed the results observed with the molecular tools. This suggests that the RT-qPCR gene expression of these two genes may be a good early indicator of potential contamination of dry-cured ham with OTA during dry-cured ham ripening.
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK; Food Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain. Electronic address: a.rodriguezjimenez@cranfield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: Food Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Córdoba
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Naresh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005516:Food Microbiology; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Ham; NaCl; Ochratoxin A; Ochratoxin A genes; Penicillium nordicum; RT-qPCR