title: Xanthine derivative KMUP-1 reduces inflammation and hyperalgesia in a bilateral chronic constriction injury model by suppressing MAPK and NFκB activation.
abstract: Neuropathic pain is characterized by spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether KMUP-1 (7-[2-[4-(2-chlorobenzene)piperazinyl]ethyl]-1,3-dimethylxanthine) could improve pain hypersensitivity and reduce inflammatory mediators, and also explore possible mechanisms in the rat sciatic nerve using bilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) to induce neuropathic pain. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham, Sham+KMUP-1, CCI, and CCI+KMUP-1. KMUP-1 (5 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally starting at day 1 after surgery. Mechanical and thermal responses were assessed before surgery and at days 3, 7, and 14 after CCI. Sciatic nerves around the injury site were isolated for Western blots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to analyze protein and cytokine levels. The results show that thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were reduced in the KMUP-1 treated group as compared to that in the CCI group. Inflammatory proteins (COX2, iNOS, and nNOS) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) induced by CCI were decreased in the KMUP-1 treated group at day 7 after surgery. KMUP-1 also inhibited neuropathic pain-related mechanisms, including p38 and ERK activation, but not JNK. Furthermore, KMUP-1 blocked IκB phosphorylation (p-IκB) and phospho-nuclear factor κB (p-NF-κB) translocation to nuclei. Double immunofluorescent staining further demonstrated that p-IκB (an indicator of activated NFκB) and p-NFκB proteins were almost abolished by KMUP-1 in peripheral macrophages and spinal microglia cells at day 7 after surgery. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that KMUP-1 has antiinflammatory and antihyperalgesia properties in CCI-induced neuropathic pain via decreases in MAPKs and NF-κB activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Cardiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zen-Kong
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Ting-Chun
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jau-Cheng
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.forename: Kuang-I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jun-Yih
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li-Wen
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Ing-Jun
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bin-Nan
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006930:Hyperalgesia; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D010880:Piperidines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019820:Xanthine / Q000737:chemistry*; D014970:Xanthines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D010880:Piperidines; D014970:Xanthines; D019820:Xanthine; C439304:KMUP 1; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases