title: Limited potential for prevention of emergency surgery for femoral hernia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Femoral hernias are frequently operated on as an emergency. Emergency procedures for femoral hernia are associated with an almost tenfold increase in postoperative mortality, while no increase is seen for elective procedures, compared with a background population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare whether symptoms from femoral hernias and healthcare contacts prior to surgery differ between patients who have elective and patients who have emergency surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,967 individuals operated on for a femoral hernia over 1997-2006 were sent a questionnaire on symptoms experienced and contact with the healthcare system prior to surgery for their hernia. Answers were matched with data from the Swedish Hernia Register.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,441 (73.3%) patients responded. Awareness of their hernia prior to surgery was denied by 53.3% (231/433) of those who underwent an emergency procedure. Of the emergency operated patients, 31.3% (135/432) negated symptoms in the affected groin prior to surgery and 22.2% (96/432) had neither groin nor other symptoms. Elective patients had a considerably higher contact frequency with their general practitioner, as well as the surgical outpatient department, prior to surgery compared with patients undergoing emergency surgery (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who have elective and patients who have emergency femoral hernia surgery differ in previous symptoms and healthcare contacts. Patients who need emergency surgery are often unaware of their hernia and frequently completely asymptomatic prior to incarceration. Early diagnosis and expedient surgery is warranted, but the lack of symptoms hinders earlier detection and intervention in most cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, ursula.dahlstrand@ki.se.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dahlstrand
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandblom
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wollert
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006550:Hernia, Femoral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult