title: Systematic reviews of animal studies; missing link in translational research?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The methodological quality of animal studies is an important factor hampering the translation of results from animal studies to a clinical setting. Systematic reviews of animal studies may provide a suitable method to assess and thereby improve their methodological quality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were: 1) to evaluate the risk of bias assessment in animal-based systematic reviews, and 2) to study the internal validity of the primary animal studies included in these systematic reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically searched Pubmed and Embase for SRs of preclinical animal studies published between 2005 and 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 91 systematic reviews met our inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was assessed in 48 (52.7%) of these 91 systematic reviews. Thirty-three (36.3%) SRs provided sufficient information to evaluate the internal validity of the included studies. Of the evaluated primary studies, 24.6% was randomized, 14.6% reported blinding of the investigator/caretaker, 23.9% blinded the outcome assessment, and 23.1% reported drop-outs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To improve the translation of animal data to clinical practice, systematic reviews of animal studies are worthwhile, but the internal validity of primary animal studies needs to be improved. Furthermore, risk of bias should be assessed by systematic reviews of animal studies to provide insight into the reliability of the available evidence.
authors.affiliation: SYRCLE - Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Luijk
authors.affiliation: SYRCLE - Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Departments for Health Evidence and Operating rooms, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maroeska M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rovers
authors.affiliation: SYRCLE - Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Merel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ritskes-Hoitinga
authors.affiliation: SYRCLE - Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob B M
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: SYRCLE - Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marlies
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leenaars
mesh_terms: D032761:Animal Experimentation; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D017594:Publication Bias; D011643:Publishing; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical