title: The importance of aerodynamics for prosthetic limb design used by competitive cyclists with an amputation: An introduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study introduces the importance of the aerodynamics to prosthetic limb design for athletes with either a lower-limb or upper-limb amputation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprises two elements: 1) An initial experiment investigating the stability of outdoor velodrome-based field tests, and 2) An experiment evaluating the application of outdoor velodrome aerodynamic field tests to detect small-scale changes in aerodynamic drag respective of prosthetic limb componentry changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  An outdoor field-testing method is used to detect small and repeatable changes in the aerodynamic drag of an able-bodied cyclist. These changes were made at levels typical of alterations in prosthetic componentry. The field-based test method of assessment is used at a smaller level of resolution than previously reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a carefully applied protocol, the field test method proved to be statistically stable. The results of the field test experiments demonstrate a noticeable change in overall athlete performance. Aerodynamic refinement of artificial limbs is worthwhile for athletes looking to maximise their competitive performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A field-testing method illustrates the importance of the aerodynamic optimisation of prosthetic limb components. The field-testing protocol undertaken in this study gives an accessible and affordable means of doing so by prosthetists and sports engineers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using simple and accessible field-testing methods, this exploratory experiment demonstrates how small changes to riders' equipment, consummate of the scale of a small change in prosthetics componentry, can affect the performance of an athlete. Prosthetists should consider such opportunities for performance enhancement when possible.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK brdyer@bournemouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Bryce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000392:Air Movements; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000674:Amputees; D001186:Artificial Limbs / Q000592:standards*; D056352:Athletes; D001642:Bicycling; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000592:standards*; D013177:Sports
keywords: Prostheses; aerodynamics; amputee; paracycling