title: Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vasectomy is an increasingly popular and effective family planning method. A variety of vasectomy techniques are used worldwide, including vas occlusion techniques (excision and ligation, thermal or electrocautery, and mechanical and chemical occlusion methods), as well as vasectomy with vas irrigation or with fascial interposition. Vasectomy guidelines largely rely on information from observational studies. Ideally, the choice of vasectomy techniques should be based on the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to compare the effectiveness, safety, acceptability and costs of vasectomy techniques for male sterilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  In February 2014, we updated the searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, POPLINE and LILACS. We looked for recent clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Previous searches also included EMBASE. For the initial review, we searched the reference lists of relevant articles and book chapters.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included RCTs comparing vasectomy techniques, which could include suture ligature, surgical clips, thermal or electrocautery, chemical occlusion, vas plugs, vas excision, open-ended vas, fascial interposition, or vas irrigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed all titles and abstracts located in the literature searches. Two reviewers independently extracted data from articles identified for inclusion. Outcome measures include contraceptive efficacy, safety, discontinuation, and acceptability. Peto odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used for dichotomous outcomes, such as azoospermia. The mean difference (MD) was used for the continuous variable of operating time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies met the inclusion criteria. One trial compared vas occlusion with clips versus a conventional vasectomy technique. No difference was found in failure to reach azoospermia (no sperm detected). Three trials examined vasectomy with vas irrigation. Two studies looked at irrigation with water versus no irrigation, while one examined irrigation with water versus the spermicide euflavine. None found a difference between the groups for time to azoospermia. However, one trial reported that the median number of ejaculations to azoospermia was lower in the euflavine group compared to the water irrigation group. One high-quality trial compared vasectomy with fascial interposition versus vasectomy without fascial interposition. The fascial interposition group was less likely to have vasectomy failure. Fascial interposition had more surgical difficulties, but the groups were similar in side effects. Lastly, one trial found that an intra-vas was less likely to produce azoospermia than was no-scalpel vasectomy. More men were satisfied with the intra-vas device, however.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For vas occlusion with clips or vasectomy with vas irrigation, no conclusions can be made as those studies were of low quality and underpowered. Fascial interposition reduced vasectomy failure. An intra-vas device was less effective in reducing sperm count than was no-scalpel vasectomy. RCTs examining other vasectomy techniques were not available. More and better quality research is needed to examine vasectomy techniques.
authors.affiliation: Public Health and General Practice, University of Otago, Box 4345, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand, 8140.
authors.forename: Lynley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Huib A A M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Van Vliet
authors.forename: Laureen M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Asha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pun
authors.forename: Maria F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000609:Aminoacridines; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000209:etiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000601:surgery; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000609:Aminoacridines; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents; C026620:3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium