title: Expanding the borders: the evolution of neurosurgical approaches.
abstract: In this article the authors discuss the development of neurosurgical approaches and the advances in science and technology that influenced this development throughout history. They provide a broad overview of this interesting topic from the first attempts of trephination by ancient cultures to the work of the pioneers of neurosurgery and the introduction of microsurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ottenhausen
authors.forename: Imithri
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bodhinayake
authors.forename: Alexander I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Evins
authors.forename: Matei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banu
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Boockvar
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernardo
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods*; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery*; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000266:history