title: Presence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and Salmonella in fresh beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) juice from public markets in Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unpasteurized juice has been associated with foodborne illness outbreaks for many years. Beetroot is a vegetable grown all over the world in temperate areas. In Mexico beetroot is consumed cooked in salads or raw as fresh unpasteurized juices. No data about the microbiological quality or safety of unpasteurized beetroot juices are available. Indicator bacteria, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEP) and Salmonella frequencies were determined for fresh unpasteurized beetroot juice from restaurants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred unpasteurized beetroot juice samples were collected from public markets in Pachuca, Mexico. Frequencies in these samples were 100%, 75%, 53%, 9% and 4% of positive samples, for coliform bacteria, fecal coliforms, E. coli, DEP and Salmonella, respectively. Identified DEP included enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Identified Salmonella serotypes included Typhimurium and Enteritidis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of microbiological quality and atypical EPEC, ETEC, non-O157 STEC and Salmonella isolation from fresh raw beetroot juice in Mexico. Fresh raw beetroot juice from markets is very probably an important factor contributing to the endemicity of atypical EPEC, ETEC, non-O157 STEC and Salmonella-related gastroenteritis in Mexico.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Químicas. Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro Universitario, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, CP 42183, México.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gómez-Aldapa
authors.forename: Esmeralda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rangel-Vargas
authors.forename: Haydee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bautista-De León
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Rosas
mesh_terms: D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000382:microbiology*; D001628:Beverages / Q000191:economics / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D054308:Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D054307:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008800:Mexico; D058889:Molecular Typing; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology*; D012147:Restaurants; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D054323:Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification
keywords: Beta vulgaris; EPEC; ETEC; STEC; Salmonella; beetroot juice