title: Vitamin D, immune regulation, the microbiota, and inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: The inflammatory bowel diseases are complex diseases caused by environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. Vitamin D status is low in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, and experimental inflammatory bowel diseases are more severe in vitamin D-deficient or vitamin D receptor knockout animals. Vitamin D is beneficial in inflammatory bowel diseases because it regulates multiple checkpoints and processes essential for homeostasis in the gut. Vitamin D inhibits IFN-γ and IL-17 production while inducing regulatory T cells. In addition, vitamin D regulates epithelial cell integrity, innate immune responses, and the composition of the gut microbiota. Overall, vitamin D regulates multiple pathways that maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis. The data support improving vitamin D status in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA mxc69@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Margherita T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cantorna
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Kaitlin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McDaniel
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bora
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Jamaal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Vitamin D; inflammatory bowel disease; microbiota