title: Bile analysis using high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy for the diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures: a pilot study in 57 patients.
abstract: This study aimed at determining whether FTIR spectroscopy is able to distinguish bile samples from patients with and without malignant biliary strictures. Bile samples were collected in 19 patients with malignant biliary strictures and 38 with benign biliary diseases during endoscopic procedures. FTIR spectra were acquired on dried drops of whole bile, aqueous and organic phases obtained after lipid extraction. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis and by the support vector machine classification using a leave-n-out cross validation procedure. This was applied to the whole set of spectra and the mean and median spectra of each patient. By leaving one patient out, the classifier allowed discriminating patients with and without malignant biliary strictures with a sensitivity between 82% and 95% and a specificity between 85% and 100%. Using a randomized leave-n -out cross-validation with n = 2, 5 and 10 patients, the sensitivity decreased slightly by about 5 to 10% while the specificity remained stable, suggesting the robustness of the classifier. FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics therefore shows potential to differentiate bile from patients with and without malignant biliary strictures. Although promising, the results of this pilot study cannot be generalized and needs to be confirmed in a larger population.
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, MéDIAN-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 REIMS cedex, France; CNRS UMR7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, MEDyC, Reims, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Untereiner
authors.forename: Ganesh Dhruvananda
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Sockalingum
authors.forename: Roselyne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garnotel
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gobinet
authors.forename: Fidy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramaholimihaso
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ehrhard
authors.forename: Marie-Danièle
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Diebold
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiéfin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry*; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D060388:Support Vector Machine
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids
keywords: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; bile; biliary tract cancer; biomarkers; support vector machine