title: Ventricular-fold dynamics in human phonation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the authors aimed (a) to provide a classification of the ventricular-fold dynamics during voicing, (b) to study the aerodynamic impact of these motions on vocal-fold vibrations, and (c) to assess whether ventricular-fold oscillations could be sustained by aerodynamic coupling with the vocal folds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 72-sample database of vocal gestures accompanying different acoustical events comprised high-speed cinematographic, audio, and electroglottographic recordings of 5 subjects. Combining the physiological correlates with a theoretical model of phonation, the vocal-ventricular aerodynamic interactions were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A ventricular-fold motion is found during (de)crescendos, shout, throat singing, yodel, growls, and glides with transitions between registers. Three main types of dynamics are identified: slow nonoscillatory motion and fast oscillatory motion with aperiodical or periodical vibrations. These patterns accompany a change in voice quality, pitch, and/or intensity. Alterations of glottal-oscillatory amplitude, frequency, and contact were predicted. It is shown that a ventricular oscillation can be initiated and sustained by aerodynamic coupling with the vocal folds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vocal-ventricular aerodynamic interactions can alter, enhance, or suppress vocal-fold vibrations or leave them unchanged, depending on the ventricular-fold dynamics involved. Depending on its variation in time, a similar level of ventricular-fold adduction impacts the glottal vibratory magnitude and contact much differently.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bailly
authors.forename: Nathalie Henrich
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Bernardoni
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Anna-Katharina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rohlfs
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005931:Glottis / Q000502:physiology; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality / Q000502:physiology