title: Prescriber variation in potentially inappropriate prescribing in older populations in Ireland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care policy-makers look for prescribing indicators at the population level to evaluate the performance of prescribers, improve quality and control drug costs. The aim of this research was to; (i) estimate the level of variation in potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) across prescribers in the national Irish older population using the STOPP criteria; (ii) estimate how reliably the criteria could distinguish between prescribers in terms of their proportion of PIP and; (iii) examine how PIP varies between prescribers and by patient and prescriber characteristics in a multilevel regression model.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,938 general practitioners (GPs) with 338,375 registered patients' ≥70 years were extracted from the Health Service Executive Primary Care Reimbursement Service (HSE-PCRS) pharmacy claims database. HSE-PCRS prescriptions are WHO ATC coded. Demographic data for claimants' and prescribers' are available. Thirty STOPP indicators were applied to prescription claims in 2007. Multilevel logistic regression examined how PIP varied between prescribers and by individual patient and prescriber level variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The unadjusted variation in PIP between prescribers was considerable (median 35%, IQR 30-40%). The STOPP criteria were reliable measures of PIP (average >0.8 reliability). The multilevel regression models found that only the patient level variable, number of different repeat drug classes was strongly associated with PIP (>2 drugs v none; adjusted OR, 4.0; 95% CI 3.7, 4.3). After adjustment for patient level variables the proportion of PIP varied fourfold (0.5 to 2 times the expected proportion) between prescribers but the majority of this variation was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PIP is of concern for all prescribers. Interventions aimed at enhancing appropriateness of prescribing should target patients taking multiple medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland. cacahir@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Caitriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cahir
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fahey
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Teljeur
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000592:standards*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D007494:Ireland; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D019338:Polypharmacy; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence