title: Improvement of gross motor and cognitive abilities by an exercise training program: three case reports.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This work examined the efficacy of an integrated exercise training program (coach and family) in three children with Down syndrome to improve their motor and cognitive abilities, in particular reaction time and working memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The integrated exercise training program was used in three children with Down syndrome, comprising two boys (M1, with a chronological age of 10.3 years and a mental age of 4.7 years; M2, with a chronological age of 14.6 years and a mental age of less than 4 years) and one girl (F1, chronological age 14.0 years and a mental age of less than 4 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvements in gross motor ability scores were seen after the training period. Greater improvements in task reaction time were noted for both evaluation parameters, ie, time and omissions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a close interrelationship between motor and cognitive domains in individuals with atypical development. There is a need to plan intervention programs based on the simultaneous involvement of child and parents and aimed at promoting an active lifestyle in individuals with Down syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Law, Social and Sport Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roccella
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.affiliation: Department of Law, Social and Sport Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pepi
keywords: Down syndrome; cognitive abilities; disability; gross motor abilities; physical activity