title: Reference intervals of spinal mobility measures in normal individuals: the MOBILITY study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish reference intervals (RIs) for spinal mobility measures as recommended for patients with axial spondyloarthritis, and to determine the effect of age, height and gender on spinal mobility, in normal individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study (MOBILITY) was conducted among normal individuals aged 20-69 years. Recruitment was stratified by gender, age (10-year categories) and height (10 cm categories). Eleven spinal mobility measures were assessed. Age specific RIs and percentiles were derived for each measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  393 volunteers were included. All spinal mobility measures decreased with increasing age. Therefore, age specific RIs were developed. The 95% RIs (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles), as well as the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles for each spinal mobility measure and different ages are presented. Mobility percentile curves were also plotted for each of the measures. For instance, the 95% RI for lateral spinal flexion was 16.2-28.0 cm for a 25-year-old subject, 13.2-25.0 cm for a 45-year-old subject and 10.1-21.9 cm for a 65-year-old subject. After adjustment for age, there was no need for gender specific RIs, while RIs of some measures are height-adjusted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age specific RIs and percentiles were derived for each of the spinal mobility measures for normal individuals. These may guide clinicians when assessing the mobility of patients with axial spondyloarthritis. The RIs may serve as cut-off levels for 'normal' versus 'abnormal', whereas the mobility percentile curves may be used to assess the level of mobility of patients with axial spondyloarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramiro
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Tubergen
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stolwijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Désirée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van der Heijde
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistical Science and MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Royston
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Rheumatology, Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landewé
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001827:Body Height; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: epidemiology; outcomes research; spondyloarthritis