title: Drug-induced brugada syndrome in children: clinical features, device-based management, and long-term follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the clinical features, management, and long-term follow-up of children with drug-induced Brugada syndrome (BS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patients with BS <12 years of age with a spontaneous type I electrocardiogram have a higher risk of arrhythmic events. Data on drug-induced BS in patients <12 years of age are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 505 patients with ajmaline-induced BS, subjects ≤12 years of age at the time of diagnosis were considered as children and eligible for this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty children (60% male; age 8 ± 2.8 years) were included. Twenty-four children (60%) had a family history of sudden death. Two (5%) had a previous episode of aborted sudden death, and 8 (20%) had syncope. Children experienced more frequent episodes of sinus node dysfunction (SND) compared with older subjects (7.5% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.04) and had a comparable incidence of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Children more frequently experienced episodes of ajmaline-induced sustained ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) compared with older patients (10.0% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.005). Twelve children (30%) received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). After a mean follow-up time of 83 ± 51 months, none of the children died suddenly. Spontaneous sustained VAs were documented in 1 child (2%). Among children with ICD, 1 (8%) experienced an appropriate shock, 4 (33%) had inappropriate ICD shocks, and 4 (33%) experienced device-related complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug-induced BS is associated with atrial arrhythmias and SND. Children are at higher risk of ajmaline-induced VAs. The rate of device-related complications, leading to lead replacement or inappropriate shocks, is considerable and even higher than with appropriate interventions. Based on these findings, the optimal management of BS in childhood should remain individualized, taking into consideration the patient's clinical history and family's wishes.
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: giulioconte.cardio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dewals
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sieira
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Asmundis
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciconte
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gian-Battista
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Chierchia
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Giovanni
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Giannis
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baltogiannis
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Moises
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levinstein
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Surgery Department, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: La Meir
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Surgery Department, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wellens
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pappaert
authors.affiliation: Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brugada
mesh_terms: D000404:Ajmaline / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053840:Brugada Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000639:trends*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000404:Ajmaline
keywords: Brugada syndrome; ajmaline; children; sudden death