title: Bringing the cognitive estimation task into the 21st century: normative data on two new parallel forms.
abstract: The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) is widely used by clinicians and researchers to assess the ability to produce reasonable cognitive estimates. Although several studies have published normative data for versions of the CET, many of the items are now outdated and parallel forms of the test do not exist to allow cognitive estimation abilities to be assessed on more than one occasion. In the present study, we devised two new 9-item parallel forms of the CET. These versions were administered to 184 healthy male and female participants aged 18-79 years with 9-22 years of education. Increasing age and years of education were found to be associated with successful CET performance as well as gender, intellect, naming, arithmetic and semantic memory abilities. To validate that the parallel forms of the CET were sensitive to frontal lobe damage, both versions were administered to 24 patients with frontal lobe lesions and 48 age-, gender- and education-matched controls. The frontal patients' error scores were significantly higher than the healthy controls on both versions of the task. This study provides normative data for parallel forms of the CET for adults which are also suitable for assessing frontal lobe dysfunction on more than one occasion without practice effects.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: MacPherson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela Peretti
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozzali
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Psicologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cipolotti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Cognitive Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shallice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000266:history*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult