title: The development and initial validation of the narrative foreclosure scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As people grow older, identity development in later life becomes a more and more relevant topic. Studying processes that hinder or promote identity development in later life is of importance. Within this broader field, there has been a growing interest in narrative foreclosure. Our goal was to develop a short, reliable and easy-to-use instrument measuring narrative foreclosure and to validate this instrument in two samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  The narrative foreclosure scale (NFS) was validated in two studies with a sample of middle-aged adults (n = 319) and a sample with older adults (n = 174). Several analyses were conducted to assess the psychometric properties, the factor-structure and incremental validity of the scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analyses generally showed an acceptable fit of the two-factor (NF-Future and NF-Past) model to the data in both samples. Both factors of the NFS demonstrated adequate to good internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from .79 for NF-Past in study 2 to .88 for NF-Future in study 1. Construct validity was good as shown by moderate to large correlations to related constructs. The scale adds a unique portion of explained variance to positive mental health, thereby showing the incremental validity of the NFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reliable scale is now available that allows to study the premature hindering of identity development in older populations. The use of the NFS as a process measure in studies on the effectiveness of interventions aiming at meaning making and identity development, such as life-review therapy and narrative therapy, is also recommended.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology, Health & Technology , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ernst T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Bohlmeijer
authors.forename: Gerben J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Westerhof
authors.forename: Sanne M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lamers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007207:Individuation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D033262:Narration; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010553:Personality Development; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
keywords: mental health measures; positive psychology; quality of life/well-being