title: Cellular and molecular tissue response to triple antibiotic intracanal dressing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to characterize the response of mouse subcutaneous tissue to triple antibiotic paste (TAP) using conventional light microscopy and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Polyethylene tubes containing TAP or calcium hydroxide (CH) (ie, the control group) were implanted in mouse subcutaneous tissue. Animals that received empty tubes or no tubes were used as additional controls. After periods of 7, 21, and 63 days postimplantation, the specimens were removed and subjected to histologic processing. The number of inflammatory cells and vessels, vessel areas, vascular density, and relative percentage of collagen were evaluated. Gene expression of proinflammatory (interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 17) and anti-inflammatory (transforming growth factor beta) cytokines and angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha) was quantified by 7 and 21 days postimplantation. Results were analyzed using the Student t test, analysis of variance, and the Tukey test (α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TAP induced an exuberant inflammatory and angiogenic response, with higher numbers of inflammatory cells, higher vascular area and density, and lower relative percentage of collagen compared with CH. In general, the expression of genes involved in inflammation and angiogenesis was higher in the TAP group compared with animals that received CH or empty tubes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The response of mouse subcutaneous tissue to TAP was characterized by exuberant and persistent inflammatory and angiogenic responses with no repair and high gene expression of biomarkers associated with inflammation and angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Preventive and Community Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Alfenas Dentistry School, University José Rosário Vellano, Unifenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maristela Soares Swerts
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Deceased.
authors.forename: Marcos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analyzes, Toxixology and Food Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Pharmaceutical Sciences School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina Ribeiro
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Santana
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Preventive and Community Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Léa Assed
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bezerra da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milton Carlos
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kuga
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: giselefaria@foar.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Gisele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faria
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003094:Collagen / Q000187:drug effects; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse; D008795:Metronidazole; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D003094:Collagen; D008911:Minocycline; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide
keywords: Biocompatibility; calcium hydroxide; intracanal dressing; triple antibiotic paste