title: Titanium dioxide nanoparticle impact and translocation through ex vivo, in vivo and in vitro gut epithelia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  TiO2 particles are commonly used as dietary supplements and may contain up to 36% of nano-sized particles (TiO2-NPs). Still impact and translocation of NPs through the gut epithelium is poorly documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that, in vivo and ex vivo, agglomerates of TiO2-NPs cross both the regular ileum epithelium and the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and alter the paracellular permeability of the ileum and colon epithelia. In vitro, they accumulate in M-cells and mucus-secreting cells, much less in enterocytes. They do not cause overt cytotoxicity or apoptosis. They translocate through a model of FAE only, but induce tight junctions remodeling in the regular ileum epithelium, which is a sign of integrity alteration and suggests paracellular passage of NPs. Finally we prove that TiO2-NPs do not dissolve when sequestered up to 24 h in gut cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together these data prove that TiO2-NPs would possibly translocate through both the regular epithelium lining the ileum and through Peyer's patches, would induce epithelium impairment, and would persist in gut cells where they would possibly induce chronic damage.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Frédérick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barreau
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veronesi
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fayard
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sorieul
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chanéac
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carapito
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rabilloud
authors.forename: Aloïse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mabondzo
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herlin-Boime
authors.affiliation: Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC, SCIB, F-38000, Grenoble, France 14 CEA, INAC, SCIB, F-38054 Grenoble, France. marie.carriere@cea.fr.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrière
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D051379:Mice; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013535:Suspensions; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D056928:X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D013535:Suspensions; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium