title: Temporal bone changes in patients with Goldenhar syndrome with special emphasis on inner ear abnormalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Goldenhar syndrome is a developmental disorder presenting with orofacial and vertebral anomalies, which are also accompanied by abnormalities in other organs. We examined temporal bone changes with special emphasis on inner ear abnormalities in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 7 new cases in addition to a previously published series of 14 cases with clinically diagnosed Goldenhar syndrome was carried out to search for inner ear anomalies. In addition, temporal bone imaging studies from the literature were summarized and compared with our results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Departments of Neuroradiology and Otorhinolaryngology at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  In addition to the previous series of 14 patients, 7 new patients with Goldenhar syndrome were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients underwent otologic examination, audiometric studies, and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporal bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temporal bone changes and specifically inner ear malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen of 21 patients showed changes of the external and middle ear correlating with the literature. Seven of 21 patients showed inner ear abnormalities constituting one-third of all patients. These ranged from mild such as vestibular enlargement to severe defects such as cochlear hypoplasia and common cavity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inner ear abnormalities were present in one-third of patients. Although in some cases, these might not be of clinical significance, some patients show severe defects of the inner ear requiring more complex hearing loss therapy. Therefore, imaging of the temporal bone structures is important in the care of these patients.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3; and †Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hennersdorf
authors.forename: Natascha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Friese
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löwenheim
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tropitzsch
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ernemann
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bisdas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006053:Goldenhar Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D046089:Hearing Loss, Mixed Conductive-Sensorineural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology