title: Measuring and modelling seasonal patterns of carbohydrate storage and mobilization in the trunks and root crowns of peach trees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Developing a conceptual and functional framework for simulating annual long-term carbohydrate storage and mobilization in trees has been a weak point for virtually all tree models. This paper provides a novel approach for solving this problem using empirical field data and details of structural components of simulated trees to estimate the total carbohydrate stored over a dormant season and available for mobilization during spring budbreak.
  
  
  METHODS
  The seasonal patterns of mobilization and storage of non-structural carbohydrates in bark and wood of the scion and rootstock crowns of the trunks of peach (Prunus persica) trees were analysed subsequent to treatments designed to maximize differences in source-sink behaviour during the growing season. Mature peach trees received one of three treatments (defruited and no pruning, severe pruning to 1·0 m, and unthinned with no pruning) in late winter, just prior to budbreak. Selected trees of each treatment were harvested at four times (March, June, August and November) and slices of trunk and root crown tissue above and below the graft union were removed for carbohydrate analysis. Inner bark and xylem tissues from the first to fifth rings were separated and analysed for non-structural carbohydrates. Data from these experiments were then used to estimate the amount of non-structural carbohydrates available for mobilization and to parameterize a carbohydrate storage sub-model in the functional-structural L-PEACH model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mass fraction of carbohydrates in all sample tissues decreased from March to June, but the decrease was greatest in the severely pruned and unthinned treatments. November carbohydrate mass fractions in all tissues recovered to values similar to those in the previous March, except in the older xylem rings of the severely pruned and unthinned treatment. Carbohydrate storage sink capacity in trunks was empirically estimated from the mean maximum measured trunk non-structural carbohydrate mass fractions. The carbohydrate storage source available for mobilization was estimated from these maximum mass fractions and the early summer minimum mass fractions remaining in these tissues in the severe treatments that maximized mobilization of stored carbohydrates. The L-PEACH sink-source carbohydrate distribution framework was then used along with simulated tree structure to successfully simulate annual carbohydrate storage sink and source behaviour over years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sink-source concept of carbohydrate distribution within a tree was extended to include winter carbohydrate storage and spring mobilization by considering the storage sink and source as a function of the collective capacity of active xylem and phloem tissue of the tree, and its annual behaviour was effectively simulated using the L-PEACH functional-structural plant model.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: Liangchun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeBuse
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: DeJong
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005638:Fruit / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D052585:Phloem / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D027861:Prunus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012621:Seasons; D014934:Wood / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D052584:Xylem / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism