title: Effect of different preventive agents on bracket shear bond strength: in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of fluoride and CPP-ACP before bracket bonding on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets have been reported with contradicting results. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of different preventive agents namely; casein phosphopeptide-amorphous-calcium-phosphate (CPP-ACP), fluoride-containing-CPP-ACP (CPP-ACPF) and 5% sodium fluoride (5% NaF), on the enamel-bracket shear bond strength (SBS) and to compare their effects when applied before or after acid-etching.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human premolar teeth were randomly divided into seven groups (16 teeth per group) as follows: the control group, where no preventive agent was applied on the enamel and 6 experimental groups. Teeth in groups 1a, 2a, and 3a were treated with CPP-ACP paste, CPP-ACPF paste, and 5% NaF, respectively before acid-etching. Teeth in groups 1b, 2b and 3b were treated using the same preventive agents after acid-etching. The brackets were then bonded and the teeth were thermocycled. The brackets' SBS was measured and the adhesive remnant was assessed using adhesive remnant index (ARI). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were performed to compare the SBS among different groups. Chi-square test was used to evaluate differences in ARI scores between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enamel surface treatment with CPP-ACPF after acid-etching significantly increased SBS compared to the control and to its application before acid-etching (P < 0.05). Higher ARI index was recorded when the preventive agents were applied after acid-etching.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brackets' SBS significantly increased when fluoride-containing-CPP-ACP was applied after acid-etching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. hkawari@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Huda M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Kawari
authors.forename: Asma M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Jobair
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000268:Adhesiveness; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D002364:Caseins; D003188:Composite Resins; D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; C516047:Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive Primer; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides