title: High-dose transdermal nicotine replacement for tobacco cessation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The safety and efficacy of high-dose transdermal nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT) for the treatment of tobacco-use cessation were reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal nicotine doses of 7, 14, and 21 mg daily are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in tobacco cessation. However, studies have suggested that these doses are more adequate for people who smoke fewer than 20 cigarettes per day. A literature search was conducted to identify English-language studies that evaluated the use of transdermal nicotine doses of ≥42 mg daily. A total of 11 articles were identified, representing 10 separate trials. In terms of safety, the majority of the trials had no reports of serious adverse events related to transdermal NRT at doses of ≥42 mg daily. A dose-response relationship with adverse events occurred in most trials. In terms of efficacy, a numerically higher abstinence rate was achieved with high-dose transdermal NRT in all trials but 1. However, none of the studies showed significant differences in final abstinence rates at follow-up. Some reasons why statistical significance was not achieved in these trials may be related to the limitations of these trials, such as their small samples and the lack of a power calculation. A more robust trial is needed to support higher nicotine transdermal doses in tobacco cessation and to help elucidate which patient population would be most suitable for their use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The safety and efficacy of high-dose transdermal NRT for tobacco cessation have not been established in the medical literature.
authors.affiliation: Laurie Brokowski, Pharm.D., is Drug Information Facility Program Manager; Jiahui Chen, Pharm.D., is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist; and Sara Tanner, Pharm.D., is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Veterans Affairs Northern Indiana Health Care System, Marion.
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brokowski
authors.forename: Jiahui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanner
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine