title: Ripping improves tree survival and growth on unused reclaimed mined lands.
abstract: There is renewed interest in re-establishing trees on 0.6 million ha of mining-disturbed lands in the Appalachian mountains of Eastern United States. Many coal-mined lands reclaimed to meet requirements of US federal law have thick herbaceous vegetation and compacted soils which impede tree establishment. Mitigation practices were applied on three mine sites and evaluated for success in enabling planted trees to become established. Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), hybrid poplar (Populus deltoids × Populus trichocarpa), and mixed Appalachian hardwoods were established using weed control only and weed control with subsoil ripping. Trees were measured in October of 2008 after 5 years of growth. Subsoil ripping increased mixed hardwood survival from 43 to 71%, hybrid poplar biomass index from 1.51 to 8.97 Mg ha(-1), and Eastern white pine biomass index from 0.10 to 0.32 Mg ha(-1). When restoring trees to unused mined sites, subsoil ripping can aid survival and growth to an extent that will result in a valuable forest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Smyth Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA, cfj@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Fields-Johnson
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Zipper
mesh_terms: D001061:Appalachian Region; D018533:Biomass; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D008906:Mining; D028223:Pinus / Q000254:growth & development; D032107:Populus / Q000254:growth & development; D012987:Soil; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D012987:Soil