title: Proteomic identification of differentially expressed proteins during the acquisition of somatic embryogenesis in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.).
abstract: In the present study we have identified and characterized the proteins expressed during different developmental stages of Elaeis guineensis calli obtained from zygotic embryos. We were interested in the possible proteomic changes that would occur during the acquisition of somatic embryogenesis and therefore samples were collected from zygotic embryos (E1), swollen explants 14days (E2) in induction medium, primary callus (E3), and pro-embryogenic callus (E4). The samples were grinded in liquid nitrogen, followed by total protein extraction using phenol and extraction buffer. Proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and the differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS and MS/MS). Interestingly, we have identified proteins, which can be used as potential candidates for future studies aiming at the development of biomarkers for embryogenesis acquisition and for the different stages leading to pro-embryogenic callus formation such as type IIIa membrane protein cp-wap13, fructokinase and PR proteins. The results obtained shed some light on the biochemical events involved in the process of somatic embryogenesis of E. guineensis obtained from zygotic embryos. The use of stage-specific protein markers can help monitor cell differentiation and contribute to improve the protocols for successfully cloning the species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the fate and dynamics of cells and tissues during callus formation is essential to understand totipotency and the mechanisms involved during acquisition of somatic embryogenesis (SE). In this study we have investigated the early stages of somatic embryogenesis induction in oil palm and have identified potential markers as well as proteins potentially involved in embryogenic competence acquisition. The use of these proteins can help improve tissue culture protocols in order to increase regeneration rates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Environmental and structural proteomics.
authors.affiliation: PPGBIOTEC, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, CEP 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael de Carvalho
authors.initials: Rde C
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Av. W5 Norte Final, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lilian Silveira Travassos
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Carmo
authors.affiliation: PPGBOT, Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasilia, CEP 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zanderluce Gomes
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Luis
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Av. W5 Norte Final, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciano Paulino
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Av. W5 Norte Final, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil; PPGBOT, Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasilia, CEP 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil. Electronic address: jonny.pereira@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Jonny Everson
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Scherwinski-Pereira
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Av. W5 Norte Final, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil. Electronic address: angela.mehta@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D028023:Arecaceae / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D058439:Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Arecaceae; Embryogenic callus; Micropropagation; Protein expression analysis