title: Effective reassurance in primary care of low back pain: what messages from clinicians are most beneficial at early stages?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Effective reassurance of patients reporting symptoms, for which no clear etiological origin is available, is one of the most important challenges in the early phases of nonspecific back pain. However, there is a lack of empirical studies on the effects of reassurance and, also, the effects shown were small. Improvements are needed with respect to the process of physician-patient interaction and to the methods used by the physician.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provide a short narrative review of the literature with special reference to affective and cognitive communication, based on a systematic review of 16 studies. We further consider recent evidence in the prognosis of low back pain, the role of physical activity, and subgroups-based individual differences in pain coping, questioning the information basis of reassurance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 2-process model of affective and cognitive reassurance was supported. Recovery improved in a combination of communication of empathy with cognitive reassurance, giving concrete information and instructions. In terms of information, recent research indicate that a substantial percentage of patients do not recover within the first year after onset of back pain. Further, very low and high levels of physical activity are associated with pain and disability, associated with cognitive and behavioral pain coping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reassurance of patients in early phases of persistent back pain might improve from affective and cognitive parts of communication and individually tailored information. Subgroup differences with respect to different prognosis, associated patterns of adaptive or maladaptive pain coping, and levels of health-promoting versus harmful physical activity should be considered more carefully.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany †Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK.
authors.forename: Monika I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hasenbring
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pincus
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D004645:Empathy; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations