title: Thromboelastographic phenotypes of fibrinogen and its variants: clinical and non-clinical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thromboelastography (TEG), a widely used clinical point of care coagulation test, is poorly understood. To investigate its fibrin determinants we used normal and variant fibrinogen isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We focused mainly on the TEG maximum signal amplitude (MA), a shear modulus and clot stiffness indicator. Isolates included normal des-αC, cord, and abnormal congenital variants with amino acid substitutions or deletions that impaired fibrin polymerization. Heterophenotypic congenital isolates were from cryoprecipitate-depleted plasma owing to their more diminished clot MA than their cryoprecipitate counterparts. By colorimetric assay, the amount of fibrinogen adsorbed by untreated TEG cups was 83.5±12.4 pM/cm(2), n=18. Thrombin-induced clots were obtained at pH6.4 or 7.4, the latter containing 8mM CaCl2, and 14% afibrinogenemic plasma with and without gel-sieved platelets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measured by the water droplet contact angle, >90% reduction of surface hydrophobicity by exposure of TEG cup and pin to ozone plasma decreased MA by 74%. Increasing normal fibrinogen or thrombin concentrations progressively increased MA. Platelets increased MA further ~2 fold, except for ≥10 fold for des-αC clots. Examined in the absence of platelets, MA of heterophenotypic fibrin variants averaged 21%, n=15. The results imply that essential MA determinants include hydrophobic fibrinogen/fibrin adsorption and each polymerization contact site, with substantial enhancement by platelets. Also, cryoprecipitate-harvested soluble fibrinogen/fibrin complexes contained mostly normal molecules, while cryoprecipitate-depleted plasma contained mostly variant molecules. Moreover, significantly decreased MA by fibrinogen anomalies and/or low level thrombin generation can potentially impact clinical interpretation of MA.
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA. Electronic address: dennis.galanakis@stonybrookmedicine.edu.
authors.forename: Dennis K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Galanakis
authors.affiliation: Division of Med. Genetics, University Med. Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neerman-Arbez
authors.affiliation: Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, NZ.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafailovich
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hyder
authors.affiliation: University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Oreanthi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Travlou
authors.affiliation: Papaioanou Hospital, Salonika, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Marilyn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Manco-Johnson
authors.affiliation: University of CA, Irvine.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henschen
authors.affiliation: Universtatskliniken, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Scharrer
mesh_terms: D000347:Afibrinogenemia / Q000097:blood; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D013916:Thrombelastography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005337:Fibrin; D005340:Fibrinogen
keywords: Clot stiffness; Dysfibrinogenemia; Fibrin; Fibrinogen; Hydrophobic fibrinogen/fibrin adsorption; Thromboelastography