title: Effect of energy drinks on the surface texture of nanoflled composite resin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of three energy drinks on the surface roughness of nanoflled composite resins after different periods of aging time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Composite resin disks, 6 mm diameter, 3 mm thickness were prepared from Filtec Z350 XT, Tetric EvoCeram and Filtec Z250 XT. Specimens fr/8om each material were tested after aging with Red Bull, Bison and Power Horse energy drinks and distilled water as a control. Specimens were stored at 37°C in dark containers for 1, 3 and 6 months. Surface roughness Ra was assessed using a surface scanning interferometry before and after each storage period. Surface roughness differences ΔRa and Ra among specimens were measured. Mean values were statistically analyzed using multiple repeated measured (ANOVA), variance and multiple comparisons of the mean values were done with Bonferroni test, with p < 0.05 as signifcance level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surface roughness degradation change ΔRa and Ra value before and after occurred by Red Bull, Bison and Power Horse energy drinks was signifcantly different for all tested materials at all three times p < 0.05. All specimens showed increase in surface roughness changes after aging periods of 1, 3 and 6 months. The highest total surface roughness difference ΔRa and Ra was found in the Red Bull group after 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Energy drinks used in this study had surface degradation effect on the tested composite resin materials. The surface roughness increased with aging time however, it was clinically acceptable in all test groups after 6 months. The effect of energy drinks solutions on the surface roughness parameter of resin composites depends on type of solution and its acidity contents.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor and Consultant, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 43353, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, e-mail: kalsamadani@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Khalid H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Al-Samadani
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007368:Interferometry; D008422:Materials Testing; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C444701:Filtek Z250; C501891:Tetric EvoCeram; C533204:filtek Z350; D014867:Water