title: Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions with fluorescent, colloidal and magnetic properties.
abstract: Bimodal imaging agents that combine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nearinfrared (NIR) imaging formulated as nanoemulsions became increasingly popular for imaging inflammation in vivo. Quality of in vivo imaging using nanoemulsions is directly dependent on their integrity and stability. Here we report the design of nanoemulsions for bimodal imaging, where both photostability and colloidal stability are equally addressed. A highly chemically and photo stable quaterrylenediimide dye was introduced into perfluoro-15-crown-5 ether (PCE) nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions were prepared with PCE and Miglyol 812N mixed at 1:1 v/v ratio as internal phase stabilized by non-ionic surfactants. Data shows exceptional colloidal stability demonstrated as unchanged droplet size (~130 nm) and polydispersity (<0.15) after 182 days follow up at both 4 and 25 °C. Nanoemulsions also sustained the exposure to mechanical and temperature stress, and prolonged exposure to light without changes in droplet size, (19)F signal or fluorescence signal. No toxicity was observed in vitro in model inflammatory cells upon 24 h exposure while confocal microscopy showed that nanoemulsions droplets accumulated in the cytoplasm. Overall, our data demonstrates that design of bimodal imaging agents requires consideration of stability of each imaging component and that of the nanosystem as a whole to achieve excellent imaging performance.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA. Electronic address: janjicj@duq.edu.
authors.forename: Jelena M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Janjic
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
authors.forename: Pin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The First Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
authors.forename: Shaojuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
authors.forename: Sravan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA. Electronic address: baim@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Mingfeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
keywords: Cell viability; Confocal microscopy; Fluorescence; Fluorocarbon; Macrophage; Nanoparticle