title: Influence of diet, menstruation and genetic factors on iron status: a cross-sectional study in Spanish women of childbearing age.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the combined influence of diet, menstruation and genetic factors on iron status in Spanish menstruating women (n = 142). Dietary intake was assessed by a 72-h detailed dietary report and menstrual blood loss by a questionnaire, to determine a Menstrual Blood Loss Coefficient (MBLC). Five selected SNPs were genotyped: rs3811647, rs1799852 (Tf gene); rs1375515 (CACNA2D3 gene); and rs1800562 and rs1799945 (HFE gene, mutations C282Y and H63D, respectively). Iron biomarkers were determined and cluster analysis was performed. Differences among clusters in dietary intake, menstrual blood loss parameters and genotype frequencies distribution were studied. A categorical regression was performed to identify factors associated with cluster belonging. Three clusters were identified: women with poor iron status close to developing iron deficiency anemia (Cluster 1, n = 26); women with mild iron deficiency (Cluster 2, n = 59) and women with normal iron status (Cluster 3, n = 57). Three independent factors, red meat consumption, MBLC and mutation C282Y, were included in the model that better explained cluster belonging (R2 = 0.142, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the combination of high red meat consumption, low menstrual blood loss and the HFE C282Y mutation may protect from iron deficiency in women of childbearing age. These findings could be useful to implement adequate strategies to prevent iron deficiency anemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain. ruth.blanco@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blanco-Rojo
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain. laura.toxqui@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toxqui
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Health Legislation, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain. amlopezparra@med.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: López-Parra
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Health Legislation, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain. cbaezaricher@med.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baeza-Richer
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain. granados@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pérez-Granados
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Health Legislation, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain. earroyopardo@med.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arroyo-Pardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain. mpvaquero@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vaquero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008598:Menstruation / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013030:Spain; D014168:Transferrin / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C531012:CACNA2D3 protein, human; D015220:Calcium Channels; C103673:HFE protein, human; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014168:Transferrin; D007501:Iron