title: Palmitic acid in the sn-2 position decreases glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in healthy adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing palmitic acid in the sn-2 position might impair insulin release and increase plasma glucose. We tested this hypothesis by comparing postprandial responses to fats with varying proportions of palmitic acid in the sn-2 position.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a crossover-designed randomized controlled trial in healthy men (n=25) and women (n=25), we compared four meals on postprandial changes in glucose (primary outcome), insulin, C-peptide, glucose, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and polypeptide YY (PYY) concentrations. The meals provided 14 g protein, 85 g carbohydrate and 50 g test fat, supplied as high oleic sunflower (HOS) oil (control), palm olein (PO), interesterified palm olein (IPO) and lard containing 0.6, 9.2, 39.1 and 70.5 mol% palmitic acid at sn-2, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide response between meals were found. GIP release was lower (P<0.001) for IPO and lard compared with HOS and PO meals; the maximal increments (geometric mean and 95% confidence interval) for HOS, PO, IPO and lard were 515 (468, 569), 492 (448, 540), 398 (350, 452) and 395 (364, 429) ng/l, respectively. There was a trend for the postprandial increase in PYY to be lower in women on the IPO and lard meals than those on the HOS and PO meals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary TAGs with an increased proportion of palmitic acid in the sn-2 position do not have acute adverse effects on the insulin and glucose response to meals in healthy men and women, but they decrease GIP release.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filippou
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.affiliation: NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mensink
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: T A B
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D014280:Triglycerides; D019894:Peptide YY; D019301:Oleic Acid; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; C029310:lard