title: Translation and validation of a Nepalese version of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetic Questionnaire (PIDAQ).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and valid Nepali version of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetic Questionnaire (PIDAQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional descriptive validation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rigorous translation process including conceptual and semantic evaluation, translation, back translation and pre-testing was carried out. Two hundred and fifty-two undergraduates, including equal numbers of males and females with an age ranging from 18 to 29 years (mean age: 22·33±2·114 years), participated in this study. Reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the coefficient of correlation was used to assess correlation between items and test-retest reliability. The construct validity was tested by factorial analysis. Convergent construct validity was tested by comparison of PIDAQ scores with the aesthetic component of the index of orthodontic treatment needs (IOTN-AC) and perception of occlusion scale (POS), respectively. Discriminant construct validity was assessed by differences in score for those who demand treatment and those who did not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 100%. One hundred and twenty-three individuals had a demand for orthodontic treatment. The Nepali PIDAQ had excellent reliability with Cronbach's alpha of 0·945, corrected item correlation between 0·525 and 0·790 and overall test-retest reliability of 0·978. The construct validity was good with formation of a new sub-domain 'Dental self-consciousness'. The scale had good correlation with IOTN-AC and POS fulfilling convergent construct validity. The discriminant construct validity was proved by significant differences in scores for subjects with demand and without demand for treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To conclude, Nepali version of PIDAQ has good psychometric properties and can be used effectively in this population group for further research.
authors.affiliation: V. P. Singh, Department of Orthodontics, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal varundc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Varun Pratap
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Rajkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061326:Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000523:psychology*; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009390:Nepal; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dental aesthetics; psychological; reliability; validity