title: Caffeine intake from all sources in adolescents and young adults in Austria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of caffeine intake as part of the risk assessment of caffeine in adolescents and young adults aged 14-39 years from foods, beverages and drugs, and to identify the main contributors to caffeine intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of caffeine intake by a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire including all caffeine-containing foods and beverages based on laboratory analysis of caffeine content and caffeine-containing drugs in a cross-sectional study design in a sample of 700 subjects (353 men and 347 women) designed to be representative for the Austrian population in respect to an age of 14-39 years and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The caffeine intake of the total sample on average was 357±400 mg per day (5.3±6.0 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day) with a median intake of 259 mg per day (3.7 mg/kg bw per day) and intakes at the 95th percentile of 957 mg per day (14.5 mg/kg bw per day). Major contributors to caffeine intake were coffee (60.8%), energy drinks (11.9%) and colas (9.5%). Caffeine intake based on kilogram bw was significantly higher for subjects aged 26-39 years compared with subjects aged 14-17 years and 18-25 years (P=0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The highest potential for the reduction in caffeine intake is by reducing coffee consumption; the elimination of any other caffeine source would not result in substantial decreases in caffeine intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faerbinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koenig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001317:Austria; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D003069:Coffee; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000032:analysis*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine