title: Establishment of fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Bionectria ochroleuca (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as endophytes on artichoke Cynara scolymus.
abstract: Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are commonly found in diverse habitats and are known to cause mycoses in many different taxa of arthropods. Various unexpected roles have been recently reported for fungal entomopathogens, including their presence as fungal endophytes, plant disease antagonists, rhizosphere colonizers and plant growth promoting fungi. In Tunisia, a wide range of indigenous EPF isolates from different species, such as Beauveria bassiana and Bionectria ochroleuca, were found to occur in the soil, and to be pathogenic against the artichoke aphid Capitophorus elaeagni (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Since endophytic fungi are recently regarded as plant-defending mutualists and their presence in internal plant tissue has been discussed as an adaptive protection against insects, we were interested on elucidating the possible endophytic behavior of B. bassiana and B. ochroleuca on artichoke, Cynara scolymus, after foliar spraying tehcnique. The leaf spray inoculation method was effective in introducing the inoculated fungi into the plant tissues and showed, then, an endophytic activity on artichoke even 10 days later. According S-N-K test, there was significant differences between the two fungal treatments, B. ochroleuca (84% a) and B. bassiana (78% a), and controls (0% b). Likewise, the inoculated entomopathogenic fungi were also isolated from new leaves even though with significant differences respectively between controls (0% c), B. bassiana (56% b) and B. ochroleuca (78% a). These results reveals significant new data on the interaction of inoculated fungi with artichoke plant as ecological roles that can be exploited for the protection of plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biologic Science and Plant Protection, UR 04AGRO4: Invertébrés, Microorganismes, Malherbes nuisibles: Méthodes Alternatives de lutte, The Higher Institute of Agronomic Sciences of Chott-Mariem, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia. Electronic address: j.guesmi.jouini@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guesmi-Jouini
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4 'Celestino Mutis', Cordoba 14071, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garrido-Jurado
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4 'Celestino Mutis', Cordoba 14071, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Díaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biologic Science and Plant Protection, UR 04AGRO4: Invertébrés, Microorganismes, Malherbes nuisibles: Méthodes Alternatives de lutte, The Higher Institute of Agronomic Sciences of Chott-Mariem, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ben Halima-Kamel
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Building C4 'Celestino Mutis', Cordoba 14071, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quesada-Moraga
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota; D052982:Beauveria; D031943:Cynara scolymus / Q000382:microbiology*; D060026:Endophytes; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Artichoke; Beauveria bassiana; Bionectria ochroleuca; Endophytes