title: Low seroprevalence of systemic cysticercosis among patients with epilepsy in Kerala--South India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is considered to be rare in Kerala state, India, although it is an important cause of epilepsy in many other parts of India. Our objective was to test this notion by determining the seroprevalence of cysticercosis (CC) in an unselected sample of persons with epilepsy and comparing it to that of persons without epilepsy living in Kerala.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with active epilepsy (AE) who had never resided outside Kerala state for more than one month and were attending our center for epilepsy care constituted the cases. Sex-matched persons without epilepsy who had never resided outside Kerala state for more than one month constituted the controls. The demographic details, occupation, and food habits (for the cases and controls), as well as clinical characteristics and imaging (for cases only) were recorded. Sera separated from blood drawn by venipuncture from the cases and controls were assayed for cysticercal antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 80 persons with AE, 12 were seropositive for cysticercus antibodies (15%; 95% CI: 8.8-24.4); among the 68 controls, 7 were seropositive (10.3%; 95% CI: 5.1-19.8). The odds ratio (OR) for seropositivity in the epilepsy group (1.54) was not statistically significant (95% CI: 0.6-4.2). Among the 69 patients who had a brain computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), none had features diagnostic of NCC. Gender, diet (vegetarian vs non-vegetarian, consumption of raw vegetables), drinking water status (clean vs unclean), residence (rural vs urban), exposure to manure, and animal rearing including pigs did not have any association with seropositivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the residents of Kerala, most epilepsy is not related to cysticercosis.
authors.affiliation: Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India.
authors.forename: Ajith
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cherian
authors.affiliation: Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India.
authors.forename: U K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Syam
authors.affiliation: Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sreevidya
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oommen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Vedantam
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rajshekhar
authors.affiliation: Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India.
authors.forename: Kurupath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India. Electronic address: sanjeev.v.thomas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sanjeev V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020019:Neurocysticercosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth
keywords: Active epilepsy; Kerala state; Neurocysticercosis; Seroprevalence; Tape worm disease