title: Multilocus microsatellite typing reveals a genetic relationship but, also, genetic differences between Indian strains of Leishmania tropica causing cutaneous leishmaniasis and those causing visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leishmaniases are divided into cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In the Old World, CL is caused by Leishmania (L.) major, L. tropica and L. aethiopica. L. tropica can also visceralize and cause VL. In India, the large epidemics of VL are caused by L. donovani and cases of CL are caused by L. major and L. tropica. However, strains of L. tropica have also been isolated from Indian cases of VL.This study was done to see if Indian strains of L. tropica isolated from human cases of CL are genetically identical to or different from Indian strains of L. tropica isolated from human cases of VL and to see if any genetic differences found correlated with clinical outcome presenting as either CL or VL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT), employing 12 independent genetic markers specific to L. tropica, was used to characterize and identify eight strains of L. tropica isolated from human cases of CL examined in clinics in Bikaner City, Rajasthan State, north-west India. Their microsatellite profiles were compared to those of 156 previously typed strains of L. tropica from various geographical locations that were isolated from human cases of CL and VL, hyraxes and sand fly vectors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bayesian, distance-based and factorial correspondence analyses revealed two confirmed populations: India/Asia and Israel/Palestine that subdivided, respectively, into two and three subpopulations. A third population, Africa/Galilee, as proposed by Bayesian analysis was not supported by the other applied methods. The strains of L. tropica from Bikaner isolated from human cases of CL fell into one of the subpopulations in the population India/Asia together with strains from other Asian foci. Indian strains isolated from human cases of VL fell into the same sub-population but were not genetically identical to the Bikaner strains of L. tropica.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that the genetic diversity encountered between the two groups of Indian strains is mainly owing to their geographical origins rather than their different times of isolation. Also, the genetic differences seen between the dermatotropic and viscerotropic strains might be connected with the difference in pathogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany. lena.krayter@charite.de.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krayter
authors.forename: Ram A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bumb
authors.forename: Kifaya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Azmi
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wuttke
authors.forename: Mariam D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Lionel F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Schnur
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salotra
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schönian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007895:Leishmania tropica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny