title: Perspectives on molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant strategies in traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently associated with abnormal blood-brain barrier function, resulting in the release of factors that can be used as molecular biomarkers of TBI, among them GFAP, UCH-L1, S100B, and NSE. Although many experimental studies have been conducted, clinical consolidation of these biomarkers is still needed to increase the predictive power and reduce the poor outcome of TBI. Interestingly, several of these TBI biomarkers are oxidatively modified to carbonyl groups, indicating that markers of oxidative stress could be of predictive value for the selection of therapeutic strategies. Some drugs such as corticosteroids and progesterone have already been investigated in TBI neuroprotection but failed to demonstrate clinical applicability in advanced phases of the studies. Dietary antioxidants, such as curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane, have been shown to attenuate TBI-induced damage in preclinical studies. These dietary antioxidants can increase antioxidant defenses via transcriptional activation of NRF2 and are also known as carbonyl scavengers, two potential mechanisms for neuroprotection. This paper reviews the relevance of redox biology in TBI, highlighting perspectives for future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil ; Faculty of Medicine, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), 88137-270 Palhoça, SC, Brazil ; Neurosurgery Service, São José Regional Hospital (HRSJ-HMG), 88103-901 São José, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendes Arent
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Felipe
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Applied Neurosciences Centre (CeNAp) and Department of Medical Clinics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alcir Luiz
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dafre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species