title: First TDCR measurements at low energies using a miniature x-ray tube.
abstract: Developed for radionuclide standardization using liquid scintillation, the Triple to Double Coincidence Ratio (TDCR) method is applied using coincidence counting obtained with a specific three-photomultiplier system. For activity determination, a statistical model of light emission is classically used to establish a relation between the detection efficiency and the experimental TDCR value. At LNE-LNHB, a stochastic approach of the TDCR modeling was developed using the Monte Carlo code Geant4. The interest of this TDCR-Geant4 model is the possibility to simulate the propagation of optical photons from their creation in the scintillation vial to the production of photoelectrons in photomultipliers. As an alternative to the use of radionuclide sources, first TDCR measurements are presented using a miniature x-ray tube closely coupled to the scintillation vial. The objective of this new set-up was to enable low-energy depositions (lower than 20 keV) in liquid scintillator in order to study the influence of both time and geometrical dependence between PMTs already observed with radioactive sources. As for the statistical TDCR model, the non-linearity of light emission is implemented in the TDCR-Geant4 model using the Birks formula which depends on the kB factor and the scintillation yield. Measurements performed with the x-ray tube are extended to the assessment of these parameters and they are tested afterwards in the TDCR-Geant4 model for activity measurements of (3)H.
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; CEA, List, Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Electroniques, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Halter
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiam
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France. Electronic address: christophe.bobin@cea.fr.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bobin
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire Images, Tomographie et Traitements, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chambellan
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chauvenet
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Electroniques, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Electroniques, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Electroniques, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trocmé
authors.affiliation: CEA, List, Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Electroniques, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Woo
keywords: Geant4 simulation code; Radionuclide metrology; TDCR method; X-ray tube