title: An update on new adoptive immunotherapy strategies for solid tumors with cytokine-induced killer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are mainly CD3(+)CD56(+) NKT cells exhibiting non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity against a broad range of tumors. Much research is going on to improve CIK cell effectivity and to evaluate the clinical benefit of different combinations with conventional therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review provides an update on in vitro/in vivo studies and clinical trials applying CIK cells for the treatment of solid tumors. This comprises attempts using additional cytokines, genetic engineering and combinations with different conventional and modern therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since our last review, much effort has been made to improve CIK cell cytotoxicity and clinical effectivity. Targeted CIK cell therapy and combinations of CIK cells with antiangiogenic drugs or oncolytic viruses are examples of recent outstanding achievements in the field of adoptive CIK cell therapy. The clinical application of CIK cells in combination with conventional therapies, especially, obtained promising results. However, the best combination and the optimal therapy schedule have yet to be defined.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) , Bonn , Germany.
authors.forename: Clara E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Jäkel
authors.forename: Ingo G H
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Wolf
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D055612:Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000637:transplantation; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D050504:Oncolytic Viruses
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: NKT cells; adoptive immunotherapy; cytokine-induced killer cells; dendritic cells; solid tumors