title: Evaluation of a systematic approach to pediatric back pain: the utility of magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have suggested that back pain in the majority of pediatric patients does not have an identifiable cause. Many children undergo extensive diagnostic workup that ultimately results in a nonconfirmative diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to (1) describe the prevalence of back pain seen in a pediatric orthopaedic clinic; (2) evaluate the efficacy of a systematic approach dependent on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of pediatric back pain; and (3) analyze sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of various clinical signs and symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  For a 24-month period, all patients that presented with a chief complaint of back pain were prospectively enrolled in this study and evaluated in a systematic approach which utilized MRI for patients with constant pain, night pain, radicular pain, or abnormal neurological examination after an initial history, physical examination, and negative radiographic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of chief complaint of back pain was 8.6% (261/3042 patients). Of the 261 patients, 34% had an identifiable pathology following the systematic approach. In 8.8% of patients, the diagnosis was established with the history, physical examination, and plain radiographs. MRI yielded a definitive diagnosis in another 25% of patients. It is noteworthy that of the 89 patients with a confirmed pathology, 26% were identified with plain radiographs and 74% with MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A systematic approach to diagnose pediatric back pain demonstrated that 34% of pediatric patients that present to an outpatient orthopaedic clinic complaining of back pain will have identifiable pathology. The diagnostic yield increased from 8.8% with the history, physical examination, and plain radiographs to 22% with the TCN Bone Scan to 36% with the use of the MRI. The clinician should be aware that the presences of lumbar pain or constant pain are red flags for the presence of underlying pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III.
authors.affiliation: Hospital de la Concepcion, San German, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bredy
authors.forename: Raul E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Macchiavelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001416:Back Pain; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods