title: Molecular analysis of human metapneumovirus detected in patients with lower respiratory tract infection in upper egypt.
abstract: Introduction. Since 2001, when Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was isolated in the Netherlands, the virus has been detected in several continents. Although reports have confirmed the prevalence of HMPV worldwide, data from Egypt remain limited. HMPV plays an important role in respiratory tract infections in individuals of all ages particularly in children. This study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of HMPV in patients with community-acquired lower respiratory infection in Upper Egypt and characterizing the circulating Egyptian HMPV strains for the first time. Materials and Methods. From 2005 to 2008, respiratory samples from 520 patients were analyzed for the presence of HMPV by real-time RT-PCR. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses were performed on partial fusion gene sequences of HMPV-positive patients. Results. HMPV-positive patients were detected in 2007-2008. The overall infection rate was 4%, while 57% of the patients were children. Sequence analysis demonstrated circulation of subgroup B viruses with predominance of lineage B2. Nucleotide sequence identity within lineage B1 was 98.8%-99.7% and higher than that in lineage B2 (94.3%-100%). Three new amino acid substitutions (T223N, R229K, and D280N) of lineage B2 were observed. Conclusion. HMPV is a major viral pathogen in the Egyptian population especially in children. During 2007-2008, predominantly HMPV B2 circulated in Upper Egypt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Embarek Mohamed
authors.affiliation: National Influenza Center, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2541-1095
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reiche
authors.affiliation: National Influenza Center, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amany G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Thabit
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Badary
authors.affiliation: Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brune
authors.affiliation: National Influenza Center, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Brunhilde
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Osmann