title: Association between polymorphisms in period genes and bone density in postmenopausal Korean women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms in period (PER) genes and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal Korean women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PER1 c.2247C> T and c.2884C> G polymorphisms; the PER2 c.661G> A and c.3731G> A polymorphisms; the PER3 c.2592G> A, c.3029C> T, c.3035C> T, and c.3083T> C polymorphisms, and the 54 bp variable number tandem repeats polymorphism were analyzed in 551 postmenopausal Korean women. Serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, osteoprotegerin, soluble receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand, and bone markers including bone alkaline phosphatase and carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen were measured, and the lumbar spine and femoral neck BMDs were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PER2 c.661G> A, PER3 c.3029C> T and c.3035C> T polymorphisms were not observed. The PER2 and PER3 polymorphisms evaluated were not related to BMD, whereas associations of the c.2247C> T and c.2884C> G polymorphisms in PER1 with the lumbar spine BMD were observed both singly and in combination. The CC haplotype homozygotes showed significantly lower lumbar spine BMD than participants with other genotypes. Additionally, 2.01-fold higher odds for osteoporosis of the lumbar spine were found in the CC haplotype homozygotes compared to women not carrying the haplotype CC allele. No significant differences in bone markers were detected according to the PER1 haplotype genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that both the PER1 c.2247C> T and c.2884C> G polymorphisms may be genetic factors affecting the lumbar spine BMD in postmenopausal Korean women.
authors.affiliation: * Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D015519:Bone Density / Q000235:genetics*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000235:genetics; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000235:genetics*; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D020738:Leptin; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; C539022:PER1 protein, human; C421902:PER2 protein, human; C512644:PER3 protein, human; D010455:Peptides; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: BONE DENSITY; BONE MARKERS; PER; POLYMORPHISM