title: Primary graft dysfunction after liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) causes complications in liver transplantation, which result in poor prognosis. Recipients who develop PGD usually experience a longer intensive care unit and hospital stay and have higher mortality and graft loss rates compared with those without graft dysfunction. However, because of the lack of universally accepted definition, early diagnosis of graft dysfunction is difficult. Additionally, numerous factors affect the allograft function after transplantation, making the prediction of PGD more difficult. The present review was to analyze the literature available on PGD and to propose a definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of PubMed (up to the end of 2012) for English-language articles relevant to PGD was performed to clarify the characteristics, risk factors, and possible treatments or interventions for PGD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is no pathological diagnostic standard; many documented definitions of PGD are different. Many factors, such as donor status, procurement and transplant process and recipient illness may affect the function of graft, and ischemia-reperfusion injury is considered the direct cause. Potential managements which are helpful to improve graft function were investigated. Some of them are promising.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analyses suggested that the definition of PGD should include one or more of the following variables: (1) bilirubin ≥ 10 mg/dL on postoperative day 7; (2) international normalized ratio ≥ 1.6 on postoperative day 7; and (3) alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase >2000 IU/L within 7 postoperative days. Reducing risk factors may decrease the incidence of PGD. A majority of the recipients could recover from PGD; however, when the graft progresses into primary non-function, the patients need to be treated with re-transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver and Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. xumingqing0018@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Bo
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-Qing
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D055031:Primary Graft Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome