title: Animal study assessing safety of an acoustic coupling fluid that holds the potential to avoid surgically induced artifacts in 3D ultrasound guided operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of ultrasound in brain tumor surgery is common. The difference in attenuation between brain and isotonic saline may cause artifacts that degrade the ultrasound images, potentially affecting resection grades and safety. Our research group has developed an acoustic coupling fluid that attenuates ultrasound energy like the normal brain. We aimed to test in animals if the newly developed acoustic coupling fluid may have harmful effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight rats were included for intraparenchymal injection into the brain, and if no adverse reactions were detected, 6 pigs were to be included with injection of the coupling fluid into the subarachnoid space. Animal behavior, EEG registrations, histopathology and immunohistochemistry were used in assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 14 animals were included, 8 rats and 6 pigs. We did not detect any clinical adverse effects, seizure activity on EEG or histopathological signs of tissue damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel acoustic coupling fluid intended for brain tumor surgery appears safe in rats and pigs under the tested circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, St,Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, N-7006, Norway. asgeir.s.jakola@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Asgeir S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jakola
authors.forename: Arve
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Tormod
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Selbekk
authors.forename: Ralf-Peter
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Michler
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Solheim
authors.forename: Sverre H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Torp
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sagberg
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aadahl
authors.forename: Geirmund
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Unsgård
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions