title: Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review.
abstract: Herein we summarize the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We performed a systematic review of the neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of SLE reported in the English literature from 1970 to 2010 by a Medline search. The prevalence of neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations is 3.6% in adult and 1.6% in childhood SLE patients. Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of SLE are highly variable, with the commonest presentation being optic neuritis, followed by myasthenia gravis, visual field defects and pseudotumor cerebri. The underlying pathology was thought to be either SLE activity or its vascular complications. Most neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of SLE are responsive to high-dose glucocorticoids. Anticoagulation is indicated when there is concomitant antiphospholipid syndrome. SLE-related neuromyelitis optica is often refractory to treatment and 92% of patients require multiple immunosuppressive protocols. Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of SLE are uncommon but heterogeneous. The prognosis of neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations in SLE is generally good because of their rapid response to glucocorticoids. Relapses of these manifestations may be reduced by the use of maintenance immunosuppression. Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab can be considered in glucocorticoid-dependent or refractory cases. Anticoagulation is indicated when there is concomitant antiphospholipid syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Bik Ling
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Chi Chiu
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: Yat Pang
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D009157:Myasthenia Gravis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D009902:Optic Neuritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D010956:Plasmapheresis; D011559:Pseudotumor Cerebri / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: lupus; myasthenia; neuro-ophthalmologic; neuromyelitis optica; optic neuritis; pseudotumor cerebri