title: Antibiotic resistance in pediatric urology.
abstract: Antibiotics are a mainstay in the treatment of bacterial infections, though their use is a primary risk factor for the development of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in pediatric urology as demonstrated by increased uropathogen resistance. Lack of urine testing, nonselective use of prophylaxis, and poor empiric prescribing practices exacerbate this problem. This article reviews antibiotic utilization in pediatric urology with emphasis on modifiable practice patterns to potentially help mitigate the growing rates of antibiotic resistance. This includes urine testing to only treat when indicated and tailor broad-spectrum therapy as able; selective application of antibiotic prophylaxis to patients with high-grade vesicoureteral reflux and hydronephrosis with counseling regarding the importance of compliance; and using local antiobiograms, particularly pediatric-specific antiobiograms, with inpatient versus outpatient data.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnasssus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Edlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hillary L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Copp
keywords: antibiogram; antibiotic prophylaxis; antibiotic resistance; patient compliance; pediatrics; treatment outcome; urinary tract infections