title: Study of the retention behavior of iodinated X-ray contrast agents in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, comparing bare silica and zwitterionic stationary phases.
abstract: Iodinated X-ray contrast media are the most widely used pharmaceuticals for intravascular administration in X-ray diagnostic procedures. The increasing concern of the fate of these compounds into the environment has led to the development of analytical methods to determine them. However, these methods present problems due to the polar character of these analytes. In this paper, hydrophilic interaction LC is presented as an alternative technique. The retention of iodinated X-ray contrast media was studied in two bare silica phases with different particle designs (i.e. porous and Fused Core™) and a zwitterionic sulfoalkylbetaine phase. The effect of the most important parameters of the mobile phase was studied for each stationary phase. It was observed that optimal mobile phase conditions included buffers with a high buffering capacity. Additionally, the retention mechanisms involved were studied in order to provide some insight into the possible occurring interactions. The contributions of partition and adsorption and the effect of the temperature on the retention of analytes were evaluated on all of the stationary phases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borrull
authors.forename: Rosa Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Marcé
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fontanals
mesh_terms: D001622:Betaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D001622:Betaine; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; Iodinated X-ray contrast media; Retention mechanisms