title: Amplatzer vascular plugs in congenital cardiovascular malformations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amplatzer vascular plugs (AVPs) are devices ideally suited to close medium-to-large vascular communications. There is limited published literature regarding the utility of AVPs in congenital cardiovascular malformations (CCVMs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the use of AVPs in different CCVMs and to evaluate their safety and efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who required an AVP for the closure of CCVM were included in this retrospective review of our catheterization laboratory data. The efficacy and safety of AVPs are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 39 AVPs were implanted in 31 patients. Thirteen (33%) were AVP type I and 23 (59%) were AVP type II. AVP type III were implanted in two patients and type IV in one patient. The major indications for their use included closure of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (AVM) (n = 7), aortopulmonary collaterals (n = 7), closure of a patent Blalock-Taussig shunt (n = 5), systemic AVM (n = 5), coronary AVM (n = 4), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (n = 3), pulmonary artery aneurysms (n = 3), and venovenous collaterals (n = 2). Deployment of the AVP was done predominantly via the 5 - 7F Judkin's right coronary guide catheter. Overall 92% of the AVPs could be successfully deployed and resulted in occlusion of the target vessel in all cases, within 10 minutes. No procedure-related or access site complication occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AVPs are versatile, easy to use, and effective devices to occlude the vascular communications in a variety of settings. AVP II is especially useful in the closure of tubular structures with a high flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Parag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barwad
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sivasubramanian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Shyam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Saurabh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Rajnish
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Juneja
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Gurpreet Singh
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jagia
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sanjiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
keywords: Amplatzer vascular plug; congenital heart disease; device therapy