title: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition by Pterocarpus marsupium and Eugenia jambolana ameliorates streptozotocin induced Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by the loss of normal functions of brain cells and neuronal death, ultimately leading to memory loss. Recent accumulating evidences have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of anti-diabetic agents, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), providing opportunities to explore and test the DPP-4 inhibitors for treating this fatal disease. Prior studies determining the efficacy of Pterocarpus marsupium (PM, Fabaceae) and Eugenia jambolana (EJ, Myrtaceae) extracts for ameliorating type 2 diabetes have demonstrated the DPP-4 inhibitory properties indicating the possibility of using of these extracts even for the treating AD. Therefore, in the present study, the neuroprotective roles of PM and EJ for ameliorating the streptozotocin (STZ) induced AD have been tested in rat model. Experimentally, PM and EJ extracts, at a dose range of 200 and 400mg/kg, were administered orally to STZ induced AD Wistar rats and cognitive evaluation tests were performed using radial arm maze and hole-board apparatus. Following 30 days of treatment with the extracts, a dose- and time-dependent attenuation of AD pathology, as evidenced by decreasing amyloid beta 42, total tau, phosphorylated tau and neuro-inflammation with an increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels was observed. Therefore, PM and EJ extracts contain cognitive enhancers as well as neuroprotective agents against STZ induced AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India. Electronic address: jayasankar87@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jayasankar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosaraju
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, Sri Shivarathresshwara Nagar, Mysore 570015, India.
authors.forename: Subbarao V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Madhunapantula
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India.
authors.forename: Santhivardhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chinni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India.
authors.forename: Rizwan Basha
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Khatwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubala
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India.
authors.forename: Satish Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Muthureddy Nataraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India.
authors.forename: Duraiswamy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Basavan
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000188:drug therapy; D035721:Pterocarpus; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin; D027842:Syzygium; D013997:Time Factors; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; C489131:Mapt protein, rat; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D028321:Plant Preparations; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D016875:tau Proteins; D013311:Streptozocin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Amyloid load; Eugenia jambolana; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Neuro-inflammation; Pterocarpus marsupium; Tau phosphorylation