title: Tissue-smashing based ultra-rapid extraction of chemical constituents in herbal medicines.
abstract: Sample extraction is the first challenge in analysis of herbal medicines (HMs). Numerous methods have been developed to improve extraction efficiency, use less solvent and short time. In this work, a tissue-smashing based ultra-rapid extraction (TSURE) method has been proposed through the designed particle crushing, drastic stir, and dynamic molecular permeation at normal temperature. Factors in TSURE like extraction time, volts, and solvents were optimized for extraction efficiency of salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA from Salvia miltiorrhiza. The TSURE method was validated in terms of repeatability (RSD<2.2%) and extraction recoveries (93-106% with RSD<5.0%). TSURE showed a comparable extraction efficiency to conventional heat reflux extraction (HRE) and better than ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE). The extraction time was about 2.0-3.0 min for TSURE, 60 times faster than the performance of HRE and 20 times faster than UAE. Microscopic analysis showed that the Krummbein diameter of plant particles after extraction were about 600-1200 μm for HRE and UAE, and decreased to 50-80 μm for TSURE. Subsequently, the developed TSURE was applied to high-throughput extraction of 19 S. miltiorrhiza samples collected in different regions of China. Besides, application of TSURE to other herbal medicines was also investigated, including Panax quinquefolius and Lonicera japonica. TSURE method provided an ultra-rapid and promising alternation for extraction of ingredients in herbal medicines, and can be extended to pharmaceutics, foods and cosmetics.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Chen-Pu
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
authors.forename: Kwok-Fai
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: So
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China. Electronic address: Qilw@cpu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lian-Wen
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Qi
mesh_terms: D029001:Herbal Medicine; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D031239:Lonicera / Q000737:chemistry; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*; D027561:Salvia miltiorrhiza / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Herbal medicines; High-throughput extraction; Quality control; Tissue-smashing based ultra-rapid extraction; Ultra-rapid.