title: Influence of titanium ions on cytokine levels of murine splenocytes stimulated with periodontopathic bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Titanium (Ti) is frequently used in dental implants because of its excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. However, Ti ions may be slowly released as a result of corrosion, contributing to peri-implantitis, a major cause of dental implant failure. This study examined the influence of Ti ions on cytokine levels in murine splenocytes, an immunocompetent cell type, stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the influence of Ti ions on splenocyte viability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Splenocytes were prepared from 5- to 10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c mice. Cytokine levels in culture supernatants from murine splenocytes stimulated with A actinomycetemcomitans LPS were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A tetrazolium salt assay was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Ti ions against murine splenocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study demonstrated that Ti ions influence cytokine levels in LPS-stimulated splenocytes. Significantly higher values (P < .05) were observed for interleukins 1β, 6, and 10; interferon-γ; tumor necrosis factor alpha; and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the culture supernatants of LPS-stimulated splenocytes of both mouse strains in the presence of Ti ions, as compared to the absence of Ti ions. Tetrazolium salt assay confirmed that the Ti ions used in this study did not affect the viability of murine splenocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that Ti ions enhanced cytokine production induced by periodontopathic bacterial LPS.
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Taichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Hideshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshinari
authors.forename: Yasutomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yajima
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002477:Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D003343:Corrosion; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007477:Ions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007477:Ions; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014025:Titanium