title: Increased micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in buccal mucosa and oxidative damage in saliva from patients with chronic and aggressive periodontal diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection characterized by connective tissue breakdown and alveolar bone destruction because of inflammatory and immune response caused by periodontopathogens and long-term release of reactive oxygen species. A high number of reactive oxygen species result in periodontal tissue damage through multiple mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation and DNA damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate DNA and oxidative damage in subjects with chronic or aggressive periodontitis and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Buccal mucosa cells and whole saliva were collected from 160 subjects, who were divided into three groups: subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP) (n = 58), subjects with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) (n = 42) and a control group (n = 60). DNA damage was determined by counting micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NAs) in exfoliated cells, including binucleated cells, cells with nuclear buds and karyolitic, karyorrhectic, condensed chromatin and pyknotic cells. The degree of oxidative stress was determined by quantifying 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in whole saliva.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with CP or AgP presented significantly more ( p < 0.05) MN and NAs and higher levels of 8-OHdG ( p < 0.05) compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that subjects with periodontitis (CP or AgP) exhibited an increase in the frequency of MN, NAs and 8-OHdG, which is directly related to DNA damage. In addition, a positive correlation exists between oxidative stress produced by periodontitis disease and MN.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zamora-Perez
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ortiz-García
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lazalde-Ramos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Velázquez
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Gómez-Meda
authors.forename: M Á
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Aguilar
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Zúñiga-González
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000328:Adult; D010520:Aggressive Periodontitis / Q000473:pathology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000473:pathology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine
keywords: DNA damage; cytotoxicity; oxidative stress; periodontal disease