title: Chipping fracture resistance of dental CAD/CAM restorative materials: part 2. Phenomenological model and the effect of indenter type.
abstract: The edge chipping resistances of six CAD/CAM dental restoration materials are analyzed and correlated to other mechanical properties. A new quadratic relationship that is based on a phenomenological model is presented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to further analyze the edge chipping resistance of the brittle materials evaluated in Part 1. One objective was to determine why some force-distance trends were linear and others were nonlinear. A second objective was to account for differences in chipping resistance with indenter type.
  
  
  METHODS
  Edge chipping experiments were conducted with different indenters, including some custom-made sharp conical indenters. A new force - distance quadratic expression was correlated to the data and compared to the linear and power law trends.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new quadratic function was an excellent fit in every instance. It can account for why some materials can be fit by a linear trend, while others can be fit by the power law trend. The effects of indenter type are accounted for variations in crack initiation and by the wedging stresses once an indentation hole is created.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new quadratic force - edge distance function can be used with edge chipping data for all brittle materials, not just those evaluated in this study. The data trends vary from linear to nonlinear depending upon the material's hardness, fracture toughness, and elastic modulus.
authors.affiliation: Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Stop 854-6, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 29899, United States. Electronic address: geoq@nist.gov.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Stop 854-6, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 29899, United States.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Giuseppetti
authors.affiliation: Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Stop 854-6, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 29899, United States.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003764:Dental Materials; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials
keywords: 3Y-TZP zirconia; Alumina; CAD/CAM; Dental restorative materials; Edge chipping; Edge toughness; Filled-resin composite; Fracture toughness; Glass ceramic; Hardness; Porcelain