title: Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy: a review.
abstract: A detailed review on the development of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensors (QEPAS) for the sensitive and selective quantification of molecular trace gas species with resolved spectroscopic features is reported. The basis of the QEPAS technique, the technology available to support this field in terms of key components, such as light sources and quartz-tuning forks and the recent developments in detection methods and performance limitations will be discussed. Furthermore, different experimental QEPAS methods such as: on-beam and off-beam QEPAS, quartz-enhanced evanescent wave photoacoustic detection, modulation-cancellation approach and mid-IR single mode fiber-coupled sensor systems will be reviewed and analysed. A QEPAS sensor operating in the THz range, employing a custom-made quartz-tuning fork and a THz quantum cascade laser will be also described. Finally, we evaluated data reported during the past decade and draw relevant and useful conclusions from this analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA. pietro.patimisco@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patimisco
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, I-70126, Italy. gaetano.scamarcio@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scamarcio
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA. fkt@rice.edu.
authors.forename: Frank K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Tittel
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, I-70126, Italy. v.spagnolo@poliba.it.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Spagnolo
mesh_terms: D055095:Optics and Photonics; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D011791:Quartz / Q000737:chemistry*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011791:Quartz