title: Soluble CD14 is independently associated with coronary calcification and extent of subclinical vascular disease in treated HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use multimodality imaging to explore the relationship of biomarkers of inflammation, T-cell activation and monocyte activation with coronary calcification and subclinical vascular disease in a population of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of soluble and cellular biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation was measured in 147 HIV-infected adults on ART with HIV RNA less than 1000 copies/ml and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 130  mg/dl or less. We examined the relationship of biomarkers to coronary calcium (CAC) score and multiple ultrasound measures of subclinical vascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 46 (40-53) years; three-quarters of participants were male and two-thirds African-American. Median 10-year Framingham risk score was 6%. Participants with CAC more than 0 were older, less likely to be African-American and had higher current and lower nadir CD4 T-cell counts. Most biomarkers were similar between those with and without CAC; however, soluble CD14 was independently associated with CAC after adjustment for traditional risk factors. Among those with a CAC score of zero, T-cell activation and systemic inflammation correlated with carotid intima-media thickness and brachial hyperemic velocity, respectively. Compared with normal participants and those with CAC only, participants with increasing degrees of subclinical vascular disease had higher levels of sCD14, hs-CRP and fibrinogen (all P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soluble CD14 is independently associated with coronary artery calcification, and, among those with detectable calcium, predicts the extent of subclinical disease in other vascular beds. Future studies should investigate the utility of multimodality imaging to characterize vascular disease phenotypes in this population.
authors.affiliation: aUniversity Hospitals Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute bCase Western Reserve University cUniversity Hospitals Infectious Diseases Institute dDepartment of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Chris T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Longenecker
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Orringer
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gilkeson
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Debanne
authors.forename: Nicholas T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Funderburg
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lederman
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Storer
authors.forename: Danielle E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Labbato
authors.forename: Grace A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: McComsey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002114:Calcinosis; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors