title: Past achievements, current status and future perspectives of studies on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway.
abstract: HMGS functions in phytosterol biosynthesis, development and stress responses. F-244 could specifically-inhibit HMGS in tobacco BY-2 cells and Brassica seedlings. An update on HMGS from higher plants is presented. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase (HMGS) is the second enzyme in the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis and catalyzes the condensation of acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to produce S-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). Besides HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR), HMGS is another key enzyme in the regulation of cholesterol and ketone bodies in mammals. In plants, it plays an important role in phytosterol biosynthesis. Here, we summarize the past investigations on eukaryotic HMGS with particular focus on plant HMGS, its enzymatic properties, gene expression, protein structure, and its current status of research in China. An update of the findings on HMGS from animals (human, rat, avian) to plants (Brassica juncea, Hevea brasiliensis, Arabidopsis thaliana) will be discussed. Current studies on HMGS have been vastly promoted by developments in biochemistry and molecular biology. Nonetheless, several limitations have been encountered, thus some novel advances in HMGS-related research that have recently emerged will be touched on.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China, h1092030@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Andréa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hemmerlin
authors.forename: Dinesh A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nagegowda
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: Mingfu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mee-Len
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chye
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology; D001937:Brassica / Q000201:enzymology; D002681:China; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D028482:Hevea / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D006904:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D008798:Mevalonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D012106:Research / Q000639:trends; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D010840:Phytosterols; D010940:Plant Proteins; D006904:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase; D008798:Mevalonic Acid