title: [In Process Citation].
abstract: Diagnosis and therapy of male hypogonadism is still a challenge because of the unspecific clinical signs and symptoms. The clinical presentation of a androgen deficiency is age-related. In the adult men, one can often observe fatigue, decrease in physical capacity, loss of libido and erectile dysfunction. At the physical examination, genitalia have always to be assessed in search of a testes/penis atrophy. Two fasting measurements of total testosterone concentrations by a reliable assay are needed to confirm the diagnosis. By assessing gonadotropines the origin of hypogonadism can be determined (central/secondary or peripheral/primary). Exogenous administration of androgens should be considered in young, sportive, healthy and muscular males. Patients with metabolic syndrome should only be screened for hypogonadism in the presence of suggestive symptoms. Prostate disease, hematocrit higher than 50 %, uncontrolled heart failure and severe obstructive sleep apnea are contraindications of a testosterone replacement therapy. Patients with metabolic-syndrome-associated low testosterone levels should firstly benefit from a lifestyle intervention that can normalize clinical and biochemical hypogonadism. So far, there is no clear evidence for a possible benefit of testosterone therapy in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Similarly, in patients with PADAM (partial androgen deficiency of the aging male) testosterone therapy is not established or recommended.
authors.affiliation: Universitätspoliklinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Inselspital, Bern.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bucher
authors.affiliation: Universitätspoliklinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Inselspital, Bern.
authors.forename: Emanuel R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Christ