title: Field conditioning of sexual arousal in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human sexual classical conditioning effects are less robust compared with those obtained in other animals. The artificiality of the laboratory environment and/or the unconditioned stimulus (US) used (e.g. watching erotic film clips as opposed to participating in sexual activity) may contribute to this discrepancy. The present experiment used a field study design to explore the conditioning of human sexual arousal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven heterosexual couples were instructed to include a novel, neutrally preferred scent as the conditioned stimulus (CS + ) during sexual interaction and another novel scent during non-sexual coupled-interaction (e.g. watching a movie, studying together). Seven control couples used both scents during non-sexual interaction. Conducted over a 2-week period, both experimental and control couples had three sexual interactions (oral sex and/or intercourse). In addition, experimental couples had three, while the controls had six, non-sexual interactions. Genital responding to and affective preference for the odors were assessed in the laboratory before and after the experience in the men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed significantly increased genital responding to the CS+ in the experimental relative to the control group; however, conditioned responses were not much stronger than those obtained during laboratory conditioning. Experimental males also showed a trend for decreased preference for the CS- odor. They may have learned that this odor predicted that sexual interaction with their partner would not occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides another demonstration of conditioned sexual arousal in men, specifically an instance of such learning that happened in a real-world setting. It also suggests that inhibitory learning may occur, at least with the affective measure.
authors.affiliation: Knox College, Department of Psychology, Galesburg, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Knox College, Department of Psychology, Galesburg, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Knox College, Department of Psychology, Galesburg, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garner
keywords: evaluative conditioning; humans; sexual classical conditioning