title: Glutamatergic dysfunctioning in Alzheimer's disease and related therapeutic targets.
abstract: The impairment of glutamatergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathological process, which involves the production of amyloid-β peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, spreads over well-delineated neuroanatomical circuits. The gradual deterioration of proper synaptic functioning (via GluN2A-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, NMDARs) and the development of excitotoxicity (via GluN2B-containing NMDARs) in these structures both accompany the disease pathogenesis. Although one of the most important therapeutic targets would be glutamate excitotoxicity, the application of conventional anti-glutamatergic agents could result in further deterioration of synaptic transmission and intolerable side-effects. With regard to NMDAR antagonists with tolerable side-effects, ion channel blockers with low affinity, glycine site agents, and specific antagonists of polyamine site and GluN2B subunit may come into play. However, in the mirror of experimental data, only the application of ion channel blockers with pronounced voltage dependency, low affinity, and rapid unblocking kinetics (e.g., memantine) and specific antagonists of the GluN2B subunit (e.g., ifenprodil and certain kynurenic acid amides) resulted in desirable symptom amelioration. Therefore we propose that these kinds of chemical agents may have therapeutic potential for present and future drug development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: Dénes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zádori
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veres
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: Levente
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Szalárdy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klivényi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toldi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vécsei
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000818:Animals; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008559:Memantine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D008559:Memantine
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; glutamate excitotoxicity; kynurenic acid amides; memantine; neurodegeneration; neuroprotection; therapy