title: Nucleic acid-induced antiviral immunity in invertebrates: an evolutionary perspective.
abstract: Nucleic acids derived from viral pathogens are typical pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In mammals, the recognition of viral nucleic acids by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which include Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs), induces the release of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) through the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3/7 pathways, triggering the host antiviral state. However, whether nucleic acids can induce similar antiviral immunity in invertebrates remains ambiguous. Several studies have reported that nucleic acid mimics, especially dsRNA mimic poly(I:C), can strongly induce non-specific antiviral immune responses in insects, shrimp, and oyster. This behavior shows multiple similarities to the hallmarks of mammalian IFN responses. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of nucleic acid-induced antiviral immunity in invertebrates. We also discuss the potential recognition and regulatory mechanisms that confer non-specific antiviral immunity on invertebrate hosts.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: wph326@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pei-Hui
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shao-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, People's Republic of China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: lsshjg@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition
keywords: Antiviral immunity; IFN; Nucleic acids; Shrimp; dsRNA