title: Searching for the perfect wave: the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on cells.
abstract: There is a growing concern in the population about the effects that environmental exposure to any source of "uncontrolled" radiation may have on public health. Anxiety arises from the controversial knowledge about the effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure to cells and organisms but most of all concerning the possible causal relation to human diseases. Here we reviewed those in vitro and in vivo and epidemiological works that gave a new insight about the effect of radio frequency (RF) exposure, relating to intracellular molecular pathways that lead to biological and functional outcomes. It appears that a thorough application of standardized protocols is the key to reliable data acquisition and interpretation that could contribute a clearer picture for scientists and lay public. Moreover, specific tuning of experimental and clinical RF exposure might lead to beneficial health effects.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Siena, Strada Petriccio e Belriguardo, Siena 53100, Italy. lghera@gmail.com2.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gherardini
authors.affiliation: The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pisa 56025, Italy. g.ciuti@sssup.it.
authors.forename: Gastone
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciuti
authors.affiliation: The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pisa 56025, Italy. s.tognarelli@sssup.it.
authors.forename: Selene
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tognarelli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Siena, Strada Petriccio e Belriguardo, Siena 53100, Italy. ccinti@ifc.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cinti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000528:radiation effects; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects; D011634:Public Health; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011859:Radiography