title: Effect of indigo dye effluent on the growth, biomass production and phenotypic plasticity of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorococcales).
abstract: The effect of indigo dye effluent on the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda ABU12 was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. The microalga was exposed to different concentrations of the effluent obtained by diluting the dye effluent from 100 to 175 times in bold basal medium (BBM). The growth rate of the microalga decreased as indigo dye effluent concentration increased (p <0.05). The EC50 was found to be 166 dilution factor of the effluent. Chlorophyll a, cell density and dry weight production as biomarkers were negatively affected by high indigo dye effluent concentration, their levels were higher at low effluent concentrations (p <0.05). Changes in coenobia size significantly correlated with the dye effluent concentration. A shift from large to small coenobia with increasing indigo dye effluent concentration was obtained. We conclude that even at low concentrations; effluents from textile industrial processes that use indigo dye are capable of significantly reducing the growth and biomass production, in addition to altering the morphological characteristics of the freshwater microalga S. quadricauda. The systematic reduction in the number of cells per coenobium observed in this study further confirms that environmental stress affects coenobium structure in the genus Scenedesmus, which means it can be considered an important biomarker for toxicity testing.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Cianobacterias, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Mathias A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Rilwan I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Musa
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005618:Fresh Water; D007203:Indigo Carmine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010641:Phenotype; D044444:Scenedesmus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D002734:Chlorophyll; D007203:Indigo Carmine; D000077194:Chlorophyll A