title: Inverted teats (Mammillae invertitae) in gilts - effect on piglet survival and growth rate.
abstract: In the modern pig industry, the increasing number of piglets born per litter augments the importance of the number of functional teats in the sow. The aim of this study was to evaluate the function and importance of inverted teats during nursing and to analyze structural and functional differences between the mammary glands of inverted teats versus normal teats. Nine farrowing gilts (8 purebred Swedish Yorkshire gilts and 1 cross between Swedish Yorkshire and Norwegian Landrace) and 94 piglets (59 piglets suckling normal teats, 32 piglets suckling protruded teats [i.e., previously inverted], 2 piglets suckling inverted teats, and 3 piglets suckling considerably smaller teats) were included in the study. Teat fidelity (keeping the same teat between the nursings) was registered, excluding the first 48 h postpartum. Piglet weight was recorded daily during the first week of life and thereafter once a week until weaning at 4 wk of age. Weight and growth rate were analyzed using repeated observation mixed-model analysis of variance. The 2 piglets that suckled the inverted teats were not able to emerge the teats and they were euthanized 4 and 8 d after birth, respectively, due to loss of BW. The average weight at weaning (28 d of age) was 8.1 kg (range 3.2-13.8 kg). In the normal teats (n = 53), the weight of the corresponding mammary gland tissue at necropsy was positively correlated to the piglet average daily weight gain during wk 2 (r = 0.33, P < 0.05), 3 (r = 0.55, P < 0.001), and 4 (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). In the protruded teats (n = 32), the weight of the corresponding mammary gland tissue was positively correlated to the piglet average daily weight gain during wk 2 (r = 0.63, P < 0.001) and 3 (r = 0.43, P < 0.05). Among the piglets nursing normal teats, 82% kept fidelity to its teat and the corresponding percent for the protruded teats was 26%. In 7 of the 9 sows, the weaning weight of the piglets suckling protruded teats was numerically lower compared to the piglets suckling normal teats, although the difference was not statistically significant. Piglets nursing small teats had lower weaning weight (4.8 kg) and the corresponding mammary tissue also had lower weight (335 g). This study indicates the importance of an adequate number of well-developed and well-functioning teats in healthy sows for the growth and development of the piglets but also emphasizes the complexity of the interaction between the nursing sow and her piglets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Helena.Chalkias@slu.se.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chalkias
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lundeheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rydhmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000002:abnormalities*; D013552:Swine / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000502:physiology; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Yorkshire breed; functional teats; inverted teats; mammary gland; teat number