title: Effects of flow rate on hemodynamic parameters and agent consumption in low-flow desflurane anesthesia: An open-label, prospective study in 90 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In surgical patients, decreasing the fresh gas flow rate in anesthesia may minimize costs, reduce environmental pollution, and preserve heat and humidity in the respiratory system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 3 low-flowdesflurane rates on perioperative hemodynamic stability, end-tidal desflurane concentration, emergence and recovery characteristics, and agent consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  This open-label, prospective study was conducted at the Departmentof Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey. Nonpremedicated adult patients scheduled to undergo surgery (ureterolithotomy, cholecystectomy, pyelolithotomy, or thyroidectomy) were enrolled. Patients were anesthetized with propofol and fentanyl and intubated after neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium. Patients were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups according to the fresh gas flow rate: medium flow (2 L/min), low flow (1 L/min), and minimal flow (0.5 L/min). Intraoperative fentanyl volume was recorded. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and end-tidal desflurane concentration were recorded before (baseline) and after anesthesia induction; immediately before incision; and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after incision. Emergence time and desflurane consumption after extubation were recorded. Aldrete scores were recorded at 5, 15, and 30 minutes after extubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety patients (46 women, 44 men; mean [SD] age, 39.74 [13.73] years; 30 patients per treatment group) participated in the study. Means of hemodynamic parameters, intraoperative volume of fentanyl, end-tidal desflurane concentration, emergence time, and Aldrete score were statistically similar between the 3 groups. Mean (SD) desflurane consumption was significantly higher in the medium-flow group compared with the low- and minimal-flow groups (110.43 [28.18] g vs 98.40 [23.62] g and 79.80 [17.54] g, respectively; both, P < 0.01). Mean (SD) desflurane consumption was also significantly higher in the low-flow group compared with the minimal-flow group (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study in adult surgical patients suggestthat desflurane may be used in low-flow anesthesia, even with the minimal fresh gas flow rate.
authors.affiliation: University of Gaziantep, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Elmacioglu
authors.affiliation: University of Gaziantep, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sitki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goksu
authors.affiliation: University of Gaziantep, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kocoglu
authors.affiliation: University of Gaziantep, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors.forename: Unsal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Oner
keywords: desflurane; flow rate; low flow