title: Reconceptualising failure to rescue in midwifery: a concept analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to reconceptualise the concept of failure to rescue, distinguishing it from its current scientific usage as a surveillance strategy to recognise physiologic decline.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  failure to rescue has been consistently defined as a failure to save a patient׳s life after development of complications. The term, however, carries a richer connotation when viewed within a midwifery context. Midwives have historically believed themselves to be the vanguards of normal, physiologic processes, including birth. This philosophy mandates careful consideration of what it means to promote normal birth and the consequences of failure to rescue women from processes which challenge that outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  the Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMED, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched from the period of 1992-2014 using the key terms of concept analysis, failure-to-rescue, childbirth, midwifery outcomes, obstetrical outcomes, suboptimal care, and patient outcomes. English language reports were used exclusively. The search yielded 45 articles which were reviewed in this paper.
  
  
  METHODS
  a critical analysis of the published literature was undertaken as a means of determining the adequacy of the concept for midwifery practice and to detail how it relates to other concepts important in development of a conceptual framework promoting normal birth processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  failure to rescue within the context of the midwifery model of care requires robust attention to a midwifery managed setting and surveillance based on a caring presence, patient protection, and midwifery partnership with patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  clarifying the definition of failure to rescue in childbirth and defining its attributes can help inform midwifery providers throughout the world of the ethical importance of considering failure to rescue in clinical practice. Relevance to midwifery care mandates use of failure to rescue as both a process and outcome measure.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, College of Nursing, 13120 E. 19th Avenue, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; 2012-2013 Fulbright U.S. Scholar, University of Johannesburg, Department of Nursing Sciences, South Africa. Electronic address: marie.hastings-tolsma@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hastings-Tolsma
authors.affiliation: University of Johannesburg, Department of Nursing Sciences, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa. Electronic address: agwnolte@uj.ac.za.
authors.forename: Anna G W
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nolte
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008880:Midwifery; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009742:Nursing Theory; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000451:nursing*
keywords: Childbirth; Concept analysis; Failure to rescue; Midwifery