title: Measuring domestic violence in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Violence affects the lives of millions of women worldwide, in all socioeconomic classes. Violence and the fear of violence are emerging as important risk factor contributing to the vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for women. The objective of the present cross sectional study is to compare the experiences of domestic violence between HIV-positive and HIV-negative married women seeking treatment in a tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Pune on a randomly selected 150 married women (75 HIV-positive and 75 HIV-negative). Informed consent was obtained from all the women and also a trained counsellor was present during the process of data collection. The data was collected by interview method by taking precautions as laid down in the World Health Organization's ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence and using modified conflict tactics scale (CTS). The definition of violence followed is as per the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of women reporting domestic violence is 44.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 36.84-52.68). The proportion of physical, emotional and sexual violence reported is 38% (95% CI = 30.49-45.96), 24% (95% CI = 17.67-31.31), and 14.7% (95% CI = 9.66-21.02), respectively. The odds of reporting violence of all forms is significantly higher among HIV-positive women than among HIV-negative women (P<0.05). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression is carried out to examine the possible predictors of domestic violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest high proportion of HIV-positive women report violence then HIV-negative women which must be addressed through multilevel prevention approaches.
authors.affiliation: Lecturer (Statistics & Demography), AFMC, Pune - 40.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patrikar
authors.affiliation: Commandant, Military Hospital, Dehradun, Uttranchal.
authors.forename: Ak
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, AFMC, Pune - 40.
authors.forename: Vk
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.affiliation: Medical Officer, Base Hospital, Delhi Cantt.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shatabdi
keywords: domestic violence; human immunodeficiency virus; violence against women