title: Assessment of functional treatment versus plaster of Paris in the treatment of grade 1 and 2 lateral ankle sprains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the common occurrence of ankle sprains, no treatment is considered to be the gold standard for the management of such sprains. We assessed functional treatment versus plaster of Paris (POP) for the treatment of lateral ankle sprains, with pain and function employed as the outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  126 Patients were eligible for inclusion. They were assigned to either the functional treatment Tubigrip (TG) group or the POP group after applying block randomization. Characteristics such as age, dominant ankle, and gender were assessed at baseline. Pain and functional assessments were done using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Karlsson score (KS) at baseline (at the start of the study) and during the 2nd and 6th weeks, respectively. Data on other subjective parameters, such as the number of painkillers used, the number of days taken off work, and the number of sleepless nights, were requested from the patients at the end of the study. SPSS version 16 was used for analysis, and p < 0.05 was taken to indicate significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  60 Patients completed the trial in each group. The mean ages were 28.77 ± 6.72 in the TG group and 29.83 ± 6.30 in the POP group (p = 0.034). There was a slight female predominance. Right and left ankles were equally involved in the TG group, while left ankles were mainly involved in the POP group. Mean differences in VAS and KS between the two groups were statistically significant at the end of the study. The mean number of painkillers used by the patients in the TG group was higher than the number used in the POP group (p < 0.001). The mean number of days taken off work was 4.18 ± 1.73 days in the TG group, and 6.25 ± 2.73 days in the POP group (p < 0.001). The mean number of sleepless nights was higher in the POP group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study indicate that functional treatment provides better functional support and pain reduction than a below-knee POP cast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I.
authors.affiliation: , B-8, Akbar Apartments, Bleak House Road, Civil Lines, Cantt. Karachi, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan, dowgrad2012@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naeem
authors.forename: Muhammad Kazim
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rahimnajjad
authors.forename: Nasir Ali
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rahimnajjad
authors.forename: Zaki
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Idrees
authors.forename: Ghazanfar Ali
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abbas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D002133:Calcium Sulfate