title: A prospective study on hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) constitutes a significant morbidity in premature infants that can lead to blindness. Multiple retrospective studies have identified neonatal hyperglycemia as a risk for developing ROP. However, in the absence of any reported prospective study, it is not clear whether hyperglycemia is associated with ROP independent of the commonly associated comorbidities. The objective of this study was to investigate whether hyperglycemia in premature infants is independently associated with ROP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Premature infants (<1500 g or⩽32 weeks gestational age) were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. All demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Bedside whole-blood glucose concentration was measured every 8 h daily for 7 days. For any glucose reading<50 or>150 mg dl(-1), serum sample was sent to the laboratory for confirmation. Hyperglycemia was defined as any blood glucose level⩾150 mg dl(-1). ROP patients were compared with non-ROP patients in a bivariate analysis. Variables significantly associated with ROP were studied in a logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 65 patients were enrolled with gestational age 31.1±1.2 weeks and birth weight 1385±226 g. Thirty-one patients (48%) were identified with hyperglycemia. On eye examination, 19 cases (29.2%) had ROP (13 with stage 1, 4 with stage 2 and 2 with stage 3). There were more cases of ROP in the hyperglycemia group compared with the euglycemia group (45% vs 15%, P=0.007). Patients who developed ROP had significantly higher maximum and average glucose concentrations when compared with non-ROP patients. Multiple factors have been associated with ROP on bivariate analysis, including gestational age, exposure to oxygen, respiratory support and poor weight gain. However, in a logistic regression model including all significant variables, average blood glucose in the first week of life was the factor independently associated with ROP with an odds ratio of: 1.77 (95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 2.86), P=0.024.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a cohort of premature infants, elevated average blood glucose concentrations in the first week of life is independently associated with the development of ROP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mohsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abou-Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, The George Washington University and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Dib
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Labib
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elsada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, The George Washington University and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aly
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose