title: Three weeks of murine hindlimb unloading induces shifts from B to T and from th to tc splenic lymphocytes in absence of stress and differentially reduces cell-specific mitogenic responses.
abstract: Extended space missions are known to induce stress and immune dysregulation. Hindlimb unloading is a ground-based model used to reproduce most spaceflight conditions. The aim of this study was to better characterize the consequences of prolonged exposure to hindlimb unloading on murine splenic lymphocyte sub-populations. To ensure that the observed changes were not due to tail restraint but to the antiorthostatic position, three groups of mice were used: control (C), orthostatic restrained (R) and hindlimb unloaded (HU). After 21 days of exposure, no difference in serum corticosterone levels nor in thymus and spleen weights were observed between HU mice and their counterparts, revealing a low state of stress. Interestingly, flow cytometric analyses showed that B cells were drastically reduced in HU mouse spleens by 59% and, while the T cells number did not change, the Th/Tc ratio was decreased. Finally, the use of a fluorescent dye monitoring lymphoproliferation demonstrated that lymphocyte response to mitogen was reduced in Th and Tc populations and to a greater extent in B cells. Thus, we showed for the first time that, even if restraint has its own effects on the animals and their splenic lymphocytes, the prolonged antiorthostatic position leads, despite the absence of stress, to an inversion of the B/T ratio in the spleen. Furthermore, the lymphoproliferative response was impaired with a strong impact on B cells. Altogether, these results suggest that B cells are more affected by hindlimb unloading than T cells which may explain the high susceptibility to pathogens, such as gram-negative bacteria, described in animal models and astronauts.
authors.affiliation: Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Lorraine University, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaignier
authors.affiliation: Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Lorraine University, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schenten
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Automatic Control of Nancy, UMR7039, Lorraine University, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Carvalho Bittencourt
authors.affiliation: French National Space Agency, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Guillemette
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gauquelin-Koch
authors.affiliation: Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Lorraine University, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Pol
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Frippiat
authors.affiliation: Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Lorraine University, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Legrand-Frossi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000494:pharmacology; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D013388:Succinimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C087165:5-(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; D016207:Cytokines; D005452:Fluoresceins; D008934:Mitogens; D013388:Succinimides; D003345:Corticosterone