title: The emerging era of pharmacogenomics: current successes, future potential, and challenges.
abstract: The vast range of genetic diversity contributes to a wonderful array of human traits and characteristics. Unfortunately, a consequence of this genetic diversity is large variability in drug response between people, meaning that no single medication is safe and effective in everyone. The debilitating and sometimes deadly consequences of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major and unmet problem of modern medicine. Pharmacogenomics can uncover associations between genetic variation and drug safety and has the potential to predict ADRs in individual patients. Here we review pharmacogenomic successes leading to changes in clinical practice, as well as clinical areas probably to be impacted by pharmacogenomics in the near future. We also discuss some of the challenges, and potential solutions, that remain for the implementation of pharmacogenomic testing into clinical practice for the significant improvement of drug safety.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aminkeng
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bhavsar
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Carleton
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: C J D
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D018943:Anthracyclines / Q000494:pharmacology; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003061:Codeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D014859:Warfarin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018943:Anthracyclines; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014859:Warfarin; D002945:Cisplatin; D003061:Codeine
keywords: ADRs; adverse drug reactions; anthracycline; carbamazepine; cisplatin; codeine; pharmacogenomics; warfarin