title: Genetic structure inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA sequence of Oncomelania quadrasi, the intermediate snail host of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines.
abstract: Species and subspecies of the Oncomelania hupensis species complex are recognized as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma japonicum. Of these species and subspecies, O. quadrasi is distributed throughout the Philippines. This study used 12S ribosomal RNA sequences to explore the genetic structure of O. quadrasi populations in the Philippines. Three subspecies, O. h. hupensis, O. h. formosana, and O. h. chiui of this group were also examined. The phylogenetic tree and haplotypes network showed that O. quadrasi separated from the subspecies. Ten O. quadrasi haplotypes (Oq1-Oq10) clustered in relation to their geographic origin. Genetic differentiation (FST) and estimated gene flow (Nm) among populations showed significant differences, ranging from 0.556-1.000 to 0.00-0.74, respectively. Genetic differences among groups (FCT = 0.466), populations within a group (FSC = 0.727), and populations (FST = 0.854) were observed. These results indicate that the O. quadrasi populations in the Philippines have a substructure associated with their geographic origin.
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Weerachai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saijuntha
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jarilla
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Alvin K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Leonardo
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Louie S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Sunico
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Lydia R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Leonardo
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ross H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Paiboon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sithithaworn
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Trevor N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Petney
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirinoki
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kato-Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Mihoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chigusa
authors.affiliation: Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Municipal Health Office, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan agatsuma@kochi-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Agatsuma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D040342:Genetic Structures; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010679:Philippines; D010802:Phylogeny; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D012549:Schistosoma japonicum / Q000502:physiology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012908:Snails / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012313:RNA