title: Lipid composition of fingermark residue and donor classification using GC/MS.
abstract: Lipids available in fingermark residue represent important targets for enhancement and dating techniques. While it is well known that lipid composition varies among fingermarks of the same donor (intra-variability) and between fingermarks of different donors (inter-variability), the extent of this variability remains uncharacterized. Thus, this work aimed at studying qualitatively and quantitatively the initial lipid composition of fingermark residue of 25 different donors. Among the 104 detected lipids, 43 were reported for the first time in the literature. Furthermore, palmitic acid, squalene, cholesterol, myristyl myristate and myristyl myristoleate were quantified and their correlation within fingermark residue was highlighted. Ten compounds were then selected and further studied as potential targets for dating or enhancement techniques. It was shown that their relative standard deviation was significantly lower for the intra-variability than for the inter-variability. Moreover, the use of data pre-treatments could significantly reduce this variability. Based on these observations, an objective donor classification model was proposed. Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted on the pre-treated data and the fingermarks of the 25 donors were classified into two main groups, corresponding to "poor" and "rich" lipid donors. The robustness of this classification was tested using fingermark replicates of selected donors. 86% of these replicates were correctly classified, showing the potential of such a donor classification model for research purposes in order to select representative donors based on compounds of interest.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Police Scientifique, University of Lausanne, Bâtochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: aline.girod@unil.ch.
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Girod
authors.affiliation: Institut de Police Scientifique, University of Lausanne, Bâtochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weyermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000473:Alkanes / Q000032:analysis; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003878:Dermatoglyphics; D005260:Female; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012629:Sebum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013185:Squalene / Q000032:analysis; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D008055:Lipids; D014810:Vitamin E; D013185:Squalene
keywords: Chemometrics; Fingerprints; Hierarchical cluster analysis; Sebaceous compounds; Variability