title: A 1-year study of endurance runners: training, laboratory tests, and field tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the training and concomitant changes in laboratory- and field-test performance of highly trained endurance runners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen highly trained male endurance runners (mean ± SD maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 69.8 ± 6.3 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed this 1-y training study commencing in April. During the study the runners undertook 5 laboratory tests of VO2max, lactate threshold (LT), and running economy and 9 field tests to determine critical speed (CS) and the modeled maximum distance performed above CS (D'). The data for different periods of the year were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. The influence of training on laboratory- and field-test changes was analyzed by multiple regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total training distance varied during the year and was lower in May-July (333 ± 206 km, P = .01) and July-August (339 ± 206 km, P = .02) than in the subsequent January-February period (474 ± 188 km). VO2max increased from the April baseline (4.7 ± 0.4 L/min) in October and January periods (5.0 ± 0.4 L/min, P ≤ .01). Other laboratory measures did not change. Runners' CS was lowest in August (4.90 ± 0.32 m/s) and highest in February (4.99 ± 0.30 m/s, P = .02). Total training distance and the percentage of training time spent above LT velocity explained 33% of the variation in CS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highly trained endurance runners achieve small but significant changes in VO2max and CS in a year. Increases in training distance and time above LT velocity were related to increases in CS.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hopker
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cunniffe
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Passfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid