title: Multiple facets of problematic anger among regular smokers: exploring associations with smoking motives and cessation difficulties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has implicated problematic anger in multiple smoking outcomes, including nicotine dependence and difficulties with cessation. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of anger in smoking behavior and cessation difficulties remain unclear. The current study examined associations between different facets of anger with smoking motives, problematic symptoms during past quit attempts, reasons for quitting, and perceived barriers to cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current smokers (N = 93) were administered measures assessing the relevant constructs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for gender and negative affectivity, greater trait anger was uniquely related to more severe symptoms during past cessation attempts, perceived internal and external barriers to cessation, social influence reasons for quitting, and negative affect reduction and sensorimotor smoking motivations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings add uniquely to the literature on anger and smoking and suggest anger plays a role in everyday smoking behavior. Smokers with problematic anger might benefit from treatment focused on reducing anger and improving interpersonal functioning. Reducing trait anger may help reduce problematic symptoms during quitting, making relapse less likely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL;
authors.forename: Jesse R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cougle
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Macatee
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
authors.forename: Shivali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarawgi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012008:Recurrence; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology