title: Proteomic characterization of the subpellicular cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites.
abstract: Toxoplasma, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis in animals and humans, has a subpellicular cytoskeleton that is involved in motility, cell shape and invasion. Knowledge of components of the cytoskeleton is necessary to understand the invasion mechanisms as well as for the identification of possible therapeutic targets. To date, most cytoskeletal components of Toxoplasma remain unidentified due mainly to the lack of reproducible methods for their isolation. Based on the successful isolation of the cytoskeleton, it was possible to report for the first time, the proteomic characterization of the subpellicular cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma formed by 95 cytoskeletal proteins through proteomic analysis by tandem mass spectrometry of one dimension SDS PAGE. By bioinformatic analysis of the data, proteins were classified as: 18 conventional cytoskeletal proteins; 10 inner membrane complex proteins, including 7 with alveolin repeats; 5 new proteins with alveolin like repeats; 37 proteins associated with other organelles and 25 novel proteins of unknown function. One of the alveolin like proteins not previously described in Toxoplasma named TgArticulin was partially characterized with a specific monoclonal antibody. Presence of TgArticulin was exclusively associated with the cytoskeleton fraction with a cortical distribution. Functions for the several molecules identified are proposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This manuscript describes, for the first time, the proteome of the subpellicular cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii. The importance of this study is related to the role of the cytoskeleton in the highly invasive capability of a parasite that causes abortion, blindness, and death by encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Proteomic characterization of the cytoskeleton of T. gondii tachyzoites was possible by the development of a successful procedure for the isolation of the subpellicular cytoskeleton. Knowledge of the composition of the cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma is fundamental for the understanding of the motility and host cell invasion mechanisms, and for the future design and development of toxoplasmicidal drugs with effects against specific components of the cytoskeleton of this parasite that are absent in mammal host cells.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN #2508 Del. G. A. Madero, Col. Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: Carmen T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Gómez de León
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN #2508 Del. G. A. Madero, Col. Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: Rubén Darío
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Díaz Martín
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 04510, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mendoza Hernández
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica (LaNSE), CINVESTAV-IPN, México.
authors.forename: Sirenia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: González Pozos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, C.P. 04510, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: Javier R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ambrosio
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN #2508 Del. G. A. Madero, Col. Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, México D.F., México. Electronic address: rmflores@cinvestav.mx.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mondragón Flores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D019295:Computational Biology; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C406805:alveolin
keywords: Articulin; Proteome; Subpellicular cytoskeleton; Tandem mass spectrometry; Toxoplasma