title: Monocytic cells become less compressible but more deformable upon activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monocytes play a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis. During the process of inflammation, circulating monocytes become activated in the blood stream. The consequent interactions of the activated monocytes with the blood flow and endothelial cells result in reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins, in particular of the microfilament structure, and concomitant changes in cell shape and mechanical behavior. Here we investigate the full elastic behavior of activated monocytes in relation to their cytoskeletal structure to obtain a better understanding of cell behavior during the progression of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recently developed Capillary Micromechanics technique, based on exposing a cell to a pressure difference in a tapered glass microcapillary, was used to measure the deformation of activated and non-activated monocytic cells. Monitoring the elastic response of individual cells up to large deformations allowed us to obtain both the compressive and the shear modulus of a cell from a single experiment. Activation by inflammatory chemokines affected the cytoskeletal organization and increased the elastic compressive modulus of monocytes with 73-340%, while their resistance to shape deformation decreased, as indicated by a 25-88% drop in the cell's shear modulus. This decrease in deformability is particularly pronounced at high strains, such as those that occur during diapedesis through the vascular wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, monocytic cells become less compressible but more deformable upon activation. This change in mechanical response under different modes of deformation could be important in understanding the interplay between the mechanics and function of these cells. In addition, our data are of direct relevance for computational modeling and analysis of the distinct monocytic behavior in the circulation and the extravascular space. Lastly, an understanding of the changes of monocyte mechanical properties will be important in the development of diagnostic tools and therapies concentrating on circulating cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Agnese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ravetto
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wyss
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaap M J
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: den Toonder
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carlijn V C
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Bouten
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D055503:Protein Multimerization
chemical_list: D000199:Actins