title: Anthocyanin incorporated dental copolymer: bacterial growth inhibition, mechanical properties, and compound release rates and stability by (1)h NMR.
abstract: Objective. To evaluate bacterial growth inhibition, mechanical properties, and compound release rate and stability of copolymers incorporated with anthocyanin (ACY; Vaccinium macrocarpon). Methods. Resin samples were prepared (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA at 70/30 mol%) and incorporated with 2 w/w% of either ACY or chlorhexidine (CHX), except for the control group. Samples were individually immersed in a bacterial culture (Streptococcus mutans) for 24 h. Cell viability (n = 3) was assessed by counting the number of colony forming units on replica agar plates. Flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (E) were tested on a universal testing machine (n = 8). Compound release and chemical stability were evaluated by UV spectrophotometry and (1)H NMR (n = 3). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test ( α = 0.05). Results. Both compounds inhibited S. mutans growth, with CHX being most effective (P < 0.05). Control resin had the lowest FS and E values, followed by ACY and CHX, with statistical difference between control and CHX groups for both mechanical properties (P < 0.05). The 24 h compound release rates were ACY: 1.33 μg/mL and CHX: 1.92 μg/mL. (1)H NMR spectra suggests that both compounds remained stable after being released in water. Conclusion. The present findings indicate that anthocyanins might be used as a natural antibacterial agent in resin based materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences-Restorative, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 352C, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1G6.
authors.forename: Halyna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hrynash
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences-Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1G6.
authors.forename: Vinay Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Pilly
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences-Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1G6.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mankovskaia
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 9th Hospital, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors.forename: Yaoyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences-Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1G6.
authors.forename: Getulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nogueira Filho
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Eng. Francisco José Longo 777, 12245-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bresciani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences-Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1G6.
authors.forename: Céline Marie
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lévesque
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences-Restorative, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 352C, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1G6.
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8969-9043
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prakki