title: Dairy consumption and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis of observational studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inconsistent results regarding the relations between consumption of dairy products and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have been reported. In this report, we summarized the evidence by a meta-analysis of observational studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies published up to January 31, 2013 were retrieved via both computer searches and a manual review of references. Random-effects models were used to calculate the summary relative risk (SRR) based on high versus low and dose-response analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19 studies with 4315 ESCC cases were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, there were no significant associations between intakes of total dairy products, milk, cheese and butter and ESCC for the highest versus lowest intake categories (total dairy products: SRR 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.60-1.77; milk: SRR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.74-1.16; cheese: SRR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.61-1.15; butter: SRR 1.77, 95% CI 0.85-3.75). A significant inverse association was found for yogurt consumption (SRR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54-0.98). There was high heterogeneity among studies on total dairy products, milk and butter; however, little or no heterogeneity was observed among studies on cheese and yogurt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No associations between consumption of milk, dairy products, butter or cheese and risk of ESCC were found, while yogurt consumption may have a protective effect. However, these associations may be subject to high levels of heterogeneity or confounding, and further efforts should be made to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bai-Ling
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Geng-Xi
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guan-Xin
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Yun
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: dairy product; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; meta-analysis; milk