title: NMR methodologies in the analysis of blueberries.
abstract: An NMR analytical protocol based on complementary high and low field measurements is proposed for blueberry characterization. Untargeted NMR metabolite profiling of blueberries aqueous and organic extracts as well as targeted NMR analysis focused on anthocyanins and other phenols are reported. Bligh-Dyer and microwave-assisted extractions were carried out and compared showing a better recovery of lipidic fraction in the case of microwave procedure. Water-soluble metabolites belonging to different classes such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and phenolic compounds, as well as metabolites soluble in organic solvent such as triglycerides, sterols, and fatty acids, were identified. Five anthocyanins (malvidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-galactoside, and petunidin-3-glucoside) and 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl quercetin were identified in solid phase extract. The water status of fresh and withered blueberries was monitored by portable NMR and fast-field cycling NMR. (1) H depth profiles, T2 transverse relaxation times and dispersion profiles were found to be sensitive to the withering.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica "Annalaura Segre", CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Capitani
authors.forename: Anatoly P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sobolev
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delfini
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vista
authors.forename: Riccarda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Antiochia
authors.forename: Noemi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Proietti
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bubici
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carradori
authors.forename: Flavio Roberto
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: De Salvador
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mannina
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis*; D029798:Blueberry Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055442:Metabolome; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000872:Anthocyanins; D002241:Carbohydrates; D008055:Lipids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Blueberry; Metabolic profiling; Microwave-assisted extraction; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Water status