title: Immediate effects of nectar robbing by Palestine sunbirds (Nectarinia osea) on nectar alkaloid concentrations in tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca).
abstract: Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), such as alkaloids, are often found in many parts of a plant, including flowers, providing protection to the plant from various types of herbivores or microbes. PSMs are also present in the floral nectar of many species, but typically at lower concentrations than in other parts of the plant. Nectar robbers often damage floral tissue to access the nectar. By doing so, these nectar robbers may initiate an increase of PSMs in the floral nectar. It is often assumed that it takes at least a few hours before the plant demonstrates an increase in PSMs. Here, we addressed the question of whether PSMs in the floral tissue are immediately being released into the floral nectar following nectar robbing. To address this research question, we investigated whether there was an immediate effect of nectar robbing by the Palestine Sunbird (Nectarinia osea) on the concentration of nectar alkaloids, nicotine and anabasine, in Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca). We found that the concentration of anabasine, but not nicotine, significantly increased in floral nectar immediately following simulated nectar robbing. These findings suggest that nectar robbers could be ingesting greater amounts of PSMs than they would if they visit flowers legitimately. As a consequence, increased consumption of neurotoxic nectar alkaloids or other PSMs could have negative effects on the nectar robber.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & Environment, University of Haifa at Oranim, 36006, Tivon, Israel.
authors.forename: Rainee L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kaczorowski
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koplovich
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sporer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wink
authors.forename: Shai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markman
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior; D020387:Food Chain; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D058865:Introduced Species; D007557:Israel; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020308:Songbirds / Q000502:physiology*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D057048:Plant Nectar