title: Effects of task-oriented robot training on arm function, activity, and quality of life in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over fifty percent of stroke patients experience chronic arm hand performance problems, compromising independence in daily life activities and quality of life. Task-oriented training may improve arm hand performance after stroke, whereby augmented therapy may lead to a better treatment outcome. Technology-supported training holds opportunities for increasing training intensity. However, the effects of robot-supported task-oriented training with real life objects in stroke patients are not known to date. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness and added value of the Haptic Master robot combined with task-oriented arm hand training in chronic stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a single-blind randomized controlled trial, 22 chronic stroke patients were randomly allocated to receive either task-oriented robot-assisted arm-hand training (experimental group) or task-oriented non-robotic arm-hand training (control group). For training, the T-TOAT (Technology-supported Task-Oriented Arm Training) method was applied. Training was provided during 8 weeks, 4 times/week, 2 × 30 min/day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant improvement after training on the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) was demonstrated in the experimental group (p = 0.008). Results were maintained until 6 months after cessation of the training. On the perceived performance measure (Motor Activity Log (MAL)), both, the experimental and control group improved significantly after training (control group p = 0.008; experimental group p = 0.013). The improvements on MAL in both groups were maintained until 6 months after cessation of the training. With regard to quality of life, only in the control group a significant improvement after training was found (EuroQol-5D p = 0.015, SF-36 physical p = 0.01). However, the improvement on SF-36 in the control group was not maintained (p = 0.012). No between-group differences could be demonstrated on any of the outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arm hand performance improved in chronic stroke patients, after eight weeks of task oriented training. The use of a Haptic Master robot in support of task-oriented arm training did not show additional value over the video-instructed task-oriented exercises in highly functional stroke patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN82787126.
authors.affiliation: Adelante, Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands. Annick.Timmermans@uhasselt.be.
authors.forename: Annick A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Timmermans
authors.forename: Ryanne J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monfrance
authors.forename: Richard P J
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Geers
authors.forename: Wilbert
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bakx
authors.forename: Rob J E M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Henk A M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Seelen
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation