title: A comparison of bipolar disorders in children in Italy and the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical presentation of bipolar disorders, though clearly recognized in adolescents, remains controversial in younger children and across cultures. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical presentation of bipolar disorders in Italian and American children between ages 5 and 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven children from six outpatient programs were enrolled (Italian sample: n=40; American sample: n=28) between January 2010 and June 2011. Children and their parents were interviewed by experienced clinicians using the Washington University in St. Louis Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present, Lifetime Version (WASH-U K-SADS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Italian children scored significantly higher on ratings of "elevated mood" (p=0.002), whereas American children scored significantly higher on ratings of "flight of ideas" (p=0.001) and "productivity" (p=0.001). Rates of comorbidity were different between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data were acquired from several sites in Italy as compared to from a single American site. Medication and educational information were not systematically collected. Furthermore, the sample collected may only reflect characteristics of a less severely ill group of bipolar children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our comparison of Italian and American children with early onset bipolar disorders found that the phenotype of bipolar spectrum disorders is largely shared across cultures, although psychiatric comorbidities differed.
authors.affiliation: S. Pertini Hospital Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donfrancesco
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy. Electronic address: assunta.marano@univaq.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marano
authors.affiliation: ASL RM/B, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innocenzi
authors.affiliation: ASL RM/D, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toni
authors.affiliation: Center's ADHD Unit, Latina, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Lelio
authors.affiliation: Stella Maris Institute, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milone
authors.affiliation: University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sposato
authors.affiliation: University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzotta
authors.affiliation: UONPI Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.affiliation: ASL RM/A, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Melegari
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: DelBello
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Comorbidity; Cross-cultural; Pediatric bipolar disorders