title: Current trends in the monitoring and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in young adults.
abstract: The diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in young adults have significantly improved in recent years. Research methods have widened significantly, for example, by introducing spectral optical tomography of the eye. Invasive diagnostics, for example, fluorescein angiography, are done less frequently. The early introduction of an insulin pump to improve the administration of insulin is likely to delay the development of diabetic retinopathy, which is particularly important for young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The first years of diabetes occurring during childhood and youth are the most appropriate to introduce proper therapeutic intervention before any irreversible changes in the eyes appear. The treatment of DR includes increased metabolic control, laserotherapy, pharmacological treatment (antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory treatment, enzymatic vitreolysis, and intravitreal injections), and surgery. This paper summarizes the up-to-date developments in the diagnostics and treatment of DR. In the literature search, authors used online databases, PubMed, and clinitrials.gov and browsed through individual ophthalmology journals, books, and leading pharmaceutical company websites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raczyńska
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zorena
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7100-3362
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Microsurgery Center of the Eye Lens, Budowlana 3A, 10-424 Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8993-8553
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zalewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skorek
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malukiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Bartosz L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sikorski
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000628:therapy*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007249:Inflammation; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007328:Insulin