title: Simultaneous determination of red and yellow artificial food colourants and carotenoid pigments in food products.
abstract: A method for simultaneously determining four artificial food colourants [Red Nos. 2 (R2) and 40 (R40), Yellow Nos. 5 (Y5) and 6 (Y6)] and three carotenoids [lycopene, lutein, and β-carotene] was developed. They were successfully separated by the developed high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method combined with a photo diode array detector. The detection limit (at signal to noise>4) was from the lowest of 0.2 ng/mL for lutein to the highest of 50.0 ng/mL for R40. With a two-phase solvent and ultrasound-assisted extraction, the recoveries of the artificial and natural pigments in fifteen different types of food products were between 80.5-97.2% and 80.1-98.4%, respectively. This HPLC method with the ultrasound-assisted extraction protocol could be used as a sensitive and reliable analysis technique in simultaneously identifying and quantifying the reddish and yellowish pigments in different foods regardless of they are artificial food colourants or/and natural carotenoids.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Yixiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology of Ministry of Agriculture, The South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiumei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Witoon
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Prinyawiwatkul
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. Electronic address: zxu@agcenter.lsu.edu.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003116:Color; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D014975:Lutein / Q000032:analysis*; D000077276:Lycopene; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; D000077276:Lycopene; D014975:Lutein
keywords: Carotenoids; Colourants; HPLC; Pigments; Ultrasound-assisted extraction