title: Predictors of adolescent smoking cessation and smoking reduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the processes of change, demographic, health- and smoking-related predictors of both smoking cessation and smoking reduction in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from a sample of 755 adolescent smokers who participated in a study testing the efficacy of a text messaging-based intervention for smoking cessation. Demographic, health- and smoking-related variables were assessed at baseline. Five processes of smoking cessation, derived from the Transtheoretical Model and the Social Cognitive Theory, as well as outcome measures were assessed at 6-month follow up. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify baseline and process variables to predict smoking abstinence and smoking reduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male gender (OR=0.43, p<.01), lower alcohol consumption (OR=0.90, p=.05) and a lower number of cigarettes smoked per day at baseline (OR=0.87, p<.01) predicted smoking abstinence. Baseline physical activity predicted smoking reduction (OR=1.04, p=.03). None of the examined process variables significantly predicted smoking abstinence. The process variable "counter-conditioning" predicted smoking reduction (OR=1.46, p=.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline predictors of smoking cessation differ from predictors of smoking reduction. Dynamic or modifiable variables play an important role in predicting adolescent smoking cessation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Counter-conditioning might be an important element in adolescent smoking cessation interventions.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction at Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: severin.haug@isgf.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Severin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction at Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schaub
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D060145:Text Messaging; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Adolescents; Predictors; Smoking cessation; Young people