title: Maternal-child transfer of essential and toxic elements through breast milk in a mine-waste polluted area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the daily intake of essential micronutrients and toxic elements through breast milk in exclusive and nonexclusive breastfed infants living in an area with major mine tailing deposition (n = 24), compared with a control area (n = 11).
  
  
  METHODS
  The milk volume ingested by 2 to 4 and 4 to 6 month infants was measured by a stable isotopic method. Elements in milk, maternal and infant urine, and drinking water were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar breast milk volume and essential micronutrients intake in groups of exclusively breastfed infants, but more cadmium, boron, and lithium through breastfeeding in experimental area was found. This exposure was even higher in the nonexclusively breastfed infants, who also ingested more arsenic, boron, and lithium than exclusive breastfed infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the deuterium and the ICP-MS methods made it possible to evaluate the exact amount of essential and toxic elements ingested by infants through breast milk demonstrating that lower amount of toxic elements are transferred to exclusive breastfed infants compared with those who additionally received nonmaternal milk.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Florencia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Harari
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Llanos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahter
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ronco
mesh_terms: D001895:Boron / Q000378:metabolism; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism; D002677:Chile; D005260:Female; D064371:Hazardous Waste Sites; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008094:Lithium / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000032:analysis; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D008906:Mining; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D002104:Cadmium; D008094:Lithium; D001895:Boron