title: Reductions in prescription opioid diversion following recent legislative interventions in Florida.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Florida has been at the center of the nation's ongoing prescription opioid epidemic, with largely unregulated pain clinics and lax prescribing oversight cited as significant contributors to the opioid problem in the state.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an effort to mitigate prescription opioid abuse and diversion in Florida, legislative interventions were implemented during 2010 and 2011, which included two primary elements: (i) comprehensive legislation to better regulate the operation of pain clinics; and (ii) a statewide prescription drug monitoring program to promote safer prescribing practices. Using systematic longitudinal data collected on a quarterly basis from law enforcement agencies across Florida, this report examined changes in prescription opioid diversion rates following implementation of these regulatory initiatives. Quarterly diversion rates for buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and tramadol were calculated, and subsequently, hierarchical linear models were fit to test for differences in diversion rates over the 15 quarter period of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant declines in diversion rates were observed for oxycodone, methadone, and morphine; hydrocodone displayed a marginally significant decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documented reductions in statewide opioid diversion rates following implementation of Florida's pain clinic and prescription drug monitoring program legislative interventions. Although these initial findings appear promising, continued surveillance of diversion is clearly warranted.
authors.forename: Hilary L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Surratt
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.forename: Yamilka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stivers
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cicero
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dart
authors.forename: Minxing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D064226:Prescription Drug Diversion / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D062486:Public Health Surveillance / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid