title: Fungal infection intensity and zoospore output of Atelopus zeteki, a potential acute chytrid supershedder.
abstract: Amphibians vary in their response to infection by the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Highly susceptible species are the first to decline and/or disappear once Bd arrives at a site. These competent hosts likely facilitate Bd proliferation because of ineffective innate and/or acquired immune defenses. We show that Atelopus zeteki, a highly susceptible species that has undergone substantial population declines throughout its range, rapidly and exponentially increases skin Bd infection intensity, achieving intensities that are several orders of magnitude greater than most other species reported. We experimentally infected individuals that were never exposed to Bd (n = 5) or previously exposed to an attenuated Bd strain (JEL427-P39; n = 3). Within seven days post-inoculation, the average Bd infection intensity was 18,213 zoospores (SE: 9,010; range: 0 to 66,928). Both average Bd infection intensity and zoospore output (i.e., the number of zoospores released per minute by an infected individual) increased exponentially until time of death (t50 = 7.018, p<0.001, t46 = 3.164, p = 0.001, respectively). Mean Bd infection intensity and zoospore output at death were 4,334,422 zoospores (SE: 1,236,431) and 23.55 zoospores per minute (SE: 22.78), respectively, with as many as 9,584,158 zoospores on a single individual. The daily percent increases in Bd infection intensity and zoospore output were 35.4% (SE: 0.05) and 13.1% (SE: 0.04), respectively. We also found that Bd infection intensity and zoospore output were positively correlated (t43 = 3.926, p<0.001). All animals died between 22 and 33 days post-inoculation (mean: 28.88; SE: 1.58). Prior Bd infection had no effect on survival, Bd infection intensity, or zoospore output. We conclude that A. zeteki, a highly susceptible amphibian species, may be an acute supershedder. Our results can inform epidemiological models to estimate Bd outbreak probability, especially as they relate to reintroduction programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Graziella V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Direnzo
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.
authors.forename: Penny F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Langhammer
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Zamudio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Karen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lips
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002025:Bufonidae / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008411:Chytridiomycota / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008297:Male; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009181:Mycoses / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D006113:United Kingdom