title: Impacts of body mass index, physical activity, and smoking on femoral bone loss: the Tromsø study.
abstract: Bone mineral density (BMD) is a reflection of bone strength and lifestyles that preserve bone mass and may reduce fracture risk in old age. This study examined the effect of combined profiles of smoking, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) on lifetime bone loss. Data were collected from the population-based Tromsø Study. BMD was measured as g/cm(2) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the total hip and femoral neck in 2580 women and 2084 men aged 30 to 80 years in the 2001-02 survey, and repeated in 1401 women and 1113 men in the 2007-08 survey. Height and weight were measured and lifestyle information was collected through questionnaires. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models with second-degree fractional polynomials. From the peak at the age around 40 years to 80 years of age, loss rates varied between 4% at the total hip and 14% at femoral neck in nonsmoking, physically active men with a BMI of 30 kg/m(2) to approximately 30% at both femoral sites in heavy smoking, physically inactive men with a BMI value of 18 kg/m(2) . In women also, loss rates of more than 30% were estimated in the lifestyle groups with a BMI value of 18 kg/m(2) . BMI had the strongest effect on BMD, especially in the oldest age groups, but a BMI above 30 kg/m(2) did not exert any additional effect compared with the population average BMI of 27 kg/m(2) . At the age of 80 years, a lifestyle of moderate BMI to light overweight, smoking avoidance, and physical activity of 4 hours of vigorous activity per week through adult life may result in 1 to 2 standard deviations higher BMD levels compared with a lifestyle marked by heavy smoking, inactivity, and low weight. In the prevention of osteoporosis and fracture risk, the effect of combined lifestyles through adult life should be highlighted. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Emaus
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilsgaard
authors.forename: Luai Awad
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000503:physiopathology; D006615:Hip / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009664:Norway; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: AGING; BONE LOSS; DXA; FRACTURE PREVENTION; GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES; LIFESTYLE