title: The influence of surface charge and photo-reactivity on skin-permeation enhancer property of nano-TiO₂ in ex vivo pig skin model under indoor light.
abstract: Several topical products contain nanometric TiO2 (nano-TiO2), which is a useful and safe component that absorbs UV light and does not cross skin barrier. However, nano-TiO2 may impregnate the first layer of the skin (stratum corneum, SC) and generate free radicals, even under low UV irradiation. These properties, largely dependent on TiO2 surface chemistry, may modulate the transdermal drug permeation. To investigate how TiO2 surface properties affect drug permeation, amphotericin in two different media, in the presence of three differently coated samples, was applied on skin and the flux measured. The naked, but not the coated, nano-TiO2 showed enhancer property, with a fourfold increase of the drug flux. Only the positively-charged, naked TiO2 strongly adhered to and altered the SC structure. The oxidative potential towards formate anion and linoleic acid was assessed and a molecular mechanism to elucidate increased skin permeability proposed. To enhance the drug permeation, both a surface charge-driven adhesion and an oxidative disorganization of the SC lipids are required. By modulating TiO2 surface charge (coating) and its oxidative potential (crystalline phase), the enhancer effect of nano-TiO2 may be tuned and turned up or down when transdermal penetration of drug has to be favored or impaired.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy. Electronic address: elena.peira@unito.it.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peira
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy. Electronic address: francesco.turci@unito.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turci
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Corazzari
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chirio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Bice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fubini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallarate
mesh_terms: D065638:Absorption, Radiation; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003460:Crystallization; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D053758:Nanoparticles; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D014025:Titanium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D000666:Amphotericin B; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Amphotericin B (PubChem CID: 5280965); Drug permeation; Free radical; Nanometric TiO(2); Oxidative potential; Pig skin; Skin-permeation enhancer; Titanium dioxide (PubChem CID: 26042)