title: Assessment of time-frequency representation techniques for thoracic sounds analysis.
abstract: A step forward in the knowledge about the underlying physiological phenomena of thoracic sounds requires a reliable estimate of their time-frequency behavior that overcomes the disadvantages of the conventional spectrogram. A more detailed time-frequency representation could lead to a better feature extraction for diseases classification and stratification purposes, among others. In this respect, the aim of this study was to look for an omnibus technique to obtain the time-frequency representation (TFR) of thoracic sounds by comparing generic goodness-of-fit criteria in different simulated thoracic sounds scenarios. The performance of ten TFRs for heart, normal tracheal and adventitious lung sounds was assessed using time-frequency patterns obtained by mathematical functions of the thoracic sounds. To find the best TFR performance measures, such as the 2D local (ρ(mean)) and global (ρ) central correlation, the normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE), the cross-correlation coefficient (ρ(IF)) and the time-frequency resolution (res(TF)) were used. Simulation results pointed out that the Hilbert-Huang spectrum (HHS) had a superior performance as compared with other techniques and then, it can be considered as a reliable TFR for thoracic sounds. Furthermore, the goodness of HHS was assessed using noisy simulated signals. Additionally, HHS was applied to first and second heart sounds taken from a young healthy male subject, to tracheal sound from a middle-age healthy male subject, and to abnormal lung sounds acquired from a male patient with diffuse interstitial pneumonia. It is expected that the results of this research could be used to obtain a better signature of thoracic sounds for pattern recognition purpose, among other tasks.
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 09340, Mexico.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 09340, Mexico. Electronic address: schv@xanum.uam.mx.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charleston-Villalobos
authors.affiliation: Health Science Department, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 09340, Mexico.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: González-Camarena
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 09340, Mexico.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aljama-Corrales
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006347:Heart Sounds; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D013018:Sound Spectrography / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Adventitious lung sounds; Heart sounds; Hilbert–Huang spectrum; Time–frequency analysis; Tracheal sounds