title: Role of maternal gesture use in speech use by children with fragile X syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate how maternal gesture relates to speech production by children with fragile X syndrome (FXS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 27 young children with FXS (23 boys, 4 girls) and their mothers. Videotaped home observations were conducted between the ages of 25 and 37 months (toddler period) and again between the ages of 60 and 71 months (child period). The videos were later coded for types of maternal utterances and maternal gestures that preceded child speech productions. Children were also assessed with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning at both ages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal gesture use in the toddler period was positively related to expressive language scores at both age periods and was related to receptive language scores in the child period. Maternal proximal pointing, in comparison to other gestures, evoked more speech responses from children during the mother-child interactions, particularly when combined with wh-questions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds to the growing body of research on the importance of contextual variables, such as maternal gestures, in child language development. Parental gesture use may be an easily added ingredient to parent-focused early language intervention programs.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: B Jean
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Swinburne Romine
authors.forename: Kandace K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005868:Gestures; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D010988:Play and Playthings; D013060:Speech; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome