title: Smoking and arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH Cardiovascular Disease Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of smoking on early markers of cardiovascular disease (arterial stiffness) in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the SEARCH Cardiovascular Disease Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 606 youth (18.9 ± 3.3 years, 83% non-Hispanic white; 50% male). Six groups were defined: (1) smokers with T1D (n = 80); (2) former smokers with T1D (n = 88); (3) nonsmokers with T1D (n = 232); (4) smokers without T1D (n = 40); (5) former smokers without T1D former (n = 51); and (6) nonsmokers without T1D (n = 115). Arterial stiffness measurements included pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index, and brachial distensibility. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the independent and joint effects of T1D and smoking on arterial stiffness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 20% of both youth with and without T1D and T1D were smokers. In youth without T1D, smokers had higher trunk and arm PWV. After adjustment for potential confounders, T1D, but not smoking, was an independent predictor of PWV (P < .05). Moreover, smoking status did not modify the association between T1D and increased arterial stiffness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a high prevalence of smoking among youth with and without T1D; however, smoking status was not independently associated with increased arterial stiffness in youth with T1D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. Electronic address: amy.shah@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Jennifer W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Talton
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Urbina
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D Agostino
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: R Paul
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wadwa
authors.affiliation: Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Santica
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marcovina
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hamman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dolan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers