title: Activation of the omega-3 fatty acid receptor GPR120 mediates anti-inflammatory actions in immortalized hypothalamic neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overnutrition and the ensuing hypothalamic inflammation is a major perpetuating factor in the development of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Inflamed neurons of the CNS fail to properly regulate energy homeostasis leading to pathogenic changes in glucose handling, feeding, and body weight. Hypothalamic neurons are particularly sensitive to pro-inflammatory signals derived locally and peripherally, and it is these neurons that become inflamed first upon high fat feeding. Given the prevalence of metabolic disease, efforts are underway to identify therapeutic targets for this inflammatory state. At least in the periphery, omega-3 fatty acids and their receptor, G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), have emerged as putative targets. The role for GPR120 in the hypothalamus or CNS in general is poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we introduce a novel, immortalized cell model derived from the rat hypothalamus, rHypoE-7, to study GPR120 activation at the level of the individual neuron. Gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were studied by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) upon exposure to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) treatment in the presence or absence of the polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Signal transduction pathway involvement was also studied using phospho-specific antibodies to key proteins by western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Importantly, rHypoE-7 cells exhibit a transcriptional and translational inflammatory response upon exposure to TNFα and express abundant levels of GPR120, which is functionally responsive to DHA. DHA pretreatment prevents the inflammatory state and this effect was inhibited by the reduction of endogenous GPR120 levels. GPR120 activates both AKT (protein kinase b) and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase); however, the anti-inflammatory action of this omega-3 fatty acid (FA) receptor is AKT- and ERK-independent and likely involves the GPR120-transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 binding protein (TAB1) interaction as identified in the periphery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, GPR120 is functionally active in the hypothalamic neuronal line, rHypoE-7, wherein it mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of DHA to reduce the inflammatory response to TNFα.
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wellhauser
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building 3344, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. d.belsham@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Denise D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Belsham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring / Q000494:pharmacology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000166:cytology; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D008744:Methylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C533284:Ffar4 protein, rat; C515630:GW9508; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008744:Methylamines; C456319:PS1145; D011422:Propionates; D011725:Pyridines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids