title: Peri-implant evaluation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a 3-year study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze the changes produced in peri-implant tissues in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different glycemia levels, measured by monitoring glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), over a period of 3 years following dental implant placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven patients were divided into four groups according to their HbA1c levels: 21 patients in Group 1 (<6); 24 patients in Group 2 (6.1-8); and 11 patients in Group 3 (8.1-10) and Group 4 (>10.1). Each patient received one implant. All implants were placed in the anterior zone of the maxilla. The variables selected to assess the general state of patients' peri-implant health were as follows: probing depth, bleeding on probing, and marginal bone loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marginal bone loss was found to increase in relation to increases in HbA1c levels. Bleeding on probing showed statistically significant differences between groups. When the peri-implant area was probed, mean levels of bleeding varied from 0.43 in Group 1 at 1 year after implant surgery to 0.62 in Group 4 (P = 0.042 between the four study groups). After the second year, greater bleeding on probing was observed in Group 4 (0.63) in comparison with groups with lower HbA1c levels. Peri-implant pocket depths presented values that were too low to be considered pathological and without statistically significant differences between the study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implant therapies for diabetic patients can be predictable, providing these patients fall within controlled ranges of glycemia over time, assessed by monitoring HbA1c levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Care in Dentistry, Pharmacological Research in Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gómez-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological Research in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Salvatierra
authors.affiliation: Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Jerónimo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubio Roldán
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological Research in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guardia
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gargallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Implant Dentistry, Implant Dentistry and Biomaterials, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9860-5416
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Calvo-Guirado
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003757:Dental Implantation; D015921:Dental Implants; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: dental implants; marginal bone loss; peri-implant mucositis; peri-implantitis; type 2 diabetes mellitus