title: Epidemiology of masked and white-coat hypertension: the family-based SKIPOGH study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated factors associated with masked and white-coat hypertension in a Swiss population-based sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Swiss Kidney Project on Genes in Hypertension is a family-based cross-sectional study. Office and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure were measured using validated devices. Masked hypertension was defined as office blood pressure<140/90 mmHg and daytime ambulatory blood pressure≥135/85 mmHg. White-coat hypertension was defined as office blood pressure≥140/90 mmHg and daytime ambulatory blood pressure<135/85 mmHg. Mixed-effect logistic regression was used to examine the relationship of masked and white-coat hypertension with associated factors, while taking familial correlations into account. High-normal office blood pressure was defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure within the 130-139/85-89 mmHg range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 652 participants included in this analysis, 51% were female. Mean age (±SD) was 48 (±18) years. The proportion of participants with masked and white coat hypertension was respectively 15.8% and 2.6%. Masked hypertension was associated with age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.02, p = 0.012), high-normal office blood pressure (OR = 6.68, p<0.001), and obesity (OR = 3.63, p = 0.001). White-coat hypertension was significantly associated with age (OR = 1.07, p<0.001) but not with education, family history of hypertension, or physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that physicians should consider ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for older individuals with high-normal office blood pressure and/or who are obese.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alwan
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Menno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pruijm
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology, Department of Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ponte
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Unit of Population Epidemiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Idris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guessous
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ehret
authors.affiliation: Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
authors.affiliation: Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asayama
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vuistiner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sandrine Estoppey
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Younes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paccaud
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Grégoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wuerzner
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Antoinette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pechere-Bertschi
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohaupt
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology, Department of Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burnier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Murielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bochud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059468:Masked Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D059466:White Coat Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*