title: Natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat grains from Italy and Syria.
abstract: This article describes the application of an analytical method for the detection of 25 mycotoxins in wheat grain based on simultaneous extraction using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, a hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTrap®). Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA), an extra confirmation tool for samples that contain the target mycotoxins, was used. The analysis of 40 Syrian and 46 Italian wheat grain samples interestingly showed that Syrian samples were mainly contaminated with ochratoxin A and aflatoxins, whereas Italian samples with deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins were predominant in Italian samples compared to the Syrian. Among the analysed samples, only one was found containing zeralenone with level above the maximum European recommended concentration (100 ppb). These results confirm that climatic differences between Syria and Italy, both in Mediterranean basin, play a key role in the diversity of fungal genera and mycotoxins in wheat grains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alkadri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic; Departament de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pisi
authors.affiliation: Departament de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mañes
authors.affiliation: Departament de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain. Electronic address: carla.soler@uv.es.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soler
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D007558:Italy; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D013593:Syria; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: Co-occurrence; EDI; Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; Mycotoxins; Wheat grain