title: Multiple factors are involved in the dysarthria associated with Parkinson's disease: a review with implications for clinical practice and research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motor speech abnormalities are highly common and debilitating in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). These abnormalities, collectively termed hypokinetic dysarthria (HKD), have been traditionally attributed to hypokinesia and bradykinesia secondary to muscle rigidity and dopamine deficits. However, the role of rigidity and dopamine in the development of HKD is far from clear. The purpose of the present study was to offer an alternative view of the factors underlying HKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted an extensive, but not exhaustive, review of the literature to examine the evidence for the traditional view versus the alternative view.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review suggests that HKD is a highly complex and variable phenomenon including multiple factors, such as scaling and maintaining movement amplitude and effort; preplanning and initiation of movements; internal cueing; sensory and temporal processing; automaticity; emotive vocalization; and attention to action (vocal vigilance). Although not part of the dysarthria, nonmotor factors, such as depression, aging, and cognitive-linguistic abnormalities, are likely to contribute to the overall speech symptomatology associated with IPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have important implications for clinical practice and research.
authors.forename: Shimon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sapir
mesh_terms: D004401:Dysarthria / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology