Cyber and traditional bullying victimization as a risk factor for mental health problems and suicidal ideation in adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
To examine whether traditional and cyber bullying victimization were associated with adolescent's mental health problems and suicidal ideation at two-year follow-up. Gender differences were explored to determine whether bullying affects boys and girls differently.


METHODS
A two-year longitudinal study was conducted among first-year secondary school students (N = 3181). Traditional and cyber bullying victimization were assessed at baseline, whereas mental health status and suicidal ideation were assessed at baseline and follow-up by means of self-report questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between these variables while controlling for baseline problems. Additionally, we tested whether gender differences in mental health and suicidal ideation were present for the two types of bullying.


RESULTS
There was a significant interaction between gender and traditional bullying victimization and between gender and cyber bullying victimization on mental health problems. Among boys, traditional and cyber bullying victimization were not related to mental health problems after controlling for baseline mental health. Among girls, both traditional and cyber bullying victimization were associated with mental health problems after controlling for baseline mental health. No significant interaction between gender and traditional or cyber bullying victimization on suicidal ideation was found. Traditional bullying victimization was associated with suicidal ideation, whereas cyber bullying victimization was not associated with suicidal ideation after controlling for baseline suicidal ideation.


CONCLUSIONS
Traditional bullying victimization is associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation, whereas traditional, as well as cyber bullying victimization is associated with an increased risk of mental health problems among girls. These findings stress the importance of programs aimed at reducing bullying behavior, especially because early-onset mental health problems may pose a risk for the development of psychiatric disorders in adulthood.
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Rienke
R
Bannink
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Suzanne
S
Broeren
Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Petra M
PM
van de Looij-Jansen
Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Frouwkje G
FG
de Waart
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Hein
H
Raat
D000293:Adolescent; D058445:Bullying; D002648:Child; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D019548:Crime Victims; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D009426:Netherlands; D011159:Population Surveillance; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires