Central cell-derived peptides regulate early embryo patterning in flowering plants.
Plant embryogenesis initiates with the establishment of an apical-basal axis; however, the molecular mechanisms accompanying this early event remain unclear. Here, we show that a small cysteine-rich peptide family is required for formation of the zygotic basal cell lineage and proembryo patterning in Arabidopsis. EMBRYO SURROUNDING FACTOR 1 (ESF1) peptides accumulate before fertilization in central cell gametes and thereafter in embryo-surrounding endosperm cells. Biochemical and structural analyses revealed cleavage of ESF1 propeptides to form biologically active mature peptides. Further, these peptides act in a non-cell-autonomous manner and synergistically with the receptor-like kinase SHORT SUSPENSOR to promote suspensor elongation through the YODA mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Our findings demonstrate that the second female gamete and its sexually derived endosperm regulate early embryonic patterning in flowering plants.
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, UK.
Liliana M
LM
Costa
Eleanor
E
Marshall
Mesfin
M
Tesfaye
Kevin A T
KA
Silverstein
Masashi
M
Mori
Yoshitaka
Y
Umetsu
Sophie L
SL
Otterbach
Ranjith
R
Papareddy
Hugh G
HG
Dickinson
Kim
K
Boutiller
Kathryn A
KA
VandenBosch
Shinya
S
Ohki
José F
JF
Gutierrez-Marcos
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019521:Body Patterning; D056625:Endosperm / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D035264:Flowers / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D020440:Gene Duplication; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C588030:ESF1.1 protein, Arabidopsis; C588031:ESF1.2 protein, Arabidopsis; C588032:ESF1.3 protein, Arabidopsis; D010455:Peptides; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases; C539498:SSP protein, Arabidopsis; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; C481302:YODA protein, Arabidopsis