Incidence of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) after general surgery.
OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the incidence and determinants of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in a general surgical patient population.


METHODS
This is a prospective cross-sectional study at a university-affiliated clinic/level 1 trauma center. Patients were followed at least 1 year postoperatively. By surgical discipline, procedures were 50% orthopedic/trauma, 33% general (abdominal/visceral), and 17% vascular.


METHODS
All patients admitted during one year (N = 3020) were eligible. Exclusion criteria were cognitive impairment, communication/language barrier, nonoperative treatment, and refusal to participate. A CPSP questionnaire was completed. Step-by-step analysis followed with a 2(nd) questionnaire to detect CPSP with numeric rating scale (NRS) pain intensity ≥3. Finally, individual follow-up examinations were performed.


RESULTS
911 patients responded (30.2%). 522 complained of pain intensity ≥3 on NRS (scale 0-10). The second step identified 214 patients with chronic pain (NRS ≥3, mean 29 months postoperatively). On final examination, 83 CPSP patients (14.8%) were identified. By surgical discipline, 28% were general, 15% vascular, and 57% trauma/orthopedic surgery. Most oftenly cited pain sites were joint (49.4%), incisional/scar (37.7%), and nerve pain (33.7%). By procedure, patients underwent pelvic surgery, colon surgery, laparoscopies, inguinal herniorrhaphies, arthroscopies, and hardware extractions. All patients in the "laborer" and "unemployed" categories reported chronic pain.


CONCLUSIONS
Bias due to study design and/or heterogeneity of patients is possible, but there was a high CPSP rate after 2 years both generally and particularly in orthopedic/trauma (57%) patients. Both "major" and "minor" surgical procedures led to CPSP.
Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany.
Christian J P
CJ
Simanski
Astrid
A
Althaus
Sascha
S
Hoederath
Kerry W
KW
Kreutz
Petra
P
Hoederath
Rolf
R
Lefering
Carolina
C
Pape-Köhler
Edmund A M
EA
Neugebauer
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Chronic Post-Surgical Pain (CPSP); Pain Management; Persistent Pain; Prospective Study; Risk Factors