Anion transport with halogen bonds.
This review covers the application of halogen bonds to transport anions across lipid bilayer membranes. The introduction provides a brief description of biological and synthetic transport systems. Emphasis is on examples that explore interactions beyond the coordination with lone pairs or hydrogen bonds for the recognition of cations and anions, particularly cation-π and anion-π interactions, and on structural motifs that are relevant for transport studies with halogen bonds. Section 2 summarizes the use of macrocyclic scaffolds to achieve transport with halogen bonds, focusing on cyclic arrays of halogen-bond donors of different strengths on top of calixarene scaffolds. This section also introduces methods to study anion binding in solution and anion transport in fluorogenic vesicles. In Sect. 3, transport studies with monomeric halogen bond-donors are summarized. This includes the smallest possible organic anion transporter, trifluoroiodomethane, a gas that can be bubbled through a suspension of vesicles to turn on transport. Anion transport with a gas nicely illustrates the power of halogen bonds for anion transport. Like hydrogen bonds, they are directional and strong, but compared to hydrogen-bond donors, halogen-bond donors are more lipophilic. Section 3 also offers a concise introduction to the measurement of ion selectivity in fluorogenic vesicles and conductance experiments in planar bilayer membranes. Section 4 introduces the formal unrolling of cyclic scaffolds into linear scaffolds that can span lipid bilayers. As privileged transmembrane scaffolds, the importance of hydrophobically matching fluorescent p-oligophenyl rods is fully confirmed. The first formal synthetic ion channel that operates by cooperative multiion hopping along transmembrane halogen-bonding cascades is described. Compared to homologs for anion-π interactions, transport with halogen bonds is clearly more powerful.
Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Andreas Vargas
AV
Jentzsch
Stefan
S
Matile
D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D047250:Calixarenes / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006219:Halogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017136:Ion Transport; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
D000838:Anions; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006219:Halogens; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D007473:Ion Channels; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D047250:Calixarenes; C105057:trifluoroiodomethane