Development of a body condition scoring index for female African elephants validated by ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat.
Obesity-related health and reproductive problems may be contributing to non-sustainability of zoo African elephant (Loxodonta africana) populations. However, a major constraint in screening for obesity in elephants is lack of a practical method to accurately assess body fat. Body condition scoring (BCS) is the assessment of subcutaneous fat stores based on visual evaluation and provides an immediate appraisal of the degree of obesity of an individual. The objective of this study was to develop a visual BCS index for female African elephants and validate it using ultrasound measures of subcutaneous fat. To develop the index, standardized photographs were collected from zoo (n = 50) and free-ranging (n = 57) female African elephants for identifying key body regions and skeletal features, which were then used to visually determine body fat deposition patterns. This information was used to develop a visual BCS method consisting of a list of body regions and the physical criteria for assigning an overall score on a 5-point scale, with 1 representing the lowest and 5 representing the highest levels of body fat. Results showed that as BCS increased, ultrasound measures of subcutaneous fat thickness also increased (P<0.01), indicating the scores closely coincide with physical measures of fat reserves. The BCS index proved to be reliable and repeatable based on high intra- and inter-assessor agreement across three assessors. In comparing photographs of wild vs. captive African elephants, the median BCS in the free-ranging individuals (BCS = 3, range 1-5) was lower (P<0.001) than that of the zoo population (BCS = 4, range 2-5). In sum, we have developed the first validated BCS index for African elephants. This tool can be used to examine which factors impact body condition in zoo and free-ranging elephants, providing valuable information on how it affects health and reproductive potential of individual elephants.
Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Roya, Virginia, United States of America.
Kari A
KA
Morfeld
The National Elephant Center, Fellsmere, Florida, United States of America.
John
J
Lehnhardt
Disney's Animal Kingdom, Bay Lake, Florida, United States of America.
Christina
C
Alligood
The National Elephant Center, Fellsmere, Florida, United States of America.
Jeff
J
Bolling
Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Roya, Virginia, United States of America.
Janine L
JL
Brown
D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D004606:Elephants / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography