Identifying common characteristics of frailty across seven scales.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether commonly used frailty scales exhibit shared characteristics when applied to a representative sample of middle-aged and older Europeans.


METHODS
Secondary analysis of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).


METHODS
Eleven European countries.


METHODS
Community-dwelling adults (N = 27,527; mean age 65.3 ± 10.5, 55% female).


METHODS
Frailty was assessed using SHARE-operationalized versions of seven frailty scales: Edmonton Frail Scale, FRAIL scale, Groningen Frailty Indicator, frailty phenotype, Tilburg Frailty Indicator, a 70-item frailty index (FI), and a 44-item frailty index based on Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment.


RESULTS
All frailty scales demonstrated right-skewed density distributions. On all scales, frailty scores increased nonlinearly with age, between 1% (FRAIL) and 3.6% (FI) per year on a log scale. Frailty scores on all scales exhibited dose-response relationships with 5-year mortality. On all scales, women had higher frailty scores than men of the same age but demonstrated better survival than did men with the same frailty score. On all scales except the frailty phenotype, 99% of participants had scores below the scale's theoretical maximum.


CONCLUSIONS
On each frailty scale, frailty score increased nonlinearly with age, mortality risk increased with frailty score, and women had higher scores than men but demonstrated better survival. Each scale except the frailty phenotype demonstrated an upper limit to frailty below the scale's theoretical maximum. Across commonly used frailty scales, these characteristics are common in nature but differ in magnitude.
Geriatric Medicine Research, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Olga
O
Theou
Thomas D
TD
Brothers
Fernando G
FG
Peña
Arnold
A
Mitnitski
Kenneth
K
Rockwood
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends
aged; aged 80 and over; frail elderly; frailty; geriatric assessment