Self and nonself: how autophagy targets mitochondria and bacteria.
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that transports cytoplasmic components for degradation into lysosomes. Selective autophagy can capture physically large objects, including cell-invading pathogens and damaged or superfluous organelles. Selectivity is achieved by cargo receptors that detect substrate-associated "eat-me" signals. In this Review, we discuss basic principles of selective autophagy and compare the "eat-me" signals and cargo receptors that mediate autophagy of bacteria and bacteria-derived endosymbionts-i.e., mitochondria.
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. Electronic address: randow@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk.
Felix
F
Randow
Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: youler@ninds.nih.gov.
Richard J
RJ
Youle
D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000276:immunology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D063306:Mitophagy; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology