Diffusion Reflection: A Novel Method for Detection of Oral Cancer.
Intraoperative detection of residual disease in oral cancer may reduce the high rate of recurrences. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the detection sensitivity of diffusion reflection (DR) measurements of bioconjugated gold nanorods (GNRs) to cancerous sites in a rat model of oral squamous cell carcinoma. We used hyperspectral spectroscopy and DR measurements of GNRs bioconjugated to slide specimens of rat tongues where squamous carcinoma was induced by 4NQO (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide). Wistar-derived male rats were used: 6 were sacrificed at wk 32 to 37 following 4NQO administration (experimental rats), as were 2 control rats at wk 32 and 36. The detection results were compared with histopathology: 19 sites of cancerous changes were identified microscopically (11 invasive cancer and 8 carcinoma in situ [CIS]). The GNRs attached selectively to areas of carcinomatous changes with an intensity exceeding 17 intensity units at 780 nm (overall specificity, 97%; overall sensitivity, 87%) when the hyperspectral spectroscopy system was used. The resulting DR slopes of the reflected intensity showed an increase of >80% in areas of invasive cancer and an increase of >30% in the CIS sites. The resulting intensity units of the hyperspectral spectroscopy system in the invasive cancer significantly exceed those of the CIS (t test, p = .0002; Mann-Whitney, p = .0024). The results demonstrate a great potential of the direct DR scanning as a new and simple tool for detecting residual disease intraoperatively.
Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Fixler
Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Ankri
Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Kaplan
Biostatistical Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Novikov
Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel hirshmd@post.tau.ac.il.
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Hirshberg
D015112:4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004058:Diffusion; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
D002273:Carcinogens; D015112:4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide; D006046:Gold
early detection of cancer; gold nanorods; mouth neoplasms; nanoconjugates; nanospheres; oral cancer