Carbamazepine and its metabolites in wastewater: Analytical pitfalls and occurrence in Germany and Portugal.
The occurrence of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its metabolites in German and Portuguese wastewater was investigated. A total of 46 samples from influent and effluent wastewater were analyzed by liquid-chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry. The five metabolites 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-CBZ (DiOH-CBZ), 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-CBZ (10-OH-CBZ), 10,11-epoxy-10,11-dihydro-CBZ, 2-hydroxy-CBZ and 3-hydroxy-CBZ were very persistent with little to no removal during wastewater treatment. The highest concentrations were found for CBZ, DiOH-CBZ, and 10-OH-CBZ, with up to 5.0, 4.8 and 1.1 μg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the related pharmaceutical oxcarbazepine and the metabolites 9-hydroxymethyl-10-carbamoylacridan, 1-hydroxy-CBZ (1-OH-CBZ) and 4-hydroxy-CBZ (4-OH-CBZ) were detected. Explicit care was taken to achieve a good chromatographic separation of the numerous isomers that were difficult to distinguish by mass spectrometry alone. A phenylether stationary phase provided the best separation. In combination with high resolution mass spectrometry and hydrogen-deuterium exchange, this LC column enabled us to identify 1-OH-CBZ and 4-OH-CBZ in wastewater for the first time.
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department for Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: abahlmann@gmx.net.
Arnold
A
Bahlmann
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department for Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
Werner
W
Brack
BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
Rudolf J
RJ
Schneider
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department for Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
Martin
M
Krauss
D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000032:analysis; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D041961:Deuterium Exchange Measurement; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005858:Germany; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D011174:Portugal; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002220:Carbamazepine; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
Carbamazepine; Hydroxycarbamazepine; LC–MS/MS; Metabolite; Pharmaceutical; Wastewater