Exposures of 129 preschool children to organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and acid herbicides at their homes and daycares in North Carolina.
Few data exist on the concurrent exposures of young children to past-use and current-use pesticides in their everyday environments. In this further analysis of study data, we quantified the potential exposures and intake doses of 129 preschool children, ages 20 to 66 months, to 16 pesticides (eight organochlorines, two organophosphates, three pyrethroids, and three acid herbicides). Environmental samples (soil, dust, outdoor air, and indoor air) and personal samples (hand wipes, solid food, and liquid food) were collected at 129 homes and 13 daycare centers in six counties in North Carolina between 2000 and 2001. α-Chlordane, γ-chlordane, heptachlor, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, cis-permethrin, trans-permethrin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were detected ≥50% in two or more media in both settings. Of these pesticides, the children's estimated median potential intake doses through dietary ingestion, nondietary ingestion, and inhalation routes were the highest for 2,4-D and cis/trans-permethrin (both 4.84 ng/kg/day), cis/trans-permethrin (2.39 ng/kg/day), and heptachlor (1.71 ng/kg/day), respectively. The children's estimated median potential aggregate intake doses by all three routes were quantifiable for chlorpyrifos (4.6 ng/kg/day), cis/trans-permethrin (12.5 ng/kg/day), and 2,4-D (4.9 ng/kg/day). In conclusion, these children were likely exposed daily to several pesticides from several sources and routes at their homes and daycares.
National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. morgan.marsha@epa.gov.
Marsha K
MK
Morgan
Battelle, Durham, NC 27713, USA. njkwilson@nc.rr.com.
Nancy K
NK
Wilson
Battelle, Columbus, OH 43201, USA. ccjane20@hotmail.com.
Jane C
JC
Chuang
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D007223:Infant; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D009657:North Carolina; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D006540:Herbicides; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides; D010755:Organophosphates; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012989:Soil Pollutants