Zr4+ doping in Li4Ti5O12 anode for lithium-ion batteries: open Li+ diffusion paths through structural imperfection.
One-dimensional nanomaterials have short Li(+) diffusion paths and promising structural stability, which results in a long cycle life during Li(+) insertion and extraction processes in lithium rechargeable batteries. In this study, we fabricated one-dimensional spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) nanofibers using an electrospinning technique and studied the Zr(4+) doping effect on the lattice, electronic structure, and resultant electrochemical properties of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Accommodating a small fraction of Zr(4+) ions in the Ti(4+) sites of the LTO structure gave rise to enhanced LIB performance, which was due to structural distortion through an increase in the average lattice constant and thereby enlarged Li(+) diffusion paths rather than changes to the electronic structure. Insulating ZrO2 nanoparticles present between the LTO grains due to the low Zr(4+) solubility had a negative effect on the Li(+) extraction capacity, however. These results could provide key design elements for LTO anodes based on atomic level insights that can pave the way to an optimal protocol to achieve particular functionalities.
Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2500 (Australia).
Jae-Geun
JG
Kim
Min-Sik
MS
Park
Soo Min
SM
Hwang
Yoon-Uk
YU
Heo
Ting
T
Liao
Ziqi
Z
Sun
Jong Hwan
JH
Park
Ki Jae
KJ
Kim
Goojin
G
Jeong
Young-Jun
YJ
Kim
Jung Ho
JH
Kim
Shi Xue
SX
Dou
D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry*; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
D008094:Lithium; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium
batteries; electrospinning; lithium; spinel; zirconium