PDF and cAMP enhance PER stability in Drosophila clock neurons.
The neuropeptide PDF is important for Drosophila circadian rhythms: pdf(01) (pdf-null) animals are mostly arrhythmic or short period in constant darkness and have an advanced activity peak in light-dark conditions. PDF contributes to the amplitude, synchrony, as well as the pace of circadian rhythms within clock neurons. PDF is known to increase cAMP levels in PDR receptor (PDFR)-containing neurons. However, there is no known connection of PDF or of cAMP with the Drosophila molecular clockworks. We discovered that the mutant period gene per(S) ameliorates the phenotypes of pdf-null flies. The period protein (PER) is a well-studied repressor of clock gene transcription, and the per(S) protein (PERS) has a markedly short half-life. The result therefore suggests that the PDF-mediated increase in cAMP might lengthen circadian period by directly enhancing PER stability. Indeed, increasing cAMP levels and cAMP-mediated protein kinase A (PKA) activity stabilizes PER, in S2 tissue culture cells and in fly circadian neurons. Adding PDF to fly brains in vitro has a similar effect. Consistent with these relationships, a light pulse causes more prominent PER degradation in pdf(01) circadian neurons than in wild-type neurons. The results indicate that PDF contributes to clock neuron synchrony by increasing cAMP and PKA, which enhance PER stability and decrease clock speed in intrinsically fast-paced PDFR-containing clock neurons. We further suggest that the more rapid degradation of PERS bypasses PKA regulation and makes the pace of clock neurons more uniform, allowing them to avoid much of the asynchrony caused by the absence of PDF.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454.
Yue
Y
Li
Fang
F
Guo
James
J
Shen
Michael
M
Rosbash
D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000528:radiation effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D055550:Protein Stability / Q000528:radiation effects; D059748:Proteolysis / Q000528:radiation effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects
D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; C539040:PER protein, Drosophila; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; C113883:pdf protein, Drosophila; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
PDF neurons; PDF signaling; molecular clock regulation; synchronization