Growth/differentiation factor-5: pre-clinical and clinical evaluations of periodontal regeneration and alveolar augmentation--review.
OBJECTIVE
Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) plays critical roles in mesenchymal cell differentiation and stimulates human periodontal ligament cell proliferation. Potentially, GDF-5 may also play roles in wound healing including periodontal regeneration and alveolar augmentation. The objective of this review was to provide up-to-date information from pre-clinical/clinical studies evaluating GDF-5 for these indications.


METHODS
A comprehensive search using PubMed and Google search engines was conducted to identify reports on GDF-5 applied to periodontal and alveolar indications. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts from a total of 479 reports. Full-length articles of 17 pre-clinical and four clinical studies were selected and reviewed.


RESULTS
Canine-, porcine- and non-human primate-based models as well as human clinical trials were used in the evaluation of GDF-5 in support of periodontal regeneration and alveolar augmentation. An absorbable collagen sponge (ACS), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) were evaluated as candidate carriers for GDF-5 using various dose and healing intervals demonstrating significantly enhanced periodontal regeneration/alveolar augmentation including cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with limited, if any, adverse effects.


CONCLUSIONS
Growth/differentiation factor-5 supports periodontal regeneration/alveolar augmentation without aberrant healing events documented in qualified pre-clinical models and clinical pilot studies. In perspective, GDF-5 appears a promising technology for periodontal regeneration/alveolar augmentation.
Laboratory for Applied Periodontal & Craniofacial Regeneration (LAPCR), Department of Periodontics, Georgia Regents University College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA, USA.
Jaebum
J
Lee
Ulf M E
UM
Wikesjö
D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004337:Drug Carriers; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5
GDF-5; alveolar bone; dental implants; periodontal regeneration; sinus augmentation