Morphine-induced internalization of the L83I mutant of the rat μ-opioid receptor.
OBJECTIVE
Naturally occurring single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within GPCRs can result in alterations in various pharmacological parameters. Understanding the regulation and function of endocytic trafficking of the μ-opioid receptor (MOP receptor) is of great importance given its implication in the development of opioid tolerance. This study has compared the agonist-dependent trafficking and signalling of L83I, the rat orthologue of a naturally occurring variant of the MOP receptor.


METHODS
Cell surface elisa, confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation assays were used to characterize the trafficking properties of the MOP-L83I variant in comparison with the wild-type receptor in HEK 293 cells. Functional assays were used to compare the ability of the L83I variant to signal to several downstream pathways.


RESULTS
Morphine-induced internalization of the L83I MOP receptor was markedly increased in comparison with the wild-type receptor. The altered trafficking of this variant was found to be specific to morphine and was both G-protein receptor kinase- and dynamin-dependent. The enhanced internalization of L83I variant in response to morphine was not due to increased phosphorylation of serine 375, arrestin association or an increased ability to signal.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that morphine promotes a specific conformation of the L83I variant that makes it more liable to internalize in response to morphine, unlike the wild-type receptor that undergoes significantly less morphine-stimulated internalization, providing an example of a ligand-selective biased receptor. The presence of this SNP within an individual may consequently affect the development of tolerance and analgesic responses.


BACKGROUND
This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
A E
AE
Cooke
S
S
Oldfield
C
C
Krasel
S J
SJ
Mundell
G
G
Henderson
E
E
Kelly
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009154:Mutation; D051381:Rats; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009020:Morphine
G-protein coupled receptor; morphine; receptor internalization; μ-opioid receptor