Expectancies for the effectiveness of different tobacco interventions account for racial and gender differences in motivation to quit and abstinence self-efficacy.
BACKGROUND
Racial and gender disparities for smoking cessation might be accounted for by differences in expectancies for tobacco interventions, but few studies have investigated such differences or their relationships with motivation to quit and abstinence self-efficacy.


METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, 673 smokers (African American: n = 443, 65.8%; women: n = 222, 33.0%) under criminal justice supervision who enrolled in a clinical smoking cessation trial in which all received bupropion and half received counseling. All participants completed pretreatment measures of expectancies for different tobacco interventions, motivation to quit, and abstinence self-efficacy. The indirect effects of race and gender on motivation to quit and abstinence self-efficacy through expectancies for different tobacco interventions were evaluated.


RESULTS
African Americans' stronger expectancies that behavioral interventions would be effective accounted for their greater motivation to quit and abstinence self-efficacy. Women's stronger expectancies for the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy accounted for their greater motivation to quit, whereas their stronger expectancies for the effectiveness of behavioral treatments accounted for their greater abstinence self-efficacy.


CONCLUSIONS
Findings point to the mediating role of expectancies for treatment effectiveness and suggest the importance of exploring expectancies among African Americans and women as a way to augment motivation and self-efficacy.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; kcropsey@uab.edu.
Karen L
KL
Cropsey
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA;
Adam M
AM
Leventhal
Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL;
Erin N
EN
Stevens
Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL;
Lindsay R
LR
Trent
Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL;
C Brendan
CB
Clark
Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL;
Adrienne C
AC
Lahti
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
Peter S
PS
Hendricks
D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003376:Counseling; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D014026:Nicotiana
D016642:Bupropion