The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum suppresses breast-to-lung cancer metastasis through the inhibition of pro-invasive genes.
Breast cancer metastasis is one of the major reasons for the high morbidity and mortality of breast cancer patients. In spite of surgical interventions, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy, some patients are considering alternative therapies with herbal/natural products. In the present study, we evaluated a well-characterized extract from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GLE) for its affects on tumor growth and breast-to-lung cancer metastasis. MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were implanted into the mammary fat pads of nude mice. GLE (100 mg/kg/every other day) was administered to the mice by an oral gavage for 4 weeks, and tumor size was measured using microcalipers. Lung metastases were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Gene expression in MDA-MB-231 cells was determined by DNA microarray analysis and confirmed by quantitative PCR. Identified genes were silenced by siRNA, and cell migration was determined in Boyden chambers and by wound-healing assay. Although an oral administration of GLE only slightly suppressed the growth of large tumors, the same treatment significantly inhibited the number of breast-to-lung cancer metastases. GLE also downregulated the expression of genes associated with invasive behavior (HRAS, VIL2, S100A4, MCAM, I2PP2A and FN1) in MDA-MB-231 cells. Gene silencing of HRAS, VIL2, S100A4, I2PP2A and FN1 by siRNA suppressed migration of MDA-MB‑231 cells. Our study suggests that an oral administration of GLE can inhibit breast-to-lung cancer metastases through the downregulation of genes responsible for cell invasiveness. The anti-metastatic benefits of GLE warrant further clinical studies.
Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Jagadish
J
Loganathan
Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Jiahua
J
Jiang
Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Amanda
A
Smith
Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Andrej
A
Jedinak
Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Anita
A
Thyagarajan-Sahu
Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
George E
GE
Sandusky
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Harikrishna
H
Nakshatri
Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Daniel
D
Sliva
D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015973:Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts