Sedation, sleep promotion, and delirium screening practices in the care of mechanically ventilated children: a wake-up call for the pediatric critical care community*.
OBJECTIVE
To examine pediatric intensivist sedation management, sleep promotion, and delirium screening practices for intubated and mechanically ventilated children.


METHODS
An international, online survey of questions regarding sedative and analgesic medication choices and availability, sedation protocols, sleep optimization, and delirium recognition and treatment.


METHODS
Member societies of the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies were asked to send the survey to their mailing lists; responses were collected from July 2012 to January 2013.


METHODS
Pediatric critical care providers.


METHODS
Survey.


RESULTS
The survey was completed by 341 respondents, the majority of whom were from North America (70%). Twenty-seven percent of respondents reported having written sedation protocols. Most respondents worked in PICUs with sedation scoring systems (70%), although only 42% of those with access to scoring systems reported routine daily use for goal-directed sedation management. The State Behavioral Scale was the most commonly used scoring system in North America (22%), with the COMFORT score more prevalent in all other countries (39%). The most commonly used sedation regimen for intubated children was a combination of opioid and benzodiazepine (72%). Most intensivists chose fentanyl as their first-line opioid (66%) and midazolam as their first-line benzodiazepine (86%) and prefer to administer these medications as continuous infusions. Propofol and dexmedetomidine were the most commonly restricted medications in PICUs internationally. Use of earplugs, eye masks, noise reduction, and lighting optimization for sleep promotion was uncommon. Delirium screening was not practiced in 71% of respondent's PICUs, and only 2% reported routine screening at least twice a day.


CONCLUSIONS
The results highlight the heterogeneity in sedation practices among intensivists who care for critically ill children as well as a paucity of sleep promotion and delirium screening in PICUs worldwide.
1Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 2Department of Pediatrics, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 3Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Sapna R
SR
Kudchadkar
Myron
M
Yaster
Naresh M
NM
Punjabi
D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010372:Pediatrics; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012890:Sleep
D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines