Garden rue inhibits the arachidonic acid pathway, scavenges free radicals, and elevates FRAP: role in inflammation.
OBJECTIVE
In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of Ruta graveolens leaves (RG-M) were evaluated using various in vivo and in vitro models.


METHODS
For anti-inflammatory activity, RG-M was administered by the oral route (p.o.) in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, and by the intraperitoneal route (i.p.) in an exudative inflammation model. In vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes was evaluated. In vitro antioxidant activity was also examined. Endogenous antioxidant status was further evaluated by ferric reducing ability of plasma model.


RESULTS
RG-M showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced edema (100 mg·kg⁻¹ - 33.36%; 200 mg·kg⁻¹ - 45.32% and 400 mg·kg⁻¹ - 56.28%). In the exudative inflammation model, a significant reduction in leukocyte migration (200 mg·kg⁻¹ - 54.75% and 400 mg·kg⁻¹ - 77.97%) and protein exudation (200 mg·kg⁻¹ - 31.14% and 400 mg·kg⁻¹ - 49.91%) were observed. RG-M also exhibited inhibition of COX-1 (IC50 182.27 μg·mL⁻¹) and COX-2 (IC50 190.16 μg·mL⁻¹) as well as 5-LOX (IC50 215.71 μg·mL⁻¹). Antioxidant activity was significant with improved endogenous antioxidant status.


CONCLUSIONS
The results demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of RG-M with potent inhibitory effects on the arachidonic acid pathways.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India; Abhilashi College of Pharmacy, Tanda, Ner-chowk, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh-175008, India. Electronic address: manjirkataki@gmail.com.
Manjir Sarma
MS
Kataki
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India.
Bibhuti B
BB
Kakoti
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India.
Biman
B
Bhuyan
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India.
Ananya
A
Rajkumari
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India; Institute of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology, Makhnumajra, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173205, India.
Prakash
P
Rajak
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D002351:Carrageenan; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D005122:Exudates and Transudates; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058945:Lipoxygenases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D032105:Ruta
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D002351:Carrageenan; D058945:Lipoxygenases; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
Antioxidant; Cyclooxygenase; Lipoxygenase; Ruta graveolens