Rapid delivery of diazepam from supersaturated solutions prepared using prodrug/enzyme mixtures: toward intranasal treatment of seizure emergencies.
Current treatments for seizure emergencies, such as status epilepticus, include intravenous or rectal administration of benzodiazepines. While intranasal delivery of these drugs is desirable, the small volume of the nasal cavity and low drug solubility pose significant difficulties. Here, we prepared supersaturated diazepam solutions under physiological conditions and without precipitation, using a prodrug/enzyme system. Avizafone, a peptide prodrug of diazepam, was delivered with--Aspergillus oryzae (A.O.) protease, an enzyme identified from a pool of hydrolytic enzymes in assay buffer, pH 7.4 at 32°C. This enzyme converted avizafone to diazepam at supersaturated concentrations. In vitro permeability studies were performed at various prodrug/enzyme ratios using Madin-Darby canine kidney II-wild type (MDCKII-wt) monolayers, a representative model of the nasal epithelium. Monolayer integrity was examined using TEER measurement and the lucifer yellow permeability assay. Prodrug/drug concentrations were measured using HPLC. Enzyme kinetics with avizafone-protease mixtures revealed K(M) = 1,501 ± 232 μM and V(max) = 1,369 ± 94 μM/s. Prodrug-protease mixtures, when co-delivered apically onto MDCKII-wt monolayers, showed 2-17.6-fold greater diazepam flux (S = 1.3-15.3) compared to near-saturated diazepam (S = 0.7). Data for prodrug conversion upstream (apical side) and drug permeability downstream (basolateral side) fitted reasonably well to a previously developed in vitro two compartment pharmacokinetic model. Avizafone-protease mixtures resulted in supersaturated diazepam in less than 5 min, with the rate and extent of supersaturation determined by the prodrug/enzyme ratio. Together, these results suggest that an intranasal avizafone-protease system may provide a rapid and alternative means of diazepam delivery.
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.
Mamta
M
Kapoor
Tate
T
Winter
Lev
L
Lis
Gunda I
GI
Georg
Ronald A
RA
Siegel
D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004285:Dogs; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012995:Solubility
D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004151:Dipeptides; D011355:Prodrugs; C065249:pro-diazepam; D003975:Diazepam