Uniform small graphene oxide as an efficient cellular nanocarrier for immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides.
Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted more and more attention as a promising nanomaterial in biomedical research and applications. In this study, we explore the ability of GO as nanocarrier for synthetic DNA strands. Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are attached to Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) functionalized, polydisperse GO, or uniform small GO (sGO) nanosheets. Both types of GO-CpG ODN nanoconjugates can be delivered into murine Raw264.7 macrophages and possess immunostimulatory activity, while sGO-CpG appears to be a more efficient stimulator. In addition, sGO-CpG nanosheets exhibit higher cellular uptake but better biocompatibility compared to the larger GO-CpG counterpart. Furthermore, PLL functionalized sGO-CpG has higher immunostimulatory activity than azide functionalized sGO-CpG. Together, our studies provide evidence that sGO can be utilized as an ideal intracellular nanocarrier for synthetic single-stranded DNA, and sGO-PLL-CpG conjugates may serve as a potential proinflammatory therapeutic tool.
College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agriculture University , Nanjing 210095, China.
Jinli
J
Sun
Jie
J
Chao
Jing
J
Huang
Min
M
Yin
Huan
H
Zhang
Cheng
C
Peng
Zengtao
Z
Zhong
Nan
N
Chen
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D011107:Polylysine / Q000737:chemistry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010087:Oxides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011107:Polylysine; D006108:Graphite