BMP signaling in axon regeneration.
Neuronal competence to re-extend axons and a permissive environment that allows growth cone navigation are two major determinants for successful axon regeneration. Here, we review the roles of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in mediating both neuronal and glial injury responses after CNS injury. BMPs can activate a pro-regenerative transcription program in neurons through Smad-mediated canonical pathway, or act locally on cytoskeleton assembly at distal axons via non-canonical pathways. Emerging evidence implicates retrograde BMP signalosomes in connecting the cytoskeletal and nuclear responses. In addition, BMP/Smad signaling modulates neurotrophin-mediated axonal outgrowth, and interacts with the epigenetic machinery to initiate epigenetic reprogramming for axon regeneration. Besides their influences on neurons, BMPs also regulate astrogliosis, inflammatory processes, and neural progenitor cell differentiation at the injury site, all of which can either positively or negatively modify the injury microenvironment. Lastly, an increasing number of BMP signaling partners, sensitizers, and downstream effectors collectively fine-tune the signaling intensity and spatiotemporal dynamics of BMP activity in an integrated signaling network during axon regeneration.
Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave., White Plains, NY 10605, United States; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, United States.
Jian
J
Zhong
Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States. Electronic address: hongyan.zou@mssm.edu.
Hongyan
H
Zou
D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins