Transplantation-free survival and interventions at 3 years in the single ventricle reconstruction trial.
BACKGROUND
In the Single Ventricle Reconstruction (SVR) trial, 1-year transplantation-free survival was better for the Norwood procedure with right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt (RVPAS) compared with a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (MBTS). At 3 years, we compared transplantation-free survival, echocardiographic right ventricular ejection fraction, and unplanned interventions in the treatment groups.


RESULTS
Vital status and medical history were ascertained from annual medical records, death indexes, and phone interviews. The cohort included 549 patients randomized and treated in the SVR trial. Transplantation-free survival for the RVPAS versus MBTS groups did not differ at 3 years (67% versus 61%; P=0.15) or with all available follow-up of 4.8±1.1 years (log-rank P=0.14). Pre-Fontan right ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the RVPAS group than in the MBTS group (41.7±5.1% versus 44.7±6.0%; P=0.007), and right ventricular ejection fraction deteriorated in RVPAS (P=0.004) but not MBTS (P=0.40) subjects (pre-Fontan minus 14-month mean, -3.25±8.24% versus 0.99±8.80%; P=0.009). The RVPAS versus MBTS treatment effect had nonproportional hazards (P=0.004); the hazard ratio favored the RVPAS before 5 months (hazard ratio=0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.45-0.88) but the MBTS beyond 1 year (hazard ratio=2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-4.62). By 3 years, RVPAS subjects had a higher incidence of catheter interventions (P<0.001) with an increasing HR over time (P=0.005): <5 months, 1.14 (95% confidence interval, 0.81-1.60); from 5 months to 1 year, 1.94 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.69); and >1 year, 2.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.28-4.80).


CONCLUSIONS
By 3 years, the Norwood procedure with RVPAS compared with MBTS was no longer associated with superior transplantation-free survival. Moreover, RVPAS subjects had slightly worse right ventricular ejection fraction and underwent more catheter interventions with increasing hazard ratio over time.


BACKGROUND
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00115934.
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.). jane.newburger@cardio.chboston.org.
Jane W
JW
Newburger
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Lynn A
LA
Sleeper
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Peter C
PC
Frommelt
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Gail D
GD
Pearson
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
William T
WT
Mahle
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Shan
S
Chen
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Carolyn
C
Dunbar-Masterson
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Seema
S
Mital
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Ismee A
IA
Williams
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Nancy S
NS
Ghanayem
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Caren S
CS
Goldberg
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Jeffrey P
JP
Jacobs
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Catherine D
CD
Krawczeski
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Alan B
AB
Lewis
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Sara K
SK
Pasquali
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Christian
C
Pizarro
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Peter J
PJ
Gruber
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Andrew M
AM
Atz
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Svetlana
S
Khaikin
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
J William
JW
Gaynor
From the Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.W.N., C.D.-M.); New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA (L.A.S., S.C.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.C.F.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.D.P.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (W.T.M.); Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (S.M., S.K.); Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York (I.A.W.); University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (C.S.G., R.G.O.); The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg (J.P.J.); Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (C.D.K.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (A.B.L.); North Carolina Consortium: Duke University, Durham; East Carolina University, Greenville; Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem (S.K.P.); Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE (C.P.); Primary Children's Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.J.G.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (A.M.A.); and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia (J.W.G.).
Richard G
RG
Ohye
D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery; D058366:Blalock-Taussig Procedure / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D058327:Norwood Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right
Norwood procedures; cardiac surgical procedures; heart defects, congenital; heart diseases; heart ventricles