Acaricide resistance in cattle ticks and approaches to its management: the state of play.
Cattle ticks are an important constraint on livestock production, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Use of synthetic acaricides is the primary method of tick control; therefore, it would be imperative to develop strategies to preserve the efficacy of existing acaricides. This paper summarizes the status of acaricide resistance in cattle ticks from different parts of the world and reviews modes of action of currently used acaricides, mechanism of resistance development, contributory factors for the development and spread of resistance, management of resistant strains and strategies to prolong the effect of the available acaricides. Use of vaccines, synthetic and botanical acaricides and educating farmers about recommended tick control practices are discussed, along with the integration of currently available options for the management of drug resistance and, ultimately, the control of cattle ticks.
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: raouaf@hotmail.com.
Rao Z
RZ
Abbas
Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan; Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. Electronic address: arfan.zaman@uvas.edu.pk.
Muhammad Arfan
MA
Zaman
Livestock Parasitology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
Douglas D
DD
Colwell
Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Room HSC 2557, 3330, Hospital Drive, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
John
J
Gilleard
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Zafar
Z
Iqbal
D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013983:Tick Control; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014611:Vaccination
D056810:Acaricides
Acaricide resistance; Acaricides; Cattle ticks; Resistance management