Molecular epidemiology and genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Baghdad.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in Iraq but the strains responsible for the epidemic have been poorly characterized. Our aim was to characterize the TB strains circulating in Bagdad (Iraq). A total of 270 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains isolated between 2010 and 2011 from TB patients attending the Center of Chest and Respiratory diseases in Baghdad were analyzed by Spoligotyping. The analysis indicated that 94.1% of the isolates belong to known genotype clades: CAS 39.6%, ill-defined T clade 29.6%, Manu 7.4%, Haarlem 7%, Ural 4.1%, LAM 3.3%, X 0.7%, LAM7-TUR 0.7%, EAI 0.7%, S 0.7%, and unknown 5.9%. Comparison with the international multimarker database SITVIT2 showed that SIT 309 (CAS1-Delhi) and SIT1144 (T1) were the most common types. In addition, 44 strains were included in SITVIT2 database under 16 new Spoligotype International Types (SITs); of these, 6 SITs (SIT3346, SIT3497, SIT3708, SIT3790, SIT3791, and SIT3800) (n = 32 strains) were created within the present study and 10 were created after a match with an orphan in the database. By using 24-loci MIRU-VNTR-typing on a subset of 110 samples we found a high recent transmission index (RTI) of 33.6%. In conclusion, we present the first unifying framework for both epidemiology and evolutionary analysis of M. tuberculosis in Iraq.
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute for Post Graduate Studies, University of Baghdad, 10070 Jadriyah, Baghdad, Iraq.
Ruqaya
R
Mustafa Ali
Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (HSR), via Olgettina, 60 20132 Milano, Italy.
Alberto
A
Trovato
Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, 97183 Guadeloupe, France.
David
0000-0002-7897-9023
D
Couvin
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute for Post Graduate Studies, University of Baghdad, 10070 Jadriyah, Baghdad, Iraq.
Amina N
AN
Al-Thwani
Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (HSR), via Olgettina, 60 20132 Milano, Italy.
Emanuele
0000-0001-6780-5119
E
Borroni
Ministry of Agriculture, Al Nidhal Street, Baghdad 5157, Iraq.
Fahim H
FH
Dhaer
Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, 97183 Guadeloupe, France.
Nalin
0000-0002-7199-7747
N
Rastogi
Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (HSR), via Olgettina, 60 20132 Milano, Italy.
Daniela M
DM
Cirillo
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007493:Iraq / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics