Corticospinal activity during dual tasking: a systematic review and meta-analysis of TMS literature from 1995 to 2013.
This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted across studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation to investigate corticospinal excitability and inhibition in response to a dual task (DT). Quantitative analysis was performed on eleven controlled studies that had included healthy participants over the age of 18 years. Results showed a small effect size for increased corticospinal excitability for DT conditions (SMD=0.207; p=.217, and a small effect size (SMD=-0.253) demonstrating a significant decrease in corticospinal inhibition for DT conditions (p=.019). Meta-regression demonstrated that neither age, task type, or task prioritisation accounted for the high variability in effect sizes between studies. A number of possible sources of within study bias are identified, which reduced the level of evidence for study findings. The results show overall changes in corticospinal responses between ST and DT conditions; however further research is necessary to investigate variables that could account for differences in corticospinal responses between studies.
Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia. Electronic address: dcorp@deakin.edu.au.
Daniel T
DT
Corp
Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
Jarrad A G
JA
Lum
Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
Gregory A
GA
Tooley
Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
Alan J
AJ
Pearce
D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D018401:Sample Size; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Dual task; Meta-analysis; Motor cortex; Transcranial magnetic stimulation