[Simulation in healthcare in North America: update and evolution after two decades].
OBJECTIVE
Update on simulation-based education and its evolution in North America.


METHODS
Main articles including those published within the last five years and indexed in Medline, and unpublished data from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada have been analyzed.


RESULTS
After a review of historical development of simulation in North America, this article draw the place of simulation in healthcare, for medical education, research and assessment. Funding and accreditation of simulation centres are also discussed.


CONCLUSIONS
Simulation is fully integrated in healthcare in North America and represents one of the main elements for healthcare professional education. Simulation is also a symbol of excellence for health and teaching institutions. The evolution of simulation in North America is likely to inform the future of simulation in France.
Department of anaesthesiology and The Ottawa research institute, The Ottawa hospital, university of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; The university of Ottawa skill and simulation center (uOSSC), academy for innovation in medical education, university of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: sylvainboet@gmail.com.
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Boet
The university of Ottawa skill and simulation center (uOSSC), academy for innovation in medical education, university of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Laboratoire éducations et pratiques de santé (EA 3412), université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93017 Bobigny, France; Centre de simulation en santé, université de Bretagne occidentale, 29238 Brest, France.
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Jaffrelot
Department of anaesthesiology and The Ottawa research institute, The Ottawa hospital, university of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; The university of Ottawa skill and simulation center (uOSSC), academy for innovation in medical education, university of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; The Royal College of physicians and surgeons of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Naik
The Royal College of physicians and surgeons of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Brien
Pôle anesthésie-réanimation, centre hospitalier universitaire, 49933 Angers, France.
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Granry
D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D009656:North America
Accreditation; Accréditation; Education; Evaluation; Medical simulation; Recertification; Recherche; Research; Simulation médicale; Éducation; Évaluation