Estimation of mean glandular dose for contrast enhanced digital mammography: factors for use with the UK, European and IAEA breast dosimetry protocols.
The UK, European and IAEA protocols for breast dosimetry in mammography use tabulations of conversion factors, which relate measurements of incident air kerma to the mean glandular dose to the breast. To supplement the existing tabulations, a Monte Carlo computer program has been used to calculate conversion factors for the high-energy spectra used for contrast enhanced digital mammography. The calculations were made for the x-ray spectra from a tungsten target (tube voltage range 40-50 kV) filtered by 0.28, 0.30 and 0.32 mm of copper, and from molybdenum and rhodium targets (tube voltage range 40-49 kV), each filtered by 0.30 mm of copper. The g-factors for all of these spectra were plotted for each breast thickness as a function of half value layer (HVL) and were found to lie on smooth curves within 0.3%. These reflect the fact that the characteristic x-rays present in the spectra from molybdenum and rhodium are heavily filtered and all the spectra are essentially Bremsstrahlung. As a consequence, the s-factor previously used in the dosimetry protocols to adjust for different target/filter combinations can be taken as unity for all of the spectra considered. Tables of g-factors and c-factors are provided for breast thicknesses in the range 20-110 mm and HVLs in the range 2.4-3.6 mm of aluminium. The tables of c-factors are given for breast glandularities in the range 0.1%-100% and for typical glandularities for women in the age bands 40-49 and 50-64 attending the UK national breast screening programme.
NCCPM, Medical Physics Department, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK. Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
D R
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Dance
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Young
D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D006113:United Kingdom
D003287:Contrast Media