Leukocyte production of inflammatory mediators is inhibited by the antioxidants phloretin, silymarin, hesperetin, and resveratrol.
Antioxidants possess significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. One such disorder is periodontitis characterised by an antimicrobial immune response, inflammation, and irreversible changes to the supporting structures of the teeth. Recognition of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns is a crucial component of innate immunity to Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, as well as the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. In this study, we investigated the antioxidants Phloretin, Silymarin, Hesperetin, and Resveratrol to ascertain whether they altered the production of inflammatory mediators by innately-activated leukocytes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide purified from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and the production of cytokines, chemokines, and differentiation factors was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cytometric bead array, and RT-PCR. Significant inhibition of these factors was achieved upon treatment with Phloretin, Silymarin, Hesperetin, and Resveratrol. These data further characterise the potent anti-inflammatory properties of antioxidants. Their ability to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and differentiation factors by a heterogeneous population of leukocytes has clear implications for their therapeutic potential in vivo.
Department of Periodontics (MC 859), College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, 458 DENT, Chicago, IL 60612-7212, USA.
Jezrom B
JB
Fordham
Department of Periodontics (MC 859), College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, 458 DENT, Chicago, IL 60612-7212, USA.
Afsar Raza
AR
Naqvi
Department of Periodontics (MC 859), College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, 458 DENT, Chicago, IL 60612-7212, USA.
Salvador
0000-0002-2194-1374
S
Nares
D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000378:metabolism; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D010693:Phloretin / Q000737:chemistry*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D000077185:Resveratrol; D012838:Silymarin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000737:chemistry*
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012838:Silymarin; D013267:Stilbenes; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D006569:Hesperidin; D000077185:Resveratrol; C013015:hesperetin; D010693:Phloretin