How copper traverses cellular membranes through the mammalian copper transporter 1, Ctr1.
The copper transporter 1, Ctr1, is part of a major pathway for cellular copper (Cu) uptake in the intestinal epithelium, in hepatic and cardiac tissue, and likely in many other mammalian cells and tissues. Here, we summarize what is currently known about how extracellular Cu travels across the plasma membrane to enter the cytoplasm for intracellular distribution and for use by proteins and enzymes, the physiological roles of Ctr1, and its regulation. As a critical Cu importer, Ctr1 occupies a strategic position to exert a strong modifying influence on diseases and pathophysiological states caused by imbalances in Cu homeostasis. A more thorough understanding of the mechanisms that regulate Ctr1 abundance, trafficking, and function will provide new insights and opportunities for disease therapies.
Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
Helena
H
Ohrvik
Dennis J
DJ
Thiele
D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D000079923:Copper Transporter 1; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D056511:Metallochaperones / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary
C486201:Atp7a protein, mouse; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D000079923:Copper Transporter 1; D056511:Metallochaperones; D003300:Copper; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases
chaperones; copper homeostasis; copper trafficking; platinum; regulation; structure