Association of fructose consumption and components of metabolic syndrome in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to review the current corpus of human studies to determine the association of various doses and durations of fructose consumption on metabolic syndrome.


METHODS
We searched human studies in PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar databases. We searched for the following keywords in each paper: metabolic syndrome x, insulin resistance, blood glucose, blood sugar, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, lipoproteins, HDL, cholesterol, LDL, blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertens*, waist circumference, and fructose, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, or sugar.


RESULTS
Overall, 3102 articles were gathered. We excluded studies on natural fructose content of foods, non-clinical trials, and trials in which fructose was recommended exclusively as sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup. Overall, 3069 articles were excluded. After review by independent reviewers, 15 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Fructose consumption was positively associated with increased fasting blood sugar (FBS; summary mean difference, 0.307; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.149-0.465; P = 0.002), elevated triglycerides (TG; 0.275; 95% CI, 0.014-0.408; P = 0.002); and elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP; 0.297; 95% CI, 0.144-0.451; P = 0.002). The corresponding figure was inverse for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (-0.267; 95% CI, -0.406 to -0.128; P = 0.001). Significant heterogeneity existed between studies, except for FBS. After excluding studies that led to the highest effect on the heterogeneity test, the association between fructose consumption and TG, SBP, and HDL became non-significant. The results did not show any evidence of publication bias. No missing studies were identified with the trim-and-ﬁll method.


CONCLUSIONS
Fructose consumption from industrialized foods has significant effects on most components of metabolic syndrome.
Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Roya
R
Kelishadi
Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Marjan
M
Mansourian
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Electronic address: heidari.motahar@gmail.com.
Motahar
M
Heidari-Beni
D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D014280:Triglycerides; D005632:Fructose
Blood glucose; Blood pressure; Fructose; HDL; Lipoproteins; Triglycerides