Implications of foot ulceration in hemodialysis patients: a 5-year observational study.
Foot ulceration (FU) remains a serious concern for patients worldwide. We analyzed the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of FU in hemodialysis (HD) patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted for 252 HD patients who were followed up for 5 years. Patients were categorized according to whether they developed FU or not. The FU group (17%) was older and had significantly higher incidence of nephropathy, retinopathy, peripheral (PAD), coronary artery disease (CAD), and diabetes mellitus (DM) as compared to no-FU group. FU group had higher frequency of major amputation (P = 0.001) and HD vascular access (P = 0.01). Patients with combined DM and PAD had a 10-fold increased risk of FU in comparison to those who had DM alone. Presence of PAD was the main independent predictor for development of FU in HD with an adjusted odd ratio (aOR) of 16.0 (95% CI: 4.41-62.18; P = 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, and CAD, predictors for mortality were PAD (aOR 4.3), FU (aOR 3.6), and DM (aOR 2.6). FU is common in HD patients regardless of DM. However, the presence of PAD is significantly associated with more FU and mortality in HD. HD patients need intensive foot care and warrant progressive modification of vascular risk factors.
Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, HMC, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
Hassan
H
Al-Thani
Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar ; Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar ; Cardiology Section, Internal Medicine, Ahmed Maher Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
Ayman
A
El-Menyar
Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, HMC, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
Valsa
V
Koshy
Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, HMC, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
Ahmed
A
Hussein
Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, HMC, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
Ahmed
A
Sharaf
Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
Mohammad
M
Asim
Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, HMC, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
Ahmed
A
Sadek
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011780:Qatar / Q000453:epidemiology; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors