The successes and challenges of open-source biopharmaceutical innovation.
BACKGROUND
Increasingly, open-source-based alliances seek to provide broad access to data, research-based tools, preclinical samples and downstream compounds. The challenge is how to create value from open-source biopharmaceutical innovation. This value creation may occur via transparency and usage of data across the biopharmaceutical value chain as stakeholders move dynamically between open source and open innovation.


METHODS
In this article, several examples are used to trace the evolution of biopharmaceutical open-source initiatives. The article specifically discusses the technological challenges associated with the integration and standardization of big data; the human capacity development challenges associated with skill development around big data usage; and the data-material access challenge associated with data and material access and usage rights, particularly as the boundary between open source and open innovation becomes more fluid.


CONCLUSIONS
It is the author's opinion that the assessment of when and how value creation will occur, through open-source biopharmaceutical innovation, is paramount. The key is to determine the metrics of value creation and the necessary technological, educational and legal frameworks to support the downstream outcomes of now big data-based open-source initiatives. The continued focus on the early-stage value creation is not advisable. Instead, it would be more advisable to adopt an approach where stakeholders transform open-source initiatives into open-source discovery, crowdsourcing and open product development partnerships on the same platform.
University of Waterloo, Department of Management Sciences , 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 , Canada amallara@uwaterloo.ca.
Minna
M
Allarakhia
D001702:Biopharmaceutics; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D004345:Drug Industry; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods; D012107:Research Design