Synthesis of kenaf cellulose carbamate using microwave irradiation for preparation of cellulose membrane.
Cellulose carbamate (CCs) was produced from kenaf core pulp (KCP) using microwave reactor-assisted method. The effects of urea concentration and reaction time on the formation of nitrogen content in CCs were investigated. The CCs' solubility in LiOH/urea system was determined and its membranes were characterized. As the urea content and reaction time increased, the nitrogen content form in CCs increased which enhanced the CCs' solubility. The formation of CCs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nitrogen content analysis. The CCs' morphology was examined using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cellulose II and crystallinity index of the membranes were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pore size of the membrane displayed upward trend with respect to the urea content observed under Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). This investigation provides a simple and efficient procedure of CCs determination which is useful in producing environmental friendly regenerated CCs.
School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Sinyee
S
Gan
School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: sarani_zakaria@yahoo.com.
Sarani
S
Zakaria
School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Chin Hua
CH
Chia
School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Hatika
H
Kaco
School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Farah Nadia Mohammad
FN
Padzil
D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D031584:Hibiscus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008872:Microwaves; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D016062:Porosity; D012995:Solubility; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity
D018020:Lithium Compounds; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014508:Urea; D008747:Methylcellulose; C028467:lithium hydroxide; D009584:Nitrogen
Alkaline aqueous solution; Cellulose membrane; Nitrogen content; Rapid dissolution; Urea