Cellular registration without behavioral recall of olfactory sensory input under general anesthesia.
BACKGROUND
Previous studies suggest that sensory information is "received" but not "perceived" under general anesthesia. Whether and to what extent the brain continues to process sensory inputs in a drug-induced unconscious state remain unclear.


METHODS
One hundred seven rats were randomly assigned to 12 different anesthesia and odor exposure paradigms. The immunoreactivities of the immediate early gene products c-Fos and Egr1 as neural activity markers were combined with behavioral tests to assess the integrity and relationship of cellular and behavioral responsiveness to olfactory stimuli under a surgical plane of ketamine-xylazine general anesthesia.


RESULTS
The olfactory sensory processing centers could distinguish the presence or absence of experimental odorants even when animals were fully anesthetized. In the anesthetized state, the c-Fos immunoreactivity in the higher olfactory cortices revealed a difference between novel and familiar odorants similar to that seen in the awake state, suggesting that the anesthetized brain functions beyond simply receiving external stimulation. Reexposing animals to odorants previously experienced only under anesthesia resulted in c-Fos immunoreactivity, which was similar to that elicited by familiar odorants, indicating that previous registration had occurred in the anesthetized brain. Despite the "cellular memory," however, odor discrimination and forced-choice odor-recognition tests showed absence of behavioral recall of the registered sensations, except for a longer latency in odor recognition tests.


CONCLUSIONS
Histologically distinguishable registration of sensory processing continues to occur at the cellular level under ketamine-xylazine general anesthesia despite the absence of behavioral recognition, consistent with the notion that general anesthesia causes disintegration of information processing without completely blocking cellular communications.
From the Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.R.S. and Y.X.); Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (N.R.B., P.T., and Y.X.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.T. and Y.X.); Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.T.); and Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Y.X.).
Andrew R
AR
Samuelsson
Nicole R
NR
Brandon
Pei
P
Tang
Yan
Y
Xu
D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects*; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology
D000700:Analgesics; D000777:Anesthetics; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine