Biorefinery based on olive biomass. State of the art and future trends.
With currently more than nine million hectares, olive tree cultivation has spread worldwide, table olives and olive oil as the main products. Moreover, a number of by-products and residues derived from both tree cultivation and the process of industrial olive oil production, most having no practical applications, are obtained yearly. This paper reviews the research regarding these by-products, namely biomass from olive tree pruning, olive stones, olive pomace and wastewaters obtained from the process of olive oil production. Furthermore, a wide range of compounds has been identified and can be produced using a broad definition of the term biorefinery based on olive tree biomass. As an example, this paper reviews ethanol production as one of the main proposed applications, as well as research on other value-added products. Finally, this paper also assesses recent technological advances, future perspectives and challenges in each stage of the process.
Dept. Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Romero-García
Dept. Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Niño
Dept. Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Martínez-Patiño
Biofuels Unit, Energy Department-CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Álvarez
Dept. Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Castro
Biofuels Unit, Energy Department-CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: mariajose.negro@ciemat.es.
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Negro
D018533:Biomass; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D031658:Olea / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D014197:Trees / Q000737:chemistry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry
D062065:Wastewater
Antioxidants; Biorefinery; Ethanol; Oligosaccharides; Olive