High attrition among HIV-infected patients with advanced disease treated in an intermediary referral center in Maputo, Mozambique.
BACKGROUND
In Mozambique, antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up has been successfully implemented. However, attrition in care remains a major programmatic challenge. In 2009, an intermediary-level HIV referral center was created in Maputo to ensure access to specialized care for HIV-infected patients with complications (advanced clinical-immunological stage, Kaposi sarcoma, or suspected ART failure).


OBJECTIVE
To determine the attrition from care and to identify risk factors that lead to high attrition among patients referred to an intermediary-level HIV referral center.


METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study from 2009 to 2011.


RESULTS
A total of 1,657 patients were enrolled, 847 (51%) were men, the mean age was 36 years (standard deviation: 11), the mean CD4 count was 27 cells/µl (interquartile range: 11-44), and one-third were severely malnourished. The main reasons for referral were advanced clinical stages (WHO stages 3 and 4, and CD4 count <50 cells/µl) in 70% of the cases, and 19% had Kaposi sarcoma. The overall attrition rate was 28.7 per 100 person-years (PYs) - the mortality rate was 5.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.2-5.9) per 100 PYs, and the loss-to-follow-up rate was 23.7 (95% CI: 21.9-25.6) per 100 PYs. There were 793 attritions - 137 deaths and 656 lost to follow-up (LTFU); 77% of all attrition happened within the first year. The factors independently associated with attrition were male sex (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3), low body mass index (aHR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.2-1.8), WHO clinical stage 3 or 4 (aHR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.0-1.6; and aHR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.4-2.5), later year of enrollment (aHR 1.61, 95% CI 1.3-1.9), and 'being already on ART' at enrollment (aHR 13.71, 95% CI 11.4-16.4).


CONCLUSIONS
Attrition rates among HIV-infected patients enrolled in an intermediary referral center were high, mainly related to advanced stage of clinical disease. Measures are required to address this, including innovative strategies for HIV-testing uptake, earlier ART initiation and nutritional supplementation, and special attention to men and those who are already on ART at enrolment. Qualitative research is required to understand the reasons for being LTFU and design informed evidence-based interventions.
Médecins Sans Frontières, Maputo, Mozambique; lucasmolfino@yahoo.com.ar.
Lucas
L
Molfino
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India.
Ajay M V
AM
Kumar
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Operational Research Unit, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
Petros
P
Isaakidis
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Operational Research Unit, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
Rafael
R
Van den Bergh
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Operational Research Unit, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
Mohamed
M
Khogali
Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Sven G
SG
Hinderaker
Direcçao de Saude da Cidade de Maputo (DSCM), Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique.
Alice
A
Magaia
Direcçao de Saude da Cidade de Maputo (DSCM), Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique.
Sheila
S
Lobo
Médecins Sans Frontières, Maputo, Mozambique.
Celeste Gracia
CG
Edwards
Médecins Sans Frontières, Maputo, Mozambique.
Jan
J
Walter
D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009073:Mozambique / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D063728:Secondary Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D016903:Drug Monitoring
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
HIV referral center; attrition; operational research; resource-limited settings; retention in care