Minireview: Extrapituitary prolactin: an update on the distribution, regulation, and functions.
Prolactin (PRL) is an important hormone with many diverse functions. Although it is predominantly produced by lactrotrophs of the pituitary there are a number of other organs, cells, and tissues in which PRL is expressed and secreted. The impact of this extrapituitary PRL (ePRL) on localized metabolism and cellular functions is gaining widespread attention. In 1996, a comprehensive review on ePRL was published. However, since this time, there have been a number of advancements in ePRL research. This includes a greater understanding of the components of the control elements located within the superdistal promoter of the ePRL gene. Furthermore, several new sites of ePRL have been discovered, each under unique control by a range of transcription factors and elements. The functional role of ePRL at each of the expression sites also varies widely leading to gender and site bias. This review aims to provide an update to the research conducted on ePRL since the 1996 review. The focus is on new data concerning the sites of ePRL expression, its regulation, and its function within the organs in which it is expressed.
Ear Science Institute Australia (R.J.M.), Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia; Ear Sciences Centre, School of Surgery (R.J.M.), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; and Department of Cancer Biology (N.B-J.), University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267.
Robert J
RJ
Marano
Nira
N
Ben-Jonathan
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D003656:Decidua / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism
D011388:Prolactin