Ketone ester effects on metabolism and transcription.
Ketosis induced by starvation or feeding a ketogenic diet has widespread and often contradictory effects due to the simultaneous elevation of both ketone bodies and free fatty acids. The elevation of ketone bodies increases the energy of ATP hydrolysis by reducing the mitochondrial NAD couple and oxidizing the coenzyme Q couple, thus increasing the redox span between site I and site II. In contrast, metabolism of fatty acids leads to a reduction of both mitochondrial NAD and mitochondrial coenzyme Q causing a decrease in the ΔG of ATP hydrolysis. In contrast, feeding ketone body esters leads to pure ketosis, unaccompanied by elevation of free fatty acids, producing a physiological state not previously seen in nature. The effects of pure ketosis on transcription and upon certain neurodegenerative diseases make approach not only interesting, but of potential therapeutic value.
Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Richard L
RL
Veech
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic / Q000009:adverse effects; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007659:Ketones / Q000378:metabolism*; D007662:Ketosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D013217:Starvation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000378:metabolism
D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007659:Ketones; D009243:NAD; D014451:Ubiquinone; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
Alzheimer’s disease; D-beta-hydroxybutyrate - R-1,3 butanediol monoester; antioxidants; deacetylase; diabetes; elevated blood ketones; fatty acid; ketosis