Dual effects of cigarette smoke extract on proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells and the protective effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine on EPCs against the damage caused by CSE.
Cigarette smoke is a major public health problem associated with multitude of diseases, including pulmonary and vascular diseases. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to neovascularization and play an important role in the development of these diseases. The effect of CSE on EPCs is seldom studied. The aim of the current study is to observe the effect of CSE on biological behavior of EPCs and, further, to search for potential candidate agent in protection of proliferation of EPCs against the damage caused by CSE exposure in vitro.


METHODS
The proliferations of EPCs isolated from bone marrow of C57BL/6J mice were assessed by MTT after incubating the EPCs with a series of concentrations of CSE (1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10.0%) for different times (3, 6, and 24 hours) as well as with 1.0% CSE in presence of 5-AZA-CdR for 24 hours.


RESULTS
The proliferations of EPCs were significantly enhanced after 3 hours of exposure to concentrations of 1.0% and 2.5% CSE but depressed when exposed to concentrations of 5.0% and 10.0% CSE. Furthermore, the 5-AZA-CdR in concentrations of 2.0 μmol/L and 5.0 μmol/L partly protected against the depression of proliferation of EPCs caused by CSE exposure.


CONCLUSIONS
The CSE showed dual effects on proliferation of EPCs isolated from mice. The 5-AZA-CdR partly protected the proliferation of EPCs against the damage caused by CSE exposure in vitro, suggesting that DNA methylation may be involved in the dysfunction of EPCs induced by CSE.
Intensive Care Unit, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
Zhi-Hui
ZH
He
Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
Ping
P
Chen
Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China ; Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
Yan
Y
Chen
Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Changsha, No. 176 West Laodong Road, Changsha, Hunan 410015, China.
Ying-Qun
YQ
Zhu
Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
Sheng-Dong
SD
He
Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
Ji-Ru
JR
Ye
Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
Da
D
Liu
Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
Yue
Y
Yang
D000818:Animals; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077209:Decitabine; D066026:Endothelial Progenitor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
D015415:Biomarkers; D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine