Iron deficiency is uncommon among lactating women in urban Nepal, despite a high risk of inadequate dietary iron intake.
The main objective of the present study was to examine the association between dietary Fe intake and dietary predictors of Fe status and Hb concentration among lactating women in Bhaktapur, Nepal. We included 500 randomly selected lactating women in a cross-sectional survey. Dietary information was obtained through three interactive 24 h recall interviews including personal recipes. Concentrations of Hb and plasma ferritin and soluble transferrin receptors were measured. The daily median Fe intake from food was 17·5 mg, and 70% of the women were found to be at the risk of inadequate dietary Fe intake. Approximately 90% of the women had taken Fe supplements in pregnancy. The prevalence of anaemia was 20% (Hb levels < 123 g/l) and that of Fe deficiency was 5% (plasma ferritin levels < 15 μg/l). In multiple regression analyses, there was a weak positive association between dietary Fe intake and body Fe (β 0·03, 95% CI 0·014, 0·045). Among the women with children aged < 6 months, but not those with older infants, intake of Fe supplements in pregnancy for at least 6 months was positively associated with body Fe (P for interaction < 0·01). Due to a relatively high dietary intake of non-haem Fe combined with low bioavailability, a high proportion of the women in the present study were at the risk of inadequate intake of Fe. The low prevalence of anaemia and Fe deficiency may be explained by the majority of the women consuming Fe supplements in pregnancy.
Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences,PO Box 4, St Olavs Plass,N-0130Oslo,Norway.
Sigrun
S
Henjum
Centre for International Health, University of Bergen,PO Box 7800,5020Bergen,Norway.
Mari
M
Manger
Centre for International Health, University of Bergen,PO Box 7800,5020Bergen,Norway.
Eli
E
Skeie
Department of Child Health,Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University,Kathmandu,Nepal.
Manjeswori
M
Ulak
Department of Nutrition,Harvard School of Public Health,665 Huntington Avenue,Boston,MA02115,USA.
Andrew L
AL
Thorne-Lyman
Centre for International Health, University of Bergen,PO Box 7800,5020Bergen,Norway.
Ram
R
Chandyo
Department of Child Health,Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University,Kathmandu,Nepal.
Prakash S
PS
Shrestha
Department of Nutrition,Harvard School of Public Health,665 Huntington Avenue,Boston,MA02115,USA.
Lindsey
L
Locks
Department of Clinical Science,University of Bergen,5020Bergen,Norway.
Rune J
RJ
Ulvik
Department of Nutrition,Harvard School of Public Health,665 Huntington Avenue,Boston,MA02115,USA.
Wafaie W
WW
Fawzi
Centre for International Health, University of Bergen,PO Box 7800,5020Bergen,Norway.
Tor A
TA
Strand
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007774:Lactation / Q000208:ethnology; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers; D019266:Iron, Dietary