Are airways structural abnormalities more frequent in children with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections?
We report bronchoscopic changes observed in children with recurrent lower airways infections (RLAI) and findings in control children undergoing bronchoscopy for causes other than RLAI.


METHODS
Retrospective case-control cohorts study. The clinical records of children who had fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB) for a history of RLAI without any known underlying disorder between 2007 and 2013 and of control children who required FB for other causes were reviewed. Clinical features, bronchospic findings and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) results were assessed.


RESULTS
Cases were 62 (32 female) children aged 5 years (1-12) and controls 29 children aged 4.5 years (0.5-14). Airway malacia was observed in 32 (52%) vs. 4 (13%) (p = 0.001), profuse respiratory secretions in 34(55%) vs. 6 (20%) (p = 0.007). Endobronchial obstruction: 4 (6.4%) and tracheobronchomegaly were observed only in cases. In cases with profuse respiratory secretions there was a higher prevalence of airways malacia: 64.7% vs. 35.7% (p = 0.04) and of positive BAL cultures: 45.5% vs. 13.3% (p = 0.04). Isolated organisms in cases were non-typable Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae most frequently. Pneumocystiis jirovecii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mitis were isolated in controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Half of the children with RLAI had tracheo and/or bronchomalacia, their frequency being in keeping with previous reports and far higher than that observed in controls. It was associated with profuse respiratory secretions and with a higher frequency of positive BAL cultures mostly for non typable H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae which were not isolated in controls.
Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, Paediatric Department, Spain. Electronic address: MIKEL.SANTIAGOBURRUCHAGA@osakidetza.net.
Mikel
M
Santiago-Burruchaga
Pulmonology Department, Spain. Electronic address: RAFAEL.ZALACAINJORGE@osakidetza.net.
Rafael
R
Zalacain-Jorge
Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, Paediatric Department, Spain. Electronic address: CARLOS.VAZQUEZCORDERO@osakidetza.net.
Carlos
C
Vazquez-Cordero
D000293:Adolescent; D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000150:complications; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000150:complications; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000150:complications; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000150:complications; D012008:Recurrence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055089:Tracheobronchomalacia / Q000150:complications*; D014137:Tracheobronchomegaly / Q000150:complications
Bronchitis; Bronchoalveolar lavage; Recurrent lower respiratory airways infections; Tracheobronchomalacia