Bacterial cellulose membranes as transdermal delivery systems for diclofenac: in vitro dissolution and permeation studies.
Bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes were explored as novel nanostructured transdermal delivery systems for diclofenac sodium salt (a typical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug). Diclofenac sodium salt loaded BC membranes were prepared through a simple methodology, using glycerol as plasticizer, and characterized in terms of structure, morphology and swelling behavior. The membranes were very homogeneous, quite flexible and presented a considerably higher swelling behavior when compared with pure BC. In vitro diffusion studies with Franz cells, were conducted using human epidermal membranes, and showed that the incorporation of diclofenac in BC membranes provided similar permeation rates to those obtained with commercial patches and substantially lower than those observed with a commercial gel. This release profile together with the ease of application and the simple preparation and assembly of the drug-loaded membranes clearly indicates the enormous potentialities of using BC membranes for transdermal administration of diclofenac.
CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Nuno H C S
NH
Silva
CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Artur Filipe
AF
Rodrigues
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal.
Isabel F
IF
Almeida
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal.
Paulo C
PC
Costa
CBIOS, UDE - Experimental Dermatology Unit, Universidade Lusófona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal.
Catarina
C
Rosado
CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Carlos Pascoal
CP
Neto
CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Armando J D
AJ
Silvestre
CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: cfreire@ua.pt.
Carmen S R
CS
Freire
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001419:Bacteria; D002482:Cellulose / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D057968:Transdermal Patch
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005782:Gels; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004008:Diclofenac; D002482:Cellulose
Bacterial cellulose membranes; Diclofenac sodium; Franz cells; Human epidermal membranes; In vitro permeation; Transdermal delivery