Hearing assistive technologies in developing countries: background, achievements and challenges.
OBJECTIVE
The burden of hearing impairment and disability is substantial in the developing world. This review outlines the associated need for amplification devices in low and medium income countries and some of the initiatives that have been taken to improve access to such devices, particularly hearing aids. The main observed barriers to access are listed and possible ways to improve access are considered.


METHODS
Prevalence estimates for disabling hearing impairment are reviewed and a number of national and international examples of initiatives to facilitate use of hearing assistive devices in low and medium income countries are provided. Technologies that are potentially appropriate for hearing instruments in developing countries are suggested, as well as fitting programs that are more likely to be maintained over the long term.


RESULTS
Challenges to successful hearing instrument fitting in low and medium income countries are many. However, some programs point the way to improved access to such devices. Successful hearing aid fitting programs in developing countries have typically combined appropriate technology with a sustainable local support base.


CONCLUSIONS
With a rising middle class in many developing countries, advances in technology, and ongoing training programs for those involved in amplification fitting, hearing device usage rates may eventually reach parity with those in developed economies.


CONCLUSIONS
The historical development of affordable hearing device fitting provision in low and middle income countries is outlined. Three key barriers to widespread access to hearing device provision in many low and middle income countries (LMICs) are identified: lack of trained personnel, the high cost of many existing devices marketed in LMICs and limited public awareness of the benefits of hearing assistive technologies. Examples of programs that have sought to overcome these barriers in LMICs are given and may influence the ways in which future hearing health care is provided.
Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.
Bradley
B
McPherson
D003906:Developing Countries; D006040:Goals; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006801:Humans; D018581:Technology Transfer
Appropriate technology; audiology; developing countries; hearing aids; hearing disorders; training