Addressing Patient Safety in Rapid Response Activations for Nonhospitalized Persons.
Rapid response teams (RRTs) have been widely accepted as useful adjuncts to the care of inpatients with unanticipated emergencies. One study suggested that leadership of such teams could be assigned to midlevel providers, especially when nonhospitalized person (NHP)-related emergencies occur. However, in our tertiary medical center, a critical care medicine (CCM) physician always leads all RRT events including those related to NHPs.



In this study, we postulate reasons in favor of a single structured RRT led by an intensivist for both inpatients and NHPs.



An observational study conducted at an academic medical center. Demographic and clinical characteristics of NHP-related RRT events were evaluated over a 9-month period.



Rapid response teams were activated 1,952 times, of which, 154 events were NHP related. Only 42 RRT activations occurred for employees and visitors. Most of the NHP activations (112 events) occurred in response to events involving persons who were on the premises because of preexisting illnesses, either visiting physician offices (46 events), undergoing ambulatory diagnostic procedures (30 events), in transit to the emergency department (13 events), or undergoing emergency psychiatry evaluation (11 events). Most patients (83 NHPs) required admission to the hospital including 22 NHPs to intensive care units (ICUs) either directly from the event location or subsequently from the emergency department. The physician team leader admitted 20 NHPs directly from the scene, of which, 13 were admitted directly to ICUs.



Nonhospitalized patients requiring RRT activation often have complex pre-existent illnesses. A standardized team composition for both inpatients and NHPs in crisis is an appropriate administrative structure enhancing patient safety in hospitals where ambulatory and inpatient facilities are combined.
From the *Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Presbyterian Hospital; and †Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh; Corporate Risk Management, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Pradeep H
PH
Lakshminarayana
Joseph M
JM
Darby
Richard L
RL
Simmons
D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D057209:Hospital Rapid Response Team; D006760:Hospitalization; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D061214:Patient Safety; D012189:Retrospective Studies