Equity in use of maternal health services in Western Rural China: a survey from Shaanxi province.
BACKGROUND
The 20th century was marked by a significant improvement in worldwide human health and access to healthcare. However, these improvements were not completely or uniformly distributed among, or even within, nations. This study was designed to assess the use of maternal health services by pregnant women in China, with a focus on the inequity related to family income level.


METHODS
Two population-based cross-sectional surveys were carried out in the Zhenan and Lantian counties in March 2007 and from December 2008 to March 2009. A total of 2562 women completed the questionnaires, including 948 who were pregnant in 2006 and 1614 from 2008-2009. The concentration index (CI) was calculated and used to analyze the parameters of maternal health care in the two counties surveyed.


RESULTS
The responses in both 2006 and 2008-2009 indicated a bias towards higher (rich) economic statuses for the use of maternal and child health services. The CI of 'delivery at health facility' was 0.0206 (95% confidence interval between 0.0114 and 0.0299) for 2006 and 0.0053 (95% confidence interval between 0.0015 and 0.0091) for 2008, which represented a statistically significant inequity for women of lower (poor) economic statuses. Similar CI was observed in 'receiving antenatal care within 12 weeks' for 2006 (CI2006 = 0.0956, 95% confidence interval between 0.0516 and 0.1396). The CIs of 'postnatal visit' and 'postnatal visit >3-times' was positive (except for 2006), indicating that the poor used postnatal care less than the non-poor. In 2008, poor women had C-sections more often than non-poor women (CI2008 = -0.0629, 95% confidence interval between-0.1165 and -0.0093), but such a difference was not observed in 2006.


CONCLUSIONS
In 2006 and 2008, the use of maternal health services in western rural China was significantly unequal between pregnant women of poor and non-poor economic statuses. Financial support that enables poorer pregnant women to use health services will be beneficial. Utilization of maternal healthcare services can be improved if out-of-pocket expenses can be minimized.
Yuan
Y
Shen
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P,R, China. yanh_paper@163.com.
Hong
H
Yan
Klemetti
K
Reija
Qiang
Q
Li
Shengbin
S
Xiao
Jianmin
J
Gao
Zhongliang
Z
Zhou
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires