Lumbar Lateral Interbody Fusion (LLIF): Comparative Effectiveness and Safety versus PLIF/TLIF and Predictive Factors Affecting LLIF Outcome.
METHODS
Systematic review.


OBJECTIVE
The surgical treatment of adult degenerative lumbar conditions remains controversial. Conventional techniques include posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). A new direct approach known as lumbar lateral interbody fusion (LLIF), or extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF(®)) or direct lateral interbody fusion (DLIF), has been introduced. Objectives The objective of this article is to determine the comparative effectiveness and safety of LLIF, at one or more levels with or without instrumentation, versus PLIF or TLIF surgery in adults with lumbar degenerative conditions, and to determine which preoperative factors affect patient outcomes following LLIF surgery.


METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed and bibliographies of key articles. Articles were reviewed by two independent reviewers based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each article was evaluated using a predefined quality rating scheme.


RESULTS
The search yielded 258 citations and the following met our inclusion criteria: three retrospective cohort studies (all using historical cohorts) (class of evidence [CoE] III) examining the comparative effectiveness and safety of LLIF/XLIF(®)/DLIF versus PLIF or TLIF surgery, and one prospective cohort study (CoE II) and two retrospective cohort studies (CoE III) assessing factors affecting patient outcome following LLIF. Patients in the LLIF group experienced less estimated blood loss and a lower mortality risk compared with the PLIF group. The number of levels treated and the preoperative diagnosis were significant predictors of perioperative or early complications in two studies.


CONCLUSIONS
There is insufficient evidence of the comparative effectiveness of LLIF versus PLIF/TLIF surgery. There is low-quality evidence suggesting that LLIF surgery results in fewer complications or reoperations than PLIF/TLIF surgery. And there is insufficient evidence that any preoperative factors exist that predict patient outcome after LLIF surgery.
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico University Hospital, Catania, Italy.
Giuseppe M V
GM
Barbagallo
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico University Hospital, Catania, Italy.
Vincenzo
V
Albanese
Spectrum Research, Inc., Tacoma, Washington, United States.
Annie L
AL
Raich
Spectrum Research, Inc., Tacoma, Washington, United States.
Joseph R
JR
Dettori
Spectrum Research, Inc., Tacoma, Washington, United States.
Ned
N
Sherry
Regional Spinal Department, Alto Vicentino, OC Santorso, Vicenza, Italy.
Massimo
M
Balsano
DLIF; LLIF; PLIF; TLIF; XLIF®; direct lateral interbody fusion; extreme lateral interbody fusion; minimally invasive