Quantification of 21 metabolites of methylnaphthalenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated derivatives, such as methylnaphthalenes (MeNs), are harmful pollutants ubiquitously present in the environment. Exposure to PAHs has been linked to a variety of adverse health effects and outcomes, including cancer. Alkyl PAHs have been proposed as petrogenic source indicators because of their relatively high abundance in unburned petroleum products. We report a method to quantify 11 urinary methylnaphthols (Me-OHNs), metabolites of 1- and 2-methylnaphthalenes, and 10 monohydroxy PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs), using automated liquid-liquid extraction and isotope dilution gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). After spiking urine (1 mL) with (13)C-labeled internal standards, the conjugated target analytes were hydrolyzed enzymatically in the presence of ascorbic acid. Then, their free species were preconcentrated into 20 % toluene in pentane, derivatized and quantified by GC-MS/MS. The 11 Me-OHNs eluted as 6 distinct chromatographic peaks, each representing 1 - 3 isomers. Method detection limits were 1.0- 41 pg/mL and the coefficients of variation in quality control materials were 4.7 - 19 %. The method was used to analyze two National Institute of Standards and Technology's Standard Reference Materials® and samples from 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers. Geometric mean concentrations were on average 37 (Me-OHNs) and 9.0 (OH-PAHs) fold higher in smokers than in non-smokers. These findings support the usefulness of Me-OHNs as potential biomarkers of non-occupational exposure to MeNs and sources containing MeNs.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Highway F-53, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA, ZJLi@cdc.gov.
Zheng
Z
Li
Lovisa C
LC
Romanoff
Debra A
DA
Trinidad
Erin N
EN
Pittman
Donald
D
Hilton
Kendra
K
Hubbard
Hasan
H
Carmichael
Jonathan
J
Parker
Antonia M
AM
Calafat
Andreas
A
Sjödin
D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000652:urine*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000652:urine*; D011786:Quality Control; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
D009281:Naphthalenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C025968:1-methylnaphthalene; C027384:2-methylnaphthalene