The effects of automated artifact removal algorithms on electroencephalography-based Alzheimer's disease diagnosis.
Over the last decade, electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a reliable tool for the diagnosis of cortical disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). EEG signals, however, are susceptible to several artifacts, such as ocular, muscular, movement, and environmental. To overcome this limitation, existing diagnostic systems commonly depend on experienced clinicians to manually select artifact-free epochs from the collected multi-channel EEG data. Manual selection, however, is a tedious and time-consuming process, rendering the diagnostic system "semi-automated." Notwithstanding, a number of EEG artifact removal algorithms have been proposed in the literature. The (dis)advantages of using such algorithms in automated AD diagnostic systems, however, have not been documented; this paper aims to fill this gap. Here, we investigate the effects of three state-of-the-art automated artifact removal (AAR) algorithms (both alone and in combination with each other) on AD diagnostic systems based on four different classes of EEG features, namely, spectral, amplitude modulation rate of change, coherence, and phase. The three AAR algorithms tested are statistical artifact rejection (SAR), blind source separation based on second order blind identification and canonical correlation analysis (BSS-SOBI-CCA), and wavelet enhanced independent component analysis (wICA). Experimental results based on 20-channel resting-awake EEG data collected from 59 participants (20 patients with mild AD, 15 with moderate-to-severe AD, and 24 age-matched healthy controls) showed the wICA algorithm alone outperforming other enhancement algorithm combinations across three tasks: diagnosis (control vs. mild vs. moderate), early detection (control vs. mild), and disease progression (mild vs. moderate), thus opening the doors for fully-automated systems that can assist clinicians with early detection of AD, as well as disease severity progression assessment.
Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications, University of Quebec Montreal, QC, Canada.
Raymundo
R
Cassani
Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications, University of Quebec Montreal, QC, Canada.
Tiago H
TH
Falk
Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications, University of Quebec Montreal, QC, Canada ; Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do ABC São Paulo, Brazil.
Francisco J
FJ
Fraga
Reference Center of Behavioural Disturbances and Dementia, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil.
Paulo A M
PA
Kanda
Reference Center of Behavioural Disturbances and Dementia, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil.
Renato
R
Anghinah
Alzheimer's disease; EEG artifacts; SVM; amplitude modulation; automatic diagnosis; electroencephalogram