Do we know how to design effective health coaching interventions: a systematic review of the state of the literature.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review health coaching interventions regarding effectiveness of health coaching for specific outcomes, optimal intervention approaches, and identification of specific techniques associated with effectiveness.


METHODS
Articles were sourced from CINAHL, Global Health, PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, Health Source, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and Medline.


METHODS
Randomized controlled trials were included if the study (1) employed health coaching according to a predefined criterion; (2) clearly reported the use of health coaching; or (3) incorporated the use of coaching.


METHODS
Aims, participants, approach, behavior change techniques (BCTs), and findings pertaining to each study were summarized. BCTs were classified according to the CALO-RE taxonomy.


RESULTS
Data were synthesized by cross-tabulation of BCTs with study outcomes.


RESULTS
Fifteen of 16 eligible studies reported a positive intervention effect in at least one outcome. Nine studies (56%) did not define health coaching; the number of intervention sessions provided ranged from 2 to 48; and in three studies, one or more intervention details were unclear. It was hence difficult to synthesize the studies to adequately address our research questions.


CONCLUSIONS
Health coaching is a promising strategy for health improvements; however, future research should ensure clarity in reporting intervention details, clearer definitions of health coaching/theoretical bases, consistency in reporting BCTs, and the inclusion of process variables as outcome measures.
Briony
B
Hill
Ben
B
Richardson
Helen
H
Skouteris
D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D000071252:Mentoring / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Chronic Disease Prevention; Chronic Disease Self-Management; Health Behavior Change; Health Coaching; Health focus: fitness/physical activity, nutrition, stress management, weight control; Manuscript format: literature review; Setting: health care; Strategy: behavior change; Target population circumstances: all education/income levels, all geographic locations, all races/ethnicities; Target population: youth, adults, seniors