The content of elements in infant formulas and drinks against mineral requirements of children.
The present study aimed at analysing the content of fluorine (F), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in the drinks for children and infant formulas, a popular supplement or substitute for breast milk produced from cow milk on an industrial scale. Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, while F levels using a potentiometric method. F levels in the examined formula samples increased with the intended age range, until the intended age of 1 year, and then decreased. A lower content of Ca, Mg and Zn was observed in formulas intended for children <1 year of age and higher for older children. Fe content increased with the age range. A statistically significant higher content of Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe in samples intended for children with phenylketonuria in comparison to those intended for healthy children or children with food allergies was noted. The content of the analysed elements in juices and nectars showed the highest contents in products intended for infants (under 6 months of age). The lowest levels of elements tested were found in drinks for children over 6 months of age. In conclusion, the concentrations of the examined elements in infant formulas and juices for children were decidedly greater than the standards for the individual age groups. Although the absorption of these elements from artificial products is far lower than from breast milk, there is still the fear of consequences of excessive concentrations of these minerals.
Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego Str. 24, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland.
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Molska
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Gutowska
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Baranowska-Bosiacka
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Noceń
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Chlubek
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002648:Child; D053198:Child Nutrition Sciences / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000378:metabolism; D011199:Potentiometry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism
D008903:Minerals; D007501:Iron; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium