Rostral spinal cord segments are sufficient to generate a rhythm for both locomotion and scratching but affect their hip extensor phases differently.
Rostral segments of the spinal cord hindlimb enlargement are more important than caudal segments for generating locomotion and scratching rhythms in limbed vertebrates, but the adequacy of rostral segments has not been directly compared between locomotion and scratching. We separated caudal segments from immobilized low-spinal turtles by sequential spinal cord transections. After separation of the caudal four segments of the five-segment hindlimb enlargement, the remaining enlargement segment and five preenlargement segments still produced rhythms for forward swimming and both rostral and pocket scratching. The swimming rhythm frequency was usually maintained. Some animals continued to generate swimming and scratching rhythms even with no enlargement segments remaining, using only preenlargement segments. The preenlargement segments and rostral-most enlargement segment were also sufficient to maintain hip flexor (HF) motoneuron quiescence between HF bursts [which normally occurs during each hip extensor (HE) phase] during swimming. In contrast, the HF-quiescent phase was increasingly absent (i.e., HE-phase deletions) during rostral and pocket scratching. Moreover, respiratory motoneurons that normally burst during HE bursts continued to burst during the HF quiescence of swimming even with the caudal segments separated. Thus the same segments are sufficient to generate the basic rhythms for both locomotion and scratching. These segments are also sufficient to produce a reliable HE phase during locomotion but not during rostral or pocket scratching. We hypothesize that the rostral HE-phase interneurons that rhythmically inhibit HF motoneurons and interneurons are sufficient to generate HF quiescence during HE-biased swimming but not during the more HF-biased rostral and pocket scratching.
Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; and Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.
Zhao-Zhe
ZZ
Hao
Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; and.
Megan L
ML
Meier
Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; and Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma ari@ou.edu.
Ari
A
Berkowitz
D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D006615:Hip / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D010507:Periodicity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming; D014426:Turtles
central pattern generator; deletion; hindlimb enlargement; rhythm generation; swim