Standardization of negative controls in diagnostic immunohistochemistry: recommendations from the international ad hoc expert panel.
Standardization of controls, both positive and negative controls, is needed for diagnostic immunohistochemistry (dIHC). The use of IHC-negative controls, irrespective of type, although well established, is not standardized. As such, the relevance and applicability of negative controls continues to challenge both pathologists and laboratory budgets. Despite the clear theoretical notion that appropriate controls serve to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of the dIHC test, it remains unclear which types of positive and negative controls are applicable and/or useful in day-to-day clinical practice. There is a perceived need to provide "best practice recommendations" for the use of negative controls. This perception is driven not only by logistics and cost issues, but also by increased pressure for accurate IHC testing, especially when IHC is performed for predictive markers, the number of which is rising as personalized medicine continues to develop. Herein, an international ad hoc expert panel reviews classification of negative controls relevant to clinical practice, proposes standard terminology for negative controls, considers the total evidence of IHC specificity that is available to pathologists, and develops a set of recommendations for the use of negative controls in dIHC based on "fit-for-use" principles.
*Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON #Department of Pathology, Lions Gate Hospital **Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada †Canadian Immunohistochemistry Quality Control ‡CAP-ACP National Standards Committee for High Complexity Testing/Immunohistochemistry §Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast ¶Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Qld, Australia ∥Convenor Immunohistochemistry, Anatomical Pathology Program, RCPA QAP Pty Ltd. ††University College London, UK NEQAS ICC&ISH, London, UK ‡‡ProPath, Dallas, TX §§Institute of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark ∥∥Nordic Immunohistochemical Quality Control (NordiQC) ¶¶Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA ##Department of Pathology, Keck School of medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
Emina E
EE
Torlakovic
Glenn
G
Francis
John
J
Garratt
Blake
B
Gilks
Elizabeth
E
Hyjek
Merdol
M
Ibrahim
Rodney
R
Miller
Søren
S
Nielsen
Eugen B
EB
Petcu
Paul E
PE
Swanson
Clive R
CR
Taylor
Mogens
M
Vyberg
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D009626:Terminology as Topic
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor