Comparative genomics of the dairy isolate Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198 against related members of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex.
BACKGROUND
Within the genus Streptococcus, only Streptococcus thermophilus is used as a starter culture in food fermentations. Streptococcus macedonicus though, which belongs to the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC), is also frequently isolated from fermented foods mainly of dairy origin. Members of the SBSEC have been implicated in human endocarditis and colon cancer. Here we compare the genome sequence of the dairy isolate S. macedonicus ACA-DC 198 to the other SBSEC genomes in order to assess in silico its potential adaptation to milk and its pathogenicity status.


RESULTS
Despite the fact that the SBSEC species were found tightly related based on whole genome phylogeny of streptococci, two distinct patterns of evolution were identified among them. Streptococcus macedonicus, Streptococcus infantarius CJ18 and Streptococcus pasteurianus ATCC 43144 seem to have undergone reductive evolution resulting in significantly diminished genome sizes and increased percentages of potential pseudogenes when compared to Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus. In addition, the three species seem to have lost genes for catabolizing complex plant carbohydrates and for detoxifying toxic substances previously linked to the ability of S. gallolyticus to survive in the rumen. Analysis of the S. macedonicus genome revealed features that could support adaptation to milk, including an extra gene cluster for lactose and galactose metabolism, a proteolytic system for casein hydrolysis, auxotrophy for several vitamins, an increased ability to resist bacteriophages and horizontal gene transfer events with the dairy Lactococcus lactis and S. thermophilus as potential donors. In addition, S. macedonicus lacks several pathogenicity-related genes found in S. gallolyticus. For example, S. macedonicus has retained only one (i.e. the pil3) of the three pilus gene clusters which may mediate the binding of S. gallolyticus to the extracellular matrix. Unexpectedly, similar findings were obtained not only for the dairy S. infantarius CJ18, but also for the blood isolate S. pasteurianus ATCC 43144.


CONCLUSIONS
Our whole genome analyses suggest traits of adaptation of S. macedonicus to the nutrient-rich dairy environment. During this process the bacterium gained genes presumably important for this new ecological niche. Finally, S. macedonicus carries a reduced number of putative SBSEC virulence factors, which suggests a diminished pathogenic potential.
Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 118 55, Greece. kpapadimitriou@aua.gr.
Konstantinos
K
Papadimitriou
Rania
R
Anastasiou
Eleni
E
Mavrogonatou
Jochen
J
Blom
Nikos C
NC
Papandreou
Stavros J
SJ
Hamodrakas
Stéphanie
S
Ferreira
Pierre
P
Renault
Philip
P
Supply
Bruno
B
Pot
Effie
E
Tsakalidou
D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics; D064112:Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D005516:Food Microbiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D023061:Gene Order; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D044404:Genomic Islands; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D059748:Proteolysis; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D016985:Streptococcus bovis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014815:Vitamins / Q000096:biosynthesis
D037521:Virulence Factors; D014815:Vitamins