Challenges to be overcome using population-based sampling methods to recruit veterans for a study of post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury.
BACKGROUND
Many investigators are interested in recruiting veterans from recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and/or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Researchers pursuing such studies may experience problems in recruiting sufficient numbers unless effective strategies are used. Currently, there is very little information on recruitment strategies for individuals with TBI and/or PTSD. It is known that groups of patients with medical conditions may be less likely to volunteer for clinical research. This study investigated the feasibility of recruiting veterans returning from recent military conflicts--Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)--using a population-based sampling method.


METHODS
Individuals were sampled from a previous epidemiological study. Three study sites focused on recruiting survey respondents (n = 445) who lived within a 60 mile radius of one of the sites.


RESULTS
Overall, the successful recruitment of veterans using a population-based sampling method was dependent on the ability to contact potential participants following mass mailing. Study enrollment of participants with probable TBI and/or PTSD had a recruitment yield (enrolled/total identified) of 5.4%. We were able to contact 146 individuals, representing a contact rate of 33%. Sixty-six of the individuals contacted were screened. The major reasons for not screening included a stated lack of interest in the study (n = 37), a failure to answer screening calls after initial contact (n = 30), and an unwillingness or inability to travel to a study site (n = 10). Based on the phone screening, 36 veterans were eligible for the study. Twenty-four veterans were enrolled, (recruitment yield = 5.4%) and twelve were not enrolled for a variety of reasons.


CONCLUSIONS
Our experience with a population-based sampling method for recruitment of recent combat veterans illustrates the challenges encountered, particularly contacting and screening potential participants. The screening and enrollment data will help guide recruitment for future studies using population-based methods.
War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veteran Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue (151Y), Palo Alto, CA 94304-1290, USA. Peter.Bayley@va.gov.
Peter J
PJ
Bayley
Jennifer Y
JY
Kong
Drew A
DA
Helmer
Aaron
A
Schneiderman
Lauren A
LA
Roselli
Stephanie M
SM
Rosse
Jordan A
JA
Jackson
Janet
J
Baldwin
Linda
L
Isaac
Michael
M
Nolasco
Marc R
MR
Blackman
Matthew J
MJ
Reinhard
John Wesson
JW
Ashford
Julie C
JC
Chapman
D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D018579:Patient Selection; D011153:Population; D011177:Postal Service; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014728:Veterans